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| Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim Last time we spoke | |
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| about the adverbs and we mentioned that the | |
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| adverbs as usually modify three elements in | |
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| language they modify | |
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| Verb, adjective and another adverb as we said most | |
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| of the adverbs end in ly except we have some | |
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| exceptions like I mean adjectives ending in ly | |
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| like what lovely, lowly, motherly, friendly, | |
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| neighborly, etc okay the adverbials can be | |
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| preposition phrases, can be infinitive phrases, | |
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| okay, and can be also noun phrases. He went to the | |
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| movies. To the movies is an adverbial phrase | |
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| consisting of preposition phrase. They lived in | |
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| Canada during the war. The same thing. | |
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| For the comparisons of adverbs, as we mentioned | |
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| last time, we have the same system like | |
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| adjectives. So you have three degrees. What are | |
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| they? What are they? | |
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| Positive degree, | |
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| comparative degree, superlative degree. Okay. So | |
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| we have wukfa, astardices. Comparative. Fastest. | |
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| Superlative. As fast as... Equality. Positive | |
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| degree. Okay? Now, the position of the adverb can | |
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| be sentenced finally, or can come initially, and | |
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| in that sense, the meaning changes. He arrived | |
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| late. Lately, he could not seem to be on time for | |
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| anything. Okay? So, the meaning differs between | |
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| the two sentences. Okay? I mean the meaning of the | |
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| adverb late. | |
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| We mentioned that we have different types of | |
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| adverbs. We have three main types. They are the | |
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| adjuncts, disjuncts, and conjuncts. Adjuncts, | |
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| disjuncts, and conjuncts. Okay? The adjuncts are | |
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| of different types. We have the intensifiers, | |
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| which are of three types. They are Emphasizers | |
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| amplifiers and downtrodes Okay, this is what | |
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| explained last time, okay? | |
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| The adverb can post modify and pre modify another | |
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| adverb or adjective Okay | |
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| for the adverbs Semantically, we have different | |
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| types for the adverbs. We have adverbs of manner, | |
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| adverbs of place, of frequency, of time, and | |
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| purpose as well. And these were already explained | |
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| also last time. For the position of the adverb, I | |
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| told you that it is floating. mainly the adverbs | |
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| of manner, can be in the beginning of the | |
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| sentence, in the middle of the sentence, or at the | |
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| end of the sentence. Okay? Solemnly, the minister | |
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| addressed her congregation. The minister solemnly | |
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| addressed her congregation. The minister addressed | |
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| her congregation solemnly. So, at the beginning, | |
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| in the middle, at the end. Okay? Now, the position | |
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| of the adverb. it directly precedes the lexical | |
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| verb in the sentence. Okay? Or it can come between | |
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| the auxiliary verb and the lexical verb. | |
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| For the order of adverbs, we mentioned that the | |
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| most consistent order of adverbs in the sentence | |
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| begins with manner, place, frequency, time, and | |
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| purpose. okay and we cited lots of examples last | |
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| time okay we have what's called focus where the | |
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| adverb can moves to the beginning of the sentence | |
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| okay we have if we have two adverbs at that sense | |
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| we can start with a shorter one As we cited the | |
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| examples last time, dad takes a brisk walk before | |
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| breakfast every day of his life. So before | |
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| breakfast comes initially or comes first, as you | |
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| see, because shorter than the second adverb | |
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| morphologically. Okay? This is what is called | |
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| focus. Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the | |
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| coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim. | |
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| Okay? Here you have the sentence, the adverb comes | |
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| sentence initially for purpose of focus or | |
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| emphasis. Occasionally, but only occasionally, one | |
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| of these lemons will get by the inspectors. Okay? | |
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| As we mentioned syntactically at the beginning of | |
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| the class last time, we have syntactically three | |
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| types of adverbials, adjuncts, disjuncts, and | |
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| conjuncts. And we mentioned that the adjunct is | |
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| one of the main parts of the body of the sentence. | |
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| It's not separated from the sentence even by a | |
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| comma. Okay? Still, the disjunct is directly | |
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| followed by a comma and begins in the beginning of | |
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| the sentence okay so it starts sentence initially | |
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| However, the conjunct means the conjunction. Okay? | |
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| The connector, the coordinator. Okay? That | |
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| connects between the parts of the sentence. | |
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| Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot. Fortunately, | |
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| no one was hurt. So frankly, fortunately, these | |
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| are disjuncts. | |
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| Okay? Once we speak about them, nevertheless, | |
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| however, yet, these are conjuncts. Strictly | |
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| speaking. The prisoners or our captors released | |
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| yesterday was very, very nice. So, strictly | |
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| speaking. Disjunct. Geographically speaking. | |
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| Disjunct. Okay? | |
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| Now, we have what is called a viewpoint adjunct. | |
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| Okay? The viewpoint adjunct is an adverb. It's | |
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| part of the sentence and it comes finally. It | |
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| normally locates finally in the sentence. A | |
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| successful athletic team is often a good team | |
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| scholastically. Okay? Investing all our money in | |
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| snowmobiles was probably not a sound idea | |
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| financially. So financially, scholastically, our | |
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| viewpoint adverse. Okay? That come sentence | |
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| finally, and they are considered part of the | |
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| sentence as well. Okay? And they consist a crucial | |
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| part of the body of the sentence. So they are not | |
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| separated by any command. Okay, we explained that | |
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| last time, I think. | |
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| We explained that, and I think we terminated on | |
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| this. Title, focus, and negative adverbs. Okay? | |
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| Semantically, we have negative adverbs that do not | |
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| need the particle not. Like seldom, hardly, | |
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| rarely, okay? Never. He has never been much help | |
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| to his mother. So it is equal to the sentence that | |
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| he has not helped her mother at all, for example. | |
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| Okay? She has not helped her mother. So the never | |
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| adverb, never adverb equals the particle not. So | |
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| there is no need for having double negative in the | |
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| sentence. We cannot say he hasn't never been. | |
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| Okay? Double negative is not available in English. | |
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| Yes. | |
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| No, no. Double negative. It may be available in | |
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| some English | |
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| dialects, okay? Like Arabic. For standard Arabic, | |
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| we don't have double negative. لا يدرس، لا يأتي، | |
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| لا يريد. But in Palestinian Arabic, we have double | |
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| negative. ما بدّيش، ما ش. Okay? Double negative. | |
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| ما بدّيش. Okay? So we have this double negative | |
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| available in dialects of Arabic and may available | |
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| in some dialects of English, but not necessarily | |
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| in received English or standard English or even | |
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| standard Arabic. He's never been much help to his | |
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| mother. He seldom visits. She hardly eats anything | |
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| since the accident. After his long and tedious | |
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| lectures, rarely was anyone awake. | |
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| Okay? So, for Arabic, we have adverbs which are | |
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| called hal. They are represented in Arabic | |
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| syntactically by using the preposition phrase and | |
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| the derived nominal okay ذهبت إلى الجامعة بسرعة | |
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| ذهبت إلى الجامعة مصريا بسرعة is had consisting of | |
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| preposition phrase جار و مجروروشبه الجملة في محال | |
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| نصب حال مصلى عن حال منصوب بالفتحة So we have this | |
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| however the construction the syntactic function is | |
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| the same but I mean the syntactic rules of adverbs | |
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| in Arabic differ from their syntactic rules in | |
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| English you have systematic order for the adverbs | |
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| in English, okay? We have systematic position or | |
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| strict position of the adverb in English. | |
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| However, in Arabic, the situation is very simple, | |
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| very clear. It comes generally at sentence final | |
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| position. The structure of Arabic adverbs differs | |
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| from English, okay? So this causes what was called | |
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| interlingual errors and some interlingual errors | |
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| that come as a result of the difficulty of the | |
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| structure of English adverbs. So we have | |
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| interlingual errors resulting from the difference | |
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| in the syntax of adverbs. and the semantics of | |
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| adverbs, the meaning of the adverb, and the | |
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| movement. Once we speak about the syntax and the | |
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| position of the adverb, the movement of the adverb | |
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| in the sentence, the order of the adverbs within | |
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| the same sentence. Okay? Now, the meaning can | |
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| differ according to the position of the adverb. So | |
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| if it locates sentence finally, it gives a meaning | |
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| that is different from being sentenced initially, | |
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| like the adverb late, which we explained. You see? | |
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| So this is what I have about adverbs. And now we | |
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| come to another subject. Or it is about | |
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| causativity in English and Arabic. But before | |
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| that, we need to have this quiz. So we need to | |
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| terminate here just for having the chance for the | |
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| quiz. Thank you. | |