PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/LCytnBqWW0g.srt

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Today we are going to see just a new chapter and

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this is about definiteness and indefiniteness in

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English and Arabic. We are going to see the

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definiteness system how nouns are defined in

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English and Arabic. Definiteness is available in

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all languages, but some languages have overt systems

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and some other languages have covert systems.

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Chinese, for example, does not have any overt system.

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There are no equivalents for "a" or "n" or "the" or any

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article of definiteness or indefiniteness in any

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in a language like English. So Chinese does not

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have articles. It has only zero articles, covert

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articles. Arabic has no articles, no indefinite

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articles, but it has the definite article "ال" however

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in English, we have the overt system, the

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indefiniteness and definiteness system "a" and "n", this is

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the indefinite article, and "the" plus the zero

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article. Today we are going to navigate on the

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definiteness and indefiniteness systems to

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discover its secrets, how definiteness and

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indefiniteness are constructed in English and

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Arabic. So we need to touch the indefiniteness

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system first. We mean, the morpheme "AN". This is

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one article. "A" and "N" are one article. It is

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indefinite article. However, "A" and "N" are

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allomorphs of the same morpheme, the indefinite

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article. Okay? This is used in English to single

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the ideas expressed by the noun directly following

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it. Once upon a time, there was a king. Once upon

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a time, once upon a time, there was a king. A king

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here is preceded by the indefinite article "A"

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because it refers to a single idea. Okay, once

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upon a time, there was a king, the king was named

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Shahrayar. So once you repeat the same thing, it

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must be preceded by the definite article "the".

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Okay? The indefinite "a" and "n" article semantically

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holds the sense of "any". The earth is like a ball.

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The room is like a sequoia.

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Any square, any ball.

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So, "A" and "N" are used to express a

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single idea that refers to one noun. And

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semantically, it holds the sense of "any" as well.

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So, the room is like a square, which square? Any

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square.

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Semantically, the indefinite article "A" and "N" has

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specific meaning and generic meaning. So we have

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generic or specific meaning. Once it refers to a

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certain idea or object, then it is specific.

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However, if you speak generically about

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anything, any idea, this means that you refer, or

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you have, or "A" and "N" have the function, the generic

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function. I'm looking for a book on computer

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technology. I'm looking for a book on computer

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technology. Which book? Any book. So it is

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generic. I need to read a story. Which story? Any

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story. Okay. It's generic. Okay. I need to buy a

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book in linguistics. Which book? Any book. So it

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is of generic meaning. Now, I bought a book in

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linguistics. I bought a book in linguistics. This

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is specific. A certain book. Okay. For example, it

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is "The Minimalist Program" by Noam Chomsky, for

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example. So one book. I know it. It is specific.

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Fine. I rented a flat. I rented a flat.

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Which flat? One flat. So is this specific or

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generic? It is specific. A guest came to visit us

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last night. What do you say? A guest. Specific

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guest. I know him. Okay.

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Okay.

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The indefinite article "A" and "N". It's also used with

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singular countable nouns to refer to countable

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nouns that have neither been mentioned in this

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course before nor

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situationally identified.

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There was a queen named Elizabeth. There was a

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queen named Elizabeth. Okay. A queen. Is it

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countable or uncountable? Countable. Okay. It

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refers to a certain person. Does it work here

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specifically or generically? Specifically. So it

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is of specific function semantically.

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Now, in the sentence "There was a queen." Is the

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noun mentioned before? No, this is the first time

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you hear it, okay? So any noun, any concrete, or

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any countable noun mentioned for the first time

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must be preceded by "a" or "n," okay? But if it is

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heard before, if it is mentioned before, then "a"

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and "n" must be replaced by "the." Okay. I have a son

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and a daughter. I have a son and a daughter. And

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the son and the daughter are students at the

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Islamic University of Gaza. Okay. For the first

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time, it is "a", "a". However, for the second time, it

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is "the," "the". Okay. We have a cat and a dog. A cat

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and a dog. The first time, the cat and the dog are

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very beautiful. Okay. Once I repeat, I replace the

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indefinite article with a definite article there.

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Okay. I'm reading a good book. I'm reading a good

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book. The book is on linguistics. So, for the first

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time, "a" book, for the second time, "the" book.

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Now, the indefinite article indicates a class

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relationship. Therefore, it precedes singular

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countable nouns used as representative members of

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the class. A cat can be beautiful, which cat?

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Any cat, so here is it specific or generic? It's

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generic. Okay, now, a cat is a representative. It

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is a representative member of the cat class, all cats.

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Plants are beautiful. I say, for example, "A tree is

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beautiful." Which tree? Any tree. Okay. Now

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once the noun is preceded or modified by

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attributive adjective, preceded by an adjective, it

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must be, or it can be preceded by "a" or "n." I say,

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Christine is becoming a nice girl. I

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can't say Christine is becoming "nice girl, a nice

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girl" because this is adjectival. Adjectival now.

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Okay. Hoda is becoming a clever girl, is becoming

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clever girl, a clever girl. So we have here an

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adjectival noun. Any adjectival noun accepts "A" or

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"N" according to its morphological construction.

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Either preceded by beginning with a vowel, or

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consonant. In case of a vowel, it is "N." In case of

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consonant, it's "A." For example, I say "university."

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Is it "A" or "N"?

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It is "A," a university. I say, "It's a university."

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This is "Ya", consonant. Ah.

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Okay. However, "ice cream," an ice cream. "Engineer"?

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Okay.

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Now, all professions and adjectives denoting

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religions are preceded by "A" or "N". I say, "I am a

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professor." I am a professor. I am a professor. So,

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this is my profession. You are a student.

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He is a mason. He is a windscatter.

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He's a doctor. Okay. So all professions and

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handicrafts are preceded by "A" or "N." My father is a

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teacher. Your father is an engineer, for example.

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Your dad is a doctor, your dad, accountant. Okay. He

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is an accountant. Okay. He's an accountant. Okay. Your

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dad. Okay. He's also an accountant. Your dad, a lawyer,

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okay. He's a lawyer. He is an advocate. Okay. So we

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have all professions and handcrafts are preceded

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by the indefinite article "A" or "N". Okay, adjectives

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of religions. I say "أنا مسلم," how could you

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translate it? "I am a Muslim." She is, she is a

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Christian. He is a Jew. So religions are preceded by

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"A" or "N". Okay? Now, all expressions, or some

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expressions of quantity and measurements, are also

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preceded by "A" or "N". For example, a pair of shoes.

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A pair. A. A little. We have "little" and "a little."

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Which is larger than the other, "little" or "a

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little"? No, no. A little is larger than little. A

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few, a few, few, few. A few is larger than few.

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Okay. A couple of minutes, a few, a hundred, a

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thousand, three tablets a day. Now we speak about

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the duration. Three tablets a day. I drove 80

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miles an hour. So, day, hour, minute, are preceded

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by the indefinite article "A" or "N." So, three tablets

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a day. The child has to have the medicine by

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taking three teaspoonfuls a day. Okay. Three

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tablets a day, 80 kilometers an hour. The material

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is $10 a meter. $10 a meter. Okay. The apples

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cost two dollars a kilo, okay, a pound, so all means

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of quantity, okay, or measurements, units of

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measurements, are preceded by "a" or "n." Type

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now the proper nouns, which are used as adjectives

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in the sentence, in the singular proper noun used

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as an adjective, must be preceded by "a" or "n." He's a

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Napoleon. He's a Napoleon. She's

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a Shakespeare. And she is like Shakespeare, he and

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his courage is like Napoleon. Okay. So, if you use a

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noun in place, or if you have a noun functioning as

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an adjective, then it must be preceded by "A" or "N"

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if it is singular.

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Now, the adverbial expressions of time must be

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preceded by "A" or "N." He sat for a while. He sat for

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an hour. He sat for a day. He stayed for a month.

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He stayed with us for a year. Do you get that? Do

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you understand? Hold on for a minute. Hold on for

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a minute. Okay. Hold on for a moment. Hold on for

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a second. So, you have "A".

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Now, greetings must be preceded by, must be

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preceded by "A" or "N". I say, "have nice time," or, "have a

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nice time?" "Have a nice time." "Have a nice day." "Have

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a nice stay with us in Gaza." "Have a nice weekend."

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Okay. "Have a nice exam." "Have a good exam." Once

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you have greeting expressions, they are preceded

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by "A" or "N." Okay. Now

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"a"

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"Merry Christmas to you, and a Happy New Year." It's

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greeting. "Merry Christmas," it's preceded by "A." "Happy

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New Year." It's also preceded by "A" because this is

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part of greeting. "أتمنى لك عيدا سعيدا." Is this

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00:19:11

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context of the sentence or the context where these

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indefinite or definite articles used, okay, I

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say, "For expressions of time, I sat for a while." It

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is zero in Arabic, while in English, it must be

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preceded by the indefinite article "A". Hold on for a

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minute. A minute.

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Okay.

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Hold on for a moment.

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With greetings and good wishes. I say, "Have a nice

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time."

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It is zero. However, in English, it must be

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translated by using the indefinite article "a".

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"Have a nice time. Have a nice day. Have a good

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exam. Have a nice stay here with us in Gaza. Have

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a nice return journey to your country. Okay?"

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Now, similes take "A" or "N" mainly after the particle

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"as" or "like." "He fought like a lion." He fought like

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a lion. I don't say "He fought like a lion." He

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vanished like a ghost. So

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I translate

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it using the definite article. I

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can say "اختفى كشبح." So it is not necessarily to

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translate "A" and "N" with what is called zero article

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in Arabic.

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Okay.

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But in English, you have to say, you can't say, "He

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fought fiercely like the lion." Like a lion, okay? So

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you have to take care about this once you

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translate. Okay? The cardinal numbers, or the

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cardinal number one replaces the indefinite

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article "a" or "n" for emphasis. I can cross out "a" or "n"

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and replace "one" instead, just for emphasis. "He

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bought one suit and two shirts." One suit. I can't

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say "a suit." I emphasize that he bought only one

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suit. One suit. Okay. He bought one suit. Okay.

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"One" here is for indefiniteness.

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These, now, اشترى بدلة واحدة و قميصين, but it is

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zero. Okay? So now, we have overt indefiniteness

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system in English, represented, or translated, in an

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"a" or "n", while in Arabic, we have zero indefiniteness

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However, for translating, I cannot be bound to have

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equivalence, okay? Because in Arabic, we don't have

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indefiniteness system. It is covert. Some

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sentences, mainly in similes, in some sentences,

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we translate the "A" and "N" into in Arabic. So, if you

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have this sentence to be translated into English,

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you have to say, "He fought like a lion." We don't

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say "He fought like the lion." It's not accepted

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Okay? So, as you see, Arabic is different from

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English. The two languages are semantically and

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grammatically different from each other. Okay, now

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00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:08,800
the definite article. We have the definite article

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00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:14,440
"the" in English. It's equivalent to التعريف in

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00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:20,070
Arabic. But semantically, they are not the same. You

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00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:23,470
can't translate "the" التعريف by the in all the

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00:27:23,470 --> 00:27:28,510
times. You can't translate the into التعريف in

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00:27:28,510 --> 00:27:32,850
all times, mainly because the function of each one

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00:27:32,850 --> 00:27:35,690
of these definite articles in the two languages

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00:27:35,690 --> 00:27:41,930
differ from each other. Let's see the function of

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00:27:41,930 --> 00:27:46,880
"the" in English. Okay. First, you know that that

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00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:52,320
precedes the nouns, like "A" and "N." Okay, the noun

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00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:52,700
phrase.

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00:27:57,220 --> 00:28:01,440
It refers to the noun which refers to an entity

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00:28:01,440 --> 00:28:05,620
known by the speaker and the listener, meaning the

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00:28:05,620 --> 00:28:09,540
addresser and the addressee. If you, too, speak

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00:28:09,540 --> 00:28:14,900
about a certain entity, or a certain thing, known by

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00:28:14,900 --> 00:28:20,260
you all, then you must precede this noun by using

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00:28:20,260 --> 00:28:27,370
"the." Okay? "The professor is absent today." The

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00:28:27,370 --> 00:28:31,190
professor is absent today. You know, what do I

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00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:35,750
mean? Okay? I mean your professor, whom you are

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00:28:35,750 --> 00:28:39,750
familiar with. So I say "the professor." Okay.

294
00:28:44,850 --> 00:28:49,650
"The prime minister greeted

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00:28:49,650 --> 00:28:56,630
the released prisoners yesterday." You know him.

296
00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:01,920
Okay? So you say "the prime minister." Okay, I say

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00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:06,720
"the legislative council." You know what I, what do

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00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:11,680
I mean? Okay? You know what I mean? The

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00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:15,880
legislative council. How many legislative councils

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00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:20,320
are there in Gaza? One. So, it is preceded by

301
00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,480
them. Okay.

302
00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:27,940
So I say "the prime minister, the legislative

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00:29:27,940 --> 00:29:35,600
council, the parliament." Okay. The university.

304
00:29:38,820 --> 00:29:44,100
You know, you know it. Okay. So once you speak

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00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:46,760
about an entity, or a noun phrase, known by the

306
00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:51,340
speaker and the listener, then you use "the." Okay.

307
00:29:54,670 --> 00:30:01,930
Now, if you have a noun, preceded by, or the

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00:30:01,930 --> 00:30:07,850
noun is followed by relative clause, relative

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00:30:07,850 --> 00:30:13,890
particle, complementizer, like "who, whom, whose,

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00:30:14,410 --> 00:30:19,810
which, that," then this noun, which precedes the

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00:30:19,810 --> 00:30:29,050
complementizer has "the." I say, for example, "the

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00:30:29,050 --> 00:30:33,670
man who was standing there is my uncle." The man

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00:30:33,670 --> 00:30:39,750
who was. I can say "man who was." Since you have "who"

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00:30:39,750 --> 00:30:43,370
as a complementizer, or as a relative pronoun, as

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00:30:43,370 --> 00:30:47,630
you name it, then it is preceded by the definite

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00:30:47,630 --> 00:30:49,030
article, "the."

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00:30:52,570 --> 00:30:55,610
"The car which I bought yesterday was very

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00:30:55,610 --> 00:30:56,250
expensive."

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00:30:59,470 --> 00:31:05,070
The car. I don't say "car which was." Since you have

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00:31:05,070 --> 00:31:07,990
"which," then the noun preceding it must be preceded

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00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:13,150
by the definite article there. Okay? Now, if you

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00:31:13,150 --> 00:31:18,430
have also a noun followed by a preposition phrase

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00:31:19,430 --> 00:31:22,250
Then it must be preceded by the definite article

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00:31:22,250 --> 00:31:27,170
that I say "the 10th of April." Of April is a preposition

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00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:31,910
phrase. The 10th of April. 10th is a noun. So, it

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00:31:31,910 --> 00:31:35,270
must be preceded by "the." Okay.

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00:31:42,510 --> 00:31:43,170
Okay.

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00:31:50,130 --> 00:31:54,850
"Most of the food was consumed." Why do we have "the"

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00:31:54,850 --> 00:31:56,890
here before the noun "food"?

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00:32:00,950 --> 00:32:07,790
Why does the noun "food" have "the"?

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00:32:10,150 --> 00:32:13,890
"Most of

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00:32:13,890 --> 00:32:16,410
the food was consumed." Now, you enter your kitchen,

333
00:32:17,790 --> 00:32:22,650
and you find, you open the fridge, okay? And you

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00:32:22,650 --> 00:32:25,710
say to your mom, "Most of the food was consumed."

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00:32:27,570 --> 00:32:31,170
The food. The food is an entity known by the

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00:32:31,170 --> 00:32:33,850
speaker and the listener. So, it is there.

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00:32:40,150 --> 00:32:45,110
Now, proper names usually don't have any article.

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00:32:46,410 --> 00:32:51,090
"Ahmed, Mohammed, John, Mary, Chris," don't have any

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00:32:51,090 --> 00:32:54,410
article. Okay? However, some names of countries,

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00:32:54,990 --> 00:32:58,390
cities, or localities, are preceded by the definite

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00:32:58,390 --> 00:33:02,810
article "the." I say "the Sudan, the United States,

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00:33:03,870 --> 00:33:08,390
the Congo." I say "the West Bank, the Gaza Strip."

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00:33:09,140 --> 00:33:14,400
"The United Nations." The compound nouns are

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00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:18,460
preceded by the definite article there. We cannot

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00:33:18,460 --> 00:33:22,920
say "Gaza Strip." The Gaza Strip. I can't say "West

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00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:30,200
Bank." The West Bank. Okay? "The Arab, the United

347
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:38,550
Arab Emirates." Okay. Now, names of oceans, seas,

348
00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:42,850
rivers, deserts are always preceded by the

349
00:33:42,850 --> 00:33:47,470
definite article, "the." Okay? I say "the Atlantic,

350
00:33:48,770 --> 00:33:53,690
the Pacific, the Nile, the Red Sea, the Euphrates."

351
00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,530
Okay? So, once you speak about water, about seas

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00:34:00,530 --> 00:34:05,170
and oceans, you must use a definite article. البحر

353
00:34:05,170 --> 00:34:11,730
الأبيض المتوسط. I say "the Mediterranean Sea." I

354
00:34:11,730 --> 00:34:13,710
can't say "Mediterranean Sea." The Mediterranean

355
00:34:13,710 --> 00:34:15,510
Sea. Okay.

356
00:34:20,970 --> 00:34:29,120
I say "بحر الشمال", the North Sea. Okay.

357
00:34:32,780 --> 00:34:36,180
Now, the definite article precedes the plural names

358
00:34:36,180 --> 00:34:40,320
and family names followed by a noun. "The Johnson's

359
00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:45,220
bought a new house last month." The family of

360
00:34:45,220 --> 00:34:51,020
Johnson's. Usernames can be preceded by the

361
00:34:51,020 --> 00:34:52,940
definite article there. Okay.

362
00:35:01,210 --> 00:35:05,070
"I met the Masturbator family when I visited Japan."

363
00:35:06,450 --> 00:35:10,330
The Masturbator family here, the surname is

364
00:35:10,330 --> 00:35:15,770
preceded by the definite article "the." You have

365
00:35:15,770 --> 00:35:23,530
this in the Arab Gulf countries. So, instead of

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00:35:23,530 --> 00:35:28,930
saying "Walid Amir," if I teach just in Qatar, or in

367
00:35:28,930 --> 00:35:32,210
Saudi Arabia, or whatever, they must say "Dr. Walid

368
00:35:32,210 --> 00:35:37,430
Al Amir," as a sort of respect, it seems. So, their

369
00:35:37,430 --> 00:35:42,830
dialects do not accept zero article before the

370
00:35:42,830 --> 00:35:47,890
surname. They accept always the ال التعريف. So

371
00:35:47,890 --> 00:35:52,070
here we have this in English. The family name

372
00:35:54,720 --> 00:36:08,040
can have the definite article, okay? Once used,

373
00:36:08,340 --> 00:36:10,940
I mean, the plural name, the family name, the

374
00:36:10,940 --> 00:36:14,940
plural name has

375
00:36:14,940 --> 00:36:18,080
the definite article if followed by a noun. "The

376
00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:25,000
Johnsons bought a new house." Okay? The Mustapara

377
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:25,540
family.

378
00:36:29,380 --> 00:36:33,620
Mustapara plus family. A surname plus a noun.

379
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:34,940
Okay.

380
00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:43,440
The definite article precedes things or entities

381
00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:49,520
which exist in the universe as unique as when I

382
00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:54,670
see the sun. The moon. How many moons are there?

383
00:36:56,350 --> 00:37:02,610
One. How many suns? One. So, "the sun, the moon, the

384
00:37:02,610 --> 00:37:05,570
Quran, the Holy Quran."

385
00:37:10,530 --> 00:37:16,110
The plural nationalities must be preceded by the

386
00:37:16,110 --> 00:37:20,250
definite article "the." I say "the Japanese, the

387
00:37:20,250 --> 00:37:26,650
French, the British." So what's the difference

388
00:37:26,650 --> 00:37:32,050
between "the English" and "English"? "English" refers to

389
00:37:32,050 --> 00:37:38,670
language. "The English" refers to nationality. Okay.

390
00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:48,370
So, we as Palestinians, is it available to say

391
00:37:48,370 --> 00:37:52,460
"Palestinians" or "the Palestinians?" What's the

392
00:37:52,460 --> 00:37:55,880
difference in translation? Once I say "the

393
00:37:55,880 --> 00:37:59,300
Palestinians," we mean that we are people, we are a

394
00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:04,000
nation confessed by all people. However, if we say

395
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:09,680
"Palestinians," like the CNN, or our enemies call us,

396
00:38:10,240 --> 00:38:15,620
this means that we refer to gangs, or groups of people

397
00:38:15,620 --> 00:38:21,350
that cannot be identified as a nation. Okay? So,

398
00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:25,230
you as Palestinian translators must say about

399
00:38:25,230 --> 00:38:28,670
yourselves as "Palestinians" or "the Palestinians?"

400
00:38:28,970 --> 00:38:31,990
The Palestinians. Okay?

401
00:38:34,630 --> 00:38:37,930
So, this is taken once you translate from English

402
00:38:37,930 --> 00:38:41,690
to Arabic. From the BBC, you must use what is

403
00:38:41,690 --> 00:38:46,350
called "managing in translation." Okay, insert your

404
00:38:46,350 --> 00:38:48,250
own beliefs, your own ideas.

405
00:38:50,950 --> 00:38:56,450
Now, we have also the abstract adjectives, used as

406
00:38:56,450 --> 00:39:04,410
nouns. Abstract adjectives. The rich must

407
00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:18,600
give money, or give donations, to the poor, to the

408
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:27,220
needy. You must be highly kind to the aged.

409
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:36,640
The "poor" is an adjective. It stands here in place

410
00:39:36,640 --> 00:39:39,360
of a noun. So, it must be preceded by the definite

411
00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:40,140
article there.

412
00:39:42,870 --> 00:39:49,170
Okay. So "the

413
00:39:49,

445
00:43:35,340 --> 00:43:38,580
Now that precedes the object in the immediate

446
00:43:38,580 --> 00:43:39,740
situation use.

447
00:43:42,980 --> 00:43:47,560
That precedes the object in the immediate

448
00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:53,360
situation use. Now I need to cover my eyes and you 

449
00:43:53,360 --> 00:44:00,200
need to warn me about the steps. Okay. You say 

450
00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:06,620
mind the gap or mind the stairs. Mind the steps.

451
00:44:13,060 --> 00:44:22,180
Mind the gap. This is immediate situation use. So 

452
00:44:22,180 --> 00:44:26,040
it precedes the object in the immediate situation

453
00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:32,880
use. Who's going to mind? Someone you this is a

454
00:44:32,880 --> 00:44:36,560
subject so we speak about the object mind the gap

455
00:44:36,560 --> 00:44:41,100
the gap is an object it is used here the in the 

456
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,780
immediate situation mind the gap mind the steps

457
00:44:44,780 --> 00:44:52,060
mind the stairs okay mind the cup okay

458
00:44:52,060 --> 00:44:55,620
mind the cup you see

459
00:45:05,360 --> 00:45:09,640
Now, don't go there. The police are looking for

460
00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:15,040
you. The police. The, because it is immediate 

461
00:45:15,040 --> 00:45:20,920
situation. It's plural. You see? So, next time we

462
00:45:20,920 --> 00:45:23,180
are going, we need to terminate here and next time 

463
00:45:23,180 --> 00:45:25,960
we are going to complete with a zero article and

464
00:45:25,960 --> 00:45:28,760
need to touch Arabic and make a comparison or 

465
00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:32,540
contrast between the two languages. Okay, that's 

466
00:45:32,540 --> 00:45:33,580
it for today. Thank you.