PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/4uPPRSzjrSY_raw.srt

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Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Today we are going to

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continue with explaining the definiteness and

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indefiniteness system of English and Arabic. Last

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time we spoke about the articles in English.

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indefiniteness system represented in a and n and

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the definiteness system which is represented in

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the. We spoke about the use of these articles and

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we terminated on the zero article okay which is

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used before the names of diseases cardinal

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numbers and a list of A, B, C, D. These don't have

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any article, so it is zero. Could you read number

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one, please? Could you read number one, please?

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Number one. Okay, it's zero.

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Heart disease and cancer kill millions every year.

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heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension,

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ulcer, constipation, et cetera. These diseases,

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the names of diseases don't have any article. They

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are zero, okay?

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The zero article is also used generically to all

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members of a class. We spoke about the generic

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meaning and specific meaning last time. Okay. I

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mentioned that A and N plus the have generic

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meaning and have specific meaning. I read a book

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in linguistics. I read a book in linguistics.

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Specific. Okay. I'd like to buy a book in

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linguistics. Generic. Okay. Dogs are domestic

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animals. What do you say about this? Dogs is

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plural. It's preceded by zero article. Do we mean

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specific dogs? Specific category or species of

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dog? All dogs. So it is zero as you see and it

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refers to generic meaning.

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Once you distinguish one class from another, use

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zero article. She likes cats, not dogs. But don't

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say she likes the cats, not the dogs. Or a cat,

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not a dog. No, she likes cats, not dogs. But now

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if you look to the translation, dogs are domestic

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animals. Once you translate to Arabic, do you find

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the two languages are of the same system of zero

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articles or of definiteness and indefiniteness

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here could you translate dogs and domestic animals

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I

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say الكلاب حيوانات أليفة but if you look to the

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noun الكلاب it is of definite article أل التعريف

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but in English once you translate it it comes out

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with zero article I like cats I like cats. أنا أحب

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القطط. Okay. So again, it is ال التعريف, the

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definite article, which is translated here by the

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zero article.

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Cats, sorry, she likes cats, not dogs.

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So we have definite article for both nouns, but in

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English Yes It is zero in English now The

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modifiers the noun phrase which which comes as a

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modifier of a preposition mostly is of a zero

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article I say, for example, at

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war, and once you translate it into Arabic, the

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modifier in Arabic has التعريف at war في الحرب in

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danger في خطر أو في الخطر في الخطر both at peace

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في سلام أو في السلام in needon fire addressed

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In tears, on time, at sea, in love, on sail, at

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lunch, in difficulty, on love. Okay? So you have

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these modifiers of preposition phrases are

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altogether of zero article. However, in Arabic, it

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may be optional. It can be التعريف or can be also

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zero article.

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The zero article mostly comes with plural nouns.

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Okay? After B. Most of my friends are teachers.

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Most of my friends are teachers. Most of the

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Islamic university students are women students.

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Once you have where to be, the auxiliary B, then

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the noun following it is of zero article.

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Now, in headlines of magazines, newspapers, books,

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labels, etc. We have functional morphemes omitted

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because these are titles, the titles of papers, I

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mean of papers or dailies or say magazines or etc.

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We just want to write or writing the title of any

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article or any news item We try to omit all

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functional morphemes as much as we can. So the A

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and the R are functional morphemes. Okay, so they

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are omitted. I say captives freed last week.

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Captives freed last week. The Palestinian captives

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were freed last week. I say captives freed,

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captives freed only. Okay. So try to sum up the

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title as much as you can. Okay. Beware of dog.

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Okay. Beware of dog. I don't say beware of dogs.

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The S is plural. Dysfunctional morpheme. Okay. It

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is inflectional morphine. So we omit it. Okay.

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Entrance to parking. I can't say this is the

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entrance for parking or of parking. Okay. It's

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entrance to parking. as much as I can. I omit all

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functional morphemes as much as I can, including

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the preposition if necessary. But here the

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preposition in this title is obligatory.

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Entrance to parking.

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I say for example, the university

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prevents smoking in the university campus. I can

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write a notice stating no smoking, no parking.

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Okay, no parking. Instead of writing cars are not

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allowed to park here, for example. So the language

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of notices, language of titles of dailies,

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newspapers and magazines are always very very

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short. To have it like so, we omit most or all

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functional morphemes. You see?

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Now the

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title

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Okay, which refers to the rank. I say He was

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appointed prime minister It is zero. I can't say

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he was appointed a prime minister Or the prime

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minister. He was appointed prime minister. He was

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elected As president not a president Okay, he was

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appointed king Okay, she was appointed queen. He

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became prime minister. She was proclaimed queen

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Okay Come brother, let's go home Brother

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here is considered as a title. Okay The

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zero article is used generically with proper

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nouns, days, months, years, seasons, games,

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abstract nouns and materials. John attended the

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meeting last Monday. I say all weeks, all days of

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week are zero. Sunday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday,

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Tuesday, Wednesday, these are zero. Names of

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months, January, February, March, April, May,

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June, July, it is also zero. Zero article. Seasons

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are also zero. Autumn, summer, winter, fall. Okay,

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it is spring, it is zero.

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Okay, I like to watch rugby and football matches

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if you look to the Games here Names of games. They

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are also zero. Okay, so all games of sports are of

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zero article Meals

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I say lunch Breakfast dinner It's zero

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Materials, wood, iron, copper, zinc, tin,

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these are also zero. All materials are zero.

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Colors, black, white, metallic, pink, green, it is

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zero. However, the adjectives of these altogethers

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are with articles either a and it's that he she

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bought a golden ring a golden ring gold golden

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golden he

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made a wooden door a wooden door wood without

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wooden adjective Okay Paper is made of wood paper

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Generic الورق كل الورق is made of wood خشب كل

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الخشب Okay But here if you look to English and you

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see the function of the zero article you find that

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Zero article appears in these forms in English

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while in Arabic it is mostly translated with

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التعريف I like to watch rugby and football match

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Paper

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is made of wood يصنع الورق من الخشب الورق الخشب

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He's a man of principles He's a man.

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He's a man.

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man Okay, these

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abstract nouns are always of zero article Okay We

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have also zero article before plural and

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uncountable nouns when talking about things in

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general I like tomato I like tomato Any type of

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tomato is okay. So it is zero because tomato here

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refers to generic meaning or specific meaning? It

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refers to generic meaning. Okay. I like cakes.

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Which cakes? It is generic. Okay. Milk is good for

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you. Which type of milk? So it is generic. Okay.

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In this case, it is zero article.

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Now names of countries, towns, streets, languages,

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magazines, airports, stations, and meals are of

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zero article. I had lunch with John. But in Arabic

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I say, تناولت طعام الغداء الغداء مع John. طعام

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الغداء. Okay, construct a statement. I had lunch

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with John. So lunch. I ate biscuits at King Cross

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station. This is railway station in London. Okay,

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I ate biscuits at King Cross station. I cannot say

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at the King Cross station. Okay.

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I ate biscuits at Cancro station while waiting the

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10 o'clock train to Colchester. She speaks Arabic.

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He lives at Duke Street. The name of street is

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zero. Language is zero. Now Arabic, English,

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Turkish. Russian Spanish it is zero. What's the

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difference between English and the English?

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English Yes, the two are nouns English and the

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English but here what's the meaning?

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Nationality English is a language while the

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English is nationality. I say the British Okay.

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The Portuguese, the Portuguese, this is the

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Portuguese people nationality, Portuguese

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language. Okay. The French, French language. Okay.

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So you have to take care about the translation.

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Now the use of that changed the whole meaning.

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Okay. Now you have all names are mostly with zero

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article except compound nouns. As we mentioned

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last time, I say the West Bank, the Gaza Strip,

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the United Nations, the Islamic University of

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Gaza, compound noun. But I say Palestine. Okay.

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Here, we can't say Palestinians, for example. For

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us, we are the Palestinians. Why? What's the

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difference between Palestinians and the

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Palestinians?

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Palestinians refer to you and the Palestinians

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refer to the same meaning. Is that true? So what's

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the difference?

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So once you have this name, Palestinians, in the

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CNN or BBC or any other European or American

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broadcasting or channel or TV channel, this refers

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to Palestinians as, politically, as gangs, as

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illegal group of people. However, once you say the

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Palestinians, this means the Palestinian people.

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Okay? You have some dialects of Arabic have the

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same thing. If you look to the Gulf countries, the

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Arab Gulf countries, you have some dialects where

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they have the definite ال التعريف before the noun,

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the surname. Okay, اسم العائلة. If I teach in

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Qatar or in Saudi Arabia or whatever, they don't

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name me Walid Amir for example. They say Walid

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Amir. Okay. So your surname is always with ال

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التعريف. Okay. Now here it is for respect. Okay.

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And now once we say Palestinians or the

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Palestinians, we have political differences

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between the two terms. Okay. So you have to take

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care about this once you translate from Arabic to

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English. Okay.

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I say towns, countries are of zero articles,

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streets are of zero articles, railway stations,

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airports, I say Heathrow Airport. Names of lakes,

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when I say Tabaria Lake, Victoria Lake, okay? But

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you can say the lake. The lake here can be either

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generic or specific. Okay? But if you name it,

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then it is zero. Okay? Before some places with

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some forms of transport, I say at home, in bed or

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to bed, at work, to work, at school, to school, by

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bus, by plane, by car, by train, on foot. She goes

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to work by bus. Okay, I can't say by the bus. All

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means of transports preceded by the preposition by

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or mostly in or on, they are mostly with zero

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article. I was at home yesterday evening. Okay, I

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was at home. I can say in Arabic I say كنت في

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البيت. So once you translate using

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the system of literal translation, you may commit

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an error saying that أنا I am at the home. Okay. I

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was at the home. What do you call this error?

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Interlingual error or intralingual error?

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Interlingual because it is derived from Arabic. I

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say, what a beautiful class. What a beautiful

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class. Could I say what a beautiful weather? Why?

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Because weather is uncountable. Oh, what a

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beautiful day. Okay, but I can't say what a

250
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beautiful weather. What beautiful weather. Okay.

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I say have a nice day. A nice day. One day, two

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days, etc. It is countable. But have nice weather.

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Okay.

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So what beautiful weather. It is zero. Comes

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always with uncountable nouns. What loud music.

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Music is non-countable. Okay. What loud music. You

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can't say what a loud music.

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Yes.

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Now, we'd like to touch Arabic. You see that

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Arabic differs from English.

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The indefiniteness system is overt. However, it is

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covert in Arabic. We have an in English, but we

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don't have equivalence for either a or n it is

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zero okay it is not necessarily to have the same

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translation okay how

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could

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you translate it into English

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a kilo of apple okay I drove a

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yes

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it is 80 miles an hour 80 miles an hour But 80

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miles per hour it is definite in Arabic while it

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is indefinite I say 80 miles an hour an hour a

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minute a day Okay I say I'm a teacher

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I am a teacher. Okay. هو مهندس. So what is zero

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for the professions and handicrafts, they are zero

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in Arabic while indefinite in English. They are

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preceded by the indefinite article. I say أنا

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مسلم. I'm a Muslim. So you have to take care.

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about this. Otherwise, you commit interlingual

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errors. So if your students say, I am Muslim, what

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do you say? Where's the error? I am Muslim.

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There is an error in the noun Muslim. I have to

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say I am a Muslim. Okay, so this mistake is

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derived from Arabic. Okay. So what do you call it?

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00:26:15,060 --> 00:26:18,660
Interlingual or intralingual? Interlingual error.

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00:26:19,360 --> 00:26:24,740
Okay. I am a Muslim. So it can wrongly be

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translated into this. I'm a Muslim or I am Muslim.

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Sorry, I am Muslim. This is zero. This is zero,

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which is wrong. English has overt indefinite

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article with adjectives of religions and

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professions and handicrafts. My dad is

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a windscutter. Is a windscutter. Not windscatter.

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00:27:00,160 --> 00:27:06,100
Okay, I say Topargy in Arabic or Banna. Okay.

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Mason then. Okay. So my dad is a Mason. In Arabic,

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it is zero. In English, it is indefinite. Okay.

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00:27:20,100 --> 00:27:24,500
You know, this is because Arabic indefiniteness is

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covert. The Arabic indefiniteness is zero. Okay.

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The nonation which we have in Arabic refers mostly

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to what is called emphasis, not indefiniteness.

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Okay.

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Now we've

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seen that Once you express about any any any sense

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or any meaning which refers to the sense of any

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Okay, or the name mentioned for the first time It

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is zero in English. It is sorry indefinite in

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English A or N However in Arabic it is zero في يوم

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00:28:16,830 --> 00:28:22,250
من الأيام كان هناك ملك كان

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هناك ملك Okay so now once you translate this into

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English you say once upon a time there was a king

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you add the overt indefinite article a this comes

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out with positive interference or negative

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interference negative interference because your

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students mostly omit The indefinite article a they

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say they say once upon a time there was king Okay,

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so this derives from arabic it is Interlingual

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error interlingual error. Okay The earth is like

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It's like a bone. This is english Okay, the room

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is like a square

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00:29:18,220 --> 00:29:22,680
Okay, so assequire in English While in Arabic

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المربع. So we don't have Because the two languages

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are different Arabic as you know is semantic

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language While English is Indo-European So we

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don't have parallel system Okay, what is

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indefinite here must be indefinite in the other

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language. No الغرفة

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The Rome is like a square. Okay. It is indefinite

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in English while definite in Arabic. So we don't

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have productive rules for translation here. You

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have to understand the structure of English and to

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be very, very aware of the structure of your

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Arabic. The translator must be aware of grammar,

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the grammar of the two languages which he or she

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00:30:18,050 --> 00:30:24,570
translates to. Okay? It is not limited to a number

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of vocabulary you have in your mental dictionary.

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00:30:27,830 --> 00:30:32,550
Okay? You have to be familiar with the structure

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00:30:32,550 --> 00:30:35,930
of the two languages. Otherwise, you commit

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serious errors. Again, the syntax and the word

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order of language. Once you translate, you have to

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know that Arabic has more than four word orders,

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while in English we only have one word order okay

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subject verb object however in Arabic we use verb

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00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:09,000
subject object or subject verb object or I say for

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example verb object subject we have I say كتب

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الولد الدرسة الولد كتب الدرسة الدرسة كتب الولد

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Okay. So we have nearly four word orders or maybe

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five if we add the cliticized system.

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00:31:38,980 --> 00:31:44,960
This is a clitic. Okay. So we nearly have five

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word orders in Arabic while in English we have

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only one. Okay. So once you translate, which one

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00:31:51,540 --> 00:31:56,440
of these word orders could you use? The one which

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must be used here is the canonical word order of

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00:32:00,880 --> 00:32:06,220
Arabic, which is verb, subject, object. Once you

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translate into Arabic, you have to begin with the

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verb. This is more adequate than using the

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subject. Because according to some Arabic

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00:32:24,450 --> 00:32:27,430
grammarian schools, they say the subject here is

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00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:32,530
called, once I say, زيد كتب الدرسة. زيد كتب

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00:32:32,530 --> 00:32:37,330
الدرسة. I say زيد is subject. But you say

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00:32:37,330 --> 00:32:43,290
according to traditional Arab grammarians,

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00:32:43,850 --> 00:32:46,870
you say that this is a topic. Topic يعني مبتدر.

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The most effective word order is the canonical one

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00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:06,190
verb subject object okay, so you see Once you

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00:33:06,190 --> 00:33:08,750
speak about the definiteness or indefiniteness

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00:33:08,750 --> 00:33:11,370
system, you find differences between the two

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00:33:11,370 --> 00:33:15,190
languages. If you look to word order, you find

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differences. If you look to any structure, like

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00:33:18,530 --> 00:33:23,130
prepositions for example, like the structure of

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00:33:23,130 --> 00:33:27,170
nouns, the plural of nouns, etc, you find the

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00:33:27,170 --> 00:33:31,830
differences. Inflection system Arabic is different

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00:33:31,830 --> 00:33:34,950
from English as we've seen. So once you translate,

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00:33:35,130 --> 00:33:39,590
you have to be very careful and very cautious. in

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00:33:39,590 --> 00:33:43,150
your translation because the structure in both

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00:33:43,150 --> 00:33:45,970
languages are complete is completely different

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00:33:45,970 --> 00:33:50,070
okay so you have to take care of the definite and

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indefinite articles what is available in English

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00:33:52,830 --> 00:33:58,370
may not be available in Arabic so this is why your

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00:33:58,370 --> 00:34:03,590
students commit serious errors once using the

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00:34:03,590 --> 00:34:08,150
articles a or n or the most of the time you find

379
00:34:08,150 --> 00:34:15,240
them add or put the Okay, the definite article

380
00:34:15,240 --> 00:34:19,220
there before any noun before abstract nouns

381
00:34:19,220 --> 00:34:25,800
material nouns meals names of sports names of

382
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:30,080
railway stations airports streets countries, why?

383
00:34:31,180 --> 00:34:35,600
Why is this? Because in Arabic they are definite

384
00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:40,300
So you find them translated into English using the

385
00:34:40,300 --> 00:34:44,960
definite article, the. Okay. So you have to be

386
00:34:44,960 --> 00:34:47,660
very careful. You have, once you teach English to

387
00:34:47,660 --> 00:34:50,240
the students, you have to let them be familiar

388
00:34:50,240 --> 00:34:56,520
with the use of the, using activities. Okay. Or

389
00:34:56,520 --> 00:35:04,030
games that are based on fun. You have to teach

390
00:35:04,030 --> 00:35:08,130
such articles contextually. You have to teach them

391
00:35:08,130 --> 00:35:14,530
inductively. Don't use formal teaching. Don't

392
00:35:14,530 --> 00:35:18,750
teach formally or deductively. Try to use games

393
00:35:18,750 --> 00:35:22,530
that make or that increase what's called

394
00:35:22,530 --> 00:35:27,050
motivation and competition inside the class. The

395
00:35:27,050 --> 00:35:31,350
more you develop motivation among your students,

396
00:35:32,140 --> 00:35:36,080
the more they understand, okay? The more you use

397
00:35:36,080 --> 00:35:40,080
competitions, the more they understand. The more

398
00:35:40,080 --> 00:35:45,140
you let them speak, they will understand in a very

399
00:35:45,140 --> 00:35:50,900
shortcut way. However, explaining the articles by

400
00:35:50,900 --> 00:35:54,120
you yourself without letting your students

401
00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:58,060
participate, this means that they may understand

402
00:35:58,060 --> 00:36:00,820
within the class and once they reach the gate of

403
00:36:00,820 --> 00:36:05,820
the school, they forget everything, okay? So try

404
00:36:05,820 --> 00:36:13,260
to explain such articles or such grammatical items

405
00:36:13,260 --> 00:36:18,820
communicatively, contextually, okay? And better to

406
00:36:18,820 --> 00:36:22,200
divide the class into groups, either large classes

407
00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:25,680
or small classes, just to have what is called

408
00:36:25,680 --> 00:36:29,560
competition inside the class. Use the system of

409
00:36:29,560 --> 00:36:34,150
rewording as well. Okay, just to encourage them

410
00:36:34,150 --> 00:36:39,970
speak, prepare, answer, compete with each other.

411
00:36:40,070 --> 00:36:44,290
Okay, so take care of that. Thank you. That's it

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for today.