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ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู‡ู†ูƒู…ู„ ุญุฏูŠุซู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„
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mirrors ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูŠุง ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ู„ู„ central ray of mirror
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ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ central ray ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ light ray ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู…ุฑ ุจุงู„
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center of curvature of mirror ูˆุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุจู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„
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mirror ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุชุฎุฐ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆูŠ ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ุจูŠู…ุฑ
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ุจุงู„ center ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ูƒุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„
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central ray for mirror ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุงุฑ ุจู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุณู‚ุท ุณู‚ูˆุท ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุณูˆุงุก
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convex mirror ุฃูˆ concave mirror ุทุจุนุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‡ู… ูˆู…ููŠุฏ
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ุฌุฏุง ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ุฒูŠ ุงู„ central ray ุฃูˆ ุงู„ chief ray ุจุชุงุน
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ lenses
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ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ vergence calculations ุจู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุฌูŠุจ ุจุนุฏ
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ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ optical system ูˆุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„
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central ray ุจู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ orientation ุจุชุงุน ู‡ุฐู‡
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ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฅู„ุง ุฃู† ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุทุจุนุง ููŠ
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ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูŠุง ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุฎุชู„ู ููŠู‡ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุนุฏุณุฉ ุฒูŠ ุฅูŠุด
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ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุญู†ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุนุฏุณุฉ
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ููŠู‡ ู„ู‡ุง optical axis ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู†ู‚ุงุทู‡ุง rotationally symmetric about their
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long axis ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณู…ู‰ optical axis ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูŠุง ุทุจุนุง
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ููŠ ู„ู‡ุง FA ูˆ FB ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูŠุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ center ุจุชุงุน ุงู„
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curvature ุจุชุงุน concave mirror ู…ู…ูƒู†
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ุฃูŠ central ray ูŠุดู…ู„ ูƒ optical axis ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ูƒู†
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ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ optical axis ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ F ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ focus
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ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูŠุง ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ู†ุตู ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ R ุนู„ู‰ 2 ุงู„ F
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ุชุณุงูˆูŠ R ุนู„ู‰ 2 ุฃูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุดู…ู„ ูƒ optical axis ุฃูˆ
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ู…ู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุดู…ู„ ูƒ optical axis ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
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ุงู„ู€ focus ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูŠุง ู…ุด ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูุฑูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุนู‡ุง
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ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุซูŠู„ ู„ู‡ุง ุญุณุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุง ุฃู†ุง ุจู‚ูˆู„ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ
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object ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุฃู†ุง ู‡ุณุชุฎุฏู… ู‡ุฐุง ูƒ optical ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„
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central ray ูƒ optical axis
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ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ central ray ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู…ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ center of
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rotation of the mirror ุงู„ center of rotation ุฃูˆ
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center of curvature of the mirror ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡
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ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุจุฏู‡ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู…ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู…ูŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูŠุง ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ
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ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุชุชุฎุฐ ูƒ focus ูˆ ุชูƒูˆู† unique point ุงู„ุขู†
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ FA ูˆ FP ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ู… ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†
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ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ reversal of image space ูŠุนู†ูŠ FA ุชู†ุทุจู‚
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ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ู‡ู…ุง ู†ูุณู‡ู… ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ
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ู„ู„ convex mirror ุฃูŠุถุง
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ุฃูŠุถุง
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ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† FA ูˆ FP ู…ู†ุทุจู‚ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู†
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ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู†ุฏูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† optical axis ุทุจุนุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ FA ูˆ
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FP ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ convex mirror ูŠุนุชุจุฑูˆุง ุจุงู„ virtual
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space ุจุงู„ virtual image space ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ุจุชุชูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ู ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูŠุง ู‡ูŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ virtual ู‡ูŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ virtual
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ุชู…ุงู… ู„ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ light ุจูŠุฌูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ูˆ ุจูŠุฑุฌุน ู„ู„ุดู…ุงู„
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ูˆ ุจูŠู†ุนูƒุณ ุจูŠุฑุฌุน ู„ู„ุดู…ุงู„ ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุฃู† FA
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู…ูŠุฑูˆุฑ ูˆ FP ูŠุนู†ูŠ coincides with each
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other
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with each other ู…ู†ุทุจู‚ุงุช
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ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถู‡ู… ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุทูŠุจ ู†ุฌูŠ ุฅุญู†ุง ู„ุญุณุงุจุงุช
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convergence calculations ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุจู†ูุณ
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ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠู‡ุง ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ุนุฏุณุฉ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูˆ
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ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ุซู„ุง concave mirror ูˆ
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ุนู†ุฏู†ุง object ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ radius of curvature of this
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concave mirror ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆ ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุณู†ุชูŠ ุฃูˆ ุฎู…ุณูŠู†
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ุณู†ุชูŠ ู†ุตู ู…ุชุฑ ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ุขู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ object ุจุนูŠุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุชุฑ
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ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ where is the image ุงุซู†ูŠู†
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what is transverse magnification ุงู„ power ุชุณุงูˆูŠ
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ F ุฃูˆ ุงู„ power ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ R ุงู„ power
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ู‡ู†ุง ูƒุฏู‡ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุตู ู…ุชุฑ ูˆูŠุณุงูˆูŠ plus ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฏูŠูˆุจุชุฑ ู„ูŠุด ุฃู†ุง ูƒุชุจุช plus ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฏูŠูˆุจุชุฑุŸ Concave Mirror
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ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† Converging Mirror ุงู„ุขู†
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ุญุณุงุจุงุช ุงู„ vergence Calculations ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุนุฏุณุงุช
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U ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ู†ุงู‚ุต 1 ุนู„ู‰ O ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ู†ุงู‚ุต 1 ุนู„ู‰ 1 ู…ุชุฑ ูˆูŠุณุงูˆูŠ
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ู†ุงู‚ุต 1 ุฏูŠูˆุจุชุฑ
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ู†ุงู‚ุต 1 ุฏูŠูˆุจุชุฑ
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ุงู„ู€ V ุฅูŠุด ุชุณุงูˆูŠุŸ U ุฒุงุฆุฏ P ุชุณุงูˆูŠ V ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฒุงุฆุฏ
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ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ V ุฅุฐุง V ุชุณุงูˆูŠ plus ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฏูŠูˆุจุชุฑ plus
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ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฏูŠูˆุจุชุฑ ุฃูˆู„ ุณุคุงู„ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุณุฃู„ู‡ ู†ูุณูŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ
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ู…ุด virtualุŸ ู„ูŠุดุŸ ู„ุฃู† V ุจุงู„ plus ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุนู†ุฏูŠ I ุชุณุงูˆูŠ
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ V ูˆูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชุฑ ุซู„ุซ ู…ุชุฑ
73
00:06:50,470 --> 00:06:53,570
ู„ู…ุง ุฅุญู†ุง ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุนุฏุณุงุช ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ
74
00:06:53,570 --> 00:06:57,070
ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ูŠู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุนุฏุณุฉุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ููŠ
75
00:06:57,070 --> 00:06:59,910
reversal of image spaceุŒ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุดู…ุงู„
76
00:06:59,910 --> 00:07:05,570
ุงู„ุนุฏุณุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ุซู„ุซ ู…ุชุฑ ุตูˆุฑุฉ
77
00:07:05,570 --> 00:07:11,350
ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุดู…ุงู„ ุชุจุนุฏ ุซู„ุซ ู…ุชุฑ ุนู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡
78
00:07:11,350 --> 00:07:12,490
ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ
79
00:07:18,280 --> 00:07:22,460
ู„ู€ Transverse Magnification ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก ู„ูŠุด ุฑุณู…ุชู‡ุง
80
00:07:22,460 --> 00:07:27,320
ู…ู‚ู„ูˆุจุฉุŸ ุดุฑุท ุงู„ U ูˆ ุงู„ V ู…ุฎุชู„ูุงุชุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ Transverse
81
00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:31,700
Magnification ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ U ุนู„ู‰ V ูˆ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰
82
00:07:31,700 --> 00:07:37,320
ุซู„ุงุซุฉุŒ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูƒู„ู‡ุŒ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูƒู„ู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู‚ู„ูˆุจุฉ ูˆ ุซู„ุซ ุงู„
83
00:07:37,320 --> 00:07:42,100
objectุŒ ูˆ ุซู„ุซ ุงู„ object ุงู„ุขู† ุจูŠุฌูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‚ุถูŠุฉ
84
00:07:44,260 --> 00:07:48,500
ู„ูˆ ุจุฏุฃ ุญุงูุธ ุงุญุณุจ ุงู„ transfer magnification image
85
00:07:48,500 --> 00:07:57,860
distance ุนู„ู‰ object distance ุฅูŠุด ุณุงูˆูŠุŸ ุทูˆู„ ู…ุชุฑ ุนู„ู‰
86
00:07:57,860 --> 00:08:03,700
ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุชุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุทูˆู„ ูƒูŠู
87
00:08:03,700 --> 00:08:10,340
ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ
88
00:08:10,340 --> 00:08:14,780
ู‡ุชุทู„ุน ู…ู‚ู„ูˆุจุฉ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุณุชุธู‡ุฑ ู…ู‚ู„ูˆุจุฉ ุงู„ transfer
89
00:08:14,780 --> 00:08:23,040
magnification ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุงู„ minus ูƒูŠู ู†ุฌูŠุจ
90
00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:29,740
ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ minus ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ
91
00:08:29,740 --> 00:08:36,500
ุณุชุธู‡ุฑ ู…ู‚ู„ูˆุจุฉ ุณู†ู‚ูˆู„ ูƒูŠู ู†ุฌูŠุจ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ minus ุงู„ุขู†
92
00:08:36,500 --> 00:08:42,470
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ C ู‡ูŠ ู†ุตู ู…ุชุฑ
93
00:08:42,470 --> 00:08:52,370
ุชู…ุงู… ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃุฌูŠุจ ุงู„ image distance ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉ ู‡ุฐุง
94
00:08:52,370 --> 00:08:56,530
ุฎูŠุงุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃุฌูŠุจ ุงู„ image distance
95
00:08:56,530 --> 00:09:01,870
ู…ู† ุงู„ C center of curvature ูˆู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃุฌูŠุจ
96
00:09:01,870 --> 00:09:08,410
ุงู„ object distance ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉ ูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃุฌูŠุจ ู…ู†
97
00:09:08,410 --> 00:09:15,030
ุงู„ C ู…ู† ุงู„ C ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุฌูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฅุญู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ู„ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุซู„ุซ
98
00:09:15,030 --> 00:09:19,810
ู…ุชุฑ ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุชุฑ ุฌุจู†ุงู‡ุง ู…ู† ูˆูŠู†ุŸ ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉ ู…ู† ุณุทุญ
99
00:09:19,810 --> 00:09:23,170
ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉ ุงู„ุขู† ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุฌูŠุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ C ุงู„ C ุชุจุนุฏ ุนู† ุณุทุญ
100
00:09:23,170 --> 00:09:26,410
ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉ ู†ุตู ู…ุชุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุจุนุฏ ู…ุชุฑ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ู„
101
00:09:26,410 --> 00:09:34,630
ู‡ู†ุง ู‚ุฏ ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุงู„ object ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ู†ุตู ู…ุชุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ image ู„ู„ C
102
00:09:34,630 --> 00:09:35,750
ุณุจุนุฉ ุนุดุฑ ุณู…
103
00:09:39,080 --> 00:09:47,540
17 ุณู… ุทุจุนุง ุฅุฐุง transfer magnification ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ 17 ุณู…
104
00:09:47,540 --> 00:09:54,400
ุนู„ู‰ 50 ุณู… ู‡ูŠ image distance ุนู„ู‰ object distance
105
00:09:54,400 --> 00:10:03,220
ูˆูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุซู„ุซ ูˆูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุซู„ุซ ูˆุงุถุญ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฎูŠุงุฑ ุฅูŠู‡
106
00:10:03,220 --> 00:10:09,540
ุฅู…ุง ุฃุฎุชุงุฑ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„
107
00:10:09,540 --> 00:10:14,180
curvature ุฃูˆ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉ ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ุจุฏูŠ ุขุฎุฐ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉ
108
00:10:14,180 --> 00:10:19,300
ุจุขุฎุฐ ุงู„ center of rotation ุฃูˆ ุงู„ center of
109
00:10:19,300 --> 00:10:25,820
curvature of the mirror ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู†ูุณู‡
110
00:10:25,820 --> 00:10:30,260
ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุฎู„ูŠู‡ ุจุณ ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุจุณ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฌู„ุจ ูˆ ุฃุญูˆู„ ู„ูƒู… mix
111
00:10:30,260 --> 00:10:33,600
mirror ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุฏูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
112
00:10:52,500 --> 00:10:56,660
ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุจุฏู‡ุง ุชุชุจุน ู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ู€ reversal of image
113
00:10:56,660 --> 00:11:03,720
space ุฅุญู†ุง ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูŠุง ุชุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุงู„ุนุฏุณุงุช
114
00:11:03,720 --> 00:11:09,000
ููŠ ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุชู…ุงู… ุฅู† ุงู„ image space reversed ุชู…ุงู…
115
00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:13,680
ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุง fiber ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ
116
00:11:13,680 --> 00:11:22,470
ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ R ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุฎู…ุณูŠู† ุณู†ุชูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ object
117
00:11:22,470 --> 00:11:26,370
ุจุนูŠุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุชุฑ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจูŠู† where is the image and
118
00:11:26,370 --> 00:11:29,770
what is the transfer magnification ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ power
119
00:11:29,770 --> 00:11:36,870
ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ R ูˆูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุตู ู…ุชุฑ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ
120
00:11:36,870 --> 00:11:45,290
ู†ุงู‚ุต ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฏูŠูˆุจุชุฑ ู„ุฃู† ู‡ูŠ convex mirror ุงู„ U ุทู„ุนุช
121
00:11:45,290 --> 00:11:53,930
ู…ุนูƒ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฏูŠูˆุจุชุฑ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุชุฑ ุงู„ V ุงู„ V ุชุณุงูˆูŠ
122
00:11:53,930 --> 00:12:03,550
ู†ุงู‚ุต ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุงู„ I ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ู†ุงู‚ุต ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑ ู„ู…ุง ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„
123
00:12:03,550 --> 00:12:07,130
ู†ุงู‚ุต ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุนุฏุณุงุช ุงู„ ู†ุงู‚ุต ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ
124
00:12:07,130 --> 00:12:10,090
ุงู„ู†ุงู‚ุต ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ุจุณ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง reversal of
125
00:12:10,090 --> 00:12:13,430
image space ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† virtual
126
00:12:13,430 --> 00:12:18,990
image ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ V ุจุงู„ู†ุงู‚ุต ุชู…ุงู… ูˆ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฎู…ุณุฉ
127
00:12:18,990 --> 00:12:26,240
ู…ุชุฑ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† virtual upright
128
00:12:26,240 --> 00:12:35,240
ู„ูŠุด uprightุŸ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ U ูˆ ุงู„ V ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ
129
00:12:35,240 --> 00:12:39,020
ูˆ ู†ุงู‚ุต ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุตุบุฑุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ transfer
130
00:12:39,020 --> 00:12:45,200
magnification ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ U ุนู„ู‰ V ูˆ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰
131
00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:52,300
ู†ุงู‚ุต ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุงู‚ุต ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ
132
00:12:52,300 --> 00:12:57,460
ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฏู„ูˆู‚ุชูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุจุณ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ plane
133
00:12:57,460 --> 00:13:04,940
mirror ุนู†ุฏูŠ
134
00:13:04,940 --> 00:13:09,580
object ุจู†ูŠู†ุง
135
00:13:09,580 --> 00:13:14,940
ู†ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุตูˆู… ุดุฎุต ุดุฎุต
136
00:13:14,940 --> 00:13:17,220
object ูˆู„ุง ู…ุด object object
137
00:13:19,350 --> 00:13:26,910
ูˆุงู‚ู ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุชุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ plane mirror ูˆุงุญุฏ
138
00:13:26,910 --> 00:13:32,490
ู…ุชุฑ ุงู„ power
139
00:13:32,490 --> 00:13:42,610
ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ุง ุฌุฏูŠู‡ ุตูุฑ ุจุฏูˆู† ุญุณุงุจู‡ุง ุตูุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ UุŸ U
140
00:13:42,610 --> 00:13:46,870
ู†ุงู‚ุต 1 ุนู„ู‰ O ุฃุตู„ุง ู†ุงู‚ุต 1 ุนู„ู‰ 1 ุฃุตู„ุง ู†ุงู‚ุต
141
00:13:46,870 --> 00:13:53,390
ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูƒุฏุง ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€ VุŸ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‚ุจู„ู‡ุง
142
00:13:53,390 --> 00:13:57,510
ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ V ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏุŸ ุตูˆุฑุฉ virtual
143
00:13:57,510 --> 00:14:03,210
ุตูˆุฑุฉ virtual ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅู† ุนูƒุณู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ divergent ุจู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ
144
00:14:03,210 --> 00:14:08,750
ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ุงู„ู€ I ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ V ูˆุชุณุงูˆูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ
145
00:14:08,750 --> 00:14:13,250
ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุชุฑ ู„ู…ุง ุชู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู†ุง ู†ุงู‚ุต
146
00:14:13,250 --> 00:14:15,570
ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุชุฑ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ุจุณ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ
147
00:14:15,570 --> 00:14:23,530
reversal of image space ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุจู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ
148
00:14:23,530 --> 00:14:26,570
ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุชุฑ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ู€ image distance ูˆุงู„ู€ object
149
00:14:26,570 --> 00:14:32,190
distance ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠูŠู†ุŒ ู…ุตุจูˆุบ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุชุนู„ู…ู‡ ููŠ
150
00:14:32,190 --> 00:14:36,630
ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ุฅู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฑุงูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนู†
151
00:14:36,630 --> 00:14:40,590
ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนู†
152
00:14:40,590 --> 00:14:44,370
ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉุŒ ุงู„ู€ transfers
153
00:14:44,370 --> 00:14:49,680
magnification u ุนู„ู‰ v ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ
154
00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:54,060
ูˆุงุญุฏ ุตุญูŠุญ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ upright virtual the same
155
00:14:54,060 --> 00:15:06,120
size as the object ู‡ู„
156
00:15:06,120 --> 00:15:10,060
ูŠูุฑู‰ ุจุงู„ุฑุณู…
157
00:15:10,060 --> 00:15:14,360
ุงู„ุฌุฑุงููŠูƒูŠุŸ ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฏุณุงุช
158
00:15:15,400 --> 00:15:20,380
ุฅุญู†ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฏุณุงุช ููŠู‡ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู€ light rays ุงู„ู„ูŠ
159
00:15:20,380 --> 00:15:26,340
ู„ู‡ุง ุฎุตูˆุตูŠุฉ ุจุชุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุจุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ูˆุฅูŠู‡ ู‡ุชุชุฌู‡
160
00:15:26,340 --> 00:15:33,840
ู…ุซู„ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ ุจูŠุฎุด ููŠ Fp ู…ุธุจูˆุท ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ
161
00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:38,900
ุฎุด ููŠ Fa ูŠุทู„ุน ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฎุด ููŠ ุงู„ู€ nodal point ุฃูˆ
162
00:15:38,900 --> 00:15:43,260
ุงู„ู€ central point ูŠุทู„ุน ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅู† ุดุนุงุน ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ
163
00:15:43,260 --> 00:15:48,440
ุฌุงูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ A ู‡ูŠุฏุฎู„ ููŠ Fb ูˆูŠุฑูˆุญ
164
00:15:48,440 --> 00:15:57,160
ุนู„ู‰ A ุดุฑุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฏุฎู„ ููŠ Fa ู‡ูŠุทู„ุน ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ ูˆูŠุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰ A
165
00:15:57,160 --> 00:16:03,200
ุดุฑุทุฉุŒ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ central ู„ูŠู‡ุŸ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุบูŠุฑ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุบูŠุฑ
166
00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:07,760
ุทุฑูŠู‚ุŒ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู€ mirrors
167
00:16:12,020 --> 00:16:18,620
ุทุจุนุง ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ C ูˆุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ object ูˆุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ F A ูˆ
168
00:16:18,620 --> 00:16:23,280
F P ู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุทุจุนุง ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฅุญู†ุง ุงู„ุดุนุงุน
169
00:16:23,280 --> 00:16:29,400
ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ ู„ู…ุง ูŠู†ุนูƒุณ ูŠุฎุด ููŠ ุงู„ู€ F P ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฎุด ููŠ
170
00:16:29,400 --> 00:16:35,660
ุงู„ู€ F A ู‡ูŠุฑุชุฏ ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠุŒ ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุฎุด ููŠ ุงู„ู€
171
00:16:35,660 --> 00:16:39,020
central ray ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ูŠู„ุชู‚ูŠ ู…ุนุงู‡ู… ุทุจุนุง ุจุณ ู„ุฃู†
172
00:16:39,020 --> 00:16:45,670
ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุด ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆูŠูƒูˆู†
173
00:16:45,670 --> 00:16:49,270
ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุงุช ู…ู‚ุงุณุฉ ุจุฏู‚ุฉ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ
174
00:16:49,270 --> 00:17:03,730
ู…ู†ู‡ ุฅู† ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ูŠุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Central Ray ูŠู„ุชู‚ูˆุง ูˆ
175
00:17:03,730 --> 00:17:09,190
ูŠุญุฏุฏูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุฑุชุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ู„ูŠุดุŸ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุณู‚ุท ุณู‚ูˆุท
176
00:17:09,190 --> 00:17:14,980
ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠุŒ ุงู„ู€ Central Ray ุจูŠุณู‚ุท ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉ
177
00:17:14,980 --> 00:17:20,120
ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ ุจุณ ูŠู†ุนูƒุณ ุจูŠุฎุด ููŠ FPุŒ ููŠ FP ุจูŠุฑูˆุญ
178
00:17:20,120 --> 00:17:29,580
ุนู„ู‰ FP ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฏุฎู„ ููŠ FA ุจูŠุฎุฑุฌ ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ ุฃูˆ ุจูŠู†ุนูƒุณ
179
00:17:29,580 --> 00:17:37,120
ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠุŒ ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุณู‚ุท ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠุง ุจูŠุฑุชุฏ ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
180
00:17:37,120 --> 00:17:43,290
ุงู„ู€ central ray ู…ูƒุงู† ุงุฑุชู‚ุงุฆู‡ู… ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ image ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€
181
00:17:43,290 --> 00:17:48,270
imageุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุจุงู„ู€ graphic ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุจู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุณุชู†ุชุฌู‡ุง
182
00:17:48,270 --> 00:17:54,150
ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ convex mirror ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ convex
183
00:17:54,150 --> 00:17:58,690
mirror ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ู€ center of rotation ูˆู†ูุฑุถ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ู€ object
184
00:17:58,690 --> 00:18:03,770
ุงู„ู€ F ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง
185
00:18:03,770 --> 00:18:07,770
ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ F A ูˆููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ F BุŒ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุดุนุงุน
186
00:18:07,770 --> 00:18:16,220
ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏู‡ ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏู‡ ู‡ูŠุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ F B ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ
187
00:18:16,220 --> 00:18:28,320
ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏู‡ ูŠุฏุฎู„ ููŠ F B ุทูŠุจ ูˆุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ู…ุชุฌู‡ ู„ู€ F A
188
00:18:28,320 --> 00:18:37,480
ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ู…ุชุฌู‡ ู„ู€ F A ู‡ูŠุฑุชุฏ ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ ูˆุงู„ู€ central ray
189
00:18:41,880 --> 00:18:50,060
ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ู…ุชุฌู‡ ู„ู€ FA ู‡ูŠุฑุชุฏ ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠ ูˆุงู„ู€ central ray
190
00:18:50,060 --> 00:18:56,740
ุทุจุนุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุฑุฌุนูˆุง ูˆูŠู„ุชู‚ูˆุง ู‡ูŠู„ุชู‚ูˆุง
191
00:18:56,740 --> 00:19:00,620
ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ I ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู€ image virtual ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ู€ central
192
00:19:00,620 --> 00:19:05,420
ray ู‡ูŠุฏุฎู„
193
00:19:05,420 --> 00:19:13,880
ููŠ ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ ูŠู„ุชู‚ูŠ ู…ุนู‡ู… ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€
194
00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:20,100
image virtual upright minified ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุถุจุท
195
00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:24,400
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุถุจุทุŒ ุฅุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุฌุฑุงููŠูƒูŠ ู…ุง ููŠ ุฃูŠ
196
00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:29,920
ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุณ ู…ุน ู…ุฑุงุนุงุฉ ุฅู† Fa ูˆFb ู…ู†ุทุจู‚ุงุช ุนู„ู‰
197
00:19:29,920 --> 00:19:30,540
ุจุนุถู‡ู…
198
00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:52,640
ู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู€ mirrorsุŒ ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ุนู† ุงู„ู€ optical
199
00:19:52,640 --> 00:19:57,380
aberrationsุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู† ูƒู„ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ูƒุงู† ุนู†
200
00:19:57,380 --> 00:20:02,700
ุงู„ู€ para axial rays ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ optical axis
201
00:20:02,700 --> 00:20:06,680
ูˆู‚ู„ู†ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ para axial
202
00:20:06,680 --> 00:20:12,060
rays ุชุนุทูŠู†ุง ุฅูŠู‡ุŸ Stigmatic imaging ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง
203
00:20:16,420 --> 00:20:23,280
ุงู„ู€ non-paraxial ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ off axis rays ู‡ุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ
204
00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:31,440
astigmatic image ุฃูˆ ู‡ุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง
205
00:20:31,440 --> 00:20:35,880
aberrations aberrations
206
00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:44,160
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฒูŠุบ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ astigmatic image ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฒูŠุบ
207
00:20:44,160 --> 00:20:51,010
ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ Stigmatic Imaging ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุทูŠุจ ู‡ู„ ูƒู„
208
00:20:51,010 --> 00:20:55,270
ุงู„ู€ aberrations ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุจุฃุฌุจู„ู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุจุดูˆูู‡ุง
209
00:20:55,270 --> 00:20:59,330
ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุจุฃุฌุฑูŠ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ
210
00:20:59,330 --> 00:21:04,170
ู„ู„ุนุฏุณุงุช ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฒูŠุบ ูˆุฎู„ุงุตุŸ ู„ุฃ ููŠ ุชุตู†ูŠูุงุช ู„ู„ู€ aberrations ููŠ ุชุตู†ูŠูุงุช ู„ู„ู€
211
00:21:04,170 --> 00:21:09,230
aberrations ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง monochromatic aberrations
212
00:21:09,230 --> 00:21:14,250
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃุญุงุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง ุฃุจูŠุถ ุนุงุฏูŠ ุฒูŠู‡ุง ุฒูŠ
213
00:21:14,250 --> 00:21:19,910
ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฃุจูŠุถ ุจุณ ู…ุง ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ุง focused image ุฃูˆ
214
00:21:19,910 --> 00:21:24,050
stigmatic image ูˆููŠ chromatic aberration ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
215
00:21:24,050 --> 00:21:30,690
ุงู„ุฒูŠุบ ุงู„ู…ุชุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู†ุŒ ุฅุญู†ุง ู‡ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู€
216
00:21:30,690 --> 00:21:35,250
monochromatic aberration ุจุชู†ู‚ุณู… ู„ู€ lower order
217
00:21:35,250 --> 00:21:38,930
aberration ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุณูŠุทุฉุŒ aberration ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ูˆ
218
00:21:38,930 --> 00:21:42,380
aberrations higher order ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ุชู…ุงู…
219
00:21:42,380 --> 00:21:47,320
ุฅุฐุง ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ monochromatic aberrations ูˆchromatic
220
00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:54,040
aberrations ุงู„ู€ monochromatic aberrations ุจุชู†ู‚ุณู…
221
00:21:54,040 --> 00:21:57,500
ู„ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† lower ุฃูˆ ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุชูŠู† lower order aberrations ูˆ
222
00:21:57,500 --> 00:22:02,160
higher order aberrations ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ู€ lower order
223
00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:05,400
aberrations ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุดุงุฆุนุฉ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
224
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:09,410
ุงู„ู€ aberration ู†ูุณูŠ ุฃุณู…ูŠู‡ defocus ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
225
00:22:09,410 --> 00:22:14,590
focus ูˆุงุถุญ ู„ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉุŒ ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ focus ูˆุงุถุญ ู„ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉุŒ ุฃูƒุจุฑ
226
00:22:14,590 --> 00:22:21,790
ู…ุซุงู„ูŠู† ู†ุตุงุฏูู‡ู… ููŠ ุดุบู„ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ myopia ูˆุงู„ู€
227
00:22:21,790 --> 00:22:25,170
hypermetropia ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ spherical refractive
228
00:22:25,170 --> 00:22:28,070
errorุŒ ูˆุฃูŠุถุง ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู€ defocus ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง
229
00:22:28,070 --> 00:22:32,680
ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง regular astigmatism ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุฅู† ุฃู†ุชู… ููŠ ุงู„ู€
230
00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:36,220
refraction ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃุฎุฐุชู… ููƒุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ regular
231
00:22:36,220 --> 00:22:38,860
astigmatismุŒ ู„ู…ุง ุฅุญู†ุง ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ myopic eye ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ object
232
00:22:38,860 --> 00:22:46,320
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ optical infinity ุฃูˆ ู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู€ optical
233
00:22:46,320 --> 00:22:49,180
infinity ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ู† 6 ู…ุชุฑ ุชู…ุงู… ู‡ุชูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ู…ู†ู‡
234
00:22:49,180 --> 00:22:53,720
ู…ุชูˆุงุฒูŠุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจู…ุง ุฅู†ู‡ุง myopic eye ุงู„ููˆูƒุณ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ
235
00:22:53,720 --> 00:22:57,990
ู‚ุฏุงู… ุงู„ุดุจูƒูŠุฉุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ focus ู‡ุชุชูุฑุฌ
236
00:22:57,990 --> 00:23:04,150
ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ุธุจูˆุท ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุชุตู„ ู„ู„ุดุจูƒูŠุฉ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุด focused
237
00:23:04,150 --> 00:23:11,430
focus ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุชุฌู…ุนุฉ ููŠ ุฃุตุบุฑ area ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†
238
00:23:11,760 --> 00:23:16,100
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ุฌุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุถูˆุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุชุตููŠ ู†ู‚ุทุฉุŒ
239
00:23:16,100 --> 00:23:21,120
ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุชุตููŠ ู†ู‚ุทุฉุŒ ูุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง DุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ D
240
00:23:21,120 --> 00:23:24,820
ุงู„ู†ุงููŠุฉุŒ ุฏูŠ focusุŒ ุนุฏุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู€ focus ููŠ ุงู„ู€
241
00:23:24,820 --> 00:23:28,460
hypermetroid ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ู‡ุชุชุฌู…ุน ูˆูŠู†ุŸ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุด
242
00:23:28,460 --> 00:23:36,080
ู‡ุชุฎุชุฑู‚ ุงู„ุนูŠู† ูˆุชุฑูˆุญ ุฎู„ู ุงู„ุดุจูŠูƒูŠุฉุŒ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุชูˆุตู„ ู„ู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
243
00:23:36,080 --> 00:23:39,340
high ูˆุฎู„ุงุตุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ู…ุนู‡ุง ู…ุฌุงู„ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชูƒู…ู„
244
00:23:39,340 --> 00:23:45,680
ูƒุงู†ุช ุฌู…ุนุช ูˆุฑุง ูุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฅุญู†ุง ู…ุฌุงุฒุฉ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุจุชุชุฌู…ุน ุฎู„ู
245
00:23:45,680 --> 00:23:49,420
ุงู„ุดุจูƒูŠุฉุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุงุจุชุฎุชุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุดุจูƒูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุตู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุดุจูƒูŠุฉ
246
00:23:49,420 --> 00:23:52,740
ู„ุณู‡ ู…ุด ุนุงู…ู„ุฉ focus ู‡ูŠ de-focused ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
247
00:23:52,740 --> 00:23:57,340
ุงู„ู€ myopia ูˆุงู„ู€ hypermetropia ุจุชุชุณู…ู‰ de-focused ุงู„ู„ูŠ
248
00:23:57,340 --> 00:24:01,620
ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ู€ lower order aberration ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
249
00:24:01,620 --> 00:24:05,780
ุชุตู„ูŠุญู‡ุง ุจุชู… simply ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ spherical lenses ุทุจุนุง
250
00:24:05,780 --> 00:24:11,360
minus ู„ู„ู…ูŠูˆุช ูˆplus ู„ู„ู€ hypermetro
251
00:24:11,360 --> 00:24:17,030
ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ regular astigmatism ู‚ุจู„
252
00:24:17,030 --> 00:24:28,310
ุฃู† ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ู€ regular astigmatism ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุฅู† ุงู„ู€
253
00:24:28,310 --> 00:24:31,790
higher order aberrations ููŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ูˆุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุฒูŠ
254
00:24:31,790 --> 00:24:36,790
ุงู„ู€ spherical aberration
255
00:24:36,790 --> 00:24:38,150
ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ู†ุงุฎุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ู…ุนุงุฏู‡ุง ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€ coma
256
00:24:41,980 --> 00:24:46,200
aberration ู…ุฐู†ุจุงุช ุฒูŠ three foil aberration ู‡ุฐู‡
257
00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:52,300
ูƒู„ู‡ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ higher order aberration ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ุจุชู‡ุชู… ููŠู‡ุง
258
00:24:52,300 --> 00:24:57,260
ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจู€ refractive surgery ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€
259
00:24:57,260 --> 00:25:01,820
LASIK ูˆุงู„ู€ PRK ูˆุงู„ุดุบู„ุงุช ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู‡ุชู…ูˆุง
260
00:25:01,820 --> 00:25:05,840
ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุนุดุงู† ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑุด ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ูŠุนู†ูŠ higher order
261
00:25:05,840 --> 00:25:10,020
operation ุจุนุฏ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ laser ุชู…ุงู… ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ refractive
262
00:25:10,020 --> 00:25:14,500
surgery ุจูŠุฏุฑุณูˆุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ูƒูˆูŠุณ ูˆุทุจุนุง ุงู„ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ
263
00:25:14,500 --> 00:25:19,140
ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ุงู„ุขู† ุจุชุฃุฎุฐูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจ ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑุด ุนู†ุฏ
264
00:25:19,140 --> 00:25:22,300
ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ุฅู† ุงู„ู€ regular
265
00:25:22,300 --> 00:25:26,940
astigmatism
266
00:25:26,940 --> 00:25:28,080
ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ููŠ ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุงุณู…ู‡ irregular astigmatism
267
00:25:35,320 --> 00:25:41,420
ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ูƒุดูƒูˆู„ูŠุŒ ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ูƒุดูƒูˆู„ูŠุŒ ู„ูŠุดุŸ
268
00:25:41,420 --> 00:25:52,960
ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ catch all term
269
00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:56,500
ู„ูŠุด ู…ุตุทู„ุญ catch all termุŸ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠู„ู…ู‘ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠู†ุชู…ูŠุŒ ูƒู„
270
00:25:57,860 --> 00:26:02,180
ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ูŠูˆุจูŠุง ูˆู„ุง hypermetropia ูˆู„ุง regular
271
00:26:02,180 --> 00:26:04,920
astigmatismุŒ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ higher order
272
00:26:04,920 --> 00:26:09,400
aberration ูˆุฃู†ูˆุงุนู‡ุง ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุง ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุชุณู…ู‰ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰
273
00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:13,440
ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุฅูŠุดุŸ irregular astigmatismุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุน ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุธู‡ูˆุฑ
274
00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:19,120
ุงู„ู€ corneal topography ูˆุงู„ู€ corneal tomography ุจุฏุคูˆุง
275
00:26:19,120 --> 00:26:21,620
ูŠู‡ุชู…ูˆุง ููŠ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุชูุตูŠู„ุงุชู‡ุง ูˆูƒูŠู ู†ุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
276
00:26:21,620 --> 00:26:25,880
ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูˆูƒูŠู ู†ุนุงู„ุฌ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉุŒ ู†ุฌูŠ ู„ู€ regular
277
00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:29,500
astigmatism
278
00:26:29,500 --> 00:26:34,100
ุฅุญู†ุง
279
00:26:34,100 --> 00:26:38,640
ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ astigmatismุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ non-stigmatic
281
00:26:42,580 --> 00:26:48,660
image ุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ optical system
282
00:26:48,660 --> 00:26:53,420
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุนุทูŠ non-stigmatic image
283
00:26:59,130 --> 00:27:04,090
ุจุณ ู…ู†ุชุธู… ู„ูŠุดุŸ
284
00:27:04,090 --> 00:27:10,110
ุณู…ูˆู‡ ู…ู†ุชุธู… ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ meridian ููŠ ุงู„ู€ optical
285
00:27:10,110 --> 00:27:15,990
system ู„ู‡ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุชุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุงู„ู€ meridian ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุฌูˆุงุฑู‡
286
00:27:15,990 --> 00:27:21,730
ู„ูˆ ุชุตูˆุฑู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุฃู† ุฃูˆู„ meridianุŒ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุŒ
287
00:27:21,730 --> 00:27:27,100
ุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุŒ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุŒ ุงู„ุณุงุฏุณุŒ ุงู„ุณุงุจุน ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูƒู„
288
00:27:27,100 --> 00:27:32,460
meridian ู„ู‡ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุชุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู€ meridian ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฌุฑู‡
289
00:27:32,460 --> 00:27:37,900
ูˆููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ meridian ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูˆุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ optical system
290
00:27:37,900 --> 00:27:40,940
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ meridian ุฃุฎุฐู†ุงู‡ ู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ูˆุชุฎูŠู„ู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡
291
00:27:40,940 --> 00:27:44,960
ุนุฏุณุฉ ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุจุฐุงุชู‡ุง ู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ูˆู…ุด ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุนุฏุณุฉ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ูˆ
292
00:27:44,960 --> 00:27:48,760
ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูˆุงู„ู€ meridian ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡
293
00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:54,200
ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ
294
00:27:57,070 --> 00:28:01,430
ู‡ู†ุง ุจุชู†ุดุฃ ู„ู†ุง ุดูŠุก ูƒูŠู ู†ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ optical
295
00:28:01,430 --> 00:28:09,450
system ุฃูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุงู„ู€
296
00:28:09,450 --> 00:28:15,330
meridians ุชุฎุชู„ู ููŠ ู‚ูˆุชู‡ุง ุจุณ ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ู…ู†ุชุธู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ
297
00:28:15,330 --> 00:28:20,310
ู…ู„ุงู‚ูŠุด ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู…ู„ุงู‚ูŠุด ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุง
298
00:28:20,310 --> 00:28:26,970
+4 ุฏูŠูˆุจุชุฑ ูˆู‡ู†ุง +3 ุฏูŠูˆุจุชุฑ ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุจุชุฑุฌุน ุชุฒูŠุฏ
299
00:28:26,970 --> 00:28:31,070
ุงู„ู€ +3.5 ุฏูŠูˆุจุชุฑ ู„ุฃ ููŠ ุชุฏุฑุฌ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ูˆ
300
00:28:31,070 --> 00:28:36,290
ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุถุนู ุงู„ุถุนู ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ูŠู…ุดูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ู„ู„ุฃุถุนู ูŠุนู†ูŠ
301
00:28:36,290 --> 00:28:39,290
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ meridian ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ูŠุชู„ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุซู… ู‡ุฐุง ุซู… ู‡ุฐุง ุฅู„ู‰
302
00:28:39,290 --> 00:28:45,730
ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุง ู†ุตู„ ู„ู„ุฃุถุนู meridian ุฅุฐุง ููŠ ุชุฏุฑุฌ ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุขู†
303
00:28:45,730 --> 00:28:51,290
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ูƒูˆูŠุณ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูƒูŠู ุฃุชุนุงู…ู„ ุฃูˆ ูƒูŠู ุฃูู‡ู… ุชูƒูˆู†
304
00:28:51,290 --> 00:29:00,190
ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ููŠ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ optical system ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงุญู†ุง
305
00:29:00,190 --> 00:29:05,290
ู‚ู„ู†ุง ูƒูŠู ุชุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ููŠ ุนุฏุณุฉ +3 ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ
306
00:29:05,290 --> 00:29:11,690
ููŠู‡ุง +3 ูƒุฑูˆูŠ ูƒู…ุงู† ูƒูŠู ุชุชูƒูˆู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ object ุนู„ู‰
307
00:29:11,690 --> 00:29:17,210
ุจุนุฏ ู†ุตู ู…ุชุฑ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ U ุทู„ุนุช -2
308
00:29:17,210 --> 00:29:23,590
ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ U ุทู„ุนุช +1 ุงู„ู€ image ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ 1 ู…ุชุฑ
309
00:29:25,980 --> 00:29:32,420
ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุชุนุทูŠู†ุง ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุฃูˆ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู€ focus ู‚ุฑูŠุจ
310
00:29:32,420 --> 00:29:38,180
ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูˆ ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงุญู†ุง
311
00:29:38,180 --> 00:29:45,640
ู„ู†ุง pencil of light ุฃูŠุด ุงู„ู€ pencil of lightุŸ small
312
00:29:45,640 --> 00:29:50,040
collection of
313
00:29:50,040 --> 00:29:54,200
light rays traveling in the same direction ุชู…ุงู…
314
00:29:54,590 --> 00:30:01,030
ูˆุฏุฎู„ุช ููŠู‡ Toric Lens ุฃูŠ optical system ููŠู‡
315
00:30:01,030 --> 00:30:04,150
ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุตูุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญูƒูŠู†ุงู‡ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ Toric Lens
316
00:30:04,150 --> 00:30:11,390
ุชู…ุงู… ุฃูˆ Spherical Lens ุชู…ุงู… Toric Lens ูŠุง ุชุฑู‰ ุฃูŠุด
317
00:30:11,390 --> 00:30:15,670
ู…ุตูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ optical system ุฃู†ุง ุญุงุณุจู‡ ุจุณ ุงู„ู€
318
00:30:15,670 --> 00:30:18,930
meridian ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ูˆุงู„ู€ meridian ุงู„ุฃุถุนู ู†ูุชุฑุถ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุซู„ุงู‹
319
00:30:18,930 --> 00:30:25,460
+4 ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุฃูŠุดุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ +2 ุชู…ุงู… ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„
320
00:30:25,460 --> 00:30:30,100
ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ูŠุง ุชุฑู‰ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุตูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ pencil of light
321
00:30:30,100 --> 00:30:34,200
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† point source of light ู†ูุฑุถ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅูŠู‡ุŸ
322
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:39,280
ุชู…ุงู… ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃูˆ ุฃูˆ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ุฏุฑุณ
323
00:30:39,280 --> 00:30:43,600
geometrical optics ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ูƒูŠู
324
00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:48,600
ุชุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒูŠู ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ
325
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:52,380
ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ object ู…ุฑูˆุฑุงู‹ ุจุงู„ู€ optical system ูˆุงู†ุชู‡ุงุก ุจุงู„ู€
326
00:30:52,380 --> 00:30:55,720
image ู…ุง ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู€ image ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€
327
00:30:55,720 --> 00:30:59,780
pencil of light ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ุชุงุชู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุขู„ุงู
328
00:30:59,780 --> 00:31:03,280
ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ู‡ูŠุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ meridian ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ูˆุจุนุถู‡ุง
329
00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:05,620
ู‡ูŠุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ meridian ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฌู†ุจู‡ ูˆุจุนุถู‡ุง ู‡ูŠุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€
330
00:31:05,620 --> 00:31:08,180
meridian ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฌู†ุจู‡ ูˆุจุนุถู‡ุง ู‡ูŠุฏุฎู„.. ูˆุจุนุถู‡ุง ู‡ูŠุฏุฎู„ ููŠ
331
00:31:08,180 --> 00:31:11,680
ุงู„ู€ meridian ุงู„ุฃุถุนู ุทุจ ุงุญู†ุง.. ุทุจ ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฎู„ูˆุง ููŠ..
332
00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:13,580
ููŠ.. ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ meridian ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนุงูŠุฒู‡
333
00:31:13,580 --> 00:31:18,020
ู…ุงููŠุด ุฃูŠ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู‡ ุจุณ ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ meridian ู…ู†
334
00:31:18,020 --> 00:31:23,250
ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ู‡ูŠุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุชุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ู€ meridian ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ูŠู‡
335
00:31:23,250 --> 00:31:26,790
ุซู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ูŠู‡ ุซู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ูŠู‡ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ
336
00:31:26,790 --> 00:31:30,230
ู„ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ู„ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุญุงุจูŠู†ู†ุง
337
00:31:30,230 --> 00:31:34,990
ู†ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ุฃูˆ ู†ุณุชู‚ุจู„ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุฃูˆ ู†ุณุชู‚ุจู„ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง
338
00:31:34,990 --> 00:31:39,830
ุฃูˆ ู†ุณุชู‚ุจู„ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุนุฑูˆู ู„ูˆ ุชุตูˆุฑู†ุง ู„ูˆ ุชุตูˆุฑู†ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู€
339
00:31:39,830 --> 00:31:43,350
meridian ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ +4 ุนุฏุณุฉ ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุจุฐุงุชู‡ุง
340
00:31:43,350 --> 00:31:49,850
ูˆุงู„ุฌุณู… ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ู†ุตู ู…ุชุฑ ุชู…ุงู… ู‡ูŠ ุนุฏุณุฉ
341
00:31:49,850 --> 00:31:53,210
ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุจุฐุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ +4 ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
342
00:31:53,210 --> 00:31:59,150
ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ A ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ู†ุตู ู…ุชุฑ ูˆุฏุฎู„ุช ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ +4
343
00:31:59,150 --> 00:32:06,850
ุงู„ู€ U ู‚ุฏ ุฅูŠุดุŸ -2 ุงู„ู€ V +2 ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ
344
00:32:06,850 --> 00:32:16,450
ู†ุตู ู…ุชุฑ ุทูŠุจ ู†ุฌูŠุจ ุงู„ู€ 2 ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ู†ุตู ู…ุชุฑ
345
00:32:16,450 --> 00:32:17,370
+2
346
00:32:20,150 --> 00:32:27,770
ุฃูˆ ุฎู„ู‘ูŠู†ูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ +3 ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ +3 ุงู„ู€ U ู‚ุฏ ุฅูŠุดุŸ -2
347
00:32:27,770 --> 00:32:33,970
ุงู„ู€ V +1 ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุชุฏุฎู„ ููŠ
348
00:32:33,970 --> 00:32:38,350
ุงู„ู€ meridian ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ู†ุตู ู…ุชุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
349
00:32:38,350 --> 00:32:41,550
ู‡ุชุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ meridian ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ focus ุจุชุงุนู‡ุง
350
00:32:41,550 --> 00:32:46,010
ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุชุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุชุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ meridians
351
00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:52,020
ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูุฑุงุบูŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠ ู„ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ูˆ
352
00:32:52,020 --> 00:32:56,660
ุงุชู„ู‚ูŠุชู‡ุง ููŠ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูุฑุงุบูŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠ
353
00:32:56,660 --> 00:33:07,140
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุดูŠุก ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ conoid of stem ุฃูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ conoid
354
00:33:07,140 --> 00:33:11,260
of stem ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ pencil of light ุฏุฎู„ุช ููŠ
355
00:33:11,260 --> 00:33:15,600
ุงู„ู€ stigmatic lens ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ toric lens ู‡ุชุชุฌู…ุน
356
00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:16,700
ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
357
00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:47,120
ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ู‡ ู†ู‚ุทุฉุŸ ู„ุง ุงุญู†ุง
358
00:33:47,120 --> 00:33:52,780
ู…ุง ุจู†ุนุฑูุด ู†ุณุชุนู…ู„ ูˆุฑู‚ ุงู„ุชู„ู‚ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุถูˆุก ู…ุตูŠุฑู‡ ู„ูˆ ุชุฎูŠู„ู†ุง
359
00:33:52,780 --> 00:33:59,020
ุงุญู†ุง.. ุงุญู†ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู†ู‡ ู†ุตุจ ุบุจุดุฉ ุจุบุทุงุก ูˆูŠุตูŠุฑ
360
00:33:59,020 --> 00:34:06,460
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุดูˆู ู„ู†ุง ุชู…ุงู… ุจุดูƒู„ ูˆุงุถุญ ุจู„ูˆู† ู…ุนูŠู† ู‡ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู†
361
00:34:06,460 --> 00:34:13,470
ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู‡ุงูŠ ุชู…ุงู… ุดูƒู„
362
00:34:13,470 --> 00:34:18,870
ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุชุญุช ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุจูŠุถุงูˆูŠ ูˆุงู‚ู ุชู…ุงู… ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู‡ุงูŠ
363
00:34:18,870 --> 00:34:23,750
ุตุฏุฑุช ุฎุท ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู‡ุงูŠ ุจูŠุถุงูˆูŠ ูˆุงู‚ู ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู‡ุงูŠ
364
00:34:23,750 --> 00:34:27,430
ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู‡ุงูŠ ุจูŠุถุงูˆูŠ ุจุงู„ุนุฑุถ ุฌุงูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
365
00:34:27,430 --> 00:34:36,950
ู‡ุงูŠ ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ูŠุง ุนุฒูŠุฒูŠ ุชู…ุงู…
366
00:34:37,530 --> 00:34:47,350
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ conoid of stem ู„ูˆ ุงุญู†ุง ุฌุจู†ุง ูˆุฑู‚
367
00:34:47,350 --> 00:34:51,690
ุงู„ุชู„ู‚ูŠ ูู‚ุท ุนู†ุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู‡ู†ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ high
368
00:34:51,690 --> 00:35:00,390
ูƒุดูƒู„ ุจูŠุถุงูˆูŠ ู‚ุงุฆู… ุนู†ุฏ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ู†ุณุชู‚ุจู„ู‡ุง ูƒุดูƒู„ ุฎุท ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ
369
00:35:00,390 --> 00:35:05,830
ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ high ุจูŠุถุงูˆูŠ ุจุณ ุฃู‚ุตุฑ ุจุฏุฃ ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ู‡ู†ุง ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ
370
00:35:06,450 --> 00:35:11,030
ู‡ู†ุง ุจูŠุถุงูˆูŠ ู…ุณุชุทูŠู„ ู‡ู†ุง ุฎุท ู…ุณุชุทูŠู„ ู‡ู†ุง ุจูŠุถุงูˆูŠ ุทูˆูŠู„ ู‡ุฐู‡
371
00:35:11,030 --> 00:35:19,710
ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval
372
00:35:19,710 --> 00:35:21,310
ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู†
373
00:35:21,310 --> 00:35:25,710
ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval
374
00:35:25,710 --> 00:35:28,070
ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู†
375
00:35:28,070 --> 00:35:29,190
ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval
376
00:35:29,190 --> 00:35:32,630
ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู†
377
00:35:32,630 --> 00:35:34,290
ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ interval ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ int
378
00:35:34,690 --> 00:35:40,430
focal point ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุงุญู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฏุณุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ู„ูˆ ุชุฎูŠู„ู†ุง
379
00:35:40,430 --> 00:35:43,630
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู†ู‚ุทุฉ spherical lens
380
00:35:43,630 --> 00:35:49,630
ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุญุณุจู†ุงู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุชุฑ ุฅุฐุง
381
00:35:49,630 --> 00:35:54,210
ุชุฎูŠู„ู†ุง ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ู†ุชู„ู‚ู‰ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ุฑูƒุฒุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุชุฑ
382
00:35:54,210 --> 00:35:57,750
ู‡ู†ุง ู„ู…ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ toric lens ุงุฎุชู„ู ุงู„ูˆุถุน ู…ุง ุฃู‚ุฏุฑุด ุฃุชู„ู‚ูŠ
383
00:35:57,750 --> 00:36:02,130
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุนูŠู† ู…ุง ุฅู†ู…ุง ุจู†ุชู„ู‚ูŠ two focal
384
00:36:02,130 --> 00:36:06,390
points ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุจุนุถ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูˆุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ููŠ
385
00:36:06,390 --> 00:36:10,290
ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง conoid of stem ููŠ conoid of stem ููŠ
386
00:36:10,290 --> 00:36:16,210
ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ
387
00:36:16,210 --> 00:36:25,990
ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง circle of least confusion ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃูˆุถุญ focus
388
00:36:25,990 --> 00:36:32,510
ู…ู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุฏู‡ best overall focus
389
00:36:35,390 --> 00:36:40,610
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃูˆุถุญ image ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง ุฃูˆุถุญ image ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง
390
00:36:40,610 --> 00:36:46,670
ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุฃู†ุง ุจู†ุตุญ ุนุดุงู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูŠุชู… ุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุณู„ูŠู…
391
00:36:46,670 --> 00:36:53,250
ููŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ YouTube ู†ูƒุชุจ conoid of a star ูˆููŠ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ
392
00:36:53,250 --> 00:36:57,910
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ููŠุฒูŠุง ุจุชู†ุนู…ู„ ูˆูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชู„ู‚ูŠ ูˆููŠ point
393
00:36:57,910 --> 00:37:02,910
source of light ูˆููŠ ุนุฏุณุฉ ุชูˆุฑูŠูƒ ุชู…ุงู… ูˆุจูŠูˆุถุญ ู„ู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡
394
00:37:02,910 --> 00:37:06,310
ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู‡ุงูŠ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ line horizontal ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ
395
00:37:06,310 --> 00:37:09,430
ุดูƒู„ ุจูŠุถุงูˆูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ circle at least confusion ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ
396
00:37:09,430 --> 00:37:13,630
ุดูƒู„ ุจูŠุถุงูˆูŠ ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู‡ุงุฏู ูุจูŠูˆุถุญ ู„ูŠ ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุง
397
00:37:13,630 --> 00:37:19,290
ูŠุฎุชู„ู ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุชู„ู‚ูŠ ุทุจ ู„ูˆ ุงุญู†ุง ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชู„ู‚ูŠ ุฑูุนู†ุงู‡ุง
398
00:37:19,290 --> 00:37:23,690
ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุงุญู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุดูƒู„ ูุฑุงุบูŠ ู„ู„ุถูˆุก ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ู…ู…ูƒู†
399
00:37:23,690 --> 00:37:27,930
ู…ู„ุงุญุธูˆุด ุจุงู„ุนูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุฏุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ู…ุง ู„ูˆุด ู„ูˆู† ู…ุง ู„ูˆุด
400
00:37:27,930 --> 00:37:32,510
ู„ูˆู† ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ู‚ุฏุฑุด ุงุญู†ุง ุถูˆุก ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
401
00:37:32,510 --> 00:37:35,610
ุฃุตู„ู‹ุง ููŠ ุถูˆุกุŒ ุถูˆุก ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃุตู„ู‹ุง ููŠ ุถูˆุก ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡
402
00:37:35,610 --> 00:37:39,870
ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชู„ู‚ู… ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุชุฎูŠู„ ุงู„ุดูƒู„
403
00:37:39,870 --> 00:37:43,870
ุงู„ูุฑุงุบูŠ ุงู„ู€ circle of least confusion ู„ูŠุณ ุดุฑุทุงู‹ ุฃู†ู‡ุง
404
00:37:43,870 --> 00:37:50,310
ุชูƒูˆู† ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุต ุจูŠู†.. ู„ุฃ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุญุณุงุจู‡ุง.. ูƒูŠู
405
00:37:50,310 --> 00:37:53,010
ุญุณุงุจ ู…ูˆู‚ุนู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุงุฎุฏู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงูŠุฉ ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡
406
00:37:53,010 --> 00:37:54,310
ูŠุนุทูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุนููˆ