PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/LCytnBqWW0g_raw.srt

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Today we are going to see just a new chapter and

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this is about definiteness and indefiniteness in

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English and Arabic. we are going to see the

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definiteness system how nouns are defined in

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English and Arabic definiteness is available in

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all languages but some languages have overt system

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and some other languages have covert system

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Chinese for example does not have any overt system

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there are no equivalence for a or n or the or any

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article of definiteness or indefiniteness in any

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in a language like English. So Chinese does not

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have articles. It has only zero articles, covert

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articles. Arabic has no articles no indefinite

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articles but it has the definite article l however

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in English we have the overt system the

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indefiniteness and definiteness system a n this is

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the indefinite article and the plus the zero

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article Today we are going to navigate on the

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definiteness and indefiniteness systems to

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discover its secret, how definiteness and

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indefiniteness are constructed in English and

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Arabic. So we need to touch the indefiniteness

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system first. We mean, the morpheme AN. This is

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one article. A and N are one article. It is

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indefinite article. However, A and N are

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allomorphs of the same morpheme, the indefinite

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article. Okay? This is used in English to single

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the ideas expressed by the noun directly following

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it. Once upon a time, there was a king. Once upon

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a time, once upon a time, there was a king. A king

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here is preceded by the indefinite article A

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because it refers to a single idea. Okay, once

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upon a time there was a king, the king was named

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Shahrayar. So once you repeat the same thing, it

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must be preceded by the definite article, the.

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Okay? The indefinite a and n article semantically

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holds the sense of any. The earth is like a ball.

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The room is like a sequoia.

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Any square, any ball.

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So, A and N are used to express a

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single idea that refers to one noun And

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semantically, it holds the sense of any as well.

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So the room is like a square, which square? Any

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square.

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Semantically, the indefinite article A and N has

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specific meaning and generic meaning. So we have

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generic or specific meaning. Once it refers to a

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certain idea or object, then it is specific.

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However, if you speak generically about

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Anything, any idea, this means that you refer or

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you have or A and N have the function, the generic

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function. I'm looking for a book on computer

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technology. I'm looking for a book on computer

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technology. Which book? Any book. So it is

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generic. I need to read a story. Which story? Any

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story. Okay. It's generic. Okay. I need to buy a

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book in linguistics. Which book? Any book. So it

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is of generic meaning. Now, I bought a book in

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linguistics. I bought a book in linguistics. This

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is specific. A certain book. Okay. For example, it

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is the minimalist program for Noam Chomsky, for

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example. So one book. I know it. It is specific.

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Fine. I rented a flat. I rented a flat.

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Which flat? One flat. So is this specific or

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generic? It is specific. A guest came to visit us

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last night. What do you say? A guest. Specific

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guest. I know him. Okay.

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Okay.

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The indefinite article A and N It's also used with

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singular countable nouns to refer to countable

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nouns that have neither been mentioned in this

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course before nor

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situationally identified.

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There was a queen named Elizabeth. There was a

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queen named Elizabeth. Okay. A queen. Is it

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countable or uncountable? Countable. Okay. It

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refers to a certain person. Does it work here

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specifically or generically? Specifically. So it

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is of specific function semantically.

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Now in the sentence, there was a queen. Is the

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noun mentioned before? No, this is the first time

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you hear it, okay? So any noun, any concrete or

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any countable noun mentioned for the first time

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must be preceded by a or n, okay? But if it is

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heard before, if it is mentioned before, then a

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and n must be repeated by the. Okay. I have a son

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and a daughter. I have a son and a daughter. And

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the son and the daughter are students at the

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Islamic University of Gaza. Okay. For the first

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time, it is a, a. However, for the second time, it

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is the, the. Okay. We have a cat and a dog. A cat

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and a dog. The first time, the cat and the dog are

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very beautiful. Okay. Once I repeat, I replace the

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indefinite article with a definite article there.

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Okay. I'm reading a good book. I'm reading a good

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book. The book is on linguistics. So for the first

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time, a book for the second time, the book.

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Now, the indefinite article indicates a class

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relationship. Therefore, it precedes singular

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countable nouns used as representative members of

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the class. A cat can be beautiful, which cat?

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Any cat so here is it specific or generic? It's

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generic Okay, now a cat is a representative It

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is a representative Member of Hair class, all cats

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Plants are beautiful I say for example A tree is

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beautiful. Which tree? Any tree Okay Now

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once the noun is preceded or modified by

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attributive adjective preceded by adjective it

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must be or it can be preceded by a or n I say

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Christine is becoming a nice girl I

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can't say Christine is becoming nice girl a nice

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girl because this is adjectival adjectival now

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okay Hoda is becoming a clever girl is becoming

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clever gear, a clever gear. So we have here an

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adjectival noun. Any adjectival noun accepts A or

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N according to its morphological construction.

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Either preceded by beginning with vowel or

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consonant. In case of vowel, it is N. In case of

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consonant, it's A. For example, I say university.

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Is it A or N?

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It is A, a university I say. It's a university.

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This is Ya consonant. Ah.

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Okay. However, ice cream, an ice cream. Engineer?

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Okay.

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Now, all professions and adjectives denoting

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religions are preceded by A or N. I say I am a

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professor. I am a professor. I am a professor. So

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this is my profession. You are a student.

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He is a mason. He is a windscatter.

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He's a doctor. Okay. So all professions and

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handicrafts are preceded by A or N. My father is a

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teacher. Your father is an engineer, for example.

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Your dad is a doctor. your dad accountant okay he

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is an accountant okay he's an accountant okay your

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dad okay he's also an accountant your dad a lawyer

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okay he's a lawyer he is an advocate Okay, so we

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have all professions and handcrafts are preceded

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by the indefinite article A or N Okay adjectives

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of religions I say أنا مسلم how could you

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translate it? I am a Muslim She is she is a

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Christian He is a Jew So religions are preceded by

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A or N. Okay? Now all expressions or some

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expressions of quantity and measurements are also

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preceded by A or N. For example, a pair of shoes.

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A pair. A. A little. We have little and a little.

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Which is larger than the other? Little or a

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little? No, no. A little is larger than little. A

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few, a few, few, few. A few is larger than few.

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Okay. A couple of minutes, a few, a hundred, a

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thousand, three tablets a day. Now we speak about

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the duration. Three tablets a day. I drove 80

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miles an hour. So day, hour, minute are preceded

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by the indefinite article A or N. So three tablets

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a day. The child has to have the medicine by

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taking three teaspoonfuls a day. Okay. Three

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tablets a day, 80 kilometers an hour. The material

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is $10 a meter. $10 a meter. Okay. The apples

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cost two dollars a kilo okay a pound so all means

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of quantity okay or measurements units of

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measurements are perceived by a or n type

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now the proper nouns which are Used as adjectives

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in the sentence in the singular proper noun used

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as an adjective Must be preceded by a or n He's a

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Napoleon He's a Napoleon She's

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a Shakespeare And she is like Shakespeare he and

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his courage is like Napoleon Okay So if you use a

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noun in place or if you have a noun functioning as

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an adjective, then it must be preceded by A or N

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if it is singular.

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Now, the adverbial expressions of time must be

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preceded by A or N. He sat for a while. He sat for

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an hour. He sat for a day. He stayed for a month.

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He stayed with us for a year. Do you get that? Do

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you understand? Hold on for a minute. Hold on for

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a minute. Okay. Hold on for a moment. Hold on for

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a second. So you have A.

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Now greetings must be preceded by, must be

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preceded by A or N. I say have nice time or have a

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nice time? Have a nice time. Have a nice day. Have

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a nice stay with us in Gaza. Have a nice weekend.

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Okay. Have a nice exam. Have a good exam Once

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you have greeting expressions, they are preceded

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by A or N Okay Now

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a

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Merry Christmas to you and a Happy New Year It's

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greeting Merry Christmas. It's preceded by A Happy

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New Year It's also preceded by A because this is

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part of greeting. أتمنى لك عيدا سعيدا. Is this

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available in Arabic? We don't have A or N in

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Arabic or equivalence of A and N. Okay, we only

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have the definite article. We have covert system

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of indefiniteness and the nonation ولدا رأيت ولدا

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يمشي في الشارع Waladan here with the nonation is

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for emphasis is not for indefiniteness. So the

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nonation Tanween in Arabic is not used for

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indefiniteness. It is only for emphasis.

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Okay. في يوم من الأيام كان هناك ملكا هذا

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الملك يدعى شهريار ملك is not preceded by anything.

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It is zero. Once I repeat, I use ال التعريف. هذا

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الملك يدعى. Okay. So English is not like Arabic.

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This must be taken very seriously once you

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translate from English to Arabic or from Arabic to

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English. Otherwise, you commit serious errors.

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Okay.

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Because the definiteness or indefiniteness have

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semantic meaning, which is very, very important.

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It changes the meaning of the whole sentence.

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This is

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what we understood. But the original decision, the

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original solution, okay, issued by the Security

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Council was like so.

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Which Arab

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territories does it mean? okay so the whole

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sentence changed completely okay this is why we

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reject it okay anyway the

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definite article the has very important semantic

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rule in English and قل التعريف in Arabic has the

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same rule however the translation of قل التعريف

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does not necessarily mean that in all situations

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and that cannot be translated with Arabic in all

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situations it depends on the structure of the

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sentence so you have to take care about the

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context of the sentence or the context where these

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indefinite or definite articles used okay I

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say For expressions of time I sat for a while It

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is zero in Arabic while in English must be

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preceded by the indefinite article A Hold on for a

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minute A minute

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Okay

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Hold on for a moment.

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With greetings and good wishes. I say have a nice

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time.

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It is zero. However, in English, it must be

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translated by using the indefinite article the.

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Have a nice time. Have a nice day. Have a good

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exam. Have a nice stay here with us in Gaza. Have

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a nice return journey to your country. Okay?

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Now similes take A or N mainly after the particle

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as or like. He fought like a lion. He fought like

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a lion. I don't say he fought like a lion He

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vanished like a ghost So

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I translate

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it using the definite article I

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can say اختفى كشبح So it is not necessarily to

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translate A and N with what is called zero article

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in Arabic.

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Okay.

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But in English, you have to say, you can't say he

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fought fiercely like the lion like a lion okay so

250
00:24:59,190 --> 00:25:01,690
you have to take care about this once you

251
00:25:01,690 --> 00:25:08,750
translate okay the cardinal numbers or the

252
00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:12,990
cardinal number one replaces the indefinite

253
00:25:12,990 --> 00:25:21,590
article a or n for emphasis i can cross out a or n

254
00:25:21,590 --> 00:25:26,960
and replace one instead just for emphasis He

255
00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:31,540
bought one suit and two shirts. One suit. I can't

256
00:25:31,540 --> 00:25:35,200
say a suit. I emphasize that he bought only one

257
00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:40,940
suit. One suit. Okay. He bought one suit. Okay.

258
00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:43,540
One here is for indefiniteness.

259
00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:53,610
These, now, اشترى بدلة واحدة و قميصين but it is

260
00:25:53,610 --> 00:25:59,730
zero okay so now we have overt indefiniteness

261
00:25:59,730 --> 00:26:03,410
system in English represented or translated in a

262
00:26:03,410 --> 00:26:07,510
or n while in Arabic we have zero indefiniteness

263
00:26:07,510 --> 00:26:15,210
however for translating I cannot be bound to have

264
00:26:15,210 --> 00:26:19,050
equivalence okay because in Arabic we don't have

265
00:26:20,100 --> 00:26:24,020
indefiniteness system. It is covert. Some

266
00:26:24,020 --> 00:26:30,420
sentences, mainly in similes, in some sentences,

267
00:26:30,540 --> 00:26:38,360
we translate the A and N into in Arabic. So if you

268
00:26:38,360 --> 00:26:40,480
have this sentence to be translated into English,

269
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:45,040
you have to say, he fought like a lion. We don't

270
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,580
say he fought like the lion. it's not accepted

271
00:26:48,580 --> 00:26:52,080
okay so as you see Arabic is different from

272
00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:56,400
English the two languages are semantically and

273
00:26:56,400 --> 00:27:04,800
grammatically different from each other okay now

274
00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:08,800
the definite article we have the definite article

275
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:14,440
the in English it's equivalent to التعريف in

276
00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:20,070
Arabic but semantically they are not the same. You

277
00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:23,470
can't translate the ال التعريف by the in all the

278
00:27:23,470 --> 00:27:28,510
times. You can't translate the into ال التعريف in

279
00:27:28,510 --> 00:27:32,850
all times mainly because the function of each one

280
00:27:32,850 --> 00:27:35,690
of these definite articles in the two languages

281
00:27:35,690 --> 00:27:41,930
differ from each other. Let's see the function of

282
00:27:41,930 --> 00:27:46,880
the in English. Okay. First, you know that that

283
00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:52,320
precedes the nouns like A and N. Okay. The noun

284
00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:52,700
phrase.

285
00:27:57,220 --> 00:28:01,440
It refers to the noun which refers to an entity

286
00:28:01,440 --> 00:28:05,620
known by the speaker and the listener, meaning the

287
00:28:05,620 --> 00:28:09,540
addresser and the addressee. If you too speak

288
00:28:09,540 --> 00:28:14,900
about a certain entity or a certain thing known by

289
00:28:14,900 --> 00:28:20,260
you all, then you must precede this noun by using

290
00:28:20,260 --> 00:28:27,370
the. Okay? The professor is absent today. The

291
00:28:27,370 --> 00:28:31,190
professor is absent today. You know, what do I

292
00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:35,750
mean? Okay. I mean your professor whom you are

293
00:28:35,750 --> 00:28:39,750
familiar with. So I say the professor. Okay.

294
00:28:44,850 --> 00:28:49,650
The prime minister greeted

295
00:28:49,650 --> 00:28:56,630
the released prisoners yesterday. You know him.

296
00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:01,920
Okay. So you say the prime minister. Okay. I say

297
00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:06,720
the legislative council. You know what I, what do

298
00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:11,680
I mean? Okay. You know what I mean? The

299
00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:15,880
legislative council. How many legislative councils

300
00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:20,320
are there in Gaza? One. So it is proceeded by

301
00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,480
them. Okay.

302
00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:27,940
So I say the prime minister, the legislative

303
00:29:27,940 --> 00:29:35,600
council, the parliament. Okay. The university.

304
00:29:38,820 --> 00:29:44,100
You know, you know it. Okay. So once you speak

305
00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:46,760
about an entity or a noun phrase known by the

306
00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:51,340
speaker and the listener, then you use the. Okay.

307
00:29:54,670 --> 00:30:01,930
Now, if you have a noun preceded by, or the

308
00:30:01,930 --> 00:30:07,850
noun is followed by relative clause, relative

309
00:30:07,850 --> 00:30:13,890
particle, complementizer, like who, whom, whose,

310
00:30:14,410 --> 00:30:19,810
which, that, then this noun, which precedes the

311
00:30:19,810 --> 00:30:29,050
complementizer has the. I say, for example, the

312
00:30:29,050 --> 00:30:33,670
man who was standing there is my uncle. The man

313
00:30:33,670 --> 00:30:39,750
who was. I can say man who was. Since you have who

314
00:30:39,750 --> 00:30:43,370
as a complementizer or as a relative pronoun as

315
00:30:43,370 --> 00:30:47,630
you name it, then it is preceded by the definite

316
00:30:47,630 --> 00:30:49,030
article, the.

317
00:30:52,570 --> 00:30:55,610
The car which I bought yesterday was very

318
00:30:55,610 --> 00:30:56,250
expensive.

319
00:30:59,470 --> 00:31:05,070
The car. I don't say car which was. Since you have

320
00:31:05,070 --> 00:31:07,990
which, then the noun preceding it must be preceded

321
00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:13,150
by the definite article there. Okay? Now, if you

322
00:31:13,150 --> 00:31:18,430
have also a noun followed by preposition phrase

323
00:31:19,430 --> 00:31:22,250
Then it must be preceded by the definite article

324
00:31:22,250 --> 00:31:27,170
that I say the 10th of April of April preposition

325
00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:31,910
phrase. The 10th of April. 10th is a noun. So it

326
00:31:31,910 --> 00:31:35,270
must be preceded by main that. Okay.

327
00:31:42,510 --> 00:31:43,170
Okay.

328
00:31:50,130 --> 00:31:54,850
Most of the food was consumed. Why do we have the

329
00:31:54,850 --> 00:31:56,890
here before the noun food?

330
00:32:00,950 --> 00:32:07,790
Why does the noun food have the?

331
00:32:10,150 --> 00:32:13,890
Most of

332
00:32:13,890 --> 00:32:16,410
the food was consumed. Now you enter your kitchen,

333
00:32:17,790 --> 00:32:22,650
And you find, you open the fridge, okay? And you

334
00:32:22,650 --> 00:32:25,710
say to your mom, most of the food was consumed.

335
00:32:27,570 --> 00:32:31,170
The food. The food is an entity known by the

336
00:32:31,170 --> 00:32:33,850
speaker and the listener. So it is there.

337
00:32:40,150 --> 00:32:45,110
Now proper names usually don't have any article.

338
00:32:46,410 --> 00:32:51,090
Ahmed, Mohammed, John, Mary, Chris, don't have any

339
00:32:51,090 --> 00:32:54,410
article, okay? However, some names of countries,

340
00:32:54,990 --> 00:32:58,390
cities or localities are preceded by the definite

341
00:32:58,390 --> 00:33:02,810
article the. I say the Sudan, the United States,

342
00:33:03,870 --> 00:33:08,390
the Congo, I say the West Bank, the Gaza Strip.

343
00:33:09,140 --> 00:33:14,400
The United Nations. The compound nouns are

344
00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:18,460
preceded by the definite article there. We cannot

345
00:33:18,460 --> 00:33:22,920
say Gaza Strip. The Gaza Strip. I can't say West

346
00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:30,200
Bank. The West Bank. Okay. The Arab, the United

347
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:38,550
Arab Emirates. Okay. Now, names of oceans, seas,

348
00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:42,850
rivers, deserts are always preceded by the

349
00:33:42,850 --> 00:33:47,470
definite article, the. Okay? I say the Atlantic,

350
00:33:48,770 --> 00:33:53,690
the Pacific, the Nile, the Red Sea, the Euphrates.

351
00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,530
Okay. So once you speak about water, about seas

352
00:34:00,530 --> 00:34:05,170
and oceans, you must use a definite article. البحر

353
00:34:05,170 --> 00:34:11,730
الأبيض المتوسط. I say the Mediterranean Sea. I

354
00:34:11,730 --> 00:34:13,710
can't say Mediterranean Sea, the Mediterranean

355
00:34:13,710 --> 00:34:15,510
Sea. Okay.

356
00:34:20,970 --> 00:34:29,120
I say بحر الشمال, the North Sea. Okay.

357
00:34:32,780 --> 00:34:36,180
Now the definite article precedes the plural names

358
00:34:36,180 --> 00:34:40,320
and family names followed by a noun. The Johnson's

359
00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:45,220
bought a new house last month. The family of

360
00:34:45,220 --> 00:34:51,020
Johnson's. Username can be preceded by the

361
00:34:51,020 --> 00:34:52,940
definite article there. Okay.

362
00:35:01,210 --> 00:35:05,070
I met the Masturbator family when I visited Japan.

363
00:35:06,450 --> 00:35:10,330
The Masturbator family here, the surname is

364
00:35:10,330 --> 00:35:15,770
preceded by the definite article the. You have

365
00:35:15,770 --> 00:35:23,530
this in the Arab Gulf countries. So instead of

366
00:35:23,530 --> 00:35:28,930
saying Walid Amir, If I teach just in Qatar or in

367
00:35:28,930 --> 00:35:32,210
Saudi Arabia or whatever, they must say Dr. Walid

368
00:35:32,210 --> 00:35:37,430
Al Amir as a sort of respect, it seems. So their

369
00:35:37,430 --> 00:35:42,830
dialects do not accept zero article before the

370
00:35:42,830 --> 00:35:47,890
surname. They accept always the ال التعريف. So

371
00:35:47,890 --> 00:35:52,070
here we have this in English. The family name.

372
00:35:54,720 --> 00:36:08,040
can have the definite article, okay? Once used,

373
00:36:08,340 --> 00:36:10,940
I mean, the plural name, the family name, the

374
00:36:10,940 --> 00:36:14,940
plural name has

375
00:36:14,940 --> 00:36:18,080
the definite article if followed by a noun. The

376
00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:25,000
Johnsons bought a new house. Okay? The Mustapara

377
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:25,540
family.

378
00:36:29,380 --> 00:36:33,620
Mustapara plus family. A surname plus a noun.

379
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:34,940
Okay.

380
00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:43,440
The definite article precedes things or entities

381
00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:49,520
which exist in the universe as unique as when I

382
00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:54,670
see the sun. The moon. How many moons are there?

383
00:36:56,350 --> 00:37:02,610
One. How many suns? One. So the sun, the moon, the

384
00:37:02,610 --> 00:37:05,570
Quran, the Holy Quran.

385
00:37:10,530 --> 00:37:16,110
The plural nationalities must be preceded by the

386
00:37:16,110 --> 00:37:20,250
definite article the. I say the Japanese, the

387
00:37:20,250 --> 00:37:26,650
French, The British. So what's the difference

388
00:37:26,650 --> 00:37:32,050
between the English and English? English refers to

389
00:37:32,050 --> 00:37:38,670
language. The English refers to nationality. Okay.

390
00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:48,370
So we as Palestinians, is it available to say

391
00:37:48,370 --> 00:37:52,460
Palestinians or the Palestinians? What's the

392
00:37:52,460 --> 00:37:55,880
difference in translation? Once I say the

393
00:37:55,880 --> 00:37:59,300
Palestinians, we mean that we are people, we are a

394
00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:04,000
nation confessed by all people. However, if we say

395
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:09,680
Palestinians, like the CNN or our enemies call us,

396
00:38:10,240 --> 00:38:15,620
this means that we refer gangs or groups of people

397
00:38:15,620 --> 00:38:21,350
that cannot be identified as a nation. Okay? So

398
00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:25,230
you as Palestinian translators must say about

399
00:38:25,230 --> 00:38:28,670
yourselves as Palestinians or the Palestinians?

400
00:38:28,970 --> 00:38:31,990
The Palestinians. Okay?

401
00:38:34,630 --> 00:38:37,930
So this is taken once you translate from English

402
00:38:37,930 --> 00:38:41,690
to Arabic from the BBC, you must use what is

403
00:38:41,690 --> 00:38:46,350
called managing in translation. Okay, insert your

404
00:38:46,350 --> 00:38:48,250
own beliefs, your own ideas.

405
00:38:50,950 --> 00:38:56,450
Now, we have also the abstract adjectives used as

406
00:38:56,450 --> 00:39:04,410
nouns. Abstract adjectives. The rich must

407
00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:18,600
Give money or give donations to the poor, to the

408
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:27,220
needy. You must be highly kind to the aged.

409
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:36,640
The poor is an adjective. It stands here in place

410
00:39:36,640 --> 00:39:39,360
of a noun. So it must be preceded by the definite

411
00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:40,140
article there.

412
00:39:42,870 --> 00:39:49,170
Okay. So the

413
00:39:49,170 --> 00:39:56,310
poor need the help of the rich. The aged are

414
00:39:56,310 --> 00:40:02,970
subject to more aphasia than others. Language

415
00:40:02,970 --> 00:40:06,250
diseases, aphasia.

416
00:40:09,630 --> 00:40:13,690
Okay. The aged are subject to more aphasia than

417
00:40:13,690 --> 00:40:22,390
others. The aged. Okay. Now that is also precedes

418
00:40:22,390 --> 00:40:30,210
the compass directions. I see the North, the East,

419
00:40:30,950 --> 00:40:35,190
the South, the West. Okay.

420
00:40:40,780 --> 00:40:45,920
So I was born in the Middle East. In the Middle

421
00:40:45,920 --> 00:40:51,040
East. Middle East. It's direction. So it is there.

422
00:40:55,660 --> 00:41:02,740
I say Palestine lies off the Mediterranean Sea to

423
00:41:02,740 --> 00:41:09,860
the West. Sorry, to the West. Yes. And Syria and

424
00:41:09,860 --> 00:41:18,900
Lebanon To the North, Jordan to the East and Egypt

425
00:41:18,900 --> 00:41:26,280
to the South. So I say the North, the South, the

426
00:41:26,280 --> 00:41:32,200
West, the East. Okay. All directions are preceded

427
00:41:32,200 --> 00:41:35,020
by the. Okay.

428
00:41:44,420 --> 00:41:50,140
We have the definite article used for or they are

429
00:41:50,140 --> 00:41:56,000
used for body parts. Okay. John hit Mary in the

430
00:41:56,000 --> 00:42:01,560
eye. Eye is part of the body. Okay.

431
00:42:05,860 --> 00:42:10,760
He captured him from the shoulder, the shoulder.

432
00:42:11,660 --> 00:42:19,700
The policeman took the criminal by the arm and

433
00:42:19,700 --> 00:42:25,840
led him away. So the arm, the shoulder, the eye,

434
00:42:27,260 --> 00:42:31,100
all parts of the body can be perceived by the

435
00:42:31,100 --> 00:42:32,860
definite article, The.

436
00:42:41,530 --> 00:42:43,670
Now, this is similar to Arabic.

437
00:42:47,350 --> 00:42:50,750
But if

438
00:42:50,750 --> 00:42:54,110
you have a clitic, the clitic stands for آل

439
00:42:54,110 --> 00:42:54,570
التعريف.

440
00:43:01,260 --> 00:43:04,720
Refers, it stands as a critic. It refers to the

441
00:43:04,720 --> 00:43:05,900
definite article there.

442
00:43:09,480 --> 00:43:09,540
Okay.

443
00:43:21,060 --> 00:43:21,680
Okay.

444
00:43:25,860 --> 00:43:28,080
So you have this in both languages.

445
00:43:35,340 --> 00:43:38,580
Now that precedes the object in the immediate

446
00:43:38,580 --> 00:43:39,740
situation use.

447
00:43:42,980 --> 00:43:47,560
That precedes the object in the immediate

448
00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:53,360
situation use. Now I need to cover my eyes and you

449
00:43:53,360 --> 00:44:00,200
need to warn me about the steps. Okay. You say

450
00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:06,620
mind the gap or mind the stairs. Mind the steps.

451
00:44:13,060 --> 00:44:22,180
Mind the gap. This is immediate situation use. So

452
00:44:22,180 --> 00:44:26,040
it precedes the object in the immediate situation

453
00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:32,880
use. Who's going to mind? someone you this is a

454
00:44:32,880 --> 00:44:36,560
subject so we speak about the object mind the gap

455
00:44:36,560 --> 00:44:41,100
the gap is an object it is used here the in the

456
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,780
immediate situation mind the gap mind the steps

457
00:44:44,780 --> 00:44:52,060
mind the stairs okay mind the cup okay

458
00:44:52,060 --> 00:44:55,620
mind the cup you see

459
00:45:05,360 --> 00:45:09,640
Now, don't go there. The police are looking for

460
00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:15,040
you. The police. The, because it is immediate

461
00:45:15,040 --> 00:45:20,920
situation. It's plural. You see? So, next time we

462
00:45:20,920 --> 00:45:23,180
are going, we need to terminate here and next time

463
00:45:23,180 --> 00:45:25,960
we are going to complete with a zero article and

464
00:45:25,960 --> 00:45:28,760
need to touch Arabic and make a comparison or

465
00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:32,540
contrast between the two languages. Okay, that's

466
00:45:32,540 --> 00:45:33,580
it for today. Thank you.