L9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/6XlXWCFeGtk_postprocess.srt

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Hello, everyone, and good day. After we finished

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speaking about the Renaissance, its drama, its

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poetry, and its prose, we move to speak about

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another important era or age, if I can say that,

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in the history of England, the United Kingdom, in

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politics, society, but most importantly about the

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literature of this era. We'll be speaking about An

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era expanding from the middle of the 17th century

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to the early 18th century. These are actually two

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things related very much to each other. The first

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one is called the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth.

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And the second part is called Restoration.

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Restoration from restore. Nowadays, generally,

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commonwealth refers to countries that were

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occupied, colonized by England. So any country

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that was occupied by England at one particular

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time is now part of the commonwealth. Like the

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Francophone countries, countries that were

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occupied by France. But the commonwealth refers to

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a very important period in the history of England.

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And then it was followed soon after by, this is

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very short, probably 15 years or so, soon after it

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was restored, followed by something called

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restoration. What is the commonwealth? What is the

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restoration? Let's see it together. So, so far we

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have spoken about the Puritans, remember? The end

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of the Renaissance Age, the Renaissance. Yep. The

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Puritans, as a religious group, they were also

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political group. They were becoming more and more

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powerful. They closed the theater. But more

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important than closing the theater, they killed

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the king. Because there was a huge political

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division in the English society between the

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Puritans and the Cavaliers. Now, the Puritans

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fought against the king because of the corruption,

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the vices. Remember? Whatever they said about the

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drama, they said in a way or another about the

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political system, about the monarchy. And there

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was a huge war, something that we refer to

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generally as civil war. You know what a civil war?

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groups in the same society, same country fight,

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civil war. There was a lot of blood, a lot of

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death, and a lot of massacres, so to speak. When

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the Puritans were victorious, when they managed to

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win a civil war, what did they do the first thing?

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They executed the king. And this is England.

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Again, this is, remember we said the king was the

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most important person, God's representative on

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Earth. He was the most powerful person. He was

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holy, sacred. The English people lived with the

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king, with the monarchy, for over 1,000, probably

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1,500 years. Everyone. knows that the king is

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crucial. Yeah, the king could be corrupt, could be

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bad, the king or the queen, but the king was seen

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as crucial, vital, important to the stability of

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the society and the benefit of the interest of the

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individual. And now what we saw in literature, and

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this is very interesting, how literature prepares

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our minds to certain events, how literature

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creates life, creates, changes life in a

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particular way. We've seen the king die before,

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but not in real life. In Shakespeare, another

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place, in Hamlet. In Macbeth, for one reason or

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another, King Lear, the king dies. And even the

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death of the king in the literary works turned

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life upside down, like in Macbeth. Everything was

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turned upside down. Fair is foul, and foul is

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fair. But here, for the first time, the king is

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executed. We'll speak in a bit about what happened

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next. But this era, this period that saw the king

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executed, killed, and had someone called Oliver

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Cromwell, a very important name, is called the

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Commonwealth. It's called the Commonwealth. The

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monarchy was removed. No more king, no more queen,

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no more royal family in so many ways. And they

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wanted the parliament to rule with election, with

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democracy, more democratic processes here. Now,

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Cromwell was a very powerful man. He's the leader

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of the Commonwealth. He came soon after. The king

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was executed, and he had so many important things

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to do to create the commonwealth, the countries

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that formed the United Kingdom, mainly Scotland

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and Ireland. So he was a man of war because he

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fought battles, and he was also a man of peace

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because he wanted to negotiate and involve in

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dialogue between different countries around him.

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Again, history is important here, how literature

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influences life and history, and how history also

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influences, in a way or another, literature. But

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we don't want to speak a lot about history. But

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really, this is interesting to read. Now, when

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this man died about ten years later, sometimes

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it's so sad that some important people die very

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quickly, and people who are really horrible, they

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just live forever sometimes. Yeah. When he dies,

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what happened? He was succeeded by his son. What

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does it mean?

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So, if he is followed by his son, what does this

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mean? Exactly, this is like having the king again.

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What's wrong with the king, other than the

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corruption and everything? It's that someone,

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because he was born to a particular family, is

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more important than us, can rule us, can control

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us in a way or another. So when Oliver Cromwell

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became the protector of England, He earned this

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because he is a strong man, a diplomatic, and a

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smart politician. But if his son takes it,

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succeeds him, what does it mean? But again, in

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many ways, this is the English mentality, because

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they love to have a king. They love to be ruled by

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a particular family because they have been trained

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all their lives throughout hundreds and hundreds

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of years that the king is crucial to the

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stability. Even today, the queen, Queen Elizabeth

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II, She isn't a strong ruler. She can't determine

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politics and many things in England. But she's a

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symbolic ruler, and many people love her, despite

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the fact that the royal family spends millions and

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millions of money. Tax. Tax money. But still, many

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people feel it's necessary to have a royal family.

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Now, when his son followed him, succeeded him, his

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son was not as strong as Cromwell himself. Again,

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Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the Commonwealth.

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He was succeeded by his son, but his son was not

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strong enough. And in a way, in a way, This meant

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something to the people there. Because during this

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period of 15 years or so or less, the English

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people generally were like, when you want to do

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something, but you can't do it because you want to

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try something new. And then finally, you just say,

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OK, enough. So they came to his son, and they

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said, sorry. We want the king back. And this is

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how much the English people love the not I can't

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generalize of course especially the high class

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because many people had like benefited a lot from

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having a king or or a queen and The Commonwealth

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ended by bringing another king. King, remember,

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King Charles I was executed, and they came, they

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invited, they brought King Charles II from France.

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This is called the Restoration. What is the

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Restoration? When the king was restored. That's

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it. Commonwealth, when the king was executed, and

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Oliver Cromwell ruled England in a way or another.

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So in 1660, we have what is called the

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Restoration. The monarchy was restored again, and

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the man, Charles II, was brought from France.

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Because, you know, remember, they were kicked out

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in a way or another. Now again, it shows how

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significant the monarchy is for the English

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people. But something remained. that couldn't

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change in a way or another. The monarchy itself

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and its powers and privileges were declining, were

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diminishing, were reduced because the parliament

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and politicians and people who were elected by

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people become more and more powerful. So yes, the

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king was restored, but the powers The privileges,

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the authority, they were never the same. Until

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this very day, we have a very symbolic monarchy.

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The queen sometimes signs particular papers,

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approves particular cabinets by particular

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political parties like the Labour Party and the

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Tories. So politics is very important in this age.

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But here we're not only talking, remember in the

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past we were speaking about nationalism, the

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strong sense of the English identity, Queen,

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England being the saviour and the protector. And

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about, you know, sweet Thames runs softly till I

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end my song. The English people were all proud of

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everything English. But now this changed from

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nationalism, loving your country as a whole, to

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political division. So some people supported this

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political party, and others supported this

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political party. And this creates what we call

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political division. And this is politics more than

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nationalism. Okay? So nationalism is loving

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everything about your country, supporting,

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believing in your country. But being political

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generally here in this sense means that you

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support one political party over the others

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because of something. Now, something very funny

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happened later on. King James II, remember we had

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King James I in 1603, the man who translated the

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Bible, the authorized version of the Bible, the

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man who loved theater and literature, who had the

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mosques in his own palace, remember? Now, King

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James II did something that could be considered

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stupid. He converted to Catholicism. He, remember

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England is? A Protestant country now because of

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King Henry VIII, when he had this dispute with the

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Pope, and he destroyed many monasteries and

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churches, and he executed so many Catholic people.

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Because England changed its religion. Still

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Christians, but they're not Catholic. They are

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Protestants. Now, all of a sudden, this king, King

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James II, converts to Catholicism. Okay, remember,

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so many people were not happy with King Charles I.

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What happened? Fighting, political division, civil

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war, death, blood. But now, and this is really

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interesting, the English people seem to have

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learned from their own experience. They have

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learned that OK, we kill the king. We fight. We

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kill each other. And then later on, we bring the

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king again. So they learned something that nobody

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in Europe learned this quickly. In France, so many

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kings were executed, and revolutions after

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revolutions. In Spain, the Civil War ended like 60

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years ago in Spain. And even today, there are

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still some troubles and problems here and there.

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But the English learned this lesson. very quickly

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in many ways. So when this king converted to

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Catholicism, what did they do to him? Did they

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kill him? Did they rebel against him? Did they

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fight him? Did they shed any blood? No. Again,

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they came to him and said, sorry, this is a

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Protestant country. You need to go. And they

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removed the king without shedding any drop of

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blood. And that's why this is called The bloodless

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revolution. You know bloodless revolution? The

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revolution that doesn't shed blood, no blood.

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Pure, clean revolution. It's called sometimes the

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glorious revolution. Al-Thawrah Al-Majeedah in

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Arabic. So a lot of politics here. I'll speak

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about two important things later on. Number one,

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The middle class are number two literature and

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politics. So what we care about here as literature

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students It's good to know this brief history, is

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the rise of the middle class. From now on, we'll

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speak about the rise of the middle class in every

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age, every era. And then politics and literature,

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and literature and politics. But what did the

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English people learn from this? They learned many

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things. Number one, that stability is important.

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Stability is crucial. You know stability? You

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don't want to change the situation. You can

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improve it. And if you want to change it, you

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change it without shedding any blood by diplomacy,

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by politics. So people wanted to avoid another

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revolution, especially a revolution that sheds the

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blood of the English people. Not easy to do, by

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the way. And that's why this is a very interesting

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history.

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Okay? So people were more rational. Later on, we

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speak about the age of reason in 50 years to come.

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People were... In the Renaissance, people were

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more about exploring. You know, the geographical

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discoveries. They wanted to break the barriers.

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They wanted to go beyond the limits. They wanted

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to change life. But now, because of the bloodshed

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and the fighting and the battles, They said, okay,

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wait. I think we need to wait a minute and think

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more carefully about what we do, where we go. So

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the sense of exploration and experimentation in a

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way was replaced by a sense of reason and

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stability. And this is very smart because the

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political system created something, an image that

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made people believe the stability of the country,

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if you have a stable, and even today, you know,

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Theresa May, the Prime Minister of England, she

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speaks about strong and stable, strong and stable.

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They're making fun of her statement, the

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catchphrase she always uses, strong and stable. We

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want a strong and stable country. It started from

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here. They said a strong country is a stable

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country. And a stable country, government, means

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more benefits to the individual. So if you, as an

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individual, if you want to achieve your own

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growth, material growth, if you want to get

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wealthy and rich, what do you do? You work hard to

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achieve the stability for all the society, the

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community. That's why there's something I usually

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like to say here. The individual became political,

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and the political became individual. What is good

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for the community? It's good for, for me, the

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individual. We'll see how this is reflected on

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literature. So we have more growth in science, in

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commercial growth, in trade, in geographical

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discoveries, in British imperialism, in

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colonialism, British Empire, everywhere. Many

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excellent things happened. And we speak about the

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English, the Union of Parliaments of England, Now,

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before I move to speak about literature, look at

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this sentence. In the book, it says there was a

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union. There was a unity between England and

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Scotland, the parliament. But Ireland remains the

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problem. This is what the book says exactly. It

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says Ireland was still the problem.

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was still a problem. What do you think? And that's

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why here I use an exclamation mark. I'm not

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stating this as a fact. Ireland remained a problem

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00:18:42,810 --> 00:18:43,890
to the United Kingdom.

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Why is Ireland depicted here as a problem? You

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00:18:51,230 --> 00:18:53,090
know Ireland? We have Ireland. We have Scotland.

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We have Wales. We have England, the United

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Kingdom, in addition to other things. Please.

295
00:19:01,330 --> 00:19:05,290
Yeah, thank you. There is Catholicism here. Not

296
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many people were forced to convert to becoming

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Protestant. So Catholic people. So what does it

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mean also? Is it whitewashing? Aha. How do you

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00:19:19,270 --> 00:19:19,950
mean? Can you explain?

300
00:19:24,330 --> 00:19:28,450
Ireland is divided by Britain. Okay. Britain is

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00:19:28,450 --> 00:19:30,870
out of debt and killing for the natives. Okay.

302
00:19:31,070 --> 00:19:33,430
That's very, really interesting. Thank you. There

303
00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:36,850
is also whitewashing here. England was the

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00:19:36,850 --> 00:19:40,310
problem. Not Ireland. It's exactly like now Israel

305
00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:44,070
says Gaza is the problem. No. The occupation is

306
00:19:44,070 --> 00:19:47,800
the problem. So the book here presents it as if

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00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:53,250
Ireland is the problem, is causing trouble for For

308
00:19:53,250 --> 00:19:56,830
England, while England is occupying and colonizing

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00:19:56,830 --> 00:19:59,770
Ireland and parts of Ireland and killing people,

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00:19:59,890 --> 00:20:03,370
yes, shedding the blood of the Irish people. Until

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00:20:03,370 --> 00:20:06,190
this very day, there's still this trouble between

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Ireland and parts of Ireland and England. So

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00:20:09,530 --> 00:20:12,310
interesting how the book presents this. And I told

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00:20:12,310 --> 00:20:15,570
you before, be careful when you read any book,

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00:20:15,650 --> 00:20:20,990
especially books written by by white Europeans who

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00:20:20,990 --> 00:20:25,410
believe in colonialism and imperialism. So this is

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00:20:25,410 --> 00:20:28,650
not only against Asia and Africa and the

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00:20:28,650 --> 00:20:31,130
Caribbean, but also against parts of Europe, like

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00:20:31,130 --> 00:20:34,130
in Ireland. So thank you very much for saying

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00:20:34,130 --> 00:20:37,190
this. This is called whitewashing.

321
00:20:39,710 --> 00:20:44,260
Again, what is whitewashing? Whitewashing when a

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00:20:44,260 --> 00:20:50,280
movie, a book, someone tries to hide the problems,

323
00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:56,040
the trouble, the vices, the crimes, and present

324
00:20:56,040 --> 00:21:01,980
things as if nothing bad is going on. Like watch a

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00:21:01,980 --> 00:21:05,220
movie. Someone comes here to, for example, to Gaza

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00:21:05,220 --> 00:21:08,920
and makes a movie or writes a book about Gaza. And

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you read the whole book. You watch the whole

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00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:12,580
movie. And there are no references to the Israeli

329
00:21:12,580 --> 00:21:17,300
occupation, to the siege, to five, six decades of

330
00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:21,920
occupation, of oppression. If nobody is referring

331
00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:24,260
to Israel here, this is called whitewashing.

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00:21:24,380 --> 00:21:27,180
Whitewashing Israel. You know the word white and

333
00:21:27,180 --> 00:21:29,900
wash? To wash somebody so there is nothing wrong

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00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:33,280
with them. If someone makes a movie about Israel

335
00:21:33,280 --> 00:21:36,400
and describes Israel, how Israel is the only

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00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,110
democracy in the Middle East, or the only

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00:21:39,110 --> 00:21:44,130
democracy in the universe, or how Israel is a very

338
00:21:44,130 --> 00:21:48,270
significant research haven, technology, cancer

339
00:21:48,270 --> 00:21:51,010
research, without referring to the fact that there

340
00:21:51,010 --> 00:21:53,950
is a lot of racism against non-Jews, against black

341
00:21:53,950 --> 00:21:56,970
people, people of color. In Israel, seven decades

342
00:21:56,970 --> 00:21:59,150
of occupation of colonialism, this is

343
00:21:59,150 --> 00:22:04,180
whitewashing. So the book doesn't... Remember, we

344
00:22:04,180 --> 00:22:06,800
spoke about this also when the writer here, two

345
00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,380
writers actually, when they depicted colonialism

346
00:22:09,380 --> 00:22:15,800
as glory. It's not glory because it caused the

347
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:19,200
deaths of millions and millions of people. So

348
00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:23,660
yeah, thank you. This is called whitewashing.

349
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:28,620
OK, now I'll move to speak about two poets of this

350
00:22:28,620 --> 00:22:33,570
era. The first one, we go back to Andrew Marvel.

351
00:22:33,910 --> 00:22:36,890
Remember Andrew Marvel? He's a romantic poet. But

352
00:22:36,890 --> 00:22:42,950
he was also a politician, a member of the

353
00:22:42,950 --> 00:22:48,150
parliament. And he wrote poetry supporting who?

354
00:22:49,730 --> 00:22:54,110
Cromwell. This is his famous poem praising and

355
00:22:54,110 --> 00:22:55,690
celebrating Cromwell.

356
00:22:57,720 --> 00:23:02,000
It's called an oration. There could be an N here.

357
00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:05,460
If there is an N, it means the H is silent. An

358
00:23:05,460 --> 00:23:10,640
oration or the poem, Upon Cromwell's Return from

359
00:23:10,640 --> 00:23:14,500
Ireland. Long title, okay? You can only memorize

360
00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:22,520
this. Upon Cromwell's Return. Who's the poet?

361
00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:27,180
Malo. What's going on? So again, remember what

362
00:23:27,180 --> 00:23:30,280
poetry we had in the past? About society, love

363
00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:36,040
poetry, religion. Are we going to see new

364
00:23:36,040 --> 00:23:39,700
concerns, new interests, new themes, new issues

365
00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:48,340
here? Someone read, please. Yeah. Could not cease.

366
00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:49,520
Cease.

367
00:23:52,210 --> 00:23:55,130
in the glorious arts of peace, but through a

368
00:23:55,130 --> 00:23:58,690
treacherous war, archetype after star, what filled

369
00:23:58,690 --> 00:24:04,810
us up of all the civil war, where his were not the

370
00:24:04,810 --> 00:24:08,790
deepest scars. Scar. In the book, I think it says

371
00:24:08,790 --> 00:24:12,630
in the book, wars and stars. Wars and scars,

372
00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:17,590
sorry. Yes. Okay. So, interesting. One more. So,

373
00:24:17,690 --> 00:24:19,250
is this crumble?

374
00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:34,180
in glorious art of peace, urged

375
00:24:34,180 --> 00:24:40,740
his active star where

376
00:24:40,740 --> 00:24:47,220
his were not the deepest scar. What is the poet

377
00:24:47,220 --> 00:24:49,000
saying? What's going on here?

378
00:24:53,710 --> 00:24:58,670
He's not a king. He was the ruler. I would say

379
00:24:58,670 --> 00:25:01,470
something like prime minister, but he wasn't a

380
00:25:01,470 --> 00:25:04,870
king. But more or less, he was like a king,

381
00:25:04,970 --> 00:25:07,270
because he was succeeded by his son when he died.

382
00:25:07,570 --> 00:25:10,970
So but as a ruler here, let's call him ruler,

383
00:25:11,150 --> 00:25:11,950
protector of England.

384
00:25:16,830 --> 00:25:22,110
Who's talking? OK, the poet is Marvel. The speaker

385
00:25:22,110 --> 00:25:25,360
could be Marvel. The difference between the poet,

386
00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:28,900
the author, and the speaker. So here, seemingly,

387
00:25:29,180 --> 00:25:32,960
it sounds like Marvel, Andrew Marvel, is praising

388
00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:41,940
and celebrating Cromwell as a hero of both war and

389
00:25:41,940 --> 00:25:43,180
peace.

390
00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,520
So he's praising his, he's restless. He doesn't

391
00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:53,200
rest. He works very hard. He's on sleep. We have

392
00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:55,500
this. In Arabic poetry, we have this all the time.

393
00:25:55,560 --> 00:25:57,760
We have poets praising the rulers, the governors,

394
00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:01,200
the emirs, the caliphs all the time. He doesn't

395
00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:05,940
cease in the inglorious art of peace. So during

396
00:26:05,940 --> 00:26:11,960
peace, he talks. He engages in dialogue, politics,

397
00:26:12,180 --> 00:26:19,200
diplomacy. But in war, his star shines the most.

398
00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:26,360
So he is part of the peace diplomacy negotiations,

399
00:26:26,620 --> 00:26:31,780
but also when there are battles and fighting and

400
00:26:31,780 --> 00:26:34,700
wars and civil wars, what does he do? He also

401
00:26:34,700 --> 00:26:38,580
fights. So he's a strong ruler, a ruler who can

402
00:26:38,580 --> 00:26:43,600
balance between diplomacy and war. In many ways,

403
00:26:43,700 --> 00:26:48,010
this is a political poem. Because who's being

404
00:26:48,010 --> 00:26:50,410
prayed? What is the subject matter? A love poem?

405
00:26:50,910 --> 00:26:54,390
God? Cromwell? Who's Cromwell? He's the ruler of

406
00:26:54,390 --> 00:26:56,810
England. So when you write a poem for your

407
00:26:56,810 --> 00:26:59,590
president, the prime minister, this is politics.

408
00:27:00,970 --> 00:27:06,630
And during this era, politics became a huge part

409
00:27:06,630 --> 00:27:10,470
of literature. Political themes. Political,

410
00:27:10,990 --> 00:27:15,210
political themes. And that's why, again, Marvel

411
00:27:15,210 --> 00:27:19,850
was supporting the Commonwealth against the king.

412
00:27:20,550 --> 00:27:22,790
Later on, he became a politician and became a

413
00:27:22,790 --> 00:27:25,710
member of the parliament. He was celebrated as the

414
00:27:25,710 --> 00:27:28,670
unofficial poet laureate. He was the prince of

415
00:27:28,670 --> 00:27:31,290
poets, but wasn't that official because he wrote

416
00:27:31,290 --> 00:27:35,070
several poems praising Cromwell and his life and

417
00:27:35,070 --> 00:27:40,330
his achievements and his struggle. This reminds me

418
00:27:40,330 --> 00:27:43,260
of Al Mutanabbi. Remember Al Mutanabbi? the

419
00:27:43,260 --> 00:27:47,500
greatest Arabic poet of all time, most of his

420
00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:50,040
poetry is like this, celebrates a particular

421
00:27:50,040 --> 00:27:54,520
person. It's really beautiful how there are

422
00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:56,520
similarities, but at the same time there are

423
00:27:56,520 --> 00:27:59,560
dissimilarities. Many people would read this and

424
00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:02,300
say, hmm, I don't think this is poetry, because

425
00:28:02,300 --> 00:28:07,840
poetry is about emotions, feelings. We don't have

426
00:28:07,840 --> 00:28:11,540
much. Even the imagery here, the metaphors, we

427
00:28:11,540 --> 00:28:17,750
don't have Much of that, right? But still, this is

428
00:28:17,750 --> 00:28:20,690
poetry of that time. Poetry started to change in

429
00:28:20,690 --> 00:28:23,190
themes in many ways. Al-Mutanabbi, this reminds me

430
00:28:23,190 --> 00:28:25,290
of something probably I quoted before. Al

431
00:28:25,290 --> 00:28:28,610
-Mutanabbi was praising Saif Al-Dawlah and saying

432
00:28:28,610 --> 00:28:31,530
how courageous he is. So to describe someone as

433
00:28:31,530 --> 00:28:33,690
courageous, you speak about Erjed, his active

434
00:28:33,690 --> 00:28:37,230
star. His star shines, rises. He fights. He

435
00:28:37,230 --> 00:28:40,780
doesn't care. He doesn't fear. Utanabbi says,

436
00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:45,320
praising Saif Al-Dawla, Waqafta wa ma fil mawti

437
00:28:45,320 --> 00:28:48,860
shakun liwaqifi. Ka anaka fi jafni rada wa huwa

438
00:28:48,860 --> 00:28:53,600
naimo. Waqafta wa ma fil mawti shakun liwaqifi.

439
00:28:53,780 --> 00:28:58,220
Meaning, you were in a position where anyone

440
00:28:58,220 --> 00:29:00,660
standing would die. But you, because you're

441
00:29:00,660 --> 00:29:04,300
courageous, you don't care, you stand, defying.

442
00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:10,840
Look at this simile. There is a personification of

443
00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:14,260
death here, where death is like a sleeping person.

444
00:29:14,740 --> 00:29:18,300
And where is he standing? Exactly here, on the

445
00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:22,360
eyelashes, on the eyelid of death. You're standing

446
00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:26,640
here. So when death wakes up, the first thing he

447
00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:31,520
claims is you. But you don't care because you are

448
00:29:31,520 --> 00:29:31,940
powerful.

449
00:29:41,750 --> 00:29:48,390
This is always beautiful. He's saying like, your

450
00:29:48,390 --> 00:29:52,170
enemies are heroes. Is he praising them? No, he's

451
00:29:52,170 --> 00:29:54,830
praising Seif Eddaoula because he only fights

452
00:29:54,830 --> 00:29:58,690
heroes. And while he's doing this during the war

453
00:29:58,690 --> 00:30:03,480
and the fighting, Because in war, we're all

454
00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:06,680
worried, and sweating, and terrified, and

455
00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:09,240
terrorized, and we're fighting, and et cetera. But

456
00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:15,220
because you are a fearless leader during war, like

457
00:30:15,220 --> 00:30:21,680
this. Beautiful. Is this similar to this? Which is

458
00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:27,000
more beautiful? Arabic? Oh, good. Think of when

459
00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,020
probably when you finish doing a BA in English

460
00:30:29,020 --> 00:30:31,800
literature, you could do a comparison. You study

461
00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:35,420
comparative literature. Twina Moutanabbi and

462
00:30:35,420 --> 00:30:41,260
Andrew Marvin, okay? Now another text, remember

463
00:30:41,260 --> 00:30:45,200
Lovelace? Do you remember him? What did he say

464
00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:49,960
before? One mark if you memorize his poetry. Don't

465
00:30:49,960 --> 00:30:53,430
look, don't look. Loveless. One Mark if you know,

466
00:30:53,550 --> 00:30:58,550
he's very famous, very easy to memorize. Stone

467
00:30:58,550 --> 00:31:07,890
walls don't a prison make nor iron bars a cage.

468
00:31:07,950 --> 00:31:11,210
I'll translate it into Arabic. You don't have to

469
00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:14,770
memorize this for the course, the exam, but it's

470
00:31:14,770 --> 00:31:19,100
really good to know. Makes you confident and proud

471
00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:21,120
of yourself. Like, oh, I know Arabic, English

472
00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:26,160
poetry as well. So in this poem, it's called to

473
00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:30,140
Locasta. Remember the first one, to Althea. So

474
00:31:30,140 --> 00:31:32,900
this is either an imaginary woman he loves, or

475
00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:36,520
it's his woman that he calls by different names.

476
00:31:36,580 --> 00:31:40,220
He uses attractive names. Going to the wars.

477
00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,460
Again, a political poem. Going to the wars.

478
00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:48,320
Fighting. Here where the public, the personal, the

479
00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:52,080
individual is public. It's a really very

480
00:31:52,080 --> 00:31:55,120
interesting poem. But we're going to study only

481
00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:59,420
one extract here. Someone read, please.

482
00:32:10,420 --> 00:32:15,450
Very good. Someone else? Please.

483
00:32:19,410 --> 00:32:21,790
Unkind. Kind, unkind.

484
00:32:26,910 --> 00:32:32,750
Thy. Thy means yours in old English. Yes? Chest,

485
00:32:34,470 --> 00:32:39,950
breast, and quiet mind. To war, unarmed,

486
00:32:40,330 --> 00:32:43,610
unflagged. What is he saying? What do you

487
00:32:43,610 --> 00:32:47,330
understand from this? No,

488
00:32:49,790 --> 00:32:54,350
English, of course. He's brave.

489
00:32:55,270 --> 00:33:02,030
From war. Okay, cool. But who is he talking to?

490
00:33:03,090 --> 00:33:05,710
His beloved. What is he saying to her?

491
00:33:11,910 --> 00:33:17,430
Sweet should be between inverted commas. But we

492
00:33:17,430 --> 00:33:20,370
can probably explain why there are brackets here.

493
00:33:21,350 --> 00:33:24,950
Because officially, remember, this coin is comma,

494
00:33:25,130 --> 00:33:28,970
lady, comma. But here are brackets. It's like as

495
00:33:28,970 --> 00:33:32,810
if he's putting her in prison. Like tying,

496
00:33:33,290 --> 00:33:36,090
chaining hair. Don't come after me. Don't run

497
00:33:36,090 --> 00:33:38,610
away. I'm going to come back. I don't know. He's

498
00:33:38,610 --> 00:33:40,890
controlling her by putting his beloved, the woman

499
00:33:40,890 --> 00:33:46,030
he loves, his mistress, in brackets. So now, can't

500
00:33:46,030 --> 00:33:48,030
he run away? He can't, because there are walls

501
00:33:48,030 --> 00:33:52,050
against her, in a way. Don't tell me I'm going to

502
00:33:52,050 --> 00:33:55,350
come, because he's leaving her. He's leaving her

503
00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:58,390
behind. Remember, for Shakespeare, the woman, for

504
00:33:58,390 --> 00:34:00,270
Marlow, the woman was the most important thing.

505
00:34:00,930 --> 00:34:04,250
The love poetry. There is a piece in it. But now

506
00:34:04,250 --> 00:34:07,350
here, we have something more important than the

507
00:34:07,350 --> 00:34:11,850
woman. It's the love of your country. And that's,

508
00:34:11,950 --> 00:34:14,450
again, how the individual becomes public. He's

509
00:34:14,450 --> 00:34:17,010
telling here, in the rest of the poem, that I

510
00:34:17,010 --> 00:34:21,450
can't love you if I don't love my country more. If

511
00:34:21,450 --> 00:34:23,890
I don't defend my country, if I don't go to fight

512
00:34:23,890 --> 00:34:26,550
to protect my country. And this is political. This

513
00:34:26,550 --> 00:34:31,030
is the restoration, the commonwealth. Tell me not,

514
00:34:31,390 --> 00:34:33,850
sweet, I am unkind. Don't accuse me of being

515
00:34:33,850 --> 00:34:37,590
unkind and cruel. From that, from that, from the

516
00:34:37,590 --> 00:34:42,230
nunnery of thy chest breast and quiet mind. I like

517
00:34:42,230 --> 00:34:45,590
how he describes her physical appearance and

518
00:34:45,590 --> 00:34:49,500
describes her Her quiet mind. It's good. It's an

519
00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:51,660
upgrade. In the past, remember, the woman was

520
00:34:51,660 --> 00:34:55,520
absent. Shall I compare thee to summer's day? Come

521
00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:57,820
live with me and be my love. But here, the woman

522
00:34:57,820 --> 00:35:03,100
is using your unkind. And there is her mind is

523
00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:05,860
praised. Some people might say no, because he

524
00:35:05,860 --> 00:35:08,940
still tells her your mind is quiet. So it's good

525
00:35:08,940 --> 00:35:12,160
for a woman to have a quiet mind. Yeah, it's not

526
00:35:12,160 --> 00:35:14,660
perfect, but it's an upgrade from the previous

527
00:35:14,660 --> 00:35:18,720
age, where the woman's mind has a place in the

528
00:35:18,720 --> 00:35:21,760
poem. Later on, we'll have more and more presence,

529
00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:27,040
more and more strong roles by women. So to war,

530
00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:30,360
arms could be a pun here.

531
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:38,440
Because arms, one arm, two arms. Or arms, weapons.

532
00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:44,920
Arms means weapons. But arms also means hands. So

533
00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:49,460
he's playing on this word. Is he going to war? Is

534
00:35:49,460 --> 00:35:53,600
he walking to war? Is he crawling to war? Is he

535
00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:58,680
running to war? No. He's flying to war. He doesn't

536
00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:04,920
walk. He flies to war because he goes willingly to

537
00:36:04,920 --> 00:36:08,680
defend his country, to fight for the thing he

538
00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:14,120
loves the most. It's his country. And that's

539
00:36:14,120 --> 00:36:16,640
different poetry from the one we studied before.

540
00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:21,060
So what's going on here again? The poet here is

541
00:36:21,060 --> 00:36:26,560
showing us how the individual, his love to his

542
00:36:26,560 --> 00:36:32,800
wife, is less important than his love to his

543
00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:35,660
country. Because defending the country means

544
00:36:35,660 --> 00:36:40,820
safety, stability, security to you, to your wife,

545
00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:42,840
to all individuals in the society. This is a

546
00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:46,630
political power. in which the country is more

547
00:36:46,630 --> 00:36:50,030
important than the woman you love. This is called

548
00:36:50,030 --> 00:36:55,150
political poetry. Loveless to La Costa going to

549
00:36:55,150 --> 00:36:58,650
the wars. Please. I didn't understand the first

550
00:36:58,650 --> 00:37:01,110
line. Is he asking her not to call him sweet or

551
00:37:01,110 --> 00:37:03,590
he's describing her as sweet? He's addressing her.

552
00:37:03,670 --> 00:37:08,480
She's sweet. So sweet, like when in the other poem

553
00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:12,640
in Marvel also, he said, had we bought world

554
00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:17,000
enough on time, this coin is comma lady comma. So

555
00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:18,540
this is when you call for somebody in English, you

556
00:37:18,540 --> 00:37:21,470
use a comma. But here, he doesn't use a comma. He

557
00:37:21,470 --> 00:37:25,470
uses brackets. In my opinion, this is him trying

558
00:37:25,470 --> 00:37:28,350
to control her, to tell her, stay at home. Wait

559
00:37:28,350 --> 00:37:31,450
for me here. Don't go out. Don't leave me. I'll be

560
00:37:31,450 --> 00:37:34,510
back. Because he repeats it here. In the rest of

561
00:37:34,510 --> 00:37:40,590
the poem, he also says dear, also in brackets. So

562
00:37:40,590 --> 00:37:46,310
don't run away. I'm coming back. OK? Tell me not

563
00:37:46,310 --> 00:37:49,170
sweet. Oh, my sweet is sitting here. My sweet

564
00:37:49,170 --> 00:37:52,590
wife, don't tell me I am unkind because I'm

565
00:37:52,590 --> 00:37:56,690
leaving you, because I'm fighting for someone I

566
00:37:56,690 --> 00:38:00,370
love more, the country. And the safety of the

567
00:38:00,370 --> 00:38:03,330
country is your own safety. Very beautiful poem.

568
00:38:03,370 --> 00:38:10,230
You can Google it and read more about it. And the

569
00:38:10,230 --> 00:38:17,580
rhyme scheme is? A. B. Thank you for saying A, B,

570
00:38:17,700 --> 00:38:21,080
A, B very quickly, because this is imperfect

571
00:38:21,080 --> 00:38:24,880
rhyme. Nanari and fly the rhyme, but not

572
00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:30,580
perfectly. Okay. Remember, there could be

573
00:38:30,580 --> 00:38:33,620
something. Is he afraid? Is he really seriously

574
00:38:33,620 --> 00:38:37,520
flying to war? Because the rhyme doesn't help,

575
00:38:37,980 --> 00:38:44,690
doesn't flow, doesn't fly. Could be, yeah. Final

576
00:38:44,690 --> 00:38:48,210
text today, we'll stop here. We'll go back to

577
00:38:48,210 --> 00:38:52,770
Andrew Marvell. This is another poem from the

578
00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:56,830
Restoration Age. So again, we have the

579
00:38:56,830 --> 00:39:00,140
Commonwealth, politics, politics, politics. The

580
00:39:00,140 --> 00:39:02,280
restoration also politics politics. It doesn't

581
00:39:02,280 --> 00:39:04,920
mean everything about literature was politics. It

582
00:39:04,920 --> 00:39:09,020
means politics became a crucial part in

583
00:39:09,020 --> 00:39:14,320
literature. Later in his life, when Andrew Marvell

584
00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:15,640
grew very old,

585
00:39:18,300 --> 00:39:21,480
and he was tired of politics and the city and

586
00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:23,400
London and the corruption and the civil war and

587
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,220
the fighting and prisons and threats and

588
00:39:26,220 --> 00:39:30,470
diplomacy. He went to the countryside and wrote

589
00:39:30,470 --> 00:39:33,690
several poems, one of them really lovely poem

590
00:39:33,690 --> 00:39:36,790
called The Garden. In many ways, this is a

591
00:39:36,790 --> 00:39:38,890
romantic poem. We speak about romantic literature.

592
00:39:40,850 --> 00:39:47,450
In which, in this poem, he contrasts life in the

593
00:39:47,450 --> 00:39:55,310
city and life in the countryside, in

594
00:39:55,310 --> 00:39:55,790
the village.

595
00:39:58,780 --> 00:40:01,720
What is he saying? Fair quiet.

596
00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:09,620
Have I found thee here? An innocence thy sister

597
00:40:09,620 --> 00:40:15,440
dear. Mistaken long I sought you then in the city.

598
00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:23,640
In busy companies of men. Society, the city,

599
00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:30,730
London, society is all but rude. to this delicious

600
00:40:30,730 --> 00:40:31,810
solitude.

601
00:40:33,890 --> 00:40:38,130
You know what delicious is? Yummy. When you

602
00:40:38,130 --> 00:40:42,210
describe food, you say, so maybe if I took out

603
00:40:42,210 --> 00:40:44,370
this word and I asked you to complete, you're

604
00:40:44,370 --> 00:40:47,430
going to say this delicious pizza, this delicious

605
00:40:47,430 --> 00:40:51,390
cheesecake, this delicious ice cream. But this is

606
00:40:51,390 --> 00:40:55,130
some kind of You know, personifying something or

607
00:40:55,130 --> 00:40:57,010
changing. There's a metaphor here. You know

608
00:40:57,010 --> 00:41:00,750
solitude from solo? You know solo? Solo means

609
00:41:00,750 --> 00:41:06,010
alone. Sololoquy. Solitude means loneliness. But

610
00:41:06,010 --> 00:41:07,950
it's loneliness that you choose to be alone

611
00:41:07,950 --> 00:41:09,810
because you want to be far away from corruption in

612
00:41:09,810 --> 00:41:13,550
the city. So again, he's personifying quiet.

613
00:41:13,650 --> 00:41:20,220
Quiet, peace. Rahat-al-bal. Have I found, finally,

614
00:41:20,640 --> 00:41:23,500
I found you here. Where? In the garden. Where? In

615
00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:26,820
the village. Where? In the city. And innocence,

616
00:41:27,300 --> 00:41:31,100
another personification, thy sister. So innocence

617
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:36,340
is the sister of? Of quiet. They are sisters.

618
00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:38,820
They're not human beings, but it's like their

619
00:41:38,820 --> 00:41:41,560
company. This is the company he likes, not the

620
00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:45,710
company of politicians. in the city mistaken long

621
00:41:45,710 --> 00:41:49,610
I sought you then I thought that I would find

622
00:41:49,610 --> 00:41:52,770
innocence and quiet in the city in the busy

623
00:41:52,770 --> 00:41:58,350
companies of men but I was mistaken I was this is

624
00:41:58,350 --> 00:42:00,530
someone confessing his mistake not like the king

625
00:42:00,530 --> 00:42:03,370
when he said for you have but mistook me right

626
00:42:03,370 --> 00:42:09,370
society here is city why doesn't he use city Two

627
00:42:09,370 --> 00:42:12,890
things. Number one, society is four syllables. So

628
00:42:12,890 --> 00:42:16,910
it works for the music, the rhythm, the foot here,

629
00:42:17,030 --> 00:42:20,410
the feet. City, two syllables. But also he doesn't

630
00:42:20,410 --> 00:42:24,090
mean the city as a place as it is. Thank you very

631
00:42:24,090 --> 00:42:27,070
much. The people in the city. The society, the

632
00:42:27,070 --> 00:42:30,110
community there is all but rude. And there is

633
00:42:30,110 --> 00:42:32,130
another personification. Rude is a word to

634
00:42:32,130 --> 00:42:35,610
describe people. The life itself is rude in the

635
00:42:35,610 --> 00:42:38,310
city. In the village, it's peace. It's quiet. It's

636
00:42:38,310 --> 00:42:42,650
innocence. To this delicious solitude. So this

637
00:42:42,650 --> 00:42:46,090
delicious solitude in the village. So what's going

638
00:42:46,090 --> 00:42:48,210
on here? We have a poet who's running away from

639
00:42:48,210 --> 00:42:51,470
the city. A poet who's escaping politics and

640
00:42:51,470 --> 00:42:56,200
corruption. He's seeking peace, solitude,

641
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,760
innocence, and quiet. Where? Not in the city

642
00:42:59,760 --> 00:43:02,780
because of the politicians and politics and

643
00:43:02,780 --> 00:43:06,260
corruption, but in the countryside. These are

644
00:43:06,260 --> 00:43:10,660
three examples from the poetry of this age, and we

645
00:43:10,660 --> 00:43:16,240
summarize everything here. This is a long slide.

646
00:43:17,080 --> 00:43:20,800
Don't write down. You'll find this online. So

647
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:24,960
politics, political side of literature became very

648
00:43:24,960 --> 00:43:28,640
important during the Commonwealth and Restoration.

649
00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:32,580
We have this loveless going to war, and Marvel's

650
00:43:32,580 --> 00:43:37,860
poems celebrate Cromwell as a hero. And then there

651
00:43:37,860 --> 00:43:40,340
is this thing about governments and political

652
00:43:40,340 --> 00:43:44,040
parties. Marvel also became the unofficial poet

653
00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,760
laureate during Commonwealth because he praised

654
00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:50,300
him most of the time. He also in another poem, In

655
00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:54,440
the Garden, he contrasts life, politics in the

656
00:43:54,440 --> 00:43:59,690
city, and The countryside where there is peace and

657
00:43:59,690 --> 00:44:02,310
quiet. The restoration gave more importance to the

658
00:44:02,310 --> 00:44:06,870
stable values. What's stable values? What's

659
00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:10,370
stability? It's like, let's not do another

660
00:44:10,370 --> 00:44:14,450
revolution. Let's not fight. Let's be stable and

661
00:44:14,450 --> 00:44:18,730
work for the stability of the country. Now, when

662
00:44:18,730 --> 00:44:21,850
Cromwell died and his son was removed,

663
00:44:24,630 --> 00:44:28,110
Marvel was in danger. He was almost arrested and

664
00:44:28,110 --> 00:44:30,750
imprisoned because of the political, because he

665
00:44:30,750 --> 00:44:33,330
supported Cromwell, but he wasn't because he was a

666
00:44:33,330 --> 00:44:34,990
politician, a member of the parliament, and he

667
00:44:34,990 --> 00:44:37,890
became a member of the parliament. We'll speak

668
00:44:37,890 --> 00:44:43,630
about another poet next class. John Milton, one of

669
00:44:43,630 --> 00:44:46,730
the most significant English poets of all times.

670
00:44:46,930 --> 00:44:49,850
He usually comes to mind when people speak Chaucer

671
00:44:49,850 --> 00:44:54,110
and then Milton. Milton was put in prison because

672
00:44:54,110 --> 00:44:57,630
he also supported Cromwell. The only person who

673
00:44:57,630 --> 00:45:01,150
saved his life is his friend Andrew Marble. So

674
00:45:01,150 --> 00:45:05,700
poetry, politics, politics, poetry. They were

675
00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:10,400
connected in so many ways during this age. And

676
00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:14,840
this will change forever, the way poetry and

677
00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:20,280
literature is written and introduced to us. I'll

678
00:45:20,280 --> 00:45:25,880
stop here. If you have a question, feel free to

679
00:45:25,880 --> 00:45:26,140
ask.

680
00:45:29,970 --> 00:45:33,630
Okay thank you very much and next class we have a

681
00:45:33,630 --> 00:45:37,490
review session for the midterm exam please prepare

682
00:45:37,490 --> 00:45:41,690
and if you have questions again bring them along

683
00:45:41,690 --> 00:45:42,930
and see you soon.