abdullah's picture
Add files using upload-large-folder tool
53bc6e0 verified
raw
history blame
32.3 kB
1
00:00:16,960 --> 00:00:22,380
Today we are going to see just a new chapter and
2
00:00:22,380 --> 00:00:25,760
this is about definiteness and indefiniteness in
3
00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:30,100
English and Arabic. We are going to see the
4
00:00:30,100 --> 00:00:36,660
definiteness system how nouns are defined in
5
00:00:36,660 --> 00:00:42,300
English and Arabic. Definiteness is available in
6
00:00:42,300 --> 00:00:47,120
all languages, but some languages have overt systems
7
00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:50,820
and some other languages have covert systems.
8
00:00:50,820 --> 00:00:57,540
Chinese, for example, does not have any overt system.
9
00:01:00,170 --> 00:01:06,930
There are no equivalents for "a" or "n" or "the" or any
10
00:01:06,930 --> 00:01:12,150
article of definiteness or indefiniteness in any
11
00:01:12,150 --> 00:01:16,430
in a language like English. So Chinese does not
12
00:01:16,430 --> 00:01:25,310
have articles. It has only zero articles, covert
13
00:01:25,310 --> 00:01:32,470
articles. Arabic has no articles, no indefinite
14
00:01:32,470 --> 00:01:37,990
articles, but it has the definite article "ال" however
15
00:01:37,990 --> 00:01:42,130
in English, we have the overt system, the
16
00:01:42,130 --> 00:01:48,590
indefiniteness and definiteness system "a" and "n", this is
17
00:01:48,590 --> 00:01:52,650
the indefinite article, and "the" plus the zero
18
00:01:52,650 --> 00:01:59,970
article. Today we are going to navigate on the
19
00:01:59,970 --> 00:02:03,470
definiteness and indefiniteness systems to
20
00:02:03,470 --> 00:02:09,470
discover its secrets, how definiteness and
21
00:02:09,470 --> 00:02:14,470
indefiniteness are constructed in English and
22
00:02:14,470 --> 00:02:18,930
Arabic. So we need to touch the indefiniteness
23
00:02:18,930 --> 00:02:26,740
system first. We mean, the morpheme "AN". This is
24
00:02:26,740 --> 00:02:31,160
one article. "A" and "N" are one article. It is
25
00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:36,400
indefinite article. However, "A" and "N" are
26
00:02:36,400 --> 00:02:40,840
allomorphs of the same morpheme, the indefinite
27
00:02:40,840 --> 00:02:50,770
article. Okay? This is used in English to single
28
00:02:50,770 --> 00:02:54,250
the ideas expressed by the noun directly following
29
00:02:54,250 --> 00:03:00,350
it. Once upon a time, there was a king. Once upon
30
00:03:00,350 --> 00:03:05,030
a time, once upon a time, there was a king. A king
31
00:03:05,030 --> 00:03:10,790
here is preceded by the indefinite article "A"
32
00:03:10,790 --> 00:03:15,970
because it refers to a single idea. Okay, once
33
00:03:15,970 --> 00:03:19,410
upon a time, there was a king, the king was named
34
00:03:19,410 --> 00:03:26,030
Shahrayar. So once you repeat the same thing, it
35
00:03:26,030 --> 00:03:28,530
must be preceded by the definite article "the".
36
00:03:29,350 --> 00:03:36,590
Okay? The indefinite "a" and "n" article semantically
37
00:03:36,590 --> 00:03:41,690
holds the sense of "any". The earth is like a ball.
38
00:03:42,690 --> 00:03:44,610
The room is like a sequoia.
39
00:03:47,470 --> 00:03:50,610
Any square, any ball.
40
00:03:56,910 --> 00:04:07,910
So, "A" and "N" are used to express a
41
00:04:07,910 --> 00:04:13,870
single idea that refers to one noun. And
42
00:04:13,870 --> 00:04:17,750
semantically, it holds the sense of "any" as well.
43
00:04:18,530 --> 00:04:23,670
So, the room is like a square, which square? Any
44
00:04:23,670 --> 00:04:23,990
square.
45
00:04:30,570 --> 00:04:35,690
Semantically, the indefinite article "A" and "N" has
46
00:04:35,690 --> 00:04:43,210
specific meaning and generic meaning. So we have
47
00:04:43,210 --> 00:04:51,830
generic or specific meaning. Once it refers to a
48
00:04:51,830 --> 00:04:57,490
certain idea or object, then it is specific.
49
00:04:58,410 --> 00:05:02,190
However, if you speak generically about
50
00:05:05,150 --> 00:05:09,350
anything, any idea, this means that you refer, or
51
00:05:09,350 --> 00:05:15,250
you have, or "A" and "N" have the function, the generic
52
00:05:15,250 --> 00:05:18,750
function. I'm looking for a book on computer
53
00:05:18,750 --> 00:05:23,470
technology. I'm looking for a book on computer
54
00:05:23,470 --> 00:05:28,710
technology. Which book? Any book. So it is
55
00:05:28,710 --> 00:05:35,330
generic. I need to read a story. Which story? Any
56
00:05:35,330 --> 00:05:43,790
story. Okay. It's generic. Okay. I need to buy a
57
00:05:43,790 --> 00:05:49,590
book in linguistics. Which book? Any book. So it
58
00:05:49,590 --> 00:05:56,230
is of generic meaning. Now, I bought a book in
59
00:05:56,230 --> 00:06:02,650
linguistics. I bought a book in linguistics. This
60
00:06:02,650 --> 00:06:09,490
is specific. A certain book. Okay. For example, it
61
00:06:09,490 --> 00:06:12,390
is "The Minimalist Program" by Noam Chomsky, for
62
00:06:12,390 --> 00:06:17,470
example. So one book. I know it. It is specific.
63
00:06:19,050 --> 00:06:24,350
Fine. I rented a flat. I rented a flat.
64
00:06:27,450 --> 00:06:33,230
Which flat? One flat. So is this specific or
65
00:06:33,230 --> 00:06:38,610
generic? It is specific. A guest came to visit us
66
00:06:38,610 --> 00:06:45,070
last night. What do you say? A guest. Specific
67
00:06:45,070 --> 00:06:47,710
guest. I know him. Okay.
68
00:06:56,810 --> 00:06:57,490
Okay.
69
00:07:00,090 --> 00:07:05,010
The indefinite article "A" and "N". It's also used with
70
00:07:05,010 --> 00:07:10,230
singular countable nouns to refer to countable
71
00:07:10,230 --> 00:07:13,730
nouns that have neither been mentioned in this
72
00:07:13,730 --> 00:07:18,830
course before nor
73
00:07:18,830 --> 00:07:21,270
situationally identified.
74
00:07:23,130 --> 00:07:28,790
There was a queen named Elizabeth. There was a
75
00:07:28,790 --> 00:07:34,780
queen named Elizabeth. Okay. A queen. Is it
76
00:07:34,780 --> 00:07:39,520
countable or uncountable? Countable. Okay. It
77
00:07:39,520 --> 00:07:44,040
refers to a certain person. Does it work here
78
00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:50,000
specifically or generically? Specifically. So it
79
00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,720
is of specific function semantically.
80
00:07:57,980 --> 00:08:01,990
Now, in the sentence "There was a queen." Is the
81
00:08:01,990 --> 00:08:06,430
noun mentioned before? No, this is the first time
82
00:08:06,430 --> 00:08:11,230
you hear it, okay? So any noun, any concrete, or
83
00:08:11,230 --> 00:08:14,890
any countable noun mentioned for the first time
84
00:08:14,890 --> 00:08:21,710
must be preceded by "a" or "n," okay? But if it is
85
00:08:21,710 --> 00:08:25,610
heard before, if it is mentioned before, then "a"
86
00:08:25,610 --> 00:08:31,330
and "n" must be replaced by "the." Okay. I have a son
87
00:08:31,330 --> 00:08:38,590
and a daughter. I have a son and a daughter. And
88
00:08:38,590 --> 00:08:41,850
the son and the daughter are students at the
89
00:08:41,850 --> 00:08:46,270
Islamic University of Gaza. Okay. For the first
90
00:08:46,270 --> 00:08:50,670
time, it is "a", "a". However, for the second time, it
91
00:08:50,670 --> 00:08:59,810
is "the," "the". Okay. We have a cat and a dog. A cat
92
00:08:59,810 --> 00:09:06,290
and a dog. The first time, the cat and the dog are
93
00:09:06,290 --> 00:09:12,410
very beautiful. Okay. Once I repeat, I replace the
94
00:09:12,410 --> 00:09:15,390
indefinite article with a definite article there.
95
00:09:15,810 --> 00:09:20,650
Okay. I'm reading a good book. I'm reading a good
96
00:09:20,650 --> 00:09:27,530
book. The book is on linguistics. So, for the first
97
00:09:27,530 --> 00:09:31,030
time, "a" book, for the second time, "the" book.
98
00:09:40,630 --> 00:09:43,930
Now, the indefinite article indicates a class
99
00:09:43,930 --> 00:09:49,470
relationship. Therefore, it precedes singular
100
00:09:49,470 --> 00:09:53,650
countable nouns used as representative members of
101
00:09:53,650 --> 00:09:57,510
the class. A cat can be beautiful, which cat?
102
00:10:00,190 --> 00:10:05,330
Any cat, so here is it specific or generic? It's
103
00:10:05,330 --> 00:10:13,110
generic. Okay, now, a cat is a representative. It
104
00:10:13,110 --> 00:10:20,850
is a representative member of the cat class, all cats.
105
00:10:20,850 --> 00:10:29,050
Plants are beautiful. I say, for example, "A tree is
106
00:10:29,050 --> 00:10:44,390
beautiful." Which tree? Any tree. Okay. Now
107
00:10:44,390 --> 00:10:48,170
once the noun is preceded or modified by
108
00:10:48,170 --> 00:10:53,660
attributive adjective, preceded by an adjective, it
109
00:10:53,660 --> 00:10:58,600
must be, or it can be preceded by "a" or "n." I say,
110
00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:05,000
Christine is becoming a nice girl. I
111
00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:08,860
can't say Christine is becoming "nice girl, a nice
112
00:11:08,860 --> 00:11:12,620
girl" because this is adjectival. Adjectival now.
113
00:11:12,620 --> 00:11:20,880
Okay. Hoda is becoming a clever girl, is becoming
114
00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:24,480
clever girl, a clever girl. So we have here an
115
00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:30,400
adjectival noun. Any adjectival noun accepts "A" or
116
00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,740
"N" according to its morphological construction.
117
00:11:35,740 --> 00:11:39,560
Either preceded by beginning with a vowel, or
118
00:11:39,560 --> 00:11:44,000
consonant. In case of a vowel, it is "N." In case of
119
00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:48,780
consonant, it's "A." For example, I say "university."
120
00:11:50,130 --> 00:11:51,130
Is it "A" or "N"?
121
00:11:54,110 --> 00:11:59,550
It is "A," a university. I say, "It's a university."
122
00:11:59,770 --> 00:12:03,270
This is "Ya", consonant. Ah.
123
00:12:06,330 --> 00:12:13,530
Okay. However, "ice cream," an ice cream. "Engineer"?
124
00:12:14,930 --> 00:12:15,650
Okay.
125
00:12:18,620 --> 00:12:22,640
Now, all professions and adjectives denoting
126
00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:29,040
religions are preceded by "A" or "N". I say, "I am a
127
00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:35,220
professor." I am a professor. I am a professor. So,
128
00:12:35,220 --> 00:12:38,720
this is my profession. You are a student.
129
00:12:41,260 --> 00:12:46,940
He is a mason. He is a windscatter.
130
00:12:52,330 --> 00:12:57,590
He's a doctor. Okay. So all professions and
131
00:12:57,590 --> 00:13:06,450
handicrafts are preceded by "A" or "N." My father is a
132
00:13:06,450 --> 00:13:12,350
teacher. Your father is an engineer, for example.
133
00:13:13,050 --> 00:13:22,760
Your dad is a doctor, your dad, accountant. Okay. He
134
00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:28,580
is an accountant. Okay. He's an accountant. Okay. Your
135
00:13:28,580 --> 00:13:39,600
dad. Okay. He's also an accountant. Your dad, a lawyer,
136
00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:45,960
okay. He's a lawyer. He is an advocate. Okay. So we
137
00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:50,640
have all professions and handcrafts are preceded
138
00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:57,640
by the indefinite article "A" or "N". Okay, adjectives
139
00:13:57,640 --> 00:14:01,980
of religions. I say "أنا مسلم," how could you
140
00:14:01,980 --> 00:14:08,240
translate it? "I am a Muslim." She is, she is a
141
00:14:08,240 --> 00:14:14,580
Christian. He is a Jew. So religions are preceded by
142
00:14:14,580 --> 00:14:22,440
"A" or "N". Okay? Now, all expressions, or some
143
00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:25,820
expressions of quantity and measurements, are also
144
00:14:25,820 --> 00:14:29,480
preceded by "A" or "N". For example, a pair of shoes.
145
00:14:30,380 --> 00:14:38,460
A pair. A. A little. We have "little" and "a little."
146
00:14:39,460 --> 00:14:42,160
Which is larger than the other, "little" or "a
147
00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:48,180
little"? No, no. A little is larger than little. A
148
00:14:48,180 --> 00:14:55,860
few, a few, few, few. A few is larger than few.
149
00:14:56,640 --> 00:15:03,460
Okay. A couple of minutes, a few, a hundred, a
150
00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:09,250
thousand, three tablets a day. Now we speak about
151
00:15:09,250 --> 00:15:13,790
the duration. Three tablets a day. I drove 80
152
00:15:13,790 --> 00:15:21,510
miles an hour. So, day, hour, minute, are preceded
153
00:15:21,510 --> 00:15:27,710
by the indefinite article "A" or "N." So, three tablets
154
00:15:27,710 --> 00:15:35,910
a day. The child has to have the medicine by
155
00:15:35,910 --> 00:15:45,830
taking three teaspoonfuls a day. Okay. Three
156
00:15:45,830 --> 00:15:51,430
tablets a day, 80 kilometers an hour. The material
157
00:15:51,430 --> 00:16:03,310
is $10 a meter. $10 a meter. Okay. The apples
158
00:16:06,890 --> 00:16:16,090
cost two dollars a kilo, okay, a pound, so all means
159
00:16:16,090 --> 00:16:22,210
of quantity, okay, or measurements, units of
160
00:16:22,210 --> 00:16:32,730
measurements, are preceded by "a" or "n." Type
161
00:16:32,730 --> 00:16:38,440
now the proper nouns, which are used as adjectives
162
00:16:38,440 --> 00:16:42,260
in the sentence, in the singular proper noun used
163
00:16:42,260 --> 00:16:48,400
as an adjective, must be preceded by "a" or "n." He's a
164
00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:55,400
Napoleon. He's a Napoleon. She's
165
00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:59,980
a Shakespeare. And she is like Shakespeare, he and
166
00:16:59,980 --> 00:17:06,050
his courage is like Napoleon. Okay. So, if you use a
167
00:17:06,050 --> 00:17:13,170
noun in place, or if you have a noun functioning as
168
00:17:13,170 --> 00:17:17,770
an adjective, then it must be preceded by "A" or "N"
169
00:17:17,770 --> 00:17:18,690
if it is singular.
170
00:17:23,950 --> 00:17:27,290
Now, the adverbial expressions of time must be
171
00:17:27,290 --> 00:17:33,370
preceded by "A" or "N." He sat for a while. He sat for
172
00:17:33,370 --> 00:17:38,990
an hour. He sat for a day. He stayed for a month.
173
00:17:40,230 --> 00:17:47,810
He stayed with us for a year. Do you get that? Do
174
00:17:47,810 --> 00:17:54,990
you understand? Hold on for a minute. Hold on for
175
00:17:54,990 --> 00:18:02,750
a minute. Okay. Hold on for a moment. Hold on for
176
00:18:02,750 --> 00:18:05,650
a second. So, you have "A".
177
00:18:08,470 --> 00:18:13,850
Now, greetings must be preceded by, must be
178
00:18:13,850 --> 00:18:18,410
preceded by "A" or "N". I say, "have nice time," or, "have a
179
00:18:18,410 --> 00:18:24,450
nice time?" "Have a nice time." "Have a nice day." "Have
180
00:18:24,450 --> 00:18:29,070
a nice stay with us in Gaza." "Have a nice weekend."
181
00:18:30,730 --> 00:18:38,360
Okay. "Have a nice exam." "Have a good exam." Once
182
00:18:38,360 --> 00:18:41,400
you have greeting expressions, they are preceded
183
00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:49,440
by "A" or "N." Okay. Now
184
00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:52,480
"a"
185
00:18:52,480 --> 00:18:57,680
"Merry Christmas to you, and a Happy New Year." It's
186
00:18:57,680 --> 00:19:01,960
greeting. "Merry Christmas," it's preceded by "A." "Happy
187
00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:06,000
New Year." It's also preceded by "A" because this is
188
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:11,360
part of greeting. "أتمنى لك عيدا سعيدا." Is this
189
00:19:11
223
00:22:15,310 --> 00:22:21,230
context of the sentence or the context where these
224
00:22:21,230 --> 00:22:29,090
indefinite or definite articles used, okay, I
225
00:22:29,090 --> 00:22:37,100
say, "For expressions of time, I sat for a while." It
226
00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:41,400
is zero in Arabic, while in English, it must be
227
00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:44,980
preceded by the indefinite article "A". Hold on for a
228
00:22:44,980 --> 00:22:51,580
minute. A minute.
229
00:22:51,580 --> 00:22:56,320
Okay.
230
00:22:58,550 --> 00:23:00,710
Hold on for a moment.
231
00:23:03,510 --> 00:23:08,410
With greetings and good wishes. I say, "Have a nice
232
00:23:08,410 --> 00:23:09,190
time."
233
00:23:12,070 --> 00:23:16,590
It is zero. However, in English, it must be
234
00:23:16,590 --> 00:23:19,750
translated by using the indefinite article "a".
235
00:23:20,350 --> 00:23:24,010
"Have a nice time. Have a nice day. Have a good
236
00:23:24,010 --> 00:23:28,020
exam. Have a nice stay here with us in Gaza. Have
237
00:23:28,020 --> 00:23:33,540
a nice return journey to your country. Okay?"
238
00:23:38,040 --> 00:23:47,960
Now, similes take "A" or "N" mainly after the particle
239
00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:53,800
"as" or "like." "He fought like a lion." He fought like
240
00:23:53,800 --> 00:24:00,700
a lion. I don't say "He fought like a lion." He
241
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:10,560
vanished like a ghost. So
242
00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:17,540
I translate
243
00:24:17,540 --> 00:24:23,060
it using the definite article. I
244
00:24:23,060 --> 00:24:28,440
can say "اختفى كشبح." So it is not necessarily to
245
00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:33,320
translate "A" and "N" with what is called zero article
246
00:24:33,320 --> 00:24:34,640
in Arabic.
247
00:24:37,020 --> 00:24:37,320
Okay.
248
00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:51,420
But in English, you have to say, you can't say, "He
249
00:24:51,420 --> 00:24:59,190
fought fiercely like the lion." Like a lion, okay? So
250
00:24:59,190 --> 00:25:01,690
you have to take care about this once you
251
00:25:01,690 --> 00:25:08,750
translate. Okay? The cardinal numbers, or the
252
00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:12,990
cardinal number one replaces the indefinite
253
00:25:12,990 --> 00:25:21,590
article "a" or "n" for emphasis. I can cross out "a" or "n"
254
00:25:21,590 --> 00:25:26,960
and replace "one" instead, just for emphasis. "He
255
00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:31,540
bought one suit and two shirts." One suit. I can't
256
00:25:31,540 --> 00:25:35,200
say "a suit." I emphasize that he bought only one
257
00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:40,940
suit. One suit. Okay. He bought one suit. Okay.
258
00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:43,540
"One" here is for indefiniteness.
259
00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:53,610
These, now, اشترى بدلة واحدة و قميصين, but it is
260
00:25:53,610 --> 00:25:59,730
zero. Okay? So now, we have overt indefiniteness
261
00:25:59,730 --> 00:26:03,410
system in English, represented, or translated, in an
262
00:26:03,410 --> 00:26:07,510
"a" or "n", while in Arabic, we have zero indefiniteness
263
00:26:07,510 --> 00:26:15,210
However, for translating, I cannot be bound to have
264
00:26:15,210 --> 00:26:19,050
equivalence, okay? Because in Arabic, we don't have
265
00:26:20,100 --> 00:26:24,020
indefiniteness system. It is covert. Some
266
00:26:24,020 --> 00:26:30,420
sentences, mainly in similes, in some sentences,
267
00:26:30,540 --> 00:26:38,360
we translate the "A" and "N" into in Arabic. So, if you
268
00:26:38,360 --> 00:26:40,480
have this sentence to be translated into English,
269
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:45,040
you have to say, "He fought like a lion." We don't
270
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,580
say "He fought like the lion." It's not accepted
271
00:26:48,580 --> 00:26:52,080
Okay? So, as you see, Arabic is different from
272
00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:56,400
English. The two languages are semantically and
273
00:26:56,400 --> 00:27:04,800
grammatically different from each other. Okay, now
274
00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:08,800
the definite article. We have the definite article
275
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:14,440
"the" in English. It's equivalent to التعريف in
276
00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:20,070
Arabic. But semantically, they are not the same. You
277
00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:23,470
can't translate "the" التعريف by the in all the
278
00:27:23,470 --> 00:27:28,510
times. You can't translate the into التعريف in
279
00:27:28,510 --> 00:27:32,850
all times, mainly because the function of each one
280
00:27:32,850 --> 00:27:35,690
of these definite articles in the two languages
281
00:27:35,690 --> 00:27:41,930
differ from each other. Let's see the function of
282
00:27:41,930 --> 00:27:46,880
"the" in English. Okay. First, you know that that
283
00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:52,320
precedes the nouns, like "A" and "N." Okay, the noun
284
00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:52,700
phrase.
285
00:27:57,220 --> 00:28:01,440
It refers to the noun which refers to an entity
286
00:28:01,440 --> 00:28:05,620
known by the speaker and the listener, meaning the
287
00:28:05,620 --> 00:28:09,540
addresser and the addressee. If you, too, speak
288
00:28:09,540 --> 00:28:14,900
about a certain entity, or a certain thing, known by
289
00:28:14,900 --> 00:28:20,260
you all, then you must precede this noun by using
290
00:28:20,260 --> 00:28:27,370
"the." Okay? "The professor is absent today." The
291
00:28:27,370 --> 00:28:31,190
professor is absent today. You know, what do I
292
00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:35,750
mean? Okay? I mean your professor, whom you are
293
00:28:35,750 --> 00:28:39,750
familiar with. So I say "the professor." Okay.
294
00:28:44,850 --> 00:28:49,650
"The prime minister greeted
295
00:28:49,650 --> 00:28:56,630
the released prisoners yesterday." You know him.
296
00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:01,920
Okay? So you say "the prime minister." Okay, I say
297
00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:06,720
"the legislative council." You know what I, what do
298
00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:11,680
I mean? Okay? You know what I mean? The
299
00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:15,880
legislative council. How many legislative councils
300
00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:20,320
are there in Gaza? One. So, it is preceded by
301
00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,480
them. Okay.
302
00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:27,940
So I say "the prime minister, the legislative
303
00:29:27,940 --> 00:29:35,600
council, the parliament." Okay. The university.
304
00:29:38,820 --> 00:29:44,100
You know, you know it. Okay. So once you speak
305
00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:46,760
about an entity, or a noun phrase, known by the
306
00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:51,340
speaker and the listener, then you use "the." Okay.
307
00:29:54,670 --> 00:30:01,930
Now, if you have a noun, preceded by, or the
308
00:30:01,930 --> 00:30:07,850
noun is followed by relative clause, relative
309
00:30:07,850 --> 00:30:13,890
particle, complementizer, like "who, whom, whose,
310
00:30:14,410 --> 00:30:19,810
which, that," then this noun, which precedes the
311
00:30:19,810 --> 00:30:29,050
complementizer has "the." I say, for example, "the
312
00:30:29,050 --> 00:30:33,670
man who was standing there is my uncle." The man
313
00:30:33,670 --> 00:30:39,750
who was. I can say "man who was." Since you have "who"
314
00:30:39,750 --> 00:30:43,370
as a complementizer, or as a relative pronoun, as
315
00:30:43,370 --> 00:30:47,630
you name it, then it is preceded by the definite
316
00:30:47,630 --> 00:30:49,030
article, "the."
317
00:30:52,570 --> 00:30:55,610
"The car which I bought yesterday was very
318
00:30:55,610 --> 00:30:56,250
expensive."
319
00:30:59,470 --> 00:31:05,070
The car. I don't say "car which was." Since you have
320
00:31:05,070 --> 00:31:07,990
"which," then the noun preceding it must be preceded
321
00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:13,150
by the definite article there. Okay? Now, if you
322
00:31:13,150 --> 00:31:18,430
have also a noun followed by a preposition phrase
323
00:31:19,430 --> 00:31:22,250
Then it must be preceded by the definite article
324
00:31:22,250 --> 00:31:27,170
that I say "the 10th of April." Of April is a preposition
325
00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:31,910
phrase. The 10th of April. 10th is a noun. So, it
326
00:31:31,910 --> 00:31:35,270
must be preceded by "the." Okay.
327
00:31:42,510 --> 00:31:43,170
Okay.
328
00:31:50,130 --> 00:31:54,850
"Most of the food was consumed." Why do we have "the"
329
00:31:54,850 --> 00:31:56,890
here before the noun "food"?
330
00:32:00,950 --> 00:32:07,790
Why does the noun "food" have "the"?
331
00:32:10,150 --> 00:32:13,890
"Most of
332
00:32:13,890 --> 00:32:16,410
the food was consumed." Now, you enter your kitchen,
333
00:32:17,790 --> 00:32:22,650
and you find, you open the fridge, okay? And you
334
00:32:22,650 --> 00:32:25,710
say to your mom, "Most of the food was consumed."
335
00:32:27,570 --> 00:32:31,170
The food. The food is an entity known by the
336
00:32:31,170 --> 00:32:33,850
speaker and the listener. So, it is there.
337
00:32:40,150 --> 00:32:45,110
Now, proper names usually don't have any article.
338
00:32:46,410 --> 00:32:51,090
"Ahmed, Mohammed, John, Mary, Chris," don't have any
339
00:32:51,090 --> 00:32:54,410
article. Okay? However, some names of countries,
340
00:32:54,990 --> 00:32:58,390
cities, or localities, are preceded by the definite
341
00:32:58,390 --> 00:33:02,810
article "the." I say "the Sudan, the United States,
342
00:33:03,870 --> 00:33:08,390
the Congo." I say "the West Bank, the Gaza Strip."
343
00:33:09,140 --> 00:33:14,400
"The United Nations." The compound nouns are
344
00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:18,460
preceded by the definite article there. We cannot
345
00:33:18,460 --> 00:33:22,920
say "Gaza Strip." The Gaza Strip. I can't say "West
346
00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:30,200
Bank." The West Bank. Okay? "The Arab, the United
347
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:38,550
Arab Emirates." Okay. Now, names of oceans, seas,
348
00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:42,850
rivers, deserts are always preceded by the
349
00:33:42,850 --> 00:33:47,470
definite article, "the." Okay? I say "the Atlantic,
350
00:33:48,770 --> 00:33:53,690
the Pacific, the Nile, the Red Sea, the Euphrates."
351
00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,530
Okay? So, once you speak about water, about seas
352
00:34:00,530 --> 00:34:05,170
and oceans, you must use a definite article. البحر
353
00:34:05,170 --> 00:34:11,730
الأبيض المتوسط. I say "the Mediterranean Sea." I
354
00:34:11,730 --> 00:34:13,710
can't say "Mediterranean Sea." The Mediterranean
355
00:34:13,710 --> 00:34:15,510
Sea. Okay.
356
00:34:20,970 --> 00:34:29,120
I say "بحر الشمال", the North Sea. Okay.
357
00:34:32,780 --> 00:34:36,180
Now, the definite article precedes the plural names
358
00:34:36,180 --> 00:34:40,320
and family names followed by a noun. "The Johnson's
359
00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:45,220
bought a new house last month." The family of
360
00:34:45,220 --> 00:34:51,020
Johnson's. Usernames can be preceded by the
361
00:34:51,020 --> 00:34:52,940
definite article there. Okay.
362
00:35:01,210 --> 00:35:05,070
"I met the Masturbator family when I visited Japan."
363
00:35:06,450 --> 00:35:10,330
The Masturbator family here, the surname is
364
00:35:10,330 --> 00:35:15,770
preceded by the definite article "the." You have
365
00:35:15,770 --> 00:35:23,530
this in the Arab Gulf countries. So, instead of
366
00:35:23,530 --> 00:35:28,930
saying "Walid Amir," if I teach just in Qatar, or in
367
00:35:28,930 --> 00:35:32,210
Saudi Arabia, or whatever, they must say "Dr. Walid
368
00:35:32,210 --> 00:35:37,430
Al Amir," as a sort of respect, it seems. So, their
369
00:35:37,430 --> 00:35:42,830
dialects do not accept zero article before the
370
00:35:42,830 --> 00:35:47,890
surname. They accept always the ال التعريف. So
371
00:35:47,890 --> 00:35:52,070
here we have this in English. The family name
372
00:35:54,720 --> 00:36:08,040
can have the definite article, okay? Once used,
373
00:36:08,340 --> 00:36:10,940
I mean, the plural name, the family name, the
374
00:36:10,940 --> 00:36:14,940
plural name has
375
00:36:14,940 --> 00:36:18,080
the definite article if followed by a noun. "The
376
00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:25,000
Johnsons bought a new house." Okay? The Mustapara
377
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:25,540
family.
378
00:36:29,380 --> 00:36:33,620
Mustapara plus family. A surname plus a noun.
379
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:34,940
Okay.
380
00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:43,440
The definite article precedes things or entities
381
00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:49,520
which exist in the universe as unique as when I
382
00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:54,670
see the sun. The moon. How many moons are there?
383
00:36:56,350 --> 00:37:02,610
One. How many suns? One. So, "the sun, the moon, the
384
00:37:02,610 --> 00:37:05,570
Quran, the Holy Quran."
385
00:37:10,530 --> 00:37:16,110
The plural nationalities must be preceded by the
386
00:37:16,110 --> 00:37:20,250
definite article "the." I say "the Japanese, the
387
00:37:20,250 --> 00:37:26,650
French, the British." So what's the difference
388
00:37:26,650 --> 00:37:32,050
between "the English" and "English"? "English" refers to
389
00:37:32,050 --> 00:37:38,670
language. "The English" refers to nationality. Okay.
390
00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:48,370
So, we as Palestinians, is it available to say
391
00:37:48,370 --> 00:37:52,460
"Palestinians" or "the Palestinians?" What's the
392
00:37:52,460 --> 00:37:55,880
difference in translation? Once I say "the
393
00:37:55,880 --> 00:37:59,300
Palestinians," we mean that we are people, we are a
394
00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:04,000
nation confessed by all people. However, if we say
395
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:09,680
"Palestinians," like the CNN, or our enemies call us,
396
00:38:10,240 --> 00:38:15,620
this means that we refer to gangs, or groups of people
397
00:38:15,620 --> 00:38:21,350
that cannot be identified as a nation. Okay? So,
398
00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:25,230
you as Palestinian translators must say about
399
00:38:25,230 --> 00:38:28,670
yourselves as "Palestinians" or "the Palestinians?"
400
00:38:28,970 --> 00:38:31,990
The Palestinians. Okay?
401
00:38:34,630 --> 00:38:37,930
So, this is taken once you translate from English
402
00:38:37,930 --> 00:38:41,690
to Arabic. From the BBC, you must use what is
403
00:38:41,690 --> 00:38:46,350
called "managing in translation." Okay, insert your
404
00:38:46,350 --> 00:38:48,250
own beliefs, your own ideas.
405
00:38:50,950 --> 00:38:56,450
Now, we have also the abstract adjectives, used as
406
00:38:56,450 --> 00:39:04,410
nouns. Abstract adjectives. The rich must
407
00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:18,600
give money, or give donations, to the poor, to the
408
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:27,220
needy. You must be highly kind to the aged.
409
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:36,640
The "poor" is an adjective. It stands here in place
410
00:39:36,640 --> 00:39:39,360
of a noun. So, it must be preceded by the definite
411
00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:40,140
article there.
412
00:39:42,870 --> 00:39:49,170
Okay. So "the
413
00:39:49,
445
00:43:35,340 --> 00:43:38,580
Now that precedes the object in the immediate
446
00:43:38,580 --> 00:43:39,740
situation use.
447
00:43:42,980 --> 00:43:47,560
That precedes the object in the immediate
448
00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:53,360
situation use. Now I need to cover my eyes and you
449
00:43:53,360 --> 00:44:00,200
need to warn me about the steps. Okay. You say
450
00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:06,620
mind the gap or mind the stairs. Mind the steps.
451
00:44:13,060 --> 00:44:22,180
Mind the gap. This is immediate situation use. So
452
00:44:22,180 --> 00:44:26,040
it precedes the object in the immediate situation
453
00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:32,880
use. Who's going to mind? Someone you this is a
454
00:44:32,880 --> 00:44:36,560
subject so we speak about the object mind the gap
455
00:44:36,560 --> 00:44:41,100
the gap is an object it is used here the in the
456
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,780
immediate situation mind the gap mind the steps
457
00:44:44,780 --> 00:44:52,060
mind the stairs okay mind the cup okay
458
00:44:52,060 --> 00:44:55,620
mind the cup you see
459
00:45:05,360 --> 00:45:09,640
Now, don't go there. The police are looking for
460
00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:15,040
you. The police. The, because it is immediate
461
00:45:15,040 --> 00:45:20,920
situation. It's plural. You see? So, next time we
462
00:45:20,920 --> 00:45:23,180
are going, we need to terminate here and next time
463
00:45:23,180 --> 00:45:25,960
we are going to complete with a zero article and
464
00:45:25,960 --> 00:45:28,760
need to touch Arabic and make a comparison or
465
00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:32,540
contrast between the two languages. Okay, that's
466
00:45:32,540 --> 00:45:33,580
it for today. Thank you.