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Today we are going to see just a new chapter and |
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this is about definiteness and indefiniteness in |
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English and Arabic. We are going to see the |
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4 |
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definiteness system how nouns are defined in |
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English and Arabic. Definiteness is available in |
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6 |
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all languages, but some languages have overt systems |
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and some other languages have covert systems. |
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Chinese, for example, does not have any overt system. |
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9 |
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There are no equivalents for "a" or "n" or "the" or any |
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10 |
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article of definiteness or indefiniteness in any |
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in a language like English. So Chinese does not |
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have articles. It has only zero articles, covert |
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articles. Arabic has no articles, no indefinite |
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articles, but it has the definite article "ال" however |
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in English, we have the overt system, the |
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indefiniteness and definiteness system "a" and "n", this is |
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the indefinite article, and "the" plus the zero |
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article. Today we are going to navigate on the |
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definiteness and indefiniteness systems to |
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discover its secrets, how definiteness and |
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indefiniteness are constructed in English and |
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Arabic. So we need to touch the indefiniteness |
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system first. We mean, the morpheme "AN". This is |
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one article. "A" and "N" are one article. It is |
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indefinite article. However, "A" and "N" are |
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allomorphs of the same morpheme, the indefinite |
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article. Okay? This is used in English to single |
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the ideas expressed by the noun directly following |
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it. Once upon a time, there was a king. Once upon |
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a time, once upon a time, there was a king. A king |
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here is preceded by the indefinite article "A" |
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because it refers to a single idea. Okay, once |
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33 |
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upon a time, there was a king, the king was named |
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Shahrayar. So once you repeat the same thing, it |
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must be preceded by the definite article "the". |
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36 |
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Okay? The indefinite "a" and "n" article semantically |
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holds the sense of "any". The earth is like a ball. |
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38 |
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The room is like a sequoia. |
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Any square, any ball. |
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So, "A" and "N" are used to express a |
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41 |
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single idea that refers to one noun. And |
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semantically, it holds the sense of "any" as well. |
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So, the room is like a square, which square? Any |
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square. |
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45 |
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Semantically, the indefinite article "A" and "N" has |
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46 |
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specific meaning and generic meaning. So we have |
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47 |
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generic or specific meaning. Once it refers to a |
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48 |
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certain idea or object, then it is specific. |
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49 |
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However, if you speak generically about |
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50 |
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anything, any idea, this means that you refer, or |
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51 |
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you have, or "A" and "N" have the function, the generic |
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function. I'm looking for a book on computer |
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53 |
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technology. I'm looking for a book on computer |
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54 |
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technology. Which book? Any book. So it is |
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55 |
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generic. I need to read a story. Which story? Any |
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56 |
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story. Okay. It's generic. Okay. I need to buy a |
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57 |
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book in linguistics. Which book? Any book. So it |
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58 |
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is of generic meaning. Now, I bought a book in |
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59 |
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linguistics. I bought a book in linguistics. This |
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60 |
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is specific. A certain book. Okay. For example, it |
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61 |
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is "The Minimalist Program" by Noam Chomsky, for |
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62 |
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example. So one book. I know it. It is specific. |
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63 |
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Fine. I rented a flat. I rented a flat. |
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64 |
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Which flat? One flat. So is this specific or |
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65 |
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generic? It is specific. A guest came to visit us |
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66 |
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last night. What do you say? A guest. Specific |
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67 |
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guest. I know him. Okay. |
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68 |
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Okay. |
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69 |
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The indefinite article "A" and "N". It's also used with |
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70 |
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singular countable nouns to refer to countable |
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71 |
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nouns that have neither been mentioned in this |
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72 |
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course before nor |
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73 |
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situationally identified. |
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74 |
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There was a queen named Elizabeth. There was a |
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75 |
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queen named Elizabeth. Okay. A queen. Is it |
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76 |
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countable or uncountable? Countable. Okay. It |
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77 |
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refers to a certain person. Does it work here |
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78 |
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specifically or generically? Specifically. So it |
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79 |
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is of specific function semantically. |
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80 |
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Now, in the sentence "There was a queen." Is the |
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81 |
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noun mentioned before? No, this is the first time |
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82 |
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you hear it, okay? So any noun, any concrete, or |
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83 |
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any countable noun mentioned for the first time |
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84 |
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must be preceded by "a" or "n," okay? But if it is |
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85 |
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heard before, if it is mentioned before, then "a" |
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86 |
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and "n" must be replaced by "the." Okay. I have a son |
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87 |
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and a daughter. I have a son and a daughter. And |
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88 |
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the son and the daughter are students at the |
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89 |
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Islamic University of Gaza. Okay. For the first |
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90 |
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time, it is "a", "a". However, for the second time, it |
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91 |
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is "the," "the". Okay. We have a cat and a dog. A cat |
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92 |
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00:08:59,810 --> 00:09:06,290 |
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and a dog. The first time, the cat and the dog are |
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93 |
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00:09:06,290 --> 00:09:12,410 |
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very beautiful. Okay. Once I repeat, I replace the |
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94 |
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indefinite article with a definite article there. |
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95 |
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Okay. I'm reading a good book. I'm reading a good |
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96 |
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book. The book is on linguistics. So, for the first |
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97 |
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time, "a" book, for the second time, "the" book. |
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98 |
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00:09:40,630 --> 00:09:43,930 |
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Now, the indefinite article indicates a class |
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99 |
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relationship. Therefore, it precedes singular |
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100 |
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countable nouns used as representative members of |
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101 |
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the class. A cat can be beautiful, which cat? |
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102 |
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Any cat, so here is it specific or generic? It's |
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103 |
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00:10:05,330 --> 00:10:13,110 |
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generic. Okay, now, a cat is a representative. It |
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104 |
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00:10:13,110 --> 00:10:20,850 |
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is a representative member of the cat class, all cats. |
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105 |
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Plants are beautiful. I say, for example, "A tree is |
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106 |
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00:10:29,050 --> 00:10:44,390 |
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beautiful." Which tree? Any tree. Okay. Now |
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107 |
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00:10:44,390 --> 00:10:48,170 |
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once the noun is preceded or modified by |
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108 |
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00:10:48,170 --> 00:10:53,660 |
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attributive adjective, preceded by an adjective, it |
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109 |
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must be, or it can be preceded by "a" or "n." I say, |
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110 |
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Christine is becoming a nice girl. I |
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111 |
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can't say Christine is becoming "nice girl, a nice |
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112 |
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00:11:08,860 --> 00:11:12,620 |
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girl" because this is adjectival. Adjectival now. |
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113 |
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00:11:12,620 --> 00:11:20,880 |
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Okay. Hoda is becoming a clever girl, is becoming |
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114 |
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00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:24,480 |
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clever girl, a clever girl. So we have here an |
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115 |
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00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:30,400 |
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adjectival noun. Any adjectival noun accepts "A" or |
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116 |
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00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,740 |
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"N" according to its morphological construction. |
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117 |
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00:11:35,740 --> 00:11:39,560 |
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Either preceded by beginning with a vowel, or |
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118 |
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00:11:39,560 --> 00:11:44,000 |
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consonant. In case of a vowel, it is "N." In case of |
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119 |
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consonant, it's "A." For example, I say "university." |
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120 |
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Is it "A" or "N"? |
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121 |
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00:11:54,110 --> 00:11:59,550 |
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It is "A," a university. I say, "It's a university." |
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122 |
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00:11:59,770 --> 00:12:03,270 |
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This is "Ya", consonant. Ah. |
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123 |
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Okay. However, "ice cream," an ice cream. "Engineer"? |
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124 |
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00:12:14,930 --> 00:12:15,650 |
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Okay. |
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125 |
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00:12:18,620 --> 00:12:22,640 |
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Now, all professions and adjectives denoting |
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126 |
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00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:29,040 |
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religions are preceded by "A" or "N". I say, "I am a |
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127 |
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00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:35,220 |
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professor." I am a professor. I am a professor. So, |
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128 |
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00:12:35,220 --> 00:12:38,720 |
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this is my profession. You are a student. |
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129 |
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00:12:41,260 --> 00:12:46,940 |
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He is a mason. He is a windscatter. |
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130 |
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00:12:52,330 --> 00:12:57,590 |
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He's a doctor. Okay. So all professions and |
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131 |
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00:12:57,590 --> 00:13:06,450 |
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handicrafts are preceded by "A" or "N." My father is a |
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132 |
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teacher. Your father is an engineer, for example. |
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133 |
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Your dad is a doctor, your dad, accountant. Okay. He |
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134 |
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00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:28,580 |
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is an accountant. Okay. He's an accountant. Okay. Your |
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135 |
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00:13:28,580 --> 00:13:39,600 |
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dad. Okay. He's also an accountant. Your dad, a lawyer, |
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136 |
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00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:45,960 |
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okay. He's a lawyer. He is an advocate. Okay. So we |
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137 |
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00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:50,640 |
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have all professions and handcrafts are preceded |
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138 |
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00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:57,640 |
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by the indefinite article "A" or "N". Okay, adjectives |
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139 |
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00:13:57,640 --> 00:14:01,980 |
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of religions. I say "أنا مسلم," how could you |
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140 |
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00:14:01,980 --> 00:14:08,240 |
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translate it? "I am a Muslim." She is, she is a |
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141 |
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00:14:08,240 --> 00:14:14,580 |
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Christian. He is a Jew. So religions are preceded by |
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142 |
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00:14:14,580 --> 00:14:22,440 |
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"A" or "N". Okay? Now, all expressions, or some |
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143 |
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00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:25,820 |
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expressions of quantity and measurements, are also |
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144 |
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preceded by "A" or "N". For example, a pair of shoes. |
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145 |
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00:14:30,380 --> 00:14:38,460 |
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A pair. A. A little. We have "little" and "a little." |
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146 |
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Which is larger than the other, "little" or "a |
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147 |
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00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:48,180 |
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little"? No, no. A little is larger than little. A |
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148 |
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00:14:48,180 --> 00:14:55,860 |
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few, a few, few, few. A few is larger than few. |
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149 |
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00:14:56,640 --> 00:15:03,460 |
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Okay. A couple of minutes, a few, a hundred, a |
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150 |
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thousand, three tablets a day. Now we speak about |
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151 |
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the duration. Three tablets a day. I drove 80 |
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152 |
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00:15:13,790 --> 00:15:21,510 |
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miles an hour. So, day, hour, minute, are preceded |
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153 |
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00:15:21,510 --> 00:15:27,710 |
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by the indefinite article "A" or "N." So, three tablets |
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154 |
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00:15:27,710 --> 00:15:35,910 |
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a day. The child has to have the medicine by |
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155 |
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00:15:35,910 --> 00:15:45,830 |
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taking three teaspoonfuls a day. Okay. Three |
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156 |
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tablets a day, 80 kilometers an hour. The material |
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157 |
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00:15:51,430 --> 00:16:03,310 |
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is $10 a meter. $10 a meter. Okay. The apples |
|
|
|
158 |
|
00:16:06,890 --> 00:16:16,090 |
|
cost two dollars a kilo, okay, a pound, so all means |
|
|
|
159 |
|
00:16:16,090 --> 00:16:22,210 |
|
of quantity, okay, or measurements, units of |
|
|
|
160 |
|
00:16:22,210 --> 00:16:32,730 |
|
measurements, are preceded by "a" or "n." Type |
|
|
|
161 |
|
00:16:32,730 --> 00:16:38,440 |
|
now the proper nouns, which are used as adjectives |
|
|
|
162 |
|
00:16:38,440 --> 00:16:42,260 |
|
in the sentence, in the singular proper noun used |
|
|
|
163 |
|
00:16:42,260 --> 00:16:48,400 |
|
as an adjective, must be preceded by "a" or "n." He's a |
|
|
|
164 |
|
00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:55,400 |
|
Napoleon. He's a Napoleon. She's |
|
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|
165 |
|
00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:59,980 |
|
a Shakespeare. And she is like Shakespeare, he and |
|
|
|
166 |
|
00:16:59,980 --> 00:17:06,050 |
|
his courage is like Napoleon. Okay. So, if you use a |
|
|
|
167 |
|
00:17:06,050 --> 00:17:13,170 |
|
noun in place, or if you have a noun functioning as |
|
|
|
168 |
|
00:17:13,170 --> 00:17:17,770 |
|
an adjective, then it must be preceded by "A" or "N" |
|
|
|
169 |
|
00:17:17,770 --> 00:17:18,690 |
|
if it is singular. |
|
|
|
170 |
|
00:17:23,950 --> 00:17:27,290 |
|
Now, the adverbial expressions of time must be |
|
|
|
171 |
|
00:17:27,290 --> 00:17:33,370 |
|
preceded by "A" or "N." He sat for a while. He sat for |
|
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|
172 |
|
00:17:33,370 --> 00:17:38,990 |
|
an hour. He sat for a day. He stayed for a month. |
|
|
|
173 |
|
00:17:40,230 --> 00:17:47,810 |
|
He stayed with us for a year. Do you get that? Do |
|
|
|
174 |
|
00:17:47,810 --> 00:17:54,990 |
|
you understand? Hold on for a minute. Hold on for |
|
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|
175 |
|
00:17:54,990 --> 00:18:02,750 |
|
a minute. Okay. Hold on for a moment. Hold on for |
|
|
|
176 |
|
00:18:02,750 --> 00:18:05,650 |
|
a second. So, you have "A". |
|
|
|
177 |
|
00:18:08,470 --> 00:18:13,850 |
|
Now, greetings must be preceded by, must be |
|
|
|
178 |
|
00:18:13,850 --> 00:18:18,410 |
|
preceded by "A" or "N". I say, "have nice time," or, "have a |
|
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|
179 |
|
00:18:18,410 --> 00:18:24,450 |
|
nice time?" "Have a nice time." "Have a nice day." "Have |
|
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|
180 |
|
00:18:24,450 --> 00:18:29,070 |
|
a nice stay with us in Gaza." "Have a nice weekend." |
|
|
|
181 |
|
00:18:30,730 --> 00:18:38,360 |
|
Okay. "Have a nice exam." "Have a good exam." Once |
|
|
|
182 |
|
00:18:38,360 --> 00:18:41,400 |
|
you have greeting expressions, they are preceded |
|
|
|
183 |
|
00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:49,440 |
|
by "A" or "N." Okay. Now |
|
|
|
184 |
|
00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:52,480 |
|
"a" |
|
|
|
185 |
|
00:18:52,480 --> 00:18:57,680 |
|
"Merry Christmas to you, and a Happy New Year." It's |
|
|
|
186 |
|
00:18:57,680 --> 00:19:01,960 |
|
greeting. "Merry Christmas," it's preceded by "A." "Happy |
|
|
|
187 |
|
00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:06,000 |
|
New Year." It's also preceded by "A" because this is |
|
|
|
188 |
|
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:11,360 |
|
part of greeting. "أتمنى لك عيدا سعيدا." Is this |
|
|
|
189 |
|
00:19:11 |
|
|
|
223 |
|
00:22:15,310 --> 00:22:21,230 |
|
context of the sentence or the context where these |
|
|
|
224 |
|
00:22:21,230 --> 00:22:29,090 |
|
indefinite or definite articles used, okay, I |
|
|
|
225 |
|
00:22:29,090 --> 00:22:37,100 |
|
say, "For expressions of time, I sat for a while." It |
|
|
|
226 |
|
00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:41,400 |
|
is zero in Arabic, while in English, it must be |
|
|
|
227 |
|
00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:44,980 |
|
preceded by the indefinite article "A". Hold on for a |
|
|
|
228 |
|
00:22:44,980 --> 00:22:51,580 |
|
minute. A minute. |
|
|
|
229 |
|
00:22:51,580 --> 00:22:56,320 |
|
Okay. |
|
|
|
230 |
|
00:22:58,550 --> 00:23:00,710 |
|
Hold on for a moment. |
|
|
|
231 |
|
00:23:03,510 --> 00:23:08,410 |
|
With greetings and good wishes. I say, "Have a nice |
|
|
|
232 |
|
00:23:08,410 --> 00:23:09,190 |
|
time." |
|
|
|
233 |
|
00:23:12,070 --> 00:23:16,590 |
|
It is zero. However, in English, it must be |
|
|
|
234 |
|
00:23:16,590 --> 00:23:19,750 |
|
translated by using the indefinite article "a". |
|
|
|
235 |
|
00:23:20,350 --> 00:23:24,010 |
|
"Have a nice time. Have a nice day. Have a good |
|
|
|
236 |
|
00:23:24,010 --> 00:23:28,020 |
|
exam. Have a nice stay here with us in Gaza. Have |
|
|
|
237 |
|
00:23:28,020 --> 00:23:33,540 |
|
a nice return journey to your country. Okay?" |
|
|
|
238 |
|
00:23:38,040 --> 00:23:47,960 |
|
Now, similes take "A" or "N" mainly after the particle |
|
|
|
239 |
|
00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:53,800 |
|
"as" or "like." "He fought like a lion." He fought like |
|
|
|
240 |
|
00:23:53,800 --> 00:24:00,700 |
|
a lion. I don't say "He fought like a lion." He |
|
|
|
241 |
|
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:10,560 |
|
vanished like a ghost. So |
|
|
|
242 |
|
00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:17,540 |
|
I translate |
|
|
|
243 |
|
00:24:17,540 --> 00:24:23,060 |
|
it using the definite article. I |
|
|
|
244 |
|
00:24:23,060 --> 00:24:28,440 |
|
can say "اختفى كشبح." So it is not necessarily to |
|
|
|
245 |
|
00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:33,320 |
|
translate "A" and "N" with what is called zero article |
|
|
|
246 |
|
00:24:33,320 --> 00:24:34,640 |
|
in Arabic. |
|
|
|
247 |
|
00:24:37,020 --> 00:24:37,320 |
|
Okay. |
|
|
|
248 |
|
00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:51,420 |
|
But in English, you have to say, you can't say, "He |
|
|
|
249 |
|
00:24:51,420 --> 00:24:59,190 |
|
fought fiercely like the lion." Like a lion, okay? So |
|
|
|
250 |
|
00:24:59,190 --> 00:25:01,690 |
|
you have to take care about this once you |
|
|
|
251 |
|
00:25:01,690 --> 00:25:08,750 |
|
translate. Okay? The cardinal numbers, or the |
|
|
|
252 |
|
00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:12,990 |
|
cardinal number one replaces the indefinite |
|
|
|
253 |
|
00:25:12,990 --> 00:25:21,590 |
|
article "a" or "n" for emphasis. I can cross out "a" or "n" |
|
|
|
254 |
|
00:25:21,590 --> 00:25:26,960 |
|
and replace "one" instead, just for emphasis. "He |
|
|
|
255 |
|
00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:31,540 |
|
bought one suit and two shirts." One suit. I can't |
|
|
|
256 |
|
00:25:31,540 --> 00:25:35,200 |
|
say "a suit." I emphasize that he bought only one |
|
|
|
257 |
|
00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:40,940 |
|
suit. One suit. Okay. He bought one suit. Okay. |
|
|
|
258 |
|
00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:43,540 |
|
"One" here is for indefiniteness. |
|
|
|
259 |
|
00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:53,610 |
|
These, now, اشترى بدلة واحدة و قميصين, but it is |
|
|
|
260 |
|
00:25:53,610 --> 00:25:59,730 |
|
zero. Okay? So now, we have overt indefiniteness |
|
|
|
261 |
|
00:25:59,730 --> 00:26:03,410 |
|
system in English, represented, or translated, in an |
|
|
|
262 |
|
00:26:03,410 --> 00:26:07,510 |
|
"a" or "n", while in Arabic, we have zero indefiniteness |
|
|
|
263 |
|
00:26:07,510 --> 00:26:15,210 |
|
However, for translating, I cannot be bound to have |
|
|
|
264 |
|
00:26:15,210 --> 00:26:19,050 |
|
equivalence, okay? Because in Arabic, we don't have |
|
|
|
265 |
|
00:26:20,100 --> 00:26:24,020 |
|
indefiniteness system. It is covert. Some |
|
|
|
266 |
|
00:26:24,020 --> 00:26:30,420 |
|
sentences, mainly in similes, in some sentences, |
|
|
|
267 |
|
00:26:30,540 --> 00:26:38,360 |
|
we translate the "A" and "N" into in Arabic. So, if you |
|
|
|
268 |
|
00:26:38,360 --> 00:26:40,480 |
|
have this sentence to be translated into English, |
|
|
|
269 |
|
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:45,040 |
|
you have to say, "He fought like a lion." We don't |
|
|
|
270 |
|
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,580 |
|
say "He fought like the lion." It's not accepted |
|
|
|
271 |
|
00:26:48,580 --> 00:26:52,080 |
|
Okay? So, as you see, Arabic is different from |
|
|
|
272 |
|
00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:56,400 |
|
English. The two languages are semantically and |
|
|
|
273 |
|
00:26:56,400 --> 00:27:04,800 |
|
grammatically different from each other. Okay, now |
|
|
|
274 |
|
00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:08,800 |
|
the definite article. We have the definite article |
|
|
|
275 |
|
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:14,440 |
|
"the" in English. It's equivalent to التعريف in |
|
|
|
276 |
|
00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:20,070 |
|
Arabic. But semantically, they are not the same. You |
|
|
|
277 |
|
00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:23,470 |
|
can't translate "the" التعريف by the in all the |
|
|
|
278 |
|
00:27:23,470 --> 00:27:28,510 |
|
times. You can't translate the into التعريف in |
|
|
|
279 |
|
00:27:28,510 --> 00:27:32,850 |
|
all times, mainly because the function of each one |
|
|
|
280 |
|
00:27:32,850 --> 00:27:35,690 |
|
of these definite articles in the two languages |
|
|
|
281 |
|
00:27:35,690 --> 00:27:41,930 |
|
differ from each other. Let's see the function of |
|
|
|
282 |
|
00:27:41,930 --> 00:27:46,880 |
|
"the" in English. Okay. First, you know that that |
|
|
|
283 |
|
00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:52,320 |
|
precedes the nouns, like "A" and "N." Okay, the noun |
|
|
|
284 |
|
00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:52,700 |
|
phrase. |
|
|
|
285 |
|
00:27:57,220 --> 00:28:01,440 |
|
It refers to the noun which refers to an entity |
|
|
|
286 |
|
00:28:01,440 --> 00:28:05,620 |
|
known by the speaker and the listener, meaning the |
|
|
|
287 |
|
00:28:05,620 --> 00:28:09,540 |
|
addresser and the addressee. If you, too, speak |
|
|
|
288 |
|
00:28:09,540 --> 00:28:14,900 |
|
about a certain entity, or a certain thing, known by |
|
|
|
289 |
|
00:28:14,900 --> 00:28:20,260 |
|
you all, then you must precede this noun by using |
|
|
|
290 |
|
00:28:20,260 --> 00:28:27,370 |
|
"the." Okay? "The professor is absent today." The |
|
|
|
291 |
|
00:28:27,370 --> 00:28:31,190 |
|
professor is absent today. You know, what do I |
|
|
|
292 |
|
00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:35,750 |
|
mean? Okay? I mean your professor, whom you are |
|
|
|
293 |
|
00:28:35,750 --> 00:28:39,750 |
|
familiar with. So I say "the professor." Okay. |
|
|
|
294 |
|
00:28:44,850 --> 00:28:49,650 |
|
"The prime minister greeted |
|
|
|
295 |
|
00:28:49,650 --> 00:28:56,630 |
|
the released prisoners yesterday." You know him. |
|
|
|
296 |
|
00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:01,920 |
|
Okay? So you say "the prime minister." Okay, I say |
|
|
|
297 |
|
00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:06,720 |
|
"the legislative council." You know what I, what do |
|
|
|
298 |
|
00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:11,680 |
|
I mean? Okay? You know what I mean? The |
|
|
|
299 |
|
00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:15,880 |
|
legislative council. How many legislative councils |
|
|
|
300 |
|
00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:20,320 |
|
are there in Gaza? One. So, it is preceded by |
|
|
|
301 |
|
00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,480 |
|
them. Okay. |
|
|
|
302 |
|
00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:27,940 |
|
So I say "the prime minister, the legislative |
|
|
|
303 |
|
00:29:27,940 --> 00:29:35,600 |
|
council, the parliament." Okay. The university. |
|
|
|
304 |
|
00:29:38,820 --> 00:29:44,100 |
|
You know, you know it. Okay. So once you speak |
|
|
|
305 |
|
00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:46,760 |
|
about an entity, or a noun phrase, known by the |
|
|
|
306 |
|
00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:51,340 |
|
speaker and the listener, then you use "the." Okay. |
|
|
|
307 |
|
00:29:54,670 --> 00:30:01,930 |
|
Now, if you have a noun, preceded by, or the |
|
|
|
308 |
|
00:30:01,930 --> 00:30:07,850 |
|
noun is followed by relative clause, relative |
|
|
|
309 |
|
00:30:07,850 --> 00:30:13,890 |
|
particle, complementizer, like "who, whom, whose, |
|
|
|
310 |
|
00:30:14,410 --> 00:30:19,810 |
|
which, that," then this noun, which precedes the |
|
|
|
311 |
|
00:30:19,810 --> 00:30:29,050 |
|
complementizer has "the." I say, for example, "the |
|
|
|
312 |
|
00:30:29,050 --> 00:30:33,670 |
|
man who was standing there is my uncle." The man |
|
|
|
313 |
|
00:30:33,670 --> 00:30:39,750 |
|
who was. I can say "man who was." Since you have "who" |
|
|
|
314 |
|
00:30:39,750 --> 00:30:43,370 |
|
as a complementizer, or as a relative pronoun, as |
|
|
|
315 |
|
00:30:43,370 --> 00:30:47,630 |
|
you name it, then it is preceded by the definite |
|
|
|
316 |
|
00:30:47,630 --> 00:30:49,030 |
|
article, "the." |
|
|
|
317 |
|
00:30:52,570 --> 00:30:55,610 |
|
"The car which I bought yesterday was very |
|
|
|
318 |
|
00:30:55,610 --> 00:30:56,250 |
|
expensive." |
|
|
|
319 |
|
00:30:59,470 --> 00:31:05,070 |
|
The car. I don't say "car which was." Since you have |
|
|
|
320 |
|
00:31:05,070 --> 00:31:07,990 |
|
"which," then the noun preceding it must be preceded |
|
|
|
321 |
|
00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:13,150 |
|
by the definite article there. Okay? Now, if you |
|
|
|
322 |
|
00:31:13,150 --> 00:31:18,430 |
|
have also a noun followed by a preposition phrase |
|
|
|
323 |
|
00:31:19,430 --> 00:31:22,250 |
|
Then it must be preceded by the definite article |
|
|
|
324 |
|
00:31:22,250 --> 00:31:27,170 |
|
that I say "the 10th of April." Of April is a preposition |
|
|
|
325 |
|
00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:31,910 |
|
phrase. The 10th of April. 10th is a noun. So, it |
|
|
|
326 |
|
00:31:31,910 --> 00:31:35,270 |
|
must be preceded by "the." Okay. |
|
|
|
327 |
|
00:31:42,510 --> 00:31:43,170 |
|
Okay. |
|
|
|
328 |
|
00:31:50,130 --> 00:31:54,850 |
|
"Most of the food was consumed." Why do we have "the" |
|
|
|
329 |
|
00:31:54,850 --> 00:31:56,890 |
|
here before the noun "food"? |
|
|
|
330 |
|
00:32:00,950 --> 00:32:07,790 |
|
Why does the noun "food" have "the"? |
|
|
|
331 |
|
00:32:10,150 --> 00:32:13,890 |
|
"Most of |
|
|
|
332 |
|
00:32:13,890 --> 00:32:16,410 |
|
the food was consumed." Now, you enter your kitchen, |
|
|
|
333 |
|
00:32:17,790 --> 00:32:22,650 |
|
and you find, you open the fridge, okay? And you |
|
|
|
334 |
|
00:32:22,650 --> 00:32:25,710 |
|
say to your mom, "Most of the food was consumed." |
|
|
|
335 |
|
00:32:27,570 --> 00:32:31,170 |
|
The food. The food is an entity known by the |
|
|
|
336 |
|
00:32:31,170 --> 00:32:33,850 |
|
speaker and the listener. So, it is there. |
|
|
|
337 |
|
00:32:40,150 --> 00:32:45,110 |
|
Now, proper names usually don't have any article. |
|
|
|
338 |
|
00:32:46,410 --> 00:32:51,090 |
|
"Ahmed, Mohammed, John, Mary, Chris," don't have any |
|
|
|
339 |
|
00:32:51,090 --> 00:32:54,410 |
|
article. Okay? However, some names of countries, |
|
|
|
340 |
|
00:32:54,990 --> 00:32:58,390 |
|
cities, or localities, are preceded by the definite |
|
|
|
341 |
|
00:32:58,390 --> 00:33:02,810 |
|
article "the." I say "the Sudan, the United States, |
|
|
|
342 |
|
00:33:03,870 --> 00:33:08,390 |
|
the Congo." I say "the West Bank, the Gaza Strip." |
|
|
|
343 |
|
00:33:09,140 --> 00:33:14,400 |
|
"The United Nations." The compound nouns are |
|
|
|
344 |
|
00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:18,460 |
|
preceded by the definite article there. We cannot |
|
|
|
345 |
|
00:33:18,460 --> 00:33:22,920 |
|
say "Gaza Strip." The Gaza Strip. I can't say "West |
|
|
|
346 |
|
00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:30,200 |
|
Bank." The West Bank. Okay? "The Arab, the United |
|
|
|
347 |
|
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:38,550 |
|
Arab Emirates." Okay. Now, names of oceans, seas, |
|
|
|
348 |
|
00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:42,850 |
|
rivers, deserts are always preceded by the |
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|
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349 |
|
00:33:42,850 --> 00:33:47,470 |
|
definite article, "the." Okay? I say "the Atlantic, |
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|
|
350 |
|
00:33:48,770 --> 00:33:53,690 |
|
the Pacific, the Nile, the Red Sea, the Euphrates." |
|
|
|
351 |
|
00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,530 |
|
Okay? So, once you speak about water, about seas |
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352 |
|
00:34:00,530 --> 00:34:05,170 |
|
and oceans, you must use a definite article. البحر |
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|
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353 |
|
00:34:05,170 --> 00:34:11,730 |
|
الأبيض المتوسط. I say "the Mediterranean Sea." I |
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|
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354 |
|
00:34:11,730 --> 00:34:13,710 |
|
can't say "Mediterranean Sea." The Mediterranean |
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|
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355 |
|
00:34:13,710 --> 00:34:15,510 |
|
Sea. Okay. |
|
|
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356 |
|
00:34:20,970 --> 00:34:29,120 |
|
I say "بحر الشمال", the North Sea. Okay. |
|
|
|
357 |
|
00:34:32,780 --> 00:34:36,180 |
|
Now, the definite article precedes the plural names |
|
|
|
358 |
|
00:34:36,180 --> 00:34:40,320 |
|
and family names followed by a noun. "The Johnson's |
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|
|
359 |
|
00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:45,220 |
|
bought a new house last month." The family of |
|
|
|
360 |
|
00:34:45,220 --> 00:34:51,020 |
|
Johnson's. Usernames can be preceded by the |
|
|
|
361 |
|
00:34:51,020 --> 00:34:52,940 |
|
definite article there. Okay. |
|
|
|
362 |
|
00:35:01,210 --> 00:35:05,070 |
|
"I met the Masturbator family when I visited Japan." |
|
|
|
363 |
|
00:35:06,450 --> 00:35:10,330 |
|
The Masturbator family here, the surname is |
|
|
|
364 |
|
00:35:10,330 --> 00:35:15,770 |
|
preceded by the definite article "the." You have |
|
|
|
365 |
|
00:35:15,770 --> 00:35:23,530 |
|
this in the Arab Gulf countries. So, instead of |
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|
|
366 |
|
00:35:23,530 --> 00:35:28,930 |
|
saying "Walid Amir," if I teach just in Qatar, or in |
|
|
|
367 |
|
00:35:28,930 --> 00:35:32,210 |
|
Saudi Arabia, or whatever, they must say "Dr. Walid |
|
|
|
368 |
|
00:35:32,210 --> 00:35:37,430 |
|
Al Amir," as a sort of respect, it seems. So, their |
|
|
|
369 |
|
00:35:37,430 --> 00:35:42,830 |
|
dialects do not accept zero article before the |
|
|
|
370 |
|
00:35:42,830 --> 00:35:47,890 |
|
surname. They accept always the ال التعريف. So |
|
|
|
371 |
|
00:35:47,890 --> 00:35:52,070 |
|
here we have this in English. The family name |
|
|
|
372 |
|
00:35:54,720 --> 00:36:08,040 |
|
can have the definite article, okay? Once used, |
|
|
|
373 |
|
00:36:08,340 --> 00:36:10,940 |
|
I mean, the plural name, the family name, the |
|
|
|
374 |
|
00:36:10,940 --> 00:36:14,940 |
|
plural name has |
|
|
|
375 |
|
00:36:14,940 --> 00:36:18,080 |
|
the definite article if followed by a noun. "The |
|
|
|
376 |
|
00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:25,000 |
|
Johnsons bought a new house." Okay? The Mustapara |
|
|
|
377 |
|
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:25,540 |
|
family. |
|
|
|
378 |
|
00:36:29,380 --> 00:36:33,620 |
|
Mustapara plus family. A surname plus a noun. |
|
|
|
379 |
|
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:34,940 |
|
Okay. |
|
|
|
380 |
|
00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:43,440 |
|
The definite article precedes things or entities |
|
|
|
381 |
|
00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:49,520 |
|
which exist in the universe as unique as when I |
|
|
|
382 |
|
00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:54,670 |
|
see the sun. The moon. How many moons are there? |
|
|
|
383 |
|
00:36:56,350 --> 00:37:02,610 |
|
One. How many suns? One. So, "the sun, the moon, the |
|
|
|
384 |
|
00:37:02,610 --> 00:37:05,570 |
|
Quran, the Holy Quran." |
|
|
|
385 |
|
00:37:10,530 --> 00:37:16,110 |
|
The plural nationalities must be preceded by the |
|
|
|
386 |
|
00:37:16,110 --> 00:37:20,250 |
|
definite article "the." I say "the Japanese, the |
|
|
|
387 |
|
00:37:20,250 --> 00:37:26,650 |
|
French, the British." So what's the difference |
|
|
|
388 |
|
00:37:26,650 --> 00:37:32,050 |
|
between "the English" and "English"? "English" refers to |
|
|
|
389 |
|
00:37:32,050 --> 00:37:38,670 |
|
language. "The English" refers to nationality. Okay. |
|
|
|
390 |
|
00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:48,370 |
|
So, we as Palestinians, is it available to say |
|
|
|
391 |
|
00:37:48,370 --> 00:37:52,460 |
|
"Palestinians" or "the Palestinians?" What's the |
|
|
|
392 |
|
00:37:52,460 --> 00:37:55,880 |
|
difference in translation? Once I say "the |
|
|
|
393 |
|
00:37:55,880 --> 00:37:59,300 |
|
Palestinians," we mean that we are people, we are a |
|
|
|
394 |
|
00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:04,000 |
|
nation confessed by all people. However, if we say |
|
|
|
395 |
|
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:09,680 |
|
"Palestinians," like the CNN, or our enemies call us, |
|
|
|
396 |
|
00:38:10,240 --> 00:38:15,620 |
|
this means that we refer to gangs, or groups of people |
|
|
|
397 |
|
00:38:15,620 --> 00:38:21,350 |
|
that cannot be identified as a nation. Okay? So, |
|
|
|
398 |
|
00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:25,230 |
|
you as Palestinian translators must say about |
|
|
|
399 |
|
00:38:25,230 --> 00:38:28,670 |
|
yourselves as "Palestinians" or "the Palestinians?" |
|
|
|
400 |
|
00:38:28,970 --> 00:38:31,990 |
|
The Palestinians. Okay? |
|
|
|
401 |
|
00:38:34,630 --> 00:38:37,930 |
|
So, this is taken once you translate from English |
|
|
|
402 |
|
00:38:37,930 --> 00:38:41,690 |
|
to Arabic. From the BBC, you must use what is |
|
|
|
403 |
|
00:38:41,690 --> 00:38:46,350 |
|
called "managing in translation." Okay, insert your |
|
|
|
404 |
|
00:38:46,350 --> 00:38:48,250 |
|
own beliefs, your own ideas. |
|
|
|
405 |
|
00:38:50,950 --> 00:38:56,450 |
|
Now, we have also the abstract adjectives, used as |
|
|
|
406 |
|
00:38:56,450 --> 00:39:04,410 |
|
nouns. Abstract adjectives. The rich must |
|
|
|
407 |
|
00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:18,600 |
|
give money, or give donations, to the poor, to the |
|
|
|
408 |
|
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:27,220 |
|
needy. You must be highly kind to the aged. |
|
|
|
409 |
|
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:36,640 |
|
The "poor" is an adjective. It stands here in place |
|
|
|
410 |
|
00:39:36,640 --> 00:39:39,360 |
|
of a noun. So, it must be preceded by the definite |
|
|
|
411 |
|
00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:40,140 |
|
article there. |
|
|
|
412 |
|
00:39:42,870 --> 00:39:49,170 |
|
Okay. So "the |
|
|
|
413 |
|
00:39:49, |
|
|
|
445 |
|
00:43:35,340 --> 00:43:38,580 |
|
Now that precedes the object in the immediate |
|
|
|
446 |
|
00:43:38,580 --> 00:43:39,740 |
|
situation use. |
|
|
|
447 |
|
00:43:42,980 --> 00:43:47,560 |
|
That precedes the object in the immediate |
|
|
|
448 |
|
00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:53,360 |
|
situation use. Now I need to cover my eyes and you |
|
|
|
449 |
|
00:43:53,360 --> 00:44:00,200 |
|
need to warn me about the steps. Okay. You say |
|
|
|
450 |
|
00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:06,620 |
|
mind the gap or mind the stairs. Mind the steps. |
|
|
|
451 |
|
00:44:13,060 --> 00:44:22,180 |
|
Mind the gap. This is immediate situation use. So |
|
|
|
452 |
|
00:44:22,180 --> 00:44:26,040 |
|
it precedes the object in the immediate situation |
|
|
|
453 |
|
00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:32,880 |
|
use. Who's going to mind? Someone you this is a |
|
|
|
454 |
|
00:44:32,880 --> 00:44:36,560 |
|
subject so we speak about the object mind the gap |
|
|
|
455 |
|
00:44:36,560 --> 00:44:41,100 |
|
the gap is an object it is used here the in the |
|
|
|
456 |
|
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,780 |
|
immediate situation mind the gap mind the steps |
|
|
|
457 |
|
00:44:44,780 --> 00:44:52,060 |
|
mind the stairs okay mind the cup okay |
|
|
|
458 |
|
00:44:52,060 --> 00:44:55,620 |
|
mind the cup you see |
|
|
|
459 |
|
00:45:05,360 --> 00:45:09,640 |
|
Now, don't go there. The police are looking for |
|
|
|
460 |
|
00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:15,040 |
|
you. The police. The, because it is immediate |
|
|
|
461 |
|
00:45:15,040 --> 00:45:20,920 |
|
situation. It's plural. You see? So, next time we |
|
|
|
462 |
|
00:45:20,920 --> 00:45:23,180 |
|
are going, we need to terminate here and next time |
|
|
|
463 |
|
00:45:23,180 --> 00:45:25,960 |
|
we are going to complete with a zero article and |
|
|
|
464 |
|
00:45:25,960 --> 00:45:28,760 |
|
need to touch Arabic and make a comparison or |
|
|
|
465 |
|
00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:32,540 |
|
contrast between the two languages. Okay, that's |
|
|
|
466 |
|
00:45:32,540 --> 00:45:33,580 |
|
it for today. Thank you. |
|
|