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1
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ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ุงุณุชูƒู…ู„ู†ุง ู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ูƒุชูŠุฑ ู…ู‡ู…
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ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุญุฏุซู†ุง
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ุนู† ุชุนุฑูŠูุงุช ุญุฏุซู†ุง ุนู† ุชุตู†ูŠูุงุช ุญุฏุซู†ุง ุนู† mechanisms of
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action ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ู†ุง ู„ู„ resistance ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู†
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ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ู†ุง ู„ how to test these antimicrobials ููŠ
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ุงู„ู…ุนู…ู„ ูˆ ุฎุฏู†ุง ุงู„ disk diffusion ูˆ ุงู„ broad
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solution ูˆ ุนุฑูู†ุง ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุฒูŠ ุงู„ MIC ูˆ ุงู„ MBCูˆูˆุตู„ู†ุง
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ู„ู„ุจุฑุชู‚ุงู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏุงู…ู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง action ูˆ
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reaction ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู… ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ู ูˆ
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ู…ูƒุงู†ูƒ ุณุงู…ุฉ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุนู† ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† two
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antibiotics ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจูŠุซุจุช ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูˆ ุงุญู†ุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฏุฑุณู†ุง
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ู‚ุจู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง ุชุขุฐุฑุŒ ุงู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจูŠุณุงุนุฏ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑุŒ
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุฏุฑุณู†ุงู‡ ู„ู…ุง ูƒู„ู…ู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ camp test ููŠ ุงู„
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group B streptococci ู„ูŠู‡ streptococcus a galactiaุŒ
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ุจุฅู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ูŠู…ูˆู„ูŠุณูŠู† ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุชุขุฐุฑุŒ synergism ู…ุน
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ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆู„ูŠุณูŠู† ุชุจุน ุงู„ุงุณุชุงููŠู„ูˆูƒูˆูƒุงุณ ุงูˆุฑุณุŒ ูุจุฒูŠุฏ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ
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ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆู„ูŠุณูŠุณ ูˆ ูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง ุงู„ arrowhead shape ุฅุฐุง
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ุจุงูƒุฑูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ arrowhead shapeูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู„ู‰
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ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุฃุฑุจุน ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ู‡ูˆ ูŠุง ุตุจูˆุฑุฉ ูˆ ุฃุทูˆู„
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ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุฃุฑุจุน ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
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indifference indifference ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ูุงุฑู‚ุฉ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู†
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ู†ุทู„ุน ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูˆ ู†ุดูˆู ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฌุงู‡ุฒ
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ุจูŠุทู„ุน ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ no drugs ุตุญ ุจูŠูƒุจุฑ ุฌุงู‡ุฒ ู„ูˆ ุญุทูŠู†ุง
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drug A ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุฃุฌู„ ู„ูƒู† ู„ุณู‡
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ููŠู‡ ู†ู…ูˆู„ูˆ ุญุทูŠู†ุง drug B ุดูˆููˆุง ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุจู†ุฒู„ .. ูƒุชูŠุฑ
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ุจู†ุฒู„ .. ู„ูƒู† ู„ูˆ ุญุทูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชู†ูŠู† ู…ุน ุจุนุถ .. ู„ุญุธู‡ ุฃู†ู‡
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ู…ุงููŠุด ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุจูŠู† drug B ู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ูˆ ุจูŠู† A ูˆ B ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
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A ู„ู… ูŠุถู ู„ B ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ in difference ..
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ู…ุงููŠุด ูุฑู‚ .. ู…ุงููŠุด ูุฑู‚ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ .. ุงุชุทู„ุน ู‡ุฐุง
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.. ู‡ูˆ drug ุงุชุทู„ุนู‡ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุฌ C ุฌุฑูŠุฏ ู…ู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู† ุงู„
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activity ู„ู‡ุง ุถุนูŠูุฉ ุฌุฏุง ุฎุงู„ุต ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุฌ D ู‚ุทุฑ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠ
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู…ุนูŠู† ู„ูƒู† ู„ู…ุง ุญุทูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุฌ C ู…ุน ุฏูŠ
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ุดูˆููˆุง ูƒูŠู ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุฑุงุฆุน ุฌุฏุง ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
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ูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู†ู‡ุง 1 ุฒุงุฏ 1 ุณุงูˆูŠ 5 ุนุดุฑุฉ ู…ุด 1 ุฒุงุฏ 1
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ุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ููŠ ุฏู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ antagonism ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
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ุงู„ุชุงู„ุชุฉ ุฏุฑุงุฌ ู†ูˆ ุฏุฑุงุฌE ู„ุญุธุฉ ูˆุฏุฑุฌ F ู‡ูŠ ุฏุฑุฌ E ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฏุฑุฌ
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F ุฏุฑุฌ F ู…ู…ุชุงุฒ ูƒุฏู‡ ุฎูุถ ู„ู…ุง ุญุทูŠู†ุง ู…ุนุงู‡ E ู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„
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effect ู‡ูˆ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุจุฑุชู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุดูู†ุงู‡ุง
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ูˆูˆุงุญุฏ ุจูŠุฎุฑู‘ุจ ุงู„ุดุบู„ ูู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡
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ุงุญู†ุง antagonism
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ุงู„ุงู† ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุนู†ู‡ุง addition ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฒุงุฆุฏ
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจู‚ู‰ ูŠู‚ุชู„ ุนุดุฑุฉ ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุจูŠู‚ุชู„
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ุนุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ุงู† ู„ู…ุง ุฃุถูู†ุงู‡ู… ู…ุน ุจุนุถ ูŠู‚ุชู„ูˆุง ุนุดุฑูŠู† ู‡ุฐุง
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simple mathematics ู…ุซู„ุง ู…ูŠ addition ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุด
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ู…ุถูƒูˆู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุฉ ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ูƒุชุจู‡ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู†
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ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงูƒุชุจูˆุง ุงู„ุงู† Seidel ุฒุงุฆุฏ Seidel
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ุญุทู‡ C ุฒุงุฆุฏ C ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ
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ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ static ุฒุงุฆุฏ static ุงู„ุชุงู„ุชุฉ
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ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ุชุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ sidal ุฒุงุฆุฏ static ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
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ุจู„ุฏ for sure ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุนุทูŠู†ุง
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synergism ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ static ู…ุน static ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ุงAddition ุฃูˆ
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Indifference Addition ุฃูˆ Indifference ุงู„ุชุงู„ุชุฉ
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Antagonism ู„ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ูƒูˆุง ูƒูŠู ูŠุตูŠุฑ Antagonism ุจุงู„ุนุฑุจ
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ุงู„ุจุณูŠุท ุจุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ุจุณูŠุท ูุงูƒุฑูŠู† ุงู„ Antibiotic ูƒูŠู
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ุชุดุชุบู„ุŸุงู„ุงู†ุชูŠุจุงุชูƒ ุจุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ active bacteria ู„ู…ุง
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ุดูˆูู†ุง ุงู„ cell wall ูƒู†ุง ุงู„ cross link ูŠู…ู†ุน ู…ุด
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ุจูŠุชุฌุณุฌุณ ุจูŠู…ู†ุน ุทุจ ู‡ูˆ ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† already ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูŠุจู‚ู‰
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ู…ุงู†ุง ููŠุด ุงู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุงู†ุชูŠุจุงุชูƒ ุงู† ุชุนู…ู„ ุงูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠูู‚ุท bacteria actively growing are affected
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ุทุจ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง static ู‡ูŠูˆู‚ู ู†ุดุงุท ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰
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ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุตุงุญุจุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุจู„ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุนุงู‡ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠู‚ุชู„
63
00:05:06,430 --> 00:05:08,710
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู†ุง ูƒู†ุง ููŠู‡
64
00:05:08,710 --> 00:05:12,910
antagonism ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏุง ู„ูŠุดุŸ ู„ุฃู†ู‡
65
00:05:12,910 --> 00:05:18,610
practically ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุทุจูŠุจ ูŠูˆุตู ู„ู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ two drugsุฅุฐุง
66
00:05:18,610 --> 00:05:21,870
ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุฃุณุชุงุชูŠูƒ ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุตูŠุฏู„ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฃู† ุงู„
67
00:05:21,870 --> 00:05:25,150
energy ุงู„ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ antagonism ูˆ ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจุฏู„
68
00:05:25,150 --> 00:05:27,770
ู…ุง ู†ุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ูˆ ุฃู†ุชูˆุง ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุจู†ุนุทูŠ two
69
00:05:27,770 --> 00:05:32,110
antibiotics ุญุชู‰ ู†ุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ
70
00:05:32,110 --> 00:05:35,250
ุงู„ุฃู„ุงุฌูŠุฉ ู„ู„ antibiotic ูˆ ู†ู‚ุตุฑ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู„ูƒู†
71
00:05:35,250 --> 00:05:38,070
ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ูƒูˆู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃุณุฃู†ุง ุงู„ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ
72
00:05:40,400 --> 00:05:45,880
ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏุงู…ู†ุง ู…ุด ูƒุชูŠุฑ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ู„ูƒู† ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุงู†
73
00:05:45,880 --> 00:05:49,840
ู†ุทู„ุน ู…ู†ู‡ุง .. ู„ุฃ ูƒูˆูŠุณุฉ ู…ูŠุญุฉ ุดุงูŠููŠู† ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ..
74
00:05:49,840 --> 00:05:53,640
ุงู„ู„ูŠ .. ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ู…ุฌุฒู‚ ูˆุฑุงู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠู‡
75
00:05:53,640 --> 00:06:00,400
bacterial growth ุตุญุŸ ู„ูƒู† ุงุณุชูƒู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ
76
00:06:00,400 --> 00:06:03,280
ุงู† ุงู†ุชูˆุง ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุงู† ุงู„ุธู†ุจ ุงู„ู†ุงู…ุดูŠ ู„ูŠุด ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุฏุงุฆุฑูŠุฉ
77
00:06:03,280 --> 00:06:07,760
ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑุต ุฏุงุฆุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ diffusion ุฏุงุฆุฑ ู„ูŠุด ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ
78
00:06:07,760 --> 00:06:14,230
ู‡ุฐู‡ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุจุนุฏ ู‚ุทุฑ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ู…ุดูŠ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„
79
00:06:14,230 --> 00:06:17,970
antibiotic ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุฏุงุฆุฑุชู‡ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ูŠุญุฏูˆุฏ
80
00:06:17,970 --> 00:06:23,510
ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ู‡ูŠุญุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฅูุชุฑุงุถูŠุฉ ู„ุฅู† ุงู„ุชู‚ุงุก X ู…ุน Y ุนู…ู„
81
00:06:23,510 --> 00:06:26,550
ุณูŠู†ุงุฑูŠุฒ ุงู†ูุฒุงุฏ ู…ู† ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุชู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู†
82
00:06:26,550 --> 00:06:31,370
ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฎุฏ ุจุงู„ูƒูˆุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงุก ุงู„ two
83
00:06:31,370 --> 00:06:35,290
antibiotics ู‡ู†ุง antibiotic ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุงู†ูŠ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
84
00:06:35,290 --> 00:06:41,940
ุตุญุŸูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุตู ุฅุฐุง
85
00:06:41,940 --> 00:06:45,120
ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงุญู†ุง ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ scenario ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุนู…ู„
86
00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:48,440
sensitivity testing ุจุงู„ disk diffusion
87
00:06:51,360 --> 00:06:54,000
ุทูŠุจ the future of chemotherapeutic areas ุงุญู†ุง
88
00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:58,000
ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุณูˆุฏุงุก ู‚ุงุทู…ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ resistance ูˆ
89
00:06:58,000 --> 00:07:01,760
ุงู†ู‡ ูˆ ู„ุณู‡ ู…ู† ุจุงุฑุญุฉ ูƒู†ุง ุจู†ูƒุชุจ ููŠ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ scientific
90
00:07:01,760 --> 00:07:06,020
ู…ู† ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุบู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุดุชุบู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ู‚ุงุทู…
91
00:07:06,020 --> 00:07:10,040
ุงู„ุตุญูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ percentage of resistance ู„ู„
92
00:07:10,040 --> 00:07:13,380
enterococcus ู„ู„ูุงู†ูƒูˆู…ุงูŠุณูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุนู…ุงู„ุฉ ุชุฑุชูุน
93
00:07:13,380 --> 00:07:19,520
ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุฎูŠูุทุจ ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ู† ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ู…ุดุฑู‚ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุŸ
94
00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:23,060
ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃู…ู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุจุงุญุซูŠู† ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ุซู„ุงุŸ
95
00:07:23,060 --> 00:07:27,760
ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง
96
00:07:27,760 --> 00:07:33,480
ููŠู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ูุงุถูุงุถุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุชุนู†ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฏู‚ุฉ ุฃู† ุงุญู†ุง
97
00:07:33,480 --> 00:07:36,300
ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ูˆู„ุง ุจุนูŠุฏ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุญุฏุงุซ
98
00:07:36,300 --> 00:07:41,580
ุงู„ู…ุชู„ุงุญู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑุงุชู…ุด ุจุทูŠุฆุฉ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ
99
00:07:41,580 --> 00:07:44,340
ุชุชุทูˆุฑุช ุงู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงุŒ ู…ู† ูƒุงู† ูŠุชุฎูŠู„ ุฅู† ุงู„ุฑุงุฏูŠูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
100
00:07:44,340 --> 00:07:47,260
ูƒุงู† ุญุฌู…ู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฏ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ application ููŠ ุงู„ mobile
101
00:07:47,260 --> 00:07:51,580
ุชุจุนู†ุงุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุถุฎู…ุŒ ุงู„ุชู„ูุฒูŠูˆู† ูƒุฐู„ูƒ
102
00:07:51,580 --> 00:07:55,040
ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ ุงู„ุญูˆุงุณูŠุจ ูˆุณุฑุนุชู‡ุงุŒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุจุงูŠู„ุงุช ู†ูุณู‡ุง ูƒูŠู
103
00:07:55,040 --> 00:08:00,030
ุชุชุทูˆุฑุชุŸูู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู† ุงู„ future ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† already
104
00:08:00,030 --> 00:08:03,950
passed ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุตุงุฑ passed ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุงุช ู„ูƒู† ุฏุงุฆู…ุง
105
00:08:03,950 --> 00:08:08,570
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ frontiers ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ู„ู… ูŠุทุฑู‚ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุฃูˆ
106
00:08:08,570 --> 00:08:12,890
ุทุฑู‚ู‡ุง ูˆุฑุฏ ููŠู‡ุง ุจุงุณุงุณ ุฃู…ู„ ูุจูŠุดุฌุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฏุงูŠู…ุง ุงู†ู‡
107
00:08:12,890 --> 00:08:16,000
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุทุฑู‚ูˆุง ูˆ ูŠุจุญุซูˆุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุชู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡
108
00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:20,180
ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ุฏุฑุณู†ุง ุงุญู†ุง ุญุฒู…ุฉ ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุงู†ุชูŠุจุงูŠุชูƒุณ
109
00:08:20,180 --> 00:08:23,140
ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุงู†ุชูŠุจุงูŠุชูƒุณ ุฃุฎุฏู†ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุณู…ู‡ ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช
110
00:08:23,140 --> 00:08:25,980
ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ูˆ ุฃุฎุฏู†ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุณู…ู‡ ุฌู„ุงูŠูƒูˆ
111
00:08:25,980 --> 00:08:26,960
ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุฌู„ุงูŠูƒูˆ ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุฌู„ุงูŠูƒูˆ ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุฌู„ุงูŠูƒูˆ
112
00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:28,000
ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุฌู„ุงูŠูƒูˆ ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุฌู„ุงูŠูƒูˆ ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุฌู„ุงูŠูƒูˆ
113
00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:28,380
ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุฌู„ุงูŠูƒูˆ ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุฌู„ุงูŠูƒูˆ ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุฌู„ุงูŠูƒูˆ
114
00:08:28,380 --> 00:08:32,860
ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุฌู„ุงูŠูƒูˆ ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุช ุฌู„ุงูŠูƒูˆ
115
00:08:32,860 --> 00:08:35,580
ุจูŠุจ
116
00:08:36,040 --> 00:08:41,060
ููƒูˆูŠุณ ุฅู†ู‡ ู†ุฏูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ peptide ุงุญู†ุง ู†ุตู†ุนู‡ุงุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ุญุงูˆู„
117
00:08:41,060 --> 00:08:43,840
ู†ุตู†ุน peptides ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุณู‡ู„
118
00:08:43,840 --> 00:08:48,220
ุฅู†ู‡ ู†ุนู…ู„ ุชุฑุชูŠุจุฉ ู„peptides ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฅู†ู‡ ู†ุตู†ุน DNA ูˆ
119
00:08:48,220 --> 00:08:53,420
ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุงู„ RNAุŒ ุฏูŠ ูƒู…ุงู† ุดุบู„ ุชุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ
120
00:08:53,420 --> 00:09:00,090
ุนุงูŠุดุฉ ูˆ ุจุชุญุชูƒุจูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุฆุงุช ุงุญู†ุง .. ุงุญู†ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†
121
00:09:00,090 --> 00:09:04,630
ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู†ุธุงูุฉ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุนุงู„ูŠ ุฌุฏุง ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุจูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช
122
00:09:04,630 --> 00:09:08,470
ุฒูŠ ุฃูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู…ุถุงู„ ุฎู†ุงุฒูŠุฑ ู…ุซู„ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุฃูˆ
123
00:09:08,470 --> 00:09:12,330
ุงู„ุฃุณู…ุงูƒ ุฒูŠ ุณู…ุงูƒุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุด ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุจุชุชู†ุงูˆู„ GF ูˆ
124
00:09:12,330 --> 00:09:15,470
ุจุชุชู†ุงูˆู„ ูู…ู„ูŠุงู†ุฉ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูุบุงู„ุจุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ
125
00:09:15,470 --> 00:09:21,460
ุฃุฌุณุงู…ู‡ุง ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ู„ู…ูƒุงูุญุฉ ูู…ุซู„ุงุงู„ุณูƒูˆุฑุงู…ูŠู† ุฃุฎุฏูˆู‡ ูƒ
126
00:09:21,460 --> 00:09:25,680
antibiotic ู…ู† ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุฃุณู…ุงูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุฎุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ sharksุŒ ููŠู‡
127
00:09:25,680 --> 00:09:29,240
ุงู„ .. ุงู„ protagreen ู…ู† ุงู„ pigsุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฎู†ุงุฒูŠุฑ
128
00:09:29,240 --> 00:09:31,900
ุฃูƒุฑุง ูˆ ู…ู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุญู„ุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุง ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุจุชุญูƒูˆู„ู‡ุŒ
129
00:09:31,900 --> 00:09:38,930
ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ frogsุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸุงู„ุงู† ุทุจุนุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ูˆ
130
00:09:38,930 --> 00:09:42,930
ู„ูŠุณุช ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุญุตุฑูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุจู†ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุทู…ุงุทู… ุชู…ุงู…
131
00:09:42,930 --> 00:09:46,950
ููŠู‡ุง ุชู…ุงุชูŠู† ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุจุชุงุนุฉ ู…ู‚ู„ุฉ ู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง
132
00:09:46,950 --> 00:09:51,590
ุจุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุงู„ tomato ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจุชุนูู† ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุงู†ู‡ ู…ุด
133
00:09:51,590 --> 00:09:56,270
ู„ูƒู„ ุฅุดูŠ ู…ุด ู„ูƒู„ ุฅุดูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ูุงุญู†ุง
134
00:09:56,270 --> 00:10:01,030
ู†ุฏุฑุณ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุชุญูˆูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„
135
00:10:01,030 --> 00:10:03,990
synthesis .. ุงู„ synthesis ุฅู„ู‡ุง ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฅู†ู‡ ู†ู†ุชุฌู‡ุง
136
00:10:03,990 --> 00:10:08,500
ุจูƒู…ูŠุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุงู„ุงุฎูŠุฑุฉ ุญู„ูˆุฉ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ูƒูˆูŠุณุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง
137
00:10:08,500 --> 00:10:12,600
antisense technology ุฃูˆ antisense agents ูˆุฑู‚ุตู‡
138
00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:17,720
ู…ุนุงูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูˆุณูŠุฉ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง ุงู„ protein ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ
139
00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:21,080
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชูƒู„ู… ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ phenotype ูˆ
140
00:10:21,080 --> 00:10:25,620
ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ genotype ูŠุนุจุฑ ุงู„ gene ุนู† ู†ูุณู‡
141
00:10:25,620 --> 00:10:30,740
ุจุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ protein ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ุง gene expressionุนุจุฑ ุงู„
142
00:10:30,740 --> 00:10:34,600
gene expression ููŠ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุจุชุญูˆู„ ุงู„ DNA ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูˆ
143
00:10:34,600 --> 00:10:39,580
ุจูŠุตูŠู„ู‡ transcription ุจุชุทู„ุน ู…ู†ู‡ mRNA ุงู„ mRNA ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุง
144
00:10:39,580 --> 00:10:45,820
ุฌูŠุจุช ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู‚ุทุนุฉ to complement the RNA ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ
145
00:10:45,820 --> 00:10:51,000
ู…ุนุงู‡ุŸ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ double-stranded RNA ุญุฏ ู…ุด .. ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ู…ุด
146
00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:55,580
ุฏุงุฑุฌ ู‡ู†ุง double-stranded RNA ู…ุด ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุฏุงุฑุฌ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ
147
00:10:55,580 --> 00:10:59,870
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† single strandู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„
148
00:10:59,870 --> 00:11:04,010
complementary strand ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ antisense ู„ุฅู† ููŠ
149
00:11:04,010 --> 00:11:07,710
ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ูƒู…ุงู† ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ .. ุงู„ mRNA ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ positive sense
150
00:11:07,710 --> 00:11:10,790
positive sense ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฌุงู‡ุฒ ู„ู„ .. ู„ู„ .. ู„ู„ .. ู„ู„
151
00:11:10,790 --> 00:11:14,090
translation ู„ุฅู† ู‡ุช .. ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู‡ุชูƒู„ู…
152
00:11:14,090 --> 00:11:16,750
ุนู† ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ู‡ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ negative sense
153
00:11:16,750 --> 00:11:23,230
ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุฑุงุชูŠุฉ .. ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุฑุงุชูŠุฉ RNA ู„ูƒู† ู…ุด ุฌุงู‡ุฒุฉ ุงู†ู‡ุง
154
00:11:23,230 --> 00:11:28,230
ูŠุตุจุญ translation ู„ุงุฒู… ุชุชุญูˆู„ ู„ positive senseุนู…ูˆู…ุง
155
00:11:28,230 --> 00:11:32,830
ุงู„ุงู† ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ complementary strand ู„ู„ mRNA ุจุทู„
156
00:11:32,830 --> 00:11:37,210
ุงู„ุฑูŠุจูˆุฒูˆู… ู‚ุฏุฑ ุงู† ูŠุนู…ู„ู‡ expression ูŠุนู†ูŠ translation
157
00:11:37,210 --> 00:11:42,130
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู†ุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงูˆุงุฌู‡ ุชุตู†ูŠุฉ vital protein ููŠ
158
00:11:42,130 --> 00:11:46,220
ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠู‡ุฐุง tech
159
00:11:46,220 --> 00:11:49,860
ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุดุบุงู„ุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ูƒูˆูŠุณ ูˆ ุฃู†ุชุฌูˆุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุฌุงุช ู„ูƒู†
160
00:11:49,860 --> 00:11:53,560
ุจุชุธู‡ุฑ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุฎูŠู„ ู…ุงู†ุงุฎุฏู‡ุง oral ูƒูŠู ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰
161
00:11:53,560 --> 00:11:56,840
ู…ุชุต ุงู„ .. ุงู„ antisense ูƒูŠู ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ู‡ุฐุง ู…ูˆุถูˆุน
162
00:11:56,840 --> 00:12:00,560
ุดูˆูŠุฉ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ูƒูˆู† ุจุชุงุนุชู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุฒุก
163
00:12:00,560 --> 00:12:03,340
ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุงุฏุซุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„
164
00:12:03,340 --> 00:12:07,760
antimicrobials ู‡ู†ุฒู„ูƒูˆุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ animation ุฅุถุงููŠุฉ
165
00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:11,020
ูƒู…ุงู† ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน
166
00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:23,040
ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณ ู‡ุฐุง ุทุจุนุง
167
00:12:23,040 --> 00:12:27,300
ุงู†ุชูˆุง ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุงู†ู‡ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒูˆุฑุณ ูƒุงู…ู„ ุงุณู…ู‡ Virology ู„ูƒู†
168
00:12:27,300 --> 00:12:31,800
ููŠ essential medical microbiology ู„ุงุฒู… ู†ุบุทูŠ ุจุนุถ
169
00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:34,860
ุงู„ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณ ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ู‡ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†
170
00:12:34,860 --> 00:12:38,560
ุดุบู„ุชูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ viral structure ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ viral
171
00:12:38,560 --> 00:12:42,020
replication ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุณุจูˆุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู†ู‡ุงูŠุชู‡
172
00:12:42,020 --> 00:12:44,420
ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุณุจูˆุน ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ู†ูŠ ููŠู‡ ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„
173
00:12:44,420 --> 00:12:44,660
course
174
00:12:50,510 --> 00:12:54,430
ู…ุง ูŠู…ูŠุฒ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ุง ู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฎู„ุงู ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ู…ู†
175
00:12:54,430 --> 00:12:57,310
ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู…ุŒ ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุญูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู†ู‚ู„ูˆุง
176
00:12:57,310 --> 00:13:00,750
ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุจุฒู…ูŠ ุฌุฏู„ ุนู‚ูŠู…ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุตู„
177
00:13:00,750 --> 00:13:04,410
ู…ุง ู†ุฌุงุฏู„ ููŠู‡ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ุฏุงูŠู…ุง ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠูุงุช .. ู…ุด ุฏุงูŠู…ุง
178
00:13:04,410 --> 00:13:07,910
ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠูุงุช ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุงุฆู† ุญูŠ ูˆู„ุง ุฌู…ุงุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ู†ุงุŒ ู‡ูˆ
179
00:13:07,910 --> 00:13:10,530
ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒ ุตูุฉ ู…ู† ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ replication
180
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ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุญุงู„ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุงุŒ ูˆ ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุซุฉุŒ
181
00:13:14,410 --> 00:13:19,490
ู‡ูŠ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ุจุชู…ูŠุฒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง ููŠุฑูˆุณู„ูƒู†
182
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ูˆุตูู†ุงู‡ุง ุฅู†ู‡ุง obligate intracellular parasites ู„ู‡ุฐุง
183
00:13:23,450 --> 00:13:29,430
ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุชูƒุงุชุฑ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง
184
00:13:29,430 --> 00:13:34,230
ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุชูƒุงุชุฑ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉุŸู„ุง .. ู„ุง .. ู„ุง ุชู†ุชู„ูƒ
185
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ู…ู‚ูˆู… .. ู„ุง .. ู„ุง .. ู„ู‡ุง DNA ูˆ .. ู„ู‡ุง DNA ูˆุฑู†ูŠุฉ ู„ูƒู†
186
00:13:38,050 --> 00:13:42,430
ู„ุง ุชู†ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ ribosomes ู„ุง ุชู†ุชู„ูƒ ุจุธุจุท ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„
187
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organelles ู…ุง ุจุชู†ุชู„ูƒุด ุงู„ machinery ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏุงุช
188
00:13:46,690 --> 00:13:51,670
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุชุถุทุฑ ุขุณูุฉ
189
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุชุทูู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุนูˆุงุฆู„ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุช
190
00:13:57,550 --> 00:14:02,960
ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุฏุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ุงbecause they can
191
00:14:02,960 --> 00:14:06,260
reproduce only within cells, viruses are obligate
192
00:14:06,260 --> 00:14:09,840
intracellular parasites ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉ ู„ู… ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง ููŠ ุฃูŠ
193
00:14:09,840 --> 00:14:13,020
ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฅู„ุง ููŠ ุฏู†ุชูŠู† ูƒู„ุงู…ูŠุฏูŠุง ูˆุฑูŠูƒุชุณูŠุง ู…ู…ุชุงุฒ
194
00:14:13,020 --> 00:14:16,620
ูƒู„ุงู…ูŠุฏูŠุง ูˆุฑูŠูƒุชุณูŠุง and both of them they cannot
195
00:14:16,620 --> 00:14:20,080
replicate independently ุฎุฏูˆุง ุจุงู„ูƒู… ูุฑู‚ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุจูŠู†
196
00:14:20,080 --> 00:14:23,500
ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู…ูŠุฏูŠุง ูˆุฑูŠูƒุชุณูŠุง ูˆู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู…ูŠุฏูŠุง
197
00:14:23,500 --> 00:14:29,020
ูˆุฑูŠูƒุชุณูŠุง are ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู…ุง ุนุฏุง
198
00:14:29,020 --> 00:14:35,730
ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉthey cannot synthesize ATP ูŠุนู†ูŠ
199
00:14:35,730 --> 00:14:40,630
ู…ุงู‡ู…ูˆุด ูู„ูˆุณ ูŠุดุชุฑูˆุง ุงุบุฑุงุถ ู…ู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงูˆ
200
00:14:40,630 --> 00:14:44,790
ูŠุชุจุงุฏู„ูˆุง ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู†ุชูˆุง ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุงู„ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุจูŠูƒูˆู†
201
00:14:44,790 --> 00:14:49,570
ุจุงู„ ATP ูู‡ู… ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ู… ุญุชู‰ ุงู†ู‡ู… ุงุณู… ู„ุทูŠู ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ู…
202
00:14:49,570 --> 00:14:53,690
energy parasites ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชุชููุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ energy ุงู„ู„ูŠ
203
00:14:53,690 --> 00:14:58,070
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ ATP viruses
204
00:14:58,070 --> 00:15:03,000
do not replicateIn a similar way to that of cells
205
00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:07,520
ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู†ุช Eukaryote ุงูˆ ุจู„ูˆูƒุงุฑูŠูˆุช ููŠู‡ุง ุงู†ู‡
206
00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:10,140
simple binary vision ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู… ุซู†ุงุฆูŠ ูˆ ุฃุฎุฑ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ
207
00:15:10,140 --> 00:15:14,020
ุชุตูŠุฑ ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ mitosis ูˆ ุงู„ meiosis ุจุฑุถู‡ ูƒู…ุงู†
208
00:15:14,020 --> 00:15:17,620
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฌุซุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู†ุฏูŠ ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู… ูˆุงุถุญ ุงู†ู‡ ููŠู‡ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ
209
00:15:17,620 --> 00:15:21,720
ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุจุตูŠุฑ ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠู„ูƒู† ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุงู„
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virus will enter the whole cell one single
211
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particle ูˆ it will be released hundreds and
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00:15:29,180 --> 00:15:32,260
thousands ุนู„ู‰ ุญุณุจ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณ ู†ูุณู‡ hundreds and
213
00:15:32,260 --> 00:15:34,560
thousands of particles are released from this
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00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:38,300
cellุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุงู†ุช ู‚ุงู…ูŠ ุงุชูƒุงุฑุชู‡ ูˆ ุงุชุจุนุชู‡ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุชู…ุงู…
215
00:15:41,450 --> 00:15:46,210
general characteristics ู„ู„ viruses ุงู„ viruses ุฃูˆู„
216
00:15:46,210 --> 00:15:51,290
ู‡ุงู… ููŠู‡ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉ ูŠุง ุงู…ุง DNA ูŠุง ุงู…ุง
217
00:15:51,290 --> 00:15:57,350
RNA but never both ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃุนู‚ุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ
218
00:15:57,350 --> 00:15:59,070
ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉ ู…ุด ู‡ุชูƒู„ู… ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญุชุฌุช ู„ุงู†ุง ููŠ ู„ูˆุญุงุช
219
00:15:59,070 --> 00:16:02,950
ุณุงุจู‚ุฉุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุงุญู†ุง ูƒู„ู†ุง ู†ุนุฑู DNA
220
00:16:02,950 --> 00:16:07,150
double-strand ูˆ ุงู„ RNA single-strand ูˆ ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ู‡ู†ุง
221
00:16:07,150 --> 00:16:10,410
ู‡ู†ุดูˆู ุงู†ู‡ ููŠู†ุง double-stranded DNA ูˆ single
222
00:16:10,410 --> 00:16:13,550
-stranded RNA ูˆ double-stranded mRNA ูˆ single
223
00:16:13,550 --> 00:16:17,730
-stranded mRNA ูˆ ู‡ู†ุดูˆู ููŠ ุงู„ single-stranded
224
00:16:17,730 --> 00:16:23,050
positive sense ูˆ negative sense ูˆ ู‡ู†ุดูˆู ู„ูŠู†ูŠุง ุงูˆ
225
00:16:23,050 --> 00:16:27,930
segmented ู…ู‚ุทุน ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฏู„ ู…ู† ุฌู†ูˆุจ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ุทุน ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
226
00:16:27,930 --> 00:16:35,740
ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ุฏุช ู‚ุทุนุจุนุถ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุชู…ุชู„ูƒ ู…ู…ุจุฑูŠู† ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ูƒุจุณูŠุท
227
00:16:35,740 --> 00:16:39,980
ุชุจุนุชู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู„ุงูŠู…ุชู„ูƒู‡ุง ูุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุนู†ู‡ุง envelope
228
00:16:39,980 --> 00:16:44,200
ูˆ non envelope ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฅู„ู‡ุง ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ุง envelope ุนุดุงู† ู†ูƒูˆู†
229
00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:46,720
ู…ุงุถุญูŠู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ envelope ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ุจูŠุฌูŠุŸ
230
00:16:47,120 --> 00:16:51,900
ุจูŠูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุทุงู„ุน ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ nuclear
231
00:16:51,900 --> 00:16:56,720
membrane ูŠุง ู…ู† ุงู„ cell membrane ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุตุฏุฑ .. ู…ุตุฏุฑ
232
00:16:56,720 --> 00:17:00,800
ุงู„ envelope ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ nuclear membrane ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„
233
00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:05,760
cell membrane ุชุจุน ุงู„ host cell ู…ูŠู† ุฃุฌูˆุงุกุŸ ู…ูŠู†
234
00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:09,220
ุฃุญุณู†ุŸ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ู‡ envelope ูˆู„ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุงุฑูˆุด envelopeุŸ
235
00:17:09,220 --> 00:17:17,240
ุญุณุจ .. ุญุณุจ .. ุญุณุจ ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ .. ุญุณุจ ู…ุง ูŠุชุจุนู‡ุง ุชุจุฑูŠุฑุทุงู„ุน
236
00:17:17,240 --> 00:17:24,040
ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃุฎุฏ membrane ุงุณุชูุงุฏ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ
237
00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:28,640
ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูˆ ุฏุฎู„ ู„ host ุชุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ membrane ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰
238
00:17:28,640 --> 00:17:33,940
ุฌุฏูู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุงู…ู„ู‡ ุชู…ุงู… ุงู„ envelope ู‡ูˆ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ ..
239
00:17:33,940 --> 00:17:37,380
ุงู„ .. ุงู„ host ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุณู‡ู„ ุฌุฏุง ุฅู†ู‡ membrane ู…ุน
240
00:17:37,380 --> 00:17:41,160
membrane zero ู…ุน fusion ุงู‡ fusion ูุจุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณ
241
00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:47,150
ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุจูƒู„ ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉูŠุจุฌูŠ ู‡ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุงู†ู‡ ู…ุงุจูŠุนุงู†ูŠุด ู…ู†
242
00:17:47,150 --> 00:17:51,370
ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ penetration ูˆ ุงู„ attachment ู„ูƒู† ุฎุฏูˆุง
243
00:17:51,370 --> 00:17:57,230
ูุงู„ูƒูˆุง ู…ุฏุงู… ุงุฑูƒู† ูˆุงุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ envelope ูŠุฏุฎู„ู‡
244
00:17:57,230 --> 00:18:01,070
ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ู„ูˆ ุฑุงุญ ุงู„ envelope ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุงู„ุญูƒู‰ ุงู†ู‡ ู…ุด
245
00:18:01,070 --> 00:18:07,650
ู‡ุงุฌุฏุฑ ูŠุนู…ู„ infection ูˆู…ุง ุงุณู‡ู„ ุงู† ุชุฐู‡ุจ ุงูˆ ูŠุฐู‡ุจ ู‡ุฐุง
246
00:18:07,650 --> 00:18:12,510
ุงู„ envelope ู„ูŠุด ุงุชุฐูƒุฑูˆุง membraneูุงูƒุฑูŠู† ุงู„ olive
247
00:18:12,510 --> 00:18:16,750
oilุŸ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูˆุฒูŠ ุงู„ุฒูŠุชูˆู†ุŒ very fragileุŒ ู„ูˆ ุบุณู„ู†ุง
248
00:18:16,750 --> 00:18:19,430
ุฅูŠุฏูŠู†ุง ุจุตุจูˆู†ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุตุจูˆู† ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุฅูŠู‡ุŸ
249
00:18:19,430 --> 00:18:23,590
Destruction ู„ู„ู…ู…ุจุฑูŠู†ุŒ ู„ูˆ ุฌุงู ุงู„ู…ู…ุจุฑูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณ
250
00:18:23,590 --> 00:18:27,790
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฌุงููŠุŒ ุงู„ู…ู…ุจุฑูŠู† ุฑุงุญูˆุงุŒ ู„ูˆ ุจู„ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุนุงุกุŒ
251
00:18:27,790 --> 00:18:32,690
ููŠ ุงู„ .. ููŠ ุงู„ .. ููŠ ุงู„ุตู…ุชุŒ ู‡ูŠุชุฏู…ุฑูŠุจุฌู‰ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุญูƒูŠ
252
00:18:32,690 --> 00:18:37,650
ุงู†ู‡ ุจุนุทูŠู‡ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุณุงุณูŠุฉ ูˆ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุนุฏู…
253
00:18:37,650 --> 00:18:41,870
ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ environment ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุง ู†ุฌุฏ ูˆู„ุง
254
00:18:41,870 --> 00:18:44,870
envelope virus ุจูŠุนู…ู„ infection ููŠ ุงู„
255
00:18:44,870 --> 00:18:48,290
gastrointestinal tract ูƒู„ู‡ู… ุจูŠุนู…ู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ
256
00:18:48,290 --> 00:18:51,050
respiratory tract infection respiratory tract
257
00:18:51,050 --> 00:18:55,910
infection ูˆ ู‡ุดูˆู ุทุจุนุง ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ู„ุญู‚ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ
258
00:18:55,910 --> 00:18:58,950
ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ูู‡ู…ู‡ ุงู†ู‡ ู…ุด ูˆุฌูˆุฏ .. ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ envelope ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ู‡
259
00:18:58,950 --> 00:19:04,750
ุญุงุฌุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ..ู…ูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุจุชุนุทูŠ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงูˆ
260
00:19:04,750 --> 00:19:07,330
ุตู„ุงุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ู„ุฃ ุจุงู„ุนูƒุณ ุจุชุนุทูŠู‡ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ stability
261
00:19:07,330 --> 00:19:14,650
ููŠ ุงู„ environment ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุจุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุงุฏุฉ
262
00:19:14,650 --> 00:19:18,170
ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู† ู‡ูŠ DNA ุงู…ุง ุงุฑู†ุจ ู„ูƒู† ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ุง
263
00:19:18,170 --> 00:19:24,670
ุชู…ุชู„ูƒ nucleus ู„ุง ุชู…ุชู„ูƒ nucleus ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ eucariotes
264
00:19:24,670 --> 00:19:28,390
ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชู…ุชู„ูƒ nucleus ุทุจ ูˆ ุงู„ eucariotesุŸ
265
00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:37,840
ุงู„ูุฑูˆู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูˆู‚ุฑุช ุงู„ eukaryotes ู‡ูˆ
266
00:19:37,840 --> 00:19:41,800
ุนุดุงู† ุงุญู†ุง ู†ูƒูˆู† ูˆุงุถุญูŠู† ู‡ูˆ ููŠู‡ nucleus ุจุณ ู…ุด ุงู„ true
267
00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:45,920
nucleus ุณู…ู†ุงู‡ุง ู„ุฅู† ู…ุงููŠุด ููŠู‡ุง nuclear membrane
268
00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:51,440
ูุณู…ู†ุงู‡ุง .. ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ุงู„ true nucleus ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„
269
00:19:51,440 --> 00:19:56,260
eukaryotes ู„ุฅู† ููŠู‡ุง ุณู…ู†ุงู‡ุง true nucleusู„ูƒู† ููŠู‡ุง
270
00:19:56,260 --> 00:20:00,300
ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉุŒ ููŠู‡ุง ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุฒูˆู… ุตุญุŒ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ููŠู‡ุง ูƒู„
271
00:20:00,300 --> 00:20:04,360
ุงู„ machineryุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู…ุด ููŠู‡ุง mitochondriaุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ ..
272
00:20:04,360 --> 00:20:07,060
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจู…ุง ุฃุฎุฑ ููŠ ูุฑูˆู‚ุงุช ุจูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ูˆ ุจูŠู†
273
00:20:07,060 --> 00:20:11,260
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆูƒุงุฑูŠูˆุชุณ ูˆ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ .. ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
274
00:20:11,260 --> 00:20:15,080
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆูƒุงุฑูŠูˆุชุณ ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ eukaryotes ู…ู† ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ู…ู†
275
00:20:15,080 --> 00:20:15,900
ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช
276
00:20:20,350 --> 00:20:25,630
ู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุจูŠู„ุฎุต ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ุตุญูŠุญ types of nucleic
277
00:20:25,630 --> 00:20:30,070
acid ุงู„ virus is DNA or RNA but never both ู„ูƒู† ุงู„
278
00:20:30,070 --> 00:20:33,930
cells ุจุชูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ DNA ูˆ ุงู„ RNA ุงู„ proteins
279
00:20:33,930 --> 00:20:38,110
ุจุนุถ ุงู„ ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุชุญุชูˆูŠ
280
00:20:38,110 --> 00:20:42,790
ุนู„ู‰ protein ู…ู†ู‡ุง matrix protein ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง
281
00:20:42,790 --> 00:20:48,390
glycoproteins ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ enzymes ุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ููŠุฑูˆุณ ุนู†ุฏู‡
282
00:20:48,390 --> 00:20:53,630
ุงู„ genome ุชุจุนู‡ RNAูˆ negative senseุŒ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰
283
00:20:53,630 --> 00:20:57,570
ุฎู„ูŠุฉุŒ ู‡ูˆ ู…ููƒุฑุŒ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุฑูˆุญุŒ ุจู‚ูˆู„ ุทุจ ุฃู†ุง ุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰
284
00:20:57,570 --> 00:21:01,560
ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉุŒ ุจุฏุฃ ุฃุฌูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู…ุจูŠู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… enzymes ุฃุณุชููŠุฏ
285
00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:04,600
ู…ู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุฅู† ุฃู†ุง ุฃุชุญูˆู„ ู…ู† negative sense ู„ positive
286
00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:09,220
sense ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู„ุฃ ูุจู‚ูˆู„ ุทุจ ุฃู†ุง ุจุชุตู†ุน ุงู„ enzyme ุชุจู‚ู‰
287
00:21:09,220 --> 00:21:12,860
ู‡ุฏูˆุก ุฃูุถู„ ู…ุนุงู‡ ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุฑุงูŠุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฌ ูุจุนุถ ุงู„ .. ุงู„
288
00:21:12,860 --> 00:21:16,540
.. ุงู„ ุจูŠุฑูˆุฒุงุช ุจุชุญู…ู„ ู…ุนุงู‡ุง ูƒู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ enzyme
289
00:21:16,540 --> 00:21:21,360
ุฒูŠ ุงู„ HIV virus ุจูŠุญู…ู„ ู…ุนุงู‡ reverse transcriptase
290
00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:25,980
reverse transcriptase ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ููŠู‡ุง ุญูŠุงุชู‡ุง
291
00:21:25,980 --> 00:21:28,340
ูƒู„ู‡ุง proteins ุญูŠุงุชู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ proteins
292
00:21:34,490 --> 00:21:41,170
ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู†ุจุงุชุŒ ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุŒ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ูุทุฑูŠุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู€H
293
00:21:41,170 --> 00:21:47,040
cellRibosomes absent ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุฅู†ู‡ ููŠ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ
294
00:21:47,040 --> 00:21:50,980
ุชุญุช ุจุชู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู†ู‡ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง Arena
295
00:21:50,980 --> 00:21:55,840
viruses ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ non-functional ribosomes ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠ
296
00:21:55,840 --> 00:22:00,200
non-functional ribosomesุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฑูŠุจูˆุฒูˆู…ุงุช ู…ู„ุงุด ..
297
00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:04,940
ู„ุฃ ุบูŠุฑ ูุนุงู„ุฉุŒ ุบูŠุฑ ู†ุดุทุฉุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ุญุทู†ุง ู„ู‡ุง mRNA
298
00:22:04,940 --> 00:22:09,020
ู…ุด ู‡ุชุดุชุบู„ุŒ non-functionalุŒ ุบูŠุฑ ุนู† ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู…ุด ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ
299
00:22:09,020 --> 00:22:09,900
ุงู„ูˆุธูŠูุฉ
300
00:22:12,570 --> 00:22:17,070
ู„ุฃ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู…ุงู„ู‡ุงุด ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅู† ู‡ูŠ ุดุบุงู„ุฉ ุจุณ ู…ุด ูƒุฏู‡
301
00:22:17,070 --> 00:22:20,230
ุชุนู…ู„ ุญุงุฌุฉุŒ ุจุณ non-functional ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฎุฑุจุงู†ุฉ ุฎุฏู†ุง
302
00:22:20,230 --> 00:22:24,170
ู†ู‚ูˆู„ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุญุทู†ุง ู„ู‡ุง ุฅุญู†ุง ุฅูŠู‡ ู…ุนู„ู†ุฉ ุฅูŠู‡ ูˆูƒุฏู‡ ู…ุด
303
00:22:24,170 --> 00:22:24,570
ู‡ุชุดุชุบู„
304
00:22:28,500 --> 00:22:31,980
ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ metachondria absent
305
00:22:31,980 --> 00:22:35,600
ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ .. ููŠ ุงู„ eukaryotes ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„
306
00:22:35,600 --> 00:22:39,760
enzymes none or few ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง ู…ุงููŠุด ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง ุทุงู„ูŠู„ุฉ
307
00:22:39,760 --> 00:22:43,520
ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุงู„ multiplication by binary
308
00:22:43,520 --> 00:22:47,920
vision ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ู†ุนู… ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ viruses
309
00:22:47,920 --> 00:22:51,960
ู…ุงุจุชู†ู‚ุณู…ุด ุจุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆ ุงุญู†ุง ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู†ู‡ one cell
310
00:22:51,960 --> 00:22:54,740
one virus one particle ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุฏู‰ ู‡ูˆ several
311
00:22:54,740 --> 00:23:00,010
hundred particlesู‡ูŠ ุฌูŠู‡ ุงู„ size ุชุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู„ู…ูŠุฑูˆุณุฉ Size
312
00:23:00,010 --> 00:23:05,210
ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุงุญู†ุง ุดูู†ุงู‡ ูู‰ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุงู†ู‡
313
00:23:05,210 --> 00:23:09,710
ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆู† ูˆุดุญุชู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆู† ุตุงุฑ ุงู„ู
314
00:23:09,710 --> 00:23:15,590
ู†ุงู†ูˆู…ุชุฑ ุงู„ุฃู„ู ู„ุญุธู‡ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุจูŠุฑูˆุณ 300 ู†ุงู†ูˆู…ุชุฑ ูŠุนู†ู‰
315
00:23:15,590 --> 00:23:19,250
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆู† ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง ุซู„ุงุซ ุฃุถุนุงู ุญุฌู…
316
00:23:19,250 --> 00:23:19,570
ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู‡ูˆ
317
00:23:23,170 --> 00:23:28,890
ูˆุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฎุงู„ุต ู‚ุฏ ุชุตู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ููŠ
318
00:23:28,890 --> 00:23:34,590
ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ 20 ู†ุงู†ูˆู…ุชุฑ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชุตู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ููŠ
319
00:23:34,590 --> 00:23:39,410
ุตุบุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ 300 ู†ุงู†ูˆู…ุชุฑ ุชุดูˆู ุงู„ุญุฌู… ู‡ู†ุง range ูˆุงุณุน
320
00:23:39,410 --> 00:23:47,070
ุงูƒุจุฑ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† 20 ู†ุงู†ูˆู…ุชุฑุชู„ุงุช ู…ูŠุช ู†ุงุฒู†ูˆู…ูŠุชุง ู…ูŠู† ุฃุฒุงุฑ
321
00:23:47,070 --> 00:23:51,730
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŸ ุฃุธู† ุงู„ micro plasma ุฏูŠ ูƒู…ุงู† ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
322
00:23:51,730 --> 00:23:53,810
ุงุณู…ู‡ุง ูƒู„ุงู…ูŠุฏูŠุง ุจุณ ูƒู†ุง ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉ
323
00:23:53,810 --> 00:23:58,190
ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู…ูŠุฏูŠุง ููŠ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ุทูˆุฑูŠู† ุชุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน
324
00:23:58,190 --> 00:24:01,470
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠุง ุจุฅู† ููŠู‡ุง stages ู…ูŠู† ุฏุฑุณุชู‡
325
00:24:01,470 --> 00:24:07,250
ููŠู„ูŠุงุฏุŸ ุทูู„ูŠุงุฏ ุทุจ ุจุชุนุฑููˆุง ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ cyst ุงู„ุทูˆุฑ
326
00:24:07,250 --> 00:24:11,590
ุงู„ู…ุชุญูˆุตู„ ูˆ Trophocyte ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุบุฐู‰ ุงู„ุฎุถุฑูŠ
327
00:24:11,590 --> 00:24:16,980
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุฑุญู„ุชูŠู†ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุชุญูˆู„ ู…ู† Etrophosite ุฅู„ู‰
328
00:24:16,980 --> 00:24:22,720
Cyst ุงู„ Cyst ุฃูƒุชุฑ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู… ู…ู† ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ู…ู† Etrophosite ุทุจ
329
00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:25,380
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ููŠ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ุงุดูŠูู†ู‡ูˆุด ู…ุงููŠุด life cycle
330
00:24:25,380 --> 00:24:29,220
ููŠ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฃุณุงุณุง ู…ุงููŠุด life cycle ุฅู„ุง ููŠ
331
00:24:29,220 --> 00:24:34,940
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ููŠู‡ุง life cycle ุชุชุญูˆู„ ู…ู†reticulate
332
00:24:34,940 --> 00:24:40,520
body ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ sports ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ sport
333
00:24:40,520 --> 00:24:44,100
ู‡ู†ุดูˆูู‡ุง ูƒู…ุงู† ุดูˆูŠุฉ ูููŠู‡ุง ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ life cycle ุฎุฏู†ุง
334
00:24:44,100 --> 00:24:48,260
ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ูˆูŠู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ life cycle ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ size
335
00:24:48,260 --> 00:24:52,180
ุจุชุฑูˆุญ ู…ู† 20 ู†ุงู†ูˆู…ุชุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ 300 ู†ุงู†ูˆู…ุชุฑ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ู„ู†
336
00:24:52,180 --> 00:24:55,480
ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุจุฃูŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุญูˆุงู„ ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ ุจูˆุถูˆุญ ุชุญุช ุงู„
337
00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:59,680
microscope ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฑูˆุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุทูˆู„ู‡ุง 2
338
00:24:59,680 --> 00:25:04,000
ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆู† ูˆ 3 ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุชูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฃู„ู ุจู†ุดูˆูู‡ุง ุดุญุชุฉ
339
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:07,040
ุญู…ุฑุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุจุฏูˆู† ุฃูŠ ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ูู„ุงุฌู„ุฉ
340
00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:13,020
ุชุจุนู‡ุง ูุจุงูƒู„ ุจูŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุจุฏู†ุง electron microscope their
341
00:25:13,020 --> 00:25:16,580
shapes are frequently referred to in colloquial
342
00:25:16,580 --> 00:25:22,990
terms ูŠุนู†ูŠู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุชุดุจูŠู‡ูŠุฉ ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ู…ุซู„ุง ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„
343
00:25:22,990 --> 00:25:27,250
ุดูƒู„ู‡ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุฉุŒ ุดูƒู„ู‡ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุนุตูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„
344
00:25:27,250 --> 00:25:31,150
.. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ุจุณู„ุงูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ bulletุŒ ุฑุตุงุตุฉ ู…ุซู„ุง
345
00:25:31,150 --> 00:25:35,830
ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุนุทูŠู‡ู… ุฃูˆุตุงู ู„ู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ ูƒู…ุง ุชุจุฏูˆ
346
00:25:35,830 --> 00:25:38,650
ุชุญุช ุงู„ electron microscope ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ bricks
347
00:25:38,650 --> 00:25:44,470
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุทูˆุจุŒ ุงู„ block ูŠุนู†ูŠ but in reality ุงุญู†ุง
348
00:25:44,470 --> 00:25:49,070
ุจูŠุนุทูŠู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฃูˆุตุงู ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠุด ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŸ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ุฎุงุฑุฌู„ูƒู†
349
00:25:49,070 --> 00:25:54,170
in reality they are complex in structures and they
350
00:25:54,170 --> 00:25:58,190
usually have symmetryุŒ ุงูŠุด ู‡ูŠ symmetryุŸ ุชู…ุงุซู„ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง
351
00:25:58,190 --> 00:26:04,710
ุชู…ุงุซู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุŒ ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠุง ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุŒ geometric symmetry ูˆูƒู„ู…ุฉ
352
00:26:04,710 --> 00:26:11,790
precise ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุชู…ุงุซู„ ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฃุฌู…ู„ ู…ุง ูู‰ ุงู„ุชู…ุงุซู„
353
00:26:11,790 --> 00:26:16,310
ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู† .. ุจุญุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุจู†ุดูˆูู‡ ู…ู†
354
00:26:16,310 --> 00:26:21,150
ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌู‰ุŒ ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ capsule ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู†
355
00:26:21,150 --> 00:26:25,510
ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ู…ู† Capsules Capsules ู‡ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุงู„ุจู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ
356
00:26:25,510 --> 00:26:30,590
ุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ู…ุนุงูŠุง ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ ู…ุนุงูŠุง ูƒุจุดุฉ ุจุงู†ุงู†ูŠุฑ ุชุงุจู„ ุฌู„ูˆู„
357
00:26:30,590 --> 00:26:34,950
ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุฃุฎุจุชูƒูˆุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุณู… ู‡ูˆ ุฏู‡ ู…ูˆุณู… .. ู…ุงุณูƒุชู‡ู… ุฃู†ุง ู‡ูŠูƒ
358
00:26:34,950 --> 00:26:40,900
ูˆ ุฑู…ูŠุชู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุงุฑุฉู„ู…ุง ุงุตุฏุฑูˆุง ุจุงู„ุญุงุท ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ ุจุฏุฃูˆุง
359
00:26:40,900 --> 00:26:43,900
ูŠุชุฑุชุจูˆุง ู„ุญุงู„ู‡ู… ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุทู„ุน ููŠ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ูˆ
360
00:26:43,900 --> 00:26:47,400
ููŠ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ูˆ ุงุญู†ุง ุจุดูƒู„ูŠ .. ุจุนู…ู„ุด ุดูƒู„ ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠ ู…ุนูŠู†
361
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:52,880
ุงูŠุด ู…ูŠุฒุฉ .. ุงูŠุด ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู†ุง ุจุญุตุฏู‡ุง ุงูˆ ู‡ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆู„
362
00:26:52,880 --> 00:26:58,130
ูƒู„ู‡ู… ุญุฌู… ูˆุงุญุฏ ุตุญุŸูƒู„ู‡ู… ู…ู† ู†ูˆุน ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ุงู„ู…ุตู†ุน ูˆุงุญุฏ
363
00:26:58,130 --> 00:27:01,730
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจูŠู„ุฒู…ู†ูŠุด ุงูƒุชุฑ ู…ู† geneุŒ ุจุฏูŠ gene ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‚ุท
364
00:27:01,730 --> 00:27:06,510
ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ gene ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุจู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ chromosome ุฎู
365
00:27:06,510 --> 00:27:11,430
ูˆู„ุง ุฒุงุฏุŒ ุฎู ู„ู…ุง gene ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุทู„ูˆุจุŒ ู‡ุฏุฃ ุงู†ู‡ู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง
366
00:27:11,430 --> 00:27:17,910
ู†ูˆุน ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ุญุฌู… ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ุทุจ ุงู†ู‡ู… ู…ุชุฑุชุจูˆุง ู„ุญุงู„ู‡ู…ุŸุจูŠุนููˆู†ู‰
367
00:27:17,910 --> 00:27:22,150
ู…ู† ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุงู† ุงู†ุง ู‡ุตู†ุน ุงู†ุฒุงูŠู… ุชู…ุณูƒ ุงู„ุญู‚ุจ ูˆุชุญุทู‡ุง ูู‰
368
00:27:22,150 --> 00:27:25,730
ุงู„ุญู‚ุจ ูˆุชู„ุฒุฌู‡ุง ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงูˆ ู„ุฃ ูุจุฏู„ ุงู† ู‡ู… ุจูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง self
369
00:27:25,730 --> 00:27:29,430
assembly ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูƒู…ุงู† ุจูŠูˆูุฑูˆุง ุนู„ูŠุง energy ุจูŠูˆูุฑูˆุง
370
00:27:29,430 --> 00:27:32,490
ุนู„ูŠุง ูƒู…ุงู† ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ genome ูŠุนู†ู‰ ู…ุงููŠุด ุฏุงุนู‰ ุงู† ุงู†ุง
371
00:27:32,490 --> 00:27:36,230
ุงุตู†ุน ู„ู‡ู… ุงู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุชุฑุชุจู‡ู… ู…ุน ุจุนุถ ูˆุงู„ CAPSOMERES ุซุจุช
372
00:27:36,230 --> 00:27:39,990
ุนู„ู…ูŠุง ุงู†ู‡ู… ู„ู…ุง ุญุทู†ุงู‡ุง ูู‰ test tube ุนู…ู„ุช self
373
00:27:39,990 --> 00:27:46,700
assembly ุชุฌู…ูŠุน ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆู‰ ุจุฏูˆู† ุงู‰ุชุฏุฎู„ ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช
374
00:27:46,700 --> 00:27:51,000
ูˆูƒุฃู†ูƒ ุจุชุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† science fiction ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู† .. ุนู† ุฎูŠุงู„
375
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:54,820
ุนู„ู…ู‰ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุงุช ุจุชุฑุชุจ ู„ุญุฏู‡ุง ูˆ ุชูƒูˆู‘ู†ู‡ุง ู‡ุฐุง
376
00:27:54,820 --> 00:27:59,560
ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุณู…ู†ุงู‡ุง precise geometric symmetry ุนู„ู‰
377
00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:05,260
ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุตุบุฑู‡ุง ุจุณุงุทุชู‡ุง ุฃู‡ ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุจุชุญู…ู„ ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏุงุช
378
00:28:05,260 --> 00:28:08,680
ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ repeating subunits ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ
379
00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:13,280
ู‡ู… ุงู„ูƒุงุจุณูŠูˆู…ูŠู† ู‡ู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุงู„ูƒุงุจุณูŠุชุนุงู„ูˆุง
380
00:28:13,280 --> 00:28:16,700
ุชุดูˆููˆุง ุงู„ุณููŠู†ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุกุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุฉ
381
00:28:16,700 --> 00:28:20,740
ุงู„ุฏู… ุญู…ุฑุงุกุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ TitanicุŒ
382
00:28:20,740 --> 00:28:24,380
ู‡ู…ู†ุงู‡ุงุŸ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุงู„ุณููŠู†ุฉ .. ุงู„ุณููŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
383
00:28:24,380 --> 00:28:29,020
ุดุงูŠููŠู†ู‡ุงุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ eco lineุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชุด
384
00:28:29,020 --> 00:28:32,020
.. ุฃูˆ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ bullet shape
385
00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:39,860
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุทูˆุจ ุชู…ุงู… ุงู„ block ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ bacteriophage
386
00:28:39,860 --> 00:28:43,400
ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฑ ุนุงุฑููŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ bacteriophage ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูˆ ุดูˆููˆุง
387
00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:47,880
ุจุนุถ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุทูˆูŠู„ ูˆ ุฑููŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุทูˆูŠู„
388
00:28:47,880 --> 00:28:52,120
ูˆ ุถุฎู… ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุฌู„ุฌ ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ
389
00:28:52,120 --> 00:28:56,440
ุงุณู…ู‡ Ebola virus ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุณู…ูˆู‡ worm-like worm-like
390
00:28:56,440 --> 00:29:00,400
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฏุฉ ุนุงู…ู„ ุฒูŠ ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฏุฉ ู„ูƒู† ู„ูˆ ุฌุฑุจู†ุง
391
00:29:00,400 --> 00:29:04,880
ุฃูƒุชุฑุงูƒุชุฑ ุงูƒุชุฑ ุงูƒุชุฑ ู‡ู†ุดูˆู ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุฌุฏุง
392
00:29:04,880 --> 00:29:09,500
ูˆุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ู„ู„ repeating subunits ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุณู…ูŠู†ุงู‡ุง
393
00:29:09,500 --> 00:29:14,780
capsules ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุชู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ูŠุง ุงู…ุง helical
394
00:29:14,780 --> 00:29:20,500
ุญู„ุฒูˆู†ูŠุฉ ูŠุง ุงู…ุง eicosahedral ุงูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ eicosahedral
395
00:29:28,260 --> 00:29:32,020
ุนุดุฑูˆู†ูŠ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆู‡ ุนุดุฑูˆู†ูŠ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆู‡ ู‡ู†ุดูˆู ุตูˆุฑ ูƒู…ุงู† ุดูˆูŠู‡
396
00:29:32,020 --> 00:29:37,220
ุฃุฏู‚ ู„ูƒู† ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุชุฃู…ู„ ุดูˆูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฌูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุฉ
397
00:29:37,220 --> 00:29:41,920
ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ุง ุฅูŠู‡ุงุก ุจุงู„ุญุฌูˆู… ุชุจุนุช ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช
398
00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:46,300
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ุง ููƒุฑุฉ ุฅู† ุงุญู†ุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุฏุฑุณุช ูˆ ุฑุฃูŠุชู‡ู…
399
00:29:46,300 --> 00:29:50,700
ุจุงู„ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆุณูƒูˆุจ ุชุจุชุถุคูŠุŸ ุณู‡ู„ ุงูˆ ู…ุงุจู„ุนูุด ุฃุดูˆููŠู‡ ูƒุฏู‡
400
00:29:50,700 --> 00:29:55,970
ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงูˆ ู…ุงุจู„ุนูุด ุฃุดูˆููŠู‡ุฃู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ุญุจูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ
401
00:29:55,970 --> 00:30:01,010
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู†ุนุทูŠ ุฅูŠู‡ุง ุจุงู„ูุฑูˆู‚ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฌูˆู… ู…ู† ุฃูƒุจุฑ ููŠุฑูˆุณ ุฒูŠ
402
00:30:01,010 --> 00:30:05,210
ุงู„ุงุจูˆู„ุง ูˆ ุงู„ box virus ู‡ุฐุง ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ุฑูˆุถ ุถุฎู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„
403
00:30:05,210 --> 00:30:09,330
box virus ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุฃุถุฎู… ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ู„ุฅู† ู‡ูˆ ุทูˆู„ ุจุนุฑุถ ู…ุด
404
00:30:09,330 --> 00:30:12,310
ุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุจุณ ุทูˆู„ ู‡ู†ุง ุทูˆู„ ู„ุฅู† ู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุชุฑ ุดูŠ ุงู„ ุงู„
405
00:30:12,310 --> 00:30:17,570
elongation ู‡ู†ุง ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ูƒุชูŠุฑ ูˆ ุฑุงูุนุฉ ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ
406
00:30:17,570 --> 00:30:21,900
ูƒู„ู‡ู…ูƒู„ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุญุชูŠ ุจุฌูˆุด ุฃูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู‚ุนุฏูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„
407
00:30:21,900 --> 00:30:24,940
cell membrane ุฃูˆ ุงู„ cell wall ุชุจุน ุงู„ุฅุดุฑูŠุด ู‡ูŠ ูƒูˆู„ุฉ
408
00:30:24,940 --> 00:30:29,640
ู…ุคุดุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅู†ู‡ู… ุจุงู„ูุนู„ they are small in size ู„ูƒู†
409
00:30:29,640 --> 00:30:32,520
variable variable ููŠ ุงู„ shapes ูˆ variable ููŠ ุงู„
410
00:30:32,520 --> 00:30:37,020
size ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุจุณูŠุท ู„
411
00:30:37,020 --> 00:30:40,540
two viruses ูˆุฑุงูŠู†ุง ุงู„ core ูˆ ุงู„ core ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฌูˆุง ุฏู‡ุงุด
412
00:30:40,540 --> 00:30:44,880
ุฏูŠูƒูˆู† ุฏูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง DNA ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง RNA ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡
413
00:30:44,880 --> 00:30:48,540
ุงุญู†ุง ูƒู„ู‡ collectively ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠูˆ ูƒุงุจุณูŠุฏ ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠูˆ ูƒุงุจุณูŠุฏ
414
00:30:48,540 --> 00:30:52,160
ู…ุน ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠูˆ ูƒุงุจุณูŠุฏ ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠูˆ ูƒุงุจุณูŠุฏ ูุฃุจุณุท ููŠุฑูˆุณ
415
00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,760
ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠูˆ ูƒุงุจุณูŠุฏ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ูŠุถุงู ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง
416
00:30:55,760 --> 00:30:59,380
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ ุงู„ envelope ุชู…ุงู… ูุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง envelope
417
00:30:59,380 --> 00:31:02,100
viruses ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏุงู…ู†ุง ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ envelope viruses
418
00:31:02,100 --> 00:31:06,280
ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ ุทุงู„ุน ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฃุดูˆุงูƒ ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ุง spikesู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ spikes
419
00:31:06,280 --> 00:31:10,760
ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุฅุดู„ุงูŠูƒูˆุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุฒ ุฅุดู„ุงูŠูƒูˆุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุฒ ูˆ
420
00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:15,600
ุจูŠุฎุชุตุฑูˆู‡ุง GP GP ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏุง ุงู„ GP ู‡ุฐุง ุฌุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู†
421
00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:18,700
ุนุดุงู† ุชูƒุชุจูˆู‡ ุฌุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ GP ุฃูˆ ุงู„
422
00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:21,180
ุฅุดู„ุงูŠูƒูˆุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุฒ ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู„ู…ุง ุชุฏุฑุณูˆุง ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุงู†
423
00:31:21,180 --> 00:31:25,120
ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู‡ุชุนุฑููˆุง ุฅู† ุงู„ GP ู„ู‡ ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏุง ุฌุฏุง ุฌุฏุง
424
00:31:25,120 --> 00:31:28,460
ููŠ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ attachment to the cells ูˆ ุฃูˆู„ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„
425
00:31:28,460 --> 00:31:31,200
viral infection ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ attachment ุจุฏูˆู†ู‡ุง ู…ุงููŠุด ู‡ู†ุง
426
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:36,480
ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ attachmentูƒู…ุงู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ุง ุฃุดูƒุงู„
427
00:31:36,480 --> 00:31:43,880
ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆู…ุชู†ูˆู…ูŠุฉ ุทู„ุนูˆุง ู‡ู†ุง very
428
00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:49,100
very small the smallest ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ ุงู„ box
429
00:31:49,100 --> 00:31:52,540
virus ุงู„ dollarist ู‡ุงูŠ ุนุดุฑูˆู† ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆู‡ ุดุงูŠููŠู†ู‡ ู‡ุฐุง
430
00:31:52,540 --> 00:31:57,360
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู…ุซู„ุซุงุช ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซุงุช ู‡ุฐู‡
431
00:31:57,360 --> 00:32:03,330
ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ุดูƒู„ spherical ุดูƒู„ sphericalู‡ุฐุง ุทุจุนุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู†
432
00:32:03,330 --> 00:32:06,450
ุงูŠู‡ุŸ Spiral ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงูŠู‡ุŸ ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง Spiral ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง
433
00:32:06,450 --> 00:32:10,570
ุงู„ูƒูˆุฒุงู‡ูŠุฏุฑุงู„ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุชุงู„ุชุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ Complex ุงู„
434
00:32:10,570 --> 00:32:15,690
Complex ุบุงู„ุจุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุฒูŠุฌ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„
435
00:32:15,690 --> 00:32:21,110
ุงู„ูƒูˆุฒุงู‡ูŠุฏุฑุงู„ ุฒูŠ ู…ุซู„ุง ุงู„ bacteriophage ู‡ุฐุง
436
00:32:21,110 --> 00:32:22,330
ุงู„ bacteriophage ุดุงูŠููŠู† ู‡ูˆุŸ
437
00:32:28,080 --> 00:32:31,840
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุจุชุจุนุชู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† helical ุฃูˆ ุงุณู…ู‡
438
00:32:31,840 --> 00:32:37,000
complex ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู†ุทุจู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงูŠูƒูˆุฒุง ู‡ูŠุฏุฑุงู„ ุงูˆ
439
00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:41,560
helical ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ุจุฑุถู‡ complex ุฅุฐุง complex helical
440
00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:43,000
ุงูŠูƒูˆุฒุง ู‡ูŠุฏุฑุงู„
441
00:32:50,630 --> 00:32:54,790
ุงู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆู† is located internally and can be
442
00:32:54,790 --> 00:32:59,890
either ูˆุงุญุฏ single or double-stranded DNA or
443
00:32:59,890 --> 00:33:05,110
single or double-stranded RNA ูŠุจุฌูŠ ุฃูƒู…ู†ู‡ ุนู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง
444
00:33:05,110 --> 00:33:09,910
ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุจุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ
445
00:33:09,910 --> 00:33:13,050
ุจูˆุณุชูุณุชุฑูุฑ double-stranded single-stranded DNA
446
00:33:18,300 --> 00:33:21,120
ููŠ ุงู„ R&A ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ู„ูƒูˆุง ููŠ single .. ููŠ ุงู„ single
447
00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:25,380
stranded ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ positive strand ุฃูˆ positive sense
448
00:33:25,380 --> 00:33:26,460
ูˆ negative sense
449
00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:32,580
Have genetic materials composed of a single
450
00:33:32,580 --> 00:33:35,640
-stranded DNA or of a single-stranded or double
451
00:33:35,640 --> 00:33:40,180
-stranded RNAุŸ ู‡ู„ ุฏุฑุณุชู… ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉ
452
00:33:40,180 --> 00:33:43,940
ุชุจุนุชู‡ุง ุชุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† single-stranded DNA ู‚ุจู„ ู‡ูŠูƒุŸ ู‡ู„
453
00:33:43,940 --> 00:33:48,340
ุฏุฑุณุชู… ุฅู† ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ุงุช ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ single ุฃูˆ
454
00:33:48,340 --> 00:33:53,160
double-stranded RNA ูู‚ุท ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุฉุŸ ุฅุฐู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
455
00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:56,940
ู‡ู†ุชุนุฑูู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ุงุช ุชู…ุชู„ูƒ unique
456
00:33:56,940 --> 00:34:01,670
characters ุตูุฑุงุช ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุฅู„ุงThe nucleic
457
00:34:01,670 --> 00:34:05,630
acids can be either linear or circular ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู†
458
00:34:05,630 --> 00:34:13,370
ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู…ุชุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฏุงุฆู…ุฉ ุงู„ DNA ู‡ูˆ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
459
00:34:13,370 --> 00:34:17,750
ุงู„ DNA ุบุงู„ุจุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฌุฒุก ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ RNA ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู†
460
00:34:17,750 --> 00:34:22,490
ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
461
00:34:22,490 --> 00:34:27,460
ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุจุชูˆุถุญ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุจู„ู‡ุง ู…ุซู„ุง ุจู‚ูˆู„ู†ุงboth
462
00:34:27,460 --> 00:34:32,240
influenza ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุทุจุนุง ุฑููŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุชุจุนู†ุง ู…ู†ุฐ ุงู„ุตุบุฑ
463
00:34:32,240 --> 00:34:37,140
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุชูƒู„ู…ู‡ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„
464
00:34:37,140 --> 00:34:42,060
influenza ู‚ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงู†ุฏุฑุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุชุจุนุชู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„
465
00:34:42,060 --> 00:34:49,760
ู…ุณุชู…ุฑ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆุจ ุชุจุนู‡ุง segmented ู…ู‚ุทุน ุจุฏู„ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ
466
00:34:49,760 --> 00:34:55,260
ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู‚ุทุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู‚ุทูŠุน ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุจูŠุณู‡ู„
467
00:34:55,260 --> 00:34:59,680
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุจุงุฏู„ุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ู„ู…ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุชุจุงุฏู„ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุฒูˆู… ุทูˆูŠู„
468
00:34:59,680 --> 00:35:03,520
ุชู…ุงู… ู…ุน ุจูŠุฑูˆุฒ ุชุงู†ูŠ ุงูˆ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุจูŠุฑูˆุฒ .. ู…ู† .. ู…ู†
469
00:35:03,520 --> 00:35:06,220
ุจูŠุฑูˆุฒ .. ู…ู† .. ู…ู† ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุงูŠู‡ุŸ
470
00:35:06,220 --> 00:35:10,180
ุฃุณุณ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุฏู‡ ุฑุงุญู†ุง ุงู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุชู…ุงู† ู‚ุทุน ุงู„
471
00:35:10,180 --> 00:35:14,460
influenza ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุชู…ุงู† ู‚ุทุน ู„ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† influenza ุบุฑุจ ุนู†
472
00:35:14,460 --> 00:35:19,200
ุจุนุถ ุบุฑุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ different strands ุฏุฎู„ูˆุง ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
473
00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:19,920
ู…ุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
474
00:35:23,230 --> 00:35:27,590
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ replication ุฃูˆ ุชุตู†ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุทูŠุฉ
475
00:35:27,590 --> 00:35:32,250
ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง packaging ุชุนุจูŠุฉ ุชูƒูˆู‘ุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจุณูŠุฏ
476
00:35:32,250 --> 00:35:35,750
ุจู†ุนุจูŠ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฉ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ
477
00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:41,010
ููŠ exchange ุชุจุงุฏู„ ูููŠุฑูˆุณ X ุจูŠุงุฎุฏ ู…ู† Y ู‚ุทุนุฉ ูˆ ู„ูˆ
478
00:35:41,010 --> 00:35:45,530
ู‚ุทุนุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูˆ ููŠุฑูˆุณ Y ุจูŠุงุฎุฏ ู…ู† X ู‚ุทุนุฉ ูˆ ุทู„ุนู†ุง new
479
00:35:45,530 --> 00:35:51,140
viruses ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ new viruses ุจุชู…ูˆุชู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ูˆ
480
00:35:51,140 --> 00:35:53,560
ูุชุฑุฉ ุจุทู„ุนู†ุง ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ู†ุงุฌุญุฉ .. ู†ุงุฌุญุฉ ู…ู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู†ุธุฑู‡ุง
481
00:35:53,560 --> 00:35:56,540
ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ .. ุงู‡ .. ุญุชู‰ ู†ุงุฌุญุฉ ู…ู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู†ุธุฑู‡ุง ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
482
00:35:56,540 --> 00:36:01,760
ุจุชู…ูˆุช .. ูˆ ุจุชุนู…ู„ู†ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุฒูŠ
483
00:36:01,760 --> 00:36:04,680
ุงู„ influenza ุงู„ุทูŠูˆุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ influenza ุงู„ุฎุงุชูŠุฑ ูˆ ู…ุง
484
00:36:04,680 --> 00:36:08,660
ุดุงุจู‡ ุฏุงู„ูƒ .. ุฎุฏูˆุง ุจุงู„ูƒู… ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ influenza ุดู‡ูŠุฑ ..
485
00:36:08,660 --> 00:36:14,720
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ 1918 ู‚ุชู„ุช ุงู„ influenza ุงู„ุฅุณุจุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงุฑุจุนูŠู†
486
00:36:14,720 --> 00:36:18,180
ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูˆ ุจุฌูˆุง ุฒู…ุงู† ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† .. ู…ุด ุฏู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
487
00:36:18,680 --> 00:36:22,360
ุงู„ุงุฑุจุนูŠู† ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุญุงู„ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุงุฑุจุนูŠู† ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู‡ู„ูˆู„ุฉ ู‡ู…
488
00:36:22,360 --> 00:36:25,520
ุงูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ู‚ุชู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
489
00:36:25,520 --> 00:36:28,240
ูˆุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ููŠุชู†ุงู…ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ
490
00:36:28,240 --> 00:36:32,820
ุงู„ุฃู‡ู„ูŠุฉ ุงูŠุด ุฑุงูŠูƒู…ุŸ ุนุดุงู†ูƒ ู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฎุงูŠููŠู†
491
00:36:32,820 --> 00:36:36,720
ู„ู…ุง ู‚ุงุฏุช influenza ุงู„ุทูŠูˆุฑ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ู…ุจุฑุฑ ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ
492
00:36:36,720 --> 00:36:41,860
ุจูŠู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ู‰ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุคุงู…ุฑุฉ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุงู†ู‡ ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ูˆ
493
00:36:41,860 --> 00:36:47,750
ุณูŠุงุณุฉ ุงู†ู‡ ุจูŠู…ูŠู„ู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ ..ุจุงู„ .. ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ
494
00:36:47,750 --> 00:36:54,090
ู„ุฃ ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู†ู‡ ู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒูˆุง ูุฑุตุฉ ุงู†ู‡ู…
495
00:36:54,090 --> 00:36:58,990
ูŠุณุชุนุฏูˆุง ู„ูˆุจุงุก ู‚ุงุฏู… ูŠุณุชุนุฏูˆุง .. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฑุตุฉ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏุฉ
496
00:36:58,990 --> 00:37:01,230
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู† ุงุญู†ุง ู†ุณุชุนุฏ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุจุงุก
497
00:37:01,230 --> 00:37:08,310
ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุฑุตุฏ ุฌูŠุฏ ูˆ .. ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู†ู‡ ู„ู…ุง ุงู„ .. ุงู„ ..
498
00:37:08,310 --> 00:37:14,590
ุงู„ุฅุนู„ุงู…ู†ุดุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุตุงุฑ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุฎูˆู ูƒุจูŠุฑ ูˆ
499
00:37:14,590 --> 00:37:17,870
ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุฉ ุฑุงุญุช ุตุงุฑูˆุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุด .. ู…ุด
500
00:37:17,870 --> 00:37:21,290
ุตุญูŠุญ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูƒุฐุจูŠู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุด ุตุงุฏู‚ูŠู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุนุทูˆู†ุง
501
00:37:21,290 --> 00:37:27,010
ุจูŠุฎูˆููˆู†ุง ุดูˆููˆุง ุงู„ .. ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ูˆูŠู‡ ุงู†ูู„ูˆุงู†ุฒุฉ
502
00:37:27,010 --> 00:37:30,170
ุงู„ุทูŠูˆุฑ .. ุงู†ูู„ูˆุงู†ุฒุฉ ุงู„ุทูŠูˆุฑ ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง highly
503
00:37:30,170 --> 00:37:34,590
pathogenic strain ุงูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ highly pathogenic ูŠุนู†ูŠ
504
00:37:34,590 --> 00:37:37,980
ุดุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฅู…ุฑุงุถ ุทุจูŠุนุชู‡ุง ุนุงู„ูŠ ุฌุฏุงู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ูˆููŠุงุช ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰
505
00:37:37,980 --> 00:37:40,660
ููŠู‡ุง ุชู„ุงุช ุณุชูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุชู„ุงุช ุณุชูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ
506
00:37:40,660 --> 00:37:45,180
ุฃู„ู ุฃุตูŠุจู‡ ุชู„ุงุช ุณุชู…ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุชู„ุงุชูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจูŠุฏู‡ู… ู…ูˆุชู‡
507
00:37:45,180 --> 00:37:50,820
ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุณุจุนุชู‡ุงุŸ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุงุจุชู†ุชู‚ู„ุด ู…ู†
508
00:37:50,820 --> 00:37:54,460
ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู„ุงุฒู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุทูŠุฑ ู„ู…ูŠู† ุฏู‡ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†
509
00:37:54,460 --> 00:37:59,640
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุนุฏุฏ ู„ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุณุช ุณุจุนุฉ ุณู†ุฉ ุณุช ุณู†ุงุช ุจุชู„ูู„ู ููŠ
510
00:37:59,640 --> 00:38:05,300
ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠุง ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุฃุตูŠุจู‡ ู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุฒูŠ ูˆุฒูŠ ุงู„ุฃู„ูุงู†ู„ุง ุชุฌุงูˆุฒู‡
511
00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:07,560
ูˆู„ุง ุงู„ูุงู† ุชุชุนุงู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„
512
00:38:07,560 --> 00:38:12,120
influenza ุงู„ุฎู†ุงุฒูŠุฑ ุงู„ influenza ุงู„ุฎู†ุงุฒูŠุฑ ุฃุตุจุญุช
513
00:38:12,120 --> 00:38:14,360
ุฃูƒุชุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ influenza ุงู„ู…ูˆุณู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุตู†ูุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„
514
00:38:14,360 --> 00:38:20,360
influenza ู…ูˆุณู…ูŠุฉ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ูˆููŠุงุช ููŠู‡ุง point 005 ูŠุนู†ูŠ
515
00:38:20,360 --> 00:38:24,900
ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ influenza ุงู„ู…ูˆุณู…ูŠุฉ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ูŠูˆู†
516
00:38:24,900 --> 00:38:28,760
ุจู…ูˆุชู„ู‡ ู„ูƒู† ุฎุฏูˆุง ุจุงู„ูƒู… ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ูˆ ุงู„ุชู‚ู‰
517
00:38:28,760 --> 00:38:35,150
ุงู„ุฎู†ุงุฒูŠุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ุทูŠูˆุฑ ูˆุชุจุงุฏู„ูˆุงู‡ุฐุง ุฃุนุทู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ ุนู„ู‰
518
00:38:35,150 --> 00:38:40,250
ุงู„ human transmission ูˆุงุญุชูุธ ุจุงู„ู€highly pathogenic
519
00:38:40,250 --> 00:38:45,470
ุงู„ู„ูŠ 63% ุงู„ู‚ุชู„ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุงูƒูŠู‡ ุญูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ
520
00:38:45,470 --> 00:38:48,990
ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ูˆุญูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ู‚ุชู„ ุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ู„ู…ุง ูŠุตุงุจูˆุง
521
00:38:48,990 --> 00:38:52,950
ุงู„ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ุจุงู„ influence ุงู„ุทูŠูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญุณู†ุฉ
522
00:38:52,950 --> 00:38:53,570
ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู„ุฉ
523
00:38:57,490 --> 00:39:02,370
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุชุจุงุฏู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ูˆูŠู†ุชุฌ
524
00:39:02,370 --> 00:39:05,770
ุนู†ู‡ุง ุณู„ุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุตู†ุฏูˆู‚ ูู„ุฃ ุงู†ุง ุจู‚ู‰ ู†ุงุฎุฏ
525
00:39:05,770 --> 00:39:09,510
ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุถูŠุน ู†ุงุฎุฏู‡ุง ุจู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆุนู‚ู„ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
526
00:39:09,510 --> 00:39:14,010
ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ูˆูƒู„ ุนุดุฑ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฅุฐุง ุจุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎู…ุณุงุดุฑ ุณู†ุฉ
527
00:39:14,010 --> 00:39:17,810
ุจูŠุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุณู„ุงู„ุงุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุณู„ุงู„ุงุช ุฒูŠ ู…ุซู„ุง ุงู„ SARS
528
00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:22,420
ู‡ูŠุทู„ุน ุงู† ุงุฎุฑ ุงุดูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ SARS ุงูˆ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑูˆู†ุง ุชุจุนู‡
529
00:39:22,420 --> 00:39:26,140
ู…ู† ุงู„ east ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ุงู„ุณุนูˆุฏูŠุฉ ุฌุงุนู„ู‡ ูููŠู‡
530
00:39:26,140 --> 00:39:29,860
ุงู† ูƒู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ูˆ ูุชุฑุฉ ุจูŠุทู„ุน ุณู„ุงู„ุงุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุงู…ุง ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ู„ู„
531
00:39:29,860 --> 00:39:33,680
drugs ุงูˆ ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุญุณู†ุฉ ุงูˆ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุตูุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ..
532
00:39:37,730 --> 00:39:41,930
ูƒู„ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุจุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ single copy ูƒู„ู…ุฉ single
533
00:39:41,930 --> 00:39:45,970
copy ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠุŸ ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ ..
534
00:39:45,970 --> 00:39:46,270
ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ ..
535
00:39:46,270 --> 00:39:46,270
ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ ..
536
00:39:46,270 --> 00:39:46,410
ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ ..
537
00:39:46,410 --> 00:39:46,930
ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ ..
538
00:39:46,930 --> 00:39:47,670
ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ ..
539
00:39:47,670 --> 00:39:58,150
ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ .. ู†ุณุฎุฉ ..
540
00:39:58,150 --> 00:40:01,690
ู†ุณุฎุฉ
541
00:40:01,690 --> 00:40:05,650
.. ู†ุณุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง diploid ูˆ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ
542
00:40:05,650 --> 00:40:08,970
ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง haploid ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ู†ุต ุนุฏ ู†ุต ุนุฏ
543
00:40:08,970 --> 00:40:12,390
ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุฒูˆู…ุงุชุŒ ู†ุต ุนุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุฒูˆู…ุงุชุŒ ุฅูŠู‡ ุดู‡ุฑ ุฏู‡ ููŠ ุนุฏ
544
00:40:12,390 --> 00:40:15,290
ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุฒูˆู…ุงุชุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุฒูˆู… ููŠู‡ two coversุŒ
545
00:40:15,290 --> 00:40:19,510
ูdiploid ูˆ haploidุŒ ูƒู„ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช are haploidุŒ
546
00:40:19,510 --> 00:40:25,360
ู…ุนุงุฏุฉุงู„ retrovirus ู†ุนู… ุงู„ retro virus ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุนุจุงุฑุฉ
547
00:40:25,360 --> 00:40:29,040
ุนู† deploy ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ aids ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู†ุชู…ูŠ ู„ู‡ ุงู„
548
00:40:29,040 --> 00:40:33,220
retro viruses ุจูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุนู„ู‰ two copies ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… two
549
00:40:33,220 --> 00:40:37,980
copies ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ exception ููŠ ุงู„ุณุทุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ
550
00:40:37,980 --> 00:40:42,460
ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† the exception is the retrovirus
551
00:40:42,460 --> 00:40:47,060
family whose members have two copies of their RNA
552
00:40:47,060 --> 00:40:52,540
genome is that they are deployedViral capsid and
553
00:40:52,540 --> 00:40:55,960
symmetry ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู†ุง ุญุฏุซุช ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงูˆ
554
00:40:55,960 --> 00:40:59,640
ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุชุจุนุชู‡ุง The nucleic acid is surrounded by
555
00:40:59,640 --> 00:41:02,680
a protein coat called a capsid ูˆุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ capsid
556
00:41:02,680 --> 00:41:06,620
ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† subunits ุณู…ูŠู†ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ capsomeres ูˆุงู†ุง
557
00:41:06,620 --> 00:41:09,660
ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ูˆู„ุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตุจูˆุฑ ูˆุดุฑุญุชู‡ ุงู„ุขู† ุงู†
558
00:41:09,660 --> 00:41:13,880
ูƒู„ ุงู„ capsomere ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† one or several proteins
559
00:41:13,880 --> 00:41:17,280
can be seen only in the electron microscope as
560
00:41:17,280 --> 00:41:21,900
spherical particlesSometimes with a central hole
561
00:41:21,900 --> 00:41:25,920
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ูุฑุฏุฉ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ูุฑุงุบ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ protein ุงู„ู„ูŠ
562
00:41:25,920 --> 00:41:31,680
ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ hole ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณุงุนุฏ ุงู„ .. ุงู„
563
00:41:31,680 --> 00:41:35,580
.. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ capsules ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ self assembly
564
00:41:35,580 --> 00:41:41,880
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฌู…ูŠุน is there the structure composed of
565
00:41:41,880 --> 00:41:46,880
the nucleic acid genomeand the capsid protein is
566
00:41:46,880 --> 00:41:49,040
called the nucleocapsid ูˆุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุญูƒูŠู†ุงู‡
567
00:41:49,040 --> 00:41:52,640
ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠูˆ ูƒุงุจุณูŠุฏ ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃุจุณุท ููŠุฑูˆุณ ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู† ู…ู†
568
00:41:52,640 --> 00:41:56,280
ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠูˆ ูƒุงุจุณูŠุฏ the arrangement of capsimers gives
569
00:41:56,280 --> 00:41:59,060
the virus structure its geometric symmetry ูˆุฅู†
570
00:41:59,060 --> 00:42:07,300
ุงู„ุณูŠู…ุชุฑูŠ ุชุจุนุชู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅูŠูƒูˆุฒุง ู‡ูŠู„ุฑุงู„ูˆุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ
571
00:42:07,300 --> 00:42:10,620
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุนู†ู‡ุง helical ูˆู‚ู„ู†ุง ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ู…ุซู„ู‡ุง ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ุฃ
572
00:42:10,620 --> 00:42:16,240
ู‡ูŠ ู…ุซู„ู‡ุง ุงู†ู‡ุง ุงูƒูˆุฒุง ูˆ ู‡ูŠ naked naked ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุงู„ูˆุด
573
00:42:16,240 --> 00:42:20,340
envelope ูˆ envelope ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนูƒุณ envelope ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู…ุง
574
00:42:20,340 --> 00:42:25,260
non envelope ุงูˆ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง naked ุบูŠุฑ ูˆุงู†ุง ุดุฑุญุช ูˆุงุฑุฌูˆ
575
00:42:25,260 --> 00:42:29,000
ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุธู„ูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฐุงูƒุฑู‡ ุงู† ุงู„ envelope ูŠู„ูˆ ู…ูŠุฒุฉู„ูƒู†
576
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:34,500
ุจุฑุถู‡ ุฅู„ูˆ ุนูŠุจ .. ูˆ ุงู„ุนูŠุจ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† .. ุจุนุฏูŠ it
577
00:42:34,500 --> 00:42:38,140
confirms in ุฃูˆ it confirms instability of the
578
00:42:38,140 --> 00:42:38,860
virus in
579
00:42:44,300 --> 00:42:47,740
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญูƒูŠุชู‡ ุนู† ุงู„ูƒุจุณูˆู…ูŠุฑุŒ ุฅูŠุด
580
00:42:47,740 --> 00:42:50,780
ุงู„ advantage of building the virus particle from
581
00:42:50,780 --> 00:42:53,700
identical protein separatesุŒ ุฃู†ุง ู‚ู„ุช ุงู„ glulesุŒ
582
00:42:53,700 --> 00:42:56,940
ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ identicalุŒ ูˆุงุญุฏ it reduces the need
583
00:42:56,940 --> 00:42:59,920
for genetic informationุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ genetic
584
00:42:59,920 --> 00:43:03,100
information ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฏู„ ู…ุง ู†ุญู…ู„ ..
585
00:43:03,100 --> 00:43:06,400
ุชุฎูŠู„ ู„ูˆ ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ..ู…ู† ู‚ุทุน ุญู…ุฑุง ุฃูˆ ุฒุฑู‚ุง ุฃูˆ
586
00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:10,000
ุตูุฑุง ุฃูˆ ุฃุญุฌุงู… ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุฃูˆ ูƒุฏู‡ุŒ ูู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุญูƒูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒู„
587
00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:13,540
ู‚ุทุน ุจุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุฌูŠู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุŒ ูู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุฅูŠู‡ุŸ
588
00:43:13,540 --> 00:43:18,420
ูุจุชู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ูƒูุงุกุฉ ุงู„ virus It promotes self-assembly
589
00:43:18,420 --> 00:43:25,040
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠุญุณู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃูˆ ุจูŠุณุงุนุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠ
590
00:43:25,040 --> 00:43:29,310
ุฃูˆ ุงู„ ..ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ .. ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ุจุชู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู† ููŠ
591
00:43:29,310 --> 00:43:36,370
ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุชู… ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ููŠุฑูˆุณ ูƒุงู…ู„ ุฏูˆู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูู‚ุท ุฃุฎุฏ
592
00:43:36,370 --> 00:43:38,910
ุงู„ capsomers ูˆ ุญุทูˆู‡ุง ููŠ test tube ูˆ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุงุชูƒูˆู†
593
00:43:38,910 --> 00:43:43,410
ููŠุฑูˆุณ ูƒุงู…ู„ุŒ ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ
594
00:43:43,410 --> 00:43:43,790
ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ