L9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/Iqda-Bpvvrs_raw.srt

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Assalamualaikum and good day everyone. Today we

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move to the 20th century. We'll speak about major

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issues in the 20th century, major names and major

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literary texts. We are about to close this course.

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And I want you always to imagine how the journey

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of English literature moved from the oral Old

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English tradition and then to Middle English, and

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then to drama, Shakespeare, and poetry, and novel,

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and prose, and then the 20th century. This has

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been a fascinating journey. It's not easy, again,

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to speak about everything in English literature in

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just 30 or 40 classes. In the future, hopefully,

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you will be studying more literature courses, and

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you will go in-depth into more issues than we

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discussed here. My aim was to give you an idea to

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show you how literature and life interact, how

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life influences literature, and how literature

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also creates particular things in life in the

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sense that it empowers people. It suggests new

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ideas. It makes us grow in a way or another. And

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how literature has always been used by the

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marginalized, by the subclass, by women, by the

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outsiders as a tool of resistance, of speaking

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truth to power of expressing themselves in the

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sense that literature is revolution and can cause

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revolutions. Now, the 20th century is a

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fascinating era to speak about in all issues,

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whether we speak about technology, technological

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advancements, industry, society, philosophy,

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literature, arts, relationships, how the world has

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become a really tiny village, especially with the

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internet in the late 20th century. Now when we

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speak about, before we speak about the literature,

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I want just to mention the major issues here. I

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can't cover everything again, but we'll have an

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idea. So remember how people were lamenting the

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loss of faith in the late Victorian Age. They were

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sad, expressing their sadness because people were

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no longer the people who used to be close, who

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loved each other, who were, you know, in a way or

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another living in a society in harmony. And how

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this society, because of the city and the

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Industrial Revolution, how everything was changing

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and moving too. to the worst. Some people lamented

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this in literature, especially in the poetry of

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the late Victorian period. And we've seen the

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crisis of faith in Matthew Arnold's famous poem

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Dover Beach. And now when Arnold gave us a little

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tiny ray of hope when he said, let us be true to

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one another, suggesting that be honesty and truth.

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and beauty are all important things that can at

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least unite us despite the differences. Now, when

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people had a little tiny hope, the Great War or

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the First World War broke out. And millions and

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millions of people were killed. I'm not sure how

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many, but I think like over 20 million people were

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killed. And most of them were white European

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Christians. So I remember in literature we have

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always this idea of the Western man being more

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superior than the native Africans or Asians, being

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smarter, more civilized. And now all of a sudden,

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The Europeans among themselves, the Christians,

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the white people are massacring each other for

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more or less trivial things. Could be political

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issues, but sometimes you go back to the origin of

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how it all started, and it's a stupid thing. And

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this was the final blow that people lost hope. So

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many people lost hope. So the period between the

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First World War and the Second World War,

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especially in the 30s, is called the lost

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generation, where people lost not only hope, but

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everything. Even the tiny little spark of hope

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they had of maybe this is the Western

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civilization. It's going to be the best. history

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has ever known. But then all of a sudden, one war

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and another war, and tens of millions of people,

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over 50, around 60 million people were massacred.

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Because in a way or another, there's no hope.

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Humanity is doomed to fail. Remember the

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positivism of George Eliot that humanity is

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advancing, progressing, the good is yet to come.

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This proved that Many things were not true. Now,

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the British Empire started to fall apart, to be

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torn into pieces because of the liberation

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movements and the resistance by the colonized

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around the world. So England was shrinking. The

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British Empire itself was shrinking until it's now

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only a little tiny island. some symbolic authority

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here and there. In the 20th century, we speak

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about the rise of fascism, the rise of Nazism.

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like, as too brutal, like, the worst of what

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humanity has given, especially in modern history,

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is fascism and Nazism, when people considered

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themselves to be bitter just because of the color

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of their skin, to be more superior, and to give

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themselves the right to kill, massacre millions of

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people just because they believe that we are the

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chosen people more, more or less. Fascism or

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Nazism could have ended with the fall or the

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defeat of Hitler and Germany, but neo-Nazism and

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Nazis are still alive and kicking around the

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world. And fascists are also still alive and

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kicking around the world. There are still many

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people who believe that, for example, the white

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people are the best, the most superior, and this

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is called white supremacy. So no matter what

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people do, like sometimes you say, why are people

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like this? Why is it that this person hate me

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because of... what I believe, what I wear, or what

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I think, or how I look. Horrible people will

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always be around, no matter what we do, no matter

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how good we are, okay? So when we speak about

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literature, because this is a literature course,

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we speak about modernism. And when I spoke about

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John Donne and the metaphysical poets, and I said

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these were, in a way or another, modernist poets.

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When I spoke about, what's his name, Lawrence

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Stern, I said, His text Tristram Shandy is also a

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modernist text. And when we spoke about Mary

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Shelley's Frankenstein, we said there are

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modernist elements. Some people think that

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modernism started in the 20th century. It's not

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accurate. Modernism is not related to a particular

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time. But the majority of modernist artistic

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creation took place in the 20th century. So I

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always give this funny example of, I say if

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modernism is a pizza, at least two slices of it

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happened before the 20th century. Examples, John

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Donne, Herbert, Lawrence Stern, Mary Shelley have

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generally experimental issues. When we speak about

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modernism, it's basically how you try to bring new

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forms of expression, new literary forms, how you

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try to break the rules and the barriers of what

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you have to do and you just do something new.

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That's basically what it is. When we speak also

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about literature, we speak about literary theory.

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So we have literature. In the past 2,000 years ago

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or more, we speak about Aristotle and Plato, you

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know, Plato. Platon, Aristotle, those people spoke

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about literature and they tried to give an idea to

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help us understand literature. So it was

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basically, if you follow these particular rules,

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you're going to write great literature. And great

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literature is great because of one, two, three,

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four. And it helps us to appreciate and understand

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a poem. So you look at the poem, you look at the

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criteria they said, and say, oh, this is a great

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text because one, two, one, two, three. And we

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spoke about Shelley, who wrote an essay on

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criticism. And also, what's his name? Alexander

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Pope also wrote another essay on criticism and

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literary criticism. So what is literary theory? I

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don't want you to be bothered a lot here, but just

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to have an idea. Basically, literary criticism or

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literary theories, they are a set of theories to

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help us, to guide us how to understand literature.

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I'll speak about two examples here. Feminism, we

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mentioned feminism before. Feminism is the

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movement, the literary theory that locks a text

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from the perspective of a woman, how women are

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treated. It's basically a movement that says women

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are equal to men or are different in their own

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way, not worse. Some people say they are better

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than men. It depends on how you take it. So

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feminism goes to the literary text and tries to

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see, OK, why are you depicting the woman in this

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way? Why are you representing this woman in this

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way? Why do most women die in their literatics?

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This is anti-feminism. Why aren't you allowing the

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woman to express herself? This is anti-feminism.

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And women should have their own rights to speak,

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to express themselves, to love, to hate, to do, to

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act. This was a significant thing that empowered

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women. The other thing is post-colonialism. And we

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also... I'll just go through it in a bit. And also

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post-colonialism, we spoke about it when we

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mentioned Who's the founder, more or less, of post

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-colonialism we mentioned before? What's his name?

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Palestinian? Edward Said. Edward Said. Edward Said

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is said to be, although he's quoted by some people

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that say, like, no, I didn't invent post

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-colonialism. But it is generally attributed to

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Edward Said, post-colonialism. Now, post

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-colonialism says, OK. It focuses mainly on the

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relationship between the East and the West, the

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imperial powers of Europe and the colonized

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oppressed people in Asia and Africa and around the

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world. So both of these theories invite us to

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question, to challenge, to reread the canon. So

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remember the canon? What is the canon? The set of

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the most important... Writings, literary works,

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whether poetry, novel, or drama. When we check

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this again, thanks to these theories, they say,

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okay, wait a minute. Why are all the writers men?

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White. Europeans. Christians. No women, basically.

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No people of color. Ah, there's something wrong

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with this. So we reread the canon in a way or

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whatever. So today, I'll speak about Edward Said,

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Virginia Woolf. Edward Said is a post-colonialism

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figure. Virginia Woolf is a feminist figure and

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critic. I'll give you examples from three major

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literatics, I guess. We'll have T.S. Eliot as a

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poet, James Joyce as a novelist, and some will

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break it as a playwright or a dramatist, just to

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show you an idea about the 20th century, mainly

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and briefly. T.S. Eliot. T.S. Eliot is said to be

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the greatest 20th century poet and critic. His

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famous poem is The Wasteland. And it's generally

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translated into Arabic as... Okay,

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so notice it's two words here, not one word. So

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The Wasteland,

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So The Wasteland, written around 1922 by T.S.

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Eliot, is considered to be the most important poem

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in the 20th century. It is one of the most really

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fascinating poems of all time. And when you read

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it, it's very interesting. Until you try to read

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it, I understand you're still, you know, taking

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the first steps into English literature and

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English language. But give it a shot. At least

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listen to poetry. The most significant thing about

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poetry is to listen to it because poetry is meant

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to be recited. Listen to the recitation on

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YouTube. So this poem, tears in it begins, the

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title, The Wasteland, is taken from the Bible. So

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it's not his. And then he uses a myth, an ancient

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myth about a woman named Sibel. This woman, you

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know, an ancient mythology, mythology like the

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stories from 2,000, 3,000 years ago with the gods

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and goddesses, like unbelievable fictional stories

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similar to Beowulf in a way. So Sibel was asked by

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someone, like,

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You have one wish. What do you want to wish? And

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anything you wish, you will be granted.

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Interesting, right? So what would you ask for?

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What would you ask for now here? To read people's

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minds. Oh, wow. That's spooky. To go back in time.

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Back, not forward. Back in time. What else? What

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else would you do? Get a full mark? Come on.

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That's very simplistic. But yeah, it depends. So

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what did she ask for? She asked for eternal life.

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She wanted to live very ambitious, very everyone

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wants to live forever. However, and this is where

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the famous saying comes from. In English, they

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say, careful what you wish for. So, sir, we want

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the final exam to be all true or false. And I tell

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you, careful what you wish for, because it could

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be tough. OK? I tell you, like, it's better for

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you if you write paragraphs, because you're

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trained to write and express yourself. But true or

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false, it's like true or false. OK? Black and

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white, right? She forgot. She should have asked

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for eternal health or eternal youth. Happiness,

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but means death eventually. So she asked for

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eternal life, and she was given eternal life. And

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what happens here is that she grew very old and

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very tiny. She kept shrinking and shrinking and

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shrinking to the extent that she became like a

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tiny little creature, like a little bird. And

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people put her in a cage. And like after hundreds

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00:15:49,330 --> 00:15:51,910
of years later, the kids would be teasing her and

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making fun of her. Hey, Sibel, what do you want?

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So I remember at the beginning, she said, I want

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eternal life. Now she's saying, I want to die. He

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wants to die, and he can't even die. And this is

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40 years earlier. This is something in the 20th

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century. People wanted to die, but they couldn't

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even die. Even death was difficult. So he goes

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from the Bible to Greek and Latin language. He

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00:16:16,340 --> 00:16:18,640
doesn't write in English this. And then he

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dedicates this poem to his friend, the famous poet

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and critic Ezra Pound. Also, he uses Italian. So

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Bible. Latin and Greek, Italian. And there is a

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subheading for this section of the poem called,

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The Burial of the Dead. And I think it's also

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taken from the Bible. So what is he writing?

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There's nothing by T.S. Eliot. And finally, when

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we read, April is the cruelest month, we say,

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finally, we come to the poem. And if you're smart

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enough, I think you are, you will remember that.

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Yeah, thank you. When we discussed Chaucer's

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Canterbury Tales, he started this by opening the

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poem praising April. What does April generally

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symbolize? Life, spring, rebirth, resurrection,

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new beginning, new world, new experiences, new

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ambitions, life, beauty, happiness. And this has

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00:17:20,710 --> 00:17:22,710
been the case in English literature. So spring

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00:17:22,710 --> 00:17:26,710
always represents new life, rebirth. But here,

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00:17:27,690 --> 00:17:30,350
what is bringing to England, to the West, to

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00:17:30,350 --> 00:17:33,770
Europe? Death and destruction. Millions of people

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dying in the First World War. So it's like, in my

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understanding, T.S. Eliot, this is called

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00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:45,400
allusion. You know allusion when you allude to a

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00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:49,520
text outside your own text, okay? So he's as if

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he's going back in history. Remember we said

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Chaucer is the father of English poetry? So it's

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like he's going to Chaucer, dragging him by the

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hand, dragging him by the hand, dragging him by

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the hand, maybe by the collar, bringing him to the

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20th century, and telling us all it's all been a

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lie. It's a lie. Don't believe this. We are all

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going to die. And even when we want to die, we

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can't. Because April is not a beautiful month.

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April is a cruelest month. Breeding lilacs out of

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the dead. Because when the flowers and the trees

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and the plants spring beneath this millions of

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dead, bodies and land and mixing memory and

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00:18:40,370 --> 00:18:43,630
desire, stirring dull roots with spring rain.

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Winter kept us warm, at least like you don't go

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out in winter, just try to forget. Covering earth

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in forgetful snow, feeding a little life with

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00:18:53,030 --> 00:18:59,030
dried tubers. Summer surprised us. Now, in this

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00:18:59,030 --> 00:19:02,430
text, he uses so many languages. Like, after some

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00:19:02,430 --> 00:19:05,890
ten lines, he uses, for example, Latin, Greek,

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00:19:06,330 --> 00:19:10,330
Italian, German language, French language. He uses

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00:19:10,330 --> 00:19:13,450
Egyptian mythologies. He uses Chinese mythologies,

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00:19:13,610 --> 00:19:15,830
ancient mythologies. Like, when people first read

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00:19:15,830 --> 00:19:17,970
this poem, like, what's going on here? We don't

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00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:22,460
understand basically Everything. So later on, he

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00:19:22,460 --> 00:19:25,460
published something, and he added notes. He says,

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00:19:25,580 --> 00:19:27,800
OK, here I mean this, and here I mean that, and

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00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:31,360
here I mean this and that. But all just we need

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00:19:31,360 --> 00:19:33,920
here for the class is this, like April is the

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00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:36,180
cruelest month, and how literature in the 20th

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00:19:36,180 --> 00:19:39,020
century became more self-aware about itself. There

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is a lot of metafictional elements here, like

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00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:44,680
always taking you outside of the text. If you look

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00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:48,500
at the structure here, you'll see that it's not

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00:19:48,500 --> 00:19:51,100
like the classical poetry. This is experimental.

329
00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:53,060
This is modernist poetry. This is poetry that

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00:19:53,060 --> 00:19:55,640
doesn't follow the rules of decorum. And no

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surprise, it was T.S. Eliot who praised John Donne

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and showed how important he is. In a way, he

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00:20:01,580 --> 00:20:04,000
followed, he learned something from John Donne.

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00:20:04,380 --> 00:20:07,960
Like many other poets of the 20th century. Look at

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even the rhyme scheme. Breeding, mixing, stirring,

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grain like. It's almost the same in a way or

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00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:17,780
another. Does this make it less poetic than any

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00:20:17,780 --> 00:20:19,940
other poetry? This is the greatest poem of the

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00:20:19,940 --> 00:20:24,220
20th century. But I'm sure Johnson, Samuel Johnson

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and Bob and Dryden would be pulling their hair

341
00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:32,100
right now. Because for them, You have to follow

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00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:34,200
the rules, the rules of decorum in a way or

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00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:36,840
another. So this is basically what we need to know

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00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:40,980
about the wasteland. April is the cruelest month.

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00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:46,380
And then I'll give you an example from the novel.

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Listen, it doesn't mean every single literary work

347
00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:53,740
in the 20th century is a modernist text. But the

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00:20:53,740 --> 00:20:55,660
major trend, the most important famous trend,

349
00:20:56,140 --> 00:20:57,900
modernist literature, although many people were

350
00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:00,860
writing ordinary classical traditional poetry and

351
00:21:00,860 --> 00:21:05,280
stuff. So James Joyce's Ulysses. Remember Ulysses?

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I mentioned Ulysses. Homer, character from Homer,

353
00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:11,280
from The Odyssey. And it was mentioned by other

354
00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:16,040
poet, Tennyson, I guess. Anyway. So this text,

355
00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:20,860
Ulysses, refers to the ancient mythology about

356
00:21:20,860 --> 00:21:26,840
someone named Ulysses. Yeah, of course. There is

357
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usually this allusion and metafictional element.

358
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Sometimes even intertextuality if you use texts

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from the past. So in this novel, James Joyce uses

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the famous stream of consciousness technique of

361
00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:48,000
narrative. Remember Lawrence Stern? So he was one

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00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:50,630
of the first people to use this. where you get

363
00:21:50,630 --> 00:21:54,450
inside the mind, the thoughts of the character,

364
00:21:55,070 --> 00:21:58,850
and you expose them, reveals as they develop, as

365
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they come, how the ideas develop. But here, he

366
00:22:02,330 --> 00:22:05,450
also mixes between first person and third person

367
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narrators. Very experimental power. The text

368
00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:12,500
covers only 18 hours in the life of the author.

369
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And the novel, how long is it? Like three pages,

370
00:22:16,580 --> 00:22:20,600
30 pages, 10 pages? If you go back home today and

371
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,620
write your own diaries, you write everything that

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00:22:23,620 --> 00:22:27,500
happened with you and even every thought that you

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thought of or imagined. Maybe you write 100 pages,

374
00:22:33,050 --> 00:22:35,830
50 pages, 70 pages, three pages, depends on how

375
00:22:35,830 --> 00:22:42,710
imaginative you are. But 18 hours, almost 1,000

376
00:22:42,710 --> 00:22:46,130
pages, that's a lot of pages. Why? Because of the

377
00:22:46,130 --> 00:22:50,110
stream of consciousness technique. This novel is

378
00:22:50,110 --> 00:22:52,370
considered... Many people hated this poem, by the

379
00:22:52,370 --> 00:22:55,170
way, this novel. Like, what are you doing? Why are

380
00:22:55,170 --> 00:22:57,250
you jumping from one... Sometimes you don't know

381
00:22:57,250 --> 00:23:00,170
who the narrator is. But in a way, this reflects

382
00:23:00,170 --> 00:23:01,910
something about the 20th century, the

383
00:23:01,910 --> 00:23:04,730
difficulties, the new experimentations, the new

384
00:23:04,730 --> 00:23:07,110
intellectualism, how people wanted to change, to

385
00:23:07,110 --> 00:23:11,750
break all sorts of barriers. Someone not sure here

386
00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:14,530
in this class or another class mentioned Kafka. Go

387
00:23:14,530 --> 00:23:18,510
read something about Kafka. Also amazing stuff.

388
00:23:19,260 --> 00:23:22,320
For example, in one of his novels, the main

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00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:24,880
character wakes up and finds himself to be a

390
00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:29,440
beetle, I guess, or a small insect. Just he goes

391
00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:33,160
out to work to the outside world as a small

392
00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:36,300
insect, a small animal. Beautiful stuff. But yeah,

393
00:23:36,360 --> 00:23:39,620
you have to have this idea about what modernism

394
00:23:39,620 --> 00:23:44,460
and postmodernism is. Okay? One interesting fact

395
00:23:44,460 --> 00:23:48,360
about this novel is that the last 50 pages have no

396
00:23:48,360 --> 00:23:53,800
punctuation marks. Nothing. It's like 50 pages, no

397
00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:57,620
punctuation marks at all. Why would he do this?

398
00:23:57,660 --> 00:24:00,640
Yeah, why? Remember, if there is something, there

399
00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,360
is a reason. If it's there, it's there for a

400
00:24:03,360 --> 00:24:05,280
reason. If it's not there, it's not there for a

401
00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:09,800
reason. That's basically literature. Yeah. that

402
00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:13,260
he's a good writer and he has a different type of

403
00:24:13,260 --> 00:24:17,320
style than other authors. Okay. But it's not about

404
00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:20,040
only being a good writer. But yeah, he's being

405
00:24:20,040 --> 00:24:23,480
different. But why would you write a whole page

406
00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:25,880
sometimes or two or three pages without

407
00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:30,940
punctuation marks? Maybe to reflect a case of

408
00:24:30,940 --> 00:24:36,620
chaos. Okay, interesting also. reflect some chaos,

409
00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:39,560
some lawlessness. I'm not following the rules of

410
00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:42,940
grammar and punctuation. I'm not doing this. But

411
00:24:42,940 --> 00:24:48,500
there's something else. Yes. That's okay. This is

412
00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:50,020
his new way of writing.

413
00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:53,500
Like what?

414
00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:04,470
It's like just It's like they say, no matter how

415
00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:08,330
big the dream is, it's only like seconds. So this

416
00:25:08,330 --> 00:25:11,170
is just something that crosses your mind. No time

417
00:25:11,170 --> 00:25:13,750
for punctuation. Good. But remember, what is the

418
00:25:13,750 --> 00:25:18,610
narrative style? What is dream of consciousness?

419
00:25:18,990 --> 00:25:25,660
Again, technique where We get inside the mind, and

420
00:25:25,660 --> 00:25:29,560
we see the ideas and how they develop, how they

421
00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:33,160
go, how they move, how they become, how they come

422
00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:36,300
out. When you think, you don't think with

423
00:25:36,300 --> 00:25:40,760
punctuation marks, do you? Now you hear maybe

424
00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:45,500
daydreaming say, oh, I want this class to finish,

425
00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:49,140
exclamation point. I wonder what my mom is cooking

426
00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:53,420
for us today. Full stop. I hope she's not doing

427
00:25:53,420 --> 00:25:58,180
Molokhia again. Exclamation mark. Please mom, do

428
00:25:58,180 --> 00:26:00,440
something I love. Exclamation mark. You don't do

429
00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:04,640
this. When we think, we don't even we don't pay

430
00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:09,060
attention to grammar, right? Okay, I won. Oh, wait

431
00:26:09,060 --> 00:26:12,020
a minute. I thought using the past simple, I

432
00:26:12,020 --> 00:26:14,260
should be using the present perfect. We don't do

433
00:26:14,260 --> 00:26:17,020
this. So this is reflecting the stream of

434
00:26:17,020 --> 00:26:20,820
consciousness technique. Unless you want to think

435
00:26:20,820 --> 00:26:24,960
using grammar, it's up to you. Another example

436
00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:28,440
from the 20th century. This time it's a play.

437
00:26:29,740 --> 00:26:35,960
Play. The name of the play is Waiting For. Godot,

438
00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:39,960
and the T is silent, waiting for silent T, not

439
00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,920
Godot, Godot. And it's half of God, right? It's

440
00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:49,300
like an extra syllable on God here, playing. But

441
00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:51,360
does it mean God? We don't know. Some people say

442
00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:55,260
yes, some people say no. Remember Shakespeare? And

443
00:26:55,260 --> 00:27:01,010
the plays consisted of basically five acts. Each

444
00:27:01,010 --> 00:27:04,390
act has scenes, sometimes two, three, four, five,

445
00:27:04,590 --> 00:27:08,490
seven, nine, more. And generally, scene act number

446
00:27:08,490 --> 00:27:12,110
three has the climax and the top, the peak. And

447
00:27:12,110 --> 00:27:16,070
after that, things go down for the resolution. So

448
00:27:16,070 --> 00:27:19,130
the complication, the plot moves this way. So this

449
00:27:19,130 --> 00:27:24,570
is the plot for a traditional Shakespearean play,

450
00:27:24,990 --> 00:27:28,650
Greek ancient drama basically was like this. But

451
00:27:28,650 --> 00:27:31,550
let's see Samuel Bickett. Samuel Bickett, famous

452
00:27:31,550 --> 00:27:35,650
playwright, wonderful playwright. In Waiting for

453
00:27:35,650 --> 00:27:39,570
Godot, it's basically two acts. And basically the

454
00:27:39,570 --> 00:27:42,550
two acts mirror each other. What happens in the

455
00:27:42,550 --> 00:27:45,350
first one basically happens in the second one. The

456
00:27:45,350 --> 00:27:49,860
story of the play is that two people are Two

457
00:27:49,860 --> 00:27:52,920
people were just waiting for someone named Godo.

458
00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:59,120
Who's Godo? Nobody knows. Has anybody met him

459
00:27:59,120 --> 00:28:02,140
before? Nobody knows. Does he come? He doesn't

460
00:28:02,140 --> 00:28:08,340
come. They just don't. And that's why now it's a

461
00:28:08,340 --> 00:28:10,800
famous expression. What are you doing here? You

462
00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:12,260
could be waiting for the teacher, for the head of

463
00:28:12,260 --> 00:28:14,280
the department, waiting for something, for the

464
00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:16,720
electricity. What are you doing? Oh, I'm waiting

465
00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:19,060
for Godo. Like, I'm waiting for something that is

466
00:28:19,990 --> 00:28:25,090
not going to come, generally. Okay? So one of the

467
00:28:25,090 --> 00:28:28,090
characters describes, summarizes even the whole,

468
00:28:28,350 --> 00:28:31,170
in a way or another, the whole play saying,

469
00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:35,670
nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes. So the

470
00:28:35,670 --> 00:28:40,030
first act or seen, they're just waiting and

471
00:28:40,030 --> 00:28:42,150
spending their time chatting about trivial, stupid

472
00:28:42,150 --> 00:28:45,230
things. He finds a carrot somewhere, he eats the

473
00:28:45,230 --> 00:28:48,550
carrot, he ties the, does the shoelace and unties

474
00:28:48,550 --> 00:28:51,190
it and they want to hang themselves. Just doing

475
00:28:52,660 --> 00:28:55,700
They're just gossiping about the most trivial,

476
00:28:55,940 --> 00:28:58,920
unimportant things in life. And then at the end, a

477
00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:01,680
boy comes, a messenger says, oh, sorry, God is not

478
00:29:01,680 --> 00:29:05,040
coming today. God is going to come next day,

479
00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:08,880
tomorrow. They say, OK, let's go. They don't move.

480
00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:11,520
The curtains are closed. The second act, same

481
00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:14,870
people again, and they speak about Like, we

482
00:29:14,870 --> 00:29:17,510
realize that there's trouble with their memories

483
00:29:17,510 --> 00:29:19,830
in a way or another. They can't remember basically

484
00:29:19,830 --> 00:29:21,810
everything. And we don't know whether this is the

485
00:29:21,810 --> 00:29:25,250
second day or like 50 years or 30 or 10 years,

486
00:29:25,850 --> 00:29:28,370
basically like a couple of months or years later

487
00:29:28,370 --> 00:29:31,030
on. And then they're still also waiting for Godot.

488
00:29:31,090 --> 00:29:33,590
We have new extra characters, also minor

489
00:29:33,590 --> 00:29:36,130
characters. But basically at the end, the boy

490
00:29:36,130 --> 00:29:38,890
shows up. The messenger shows up. And he says, Mr.

491
00:29:38,950 --> 00:29:41,910
Godot told me to tell you he won't come this

492
00:29:41,910 --> 00:29:45,640
evening, but surely tomorrow. And again, they say,

493
00:29:46,660 --> 00:29:50,580
OK, let's go. And they don't move. The curtains

494
00:29:50,580 --> 00:29:57,180
are closed again. So un-Shakespearean, right? What

495
00:29:57,180 --> 00:29:59,220
is it? What is the theme? Yeah. What is it about?

496
00:29:59,900 --> 00:30:02,120
Many people were like, come on. This is absurd.

497
00:30:02,860 --> 00:30:06,320
Ridiculous. And it was named, this type of theater

498
00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:09,200
was named Theater of the Absurd, Masrah Al Abath.

499
00:30:09,740 --> 00:30:15,550
Some people consider it Yeah? Absurd, ridiculous.

500
00:30:15,750 --> 00:30:17,730
But some people believe that this is the most

501
00:30:17,730 --> 00:30:21,450
significant drama after Shakespeare. Because this

502
00:30:21,450 --> 00:30:26,110
is a modernist literature. Like how Ulysses is a

503
00:30:26,110 --> 00:30:29,010
significant work. Like how T.S. Eliot's poem is

504
00:30:29,010 --> 00:30:33,590
different and insignificant. The text could be

505
00:30:33,590 --> 00:30:37,590
about nothing. But because... Yeah? It symbolizes

506
00:30:37,590 --> 00:30:41,090
our... Our life. We wait. We always wait for

507
00:30:41,090 --> 00:30:43,940
something. Look at us Palestinians here. We've

508
00:30:43,940 --> 00:30:46,880
been waiting for freedom, independence. We've been

509
00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:50,180
waiting for Israel to understand that we need our

510
00:30:50,180 --> 00:30:52,900
rights, human rights, basic human rights. We're

511
00:30:52,900 --> 00:30:56,080
waiting for the electricity to come. Four hours a

512
00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:58,940
day of electricity is so unfair. We're waiting for

513
00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:01,140
the siege to be lifted. We're waiting for the

514
00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,480
occupation to end. We're waiting for the Rafah

515
00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:06,940
crossing to open, to travel, to finish. We spend

516
00:31:06,940 --> 00:31:09,640
all our lives waiting. We're waiting for the good

517
00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:13,220
things to come, for hope, for a better life. But

518
00:31:13,220 --> 00:31:16,800
nothing is improving. So what are we waiting for?

519
00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:19,620
We're waiting for Godot. You could write an

520
00:31:19,620 --> 00:31:22,000
article like, Palestinians are waiting for Godot.

521
00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:24,540
Are Palestinians waiting for Godot? Meaning like,

522
00:31:24,580 --> 00:31:27,000
we have no hope. So in a way, this is how in the

523
00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:29,800
20th century, if the Victorian Age some people had

524
00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:33,000
a tiny little shred of hope, here there's nothing.

525
00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:37,200
God doesn't even come to tell them, I'm sorry, I

526
00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:40,240
don't have time. Maybe tomorrow. He sends a little

527
00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:44,440
boy, oh, sorry, he's not coming. Maybe surely

528
00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:48,220
tomorrow. And he never keeps his promise. So this

529
00:31:48,220 --> 00:31:51,220
is about the loss of faith, the loss of hope, the

530
00:31:51,220 --> 00:31:54,580
loss of even the sense of direction, the sense of

531
00:31:54,580 --> 00:31:57,980
purpose. Why are we here? It's about the very

532
00:31:57,980 --> 00:32:04,220
existence of us, of humanity. Maybe, yeah. He has

533
00:32:04,220 --> 00:32:08,480
other crazy plays, like one of his plays, I guess,

534
00:32:08,620 --> 00:32:11,200
as far as I can remember, the main characters,

535
00:32:11,380 --> 00:32:13,440
there are four characters, all dead, all in the

536
00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:18,380
grave, and they're just chatting. What? And many

537
00:32:18,380 --> 00:32:21,660
other plays. But again, remember this.

538
00:32:23,340 --> 00:32:25,020
The fact that this is different from Shakespeare

539
00:32:25,020 --> 00:32:27,520
and other playwrights doesn't mean this is bad

540
00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:29,620
literature. Many people love this experimental

541
00:32:29,620 --> 00:32:33,220
literature. I know many people like movies with,

542
00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:36,200
you know, clear plot, the beginning and the middle

543
00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:39,340
and ending, and it ends happily and you love the

544
00:32:39,340 --> 00:32:43,660
movie. But many people love movies and texts that

545
00:32:43,660 --> 00:32:48,660
shake us, texts that make us ask questions and ask

546
00:32:48,660 --> 00:32:50,800
questions about ourselves, about life. What are we

547
00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:55,050
doing here? What's going on? So this is another

548
00:32:55,050 --> 00:32:58,170
example from 20th-century literature, Waiting for

549
00:32:58,170 --> 00:33:03,470
Godot. Hopefully, whatever Godot is, he will show

550
00:33:03,470 --> 00:33:08,570
up. So this is basically the three texts for 20th

551
00:33:08,570 --> 00:33:11,270
-century literature examples. I'll give you an

552
00:33:11,270 --> 00:33:14,050
idea about Virginia Woolf as a feminist writer and

553
00:33:14,050 --> 00:33:17,030
critic, and I'll give you an idea about our friend

554
00:33:17,030 --> 00:33:21,690
and fellow Palestinian, our cousin and our

555
00:33:21,690 --> 00:33:26,190
neighbor, The one and only Palestinian Christian

556
00:33:26,190 --> 00:33:29,570
intellectual and critic Edward Said in

557
00:33:29,570 --> 00:33:32,650
Orientalism. We should be proud that Edward Said

558
00:33:32,650 --> 00:33:34,890
is Palestinian, by the way. He's famous all over

559
00:33:34,890 --> 00:33:41,990
the world. So now Virginia Woolf is a feminist,

560
00:33:42,310 --> 00:33:46,270
one of the early 20th century feminists. She

561
00:33:46,270 --> 00:33:50,510
lived, I think, until the 1950s, 40s, 78s,

562
00:33:50,530 --> 00:33:52,950
something. I don't care. But she was one of the

563
00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:56,930
leaders of the feminist movement who called for

564
00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,110
not only human, but political, intellectual, and

565
00:34:00,110 --> 00:34:02,870
all rights for women. She said women are even

566
00:34:02,870 --> 00:34:08,130
better than men in many ways. Why? Because if

567
00:34:08,130 --> 00:34:10,450
everything, all the odds are against you, your

568
00:34:10,450 --> 00:34:12,570
parents are against you, your brothers are against

569
00:34:12,570 --> 00:34:15,470
you, your society is against you, everything is

570
00:34:15,470 --> 00:34:17,830
against you, if you manage despite all these

571
00:34:17,830 --> 00:34:20,110
difficulties to write, to produce, to do

572
00:34:20,110 --> 00:34:23,370
something, then you are amazing. Because

573
00:34:23,370 --> 00:34:25,490
everything is against you. Like us, we are

574
00:34:25,490 --> 00:34:27,330
Palestinians. Israel doesn't want us to do

575
00:34:27,330 --> 00:34:31,650
anything, to study, to grow, to build, to invest,

576
00:34:31,890 --> 00:34:35,560
right? So when you manage to succeed and become a

577
00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:38,820
success story, that's an amazing thing because

578
00:34:38,820 --> 00:34:42,020
people around the world don't have, like have so

579
00:34:42,020 --> 00:34:45,080
many things. We don't have 1% of what they have.

580
00:34:46,380 --> 00:34:48,540
So in here, famous article, a collection of

581
00:34:48,540 --> 00:34:52,610
articles called A Room of One's Own, She basically

582
00:34:52,610 --> 00:34:56,390
discusses not only literary figures like Aphra

583
00:34:56,390 --> 00:35:00,110
Behn and George Eliot and other women writers. She

584
00:35:00,110 --> 00:35:03,670
also discusses fictional women, like how women

585
00:35:03,670 --> 00:35:05,910
were portrayed, for example, Chaucer, Shakespeare,

586
00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,380
and later on. So the idea is that you can't

587
00:35:10,380 --> 00:35:13,260
separate fact from fiction, because literature

588
00:35:13,260 --> 00:35:15,720
also empowers us. I said this before. When you

589
00:35:15,720 --> 00:35:18,200
read a text about a particular person who

590
00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:20,980
struggles in a particular way, it influences you.

591
00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:24,100
It shows you an example. It tells you how to do it

592
00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:28,520
in your own way. So basically, she explores both

593
00:35:28,520 --> 00:35:31,900
women as writers and characters. The most

594
00:35:31,900 --> 00:35:36,980
interesting thing is that she discusses Many

595
00:35:36,980 --> 00:35:41,180
people, many male critics, many men generally

596
00:35:41,180 --> 00:35:44,500
would believe that it would have been impossible

597
00:35:44,500 --> 00:35:49,100
for any woman to have written the plays that

598
00:35:49,100 --> 00:35:53,920
Shakespeare wrote. Impossible. Why? For men, they

599
00:35:53,920 --> 00:35:56,260
would be saying, because they are women, because

600
00:35:56,260 --> 00:35:58,780
women can't write, can't express, can't explore

601
00:35:58,780 --> 00:36:02,400
what Shakespeare and other men poets or writers

602
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:05,100
can explore. That's simple. And this is anti

603
00:36:05,100 --> 00:36:10,760
-feminist. OK? Now, Virginia Woolf says, yeah, OK,

604
00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:15,360
I agree. Yes. It would have been impossible

605
00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:20,570
completely and entirely for any woman to have

606
00:36:20,570 --> 00:36:23,110
written the plays of Shakespeare in the age of

607
00:36:23,110 --> 00:36:26,930
Shakespeare, and she gives us reasons why. She

608
00:36:26,930 --> 00:36:31,010
imagines a sister for Shakespeare, and she gives

609
00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:35,190
him the name, the hair, the name of Judith. So,

610
00:36:35,310 --> 00:36:41,230
Judith is Shakespeare's fictional sister, invented

611
00:36:41,230 --> 00:36:47,420
by... Regina Watt. Does he have a sister? So why

612
00:36:47,420 --> 00:36:50,600
does she invent her, create her? She doesn't have

613
00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,500
a sister. But she says, okay, let's assume that

614
00:36:53,500 --> 00:36:55,960
Shakespeare had a sister. She was as genius as

615
00:36:55,960 --> 00:36:57,580
Shakespeare, as smart as Shakespeare, as

616
00:36:57,580 --> 00:36:59,520
interested in art and literature and writing and

617
00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:01,980
studying and reading as Shakespeare. Let's take

618
00:37:01,980 --> 00:37:05,280
the journey together and see what her father would

619
00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:07,280
do to her, what her mother would do to her, what

620
00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:10,440
the society would do to her. So if she fails, it's

621
00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:14,120
not because she didn't even try, or wasn't good,

622
00:37:14,240 --> 00:37:17,360
or as smart as, as intellectual as. It's because

623
00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,360
the society wasn't doing her. Someone read here?

624
00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:23,960
Okay, raise your voice, please. Meanwhile, his

625
00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:27,240
extraordinarily gifted sister, let us suppose,

626
00:37:27,820 --> 00:37:31,740
remained at home. She was as adventurous, as

627
00:37:31,740 --> 00:37:35,460
imaginative, as a dog to see the world as he was.

628
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:38,260
But she was not sent to school. Shakespeare goes

629
00:37:38,260 --> 00:37:41,560
to school, she doesn't. She had no chance of

630
00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:44,540
learning grammar and logic. So he went to grammar

631
00:37:44,540 --> 00:37:48,780
school, learned logic, she doesn't. That's a lot

632
00:37:48,780 --> 00:37:51,520
of reading Horace and Virgil. Horace and Virgil.

633
00:37:53,420 --> 00:37:56,000
Okay, but Shakespeare, you know how boys are

634
00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:59,460
generally careless and they throw, toss their

635
00:37:59,460 --> 00:38:02,080
books around here. So she finds a book by

636
00:38:02,080 --> 00:38:06,490
Shakespeare. Leaving it alone to the dust to study

637
00:38:06,490 --> 00:38:09,410
the night before the exam. So she's like, oh,

638
00:38:09,810 --> 00:38:12,170
maybe I can. I don't have to go to school. I can

639
00:38:12,170 --> 00:38:14,870
learn by myself. And then the mother-in-law is

640
00:38:14,870 --> 00:38:18,090
like, go make sandwiches. Go clean the dishes or

641
00:38:18,090 --> 00:38:22,350
something. now and then, one of her brothers

642
00:38:22,350 --> 00:38:25,690
perhaps, and read a few pages. But then her

643
00:38:25,690 --> 00:38:29,790
parents came in and told her to mend the stockings

644
00:38:29,790 --> 00:38:34,750
or mine the stew and not moon about with the book.

645
00:38:35,320 --> 00:38:38,060
You don't say anything. Don't mention books. This

646
00:38:38,060 --> 00:38:41,520
is not for you. Women are supposed to help around

647
00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:43,680
at the house, to get married, have kids, spend

648
00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:46,480
their time at home taking care of the husband and

649
00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,920
the kids and making food. And that's it. This is

650
00:38:48,920 --> 00:38:54,000
the mentality. Again, more extracts here. So she,

651
00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:57,320
here referring to Judith, the fictional character,

652
00:38:57,820 --> 00:38:59,840
fictional sister of Shakespeare, invented by

653
00:38:59,840 --> 00:39:03,220
Virginia Woolf. So even if she, and then later on,

654
00:39:03,420 --> 00:39:06,640
what happens? She's forced, Shakespeare, because

655
00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:08,940
he's the boy, he gets married, but he leaves and

656
00:39:08,940 --> 00:39:12,560
goes to London to pursue his dreams. She's forced

657
00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:17,140
into a marriage that she doesn't like. And she's

658
00:39:17,140 --> 00:39:21,440
beaten. And then her father begs her, tells her,

659
00:39:21,780 --> 00:39:25,980
if you don't get married to this man I picked for

660
00:39:25,980 --> 00:39:28,220
you, you're going to hurt me. Because I already

661
00:39:28,220 --> 00:39:31,940
said yes to the family or to the father or to the

662
00:39:31,940 --> 00:39:36,000
person himself. So this is what would happen. So

663
00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:38,480
if she runs away, she imagines that, OK, she runs

664
00:39:38,480 --> 00:39:41,760
away. She leaves the country. She would stand, for

665
00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:45,410
example, at the door of the stage. Telling people,

666
00:39:45,650 --> 00:39:48,730
I can perform, I am an actor, I have a talent, I

667
00:39:48,730 --> 00:39:51,930
can act. Again, the men would be laughing at her

668
00:39:51,930 --> 00:39:57,150
and would be like, oh, women acting. No woman, he

669
00:39:57,150 --> 00:39:59,790
said, could possibly be an actress. It's

670
00:39:59,790 --> 00:40:03,090
impossible. We've never seen a woman, not because

671
00:40:03,090 --> 00:40:06,270
women didn't want to, but because they weren't

672
00:40:06,270 --> 00:40:08,390
allowed. And again, at the end of the day, she

673
00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:12,510
would find herself raped, maybe tricked, pregnant

674
00:40:12,510 --> 00:40:15,330
with a baby, with a child, and then dies somewhere

675
00:40:15,330 --> 00:40:19,300
in London. And this is how it ends for a woman. So

676
00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:22,080
basically, she says, yeah, OK, women can try it

677
00:40:22,080 --> 00:40:25,690
like Shakespeare. But not because... And you know

678
00:40:25,690 --> 00:40:28,750
what she says? Very simple. She says, that's the

679
00:40:28,750 --> 00:40:32,470
title of the article, A Room of One's Own. She

680
00:40:32,470 --> 00:40:34,730
says, a woman has to have financial independence.

681
00:40:35,430 --> 00:40:38,570
If you have your own house or your own room, you

682
00:40:38,570 --> 00:40:40,750
can be independent, you can express yourself, you

683
00:40:40,750 --> 00:40:44,810
can write. But as long as you're living in a house

684
00:40:44,810 --> 00:40:48,410
that nobody respects you or your privacy, you will

685
00:40:48,410 --> 00:40:51,830
not be able to... In the other class, I told the

686
00:40:51,830 --> 00:40:55,050
students, at least if you have so many family

687
00:40:55,050 --> 00:40:58,210
members here in Gaza, like houses would be having

688
00:40:58,210 --> 00:41:02,110
10 and 12 brothers and sisters, at least have your

689
00:41:02,110 --> 00:41:05,690
own drawer where you keep your own talent, your

690
00:41:05,690 --> 00:41:07,970
own productions, if you write poetry, if you draw.

691
00:41:08,630 --> 00:41:10,550
And it's very easy because of social media. Now

692
00:41:10,550 --> 00:41:12,610
you can have your own account. You can use a pin

693
00:41:12,610 --> 00:41:15,630
name, a pseudonym. You can have your own Facebook

694
00:41:15,630 --> 00:41:19,470
page under a pin name where you can write. whether

695
00:41:19,470 --> 00:41:24,570
in English or in Arabic. Now, remember, she

696
00:41:24,570 --> 00:41:26,590
praises John Donne, and she also praises Aphra

697
00:41:26,590 --> 00:41:29,650
Behn, considers her to be one of the leaders, one

698
00:41:29,650 --> 00:41:32,270
of the pioneers. She started this. She showed the

699
00:41:32,270 --> 00:41:36,610
women how? To speak their minds. That's why all

700
00:41:36,610 --> 00:41:40,870
women all together ought to let flowers fall upon

701
00:41:40,870 --> 00:41:44,410
the grave of Aphra Behn. She started this in a way

702
00:41:44,410 --> 00:41:49,900
or another. Finally, Edward Said. And Orientalism.

703
00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:54,360
This is his book. Orientalism. It's... You know

704
00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:57,160
Orientalism? How it's translated into Arabic?

705
00:41:57,360 --> 00:42:02,060
Orientalism? The orient is the east. Orientalism.

706
00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:02,860
Orientalism.

707
00:42:06,200 --> 00:42:09,660
Generally, what Western people, the studies

708
00:42:09,660 --> 00:42:12,440
they're involved in, in order to understand the

709
00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:13,760
east. It's called Orientalism.

710
00:42:16,210 --> 00:42:19,390
So he again exposes how the West controls the

711
00:42:19,390 --> 00:42:22,590
East, abuses, exploits the East, and how the West

712
00:42:22,590 --> 00:42:25,970
always misinterprets the East, how generally,

713
00:42:26,110 --> 00:42:28,390
especially Europe, for example, looks down upon

714
00:42:28,390 --> 00:42:32,030
the natives, occupies them, controls them, abuses

715
00:42:32,030 --> 00:42:38,450
them, steals their raw materials, their resources,

716
00:42:38,750 --> 00:42:42,730
and then they leave us with nothing. And they, you

717
00:42:42,730 --> 00:42:45,810
know, the divide and rule thing, principle, divide

718
00:42:45,810 --> 00:42:49,490
and rule. So even when England, the British Empire

719
00:42:49,490 --> 00:42:53,770
withdraws, we are fighting among ourselves because

720
00:42:53,770 --> 00:42:58,170
of the division it created. So according to the

721
00:42:58,170 --> 00:43:00,890
faith, Orientalism is part of imperialism and

722
00:43:00,890 --> 00:43:04,430
colonialism. Like he says, English and Western

723
00:43:04,430 --> 00:43:08,570
literature, in a way, helped prepare the minds of

724
00:43:08,570 --> 00:43:12,190
the Western people to invade the world, colonize

725
00:43:12,190 --> 00:43:13,950
the world, and occupy the world. We've seen this

726
00:43:13,950 --> 00:43:16,430
in Shakespeare. We've seen this in Robinson

727
00:43:16,430 --> 00:43:19,850
Crusoe, for example. He says this famous quote

728
00:43:19,850 --> 00:43:21,990
from Edward Sayed, The Beginning of Orientalism.

729
00:43:22,570 --> 00:43:30,170
The Orient, the East, us, has helped define Europe

730
00:43:30,170 --> 00:43:34,860
or the West. That's good, right? But not in its

731
00:43:34,860 --> 00:43:40,590
good sense here, as it's contrasting image. So if

732
00:43:40,590 --> 00:43:44,290
the West is superior, the East is inferior.

733
00:43:44,970 --> 00:43:48,190
Civilized, uncivilized. Developed, backward.

734
00:43:48,750 --> 00:43:53,810
Scientific, sentimental and emotional. Scientific,

735
00:43:54,210 --> 00:43:57,550
intellectual, superstitious. So the East has

736
00:43:57,550 --> 00:44:02,310
always been looked at as a contrasting image. We

737
00:44:02,310 --> 00:44:05,790
are always the negative opposite. The other side

738
00:44:05,790 --> 00:44:12,500
of the coin. What does Edward Said say? Edward

739
00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:15,640
Said brings the text and he tries to examine the

740
00:44:15,640 --> 00:44:17,320
relationship between the East and the West. Like

741
00:44:17,320 --> 00:44:21,020
we said this in The Tempest, remember? In Othello.

742
00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:24,200
In Othello, for example, Edward Said would say

743
00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:27,550
that Basically, there's a lot of racism here.

744
00:44:27,910 --> 00:44:30,570
Basically, because the European white Christian

745
00:44:30,570 --> 00:44:35,230
people there are racist, they consider themselves

746
00:44:35,230 --> 00:44:37,630
to be more superior to Othello, not because they

747
00:44:37,630 --> 00:44:40,250
are smarter or better or more powerful, but

748
00:44:40,250 --> 00:44:43,670
because he's black, because he's originally an

749
00:44:43,670 --> 00:44:47,840
African, a Muslim, an Arab. And that's racism. So

750
00:44:47,840 --> 00:44:50,020
he tries to understand this unique relationship.

751
00:44:50,320 --> 00:44:53,360
You know, Friday and Robinson Crusoe, the

752
00:44:53,360 --> 00:44:57,060
relationship, why is Friday always there to be

753
00:44:57,060 --> 00:45:00,440
cured, to be civilized, misrepresented to us?

754
00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:03,660
Because of his origin and his color. He will

755
00:45:03,660 --> 00:45:07,080
never, no matter what happens, be considered to be

756
00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:11,400
a smart person compared to the Europeans. So this

757
00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:15,560
is an example from The book, Kipling Kim. In the

758
00:45:15,560 --> 00:45:19,580
book, the last example, just one minute. I want

759
00:45:19,580 --> 00:45:24,300
you all to go to page 154. This is an example of

760
00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:26,420
how Edward Said would be, for example, studying

761
00:45:26,420 --> 00:45:30,920
this text. Kipling is an English novelist,

762
00:45:31,340 --> 00:45:34,420
Victorian novelist, 20th century novelist. He

763
00:45:34,420 --> 00:45:36,660
wrote this text. The text is called Kim. It's a

764
00:45:36,660 --> 00:45:36,880
novel.

765
00:45:41,360 --> 00:45:44,580
According to Edward Said, According to Dotsaid,

766
00:45:45,480 --> 00:45:52,920
Kim is an imperialist novel, a colonialist novel.

767
00:45:53,620 --> 00:45:56,080
When I say, remember when I said an allegory of

768
00:45:56,080 --> 00:46:00,200
imperialism? In a way, basically, it teaches, it

769
00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:04,200
shows the West that they are better, superior,

770
00:46:05,040 --> 00:46:08,850
more civilized. And the East? It's a very

771
00:46:08,850 --> 00:46:13,470
contrasting image. So this is Orientalism. This is

772
00:46:13,470 --> 00:46:16,670
Edward Said's theory of post-colonialism to study

773
00:46:16,670 --> 00:46:20,770
the colonial interaction between the colonized and

774
00:46:20,770 --> 00:46:24,950
the colonizers. Now in this book, sadly, I love

775
00:46:24,950 --> 00:46:28,170
this book. I say this many times. But this is an

776
00:46:28,170 --> 00:46:31,910
example of the worst whitewashing I have read in

777
00:46:31,910 --> 00:46:38,940
my life. Number one, the book says, Kipling shows

778
00:46:38,940 --> 00:46:42,420
in Kim that he's sympathetic with the Indians. The

779
00:46:42,420 --> 00:46:45,120
story is about an English boy who grows up in

780
00:46:45,120 --> 00:46:48,320
India, and he works for the Secret Service, for

781
00:46:48,320 --> 00:46:50,760
the British Secret Service, to gather information

782
00:46:50,760 --> 00:46:53,260
and intelligence to help empower the British

783
00:46:53,260 --> 00:46:56,760
Empire. That's basically it. So here he says,

784
00:46:57,480 --> 00:47:02,080
Kipling shows that he has sympathy to whom? To the

785
00:47:02,080 --> 00:47:04,620
Indian people. Okay, this is an opinion. I

786
00:47:04,620 --> 00:47:08,260
understand. But then the text quotes this, Kipling

787
00:47:08,260 --> 00:47:10,460
saying, not from the book, from a poem, the east

788
00:47:10,460 --> 00:47:13,060
is the east, and the west is the west, and never

789
00:47:13,060 --> 00:47:16,900
the two or the twin shall meet. And I think this

790
00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:17,420
is racism.

791
00:47:20,240 --> 00:47:22,140
He's saying the east is the east, the west is the

792
00:47:22,140 --> 00:47:26,000
west, they will never meet. Because the east is

793
00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:27,540
the east, and because the west is the west.

794
00:47:28,460 --> 00:47:33,100
Because the east is civilization, modernity, what

795
00:47:33,100 --> 00:47:36,920
else? Superior, smart, intellectual, scientific,

796
00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:39,560
all the technological and industrial advancement.

797
00:47:40,580 --> 00:47:43,240
And the East is what?

798
00:47:44,660 --> 00:47:48,040
Backward. Uncivilized. Savages in a way or

799
00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:51,200
another. So the book comments here, and this is

800
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:54,280
infuriating. I'm sure Edward Said is pulling his

801
00:47:54,280 --> 00:47:57,430
hair right now. I'm sure he's spinning and

802
00:47:57,430 --> 00:47:59,990
fretting in his grave because of this explanation.

803
00:48:00,350 --> 00:48:05,250
So the book says the British Empire had tried to

804
00:48:05,250 --> 00:48:12,690
make them meet, to make them east and west. and

805
00:48:12,690 --> 00:48:16,130
become part of one whole. But in the new century,

806
00:48:16,410 --> 00:48:19,430
a new process started, and things began to fall to

807
00:48:19,430 --> 00:48:23,310
pieces. What? Are you describing hundreds of years

808
00:48:23,310 --> 00:48:26,370
of slavery, of colonialism, of occupation, of

809
00:48:26,370 --> 00:48:29,870
massacres, of ethnic cleansing, of pogroms? You're

810
00:48:29,870 --> 00:48:32,370
describing this as England trying to make the East

811
00:48:32,370 --> 00:48:35,650
and the West meet? This is horrible. I'm sure,

812
00:48:35,910 --> 00:48:40,320
again, Edward Said is pulling his hair. This is

813
00:48:40,320 --> 00:48:42,920
whitewashing. This is in the book. Yeah, it says

814
00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:45,820
here in the book that the British Empire tried to

815
00:48:45,820 --> 00:48:50,200
bring India and Africa and Europe together. This

816
00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:53,220
is not true. The British Empire is about

817
00:48:53,220 --> 00:48:55,900
occupation and imperialism. It's about control.

818
00:48:56,060 --> 00:49:00,410
It's about supremacy. And it describes here the

819
00:49:00,410 --> 00:49:02,910
new process. This is the movements of liberation

820
00:49:02,910 --> 00:49:04,950
and independence. This is fighting back. This is

821
00:49:04,950 --> 00:49:08,850
the natives trying to end the oppression. But it's

822
00:49:08,850 --> 00:49:13,590
described as something like a process. And began

823
00:49:13,590 --> 00:49:16,370
to fall. What began to fall into pieces?

824
00:49:16,670 --> 00:49:21,650
Oppression, imperialism, colonialism, injustice.

825
00:49:23,300 --> 00:49:27,100
Do you mean that they used this line to show that

826
00:49:27,100 --> 00:49:30,320
they were great and they wanted to... Yeah, the

827
00:49:30,320 --> 00:49:34,200
book here interprets, like, comments on Kipling's

828
00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:36,000
line that the East is the East and the West is the

829
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:38,680
West and they will never meet again, saying that

830
00:49:38,680 --> 00:49:41,340
the British Empire tried to make the East and the

831
00:49:41,340 --> 00:49:44,320
West meet. They didn't. They went for control.

832
00:49:45,080 --> 00:49:49,500
They went for control, to take, to assume

833
00:49:49,500 --> 00:49:54,910
everything as theirs. And this is an example of

834
00:49:54,910 --> 00:49:59,310
how a critic like Edward Said is inviting us to

835
00:49:59,310 --> 00:50:02,270
reread literature, and Virginia Woolf inviting us

836
00:50:02,270 --> 00:50:06,670
to reread literature in a particular way. I'll

837
00:50:06,670 --> 00:50:11,990
stop here. Thank you very much. We have one more

838
00:50:11,990 --> 00:50:14,670
class, and then we will do a review class on

839
00:50:14,670 --> 00:50:17,930
Wednesday. Okay? Thank you very much.