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1
00:00:21,620 --> 00:00:27,320
ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู…

2
00:00:27,320 --> 00:00:32,160
ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู…ู‚ุงุทุน ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 12ุŒ ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 12 ุชุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

3
00:00:32,160 --> 00:00:40,800
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 12ุŒ ุฃูˆู„ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุตู†ุงุนุฉ 

4
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:46,200
ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†ุŒ ุซุงู†ูŠุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณู„ุญุฉุŒ ุซุงู„ุซุง

5
00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:52,920
ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุณุชูŠู„ Carbon SteelุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ู‚ุตุฏ

6
00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:59,140
ุจู€ Carbon SteelุŸ ู‡ุฐุง ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ู…ู† ู…ู‚ุงู„ ููŠ ุฌูˆุฑู†ุงู„

7
00:00:59,140 --> 00:01:02,800
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

8
00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:02,940
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

9
00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:03,320
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

10
00:01:03,320 --> 00:01:03,720
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

11
00:01:03,720 --> 00:01:06,240
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

12
00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:12,460
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

13
00:01:14,300 --> 00:01:18,540
ูˆุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุดุชู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุณุชูŠู„ุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ

14
00:01:18,540 --> 00:01:23,160
ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง technically though this well-known alloy

15
00:01:23,160 --> 00:01:27,560
of iron and carbon is not as simple as one might

16
00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:32,600
thinkุŒ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุด ุจุงู„ุจุณุงุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู‡ุงุŒ steel 

17
00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:38,700
comes in a huge range of different gradesุŒ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน

18
00:01:38,700 --> 00:01:43,850
ุชุจุนุชู‡ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุงุตูุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ each with different

19
00:01:43,850 --> 00:01:49,110
characteristicsุŒ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ู‡ ู…ูˆุงุตูุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ for the

20
00:01:49,110 --> 00:01:53,870
inexperienced it can be difficult to know where to

21
00:01:53,870 --> 00:01:58,510
beginุŒ ู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ู…ุด ุฎุจุฑุฉุŒ ุตุนุจ ู†ุนุฑู ู…ู† ูˆูŠู† ู†ุจุฏุฃ

22
00:02:00,010 --> 00:02:05,810
Carbon steelุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ู…ูƒุงู† ุฌูŠุฏ ู„ู„ุจุฏุก ู‡ูˆ ู…ุน

23
00:02:05,810 --> 00:02:08,950
ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉุŒ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

24
00:02:08,950 --> 00:02:10,750
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

25
00:02:10,750 --> 00:02:11,610
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

26
00:02:11,610 --> 00:02:12,290
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

27
00:02:12,290 --> 00:02:12,670
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

28
00:02:12,670 --> 00:02:12,830
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

29
00:02:12,830 --> 00:02:13,490
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

30
00:02:13,490 --> 00:02:13,990
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

31
00:02:13,990 --> 00:02:14,150
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

32
00:02:14,150 --> 00:02:17,190
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

33
00:02:17,190 --> 00:02:24,480
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุชุงู† ุงู„ุขู† ู„ุง ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู„ุฃูŠ ู†ุณุจุฉ

34
00:02:24,480 --> 00:02:29,140
ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุณุชูŠู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู‚ุณู…ู‹ุง

35
00:02:29,140 --> 00:02:34,660
ุฅู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃู‚ุณุงู… ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉุŒ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุซู„ุงุซ ุฎุงู†ุงุช ู„ู€ Carbon

36
00:02:34,660 --> 00:02:39,040
steelุŒ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ู…ุŸ Mild steelุŒ the most widely used

37
00:02:39,040 --> 00:02:42,820
grade is a low carbon steel which contains up to

38
00:02:42,820 --> 00:02:47,300
approximately point three percent of carbonุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ

39
00:02:47,300 --> 00:02:51,890
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุจุชุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ Mild ู‚ุฏูŠุด ุจูŠุญุชูˆูŠุŸ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู† 

40
00:02:51,890 --> 00:02:57,090
ุนุดุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุฑุจูˆู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุฅูŠุดุŸ IronุŒ ูู‡ุฐุง ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡

41
00:02:57,090 --> 00:03:01,570
ุฅูŠุดุŸ Mild steelุŒ Medium carbon steel contain

42
00:03:01,570 --> 00:03:07,500
between approximately point three percent to point

43
00:03:07,500 --> 00:03:12,540
six percent carbonุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† Point ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู„ Point ูƒุงู…ุŸ

44
00:03:12,540 --> 00:03:16,300
ุณุชุฉ CarbonุŒ High carbon steel contain between

45
00:03:16,300 --> 00:03:20,300
approximately point six and one point four percent

46
00:03:20,300 --> 00:03:24,920
carbonุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุชุจุนุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅูŠุดุŸ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน

47
00:03:24,920 --> 00:03:29,060
one point four percent carbonุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ุจู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡

48
00:03:29,060 --> 00:03:31,940
ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุฅูŠุด ู‡ู…ุŸ Mild

49
00:03:34,300 --> 00:03:39,000
Medium carbon steelุŒ ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ุฅูŠุดุŸ High carbon steel

50
00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:42,980
ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุชูˆูˆุง ุฅูŠุดุŸ Carbons and

51
00:03:42,980 --> 00:03:46,400
steelุŒ ูˆุงู„ Carbon ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุจุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุงุŒ very low

52
00:03:46,400 --> 00:03:51,400
quantitiesุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุง ุชุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑุฉ

53
00:03:51,400 --> 00:03:58,080
ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู†ุณุจุฉุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู„ ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ููŠู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ

54
00:03:58,080 --> 00:04:05,020
gramุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฎููŠูุฉ ุฌุฏุงุŒ ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠู‡ ูƒู„ ุฃู„ู ูƒู„

55
00:04:05,020 --> 00:04:12,180
ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ 14 gramุŒ ุจุฑุถู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ุฎููŠูุฉ

56
00:04:12,180 --> 00:04:17,620
ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡

57
00:04:17,620 --> 00:04:22,890
Alloy steelsุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุญู† ุจู†ุนุฑู ุงู„ Steel ุฅูŠุด ู†ูˆุนู‡ุŸ It's

58
00:04:22,890 --> 00:04:26,930
an alloyุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŒ ู…ุด ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุณู…ูŠู†ุงู‡ Alloy

59
00:04:26,930 --> 00:04:30,570
steelุŒ ุงุช ู†ูˆุน ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ุด AlloyุŸ ู„ุฃุŒ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุจุณ ุงู„ุชุณู…ูŠุฉ

60
00:04:30,570 --> 00:04:34,610
ุชุจุนุชู‡ุŒ ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฌุงูŠุฉ ููŠู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุนูŠู†ู†ุง

61
00:04:34,610 --> 00:04:40,660
other metalsุŒ ุจู†ุญุทู‡ู… ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†ุŒ ูƒูˆูŠุณุŒ ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู†ุทู„ุนู‡ุงุŒ the

62
00:04:40,660 --> 00:04:44,080
second main category of steel is Alloy steels

63
00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:48,540
which consists of iron carbon and one or more

64
00:04:48,540 --> 00:04:53,500
alloying materialุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุญู†ุง ุฅูŠุด ุจู†ุถูŠูุŸ ุญุงุฌุงุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ

65
00:04:53,500 --> 00:04:57,980
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงุซู†ุชูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ Material ุงู„ Alloying

66
00:04:57,980 --> 00:05:02,800
materialุŒ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ Specific grade of the Alloying

67
00:05:02,800 --> 00:05:03,800
steel include

68
00:05:09,540 --> 00:05:20,940
ู…ุด ุตุบูŠุฑ ุทูŠุจ

69
00:05:20,940 --> 00:05:24,280
ุงู„ Include ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ุงุŸ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ

70
00:05:24,280 --> 00:05:29,780
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏู†ุงุŒ ู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…ุŒ Low alloy steel which

71
00:05:29,780 --> 00:05:38,060
contains 90% ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏุŒ ูˆุญุชู‰ 10% ู…ู†

72
00:05:38,060 --> 00:05:45,360
ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ุŒ ูƒุฑูˆู…ุŒ ู†ูŠูƒู„ุŒ ู…ู†ุฌู†ูŠุฒ

73
00:05:45,360 --> 00:05:47,680
ู…ูˆู„ูŠุจุฏูŠู†ูŠูˆู…

74
00:05:49,120 --> 00:05:53,780
VanadiumุŒ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุญุทู‡ู… ููŠู‡ู…

75
00:05:53,780 --> 00:05:57,380
ู‡ุฐุง ุฅูŠุด ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุŸ Low alloying steelุŒ ู„ุฃู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ

76
00:05:57,380 --> 00:06:04,380
ุชุณุนูŠู† ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ IronุŒ ูˆุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ Alloying materialsุŒ High

77
00:06:04,380 --> 00:06:10,720
strength Low alloying steel which contains smaller

78
00:06:10,720 --> 00:06:15,430
quantity of the above metalsุŒ it's typically less

79
00:06:15,430 --> 00:06:19,250
than two percentุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุฃู‚ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุณู…ูŠู†ุงู‡ High

80
00:06:19,250 --> 00:06:23,730
strength Low alloying materialุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ุจูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน

81
00:06:23,730 --> 00:06:26,890
ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ Stainless steelุŒ ูƒู„ ู‡ูŠุชูƒู…

82
00:06:26,890 --> 00:06:32,630
ุจุชุนุฑููˆู‡ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ Which contain Chromium as well

83
00:06:32,630 --> 00:06:36,850
as other metals such as Nickel and which do not

84
00:06:36,850 --> 00:06:40,130
rustุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ Stainless steelุŸ ุฅูŠุด ู…ุญุตู„ู‡ุŸ

85
00:06:41,070 --> 00:06:48,430
ู…ุง ุจูŠุตุฏุฆุŒ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ RustุŒ ุฅูŠุด ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุงุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุตุฏุฃุŒ Tools steels

86
00:06:48,430 --> 00:06:52,650
ุจุชุนุฑููˆุง ุฃู†ุชูˆ ู„ู…ุง ุชูŠุฌูˆุง ุณูƒุงูƒูŠู† ุฃูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุญุงุฌุงุช

87
00:06:52,650 --> 00:06:59,250
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ู‚ุทุน ููŠู‡ู… ุฒูŠ ุชุจุน ุงู„ู…ูุฌุฏูŽุญุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ูุจุงุฑูุฏ ุฃูˆ ูƒู„

88
00:06:59,250 --> 00:07:03,210
ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ู‡ุงุชู ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง Tools stealุŒ They contain

89
00:07:03,210 --> 00:07:07,110
Tungsten and CobaltุŒ ุงู„ Tungsten ูˆุงู„ Cobalt

90
00:07:07,110 --> 00:07:12,360
ู‡ุฏูˆู„ Tough materialุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฌุงู…ุฏุฉุŒ OkayุŒ a widely used

91
00:07:12,360 --> 00:07:17,340
grade of Tools steel is High-speed steel which is

92
00:07:17,340 --> 00:07:20,180
used in cutting tools that operate at a high

93
00:07:20,180 --> 00:07:23,740
temperature such as Drill bitsุŒ ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ Drill

94
00:07:23,740 --> 00:07:31,340
bitsุŸ ู„ุฃุŒ ุจุชุนุฑููˆุง ุงู„ุฑูŠุด ุชุจุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ูุฌุฏูŽุญุฉุŸ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง

95
00:07:31,340 --> 00:07:35,950
ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุงู„ Drill bitsุŒ ู…ุง ุฃู†ุชูˆ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุช ู…ุด ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฎุจุฑุชูƒู…

96
00:07:35,950 --> 00:07:41,270
ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุบู„ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุดุจุงุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุบู„ุงุช ู…ุนุธู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฑุจูˆู‡ุง

97
00:07:41,270 --> 00:07:44,690
ูุงู„ุขู†

98
00:07:44,690 --> 00:07:48,210
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ูุนู†ุง ูƒู… ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน

99
00:07:48,210 --> 00:07:57,570
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ Alloy steelุŸ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃู†ูˆุงุนุŒ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ู…ุŸ Low alloy

100
00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:07,880
High strength Low alloyุŒ Stainless SteelุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉ Tools SteelุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

101
00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:11,760
ุญุงุฌุฉ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ CorrosionุŒ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ CorrosionุŸ ู‡ูŠ

102
00:08:11,760 --> 00:08:20,020
ุงู„ Oxidation ุฃูˆ ุงู„ OxideุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ RustุŒ ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠุŸ

103
00:08:20,020 --> 00:08:26,180
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุฏุฃุŒ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุฏุฃ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุณุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ

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ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฃูƒู„ุŒ ู‡ู†ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ู‰ุŒ ูƒูˆูŠุณุŸ ูู‡ู†ุง one

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weakness of Mild steel is that it corrodesุŒ its

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surface progressively deteriorates due to a

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chemical reactionุŒ ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ deterioratesุŸ

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ุงู„ุขู† ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ corrodes ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุจุชุชุฃูƒู„ุŒ ุงู„ุขู† Due to

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ratesุŒ ุชุดูˆููˆุง ู„ู…ุง ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุชุจุฏุฃ ุช .. ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ูุณ

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ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู‡ูŠ Due to ratesุŒ ู„ู…ุง ุชุตูŠุฑ ุชุฑูˆุญ ู„ู„ุฃุณูˆุฃ ุดูˆูŠุฉ

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ุดูˆูŠุฉุŒ ุจุชุชุดูˆู‡ุŒ ุชุฏู‡ูˆุฑุŒ ุจุชุชุฏู‡ูˆุฑุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูˆุถุนู‡ุง ุจูŠุชุฏู‡ูˆุฑ

112
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ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุง Due to rateุŒ ูู‡ูŠ ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉุŒ ูˆ

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ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ููŠู‡ุง ุดูŠุก ุชุฑุงุฌุนุŒ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง Due to rates

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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุชูุงู‚ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ

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ูˆุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุกุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุกุŒ ู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุนุตูŠุฏุฉุŒ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ

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ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ

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ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ

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ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ

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ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ

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ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุน

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ูˆุงู„ Oxidized ูˆุงู„ What ูˆุงู„ Corrodes ู‡ู… ููŠ

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ุงู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุตุฏุฃ

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ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู† ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฃู„ู…ู†ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ

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ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†ุŒ ู„ุฃู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ููŠ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู†

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ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุตุนุจุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠู…ู†ุนู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ. ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ 

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ุงู„ุฃู„ู…ู†ูŠูˆู… ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุญุตู„ุŸ ู…ุด ุฒูŠ ุตุฏุฃ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุตุฏุฃ ููŠ

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ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุŸ ุจุชุงูƒู„ ูˆุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ ุฃู„ู…ูˆู†ูŠูˆู…

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ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุทุจู‚ุฉ ูˆุจุชุชุตู„ุจ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ hard ูุงู„ hardness ู‡ุฐู‡

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ุจูŠุฎู„ูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ูŠุตุฏูŠ ูุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุทุญ ู…ุตุฏูŠุฉ

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ูˆุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ ู…ุง ููŠุด ููŠู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุฅู† ุจุชุชู… ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุขูƒู„ 

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however when mild steel goes rusty the rust on the

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surface comes off .. comes off ุฅูŠุดุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง

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ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุจุชุฌุดุฑ ุฃูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชุณู‚ุท ูŠุชุณุงู‚ุท ูŠุชุณุงู‚ุท ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูƒุดูŠุฑ

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continuously and a new rusty layer forms

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progressively eating into the metal ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชุชู… ุฃูƒู„

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ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุจุชุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ูˆุจุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุฃู†ุชูˆ ู„ูˆ ุนู†ุฏูƒู… ููŠ

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ุงู„ุจูŠุช ุฃูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ูˆุงุญู†ุง ููŠ ุฌูˆ ุบุฒุฉ ุงู„ rust ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ

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ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุง ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ูŠุฌุนุจ

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ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุจุชุงูƒู„ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุฌุฏุง ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุขู† decide whether

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the sentences below are true or false and correct

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the false sentences steel is an alloy of iron and

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carbon true

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ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู…ุด ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูุงุชุช ุงู„ steel ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน

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ู‡ูˆ alloy ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

145
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ู‡ูˆ

146
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

147
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

148
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

149
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

150
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

151
00:11:58,510 --> 00:11:59,610
ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

152
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

153
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

154
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

155
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆู‡ูˆู‡ูˆู‡ูˆู‡

156
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chromium and nickel are used as alloying metal in

157
00:12:20,340 --> 00:12:26,220
steel ู…ุด ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฅูŠุดุŸ ููŠ ูƒุจุดุฉ alloying

158
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materialุŒ ู‡ุฐุง .. ู‡ุฐุง ู†ูˆุน ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ูƒูˆูŠุณุŸ low alloy

159
00:12:30,840 --> 00:12:36,200
steel contain more chromium than ironุŒ false ููŠ

160
00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:40,560
ุฃุตู„ุง ููŠ ุงู„ steel ูƒู„ู‡ ู…ุง ููŠุด ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุงู„ iron

161
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ุงู„ู€ stainless steel is an alloy steel true ุงุญู†ุง

162
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ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ู„ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ู‰ ุชุจุนู†ุง ุจูŠุฌูŠ ุชุญุช ุงู„ alloy

163
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alloying steel ุฃูˆ alloy steels tungsten is added

164
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to steel to make it softer false ุฅูŠุด ุจุชุนู…ู„ harder

165
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ู…ุด softer high speed steel is suitable for making

166
00:13:09,120 --> 00:13:16,720
cutting tools that get very hot ุงุญู†ุง

167
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ุฅูŠุด ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุนู…ู„ ููŠู‡ true ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู‡ูˆ tools ู†ูุณ

168
00:13:22,320 --> 00:13:27,720
ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุฅูŠุด cutting tools get very hot ูุจุฏูƒ ุฅูŠุด ุฃูุถู„

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ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ high speed steel ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ู‰

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ู„ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ู„ู„ tools steel ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู„ุงุญุธ ููŠู‡ ุทูŠุจ

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ุงู„ุขู† complete ุงู„ table ุงู„ table ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุจู†ูŠ ู†ูƒู…ู„ู‡

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ุงู„ุขู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ corroded ุงู„ adjective ุงู„ noun ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูˆุŸ

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corrosion ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู„ verbุŸ corrode ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุทูŠุจ ุงู„

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oxidized

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oxide ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู„ noun oxide ุตุญ ู„ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุนู†ู‡ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง

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carbon oxide ุฐุงูƒุฑูŠู†ู‡ ูู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ noun oxide ุทูŠุจ ุงู„

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verb oxidize ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ ู‡ู†ุง go rusty ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ verb ู…ู…ูƒู†

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ูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒู…ุงู† rust ุงู„ noun rust ุงู„ adjective rusty ุทุจ

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ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุดูˆู ู‡ู†ุง ูˆูŠู† ู†ุนุจูŠู‡ู… when steel is exposed to

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air and water it oxidize

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ุฅูŠุด ูƒู…ุงู†ุŸ rust ุฅูŠุด ูƒู…ุงู†ุŸ corrodes ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู…ุฌูˆุฒุฉ

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ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฏูƒ ุงู„ูุนู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ูˆ

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ุชุญุทูŠู‡ ES ุฃูˆ S ุทูŠุจ a brown red material on the

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surface of steel is called corrosion ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ rust

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and oxide ุทูŠุจ the strength of steel is reduced if

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it is ู†ุญุท ุงู„ adjective ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ adjectiveุŸ

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ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉุŒ ูู‡ูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† oxidized ุฃูˆ rusty ุฃูˆ corroded

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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ุทูŠุจ ู‡ู†ุง complete the article about

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a special type of steel the perennial problem with

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mild .. ุฅูŠุด

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ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉุŸ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ perennial problemุŸ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุฑุช ุนู„ูŠูƒู…ุŸ

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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆู…ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃุฒู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู…ูŠู†ุŸ with mild steel

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ู…ุธุจูˆุท is ุงุชู‚ุช ุฅูŠุด when exposed air and water ุฅูŠุด

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ุจุชุตูŠุฑู„ู‡ุง it rusts or it corrodes or it oxidize ุทูŠุจ

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generally the only solution is either to apply a

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protective coating to use or to use another grade

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of the steel ุฃูŠูˆุฉ another grades ุงู„ grades ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ

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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฅูŠุด ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ type ุฃูˆ variations

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ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงุญู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡

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ุจุชุดูˆููˆู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูŠู† ุณุงูƒู†ูŠู† ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ู„ู„ุจุญุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ุฅูŠุด

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ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูƒูˆุง ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑู„ู‡ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ

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ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูู„ุงุฒู… ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุชุนู…ู„ูŠู„ู‡ ูŠุง ุฃู…ุง ุจุฏูƒ ุชุฏู‡ู†ูŠ ุจุดูƒู„

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ุฏุงุฆู… ุฃูˆ ุจุฏูƒ ุชุฌูŠุจูŠ ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู‚ู„ู‘ุจ ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู„ู…ู‚ู„ู‘ุจ ุฅูŠุด

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ุจู†ุนู…ู„ู‡ ุจู†ุญุท ุทุจู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ stainless steel ุญูˆุงู„ูŠู‡ ุทูŠุจ

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ู‡ู†ุง used ุฅูŠุด ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง another grade of steel that is

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resistant to the rusting process ุฃูˆ to corrosion

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process ุฃูˆ to oxidize process the most well-known

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being ุฅูŠุด steelุŸ stainless steel ู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง

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ุงู†ุชูˆุง ุฎุจุฑุฉ ููŠู‡ุง stainless steel which contains

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significant quantity of ุฅูŠุดุŸ and often nickel

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chromium ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุทุจู‚ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ alloy ุชุจุน ูƒุฑูˆู…

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ูˆุดูˆูŠุฉ ู†ูŠูƒู„ there is however an alternative

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solution so-called weathering steel weathering

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steel ุงู„ weathering steel ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ steel

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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุนุงูˆุฃ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฎู„ู‘ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู…ุชุฃู‚ู„ู… ู…ุน ุงู„ุฌูˆ

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ูƒูˆูŠุณุŸ

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is a special alloy suitable for outdoor use but

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rather than being completely protected from

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corrosion the surface of the steel is allowed to

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go to go ุฅูŠุด rusty rusty ู„ูŠุด ู‡ุฐุง ุฅูŠุด ุจุชุฎู„ูŠ ุฅู†ู‡

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ู…ุณู…ูˆุญ ุฅู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุทุจู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ rust ุจุณ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„

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rust ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ hard ุจุชุณู…ุญุด ู„ู„ูŠ ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุงุช

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ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุชุตูŠุฑู„ู‡ุง ุฃูƒุณุฏู‡ุง ุซุงู†ูŠ once a layer of ุฅูŠุด

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has formed on the surface a layer of ุฅูŠุดุŸ of rust

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ุฃูˆ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุฃูˆ ูƒุฑูˆุฌู„ okay it stabilizes

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and forms a hard protective layer ุฅูŠุด

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stabilizableุŸ

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ุฅูŠุด stable ุจุชุณุชู‚ุฑ .. ู‡ุฏูŠ ุจุชุณุชู‚ุฑ ูˆุจุชุดูƒู„ ุทุจู‚ุฉ hard

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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ุตู„ุจุฉ this layer differs from ordinary

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iron oxide as it does not continue to eat into the

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metal ู‡ุฏูŠ ุจุชุจุทู„ู‡ุงุด ุชุณุชู…ุฑ ุชุงูƒู„ ููŠ ุงู„ metal ุตูˆุช ุตูˆุช

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ุตูˆุช while not everyone may like the rusty look,

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weathering steel has been widely used in

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architectures, applications and outdoor sculptures

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ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ sculptureุŸ ุดุงูŠููŠู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏุงู…ูƒู…ุŸ

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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉุŒ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉุŒ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐุงุŸ ู…ุฌุณู…ุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ุงู‡ ..

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ุงูŠูˆุฉ ูู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ outdoor sculptures ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุณู…ุงุช

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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุนู…ูˆู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู‡ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง

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ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงุญู†ุง ููŠ ุจู„ุงุฏู†ุง ู…ุด ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุชุดูˆููŠู‡ ุจุณ ุจุจู„ุงุฏ

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ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ูˆ ุจุชุดูˆููŠู‡ ุญุชู‰

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ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุตุฏู‘ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุชุดูˆููŠู‡ ุทุจูŠุนูŠ

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ุทูŠุจ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจู†ุจู‚ู‰ ุฎู„ุตู†ุง chapter twelve ุงู„ุขู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู†

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ุงู„ุดุบู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฃูˆู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ steel ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

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ู†ูˆุนูŠู† ู…ู†ู‡ ุตุญ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฅูŠุด carbon steels ูˆุฅูŠุด

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alloying steels ุงู„ carbon steel ุนู†ุฏู†ุง three grades

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ููŠู‡ู… ุฅูŠุด ู‡ู…ุง mild ูˆ medium ูˆ high ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุนุงุฏุฉ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„

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carbon ููŠู‡ู… ู‚ุฏ ุฅูŠุด ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ ู…ู† point three percent ู„ุญุฏ

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point one point four ุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ ุฅูŠุด iron ู…ุง ููŠุด ุนู†ุฏูŠ

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ุฃูŠ other alloying materials ุจุณ carbon and iron ุงู„

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alloying steels ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุชุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุน 

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ุงูŠุด ู‡ู… ุงู„ู„ูˆู‡ุงุฏ

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ุงูŠุด ู…ู…ูŠุฒุงุชู‡ุŸ  ู†ูŠู†ูŠ ุจุฑุณู†ุช ุงูŠุฑู† ูˆ ุชูŠู† ุจุฑุณู†ุช ุงูŠุดุŸ ุงูŠูˆู‡ ูˆ

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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงูŠุด ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ alloy ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุถูŠูู‡ู…ุŸ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน

254
00:21:40,630 --> 00:21:46,730
ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ high strength

255
00:21:46,730 --> 00:21:51,570
ุงูŠุด ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ alloy ู‚ุฏ ุงูŠุดุŸ less than two

256
00:21:51,570 --> 00:21:57,270
percent ุงู„ุงู† ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุชุงู„ุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ stainless steel

257
00:21:57,270 --> 00:22:01,890
ุงู„ stainless steel ู‚ุฏ ุงูŠุด ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุชุจุนุชู‡ุŸ ุจู†ุถูŠู ุงู„

258
00:22:01,890 --> 00:22:06,030
chromium ูˆ ุจู†ุถูŠู ุงูŠุดุŸ

259
00:22:06,030 --> 00:22:11,290
nickel okay ุงู„ุงู† ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ุงู„ tools ุงูˆ ุงู„ high

260
00:22:11,290 --> 00:22:17,150
speed steel ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุถูŠู ุงูŠุด ุนู†ุฏู†ุงุŸ ุงู„

261
00:22:17,150 --> 00:22:21,810
cobalt ูˆ ุงู„ ุงูŠุดุŸ ูˆ ุงู„ tungsten ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ hard

262
00:22:21,810 --> 00:22:25,210
ุนุดุงู† ู‡ู… ุจูŠุจู‚ูˆุง very hard ูˆ very tough ูุจู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ู…

263
00:22:25,210 --> 00:22:30,530
ู„ู„ cutting tools ู„ู…ุง ููŠ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงุญุชูƒุงูƒ

264
00:22:30,530 --> 00:22:34,430
ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุญู…ู„ู‡ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ 

265
00:22:34,430 --> 00:22:34,910
ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ