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PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/-Zn4DW4Cgv0.srt

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+1
+00:00:02,630 --> 00:00:05,890
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنستكمل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:05,890 --> 00:00:12,310
+Geometric Optics وتوقفنا عند ال Prismatic Effect of
+
+3
+00:00:12,310 --> 00:00:18,450
+lenses must be
+
+4
+00:00:18,450 --> 00:00:21,730
+anticipated in the design of bifocal lenses to
+
+5
+00:00:21,730 --> 00:00:26,170
+minimize image displacement and image jump. Image
+
+6
+00:00:26,170 --> 00:00:27,710
+displacement and image jump.
+
+7
+00:00:36,740 --> 00:00:42,720
+The bifocal is the center of the addition from the
+
+8
+00:00:42,720 --> 00:00:47,260
+center of the distance segment The center of the
+
+9
+00:00:47,260 --> 00:00:49,760
+near segment and the center of the distance
+
+10
+00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:52,700
+segment when they are close to each other there is
+
+11
+00:00:52,700 --> 00:00:56,140
+no image displacement or image jump while when
+
+12
+00:00:56,140 --> 00:00:59,100
+they are away from each other there can be image
+
+13
+00:00:59,100 --> 00:01:04,240
+displacement or image jump and consequently I have
+
+14
+00:01:04,240 --> 00:01:07,110
+the flat top bifocal most suitable for this The
+
+15
+00:01:07,110 --> 00:01:09,690
+subject, especially when we talk about the plus
+
+16
+00:01:09,690 --> 00:01:12,430
+lenses When we talk about the plus lenses, let's
+
+17
+00:01:12,430 --> 00:01:18,850
+continue now also the prismatic effect I mean,
+
+18
+00:01:19,090 --> 00:01:23,490
+what are also its benefits that I can benefit from
+
+19
+00:01:23,490 --> 00:01:25,790
+the prismatic effect of lenses I mean, how do I
+
+20
+00:01:25,790 --> 00:01:29,550
+make the lens of the glasses work not only as a
+
+21
+00:01:29,550 --> 00:01:33,390
+lens, but also work as a prism Work as a prism
+
+22
+00:01:33,650 --> 00:01:37,090
+بيفيدني هدفي إيش؟ إنه العدسة بتاعة النضارة،
+
+23
+00:01:37,090 --> 00:01:40,990
+الإنسان لابس و لابس نضارة، فكيف أخلي العدسة تشتغل
+
+24
+00:01:40,990 --> 00:01:47,290
+كعدسة، كrefractive يعني tool، يعني أداء
+
+25
+00:01:47,290 --> 00:01:51,290
+للrefraction، لتثبيت الأشعة وعمل focus إليها على
+
+26
+00:01:51,290 --> 00:01:56,170
+الشبكة، وكيف إنها تشتغل في نفس الوقت كprism، كيف
+
+27
+00:01:56,170 --> 00:01:59,910
+ده بيتم؟ The clinician can induce prismatic effect
+
+28
+00:02:00,550 --> 00:02:04,890
+in an ordinary spectacle, في نضارة عادية in an
+
+29
+00:02:04,890 --> 00:02:08,870
+ordinary spectacle lens كيف؟ simply ببساطة by de
+
+30
+00:02:08,870 --> 00:02:11,990
+-centering the lens in the frame so that the
+
+31
+00:02:11,990 --> 00:02:15,630
+visual axis in the primary position does not pass
+
+32
+00:02:15,630 --> 00:02:19,870
+through the optical center of the spectacle lens
+
+33
+00:02:19,870 --> 00:02:21,490
+كيف هذا الكلام بيتم؟
+
+34
+00:02:24,040 --> 00:02:26,940
+Here I have the template which is the lens before
+
+35
+00:02:26,940 --> 00:02:29,940
+it is cut and becomes suitable for the frame of
+
+36
+00:02:29,940 --> 00:02:32,460
+the scooter The template is of course larger than
+
+37
+00:02:32,460 --> 00:02:35,300
+its diameter which is the lens for example I want
+
+38
+00:02:35,300 --> 00:02:38,360
+to put here a plus five lens in the frame I will
+
+39
+00:02:38,360 --> 00:02:40,740
+not bring it all and put it I have to cut it I
+
+40
+00:02:40,740 --> 00:02:42,780
+will make it edging Edging and this is in the
+
+41
+00:02:42,780 --> 00:02:45,460
+dispensing that is studied in detail This is the
+
+42
+00:02:45,460 --> 00:02:51,940
+template's center I want to bring this frame Its
+
+43
+00:02:51,940 --> 00:02:55,600
+dimensionsand I cut the cap, I cut the glass or
+
+44
+00:02:55,600 --> 00:02:58,260
+the lens itself, I cut it so that the center is in
+
+45
+00:02:58,260 --> 00:03:01,580
+the middle the center should be in the middle so
+
+46
+00:03:01,580 --> 00:03:06,060
+that the pupil comes exactly in the center exactly
+
+47
+00:03:06,060 --> 00:03:11,720
+in the center and therefore .. exactly .. the
+
+48
+00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:15,660
+center of the .. of the lens should come exactly
+
+49
+00:03:15,660 --> 00:03:17,760
+.. of course this happens when you cut .. sorry
+
+50
+00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:23,600
+هذا الجزء مش لازم، بس هناخد هذا الجزء اللي هو
+
+51
+00:03:23,600 --> 00:03:29,180
+مناسب لل friend، يعني تقطع من الكل و بيكتفي بهذا
+
+52
+00:03:29,180 --> 00:03:36,220
+الجزء طيب، أنا عاد بدي أجوس بشكل بحيث أنه يكون
+
+53
+00:03:36,220 --> 00:03:39,780
+عندي decentration عشان أحصل على prismatic effect،
+
+54
+00:03:39,780 --> 00:03:43,120
+decentration عشان أحصل على prismatic effect طبعا
+
+55
+00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:46,700
+النضارة، العين، عين الإنسان اللي لابس النضارة هضل
+
+56
+00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:53,040
+.. هضل تطلع من منتصف ال frame من منتصف ال frame
+
+57
+00:03:53,040 --> 00:04:00,980
+بينما ال center هنا ال center هنا أزيح عشان يكون
+
+58
+00:04:00,980 --> 00:04:07,040
+الصورة أوضح اذا
+
+59
+00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:12,830
+العين هتضل تتطلع من مص ال frame While the center of
+
+60
+00:04:12,830 --> 00:04:15,490
+the lens is fixed in the frame, which is the
+
+61
+00:04:15,490 --> 00:04:18,270
+glasses, the center is coming out temporarily
+
+62
+00:04:18,270 --> 00:04:23,230
+Okay, it can be cut in the following way
+
+63
+00:04:34,890 --> 00:04:38,430
+طبعا لما بيلبس النظارة هيكون العين في نص ال frame
+
+64
+00:04:38,430 --> 00:04:43,750
+هنا ال center بتاع العدسة اللي انجسط لجوا يعني ال
+
+65
+00:04:43,750 --> 00:04:48,710
+center صارله decentration in in decentration او
+
+66
+00:04:48,710 --> 00:04:53,490
+inward decentration طيب مثال اخر ممكن انا اجس
+
+67
+00:04:53,490 --> 00:04:58,910
+الشابلونة بالطريقة التالية دائما
+
+68
+00:04:58,910 --> 00:05:04,500
+و ابدا العين هتضلها في نص ال frameالان ال center
+
+69
+00:05:04,500 --> 00:05:08,800
+وين صار، الان ال center صار في الأسفل، اذا حسب انا
+
+70
+00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:12,020
+طريقة جثي لها وهذا مشروع في ال dispensing بشكل
+
+71
+00:05:12,020 --> 00:05:15,720
+بشكل ممتاز، طيب ممكن انا اعمل decentralization
+
+72
+00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:18,300
+مركب، يعني ايش decentralization مركب؟ نشوف المنظر
+
+73
+00:05:18,300 --> 00:05:24,440
+هذا، انا هجث الشبلونة بالشكل هذا، برضه العين
+
+74
+00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:31,590
+هتضلها تتطلع في نص ال frame The eye will come out
+
+75
+00:05:31,590 --> 00:05:33,290
+from the middle of the frame, so it doesn't come
+
+76
+00:05:33,290 --> 00:05:35,390
+out from the center of the lens because the center
+
+77
+00:05:35,390 --> 00:05:40,530
+of the lens has out and up decentration Out and up
+
+78
+00:05:40,530 --> 00:05:45,570
+decentration, it became in the outer corner and
+
+79
+00:05:45,570 --> 00:05:51,570
+the top of this lens So the center of the lens
+
+80
+00:05:51,570 --> 00:05:54,330
+became here Okay, also among the complex things
+
+81
+00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:06,100
+ممكن اجس الشبلونة بالشكل هذا بحيث انه يكون عندى ال
+
+82
+00:06:06,100 --> 00:06:09,540
+.. طبعا الين هتبطلع من نص ال frame هنا ال center
+
+83
+00:06:09,540 --> 00:06:15,120
+وزيح لجوا و للأعلى in and up decentration طب ماليش
+
+84
+00:06:15,120 --> 00:06:19,800
+الهدف من كل هذا الكلام؟ طب ماليش معناه يعني اجس
+
+85
+00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:24,240
+الشبلونة من النص و يكون ال center في النص
+
+86
+00:06:27,850 --> 00:06:32,070
+ويتطلع من خلال الـSyntax، بنقول أحيانا إحنا بنحتاج
+
+87
+00:06:32,070 --> 00:06:35,800
+لprismatic effect We need the prismatic effect
+
+88
+00:06:35,800 --> 00:06:38,040
+Instead of describing a pair of glasses, they
+
+89
+00:06:38,040 --> 00:06:41,760
+should wear glasses that have refractive error So
+
+90
+00:06:41,760 --> 00:06:44,040
+instead of describing a pair of glasses with a
+
+91
+00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:47,400
+prism in front of them, we want the same lens to
+
+92
+00:06:47,400 --> 00:06:51,100
+work as a lens and as a prism at the same time
+
+93
+00:06:51,100 --> 00:06:54,160
+How? By the law of decentration If we don't do
+
+94
+00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:58,420
+this, the visual axis or the eye will keep looking
+
+95
+00:06:58,420 --> 00:07:01,220
+through the center It is known that the prismatic
+
+96
+00:07:01,220 --> 00:07:05,320
+effect at the center is zero إن العدسة في كل
+
+97
+00:07:05,320 --> 00:07:09,660
+نقاطها، في كل أجزائها ممكن تشتغل كprism بالإضافة
+
+98
+00:07:09,660 --> 00:07:14,280
+لكونها عدسة، بس إلا في نقطة واحدة مش ممكن تشتغل
+
+99
+00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:18,540
+كprism، اللي هي في ال center، في ال center،
+
+100
+00:07:18,540 --> 00:07:21,800
+فبالتالي In the optical center, the pupil can't
+
+101
+00:07:21,800 --> 00:07:26,520
+stay up, so we need to move the optical center to
+
+102
+00:07:26,520 --> 00:07:29,880
+get a prismatic effect in a certain direction So
+
+103
+00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:34,380
+if we want base up, base down, base in, base out,
+
+104
+00:07:34,640 --> 00:07:36,200
+depending on what we want, depending on whether
+
+105
+00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:40,400
+the lens is minus or plus Okay, so sometimes we
+
+106
+00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:45,620
+need to get a prismatic effect from the lens Okay,
+
+107
+00:07:45,940 --> 00:07:49,460
+what's the use of this prismatic effect? What's
+
+108
+00:07:49,460 --> 00:07:53,120
+the use of it? We want to see this simple example
+
+109
+00:07:53,120 --> 00:07:57,640
+that we have And
+
+110
+00:07:57,640 --> 00:08:01,500
+this example explains many things Let's say I have
+
+111
+00:08:01,500 --> 00:08:04,720
+a straight eye, let's draw it
+
+112
+00:08:13,520 --> 00:08:16,100
+هي عين التانية اللي هي واحدة يمين واحدة شمال
+
+113
+00:09:23,250 --> 00:09:26,370
+This eye is straight, this eye is slightly iso,
+
+114
+00:09:26,910 --> 00:09:29,650
+slightly iso, it has a simple circle, it has a
+
+115
+00:09:29,650 --> 00:09:33,190
+refractive error, and as long as there is a simple
+
+116
+00:09:33,190 --> 00:09:37,210
+circle, we say as follows, this is the fovea, we
+
+117
+00:09:37,210 --> 00:09:37,690
+mark it
+
+118
+00:10:18,890 --> 00:10:23,650
+So, I have the fovea here straight on the target,
+
+119
+00:10:23,770 --> 00:10:32,190
+we draw a target This is the
+
+120
+00:10:32,190 --> 00:10:37,050
+object that the two eyes are looking at Now, in
+
+121
+00:10:37,050 --> 00:10:39,970
+order for the person to regain the binocular
+
+122
+00:10:39,970 --> 00:10:43,570
+single vision, like this light circle I can use a
+
+123
+00:10:43,570 --> 00:10:43,850
+simple prism
+
+124
+00:11:03,660 --> 00:11:08,820
+With a simple prism in
+
+125
+00:11:08,820 --> 00:11:12,380
+front of
+
+126
+00:11:12,380 --> 00:11:18,180
+the eye, what will happen to it? Before the prism
+
+127
+00:11:18,180 --> 00:11:22,040
+stops, it will remove the prism, the rays of the
+
+128
+00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:26,800
+object will fall directly on the fovea here
+
+129
+00:11:40,030 --> 00:11:49,670
+alphobia and here it falls it
+
+130
+00:11:49,670 --> 00:11:53,290
+falls from the object to nasal retina to nasal
+
+131
+00:11:53,290 --> 00:11:57,130
+retina because it has esophotopia esotropia okay
+
+132
+00:11:57,130 --> 00:12:03,020
+when I go and add the prism the prismit will move
+
+133
+00:12:03,020 --> 00:12:10,940
+the rays towards it's base instead of falling on
+
+134
+00:12:10,940 --> 00:12:16,160
+the nitrogen here it will move it towards the base
+
+135
+00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:19,360
+and bring it to the fovea it will bring it to the
+
+136
+00:12:19,360 --> 00:12:24,120
+fovea and it will become
+
+137
+00:12:24,120 --> 00:12:29,880
+as if with the help of this prism The image was
+
+138
+00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:34,360
+dropped on points similar to the network of the
+
+139
+00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:36,620
+two eyes on the fovea and the fovea correspond to
+
+140
+00:12:36,620 --> 00:12:43,040
+the retinal points. As a result, the work of the
+
+141
+00:12:43,040 --> 00:12:45,240
+two eyes as a team is restored. The binocular
+
+142
+00:12:45,240 --> 00:12:47,100
+single video is restored. So with the help of this
+
+143
+00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:50,960
+prism, provided that it is light. Okay. This
+
+144
+00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:53,700
+person has a refractive error. I want to wear
+
+145
+00:12:53,700 --> 00:12:56,320
+glasses and wear a prism above the glasses in
+
+146
+00:12:56,320 --> 00:12:59,950
+front of one of the two eyes.It can happen to me
+
+147
+00:12:59,950 --> 00:13:04,270
+that I have a problem So instead of wearing
+
+148
+00:13:04,270 --> 00:13:06,110
+glasses and above the glasses in front of the
+
+149
+00:13:06,110 --> 00:13:08,490
+glasses there is a prism It means that I can do
+
+150
+00:13:08,490 --> 00:13:13,670
+decentration in the optical center Decentration in
+
+151
+00:13:13,670 --> 00:13:17,630
+order to get a base out of the prism Or
+
+152
+00:13:17,630 --> 00:13:20,510
+decentration in order to get a base in the prism
+
+153
+00:13:20,510 --> 00:13:25,250
+in the case of exotropia Or to get a base down the
+
+154
+00:13:25,250 --> 00:13:27,210
+prism in the case of hypertropia and so on
+
+155
+00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:34,660
+Leprismatic effect of lenses بأستخدمه عشان أحاول
+
+156
+00:13:34,660 --> 00:13:40,020
+أعدل طبعا مش جماليا وظيفيا واضح أنه جماليا أنه
+
+157
+00:13:40,020 --> 00:13:43,240
+العين لازالت فيها حوال لجوا بس وهي فيها حوال
+
+158
+00:13:43,240 --> 00:13:47,440
+بمساعدة لبرزم وكأنه لبرزم بعوض عن زاوية الحوال
+
+159
+00:13:47,440 --> 00:13:50,820
+ويسقط الصورة على ال corresponding ال fovea من ال
+
+160
+00:13:50,820 --> 00:13:52,080
+corresponding معها
+
+161
+00:13:54,420 --> 00:13:57,540
+The fovea in the left eye that corresponds to it
+
+162
+00:13:57,540 --> 00:14:00,220
+naturally is the fovea in the right eye With the
+
+163
+00:14:00,220 --> 00:14:05,240
+help of this prism, the pictures were dropped on
+
+164
+00:14:05,240 --> 00:14:11,480
+corresponding retinal areas So this gives me a
+
+165
+00:14:11,480 --> 00:14:16,840
+slight angle of rotation Now we come to talk about
+
+166
+00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:24,370
+another issue We say as usual If I used the prism
+
+167
+00:14:24,370 --> 00:14:29,150
+or .. or I mean .. let's make it short because
+
+168
+00:14:29,150 --> 00:14:32,750
+this is a detail in the topic around it We say,
+
+169
+00:14:32,870 --> 00:14:35,110
+can I use it only in front of the eye around it?
+
+170
+00:14:35,150 --> 00:14:40,400
+No, I can use it أمام العين السليمة أو أمام العين
+
+171
+00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:43,220
+اللي فيها الحوال أو أقسم قوة ال prism مثلا بالزمني
+
+172
+00:14:43,220 --> 00:14:47,540
+ستة prism ضيوبة أقسمه تلاتة و تلاتة بس ضروري اتجاه
+
+173
+00:14:47,540 --> 00:14:52,300
+ال base يكون صحيح اتجاه ال base صحيح الحوال الأنسي
+
+174
+00:14:52,300 --> 00:14:57,050
+لما العين بتدخل لجوا بده base out Based out,
+
+175
+00:14:57,110 --> 00:14:59,510
+whether in front of two eyes or in front of both
+
+176
+00:14:59,510 --> 00:15:02,350
+eyes And the wild animal needs a base in, and so
+
+177
+00:15:02,350 --> 00:15:06,750
+on Now we want to take an example to see how this
+
+178
+00:15:06,750 --> 00:15:20,270
+case is explained Let's say an example Let's
+
+179
+00:15:20,270 --> 00:15:24,930
+say Child, eight years old
+
+180
+00:15:28,680 --> 00:15:38,920
+with left esotropia measuring
+
+181
+00:15:38,920 --> 00:15:44,960
+5
+
+182
+00:15:44,960 --> 00:15:50,380
+prism diopters his
+
+183
+00:15:50,380 --> 00:15:54,340
+refraction or
+
+184
+00:15:54,340 --> 00:15:57,080
+refractive error is
+
+185
+00:15:59,650 --> 00:16:03,670
+right eye plus
+
+186
+00:16:03,670 --> 00:16:14,050
+one diopter and left eye plus
+
+187
+00:16:14,050 --> 00:16:21,610
+five diopters what
+
+188
+00:16:21,610 --> 00:16:23,950
+amount
+
+189
+00:16:25,520 --> 00:16:35,580
+of spectacle of lens decentration and
+
+190
+00:16:35,580 --> 00:16:44,260
+in what direction should
+
+191
+00:16:44,260 --> 00:16:49,760
+what amount of lens decentration and in what
+
+192
+00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:57,350
+direction should this be doneيعني نيجي نقول
+
+193
+00:16:57,350 --> 00:17:04,510
+كالقاتل عشان
+
+194
+00:17:04,51
+
+223
+00:19:58,760 --> 00:20:00,620
+esotropia means that the eye is inside or inwards,
+
+224
+00:20:00,820 --> 00:20:04,760
+of course, What is the prism that needs to be 
+
+225
+00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:08,880
+treated? So that we can give a very simple 
+
+226
+00:20:08,880 --> 00:20:12,600
+information. If
+
+227
+00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:15,480
+we assume that the prism, the top of it, the top
+
+228
+00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:18,520
+of it, is like an arrow pointing towards the nose.
+
+229
+00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:22,540
+And if we assume that this prism is an arrow, or
+
+230
+00:20:22,540 --> 00:20:25,540
+the top of an arrow, it's like pointing towards
+
+231
+00:20:25,540 --> 00:20:31,200
+the inside, towards the nose. So, always and never
+
+232
+00:20:33,210 --> 00:20:38,270
+When I use prisms to fix a small quantity, on
+
+233
+00:20:38,270 --> 00:20:41,090
+duty of course, not for beauty. For beauty, the 
+
+234
+00:20:41,090 --> 00:20:43,330
+eye will stay inside even if he is wearing a 
+
+235
+00:20:43,330 --> 00:20:47,930
+prism. Okay, when I want to fix a simple
+
+236
+00:20:47,930 --> 00:20:51,070
+esotropia on duty, I see where the circle is
+
+237
+00:20:51,070 --> 00:20:53,810
+directed, I make the apex towards the direction of 
+
+238
+00:20:53,810 --> 00:20:56,450
+the circle. Towards the direction of the circle. 
+
+239
+00:20:56,550 --> 00:20:58,270
+Okay, this eye is directed inside, which means 
+
+240
+00:20:58,270 --> 00:21:02,640
+towards the apex. No, inside, but we don't call the
+
+241
+00:21:02,640 --> 00:21:04,900
+prism by the name of the apex, we call it by the 
+
+242
+00:21:04,900 --> 00:21:07,460
+name of the base, as long as the apex is inside,
+
+243
+00:21:07,660 --> 00:21:13,590
+the base is out, the base is out, so to get a 
+
+244
+00:21:13,590 --> 00:21:15,450
+functional treatment for this small amount of 
+
+245
+00:21:15,450 --> 00:21:19,490
+esotropia, must be done without using a prism. 
+
+246
+00:21:19,490 --> 00:21:22,170
+Without using a prism, it will emit a small amount 
+
+247
+00:21:22,170 --> 00:21:23,410
+of radiation, depending on its strength of course, 
+
+248
+00:21:23,490 --> 00:21:27,990
+a weak prism is required to cure esotropia which
+
+249
+00:21:27,990 --> 00:21:30,790
+is a small amount of radiation. Five diopters in a 
+
+250
+00:21:30,790 --> 00:21:33,130
+prism, this is considered a small amount of
+
+251
+00:21:33,130 --> 00:21:34,770
+radiation. A small amount of radiation a person
+
+252
+00:21:34,770 --> 00:21:36,170
+might say, how is it a small amount of radiation?
+
+253
+00:21:36,310 --> 00:21:40,370
+But we need to go back very quickly to see the
+
+254
+00:21:40,370 --> 00:21:44,070
+number of prisms that we measure around.
+
+255
+00:21:44,070 --> 00:21:47,450
+ببدأ من وين؟ و بنتهيأ وين؟
+
+256
+00:21:54,310 --> 00:21:56,990
+This is a group of prisms, this is the smallest 
+
+257
+00:21:56,990 --> 00:22:00,530
+prism, 5 diopters, 5 diopters, and the largest one 
+
+258
+00:22:00,530 --> 00:22:03,150
+is 60 prisms. Of course, there are prisms that 
+
+259
+00:22:03,150 --> 00:22:07,290
+start from one, but the 5, here the 5 does not 
+
+260
+00:22:07,290 --> 00:22:10,790
+exist, the 4 exists and the 6 prism exists. The 5 
+
+261
+00:22:10,790 --> 00:22:14,090
+is considered small compared to many prism forces
+
+262
+00:22:14,090 --> 00:22:18,010
+larger than it in the world of air measurement. So
+
+263
+00:22:18,010 --> 00:22:20,630
+5 diopters is a small amount that can be achieved 
+
+264
+00:22:20,630 --> 00:22:26,630
+by decentration. Now I ask myself, Question, I
+
+265
+00:22:26,630 --> 00:22:29,290
+answered it, it was the first question. The prism 
+
+266
+00:22:29,290 --> 00:22:32,930
+that I want to use, where is its base? Where is 
+
+267
+00:22:32,930 --> 00:22:38,110
+its base? The base is supposed to be outside. The 
+
+268
+00:22:38,110 --> 00:22:41,490
+base is supposed to be outside, okay. So I want a
+
+269
+00:22:41,490 --> 00:22:45,450
+base out prism. Okay, where do I do the 
+
+270
+00:22:45,450 --> 00:22:48,830
+decentration? Do I do it inside or outside? We say
+
+271
+00:22:48,830 --> 00:22:53,610
+as follows:
+
+272
+00:22:53,610 --> 00:22:58,050
+العدسة ال plus 5 ديوتر مقطعها هيكون كالتالي بدنا 
+
+273
+00:22:58,050 --> 00:23:02,730
+نشوف مقطعها هذا مقطع رأسي بالزمن في ال vertical 
+
+274
+00:23:02,730 --> 00:23:07,310
+decentration. هذا مقطع أفقي بالزمن في ال horizontal
+
+275
+00:23:07,310 --> 00:23:10,290
+decentration. إيش يعني horizontal decentration يعني
+
+276
+00:23:10,290 --> 00:23:13,650
+بده أحصل على base out ولا base in, base out ولا 
+
+277
+00:23:13,650 --> 00:23:21,620
+base in. نشوف كيف بدنا بدون تعبئة و بدنا. The circle
+
+278
+00:23:21,620 --> 00:23:24,780
+should be special like this. This is a yellow
+
+279
+00:23:24,780 --> 00:23:29,720
+circle. We put this prism in front of the eye. The 
+
+280
+00:23:29,720 --> 00:23:31,460
+center is supposed to come to the top of the pupil
+
+281
+00:23:31,460 --> 00:23:37,080
+exactly. But if I move the center out a little bit 
+
+282
+00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:39,460
+The pupil will come to the top of the part of the 
+
+283
+00:23:39,460 --> 00:23:46,060
+lens that works as a prism once again. 
+
+284
+00:23:46,060 --> 00:23:51,240
+عادة العدسة بتكون في النص, العدسة مفروض انها تكون بالنص, نفرض
+
+285
+00:23:51,240 --> 00:23:57,180
+هذه العدسة قوتها plus 5 ديوبتر قوتها plus 5 ديوبتر
+
+286
+00:23:57,180 --> 00:24:01,240
+وانا عشان.. عشان اعالج..
+
+287
+00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:07,000
+The esotropia, I said I want a base or a prism 
+
+288
+00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:09,460
+Okay, this is the center of the lens. This is the 
+
+289
+00:24:09,460 --> 00:24:12,260
+center where I'm holding the printed or holding 
+
+290
+00:24:12,260 --> 00:24:14,120
+the lens, the horizontal piece. This is my 
+
+291
+00:24:14,120 --> 00:24:17,500
+horizontal piece in the lens. In the plus lens, 
+
+292
+00:24:17,980 --> 00:24:20,920
+which is plus five, This is my horizontal piece in 
+
+293
+00:24:20,920 --> 00:24:23,540
+it. And this is my vertical piece, not necessarily. 
+
+294
+00:24:23,540 --> 00:24:28,200
+When I point the lens from the middle vertically
+
+295
+00:24:30,840 --> 00:24:34,680
+It will look like this. The red part in the middle 
+
+296
+00:24:34,680 --> 00:24:37,640
+and the edges will be precise. When I cut the
+
+297
+00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:41,780
+horizontal lens. How does it mean that I cut 
+
+298
+00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:44,720
+horizontally? It means that I cut like this. It
+
+299
+00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:46,620
+means that I take a rectangular piece with this 
+
+300
+00:24:46,620 --> 00:24:49,800
+shape. Also, it should be the lowest point with
+
+301
+00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:53,320
+the middle point. Why did I take this view and not
+
+302
+00:24:53,320 --> 00:24:56,520
+the other view? Because I want horizontal 
+
+303
+00:24:56,520 --> 00:25:00,900
+decentration to take a base out or base in. But in
+
+304
+00:25:00,900 --> 00:25:05,660
+this example, I want a base out prism. Okay. This
+
+305
+00:25:05,660 --> 00:25:10,940
+is a piece, and stop the lens, then I put the lens
+
+306
+00:25:10,940 --> 00:25:14,740
+exactly on top of the eye, okay? I say, if I move
+
+307
+00:25:14,740 --> 00:25:16,940
+the center, this is the center, I hold the lens
+
+308
+00:25:16,940 --> 00:25:20,480
+from the optical center of it, if I move it 
+
+309
+00:25:20,480 --> 00:25:25,220
+inside, I will have a Bayesian effect, the pupil 
+
+310
+00:25:25,220 --> 00:25:30,120
+of the eye will be on top of the eye, part of the 
+
+311
+00:25:30,120 --> 00:25:34,340
+lens works as a base or in, this is not required. 
+
+312
+00:25:35,030 --> 00:25:38,110
+This is the opposite of what is required. Now, if I shift the center
+
+313
+00:25:38,110 --> 00:25:42,270
+outwards, the optical center becomes outside, the eye 
+
+314
+00:25:42,270 --> 00:25:46,570
+is looking through part of the lens whose base 
+
+315
+00:25:46,570 --> 00:25:49,910
+is where, works as a prism. The base of it is where, out. If
+
+316
+00:25:49,910 --> 00:25:55,470
+it is necessary that decentration in what direction should be 
+
+317
+00:25:55,470 --> 00:26:00,190
+this done? In out direction, out decentration. 
+
+318
+00:26:00,190 --> 00:26:06,590
+The first answer, the first part of the answer: That I want... this is 
+
+319
+00:26:06,590 --> 00:26:12,430
+number one in the answer, out decentration.  
+
+320
+00:26:12,430 --> 00:26:16,090
+Decentration. So,
+
+321
+00:26:18,930 --> 00:26:23,450
+the first point in the answer is out-de-centration
+
+322
+00:26:23,450 --> 00:26:27,590
+Okay,
+
+323
+00:26:27,750 --> 00:26:31,090
+the second thing is how many? Millimeter, two millimeter,
+
+324
+00:26:31,090 --> 00:26:39,290
+three millimeter, we say: The prismatic effect is 
+
+325
+00:26:39,290 --> 00:26:47,610
+equal
+
+326
+00:26:47,610 --> 00:26:54,930
+to H divided by D. H 
+
+327
+00:26:54,930 --> 00:26:57,050
+is the distance under the light that I don't know. I 
+
+328
+00:26:57,050 --> 00:27:03,350
+want a prismatic effect of 5 prism diopters. H is 
+
+329
+00:27:03,350 --> 00:27:12,470
+unknown in the diopter of the lens, 5.  5
+
+330
+00:27:12,470 --> 00:27:16,350
+diopters, the lens on the left has 5 diopters, and
+
+331
+00:27:16,350 --> 00:27:23,090
+I need 5 prism diopters. So, H is equal to 5 by 5 
+
+332
+00:27:23,090 --> 00:27:44,500
+which is equal to 1 centimeter. The lens 
+
+333
+00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:57,440
+before the left eye should be decentred
+
+334
+00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:07,740
+outward by one centimeter, a distance of one
+
+335
+00:28:07,740 --> 00:28:11,380
+centimeter. This is a typical and complete answer. At that time 
+
+336
+00:28:11,380 --> 00:28:16,610
+the rays here, it will break the lens of the prism or
+
+337
+00:28:16,610 --> 00:28:19,470
+the lens that will work not only as a lens, it will 
+
+338
+00:28:19,470 --> 00:28:21,890
+work as a lens plus five diopters and at the same 
+
+339
+00:28:21,890 --> 00:28:25,030
+time as a prism five prism diopters, so it will 
+
+340
+00:28:25,030 --> 00:28:27,210
+happen of course here. I will not break the rays 
+
+341
+00:28:27,210 --> 00:28:29,750
+that is, to save time, and the rays will be directed 
+
+342
+00:28:29,750 --> 00:28:35,150
+that way and then break the lens or break the 
+
+343
+00:28:35,150 --> 00:28:37,030
+prism towards the base, so it will come to the 
+
+344
+00:28:37,030 --> 00:28:40,210
+fovea. So it became fovea with fovea corresponding
+
+345
+00:28:40,210 --> 00:28:44,650
+retinal points, or on similar areas of the network,
+
+346
+00:28:45,090 --> 00:28:48,670
+so this is how the job was restored or those who
+
+347
+00:28:48,670 --> 00:28:53,810
+now work as a team. We confirm again that the
+
+348
+00:28:53,810 --> 00:28:58,830
+decentration, the decentration is not, is not 
+
+349
+00:28:58,830 --> 00:29:06,170
+to... It means the aesthetic shape of the air. When
+
+350
+00:29:06,170 --> 00:29:09,070
+I do lens decentration, the air will remain
+
+351
+00:29:09,070 --> 00:29:12,470
+visible, but professionally, the two eyes will
+
+352
+00:29:12,470 --> 00:29:15,490
+return to their work as a team, and they will be
+
+353
+00:29:15,490 --> 00:29:19,110
+directed in space as if they are moderators, 
+
+354
+00:29:19,530 --> 00:29:21,610
+aesthetically they don't look like moderators, but 
+
+355
+00:29:21,610 --> 00:29:25,110
+as if they are moderators completely, as if they
+
+356
+00:29:25,110 --> 00:29:28,390
+are moderators completely. So, this example will 
+
+357
+00:29:28,390 --> 00:29:32,010
+follow examples in the 80s on the Moodle page
+
+358
+00:29:32,010 --> 00:29:35,570
+which is once for in, and once for out, once for 
+
+359
+00:29:35,570 --> 00:29:38,830
+vertical, once for up, and once for down, until it
+
+360
+00:29:38,830 --> 00:29:41,990
+is trained on it and once combined or compound
+
+361
+00:29:41,990 --> 00:29:45,750
+decentration, out and up, or out and down, for the 
+
+362
+00:29:45,750 --> 00:29:51,690
+center of the person. Okay, now I am the lens. It 
+
+363
+00:29:51,690 --> 00:29:54,830
+does not have decentration, I went. I want to work 
+
+364
+00:29:54,830 --> 00:29:59,290
+in it, decentration, we finished the example that we
+
+365
+00:29:59,290 --> 00:30:06,750
+made. Now, I want to make a decentration in it. This 
+
+366
+00:30:06,750 --> 00:30:08,830
+is how I made the decentration. Where is the 
+
+367
+00:30:08,830 --> 00:30:11,910
+center? Of course, the eye should be in the middle
+
+368
+00:30:11,910 --> 00:30:14,950
+of the frame, the person is looking, and wearing his
+
+369
+00:30:14,950 --> 00:30:16,850
+glasses from the middle of the frame. This is how
+
+370
+00:30:16,850 --> 00:30:22,320
+the center became decentered out and up. For example 
+
+371
+00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:25,040
+out, for example eight millimeters, up four 
+
+372
+00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:27,620
+millimeters, as much as we want, we do the
+
+373
+00:30:27,620 --> 00:30:34,010
+decentration. Okay, now these glasses. The patient
+
+374
+00:30:34,010 --> 00:30:36,150
+came to me, he had decentration done to him. It 
+
+375
+00:30:36,150 --> 00:30:37,890
+was the first time I saw the patient, the first
+
+376
+00:30:37,890 --> 00:30:41,330
+time, and he told me that my glasses work like 
+
+377
+00:30:41,330 --> 00:30:45,430
+glasses, and in the same way as a prism. Look at 
+
+378
+00:30:45,430 --> 00:30:50,110
+how strong the glasses are on the lensmeter, and 
+
+379
+00:30:50,110 --> 00:30:55,030
+look at how strong the prism is, which occurs in
+
+380
+00:30:55,030 --> 00:30:57,490
+these glasses, or the prismatic effect of this
+
+381
+00:30:57,490 --> 00:31:00,450
+glasses as a result of removing the center of it.
+
+382
+00:31:00,450 --> 00:31:03,750
+What do we do? Of course, we read the prismatic
+
+383
+00:31:03,750 --> 00:31:06,910
+force in the center of the frame. In the center of 
+
+384
+00:31:06,910 --> 00:31:10,170
+the frame exactly. We read the prismatic force, I 
+
+385
+00:31:10,170 --> 00:31:12,810
+don't go and look for the optical center of the
+
+386
+00:31:12,810 --> 00:31:16,970
+lens. No, I, and the patient, look straight ahead, I
+
+387
+00:31:16,970 --> 00:31:21,540
+get a marker.
+
+388
+00:31:21,540 --> 00:31:21,580
+ 
+
+389
+00:31:21,580 --> 00:31:28,180
+جلم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جلم لباد 
+
+390
+00:31:28,180 --> 00:31:31,080
+لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذا 
+
+391
+00:31:31,080 --> 00:31:32,720
+القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او 
+
+392
+00:31:32,720 --> 00:31:34,260
+شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل 
+
+393
+00:31:34,260 --> 00:31:38,820
+جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من 
+
+394
+00:31:38,820 --> 00:31:39,740
+هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد 
+
+395
+00:31:39,740 --> 00:31:41,490
+جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم. In the left lens
+
+396
+00:31:41,490 --> 00:31:44,570
+there is a decentration, and it is required of the
+
+397
+00:31:44,570 --> 00:31:47,230
+specialist to determine the value of the prism 
+
+398
+00:31:47,230 --> 00:31:50,210
+resulting from the decentration. That makes the 
+
+399
+00:31:50,210 --> 00:31:55,210
+patient look straight ahead. Looking straight ahead
+
+400
+00:31:55,210 --> 00:31:58,650
+to a specific target. And it teaches about the top 
+
+401
+00:31:58,650 --> 00:32:01,610
+of the nose exactly. That is, about the top of the
+
+402
+00:32:01,610 --> 00:32:04,310
+visual axis, from the area that the pupil looks at
+
+403
+00:32:04,310 --> 00:32:07,470
+Here it will be achieved... it will be achieved... 
+
+404
+00:32:07,470 --> 00:32:12,540
+which is... the power of the lens and also the
+
+405
+00:32:12,540 --> 00:32:14,780
+power of the prism, also the power of the prism
+
+406
+00:32:14,780 --> 00:32:21,160
+before, of course. When we bring the lens, we teach 
+
+407
+00:32:21,160 --> 00:32:23,820
+it to the patient's eyes, then we bring it to the
+
+408
+00:32:23,8

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/0Ca8cjsIysc_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,780 @@
+1
+00:00:01,570 --> 00:00:06,430
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم فينا مسألة اليوم برضه على
+
+2
+00:00:06,430 --> 00:00:12,350
+ال virtual object And we have a body that is one
+
+3
+00:00:12,350 --> 00:00:15,270
+meter away from the first lens. The force of the
+
+4
+00:00:15,270 --> 00:00:18,110
+first lens is plus three diopters. The distance
+
+5
+00:00:18,110 --> 00:00:20,270
+between the first and second lens is twenty-five
+
+6
+00:00:20,270 --> 00:00:23,130
+centimeters. The force of the second lens is plus
+
+7
+00:00:23,130 --> 00:00:24,830
+one diopters. The required distance between the
+
+8
+00:00:24,830 --> 00:00:28,450
+final image is the total transphase magnification.
+
+9
+00:00:28,710 --> 00:00:31,930
+The first rule is that we deal with each lens one
+
+10
+00:00:31,930 --> 00:00:32,210
+by one.
+
+11
+00:00:35,320 --> 00:00:38,580
+We will separate the two lenses between the two
+
+12
+00:00:38,580 --> 00:00:46,820
+lenses To make it possible to deal with each lens
+
+13
+00:00:46,820 --> 00:00:52,220
+one by one And we will try to delete the second
+
+14
+00:00:52,220 --> 00:00:59,820
+lens Temporarily
+
+15
+00:00:59,820 --> 00:01:00,480
+as if
+
+16
+00:01:11,010 --> 00:01:20,250
+so that we can deal with each lens one by one here
+
+17
+00:01:20,250 --> 00:01:23,990
+I have a list of examples we solve it and then we
+
+18
+00:01:23,990 --> 00:01:29,730
+see how the situation is for us now I have a body
+
+19
+00:01:29,730 --> 00:01:32,190
+with a distance of one meter, the lens plus three
+
+20
+00:01:32,190 --> 00:01:40,030
+diopters so we have a lenssorry, a body 1 meter
+
+21
+00:01:40,030 --> 00:01:50,130
+away from the lens, let's see the first picture U
+
+22
+00:01:50,130 --> 00:01:56,310
+is equal to negative N divided by O and
+
+23
+00:01:56,310 --> 00:01:58,710
+it is equal to negative, of course, because the
+
+24
+00:01:58,710 --> 00:02:02,070
+rays are divergent from the real body negative 1
+
+25
+00:02:02,070 --> 00:02:05,170
+divided by O is equal to 1 meter and it is equal
+
+26
+00:02:05,170 --> 00:02:10,370
+to negative 1 diopterminus one diopter, quickly I
+
+27
+00:02:10,370 --> 00:02:15,470
+go and put on the front of the lens minus one
+
+28
+00:02:15,470 --> 00:02:19,210
+diopter because the rays will reach the body with
+
+29
+00:02:19,210 --> 00:02:24,660
+a fluctuation of one diopterThe lens will emit 1
+
+30
+00:02:24,660 --> 00:02:28,480
+diopter to cancel the oscillation Let's see what
+
+31
+00:02:28,480 --> 00:02:33,600
+will happen to the oscillation after it leaves the
+
+32
+00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:40,300
+lens u plus power equals v u minus one diopter
+
+33
+00:02:40,300 --> 00:02:50,100
+power three diopters equals v then v equals plus
+
+34
+00:02:50,100 --> 00:02:53,700
+two dioptersplus 2 diopter means that the rays
+
+35
+00:02:53,700 --> 00:02:57,240
+that will come out of the lens will be positive
+
+36
+00:02:57,240 --> 00:03:03,460
+virgins or collected in the amount of 2 diopter so
+
+37
+00:03:03,460 --> 00:03:08,100
+it will form a real image somewhere in the space
+
+38
+00:03:08,100 --> 00:03:12,580
+to know where it is we have to get the I we
+
+39
+00:03:12,580 --> 00:03:19,460
+continue here we say V is equal to unconditional
+
+40
+00:03:19,460 --> 00:03:20,200
+over I
+
+41
+00:03:23,920 --> 00:03:34,100
+So I is equal to V divided by 1
+
+42
+00:03:34,100 --> 00:03:40,380
+divided by V which is plus 2 diopter which is
+
+43
+00:03:40,380 --> 00:03:46,820
+equal to plus half and the diopter is one meter
+
+44
+00:03:46,820 --> 00:03:49,980
+minus one which is one meter
+
+45
+00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:59,140
+plus half a meter, plus half a meter, it is
+
+46
+00:03:59,140 --> 00:04:01,440
+necessary to calculate the distances correctly now
+
+47
+00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:04,340
+I want to move away a little bit and say here
+
+48
+00:04:04,340 --> 00:04:07,640
+about 25 centimeters which is a quarter of a
+
+49
+00:04:07,640 --> 00:04:09,460
+meter, here also 25 centimeters, which means that
+
+50
+00:04:09,460 --> 00:04:12,120
+the picture will be formed in this place in this
+
+51
+00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:16,880
+place, we will go and draw this picture in the
+
+52
+00:04:16,880 --> 00:04:20,580
+place that we pointed out to him and we will draw
+
+53
+00:04:20,580 --> 00:04:23,860
+it a little bit because after a while we will say
+
+54
+00:04:23,860 --> 00:04:24,280
+why
+
+55
+00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:45,890
+so this image is 50 cm away from the lens so from
+
+56
+00:04:45,890 --> 00:04:49,650
+the first lens to the second lens is 50 cm before
+
+57
+00:04:49,650 --> 00:04:52,150
+we show the second lens and deal with it we bring
+
+58
+00:04:52,150 --> 00:05:01,210
+the TM1 TM1 is equal to U over V is equal to U
+
+59
+00:05:01,210 --> 00:05:06,810
+minus one this is greater over V plus two this is
+
+60
+00:05:06,810 --> 00:05:15,860
+greater and is equal toof course x minus half, x
+
+61
+00:05:15,860 --> 00:05:17,680
+minus half and the denominator with the
+
+62
+00:05:17,680 --> 00:05:22,580
+denominator they say what does x minus half mean?
+
+63
+00:05:22,580 --> 00:05:27,300
+it means the picture is upside down and half of
+
+64
+00:05:27,300 --> 00:05:30,360
+the object is upside down
+
+65
+00:05:35,630 --> 00:05:38,690
+means that the height is half of the height of the
+
+66
+00:05:38,690 --> 00:05:41,950
+object and half of the height of the object and
+
+67
+00:05:41,950 --> 00:05:43,850
+half of the height of the object this is how we
+
+68
+00:05:43,850 --> 00:05:45,630
+finish the work with the first lens, we want to
+
+69
+00:05:45,630 --> 00:05:51,090
+say as follows now we want to remove the tools
+
+70
+00:05:51,090 --> 00:05:57,390
+that we covered in them we say as follows since
+
+71
+00:05:57,390 --> 00:06:03,980
+the first pictureاللي هنعتبرها جسم للعدسة التانية
+
+72
+00:06:03,980 --> 00:06:09,040
+تبعد خمسين صانطي عن العدسة الأولى اللى كونتها يعني
+
+73
+00:06:09,040 --> 00:06:12,440
+مسافة من هنا لهنا خمسين صانطي والمسافة بين
+
+74
+00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:16,940
+العدستين خمسة وعشرين صانطي اذا المسافة بين العدسة
+
+75
+00:06:16,940 --> 00:06:22,720
+التانية بين العدسة التانية والجسم بتاعها اللى هى
+
+76
+00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:26,600
+عيمينها جاى المرة هاى اللى هى ال virtual object
+
+77
+00:06:27,790 --> 00:06:34,570
+also 25, 25 and 25 means 50 cm this is the first
+
+78
+00:06:34,570 --> 00:06:36,890
+picture which is the body number 2, the body
+
+79
+00:06:36,890 --> 00:06:42,070
+number 2 I will draw me in two colors
+
+80
+00:06:57,220 --> 00:06:59,720
+I'm going to try it out. This is itself in two
+
+81
+00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:02,720
+colors. Why two colors? Because I'm going to say
+
+82
+00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:07,080
+something else. Colors help a lot in understanding
+
+83
+00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:13,820
+the topic.باللونين الأصفر و الأزرق كإني بقول طالما
+
+84
+00:07:13,820 --> 00:07:17,080
+اللون الأزرق موجود معناته هذا صورة بتاعة العدسة
+
+85
+00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:22,920
+الأولى الزرقى اللى ميعطينها اللون أزرق و في نفس
+
+86
+00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:27,860
+الوقت جسم للعدسة الصفر جسم للعدسة الصفر طيب الآن
+
+87
+00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:32,080
+هذه الصورة خلينا نحكي عنها كصورة كيف اتكونت بتجمع
+
+88
+00:07:32,080 --> 00:07:37,120
+الأشعة يعني الأشعة رايحة تتجمع عشان اتكونهاالأشيعة
+
+89
+00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:42,920
+رايحة تتجمع عشان تتكونها إذا الأشيعة و هي رايحة
+
+90
+00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:46,740
+تتكونهاit has been collected to form the first
+
+91
+00:07:46,740 --> 00:07:50,260
+image of the first lens which we will consider as
+
+92
+00:07:50,260 --> 00:07:53,180
+the body of the second lens but before it is
+
+93
+00:07:53,180 --> 00:07:56,120
+formed it will collide with the second lens which
+
+94
+00:07:56,120 --> 00:07:58,420
+is convergent and we said that light if it
+
+95
+00:07:58,420 --> 00:08:01,160
+collides with any lens in front of it means that
+
+96
+00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:03,280
+it is coming from a virtual object because the
+
+97
+00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:09,660
+real object must be a divergent light from it now
+
+98
+00:08:09,660 --> 00:08:13,130
+let's separate the second lensor sorry the first
+
+99
+00:08:13,130 --> 00:08:15,890
+lens from the second lens and we start to draw
+
+100
+00:08:15,890 --> 00:08:21,530
+with each other with the second lens we want to
+
+101
+00:08:21,530 --> 00:08:27,070
+hide it to help us please use a piece of A4 paper
+
+102
+00:08:27,070 --> 00:08:30,150
+so that we don't get confused between the lenses
+
+103
+00:08:30,150 --> 00:08:33,470
+this is my body on the right this time and we want
+
+104
+00:08:33,470 --> 00:08:38,090
+to draw in the way that we are used to we say you
+
+105
+00:08:39,980 --> 00:08:45,420
+تساوي زائد انعلاوة Why plus? Because the light is
+
+106
+00:08:45,420 --> 00:08:49,520
+convergent ويساوي
+
+107
+00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:55,280
+.. ويساوي
+
+108
+00:08:55,280 --> 00:09:01,420
+زائد واحد او خمسة وعشرين صنطي خمسة وعشرين صنطي
+
+109
+00:09:01,420 --> 00:09:02,400
+يعني ربع متر
+
+110
+00:09:09,260 --> 00:09:16,120
+one over a quarter of a meter one over a quarter
+
+111
+00:09:16,120 --> 00:09:23,200
+of a meter and
+
+112
+00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:30,300
+it equals plus four diopters plus four diopters
+
+113
+00:09:30,300 --> 00:09:35,320
+quickly I put on the front of the lens plus four
+
+114
+00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:40,650
+diopters which means that the lightthat the light
+
+115
+00:09:40,650 --> 00:09:44,310
+will collide with the front of the lens which is
+
+116
+00:09:44,310 --> 00:09:49,210
+composed of 4 diodes plus 4 diodes
+
+117
+00:10:01,150 --> 00:10:05,590
+ضوق وصل للسطح الأمام من العدسة الصفراء، متجمع
+
+118
+00:10:05,590 --> 00:10:09,010
+بمقدار أربعة ديوبتر، و أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع
+
+119
+00:10:09,010 --> 00:10:10,430
+بزيادة، و أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و
+
+120
+00:10:10,430 --> 00:10:15,490
+أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و أضافت قوتها
+
+121
+00:10:15,490 --> 00:10:18,210
+لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع
+
+122
+00:10:18,210 --> 00:10:23,430
+بزيادة، و أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و
+
+123
+00:10:23,430 --> 00:10:28,610
+أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و أضU plus 4
+
+124
+00:10:28,610 --> 00:10:37,810
+diopter plus 1 diopter is equal to V so V is equal
+
+125
+00:10:37,810 --> 00:10:43,590
+to plus 5 diopter plus 5 diopter quickly, on the
+
+126
+00:10:43,590 --> 00:10:46,490
+front surface of the lens, sorry the back surface
+
+127
+00:10:46,490 --> 00:10:50,430
+plus 5 diopter, it's like I'm saying that the
+
+128
+00:10:50,430 --> 00:10:57,910
+lightentered with 4 diopters and came out with 5
+
+129
+00:10:57,910 --> 00:11:01,650
+diopters, which is more than the total because it
+
+130
+00:11:01,650 --> 00:11:04,850
+has been added to the power of the lens as long as
+
+131
+00:11:04,850 --> 00:11:07,830
+it is collected, it will form a real picture where
+
+132
+00:11:07,830 --> 00:11:15,750
+it happens v is equal to i is
+
+133
+00:11:15,750 --> 00:11:19,110
+equal to
+
+134
+00:11:20,720 --> 00:11:31,580
+ويساوي واحد على plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus اتنين
+
+135
+00:11:31,580 --> 00:11:38,160
+من عشرة متر اتنين من عشرة متر يعني عشرين سانت يعني
+
+136
+00:11:38,160 --> 00:11:43,100
+عشرين سانت الصورة النهائية الصورة النهائية هتكون
+
+137
+00:11:43,100 --> 00:11:50,830
+عشرين سانت اذا ملاحظينانا رسمتها باللون الأصفر
+
+138
+00:11:50,830 --> 00:11:55,970
+فقط، يعني صورة العدسة، صورة العدسة التانية، صورة
+
+139
+00:11:55,970 --> 00:12:01,650
+العدسة التانية هتكون على بعد عشرين سانتي من
+
+140
+00:12:01,650 --> 00:12:05,090
+العدسة، الجسم بتاع، بتاع العدسة التانية على بعد
+
+141
+00:12:05,090 --> 00:12:08,650
+خمسة وعشرين سانتي، و الصورة على بعد عشرين سانتي،
+
+142
+00:12:08,650 --> 00:12:11,930
+اذا الصورة أقرب من الجسم، التانين على اليمين،
+
+143
+00:12:11,930 --> 00:12:14,130
+التانين على اليمين، اذا الصورة على بعد
+
+144
+00:12:18,550 --> 00:12:22,350
+2 from 10 meters to the right, plus of course Ok,
+
+145
+00:12:22,450 --> 00:12:33,890
+let's get the TM2 TM2,
+
+146
+00:12:34,030 --> 00:12:42,370
+the magnification equals U over V equals U plus 4
+
+147
+00:12:42,370 --> 00:12:50,600
+diopters and V plus 5 dioptersSo, plus four is
+
+148
+00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:54,340
+better than plus five, which is better and is
+
+149
+00:12:54,340 --> 00:13:01,500
+equal to x plus eight
+
+150
+00:13:01,500 --> 00:13:06,240
+out of ten. What does x plus eight out of ten
+
+151
+00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:10,520
+mean? The picture is regular. Regular. What does
+
+152
+00:13:10,520 --> 00:13:14,580
+regular mean? Like its object.إذا هو تحت ال
+
+153
+00:13:14,580 --> 00:13:18,560
+optical axis، هي تحت ال optical axis، إذا هو فوق
+
+154
+00:13:18,560 --> 00:13:22,460
+ال optical axis، معناته هي فوق ال optical axis،
+
+155
+00:13:22,460 --> 00:13:28,320
+فبالتالي معتدلا، انشوف هذا الكلام، هاي الصورة، هاي
+
+156
+00:13:28,320 --> 00:13:35,350
+الصورةlike its object, which is drawn in two
+
+157
+00:13:35,350 --> 00:13:38,210
+colors, which is drawn in two colors and shorter
+
+158
+00:13:38,210 --> 00:13:41,210
+than it or eight-tenths of it, four-fifths of its
+
+159
+00:13:41,210 --> 00:13:43,790
+length, if it is ten centimeters, it is eight
+
+160
+00:13:43,790 --> 00:13:46,310
+centimeters, eight out of ten, look at the TM
+
+161
+00:13:46,310 --> 00:13:46,790
+total
+
+162
+00:14:16,980 --> 00:14:25,080
+It is equal to Tm1 times Tm2 minus half multiplied
+
+163
+00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:31,080
+by plus eight tenths
+
+164
+00:14:31,080 --> 00:14:37,020
+It is equal to x minus minus multiplied by plus
+
+165
+00:14:37,020 --> 00:14:39,120
+multiplied by minus and half multiplied by eight
+
+166
+00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:43,320
+tenths gives me four tenths So the final
+
+167
+00:14:43,320 --> 00:14:54,270
+multiplicationThe final exponent is x
+
+168
+00:14:54,270 --> 00:14:57,230
+minus four out of ten. Why x minus four out of
+
+169
+00:14:57,230 --> 00:15:01,110
+ten? Because this doesn't have a need. And this
+
+170
+00:15:01,110 --> 00:15:04,670
+doesn't have a need. Now I have completed the
+
+171
+00:15:04,670 --> 00:15:06,930
+problem. This is the first picture, which is the
+
+172
+00:15:06,930 --> 00:15:07,130
+dimensions.
+
+173
+00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:12,920
+virtual object for the second lens which is the
+
+174
+00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:14,300
+final image
+
+175
+00:15:19,820 --> 00:15:22,640
+So, the final magnification, which is the last
+
+176
+00:15:22,640 --> 00:15:25,700
+image, is inverted for the original body, and four
+
+177
+00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:28,780
+tenths. So, if it is ten centimeters high, it will
+
+178
+00:15:28,780 --> 00:15:33,420
+be four centimeters high. Four centimeters high.
+
+179
+00:15:34,420 --> 00:15:40,180
+So, this issue should be clear to me. Some
+
+180
+00:15:40,180 --> 00:15:43,700
+questions may arise, especially in exams. For
+
+181
+00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:46,570
+example, the distance between the original bodyعن
+
+182
+00:15:46,570 --> 00:15:49,510
+الصورة النهائية The distance between the original
+
+183
+00:15:49,510 --> 00:15:51,690
+body and the final image. We need to calculate
+
+184
+00:15:51,690 --> 00:15:55,250
+meter and twenty-five centimeters. This is one
+
+185
+00:15:55,250 --> 00:15:57,310
+meter and twenty-five centimeters. And the
+
+186
+00:15:57,310 --> 00:15:59,650
+distance here is twenty centimeters. Two out of
+
+187
+00:15:59,650 --> 00:16:02,850
+ten meters. This twenty-five centimeters is the
+
+188
+00:16:02,850 --> 00:16:03,330
+distance
+
+189
+00:16:13,110 --> 00:16:16,390
+between the body of the second lens and the second
+
+190
+00:16:16,390 --> 00:16:19,530
+lens while the final image is away from the
+
+191
+00:16:19,530 --> 00:16:22,770
+original body the following distances one meter we
+
+192
+00:16:22,770 --> 00:16:25,870
+add twenty-five centimeters and we add twenty
+
+193
+00:16:25,870 --> 00:16:28,310
+centimeters twenty-five and twenty means forty
+
+194
+00:16:28,310 --> 00:16:30,270
+-five centimeters so one meter and forty-five
+
+195
+00:16:30,270 --> 00:16:33,810
+centimeters one meter and forty-five centimeters
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/2BZ4a5vb3gE_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1564 @@
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:04,690
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محاضرات ال geometric
+
+2
+00:00:04,690 --> 00:00:09,510
+optics وحكينا المرة الماضية عن the versions of
+
+3
+00:00:09,510 --> 00:00:13,110
+light الحالة التشتتية للضوء وقولنا الضوء بيوجد على
+
+4
+00:00:13,110 --> 00:00:17,820
+تلت حالات لا رابع لها ان يكون متشتت, divergentإذا
+
+5
+00:00:17,820 --> 00:00:20,860
+كانوا صادر من real object، من object حقيقي زي
+
+6
+00:00:20,860 --> 00:00:24,620
+الشمعة، زي الشمس، زي المصباح الكهربائي، بيكون
+
+7
+00:00:24,620 --> 00:00:27,660
+متشتت في جميع الإتجاهات، و ساعتها بيقول ال
+
+8
+00:00:27,660 --> 00:00:30,900
+versions negative، ال versions تعطيه negative،
+
+9
+00:00:30,900 --> 00:00:34,450
+الحالة التشتتية تعطيه negative أو divergentor to
+
+10
+00:00:34,450 --> 00:00:37,510
+come from a place very far away and say about it
+
+11
+00:00:37,510 --> 00:00:42,050
+or to be parallel to each other, parallel light,
+
+12
+00:00:42,190 --> 00:00:43,830
+we say its divergence is zero, it is neither
+
+13
+00:00:43,830 --> 00:00:47,510
+negative nor positive or to be out of a lens going
+
+14
+00:00:47,510 --> 00:00:50,010
+to form the image, that is, it gathers to form the
+
+15
+00:00:50,010 --> 00:00:52,690
+imageو ساعتها ال .. ال .. ال .. ال versions بتاع
+
+16
+00:00:52,690 --> 00:00:56,710
+ال light بيكون positive أو convergent light وقولنا
+
+17
+00:00:56,710 --> 00:00:59,790
+ال versions بتوربطوا علاقة مع المسافة ال versions
+
+18
+00:00:59,790 --> 00:01:03,810
+بتاع ال light الحالة التشتتية للضوء بتختلف اختلاف
+
+19
+00:01:03,810 --> 00:01:07,230
+مسافة اللي .. اللي قطعها الضوء وقولنا ال .. ال
+
+20
+00:01:07,230 --> 00:01:10,830
+versions حقيقة هو عبارة لما يحسب و يساوي ال
+
+21
+00:01:10,830 --> 00:01:14,150
+reciprocal of the distance of the distance يعني
+
+22
+00:01:14,150 --> 00:01:18,130
+لما نقول احسب ال versions بتاع ال light احسب ال
+
+23
+00:01:18,130 --> 00:01:22,460
+versions بتاع ال lightWe say that the vergence of
+
+24
+00:01:22,460 --> 00:01:28,960
+the light is equal to one over the distance, one
+
+25
+00:01:28,960 --> 00:01:31,460
+over the distance For example, the light emitted
+
+26
+00:01:31,460 --> 00:01:36,040
+from an object a certain distance This distance,
+
+27
+00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:40,600
+to calculate the vergence of the light, vergence
+
+28
+00:01:42,520 --> 00:01:48,080
+يساوي واحد على ال distance، ال distance اللي قطعها
+
+29
+00:01:48,080 --> 00:01:52,060
+ال ضُق، واحد على ال distance، يعني لما بنجيب مثلا
+
+30
+00:01:52,060 --> 00:01:57,810
+صورة، بنقول الضُقIt started from object point, cut
+
+31
+00:01:57,810 --> 00:02:00,550
+a distance, for example, at this point, at this
+
+32
+00:02:00,550 --> 00:02:05,130
+limit that I'm pointing at, we say, cut a distance
+
+33
+00:02:05,130 --> 00:02:08,710
+of two meters, which means one over two meters,
+
+34
+00:02:08,830 --> 00:02:14,450
+one over two meters is equal to half a meter minus
+
+35
+00:02:14,450 --> 00:02:18,810
+one If we add up, we have to calculate the
+
+36
+00:02:18,810 --> 00:02:27,650
+versions of lightOn a distance of 2 meters, we say
+
+37
+00:02:27,650 --> 00:02:31,430
+1 First, we put a minus sign because this is a
+
+38
+00:02:31,430 --> 00:02:34,650
+divergent light A divergent light takes a minus
+
+39
+00:02:34,650 --> 00:02:41,710
+sign We say 1 on a distance of 2 meters I get the
+
+40
+00:02:41,710 --> 00:02:47,230
+result half minus half meter
+
+41
+00:02:47,230 --> 00:02:48,970
+plus minus one
+
+42
+00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:57,620
+I'll get minus one
+
+43
+00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:19,040
+Okay, so minus half meter minus one. If the
+
+44
+00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:21,920
+distance was four meters, we say minus one over
+
+45
+00:03:21,920 --> 00:03:26,260
+four meters minus one. Okay, if I have the other
+
+46
+00:03:26,260 --> 00:03:29,500
+side of the lens, the light is collected, for
+
+47
+00:03:29,500 --> 00:03:32,140
+example, I have the light collected and it will
+
+48
+00:03:32,140 --> 00:03:33,020
+form the image
+
+49
+00:03:43,540 --> 00:03:47,880
+it's going to create the image as the drawing will
+
+50
+00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:51,800
+show now
+
+51
+00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:58,000
+and
+
+52
+00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:04,080
+at this line or at this distance in spacedial of
+
+53
+00:04:04,080 --> 00:04:07,180
+light ..dial of light .. to get it to converge ..
+
+54
+00:04:07,180 --> 00:04:10,580
+it is converging .. convergent light ..dial of
+
+55
+00:04:10,580 --> 00:04:12,100
+light is half a meter .. so the distance from here
+
+56
+00:04:12,100 --> 00:04:14,080
+to the image is half a meter .. how much the
+
+57
+00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:18,120
+divergence of light at this point .. we will say
+
+58
+00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:24,800
+as the following .. divergence of distance is
+
+59
+00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:30,370
+equal to one over the distanceNow we calculate the
+
+60
+00:04:30,370 --> 00:04:32,010
+distance not from the object but from the image
+
+61
+00:04:32,010 --> 00:04:34,670
+because now we are on the other side and we are
+
+62
+00:04:34,670 --> 00:04:37,310
+working with the image and it is equal to one of
+
+63
+00:04:37,310 --> 00:04:39,350
+course plus why plus because the light is
+
+64
+00:04:39,350 --> 00:04:42,930
+convergent if it is on the side of the object and
+
+65
+00:04:42,930 --> 00:04:45,410
+the light is divergent we give it a minus sign if
+
+66
+00:04:45,410 --> 00:04:49,090
+it is convergent we give it a plus sign half a
+
+67
+00:04:49,090 --> 00:04:50,650
+meter is left this distance is half a meter and it
+
+68
+00:04:50,650 --> 00:04:55,790
+forms the image so one plus one over half a meter
+
+69
+00:05:00,710 --> 00:05:09,850
+and it's equal to two meters minus one meters
+
+70
+00:05:09,850 --> 00:05:18,290
+minus one meters minus
+
+71
+00:05:18,290 --> 00:05:20,210
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+72
+00:05:20,210 --> 00:05:20,270
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+73
+00:05:20,270 --> 00:05:20,270
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+74
+00:05:20,270 --> 00:05:21,790
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+75
+00:05:21,790 --> 00:05:21,990
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+76
+00:05:21,990 --> 00:05:22,810
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+77
+00:05:22,810 --> 00:05:23,910
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+78
+00:05:23,910 --> 00:05:27,990
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+79
+00:05:27,990 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+80
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+81
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+82
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+83
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+84
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+85
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+86
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+87
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+88
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+89
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+90
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+91
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+92
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,970
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+93
+00:05:29,970 --> 00:05:30,150
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+94
+00:05:30,150 --> 00:05:32,390
+one meters minusAnd it's convergent, I give it a
+
+95
+00:05:32,390 --> 00:05:34,990
+plus sign Of course, when it's away from the
+
+96
+00:05:34,990 --> 00:05:36,970
+object and it's scattered, I have to calculate the
+
+97
+00:05:36,970 --> 00:05:39,570
+distance from the object to the point I want to
+
+98
+00:05:39,570 --> 00:05:43,570
+calculate Okay, now for example I have a third
+
+99
+00:05:43,570 --> 00:05:46,850
+example With the same drawing, we say the light
+
+100
+00:05:46,850 --> 00:05:55,090
+came out of the object The object is three meters
+
+101
+00:05:55,090 --> 00:05:55,990
+away from
+
+102
+00:05:59,450 --> 00:06:01,210
+or let's say without using a triangle, let's say
+
+103
+00:06:01,210 --> 00:06:06,350
+twenty centimeters let's say the distance is
+
+104
+00:06:06,350 --> 00:06:10,270
+twenty centimeters that is, from the object to the
+
+105
+00:06:10,270 --> 00:06:12,790
+lens is twenty centimeters we want to calculate
+
+106
+00:06:12,790 --> 00:06:16,510
+the vergence what is the vergence of light at the
+
+107
+00:06:16,510 --> 00:06:18,490
+surface of the lens at the surface of the lens, we
+
+108
+00:06:18,490 --> 00:06:22,990
+say as follows the
+
+109
+00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:25,830
+vergence equals
+
+110
+00:06:27,530 --> 00:06:31,810
+one over the distance, the object distance over
+
+111
+00:06:31,810 --> 00:06:35,530
+the distance or
+
+112
+00:06:35,530 --> 00:06:39,770
+between two objects I can say over O, why O? No,
+
+113
+00:06:40,170 --> 00:06:44,480
+why O? Becauseالمسافة اللى بدنا نحسب عندها هذه
+
+114
+00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:48,160
+المسافة هي ال object ال object point وهى سطح
+
+115
+00:06:48,160 --> 00:06:51,960
+العدسة بدنا نحسب ال divergence بتاع الدوء لما وصل
+
+116
+00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:55,220
+لسطح العدسة يعنى جاطع من مسافة ال object ال object
+
+117
+00:06:55,220 --> 00:07:01,540
+distance يعني واحد على اول ويساويone over of
+
+118
+00:07:01,540 --> 00:07:04,480
+course here must must not forget the sign because
+
+119
+00:07:04,480 --> 00:07:08,160
+it is a divergent line must put minus and minus
+
+120
+00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:11,240
+one because it is divergent of course over the
+
+121
+00:07:11,240 --> 00:07:13,680
+distance twenty centimeters must turn into a meter
+
+122
+00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:20,500
+two out of ten meters and is equal to one over two
+
+123
+00:07:20,500 --> 00:07:26,100
+out of ten and is equal to minus five meters minus
+
+124
+00:07:26,100 --> 00:07:27,560
+one meters minus
+
+125
+00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:40,360
+meteros minus one Okay, so I can calculate the
+
+126
+00:07:40,360 --> 00:07:43,420
+vergence of the light at any point away from the
+
+127
+00:07:43,420 --> 00:07:47,400
+object I calculate one away from the object Even
+
+128
+00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:49,420
+if we reach the surface of the mirror And I can
+
+129
+00:07:49,420 --> 00:07:52,680
+calculate the vergence of the light that is going
+
+130
+00:07:52,680 --> 00:07:55,980
+to form the image at any distance Of course, I
+
+131
+00:07:55,980 --> 00:07:57,860
+calculate the distance of this distance from the
+
+132
+00:07:57,860 --> 00:08:01,520
+image I can calculate at this distance
+
+133
+00:08:06,110 --> 00:08:10,670
+or the distance is high or at the distance is high
+
+134
+00:08:10,670 --> 00:08:13,950
+So how do I calculate the inverse of the distance,
+
+135
+00:08:14,070 --> 00:08:17,510
+one over the distance? So the complex case of
+
+136
+00:08:17,510 --> 00:08:19,890
+light, whether negative or positive, that is,
+
+137
+00:08:19,990 --> 00:08:24,470
+whether divergent or convergent is calculated by
+
+138
+00:08:24,470 --> 00:08:27,710
+the heart of the distance away from the object or
+
+139
+00:08:27,710 --> 00:08:30,950
+the heart of the distance away from the image Now
+
+140
+00:08:30,950 --> 00:08:31,330
+the scientists
+
+141
+00:08:34,880 --> 00:08:39,600
+It's a matter of meter squared minus one, it's a
+
+142
+00:08:39,600 --> 00:08:43,360
+long word, meter squared minus one is a long word,
+
+143
+00:08:43,960 --> 00:08:45,880
+so they got to know that the meter squared minus
+
+144
+00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:48,760
+one, we want to call it the diopter, so here I
+
+145
+00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:51,700
+have minus half meter squared minus one, which
+
+146
+00:08:51,700 --> 00:08:58,480
+means minus half diopter
+
+147
+00:09:02,750 --> 00:09:10,870
+here 2 meters minus 1 which is plus 2
+
+148
+00:09:10,870 --> 00:09:17,450
+diopters which is equal to plus 2 diopters which
+
+149
+00:09:17,450 --> 00:09:23,730
+is equal to minus 5 meters minus 1 which is equal
+
+150
+00:09:23,730 --> 00:09:29,890
+to minus 5 diopters a person might wonder how the
+
+151
+00:09:29,890 --> 00:09:33,040
+power of the lens can measure the dioptersand the
+
+152
+00:09:33,040 --> 00:09:35,280
+fluctuating state of the light is measured by the
+
+153
+00:09:35,280 --> 00:09:37,440
+diode. On the contrary, this is very logical
+
+154
+00:09:37,440 --> 00:09:40,480
+because the lens's function is to change the
+
+155
+00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,560
+fluctuating state of the light. If we look at this
+
+156
+00:09:43,560 --> 00:09:46,420
+scene, the light before entering the lens was
+
+157
+00:09:46,420 --> 00:09:49,060
+fluctuating, when it came out of the lens it was
+
+158
+00:09:49,060 --> 00:09:51,960
+collected. In other words, the divergence of the
+
+159
+00:09:51,960 --> 00:09:55,820
+light was negative, it became after it came out of
+
+160
+00:09:55,820 --> 00:09:57,920
+the lens, it is the same light that entered the
+
+161
+00:09:57,920 --> 00:10:00,640
+lens that came out of the lens.
+
+162
+00:10:05,260 --> 00:10:09,720
+So, the lens is nothing but a tool .. a tool to
+
+163
+00:10:09,720 --> 00:10:13,780
+change the fluctuating state of light If the light
+
+164
+00:10:13,780 --> 00:10:16,620
+was divergent, that is, negative divergence, it
+
+165
+00:10:16,620 --> 00:10:19,180
+became convergent, that is, positive divergence It
+
+166
+00:10:19,180 --> 00:10:22,300
+can sometimes be negative, of course, as long as
+
+167
+00:10:22,300 --> 00:10:24,560
+it comes from a real object, it must be negative,
+
+168
+00:10:24,700 --> 00:10:28,680
+okay? That is, divergent, and make it parallel In
+
+169
+00:10:28,680 --> 00:10:33,210
+other words, the fluctuating state ..it changes
+
+170
+00:10:33,210 --> 00:10:35,030
+with the power of the lens, which means that the
+
+171
+00:10:35,030 --> 00:10:37,690
+lens is responsible for changing the fluctuating
+
+172
+00:10:37,690 --> 00:10:40,650
+state of light, so it is natural that the
+
+173
+00:10:40,650 --> 00:10:44,170
+fluctuating state is measured with the diopter and
+
+174
+00:10:44,170 --> 00:10:47,170
+the force that affects it is measured with the
+
+175
+00:10:47,170 --> 00:10:53,110
+diopter if we imagine for example that
+
+176
+00:10:53,110 --> 00:10:56,230
+the
+
+177
+00:10:56,230 --> 00:10:59,990
+fluctuating light is a coin, for example, a
+
+178
+00:10:59,990 --> 00:11:06,130
+thousand dollar coinوفي شيء مثلا له قيمة مثلا قطعة
+
+179
+00:11:06,130 --> 00:11:13,670
+ذهبية بالها تستخدم في سداد هذا الدينWe say that a
+
+180
+00:11:13,670 --> 00:11:16,950
+piece of gold is valued in dollars. I can value it
+
+181
+00:11:16,950 --> 00:11:19,730
+in dollars because a piece of gold is equal to
+
+182
+00:11:19,730 --> 00:11:24,450
+1500 dollars. So 1000 out of 1500 will pay off the
+
+183
+00:11:24,450 --> 00:11:29,270
+debt and 500 will remain to benefit from it in
+
+184
+00:11:29,270 --> 00:11:31,730
+buying something else. This is an example of
+
+185
+00:11:31,730 --> 00:11:33,730
+simplifying the situation. The conflicting
+
+186
+00:11:33,730 --> 00:11:37,950
+situation was divergent. The things that made this
+
+187
+00:11:37,950 --> 00:11:41,920
+tool that we call optical system or lensIt is the
+
+188
+00:11:41,920 --> 00:11:44,280
+combination of two things that changed the state
+
+189
+00:11:44,280 --> 00:11:46,740
+of light from fluctuating to accumulating, so it
+
+190
+00:11:46,740 --> 00:11:49,220
+is natural that its force is measured in the
+
+191
+00:11:49,220 --> 00:11:52,620
+diopter and it is evaluated in the diopter as we
+
+192
+00:11:52,620 --> 00:11:55,540
+evaluated the golden piece in the dollar, the
+
+193
+00:11:55,540 --> 00:11:57,240
+force of the lens is evaluated in the diopter
+
+194
+00:11:57,240 --> 00:12:00,480
+because the fluctuating state of light is measured
+
+195
+00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:05,500
+in the diopter or in the meter minus oneThis is
+
+196
+00:12:05,500 --> 00:12:08,860
+for the subject of vergence, that vergence is the
+
+197
+00:12:08,860 --> 00:12:11,660
+inverse of distance The distances that are used in
+
+198
+00:12:11,660 --> 00:12:13,600
+the science of geometric optics You can find the
+
+199
+00:12:13,600 --> 00:12:16,320
+object at a distance of 4 meters, 2 meters, 1
+
+200
+00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:18,820
+meter, half a meter, third meter, quarter meter,
+
+201
+00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:22,400
+five meters Of course, when you calculate the
+
+202
+00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:25,460
+vergence of light at these distances I want to
+
+203
+00:12:25,460 --> 00:12:27,960
+invert these distances The four meters becomes a
+
+204
+00:12:27,960 --> 00:12:30,780
+quarter meter minus one The two meters are
+
+205
+00:12:30,780 --> 00:12:33,260
+inverted one by two, that is, half a meter minus
+
+206
+00:12:33,260 --> 00:12:37,350
+oneone meter is reversed and one meter is minus
+
+207
+00:12:37,350 --> 00:12:41,210
+one and so on and so forth So this means that the
+
+208
+00:12:41,210 --> 00:12:43,230
+divergence is the inverse of the distance and also
+
+209
+00:12:43,230 --> 00:12:45,750
+the distance is the inverse of the divergence When
+
+210
+00:12:45,750 --> 00:12:48,270
+we say divergence equals one over the distance,
+
+211
+00:12:48,830 --> 00:12:55,130
+also the distance equals
+
+212
+00:12:55,130 --> 00:13:01,320
+one over the divergencethis will help me that
+
+213
+00:13:01,320 --> 00:13:04,040
+distance is equal to one over divergence we say as
+
+214
+00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:09,500
+follows if I have an example a practical example
+
+215
+00:13:09,500 --> 00:13:16,340
+we say we
+
+216
+00:13:16,340 --> 00:13:19,080
+want to know where is the object located this is
+
+217
+00:13:19,080 --> 00:13:27,140
+my optical system and this is my point
+
+218
+00:13:27,140 --> 00:13:34,380
+source or objectThe light has not yet reached the
+
+219
+00:13:34,380 --> 00:13:41,140
+surface of the lens, but we chose a point from the
+
+220
+00:13:41,140 --> 00:13:48,240
+gap The
+
+221
+00:13:48,240 --> 00:13:50,520
+light is scattered in all directions, including
+
+222
+00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:56,400
+the rays that
+
+223
+00:13:56,400 --> 00:14:01,250
+will enter the lenswe say at the point from the
+
+224
+00:14:01,250 --> 00:14:05,230
+space that I will point to at this point at this
+
+225
+00:14:05,230 --> 00:14:09,830
+point the vergence was equal to the vergence was
+
+226
+00:14:09,830 --> 00:14:17,070
+equal to minus
+
+227
+00:14:17,070 --> 00:14:27,340
+four diopters four diopterswe want to know how far
+
+228
+00:14:27,340 --> 00:14:30,660
+the object is from this distance in space from
+
+229
+00:14:30,660 --> 00:14:34,600
+this point, from this line of space how far the
+
+230
+00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:41,800
+object is, we say as follows as the divergence of
+
+231
+00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:46,480
+the distance the distance of the object away from
+
+232
+00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:48,780
+this line is equal to the inverse of the
+
+233
+00:14:48,780 --> 00:14:55,260
+divergence one over the divergence and equalsone
+
+234
+00:14:55,260 --> 00:15:01,880
+over minus four, the diopter I will return to
+
+235
+00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:11,240
+meter minus one meter minus one meter minus one
+
+236
+00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:38,740
+Okay, and it equals 1
+
+237
+00:15:38,740 --> 00:15:49,180
+over minus 4 equals Now we enlarge it again
+
+238
+00:15:49,180 --> 00:15:54,040
+equals
+
+239
+00:15:58,640 --> 00:16:03,720
+minus quarter meter
+
+240
+00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:06,960
+and one meter minus one when you go up it becomes
+
+241
+00:16:06,960 --> 00:16:11,380
+minus quarter meter here minus means
+
+242
+00:16:12,500 --> 00:16:14,440
+the distance to the left because I want to
+
+243
+00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:16,320
+calculate the distance I want the distance as long
+
+244
+00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:18,580
+as the distance turned out to be minus then the
+
+245
+00:16:18,580 --> 00:16:21,600
+distance of the object to the left of the line
+
+246
+00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:24,540
+that I put in the space is a quarter of a meter
+
+247
+00:16:24,540 --> 00:16:27,920
+while this minus is minus four diopters or minus
+
+248
+00:16:27,920 --> 00:16:30,520
+four times minus one this is because of the
+
+249
+00:16:30,520 --> 00:16:32,860
+fluctuating state of light I'm talking about
+
+250
+00:16:32,860 --> 00:16:35,160
+virgins, virgins is the fluctuating state of
+
+251
+00:16:35,160 --> 00:16:36,920
+light, light is fluctuating so I give it a minus
+
+252
+00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:41,200
+signفإذا إذا عرفت المسافة بقدر أعرف ال versions
+
+253
+00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:43,840
+بتاع ال light و إذا عرفت ال versions بقدر أعرف
+
+254
+00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:49,600
+المسافة بتاعة ال object أو حتى المسافة بتاعة ال
+
+255
+00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:54,020
+image فبالتالي for convenience عشان يكون الأمر
+
+256
+00:16:54,020 --> 00:16:57,840
+أسهل في التعبير بدل ما نضل نقول متر قص ناقص واحد
+
+257
+00:16:57,840 --> 00:17:01,870
+يعني نلفظ الأربع كلماتالعلماء اتفقوا انه كلمة
+
+258
+00:17:01,870 --> 00:17:06,230
+meter قص ناقص واحد بدهم يعطوها كلمة او يسموها باسم
+
+259
+00:17:06,230 --> 00:17:11,810
+diopter ويرمزولها بالرمز D As light travels away
+
+260
+00:17:11,810 --> 00:17:16,630
+from an object point or toward an image point, its
+
+261
+00:17:16,630 --> 00:17:21,410
+divergence constantly changes كل ما سافر بعيدا عن
+
+262
+00:17:21,410 --> 00:17:26,680
+ال objectOr towards the image, the vergence of the
+
+263
+00:17:26,680 --> 00:17:29,880
+image changes, why? Because the distance changes
+
+264
+00:17:29,880 --> 00:17:33,580
+and as long as the vergence and the distance have
+
+265
+00:17:33,580 --> 00:17:35,980
+a relation, then it is true that it is opposite,
+
+266
+00:17:36,120 --> 00:17:39,980
+but if one changes, the other will change, if one
+
+267
+00:17:39,980 --> 00:17:42,680
+changes, because if the distance changes, the
+
+268
+00:17:42,680 --> 00:17:46,020
+vergence of light must change Let's come here to
+
+269
+00:17:46,020 --> 00:17:47,440
+an example, we say as follows
+
+270
+00:17:52,420 --> 00:17:55,780
+On a distance of 10 cm, divergence is minus 10
+
+271
+00:17:55,780 --> 00:17:59,640
+diopters 10 cm is 1 out of 10 meters, if you
+
+272
+00:17:59,640 --> 00:18:02,500
+invert it, if you invert this distance which is 1
+
+273
+00:18:02,500 --> 00:18:05,040
+out of 10 meters, 1 out of 1 out of 10 meters, you
+
+274
+00:18:05,040 --> 00:18:08,020
+get 10 diopters Why did we put minus? Because the
+
+275
+00:18:08,020 --> 00:18:10,720
+light is divergent, divergent, okay? Divergent
+
+276
+00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:14,500
+Okay, on a distance of, for example, a quarter of
+
+277
+00:18:14,500 --> 00:18:18,210
+a meterone over a quarter equals four, this is a
+
+278
+00:18:18,210 --> 00:18:20,370
+diopter, why do we put a minus on it? Because the
+
+279
+00:18:20,370 --> 00:18:22,430
+light is distorted and so on and so forth,
+
+280
+00:18:22,630 --> 00:18:27,910
+therefore, the more the distance that the light
+
+281
+00:18:27,910 --> 00:18:30,190
+travels away from the object, the more the
+
+282
+00:18:30,190 --> 00:18:34,610
+divergence of it changesAnd also this speech also
+
+283
+00:18:34,610 --> 00:18:38,930
+towards the image, the same thing, whenever the
+
+284
+00:18:38,930 --> 00:18:41,790
+distance changes towards the image, near or far,
+
+285
+00:18:42,010 --> 00:18:43,910
+the vergence changes, because the vergence and the
+
+286
+00:18:43,910 --> 00:18:47,390
+distance have a relation, it's a reverse relation,
+
+287
+00:18:47,510 --> 00:18:51,090
+but if one changes, the other will changeTo
+
+288
+00:18:51,090 --> 00:18:53,870
+calculate the divergence of light at any point,
+
+289
+00:18:54,010 --> 00:18:56,910
+one must know the location of the object or image
+
+290
+00:18:56,910 --> 00:18:57,250
+point
+
+291
+00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:10,220
+Conversely, if one knows the divergence at
+
+292
+00:19:10,220 --> 00:19:12,960
+selected point, the position of the object or
+
+293
+00:19:12,960 --> 00:19:16,260
+image point can be determined. As we said before
+
+294
+00:19:16,260 --> 00:19:20,160
+in the example, the divergence at this point is
+
+295
+00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:22,720
+minus four diopters. Where is the object? We
+
+296
+00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:25,570
+calculated that it is minus four diopters.Whether
+
+297
+00:19:25,570 --> 00:19:27,410
+we know the vergence, we can determine the
+
+298
+00:19:27,410 --> 00:19:30,990
+distance, or we know the distance, we can show the
+
+299
+00:19:30,990 --> 00:19:34,590
+vergence, that is, we can point to one another, to
+
+300
+00:19:34,590 --> 00:19:37,930
+one another Now there is a term other than the
+
+301
+00:19:37,930 --> 00:19:40,310
+vergence, it is called reduced vergence, the
+
+302
+00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:43,810
+shortened vergence or shortened Of course, a
+
+303
+00:19:43,810 --> 00:19:46,630
+person may at first think that the shortened
+
+304
+00:19:46,630 --> 00:19:52,930
+vergence isDigitally, it is less than the normal
+
+305
+00:19:52,930 --> 00:19:57,110
+vergence So, reduced vergence is less than the
+
+306
+00:19:57,110 --> 00:20:01,610
+normal vergence Of course, this is not correct, it
+
+307
+00:20:01,610 --> 00:20:03,710
+is the opposite of what is correct We say reduced
+
+308
+00:20:03,710 --> 00:20:07,510
+vergence is vergence multiplied by refractive
+
+309
+00:20:07,510 --> 00:20:11,530
+index of the medium Okay, let's say this is a new
+
+310
+00:20:11,530 --> 00:20:15,870
+chip We
+
+311
+00:20:15,870 --> 00:20:19,030
+say reduced vergence, the abbreviated vergence
+
+312
+00:20:21,900 --> 00:20:24,880
+is equal to the normal vergence, which is the
+
+313
+00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:27,720
+fluctuating state of light, multiplied by the
+
+314
+00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:31,520
+refractive index of the medium in which the light
+
+315
+00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:34,540
+occurs. In other words, if the light I have
+
+316
+00:20:34,540 --> 00:20:43,560
+happens in water, the reduced vergence is equal
+
+317
+00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:48,580
+to the vergence, of course for water, multiplied
+
+318
+00:20:48,580 --> 00:20:52,050
+byrefractive index of science is equal to 1.3 out
+
+319
+00:20:52,050 --> 00:20:55,630
+of 10 if you multiply any value by 1.3 out of 10,
+
+320
+00:20:55,770 --> 00:20:57,730
+the value of the result will be greater than the
+
+321
+00:20:57,730 --> 00:21:02,990
+basic value to explain this issue, we need to say
+
+322
+00:21:02,990 --> 00:21:09,210
+as follows here we have an example we draw a
+
+323
+00:21:09,210 --> 00:21:10,370
+single refracting surface
+
+324
+00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:34,020
+this light is going to
+
+325
+00:21:34,020 --> 00:21:44,380
+go this is
+
+326
+00:21:44,380 --> 00:21:47,500
+my single refracting service and this is my rays
+
+327
+00:21:47,500 --> 00:21:50,840
+going to form rays
+
+328
+00:21:57,890 --> 00:22:00,050
+It came from an object and it's going to form an
+
+329
+00:22:00,050 --> 00:22:04,070
+image And
+
+330
+00:22:04,070 --> 00:22:15,710
+it's going to form an image Now
+
+331
+00:22:15,710 --> 00:22:18,010
+we want to calculate the divergence of light at
+
+332
+00:22:18,010 --> 00:22:18,750
+this distance
+
+333
+00:22:25,290 --> 00:22:30,630
+this distance is one meter away from the edge this
+
+334
+00:22:30,630 --> 00:22:38,610
+distance is one meter away from the edge from
+
+335
+00:22:38,610 --> 00:22:41,850
+here, the light is still accumulating it will
+
+336
+00:22:41,850 --> 00:22:45,530
+eventually form an edge inside the glass how much
+
+337
+00:22:45,530 --> 00:22:48,190
+is the divergence? divergence is the inverse of
+
+338
+00:22:48,190 --> 00:22:50,330
+the distance divergence
+
+339
+00:23:01,580 --> 00:23:13,200
+I want to
+
+340
+00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:14,660
+calculate the reduced versions
+
+341
+00:23:21,160 --> 00:23:24,280
+is equal to the vergence itself which is plus one
+
+342
+00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:29,520
+diopter which we saw a while ago in this upper
+
+343
+00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:32,740
+line multiplied by the refractive index of the
+
+344
+00:23:32,740 --> 00:23:36,740
+glass which is one and a half for example is equal
+
+345
+00:23:36,740 --> 00:23:43,870
+to plus one and a halfDiode, from this example it
+
+346
+00:23:43,870 --> 00:23:47,410
+becomes very clear that the reduced vergence, its
+
+347
+00:23:47,410 --> 00:23:49,570
+name is vergence, its value is supposed to be
+
+348
+00:23:49,570 --> 00:23:51,490
+less, but it is clear that its value is higher
+
+349
+00:23:51,490 --> 00:23:55,530
+than the vergence itself Okay, now we need to know
+
+350
+00:23:55,530 --> 00:23:59,870
+exactly that the reduced vergencereduced versions
+
+351
+00:23:59,870 --> 00:24:03,070
+دائما و أبدا بيكون أعلى من ال versions معادة في
+
+352
+00:24:03,070 --> 00:24:06,930
+حالة واحدة إذا الضوء يسري في الفراغ، لو حسبتله ال
+
+353
+00:24:06,930 --> 00:24:10,590
+versions، هيطلعله قيمة، لو حسبتله ال reduced
+
+354
+00:24:10,590 --> 00:24:13,590
+versions، هتطلع نفس القيمة، ليش�� لأنه الآن تعطي
+
+355
+00:24:13,590 --> 00:24:17,450
+الفراغ واحد، فلما نضرب أي قيمة في واحد، بتضلها زي
+
+356
+00:24:17,450 --> 00:24:20,810
+ما هيBut in the rest of the things, in water, in
+
+357
+00:24:20,810 --> 00:24:25,130
+glass, in any optical medium, the reduced vergence
+
+358
+00:24:25,130 --> 00:24:27,990
+will have a numerical value higher than the
+
+359
+00:24:27,990 --> 00:24:32,210
+vergence, so why? Because it is always higher than
+
+360
+00:24:32,210 --> 00:24:36,310
+one which is in space Okay, why do scientists call
+
+361
+00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:39,660
+it reduced vergence? Actually the name is wrongو
+
+362
+00:24:39,660 --> 00:24:44,680
+لكن الاسم متجذر تاريخيا لدرجة ان العلماء تركوه زي
+
+363
+00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:50,500
+ما هو و يعني هو متعارف عليه من زمان قديم و متجذر
+
+364
+00:24:50,500 --> 00:24:55,870
+تاريخيا لدرجة انه صعب تغيره، صعب تغيره، اذاreduced
+
+365
+00:24:55,870 --> 00:24:59,330
+vergence is vergence multiplied مضروبا في
+
+366
+00:24:59,330 --> 00:25:02,670
+refractive index of the median. This term is
+
+367
+00:25:02,670 --> 00:25:06,010
+confusing هذا المصطلح reduced vergence ال vergence
+
+368
+00:25:06,010 --> 00:25:10,750
+المختصر او المختزل بخربط ليش لأنه reduced vergence
+
+369
+00:25:10,750 --> 00:25:14,480
+رقميا اعلى من ال vergence نفسهاحنا في الطبيعة لما
+
+370
+00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:18,980
+نقول إشي مختزل أو مختصر نقول ملخص أو مختزل يعني
+
+371
+00:25:18,980 --> 00:25:22,680
+واحد اختزل كتاب 500 صفحة لما بنسمع كلمة اختزل
+
+372
+00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:26,540
+معناته عدد الصفحات قل بس هنا في هذه القضية ال
+
+373
+00:25:26,540 --> 00:25:30,340
+reduced versions دائما أكبر من ال virgins هنا ضريب
+
+374
+00:25:30,340 --> 00:25:36,480
+لمثال أنه لما بيكون في أشعة متجمعة و رايحة على بعد
+
+375
+00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:40,850
+مترmeter from the image, the reduced vergence will
+
+376
+00:25:40,850 --> 00:25:43,550
+be plus one diopter and the reduced vergence will
+
+377
+00:25:43,550 --> 00:25:45,950
+be one and a half diopters as we explained in the
+
+378
+00:25:45,950 --> 00:25:49,330
+drawing and calculated it very clearly so
+
+379
+00:25:49,330 --> 00:25:53,230
+confusing or not, whether you get confused or not,
+
+380
+00:25:53,570 --> 00:25:58,530
+the term reduced vergence is
+
+381
+00:25:58,530 --> 00:26:01,290
+too well-intentioned to be changed
+
+382
+00:26:05,290 --> 00:26:10,190
+Changed يعني متجذر جدا لدرجة لا يمكن تغييره
+
+383
+00:26:10,190 --> 00:26:13,230
+فبالتالي بدنا نفهم أنه رقميا ال reduced versions
+
+384
+00:26:13,230 --> 00:26:17,970
+أكبر من ال versions أكبر من ال versions المرة
+
+385
+00:26:17,970 --> 00:26:22,890
+القادمة هنعرف يعني كيف أنه ال lens makers equation
+
+386
+00:26:22,890 --> 00:26:28,830
+ممكن أنا أعبر عنها أعبر عنهابطريقة ال versions
+
+387
+00:26:28,830 --> 00:26:33,670
+اللي احنا شرحناها بطريقة الحالة التشتتية للضوء
+
+388
+00:26:33,670 --> 00:26:37,330
+بطريقة الحالة يعني المرة الجاية كيف أصيغ ال lens
+
+389
+00:26:37,330 --> 00:26:43,150
+makers equation مرة أخرى بس من مفهوم أو من رؤية ال
+
+390
+00:26:43,150 --> 00:26:46,170
+versions of light و يعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+391
+00:26:46,170 --> 00:26:47,730
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/3U5GGv7fUMY.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1324 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,890 --> 00:00:06,990
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، مرحبا بيكم في المحاضرة
+
+2
+00:00:06,990 --> 00:00:11,770
+التالتة من البصريات الهندسية، اتوقفنا عند imaging
+
+3
+00:00:11,770 --> 00:00:17,850
+with lenses and mirrors، يعني التصوير باستعمال
+
+4
+00:00:17,850 --> 00:00:23,600
+العدسات أو المرايا ك optical systems. Today we are
+
+5
+00:00:23,600 --> 00:00:25,800
+going to repeat and repeat the pinhole experiment,
+
+6
+00:00:26,300 --> 00:00:27,980
+but instead of putting a pinhole, we are going to
+
+7
+00:00:27,980 --> 00:00:32,660
+put a lens plus 6 diopter or plus 5 diopter. Of
+
+8
+00:00:32,660 --> 00:00:36,760
+course, this plus 6 is short for the word diopter.
+
+9
+00:00:37,020 --> 00:00:38,920
+The diopter is a unit of measurement of the power
+
+10
+00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:43,040
+of the lens. If it is plus, it is a positive lens.
+
+11
+00:00:43,220 --> 00:00:47,020
+If it is minus, it is a negative lens. So repeat
+
+12
+00:00:47,020 --> 00:00:50,120
+the pinhole imaging demonstration. Let's just
+
+13
+00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,700
+remember the experience of the pinhole. The
+
+14
+00:00:53,700 --> 00:01:00,600
+experience of the pinhole is, excuse me,
+
+15
+00:01:01,140 --> 00:01:06,040
+we put a candle and a piece of paper that we use to
+
+16
+00:01:06,040 --> 00:01:10,240
+make holes in the pinhole, and there's a receipt
+
+17
+00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:12,180
+paper here. It's not written of course, but here
+
+18
+00:01:12,180 --> 00:01:15,900
+it's a upside down picture of the candle's flame,
+
+19
+00:01:16,060 --> 00:01:18,740
+of the candle's flame. Of course, we.. the only
+
+20
+00:01:18,740 --> 00:01:20,540
+thing that we're going to change is that instead
+
+21
+00:01:20,540 --> 00:01:23,280
+of the pinhole, the candle will remain a candle
+
+22
+00:01:23,280 --> 00:01:25,620
+and the receipt paper that we're going to print on
+
+23
+00:01:25,620 --> 00:01:29,670
+it will remain the same. بس هنشيل ورقة القصدير و
+
+24
+00:01:29,670 --> 00:01:35,750
+نستبدلها بعدسة عشان نشوف هل نحصل على صورة أفضل من
+
+25
+00:01:35,750 --> 00:01:39,630
+ال pinhole ولا على نفس الوضع، اذا repeat the
+
+26
+00:01:39,630 --> 00:01:45,400
+pinhole imaging demonstration but replace with plus
+
+27
+00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:50,020
+6 diopter spherical trial lens and note the
+
+28
+00:01:50,020 --> 00:01:56,700
+improvement in the image. Vary
+
+29
+00:01:56,700 --> 00:02:00,300
+the
+
+30
+00:02:00,300 --> 00:02:04,440
+distances among the candle lens and paper, and
+
+31
+00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:07,300
+observe the variety of different image
+
+32
+00:02:07,300 --> 00:02:11,120
+characteristics that can be obtained. يعني لو غيرنا
+
+33
+00:02:11,120 --> 00:02:16,380
+المسافة بين الشمعة و العدسة و ورقة التلقي، اللي ال
+
+34
+00:02:16,380 --> 00:02:20,080
+candle و ال lens و ال paper، هنلاحظ أنه تغيرت
+
+35
+00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:27,240
+الصفات بتاعة الصورة. يعني بتغير هذه المسافات يعني
+
+36
+00:02:27,240 --> 00:02:30,480
+الصورة مرة كبرت مرة صغرت مرة صارت أوضح مرة صارت
+
+37
+00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:37,520
+أقل وضوحا، بس بتظلها دائما و أبدا أوضح بكتير من
+
+38
+00:02:37,520 --> 00:02:42,470
+الصورة باستخدام ال pinhole. Different lenses provide
+
+39
+00:02:42,470 --> 00:02:46,230
+an even broader range of images. لو انا استخدمت
+
+40
+00:02:46,230 --> 00:02:50,770
+عدسات تانية غير ال plus 6, plus 5, plus 7, plus 12,
+
+41
+00:02:50,770 --> 00:02:55,790
+plus 20, plus 1, plus 2, يعني لو غيرت في قوة العدسات
+
+42
+00:02:55,790 --> 00:03:00,830
+أو بمعنى اخر قوة ال optical system، هحصل على يعني
+
+43
+00:03:00,830 --> 00:03:06,040
+صور بصفات different, but all these pictures will
+
+44
+00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:11,400
+remain much clearer than if I used pinhole and its
+
+45
+00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:15,920
+clarity enables us to see it in a way that is very
+
+46
+00:03:15,920 --> 00:03:17,640
+clear, very clear.
+
+47
+00:03:20,650 --> 00:03:25,510
+This is the drawing that represents or simulates
+
+48
+00:03:25,510 --> 00:03:28,650
+the experiment that we just talked about which
+
+49
+00:03:28,650 --> 00:03:30,470
+here is the candle that we will represent with an
+
+50
+00:03:30,470 --> 00:03:33,250
+arrow. This is the lens which is the plus 6 diopter
+
+51
+00:03:33,250 --> 00:03:36,490
+or any other force, and here is the receipt paper.
+
+52
+00:03:36,590 --> 00:03:39,750
+It is not drawn, but it is drawn that I have
+
+53
+00:03:39,750 --> 00:03:44,410
+formed a upside down picture of the candle, of the
+
+54
+00:03:44,410 --> 00:03:49,630
+candle's flame. Now we want to do a comparison with
+
+55
+00:03:49,630 --> 00:03:56,490
+the pinhole. The lens allows much more light from
+
+56
+00:03:56,490 --> 00:04:01,110
+each object point to traverse the lens, and
+
+57
+00:04:01,110 --> 00:04:05,670
+ultimately contribute to the Image. Now if we take
+
+58
+00:04:05,670 --> 00:04:08,470
+an example or to compare between the picture of
+
+59
+00:04:08,470 --> 00:04:12,850
+the pinhole and the picture of the lens, we say
+
+60
+00:04:12,850 --> 00:04:15,390
+that we will take the point which is at the top of
+
+61
+00:04:15,390 --> 00:04:17,930
+the candlelight, we talked about the point that
+
+62
+00:04:17,930 --> 00:04:21,770
+spreads hundreds of thousands of rays. وفرضنا جدلا
+
+63
+00:04:21,770 --> 00:04:25,790
+أنّه لو قلنا أنه بنطلق من النقطة A فقط، وهذا بنطبق
+
+64
+00:04:25,790 --> 00:04:30,470
+على كل نقاط ال object، لو بنطلق من النقطة A مليون
+
+65
+00:04:30,470 --> 00:04:34,570
+شعاع، هيكون نصيب ال pinhole من المليون شعاع مثلا
+
+66
+00:04:34,570 --> 00:04:40,130
+خمسمائة شعاع. خمسمائة شعاع هدول هيتجمعوا ويكونوا
+
+67
+00:04:40,130 --> 00:04:44,350
+لإيه شرطة.. إيه شرطة اللي هي صورة A, وقولنا
+
+68
+00:04:44,350 --> 00:04:49,130
+الخمسمائة شعاع يعتبر عددهم جليل جدا جدا بالنسبة
+
+69
+00:04:49,130 --> 00:04:52,990
+للمليون شعاع. تقريبا نص في الألف عددهم. احنا بنضرب
+
+70
+00:04:52,990 --> 00:04:56,370
+الأمثلة هاي مش أرقام دقيقة، ولكن لتقريب المفهوم.
+
+71
+00:04:56,630 --> 00:05:01,410
+فساعتها A شرطة هتكون أقل وضوحا بكثير من A هذا
+
+72
+00:05:01,410 --> 00:05:06,070
+الكلام نفسه بدنا نرجع نطبقه على نفس النقطة بس
+
+73
+00:05:06,070 --> 00:05:10,230
+باستعمال العدسة. هاي النقطة A اللي قمة لها بالشامعة.
+
+74
+00:05:10,840 --> 00:05:15,980
+الان انطلق منها مليون شعاع فرضا في جميع الاتجاهات،
+
+75
+00:05:15,980 --> 00:05:20,340
+يا ترى الأشعاع اللي هتدخل في العدسة، الحزمة الكبيرة
+
+76
+00:05:20,340 --> 00:05:23,460
+جدا هذه اللي هتدخل في العدسة، نفرض انه دخل في
+
+77
+00:05:23,460 --> 00:05:28,160
+العدسة ميتين ألف شعاع، يعني تقريبا خمس الأشعع اللي
+
+78
+00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:32,840
+انطلقت، اللي انطلقت من النقطة A، يعني انطلق منها
+
+79
+00:05:32,840 --> 00:05:37,880
+في جميع الاتجاهات مليون. دخل من المليون ميتين ألف،
+
+80
+00:05:37,880 --> 00:05:41,910
+يعني الخمس in the lens, and these five collected the
+
+81
+00:05:41,910 --> 00:05:45,750
+lens to form the image of point A which is A
+
+82
+00:05:45,750 --> 00:05:48,890
+condition, of course, A condition here took two
+
+83
+00:05:48,890 --> 00:05:51,570
+hundred thousand rays, and A condition in pinhole
+
+84
+00:05:51,570 --> 00:05:54,590
+took five hundred rays. Of course, the image of the
+
+85
+00:05:54,590 --> 00:05:58,550
+lens will be much clearer because the lens allows
+
+86
+00:05:58,550 --> 00:06:03,590
+for a larger quantity or size than the rays in
+
+87
+00:06:03,590 --> 00:06:10,910
+this B, so the lens allows much more light from each
+
+88
+00:06:10,910 --> 00:06:13,570
+object point. We talked about the point A, but
+
+89
+00:06:13,570 --> 00:06:16,810
+this applies to every point in the object. It
+
+90
+00:06:16,810 --> 00:06:21,490
+allows to traverse the lens, and ultimately
+
+91
+00:06:21,490 --> 00:06:25,040
+contribute to the image. Is to participate in the
+
+92
+00:06:25,040 --> 00:06:27,600
+formation of the image. Of course, each point, the
+
+93
+00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:30,160
+rays emitted from it will form the image of the
+
+94
+00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:35,420
+point. A set of images of all points equals a
+
+95
+00:06:35,420 --> 00:06:38,200
+complete image. Generally, in a general picture,
+
+96
+00:06:38,380 --> 00:06:41,220
+and this is the basis, lenses produce better
+
+97
+00:06:41,220 --> 00:06:46,920
+images than do pinholes. The lenses give me better
+
+98
+00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:51,160
+pictures or more quality than pinholes, and for
+
+99
+00:06:51,160 --> 00:06:55,750
+that reason the lenses have been used a lot in our
+
+100
+00:06:55,750 --> 00:06:58,850
+practical life, and the clearest example of this
+
+101
+00:06:58,850 --> 00:07:02,090
+is that those who have a visual impairment go and
+
+102
+00:07:02,090 --> 00:07:06,250
+wear lenses to clarify the image in relation to
+
+103
+00:07:06,250 --> 00:07:10,500
+them. These are some applications most common in
+
+104
+00:07:10,500 --> 00:07:14,000
+our practical life, which is the use of glasses,
+
+105
+00:07:14,220 --> 00:07:16,560
+and there are also other things such as sticky
+
+106
+00:07:16,560 --> 00:07:21,240
+lenses, and so on. Now this picture illustrates the
+
+107
+00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:25,010
+experience. We fixed the candle. And this is a
+
+108
+00:07:25,010 --> 00:07:28,270
+candle, this is a lens carrying a carrier, and
+
+109
+00:07:28,270 --> 00:07:31,370
+this is the receipt paper. We say candle paper or
+
+110
+00:07:31,370 --> 00:07:36,550
+A4 paper. And notice a picture with a candle, with
+
+111
+00:07:36,550 --> 00:07:40,050
+a very clear candle. If we change the distances
+
+112
+00:07:40,050 --> 00:07:42,590
+between the candle and the lens, which is the
+
+113
+00:07:42,590 --> 00:07:44,950
+object, and the lens, which is the optical system,
+
+114
+00:07:45,010 --> 00:07:47,390
+and the receipt paper, which is the receipt of the
+
+115
+00:07:47,390 --> 00:07:50,870
+image, we get different attributes of the image
+
+116
+00:07:51,010 --> 00:07:53,350
+once you find the picture bigger, once you find it
+
+117
+00:07:53,350 --> 00:07:55,910
+smaller, once you find it more focused, more
+
+118
+00:07:55,910 --> 00:08:00,530
+focused, and clear, once you find it less clear.
+
+119
+00:08:00,850 --> 00:08:03,630
+One can ask, what is the source? This is the source
+
+120
+00:08:03,630 --> 00:08:06,930
+for measuring distances, for measuring distances
+
+121
+00:08:06,930 --> 00:08:09,810
+and doing calculations to know the size of the
+
+122
+00:08:09,810 --> 00:08:12,170
+image, and the distance of the image from the
+
+123
+00:08:12,170 --> 00:08:14,430
+optical system, and the distance of the object from
+
+124
+00:08:14,430 --> 00:08:16,270
+the optical system. Because these are measurements
+
+125
+00:08:16,270 --> 00:08:19,810
+that we are going to measure later on. So the
+
+126
+00:08:19,810 --> 00:08:24,650
+lenses experience, as an optical system, results in
+
+127
+00:08:24,650 --> 00:08:29,470
+lenses, lenses, and also mirrors. These words apply
+
+128
+00:08:29,470 --> 00:08:33,630
+to mirrors. Lenses, and mirrors make images better
+
+129
+00:08:33,630 --> 00:08:37,190
+quality, and more quality, and better than pinhole
+
+130
+00:08:37,420 --> 00:08:41,900
+والهم استخدامات في حياتنا العملية بشكل كبير، بشكل
+
+131
+00:08:41,900 --> 00:08:45,720
+كبير. طيب، هل العدسات بلا عيوب؟ What are the
+
+132
+00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:48,880
+disadvantages of lenses? What are the
+
+133
+00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:54,080
+disadvantages of lenses? طبعا في عيب واحد أو عيب
+
+134
+00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:59,010
+كبير للعدسات انه image only in one location. يعني ال
+
+135
+00:08:59,010 --> 00:09:03,530
+image بتكون واضحة في مسافة معينة لو جدمنا عن هذه
+
+136
+00:09:03,530 --> 00:09:07,350
+المسافة أو بعدنا عن هذه المسافة، يعني اتلقينا و
+
+137
+00:09:07,350 --> 00:09:10,790
+بورقة التلقي. يعني نفرض ان الصورة هنا عندى واضحة زى
+
+138
+00:09:10,790 --> 00:09:15,890
+التجربة بتدلنى لو جدمتلى اربعة خمسة سانتي للامام Or
+
+139
+00:09:15,890 --> 00:09:21,330
+she moved 4-5 cm back, we find that the picture is
+
+140
+00:09:21,330 --> 00:09:25,550
+no longer useful in
+
+141
+00:09:25,550 --> 00:09:30,290
+a practical way. For example, a person has .. قصر
+
+142
+00:09:30,290 --> 00:09:35,130
+نظر درجتين .. قصر نظر درجتين .. لازم يلبس .. لازم
+
+143
+00:09:35,130 --> 00:09:41,030
+يلبس غالبا عدسة minus 2 عشان الصورة تسير على
+
+144
+00:09:41,030 --> 00:09:44,730
+الشبكية. الشبكية في هذه اللحظة بتكون هي ورقة تلقي
+
+145
+00:09:44,730 --> 00:09:51,970
+الصورة طب نفرض أنه قرر يلبس مثلا بدل ال minus 2
+
+146
+00:09:51,970 --> 00:09:56,280
+length, قرر يلبس plus 2. Of course, the plus two lens
+
+147
+00:09:56,280 --> 00:09:59,700
+will form a picture, but this picture is in a
+
+148
+00:09:59,700 --> 00:10:01,560
+different place from the network location, and
+
+149
+00:10:01,560 --> 00:10:04,420
+therefore it will feel that things are not clear
+
+150
+00:10:04,420 --> 00:10:09,860
+to him. Why? Because every lens forms a .. if we
+
+151
+00:10:09,860 --> 00:10:10,960
+establish the circumstances of the experiment,
+
+152
+00:10:11,060 --> 00:10:12,260
+what are the circumstances of the experiment? That
+
+153
+00:10:12,260 --> 00:10:17,370
+the object is in the same place, and the receipt
+
+154
+00:10:17,370 --> 00:10:20,630
+paper should be in the same place, but I changed
+
+155
+00:10:20,630 --> 00:10:23,030
+the power of the lens. So that it differs from one
+
+156
+00:10:23,030 --> 00:10:25,290
+lens to another. We will find that one of the
+
+157
+00:10:25,290 --> 00:10:28,790
+lenses was clear. The picture, and the rest of the
+
+158
+00:10:28,790 --> 00:10:32,130
+lenses, the pictures are not clear. Because the
+
+159
+00:10:32,130 --> 00:10:34,470
+lenses, one of their shortcomings is that they
+
+160
+00:10:34,470 --> 00:10:39,010
+form a picture in one place only. If I hold the
+
+161
+00:10:39,010 --> 00:10:41,610
+receipt paper at this place, then the picture will
+
+162
+00:10:41,610 --> 00:10:43,910
+be clear, I move forward from it or move back from
+
+163
+00:10:43,910 --> 00:10:47,440
+it sometimes the picture is not clear. While the
+
+164
+00:10:47,440 --> 00:10:49,660
+pinhole, wherever I want to pick up the picture,
+
+165
+00:10:50,020 --> 00:10:51,940
+and it is generally the pinhole. The picture is
+
+166
+00:10:51,940 --> 00:10:54,760
+not clear from its origin, regardless of where I
+
+167
+00:10:54,760 --> 00:10:58,220
+stood after the pinhole with my pick-up paper
+
+168
+00:10:58,220 --> 00:11:00,440
+whether I stood a centimeter, ten centimeters,
+
+169
+00:11:00,620 --> 00:11:02,540
+meter, half a meter. The picture is not clear in
+
+170
+00:11:02,540 --> 00:11:06,860
+all cases. While in lenses, the picture is clear in
+
+171
+00:11:06,860 --> 00:11:10,190
+a certain place. And this place is what the lens
+
+172
+00:11:10,190 --> 00:11:14,090
+forms in its image. Of course, this place varies
+
+173
+00:11:14,090 --> 00:11:16,810
+from lens to lens according to the strength of the
+
+174
+00:11:16,810 --> 00:11:20,750
+lens. The mirrors produce images in much the same
+
+175
+00:11:20,750 --> 00:11:24,870
+way as lenses. The mirrors, whether they are level
+
+176
+00:11:24,870 --> 00:11:27,070
+mirrors, or flat mirrors, or bottom mirrors, make
+
+177
+00:11:27,070 --> 00:11:29,650
+pictures of the object, which is a candle or
+
+178
+00:11:29,650 --> 00:11:32,230
+something similar. They make pictures in the same
+
+179
+00:11:32,230 --> 00:11:35,150
+way and with the same idea. But the mirrors, we
+
+180
+00:11:35,150 --> 00:11:37,190
+will delay talking about them for the rest of the
+
+181
+00:11:37,190 --> 00:11:41,980
+lecture. و هنركز غالبا على العدسات، وهيجي وقت لل
+
+182
+00:11:41,980 --> 00:11:47,900
+mirror في المحاضرات الأخيرة. Now let's move to
+
+183
+00:11:47,900 --> 00:11:50,720
+something new that we will get to know that most
+
+184
+00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:55,090
+optical systems are rotationally symmetrical about
+
+185
+00:11:55,090 --> 00:11:58,950
+their long axis. This axis of symmetry is the
+
+186
+00:11:58,950 --> 00:12:02,530
+optical axis. Although the human eye is not truly
+
+187
+00:12:02,530 --> 00:12:05,910
+rotationally symmetric, it is nearly symmetric
+
+188
+00:12:05,910 --> 00:12:12,830
+What does this mean? This means that most of
+
+223
+00:14:26,740 --> 00:14:29,980
+symmetric, in other words, we will say that the
+
+224
+00:14:29,980 --> 00:14:34,300
+eye has a visual axis or optical axis and we deal
+
+225
+00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:37,180
+with it as if it is a lens exactly like the lenses
+
+226
+00:14:37,180 --> 00:14:41,040
+in the factory. To simplify the matter, for the purpose
+
+227
+00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:44,140
+of simplifying the matter, then most optical
+
+228
+00:14:44,140 --> 00:14:47,580
+systems are rotationally symmetric about their
+
+229
+00:14:47,580 --> 00:14:51,440
+long axis, this axis of symmetry is the optical
+
+230
+00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:55,160
+axis, although the human eye is not truly
+
+231
+00:14:55,160 --> 00:14:56,800
+rotationally symmetric, meaning that there are
+
+232
+00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:59,060
+subtle differences in strength, and this is not a
+
+233
+00:14:59,060 --> 00:15:00,700
+weakness in the human eye, on the contrary, this
+
+234
+00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:06,540
+is from the wisdom in creation to many things 
+
+235
+00:15:06,540 --> 00:15:10,250
+outside the field of our lecture, of course, although 
+
+236
+00:15:10,250 --> 00:15:12,950
+it is not truly symmetric, rotationally symmetric, 
+
+237
+00:15:13,070 --> 00:15:17,690
+it is nearly symmetric. Now, from now on, from now 
+
+238
+00:15:17,690 --> 00:15:23,550
+on, we will start any topic from the topics of
+
+239
+00:15:23,550 --> 00:15:28,560
+engineering vision. انه نرسم خط مستقيم أفقي و بعدين
+
+240
+00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:33,660
+نرسم العدسة يعني بيبدأ رسم ال .. المسألة كلها من
+
+241
+00:15:33,660 --> 00:15:38,140
+رسم ال optical axis. برسم ال optical axis، برسم 
+
+242
+00:15:38,140 --> 00:15:41,840
+العدسة، بعدين برسم ال object، بمثل ال object 
+
+243
+00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:45,900
+بساهم، بساهم زي ما انتوا شايفين. وأيضا بنمثل ال 
+
+244
+00:15:45,900 --> 00:15:50,740
+image بسهم. طبعا بنرسم ال optical axis ال .. ال .. 
+
+245
+00:15:50,740 --> 00:15:54,940
+ال .. ال object بده يرسم ابتدا من ال optical axis
+
+246
+00:15:54,940 --> 00:16:00,790
+يعني الشامعة جالسة الآن، جالسة on the optical axis 
+
+247
+00:16:00,790 --> 00:16:04,570
+of the lens, this is the optical axis of the lens, 
+
+248
+00:16:04,710 --> 00:16:06,810
+of the lens, the lens is an optical system and 
+
+249
+00:16:06,810 --> 00:16:10,330
+every optical system or most optical systems have 
+
+250
+00:16:10,330 --> 00:16:13,250
+an optical axis. Also the beginning of the drawing
+
+251
+00:16:13,250 --> 00:16:15,690
+image is from the optical axis, which means this
+
+252
+00:16:15,690 --> 00:16:18,690
+is a reference line. This is a reference line, we
+
+253
+00:16:18,690 --> 00:16:20,670
+will draw on it the object, we will draw on it the 
+
+254
+00:16:20,670 --> 00:16:22,630
+image regardless of whether the image is upside
+
+255
+00:16:22,630 --> 00:16:27,390
+down or upside down. So this is the starting point
+
+256
+00:16:27,390 --> 00:16:32,790
+of any problem in Geometric Optics. Now we want to 
+
+257
+00:16:32,790 --> 00:16:37,260
+start the journey from now. We have an object and we
+
+258
+00:16:37,260 --> 00:16:39,680
+want to make a picture of it. We have an object and 
+
+259
+00:16:39,680 --> 00:16:41,220
+we want to make a picture of it. In order to make a
+
+260
+00:16:41,220 --> 00:16:43,500
+picture of the object, we need an optical system
+
+261
+00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:46,700
+We said that there are three elements in our 
+
+262
+00:16:46,700 --> 00:16:49,840
+journey and in our journey, object, which is the
+
+263
+00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:54,060
+body, optical system, which is the camera, and the 
+
+264
+00:16:54,060 --> 00:16:57,260
+image that we will receive on a receipt paper. The
+
+265
+00:16:57,260 --> 00:16:59,220
+object, we will start talking about the object,
+
+266
+00:16:59,420 --> 00:17:02,650
+which is the beginning of the journey. The object
+
+267
+00:17:02,650 --> 00:17:05,590
+characteristics, the attributes of the object, any
+
+268
+00:17:05,590 --> 00:17:07,870
+object in the world, when we talk about its 
+
+269
+00:17:07,870 --> 00:17:10,710
+attributes, two or three of its attributes are 
+
+270
+00:17:10,710 --> 00:17:14,570
+important in the science of geometric optics. The
+
+271
+00:17:14,570 --> 00:17:17,570
+first thing is its location with respect to the 
+
+272
+00:17:17,570 --> 00:17:24,730
+imaging system. I mean, I have this 
+
+273
+00:17:24,730 --> 00:17:28,890
+object, which is a candle, this object, okay, this 
+
+274
+00:17:28,890 --> 00:17:33,650
+object. لما بنقول ما صفات هذا ال object صفتين لا
+
+275
+00:17:33,650 --> 00:17:37,450
+ثالثة لهم ال location، الموقع، الموقع بالنسبة
+
+276
+00:17:37,450 --> 00:17:43,590
+لمين؟ بالنسبة لجهاز التصوير، بنقول مثلا ال object
+
+277
+00:17:43,590 --> 00:17:47,210
+بيبعد عن جهاز التصوير عشرين صنطة or half a meter, 
+
+278
+00:17:47,810 --> 00:17:51,970
+or two meters, or five hundred meters, or three
+
+279
+00:17:51,970 --> 00:17:54,890
+quarters of a meter, or ten centimeters, or one
+
+280
+00:17:54,890 --> 00:17:56,430
+centimeter, or five millimeters
+
+281
+00:18:18,750 --> 00:18:23,530
+It is the location with respect to the imaging
+
+282
+00:18:23,530 --> 00:18:26,290
+system or the optical system. The second 
+
+283
+00:18:26,290 --> 00:18:31,030
+characteristic of objects is luminosity. Luminosity
+
+284
+00:18:31,030 --> 00:18:35,470
+if they produce their own light. If not, they only
+
+285
+00:18:35,470 --> 00:18:38,910
+can be imaged if they are reflective and 
+
+286
+00:18:38,910 --> 00:18:42,510
+illuminated. We said that objects with respect to
+
+287
+00:18:42,510 --> 00:18:48,220
+luminosity or the light emitted from them إذا كان
+
+288
+00:18:48,220 --> 00:18:53,180
+ال object .. الأجسام ككل تنقسم لقسمين، إما produce 
+
+289
+00:18:53,180 --> 00:18:55,980
+their own light، يعني بتصدر ضوءها الذاتي، تلاقي 
+
+290
+00:18:55,980 --> 00:19:00,560
+الشامعة قبل شوية احنا، الشامعة هي نفسها أو لها 
+
+291
+00:19:00,560 --> 00:19:04,820
+بالشامعة .. لها بالشامعة، هو نفسه بيصدر ضوء الخاص،
+
+292
+00:19:04,820 --> 00:19:09,370
+طيب الان نيجي لجسم الشامعة، جسم الشامعة بيستخدش ضوء 
+
+293
+00:19:09,370 --> 00:19:13,850
+الخاص، بيصبط عليه ضوء الغرفة أو ضوء اللهب أو ضوء
+
+294
+00:19:13,850 --> 00:19:19,350
+الشمس إلى آخره، و هذا الضوء اللي بيصبط عليه، لازم
+
+295
+00:19:19,350 --> 00:19:25,690
+جسم الشامعة يعكس الضوء، تمام؟ يعكس الضوء، اذا عشان
+
+296
+00:19:25,690 --> 00:19:31,420
+أشوف أي object في الدنيالازم يكون إما مضيق بذاته 
+
+297
+00:19:31,420 --> 00:19:35,320
+produce their own light ينتج ضوء خاص بنفسه زي
+
+298
+00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:40,820
+الشمس زي الشمعة زي النار زي أي إشي مضيق. If not .. 
+
+299
+00:19:40,820 --> 00:19:45,060
+طب إذا هو مش مضيق كيف أنا بقدر أشوفه لازم يكون فيه
+
+300
+00:19:45,060 --> 00:19:50,940
+صفتين تانيات أول صفة منه illuminated مضاء و
+
+301
+00:19:50,940 --> 00:19:55,120
+reflective عاكس إيش يعني مضاء و عاكس؟ يعني جسم 
+
+302
+00:19:55,120 --> 00:19:57,960
+الإنسان لما بيقف أمام المرأة و المرأة تعتبر 
+
+303
+00:19:57,960 --> 00:20:01,620
+optical system بدي يسقط عليه ضوء النهار سواء ضوء 
+
+304
+00:20:01,620 --> 00:20:06,440
+غرفة ضوء شمس إلى آخره إذا صار illuminated صار مضاء
+
+305
+00:20:07,590 --> 00:20:10,870
+not luminous, luminous is dimmed, illuminated is 
+
+306
+00:20:10,870 --> 00:20:15,050
+dimmed. So illuminated is not enough, it is not
+
+307
+00:20:15,050 --> 00:20:17,350
+enough that it is dimmed, it must be reflected
+
+308
+00:20:17,350 --> 00:20:20,030
+Reflected so that the light that falls on it
+
+309
+00:20:20,030 --> 00:20:23,530
+reflects from his body towards the mirror or 
+
+310
+00:20:23,530 --> 00:20:26,250
+towards the lens or towards any optical system. 
+
+311
+00:20:26,250 --> 00:20:31,010
+What is our proof of that? A person walks in the
+
+312
+00:20:31,010 --> 00:20:35,730
+market in front of a storefront glass, very clean,
+
+313
+00:20:36,490 --> 00:20:39,170
+very shiny, sometimes you imagine that the glass 
+
+314
+00:20:39,170 --> 00:20:43,570
+is not there. So what happened? What happened is
+
+315
+00:20:43,570 --> 00:20:46,770
+that the light of the sun or of the day fell on
+
+316
+00:20:46,770 --> 00:20:50,790
+the clean, shiny glass and so on and pierced it
+
+317
+00:20:50,790 --> 00:20:55,250
+and nothing was reflected from it. هذا الجزاز اللي 
+
+318
+00:20:55,250 --> 00:20:58,930
+مانعكسش منه أي شيء لما أنا بتطلع بعيني مانعكس من
+
+319
+00:20:58,930 --> 00:21:02,770
+الجزاز، من واجهة الزجاجية أو من اللوح الجزاز،
+
+320
+00:21:02,770 --> 00:21:06,730
+مانعكس باتجاه عيني، فهتخيل أنه مافيش حاجة عشان 
+
+321
+00:21:06,730 --> 00:21:10,130
+أشوف الجزاز لازم يعكس جزء من الأشعة اللي اخترقته،
+
+322
+00:21:10,130 --> 00:21:13,870
+يعكس جزء ولو بسيط باتجاه عيني عشان أشعر أنه فيه 
+
+323
+00:21:13,870 --> 00:21:18,590
+جزاز موجود. وبالتالي ضروري جدا الجسم إما يكون مضيق 
+
+324
+00:21:18,590 --> 00:21:22,410
+بذاته أو مضاء وعاكس أو مضاء وعاكس. 
+
+325
+00:21:25,290 --> 00:21:27,730
+The properties of objects have two properties,
+
+326
+00:21:28,270 --> 00:21:32,450
+location and luminosity. Location is its location
+
+327
+00:21:32,450 --> 00:21:36,960
+for the optical system. For the optical system, for
+
+328
+00:21:36,960 --> 00:21:40,200
+the camera, or the camera machine, which is the
+
+329
+00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:43,320
+lens, or the pinhole, or the mirror, or whatever. 
+
+330
+00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:46,960
+So location is the first attribute I describe the
+
+331
+00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:48,900
+object in, the second attribute is luminosity, I 
+
+332
+00:21:48,900 --> 00:21:53,820
+want to say that the body is distracted by itself,
+
+333
+00:21:54,620 --> 00:21:57,040
+or I say distracted and opposite, that's how I
+
+334
+00:21:57,040 --> 00:22:00,760
+make a complete description of the object. We come
+
+335
+00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:04,800
+here and apply these words to the drawing. Here we
+
+336
+00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:07,520
+say if I want to talk about the object, which is 
+
+337
+00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:09,980
+the candle, I say .. let's talk about the flame of 
+
+338
+00:22:09,980 --> 00:22:11,520
+the candle and forget about the body of the
+
+339
+00:22:11,520 --> 00:22:14,080
+candle, we say .. the flame of the candle as a 
+
+340
+00:22:14,080 --> 00:22:18,380
+body is narrowed by itself, this is one thing. The 
+
+341
+00:22:18,380 --> 00:22:20,340
+second thing is that it is away from the optical
+
+342
+00:22:20,340 --> 00:22:24,200
+system 20 centimeters. Okay, let's talk only about
+
+343
+00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:26,800
+the body of the candle. We say .. the body of the 
+
+344
+00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:28,420
+candle, the first attribute is away from 20 
+
+345
+00:22:28,420 --> 00:22:31,790
+centimeters طلب لها بالشمع عشرين صنطي، هذا أيضا 
+
+346
+00:22:31,790 --> 00:22:35,390
+عشرين صنطي، اذا في الموقع التانين، نفرض هدول جسمين
+
+347
+00:22:35,390 --> 00:22:39,830
+مختلفين، نفرض جدلا ان هدول جسمين مختلفين، هذا مضيق 
+
+348
+00:22:39,830 --> 00:22:45,510
+بذاته يبعد عشرين صنطي، هذا أيضا يبعد عشرين صنطي،
+
+349
+00:22:45,510 --> 00:22:50,050
+ولكنه مضاء وعاكس، مضاء وعاكس، اش اللي عرفنا انه
+
+350
+00:22:50,050 --> 00:22:54,230
+مضاء وعاكس، هتكونله صورة هنا، لو ماتكوناتلوش صورة
+
+351
+00:22:54,230 --> 00:22:58,860
+هنا، معناته احنا مش شايفينه، طب احنا شايفينه. Okay, 
+
+352
+00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:01,980
+do you see how we forget this optical system? We 
+
+353
+00:23:01,980 --> 00:23:04,160
+look at it with our eyes, and our eyes also have
+
+354
+00:23:04,160 --> 00:23:06,280
+another optical system, other than this optical 
+
+355
+00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:09,120
+system. As long as we see it with our eyes, it
+
+356
+00:23:09,120 --> 00:23:12,240
+means it fell on the body of the candle and
+
+357
+00:23:12,240 --> 00:23:14,820
+reflected towards the eye, the eye has an optical
+
+358
+00:23:14,820 --> 00:23:17,600
+system, the cornea and the lens, okay? And what is 
+
+359
+00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:22,150
+the reception paper for the eye? اللي هي الشبكية, 
+
+360
+00:23:22,450 --> 00:23:25,630
+احنا بنحكي عن العين ك optical system بنقصد فيه
+
+361
+00:23:25,630 --> 00:23:30,310
+القرانية و العدسة اللي هم بيشتغلوا كعدسات بيجمعوا 
+
+362
+00:23:30,310 --> 00:23:35,690
+الإضاءة و الشبكية هي ورقة تلقي لل image و هيك احنا
+
+363
+00:23:35,690 --> 00:23:39,610
+بنتوقف عند ال image characteristics اللي هنحكي
+
+364
+00:23:39,610 --> 00:23:42,690
+عنها المرة القادمة و يعطيكوا العافية و السلام 
+
+365
+00:23:42,690 --> 00:23:44,110
+عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/3U5GGv7fUMY_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1460 @@
+1
+00:00:01,890 --> 00:00:06,990
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، مرحبا بيكم في المحاضرة
+
+2
+00:00:06,990 --> 00:00:11,770
+التالتة من البصريات الأندسية، اتوقفنا عند imaging
+
+3
+00:00:11,770 --> 00:00:17,850
+with lenses and mirrors، يعني التصوير باستعمال
+
+4
+00:00:17,850 --> 00:00:23,600
+العدسات أو المرايا ك optical systemsToday we are
+
+5
+00:00:23,600 --> 00:00:25,800
+going to repeat and repeat the pinhole experiment,
+
+6
+00:00:26,300 --> 00:00:27,980
+but instead of putting a pinhole, we are going to
+
+7
+00:00:27,980 --> 00:00:32,660
+put a lens plus 6 diopter or plus 5 diopter. Of
+
+8
+00:00:32,660 --> 00:00:36,760
+course, this plus 6 is short for the word diopter.
+
+9
+00:00:37,020 --> 00:00:38,920
+The diopter is a unit of measurement of the power
+
+10
+00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:43,040
+of the lens. If it is plus, it is a positive lens.
+
+11
+00:00:43,220 --> 00:00:47,020
+If it is minus, it is a negative lens.So repeat
+
+12
+00:00:47,020 --> 00:00:50,120
+the pinhole imaging demonstration Let's just
+
+13
+00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,700
+remember the experience of the pinhole The
+
+14
+00:00:53,700 --> 00:01:00,600
+experience of the pinhole is excuse me,
+
+15
+00:01:01,140 --> 00:01:06,040
+we put a candleand a piece of paper that we use to
+
+16
+00:01:06,040 --> 00:01:10,240
+make holes in the pinhole and there's a receipt
+
+17
+00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:12,180
+paper here, it's not written of course, but here
+
+18
+00:01:12,180 --> 00:01:15,900
+it's a upside down picture of the candle's flame,
+
+19
+00:01:16,060 --> 00:01:18,740
+of the candle's flame Of course, we .. the only
+
+20
+00:01:18,740 --> 00:01:20,540
+thing that we're going to change is that instead
+
+21
+00:01:20,540 --> 00:01:23,280
+of the pinhole, the candle will remain a candle
+
+22
+00:01:23,280 --> 00:01:25,620
+and the receipt paper that we're going to print on
+
+23
+00:01:25,620 --> 00:01:29,670
+it will remain the sameبس هنشيل ورقة القصدير و
+
+24
+00:01:29,670 --> 00:01:35,750
+نستبدلها بعدسة عشان نشوف هل نحصل على صورة أفضل من
+
+25
+00:01:35,750 --> 00:01:39,630
+ال pinhole ولا على نفس الوضع، اذا repeat the
+
+26
+00:01:39,630 --> 00:01:45,400
+pinhole imaging demonstrationbut replace with plus
+
+27
+00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:50,020
+6 diopter spherical trial lens and note the
+
+28
+00:01:50,020 --> 00:01:56,700
+improvement in the image vary
+
+29
+00:01:56,700 --> 00:02:00,300
+the
+
+30
+00:02:00,300 --> 00:02:04,440
+distances among the candle lens and paper and
+
+31
+00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:07,300
+observe the variety of different image
+
+32
+00:02:07,300 --> 00:02:11,120
+characteristics that can be obtainedيعني لو غيرنا
+
+33
+00:02:11,120 --> 00:02:16,380
+المسافة بين الشمعة و العدسة و ورقة التلقي، اللي ال
+
+34
+00:02:16,380 --> 00:02:20,080
+candle و ال lens و ال paper، هنلاحظ أنه تغيرت
+
+35
+00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:27,240
+الصفات بتاعة الصورةيعني بتغير هذه المسافات يعني
+
+36
+00:02:27,240 --> 00:02:30,480
+الصورة مرة كبرت مرة صغرت مرة صارت أوضح مرة صارت
+
+37
+00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:37,520
+أقل وضوحا بس بتظلها دائما و أبدا أوضح بكتير من
+
+38
+00:02:37,520 --> 00:02:42,470
+الصورة باستخدام ال pinholedifferent lenses provide
+
+39
+00:02:42,470 --> 00:02:46,230
+an even broader range of images لو انا استخدمت
+
+40
+00:02:46,230 --> 00:02:50,770
+عدسات تانية غير ال plus 6 plus 5 plus 7 plus 12
+
+41
+00:02:50,770 --> 00:02:55,790
+plus 20 plus 1 plus 2 يعني لو غيرت في قوة العدسات
+
+42
+00:02:55,790 --> 00:03:00,830
+او بمعنى اخر قوة ال optical system هحصل على يعني
+
+43
+00:03:00,830 --> 00:03:06,040
+صور بصفاتdifferent, but all these pictures will
+
+44
+00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:11,400
+remain much clearer than if I used pinhole and its
+
+45
+00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:15,920
+clarity enables us to see it in a way that is very
+
+46
+00:03:15,920 --> 00:03:17,640
+clear, very clear
+
+47
+00:03:20,650 --> 00:03:25,510
+This is the drawing that represents or simulates
+
+48
+00:03:25,510 --> 00:03:28,650
+the experiment that we just talked about which
+
+49
+00:03:28,650 --> 00:03:30,470
+here is the candle that we will represent with an
+
+50
+00:03:30,470 --> 00:03:33,250
+arrow This is the lens which is the plus 6 diopter
+
+51
+00:03:33,250 --> 00:03:36,490
+or any other force And here is the receipt paper,
+
+52
+00:03:36,590 --> 00:03:39,750
+it is not drawn, but it is drawn that I have
+
+53
+00:03:39,750 --> 00:03:44,410
+formed a upside down picture of the candle, of the
+
+54
+00:03:44,410 --> 00:03:49,630
+candle's flame Now we want to do a comparisonwith
+
+55
+00:03:49,630 --> 00:03:56,490
+the pinhole. The lens allows much more light from
+
+56
+00:03:56,490 --> 00:04:01,110
+each object point to traverse the lens and
+
+57
+00:04:01,110 --> 00:04:05,670
+ultimately contribute to theImage. Now if we take
+
+58
+00:04:05,670 --> 00:04:08,470
+an example or to compare between the picture of
+
+59
+00:04:08,470 --> 00:04:12,850
+the pinhole and the picture of the lens, we say
+
+60
+00:04:12,850 --> 00:04:15,390
+that we will take the point which is at the top of
+
+61
+00:04:15,390 --> 00:04:17,930
+the candlelight, we talked about the point that
+
+62
+00:04:17,930 --> 00:04:21,770
+spreads hundreds of thousands of raysوفرضنا جدلا
+
+63
+00:04:21,770 --> 00:04:25,790
+أنه لو قلنا أنه بنطلق من النقطة A فقط، وهذا بنطبق
+
+64
+00:04:25,790 --> 00:04:30,470
+على كل نقاط ال object، لو بنطلق من النقطة A مليون
+
+65
+00:04:30,470 --> 00:04:34,570
+شعاع، هيكون نصيب ال pinhole من المليون شعاع مثلا
+
+66
+00:04:34,570 --> 00:04:40,130
+خمسمائة شعاعخمسمائة شعاع هدول هيتجمعوا ويكونوا
+
+67
+00:04:40,130 --> 00:04:44,350
+لإيه شرط .. إيه شرطة اللي هي صورة A وقولنا
+
+68
+00:04:44,350 --> 00:04:49,130
+الخمسمائة شعاع يعتبر عددهم جليل جدا جدا بالنسبة
+
+69
+00:04:49,130 --> 00:04:52,990
+للمليون شعاع تقريبا نص في الألف عددهم، احنا بنضرب
+
+70
+00:04:52,990 --> 00:04:56,370
+الأمثلة هاي مش أرقام دقيقة ولكن لتقريب المفهوم
+
+71
+00:04:56,630 --> 00:05:01,410
+فساعتها A شرطة هتكون أقل وضوحا بكثير من A هذا
+
+72
+00:05:01,410 --> 00:05:06,070
+الكلام نفسه بدنا نرجع نطبقه على نفس النقطة بس
+
+73
+00:05:06,070 --> 00:05:10,230
+باستعمال العدسة هاي النقطة A اللي قمة لها بالشامعة
+
+74
+00:05:10,840 --> 00:05:15,980
+الان انطلق منها مليون شعاع فرضا في جميع الاتجاهات،
+
+75
+00:05:15,980 --> 00:05:20,340
+يا ترى الأشعع اللي هتدخل في العدسة، الحزمة الكبيرة
+
+76
+00:05:20,340 --> 00:05:23,460
+جدا هذه اللي هتدخل في العدسة، نفرض انه دخل في
+
+77
+00:05:23,460 --> 00:05:28,160
+العدسة ميتين ألف شعاع، يعني تقريبا خمس الأشعع اللي
+
+78
+00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:32,840
+انطلقت، اللي انطلقت من النقطة A، يعني انطلق منها
+
+79
+00:05:32,840 --> 00:05:37,880
+في جميع الاتجاهات مليون، دخل من المليون ميتين ألف،
+
+80
+00:05:37,880 --> 00:05:41,910
+يعني الخمسin the lens and these five collected the
+
+81
+00:05:41,910 --> 00:05:45,750
+lens to form the image of point A which is A
+
+82
+00:05:45,750 --> 00:05:48,890
+condition of course A condition here took two
+
+83
+00:05:48,890 --> 00:05:51,570
+hundred thousand rays and A condition in pinhole
+
+84
+00:05:51,570 --> 00:05:54,590
+took five hundred rays of course the image of the
+
+85
+00:05:54,590 --> 00:05:58,550
+lens will be much clearer because the lens allows
+
+86
+00:05:58,550 --> 00:06:03,590
+for a larger quantity or size than the rays in
+
+87
+00:06:03,590 --> 00:06:10,910
+this B soThe lens allows much more light from each
+
+88
+00:06:10,910 --> 00:06:13,570
+object point, we talked about the point A, but
+
+89
+00:06:13,570 --> 00:06:16,810
+this applies to every point in the object, it
+
+90
+00:06:16,810 --> 00:06:21,490
+allows to traverse the lens and ultimately
+
+91
+00:06:21,490 --> 00:06:25,040
+contributeto the image is to participate in the
+
+92
+00:06:25,040 --> 00:06:27,600
+formation of the image. Of course, each point, the
+
+93
+00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:30,160
+rays emitted from it will form the image of the
+
+94
+00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:35,420
+point. A set of images of all points equals a
+
+95
+00:06:35,420 --> 00:06:38,200
+complete image. Generally, in a general picture,
+
+96
+00:06:38,380 --> 00:06:41,220
+and this is the basis, lenses produce better
+
+97
+00:06:41,220 --> 00:06:46,920
+images than do pinholes. The lenses give me better
+
+98
+00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:51,160
+pictures or more quality than pinholes, and for
+
+99
+00:06:51,160 --> 00:06:55,750
+that reasonThe lenses have been used a lot in our
+
+100
+00:06:55,750 --> 00:06:58,850
+practical life, and the clearest example of this
+
+101
+00:06:58,850 --> 00:07:02,090
+is that those who have a visual impairment go and
+
+102
+00:07:02,090 --> 00:07:06,250
+wear lenses to clarify the image in relation to
+
+103
+00:07:06,250 --> 00:07:10,500
+them, these are some applicationsmost common in
+
+104
+00:07:10,500 --> 00:07:14,000
+our practical life, which is the use of glasses,
+
+105
+00:07:14,220 --> 00:07:16,560
+and there are also other things such as sticky
+
+106
+00:07:16,560 --> 00:07:21,240
+lenses and so on. Now this picture illustrates the
+
+107
+00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:25,010
+experience. We fixed the candle.And this is a
+
+108
+00:07:25,010 --> 00:07:28,270
+candle, this is a lens carrying a carrier, and
+
+109
+00:07:28,270 --> 00:07:31,370
+this is the receipt paper, we say candle paper or
+
+110
+00:07:31,370 --> 00:07:36,550
+A4 paper And notice a picture with a candle, with
+
+111
+00:07:36,550 --> 00:07:40,050
+a very clear candle If we change the distances
+
+112
+00:07:40,050 --> 00:07:42,590
+between the candle and the lens, which is the
+
+113
+00:07:42,590 --> 00:07:44,950
+object, and the lens, which is the optical system,
+
+114
+00:07:45,010 --> 00:07:47,390
+and the receipt paper, which is the receipt of the
+
+115
+00:07:47,390 --> 00:07:50,870
+image, we get different attributes of the image
+
+116
+00:07:51,010 --> 00:07:53,350
+once you find the picture bigger, once you find it
+
+117
+00:07:53,350 --> 00:07:55,910
+smaller, once you find it more focused, more
+
+118
+00:07:55,910 --> 00:08:00,530
+focused and clear, once you find it less clear.
+
+119
+00:08:00,850 --> 00:08:03,630
+One can ask what is the source? This is the source
+
+120
+00:08:03,630 --> 00:08:06,930
+for measuring distances, for measuring distances
+
+121
+00:08:06,930 --> 00:08:09,810
+and doing calculationsto know the size of the
+
+122
+00:08:09,810 --> 00:08:12,170
+image and the distance of the image from the
+
+123
+00:08:12,170 --> 00:08:14,430
+optical system and the distance of the object from
+
+124
+00:08:14,430 --> 00:08:16,270
+the optical system because these are measurements
+
+125
+00:08:16,270 --> 00:08:19,810
+that we are going to measure later on So the
+
+126
+00:08:19,810 --> 00:08:24,650
+lenses experience as an optical system results in
+
+127
+00:08:24,650 --> 00:08:29,470
+lenses, lenses and also mirrors, these words apply
+
+128
+00:08:29,470 --> 00:08:33,630
+to mirrors lenses and mirrors make images better
+
+129
+00:08:33,630 --> 00:08:37,190
+quality and more quality and better than pinhole
+
+130
+00:08:37,420 --> 00:08:41,900
+والهم استخدامات في حياتنا العملية بشكل كبير، بشكل
+
+131
+00:08:41,900 --> 00:08:45,720
+كبير طيب، هل العدسات بلا عيوب؟ What are the
+
+132
+00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:48,880
+disadvantages of lenses? What are the
+
+133
+00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:54,080
+disadvantages of lenses؟ طبعا في عيب واحد أو عيب
+
+134
+00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:59,010
+كبير للعدساتانه image only in one location يعني ال
+
+135
+00:08:59,010 --> 00:09:03,530
+image بتكون واضحة في مسافة معينة لو جدمنا عن هذه
+
+136
+00:09:03,530 --> 00:09:07,350
+المسافة او بعدنا عن هذه المسافة يعني اتلقينا و
+
+137
+00:09:07,350 --> 00:09:10,790
+بورقة التلقي يعني نفرض ان الصورة هنا عندى واضحة زى
+
+138
+00:09:10,790 --> 00:09:15,890
+التجربة بتدلنى لو جدمتلى اربعة خمسة سانتي للامامOr
+
+139
+00:09:15,890 --> 00:09:21,330
+she moved 4-5 cm back, we find that the picture is
+
+140
+00:09:21,330 --> 00:09:25,550
+no longer useful in
+
+141
+00:09:25,550 --> 00:09:30,290
+a practical way For example, a person has ..قصر
+
+142
+00:09:30,290 --> 00:09:35,130
+نظر درجتين .. قصر نظر درجتين .. لازم يلبس .. لازم
+
+143
+00:09:35,130 --> 00:09:41,030
+يلبس غالبا عدسة minus 2 عشان الصورة تسير على
+
+144
+00:09:41,030 --> 00:09:44,730
+الشبكية الشبكية في هذه اللحظة بتكون هي ورقة تلقي
+
+145
+00:09:44,730 --> 00:09:51,970
+الصورة طب نفرض أنه قرر يلبس مثلا بدل ال minus 2
+
+146
+00:09:51,970 --> 00:09:56,280
+length قرر يلبس plus 2Of course, the plus two lens
+
+147
+00:09:56,280 --> 00:09:59,700
+will form a picture, but this picture is in a
+
+148
+00:09:59,700 --> 00:10:01,560
+different place from the network location, and
+
+149
+00:10:01,560 --> 00:10:04,420
+therefore it will feel that things are not clear
+
+150
+00:10:04,420 --> 00:10:09,860
+to him Why? Because every lens forms a .. if we
+
+151
+00:10:09,860 --> 00:10:10,960
+establish the circumstances of the experiment,
+
+152
+00:10:11,060 --> 00:10:12,260
+what are the circumstances of the experiment? That
+
+153
+00:10:12,260 --> 00:10:17,370
+the object is in the same placeAnd the receipt
+
+154
+00:10:17,370 --> 00:10:20,630
+paper should be in the same place, but I changed
+
+155
+00:10:20,630 --> 00:10:23,030
+the power of the lens So that it differs from one
+
+156
+00:10:23,030 --> 00:10:25,290
+lens to another, we will find that one of the
+
+157
+00:10:25,290 --> 00:10:28,790
+lenses was clear The picture, and the rest of the
+
+158
+00:10:28,790 --> 00:10:32,130
+lenses, the pictures are not clear because the
+
+159
+00:10:32,130 --> 00:10:34,470
+lenses, one of their shortcomings is that they
+
+160
+00:10:34,470 --> 00:10:39,010
+form a picture in one place Only if I hold the
+
+161
+00:10:39,010 --> 00:10:41,610
+receipt paper at this place, then the picture will
+
+162
+00:10:41,610 --> 00:10:43,910
+be clear, I move forward from it or move back from
+
+163
+00:10:43,910 --> 00:10:47,440
+itSometimes the picture is not clear, while the
+
+164
+00:10:47,440 --> 00:10:49,660
+pinhole, wherever I want to pick up the picture,
+
+165
+00:10:50,020 --> 00:10:51,940
+and it is generally the pinhole, the picture is
+
+166
+00:10:51,940 --> 00:10:54,760
+not clear from its origin, regardless of where I
+
+167
+00:10:54,760 --> 00:10:58,220
+stood after the pinhole with my pick-up paper
+
+168
+00:10:58,220 --> 00:11:00,440
+Whether I stood a centimeter, ten centimeters,
+
+169
+00:11:00,620 --> 00:11:02,540
+meter, half a meter, the picture is not clear in
+
+170
+00:11:02,540 --> 00:11:06,860
+all cases While in lenses, the picture is clear in
+
+171
+00:11:06,860 --> 00:11:10,190
+a certain placeAnd this place is what the lens
+
+172
+00:11:10,190 --> 00:11:14,090
+forms in its image Of course, this place varies
+
+173
+00:11:14,090 --> 00:11:16,810
+from lens to lens according to the strength of the
+
+174
+00:11:16,810 --> 00:11:20,750
+lens The mirrors produce images in much the same
+
+175
+00:11:20,750 --> 00:11:24,870
+way as lenses The mirrors, whether they are level
+
+176
+00:11:24,870 --> 00:11:27,070
+mirrors, or flat mirrors, or bottom mirrors, make
+
+177
+00:11:27,070 --> 00:11:29,650
+pictures of the object, which is a candle or
+
+178
+00:11:29,650 --> 00:11:32,230
+something similar They make pictures in the same
+
+179
+00:11:32,230 --> 00:11:35,150
+way and with the same idea But the mirrors, we
+
+180
+00:11:35,150 --> 00:11:37,190
+will delay talking about them for the rest of the
+
+181
+00:11:37,190 --> 00:11:41,980
+lectureوهنركز غالبا على العدسات وهيجي وقت لل
+
+182
+00:11:41,980 --> 00:11:47,900
+mirror في المحاضرات الأخيرة Now let's move to
+
+183
+00:11:47,900 --> 00:11:50,720
+something new that we will get to know that most
+
+184
+00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:55,090
+optical systems are rotationally symmetricabout
+
+185
+00:11:55,090 --> 00:11:58,950
+their long axis This axis of symmetry is the
+
+186
+00:11:58,950 --> 00:12:02,530
+optical axis Although the human eye is not truly
+
+187
+00:12:02,530 --> 00:12:05,910
+rotationally symmetric, it is nearly symmetric
+
+188
+00:12:05,910 --> 00:12:12,830
+What does this mean? This means that most of the
+
+189
+00:12:12,830 --> 00:12:18,010
+optical systemsare rotationally symmetric. This is
+
+190
+00:12:18,010 --> 00:12:19,930
+an optical system. The lens is considered an
+
+191
+00:12:19,930 --> 00:12:21,850
+optical system. Why is it considered an optical
+
+192
+00:12:21,850 --> 00:12:25,950
+system? Because it can form a picture. We said
+
+193
+00:12:25,950 --> 00:12:28,130
+that anything that can form a picture is an
+
+194
+00:12:28,130 --> 00:12:35,850
+optical system. Now most optical systems have a
+
+195
+00:12:35,850 --> 00:12:41,220
+long axisand mostly it has a long axis which is
+
+196
+00:12:41,220 --> 00:12:47,300
+the line that I'm pointing at this axis, the
+
+197
+00:12:47,300 --> 00:12:51,120
+points of the optical system around which the axis
+
+198
+00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:54,400
+rotates are rotationally symmetric which means if
+
+199
+00:12:54,400 --> 00:12:58,820
+we bring a point C for example below this line in
+
+200
+00:12:58,820 --> 00:13:02,840
+the drawing about half a centimeter below it and
+
+201
+00:13:02,840 --> 00:13:07,440
+the point Chalf a centimeter higher and the two
+
+202
+00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:13,080
+points on our right and the two points on our left
+
+203
+00:13:13,080 --> 00:13:17,580
+are all half a centimeter away from this long axis
+
+204
+00:13:17,580 --> 00:13:19,600
+then we will find that these two points are
+
+205
+00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:22,480
+parallel in the force of the radius of the rays
+
+206
+00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:27,880
+this axis this axis of symmetry is called the
+
+207
+00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:30,320
+optical axis
+
+208
+00:13:33,440 --> 00:13:37,280
+Most optical systems are rotationally symmetric
+
+209
+00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:39,180
+about their long axis
+
+210
+00:13:43,390 --> 00:13:46,450
+The eye differs from the human eye in that it is
+
+211
+00:13:46,450 --> 00:13:49,550
+not a circle that rotates, the eye has an axis, it
+
+212
+00:13:49,550 --> 00:13:52,710
+has an axis, okay? As an optical system it has an
+
+213
+00:13:52,710 --> 00:13:57,010
+axis, but we do not find that every point of the
+
+214
+00:13:57,010 --> 00:14:00,290
+eye as an optical system, we do not find it
+
+215
+00:14:00,290 --> 00:14:03,450
+symmetric, that is, it can be a point higher than
+
+216
+00:14:03,450 --> 00:14:05,790
+the axis of the eye by half a centimeter or three
+
+217
+00:14:05,790 --> 00:14:09,700
+millimeters and another point similar to itBelow
+
+218
+00:14:09,700 --> 00:14:12,600
+this axis of three millimeters, we may not find
+
+219
+00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:15,580
+any inequalities in strength, we may find some
+
+220
+00:14:15,580 --> 00:14:20,220
+difference in their strength as a lens or in
+
+221
+00:14:20,220 --> 00:14:23,360
+breaking the rays that pass through them But
+
+222
+00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:26,740
+scientists in geometric optics say it is nearly
+
+223
+00:14:26,740 --> 00:14:29,980
+symmetric, in other words, we will say that the
+
+224
+00:14:29,980 --> 00:14:34,300
+eye has a visual axis or optical axis and we deal
+
+225
+00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:37,180
+with it as if it is a lens exactly like the lenses
+
+226
+00:14:37,180 --> 00:14:41,040
+in the factorysimplify the matter, for the purpose
+
+227
+00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:44,140
+of simplifying the matter, then most optical
+
+228
+00:14:44,140 --> 00:14:47,580
+systems are rotationally symmetric about their
+
+229
+00:14:47,580 --> 00:14:51,440
+long axis, this axis of symmetry is the optical
+
+230
+00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:55,160
+axis, although the human eye is not truly
+
+231
+00:14:55,160 --> 00:14:56,800
+rotationally symmetric, meaning that there are
+
+232
+00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:59,060
+simple differences in strength, and this is not a
+
+233
+00:14:59,060 --> 00:15:00,700
+weakness in the human eye, on the contrary, this
+
+234
+00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:06,540
+is from the wisdom in creation to many things
+
+235
+00:15:06,540 --> 00:15:10,250
+outside the fieldour lecture, of course, although
+
+236
+00:15:10,250 --> 00:15:12,950
+it is not truly symmetric, rotationally symmetric,
+
+237
+00:15:13,070 --> 00:15:17,690
+it is nearly symmetric Now, from now on, from now
+
+238
+00:15:17,690 --> 00:15:23,550
+on, we will start any topic from the topics of
+
+239
+00:15:23,550 --> 00:15:28,560
+engineering visionانه نرسم خط مستقيم أفقي و بعدين
+
+240
+00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:33,660
+نرسم العدسة يعني بيبدأ رسم ال .. المسألة كلها من
+
+241
+00:15:33,660 --> 00:15:38,140
+رسم ال optical axis برسم ال optical axis، برسم
+
+242
+00:15:38,140 --> 00:15:41,840
+العدسة، بعدين برسم ال object، بمثل ال object
+
+243
+00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:45,900
+بساهم، بساهم زي ما انتوا شايفينوأيضا بنمثل ال
+
+244
+00:15:45,900 --> 00:15:50,740
+image بسهم. طبعا بنرسم ال optical axis ال .. ال ..
+
+245
+00:15:50,740 --> 00:15:54,940
+ال .. ال object بده يرسم ابتدا من ال optical axis
+
+246
+00:15:54,940 --> 00:16:00,790
+يعني الشامعة جالسة الآن، جالسةon the optical axis
+
+247
+00:16:00,790 --> 00:16:04,570
+of the lens, this is the optical axis of the lens,
+
+248
+00:16:04,710 --> 00:16:06,810
+of the lens, the lens is an optical system and
+
+249
+00:16:06,810 --> 00:16:10,330
+every optical system or most optical systems have
+
+250
+00:16:10,330 --> 00:16:13,250
+an optical axis Also the beginning of the drawing
+
+251
+00:16:13,250 --> 00:16:15,690
+image is from the optical axis, which means this
+
+252
+00:16:15,690 --> 00:16:18,690
+is a reference lineThis is a reference line, we
+
+253
+00:16:18,690 --> 00:16:20,670
+will draw on it the object, we will draw on it the
+
+254
+00:16:20,670 --> 00:16:22,630
+image regardless of whether the image is upside
+
+255
+00:16:22,630 --> 00:16:27,390
+down or upside down So this is the starting point
+
+256
+00:16:27,390 --> 00:16:32,790
+of any problem in Geometric Optics Now we want to
+
+257
+00:16:32,790 --> 00:16:37,260
+start the journey from nowWe have an object and we
+
+258
+00:16:37,260 --> 00:16:39,680
+want to make a picture of it We have an object and
+
+259
+00:16:39,680 --> 00:16:41,220
+we want to make a picture of it In order to make a
+
+260
+00:16:41,220 --> 00:16:43,500
+picture of the object, we need an optical system
+
+261
+00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:46,700
+We said that there are three elements in our
+
+262
+00:16:46,700 --> 00:16:49,840
+journey and in our journey, object, which is the
+
+263
+00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:54,060
+body, optical system, which is the camera, and the
+
+264
+00:16:54,060 --> 00:16:57,260
+image that we will receive on a receipt paper The
+
+265
+00:16:57,260 --> 00:16:59,220
+object, we will start talking about the object,
+
+266
+00:16:59,420 --> 00:17:02,650
+which is the beginning of the journeyThe object
+
+267
+00:17:02,650 --> 00:17:05,590
+characteristics, the attributes of the object, any
+
+268
+00:17:05,590 --> 00:17:07,870
+object in the world, when we talk about its
+
+269
+00:17:07,870 --> 00:17:10,710
+attributes, two or three of its attributes are
+
+270
+00:17:10,710 --> 00:17:14,570
+important in the science of geometric optics. The
+
+271
+00:17:14,570 --> 00:17:17,570
+first thing is by location with respect to the
+
+272
+00:17:17,570 --> 00:17:24,730
+imaging system. I mean, I have this
+
+273
+00:17:24,730 --> 00:17:28,890
+object, which is a candle, this object, okay, this
+
+274
+00:17:28,890 --> 00:17:33,650
+objectلما بنقول ما صفات هذا ال object صفتين لا
+
+275
+00:17:33,650 --> 00:17:37,450
+ثالثة لهم ال location، الموقع، الموقع بالنسبة
+
+276
+00:17:37,450 --> 00:17:43,590
+لمين؟ بالنسبة لجهاز التصوير، بنقول مثلا ال object
+
+277
+00:17:43,590 --> 00:17:47,210
+بيبعد عن جهاز التصوير عشرين صنطةor half a meter,
+
+278
+00:17:47,810 --> 00:17:51,970
+or two meters, or five hundred meters, or three
+
+279
+00:17:51,970 --> 00:17:54,890
+quarters of a meter, or ten centimeters, or one
+
+280
+00:17:54,890 --> 00:17:56,430
+centimeter, or five millimeters
+
+281
+00:18:18,750 --> 00:18:23,530
+It is the location with respect to the imaging
+
+282
+00:18:23,530 --> 00:18:26,290
+system or the optical system The second
+
+283
+00:18:26,290 --> 00:18:31,030
+characteristic of objects is luminosity luminosity
+
+284
+00:18:31,030 --> 00:18:35,470
+if they produce their own light if not, they only
+
+285
+00:18:35,470 --> 00:18:38,910
+can be imaged if they are reflective and
+
+286
+00:18:38,910 --> 00:18:42,510
+illuminated We said that objects with respect to
+
+287
+00:18:42,510 --> 00:18:48,220
+luminosity or the light emitted from themإذا كان
+
+288
+00:18:48,220 --> 00:18:53,180
+ال object .. الأجسام ككل تنقسم لقسمين، إما produce
+
+289
+00:18:53,180 --> 00:18:55,980
+their own light، يعني بتصدر ضوءها الذاتي، تلاقي
+
+290
+00:18:55,980 --> 00:19:00,560
+الشامعة قبل شوية احنا، الشامعة هي نفسها أو لها
+
+291
+00:19:00,560 --> 00:19:04,820
+بالشامعة .. لها بالشامعة، هو نفسه بيصدر ضوء الخاص،
+
+292
+00:19:04,820 --> 00:19:09,370
+طيبالان نيجي لجسم الشامعة، جسم الشامعة بيستخدش ضوء
+
+293
+00:19:09,370 --> 00:19:13,850
+الخاص، بيصبط عليه ضوء الغرفة أو ضوء اللهب أو ضوء
+
+294
+00:19:13,850 --> 00:19:19,350
+الشمس إلى آخره، و هذا الضوء اللي بيصبط عليه، لازم
+
+295
+00:19:19,350 --> 00:19:25,690
+جسم الشامعة يعكس الضوء، تمام؟ يعكس الضوء، اذا عشان
+
+296
+00:19:25,690 --> 00:19:31,420
+أشوف أي object في الدنيالازم يكون إما مضيق بذاته
+
+297
+00:19:31,420 --> 00:19:35,320
+produce their own light ينتج ضوء خاص بنفسه زي
+
+298
+00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:40,820
+الشمس زي الشمعة زي النار زي أي إشي مضيقIf not ..
+
+299
+00:19:40,820 --> 00:19:45,060
+طب إذا هو مش مضيق كيف أنا بقدر أشوفه لازم يكون فيه
+
+300
+00:19:45,060 --> 00:19:50,940
+صفتين تانيات أول صفة منه illuminated مضاء و
+
+301
+00:19:50,940 --> 00:19:55,120
+reflective عاكس إيش يعني مضاء و عاكس؟ يعني جسم
+
+302
+00:19:55,120 --> 00:19:57,960
+الإنسان لما بيقف أمام المرأة و المرأة تعتبر
+
+303
+00:19:57,960 --> 00:20:01,620
+optical system بدي يسقط عليه ضوء النهار سواء ضوء
+
+304
+00:20:01,620 --> 00:20:06,440
+غرفة ضوء شمس إلى آخره إذا صار illuminated صار مضاء
+
+305
+00:20:07,590 --> 00:20:10,870
+not luminous, luminous is dimmed, illuminated is
+
+306
+00:20:10,870 --> 00:20:15,050
+dimmed So illuminated is not enough, it is not
+
+307
+00:20:15,050 --> 00:20:17,350
+enough that it is dimmed, it must be reflected
+
+308
+00:20:17,350 --> 00:20:20,030
+Reflected so that the light that falls on it
+
+309
+00:20:20,030 --> 00:20:23,530
+reflects from his body towards the mirror or
+
+310
+00:20:23,530 --> 00:20:26,250
+towards the lens or towards any optical system
+
+311
+00:20:26,250 --> 00:20:31,010
+What is our proof of that? A person walks in the
+
+312
+00:20:31,010 --> 00:20:35,730
+market in front of a storefrontglass, very clean,
+
+313
+00:20:36,490 --> 00:20:39,170
+very shiny, sometimes you imagine that the glass
+
+314
+00:20:39,170 --> 00:20:43,570
+is not there So what happened? What happened is
+
+315
+00:20:43,570 --> 00:20:46,770
+that the light of the sun or of the day fell on
+
+316
+00:20:46,770 --> 00:20:50,790
+the clean, shiny glass and so on and pierced it
+
+317
+00:20:50,790 --> 00:20:55,250
+and nothing was reflected from itهذا الجزاز اللي
+
+318
+00:20:55,250 --> 00:20:58,930
+مانعكسش منه أي شيء لما أنا بتطلع بعيني مانعكس من
+
+319
+00:20:58,930 --> 00:21:02,770
+الجزاز، من واجهة الزجاجية أو من اللوح الجزاز،
+
+320
+00:21:02,770 --> 00:21:06,730
+مانعكس باتجاه عيني، فهتخيل أنه مافيش حاجة عشان
+
+321
+00:21:06,730 --> 00:21:10,130
+أشوف الجزاز لازم يعكس جزء من الأشعة اللي اخترقته،
+
+322
+00:21:10,130 --> 00:21:13,870
+يعكس جزء ولو بسيط باتجاه عيني عشان أشعر أنه فيه
+
+323
+00:21:13,870 --> 00:21:18,590
+جزاز موجود وبالتالي ضروري جدا الجسم إما يكون مضيق
+
+324
+00:21:18,590 --> 00:21:22,410
+بذاته أو مضاء وعاكس أو مضاء وعاكس
+
+325
+00:21:25,290 --> 00:21:27,730
+The properties of objects have two properties,
+
+326
+00:21:28,270 --> 00:21:32,450
+location and luminosity. Location is its location
+
+327
+00:21:32,450 --> 00:21:36,960
+for the optical systemFor the optical system, for
+
+328
+00:21:36,960 --> 00:21:40,200
+the camera, or the camera machine, which is the
+
+329
+00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:43,320
+lens, or the pinhole, or the mirror, or whatever
+
+330
+00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:46,960
+So location is the first attribute I describe the
+
+331
+00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:48,900
+object in, the second attribute is luminosity, I
+
+332
+00:21:48,900 --> 00:21:53,820
+want to say that the body is distracted by itself,
+
+333
+00:21:54,620 --> 00:21:57,040
+or I say distracted and opposite, that's how I
+
+334
+00:21:57,040 --> 00:22:00,760
+make a complete description of the objectWe come
+
+335
+00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:04,800
+here and apply these words to the drawing. Here we
+
+336
+00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:07,520
+say if I want to talk about the object, which is
+
+337
+00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:09,980
+the candle, I say .. let's talk about the flame of
+
+338
+00:22:09,980 --> 00:22:11,520
+the candle and forget about the body of the
+
+339
+00:22:11,520 --> 00:22:14,080
+candle, we say .. the flame of the candle as a
+
+340
+00:22:14,080 --> 00:22:18,380
+body is narrowed by itself, this is one thing. The
+
+341
+00:22:18,380 --> 00:22:20,340
+second thing is that it is away from the optical
+
+342
+00:22:20,340 --> 00:22:24,200
+system 20 centimeters. Okay, let's talk only about
+
+343
+00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:26,800
+the body of the candle. We say .. the body of the
+
+344
+00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:28,420
+candle, the first attribute is away from 20
+
+345
+00:22:28,420 --> 00:22:31,790
+centimetersطلب لها بالشمع عشرين صنطي، هذا أيضا
+
+346
+00:22:31,790 --> 00:22:35,390
+عشرين صنطي، اذا في الموقع التانين، نفرض هدول جسمين
+
+347
+00:22:35,390 --> 00:22:39,830
+مختلفين، نفرض جدلا ان هدول جسمين مختلفين، هذا مضيق
+
+348
+00:22:39,830 --> 00:22:45,510
+بذاته يبعد عشرين صنطي، هذا أيضا يبعد عشرين صنطي،
+
+349
+00:22:45,510 --> 00:22:50,050
+ولكنه مضاء وعاكس، مضاء وعاكس، اش اللي عرفنا انه
+
+350
+00:22:50,050 --> 00:22:54,230
+مضاء وعاكس، هتكونله صورة هنا، لو ماتكوناتلوش صورة
+
+351
+00:22:54,230 --> 00:22:58,860
+هنا، معناته احنا مش شايفينه، طب احنا شايفينهOkay,
+
+352
+00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:01,980
+do you see how we forget this optical system? We
+
+353
+00:23:01,980 --> 00:23:04,160
+look at it with our eyes, and our eyes also have
+
+354
+00:23:04,160 --> 00:23:06,280
+another optical system, other than this optical
+
+355
+00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:09,120
+system As long as we see it with our eyes, it
+
+356
+00:23:09,120 --> 00:23:12,240
+means it fell on the body of the candle and
+
+357
+00:23:12,240 --> 00:23:14,820
+reflected towards the eye, the eye has an optical
+
+358
+00:23:14,820 --> 00:23:17,600
+system, the cornea and the lens, okay? And what is
+
+359
+00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:22,150
+the reception paper for the eye?اللي هي الشبكية,
+
+360
+00:23:22,450 --> 00:23:25,630
+احنا بنحكي عن العين ك optical system بنقصد فيه
+
+361
+00:23:25,630 --> 00:23:30,310
+القرانية و العدسة اللي هم بيشتغلوا كعدسات بيجمعوا
+
+362
+00:23:30,310 --> 00:23:35,690
+الإضاءة و الشبكية هي ورقة تلقي لل image و هيك احنا
+
+363
+00:23:35,690 --> 00:23:39,610
+بنتوقف عند ال image characteristics اللي هنحكي
+
+364
+00:23:39,610 --> 00:23:42,690
+عنها المرة القادمة و يعطيكوا العافية و السلام
+
+365
+00:23:42,690 --> 00:23:44,110
+عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/3U5GGv7fUMY_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1460 @@
+1
+00:00:01,890 --> 00:00:06,990
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، مرحبا بيكم في المحاضرة
+
+2
+00:00:06,990 --> 00:00:11,770
+التالتة من البصريات الأندسية، اتوقفنا عند imaging
+
+3
+00:00:11,770 --> 00:00:17,850
+with lenses and mirrors، يعني التصوير باستعمال
+
+4
+00:00:17,850 --> 00:00:23,600
+العدسات أو المرايا ك optical systemsToday we are
+
+5
+00:00:23,600 --> 00:00:25,800
+going to repeat and repeat the pinhole experiment,
+
+6
+00:00:26,300 --> 00:00:27,980
+but instead of putting a pinhole, we are going to
+
+7
+00:00:27,980 --> 00:00:32,660
+put a lens plus 6 diopter or plus 5 diopter. Of
+
+8
+00:00:32,660 --> 00:00:36,760
+course, this plus 6 is short for the word diopter.
+
+9
+00:00:37,020 --> 00:00:38,920
+The diopter is a unit of measurement of the power
+
+10
+00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:43,040
+of the lens. If it is plus, it is a positive lens.
+
+11
+00:00:43,220 --> 00:00:47,020
+If it is minus, it is a negative lens.So repeat
+
+12
+00:00:47,020 --> 00:00:50,120
+the pinhole imaging demonstration Let's just
+
+13
+00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,700
+remember the experience of the pinhole The
+
+14
+00:00:53,700 --> 00:01:00,600
+experience of the pinhole is excuse me,
+
+15
+00:01:01,140 --> 00:01:06,040
+we put a candleand a piece of paper that we use to
+
+16
+00:01:06,040 --> 00:01:10,240
+make holes in the pinhole and there's a receipt
+
+17
+00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:12,180
+paper here, it's not written of course, but here
+
+18
+00:01:12,180 --> 00:01:15,900
+it's a upside down picture of the candle's flame,
+
+19
+00:01:16,060 --> 00:01:18,740
+of the candle's flame Of course, we .. the only
+
+20
+00:01:18,740 --> 00:01:20,540
+thing that we're going to change is that instead
+
+21
+00:01:20,540 --> 00:01:23,280
+of the pinhole, the candle will remain a candle
+
+22
+00:01:23,280 --> 00:01:25,620
+and the receipt paper that we're going to print on
+
+23
+00:01:25,620 --> 00:01:29,670
+it will remain the sameبس هنشيل ورقة القصدير و
+
+24
+00:01:29,670 --> 00:01:35,750
+نستبدلها بعدسة عشان نشوف هل نحصل على صورة أفضل من
+
+25
+00:01:35,750 --> 00:01:39,630
+ال pinhole ولا على نفس الوضع، اذا repeat the
+
+26
+00:01:39,630 --> 00:01:45,400
+pinhole imaging demonstrationbut replace with plus
+
+27
+00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:50,020
+6 diopter spherical trial lens and note the
+
+28
+00:01:50,020 --> 00:01:56,700
+improvement in the image vary
+
+29
+00:01:56,700 --> 00:02:00,300
+the
+
+30
+00:02:00,300 --> 00:02:04,440
+distances among the candle lens and paper and
+
+31
+00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:07,300
+observe the variety of different image
+
+32
+00:02:07,300 --> 00:02:11,120
+characteristics that can be obtainedيعني لو غيرنا
+
+33
+00:02:11,120 --> 00:02:16,380
+المسافة بين الشمعة و العدسة و ورقة التلقي، اللي ال
+
+34
+00:02:16,380 --> 00:02:20,080
+candle و ال lens و ال paper، هنلاحظ أنه تغيرت
+
+35
+00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:27,240
+الصفات بتاعة الصورةيعني بتغير هذه المسافات يعني
+
+36
+00:02:27,240 --> 00:02:30,480
+الصورة مرة كبرت مرة صغرت مرة صارت أوضح مرة صارت
+
+37
+00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:37,520
+أقل وضوحا بس بتظلها دائما و أبدا أوضح بكتير من
+
+38
+00:02:37,520 --> 00:02:42,470
+الصورة باستخدام ال pinholedifferent lenses provide
+
+39
+00:02:42,470 --> 00:02:46,230
+an even broader range of images لو انا استخدمت
+
+40
+00:02:46,230 --> 00:02:50,770
+عدسات تانية غير ال plus 6 plus 5 plus 7 plus 12
+
+41
+00:02:50,770 --> 00:02:55,790
+plus 20 plus 1 plus 2 يعني لو غيرت في قوة العدسات
+
+42
+00:02:55,790 --> 00:03:00,830
+او بمعنى اخر قوة ال optical system هحصل على يعني
+
+43
+00:03:00,830 --> 00:03:06,040
+صور بصفاتdifferent, but all these pictures will
+
+44
+00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:11,400
+remain much clearer than if I used pinhole and its
+
+45
+00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:15,920
+clarity enables us to see it in a way that is very
+
+46
+00:03:15,920 --> 00:03:17,640
+clear, very clear
+
+47
+00:03:20,650 --> 00:03:25,510
+This is the drawing that represents or simulates
+
+48
+00:03:25,510 --> 00:03:28,650
+the experiment that we just talked about which
+
+49
+00:03:28,650 --> 00:03:30,470
+here is the candle that we will represent with an
+
+50
+00:03:30,470 --> 00:03:33,250
+arrow This is the lens which is the plus 6 diopter
+
+51
+00:03:33,250 --> 00:03:36,490
+or any other force And here is the receipt paper,
+
+52
+00:03:36,590 --> 00:03:39,750
+it is not drawn, but it is drawn that I have
+
+53
+00:03:39,750 --> 00:03:44,410
+formed a upside down picture of the candle, of the
+
+54
+00:03:44,410 --> 00:03:49,630
+candle's flame Now we want to do a comparisonwith
+
+55
+00:03:49,630 --> 00:03:56,490
+the pinhole. The lens allows much more light from
+
+56
+00:03:56,490 --> 00:04:01,110
+each object point to traverse the lens and
+
+57
+00:04:01,110 --> 00:04:05,670
+ultimately contribute to theImage. Now if we take
+
+58
+00:04:05,670 --> 00:04:08,470
+an example or to compare between the picture of
+
+59
+00:04:08,470 --> 00:04:12,850
+the pinhole and the picture of the lens, we say
+
+60
+00:04:12,850 --> 00:04:15,390
+that we will take the point which is at the top of
+
+61
+00:04:15,390 --> 00:04:17,930
+the candlelight, we talked about the point that
+
+62
+00:04:17,930 --> 00:04:21,770
+spreads hundreds of thousands of raysوفرضنا جدلا
+
+63
+00:04:21,770 --> 00:04:25,790
+أنه لو قلنا أنه بنطلق من النقطة A فقط، وهذا بنطبق
+
+64
+00:04:25,790 --> 00:04:30,470
+على كل نقاط ال object، لو بنطلق من النقطة A مليون
+
+65
+00:04:30,470 --> 00:04:34,570
+شعاع، هيكون نصيب ال pinhole من المليون شعاع مثلا
+
+66
+00:04:34,570 --> 00:04:40,130
+خمسمائة شعاعخمسمائة شعاع هدول هيتجمعوا ويكونوا
+
+67
+00:04:40,130 --> 00:04:44,350
+لإيه شرط .. إيه شرطة اللي هي صورة A وقولنا
+
+68
+00:04:44,350 --> 00:04:49,130
+الخمسمائة شعاع يعتبر عددهم جليل جدا جدا بالنسبة
+
+69
+00:04:49,130 --> 00:04:52,990
+للمليون شعاع تقريبا نص في الألف عددهم، احنا بنضرب
+
+70
+00:04:52,990 --> 00:04:56,370
+الأمثلة هاي مش أرقام دقيقة ولكن لتقريب المفهوم
+
+71
+00:04:56,630 --> 00:05:01,410
+فساعتها A شرطة هتكون أقل وضوحا بكثير من A هذا
+
+72
+00:05:01,410 --> 00:05:06,070
+الكلام نفسه بدنا نرجع نطبقه على نفس النقطة بس
+
+73
+00:05:06,070 --> 00:05:10,230
+باستعمال العدسة هاي النقطة A اللي قمة لها بالشامعة
+
+74
+00:05:10,840 --> 00:05:15,980
+الان انطلق منها مليون شعاع فرضا في جميع الاتجاهات،
+
+75
+00:05:15,980 --> 00:05:20,340
+يا ترى الأشعع اللي هتدخل في العدسة، الحزمة الكبيرة
+
+76
+00:05:20,340 --> 00:05:23,460
+جدا هذه اللي هتدخل في العدسة، نفرض انه دخل في
+
+77
+00:05:23,460 --> 00:05:28,160
+العدسة ميتين ألف شعاع، يعني تقريبا خمس الأشعع اللي
+
+78
+00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:32,840
+انطلقت، اللي انطلقت من النقطة A، يعني انطلق منها
+
+79
+00:05:32,840 --> 00:05:37,880
+في جميع الاتجاهات مليون، دخل من المليون ميتين ألف،
+
+80
+00:05:37,880 --> 00:05:41,910
+يعني الخمسin the lens and these five collected the
+
+81
+00:05:41,910 --> 00:05:45,750
+lens to form the image of point A which is A
+
+82
+00:05:45,750 --> 00:05:48,890
+condition of course A condition here took two
+
+83
+00:05:48,890 --> 00:05:51,570
+hundred thousand rays and A condition in pinhole
+
+84
+00:05:51,570 --> 00:05:54,590
+took five hundred rays of course the image of the
+
+85
+00:05:54,590 --> 00:05:58,550
+lens will be much clearer because the lens allows
+
+86
+00:05:58,550 --> 00:06:03,590
+for a larger quantity or size than the rays in
+
+87
+00:06:03,590 --> 00:06:10,910
+this B soThe lens allows much more light from each
+
+88
+00:06:10,910 --> 00:06:13,570
+object point, we talked about the point A, but
+
+89
+00:06:13,570 --> 00:06:16,810
+this applies to every point in the object, it
+
+90
+00:06:16,810 --> 00:06:21,490
+allows to traverse the lens and ultimately
+
+91
+00:06:21,490 --> 00:06:25,040
+contributeto the image is to participate in the
+
+92
+00:06:25,040 --> 00:06:27,600
+formation of the image. Of course, each point, the
+
+93
+00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:30,160
+rays emitted from it will form the image of the
+
+94
+00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:35,420
+point. A set of images of all points equals a
+
+95
+00:06:35,420 --> 00:06:38,200
+complete image. Generally, in a general picture,
+
+96
+00:06:38,380 --> 00:06:41,220
+and this is the basis, lenses produce better
+
+97
+00:06:41,220 --> 00:06:46,920
+images than do pinholes. The lenses give me better
+
+98
+00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:51,160
+pictures or more quality than pinholes, and for
+
+99
+00:06:51,160 --> 00:06:55,750
+that reasonThe lenses have been used a lot in our
+
+100
+00:06:55,750 --> 00:06:58,850
+practical life, and the clearest example of this
+
+101
+00:06:58,850 --> 00:07:02,090
+is that those who have a visual impairment go and
+
+102
+00:07:02,090 --> 00:07:06,250
+wear lenses to clarify the image in relation to
+
+103
+00:07:06,250 --> 00:07:10,500
+them, these are some applicationsmost common in
+
+104
+00:07:10,500 --> 00:07:14,000
+our practical life, which is the use of glasses,
+
+105
+00:07:14,220 --> 00:07:16,560
+and there are also other things such as sticky
+
+106
+00:07:16,560 --> 00:07:21,240
+lenses and so on. Now this picture illustrates the
+
+107
+00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:25,010
+experience. We fixed the candle.And this is a
+
+108
+00:07:25,010 --> 00:07:28,270
+candle, this is a lens carrying a carrier, and
+
+109
+00:07:28,270 --> 00:07:31,370
+this is the receipt paper, we say candle paper or
+
+110
+00:07:31,370 --> 00:07:36,550
+A4 paper And notice a picture with a candle, with
+
+111
+00:07:36,550 --> 00:07:40,050
+a very clear candle If we change the distances
+
+112
+00:07:40,050 --> 00:07:42,590
+between the candle and the lens, which is the
+
+113
+00:07:42,590 --> 00:07:44,950
+object, and the lens, which is the optical system,
+
+114
+00:07:45,010 --> 00:07:47,390
+and the receipt paper, which is the receipt of the
+
+115
+00:07:47,390 --> 00:07:50,870
+image, we get different attributes of the image
+
+116
+00:07:51,010 --> 00:07:53,350
+once you find the picture bigger, once you find it
+
+117
+00:07:53,350 --> 00:07:55,910
+smaller, once you find it more focused, more
+
+118
+00:07:55,910 --> 00:08:00,530
+focused and clear, once you find it less clear.
+
+119
+00:08:00,850 --> 00:08:03,630
+One can ask what is the source? This is the source
+
+120
+00:08:03,630 --> 00:08:06,930
+for measuring distances, for measuring distances
+
+121
+00:08:06,930 --> 00:08:09,810
+and doing calculationsto know the size of the
+
+122
+00:08:09,810 --> 00:08:12,170
+image and the distance of the image from the
+
+123
+00:08:12,170 --> 00:08:14,430
+optical system and the distance of the object from
+
+124
+00:08:14,430 --> 00:08:16,270
+the optical system because these are measurements
+
+125
+00:08:16,270 --> 00:08:19,810
+that we are going to measure later on So the
+
+126
+00:08:19,810 --> 00:08:24,650
+lenses experience as an optical system results in
+
+127
+00:08:24,650 --> 00:08:29,470
+lenses, lenses and also mirrors, these words apply
+
+128
+00:08:29,470 --> 00:08:33,630
+to mirrors lenses and mirrors make images better
+
+129
+00:08:33,630 --> 00:08:37,190
+quality and more quality and better than pinhole
+
+130
+00:08:37,420 --> 00:08:41,900
+والهم استخدامات في حياتنا العملية بشكل كبير، بشكل
+
+131
+00:08:41,900 --> 00:08:45,720
+كبير طيب، هل العدسات بلا عيوب؟ What are the
+
+132
+00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:48,880
+disadvantages of lenses? What are the
+
+133
+00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:54,080
+disadvantages of lenses؟ طبعا في عيب واحد أو عيب
+
+134
+00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:59,010
+كبير للعدساتانه image only in one location يعني ال
+
+135
+00:08:59,010 --> 00:09:03,530
+image بتكون واضحة في مسافة معينة لو جدمنا عن هذه
+
+136
+00:09:03,530 --> 00:09:07,350
+المسافة او بعدنا عن هذه المسافة يعني اتلقينا و
+
+137
+00:09:07,350 --> 00:09:10,790
+بورقة التلقي يعني نفرض ان الصورة هنا عندى واضحة زى
+
+138
+00:09:10,790 --> 00:09:15,890
+التجربة بتدلنى لو جدمتلى اربعة خمسة سانتي للامامOr
+
+139
+00:09:15,890 --> 00:09:21,330
+she moved 4-5 cm back, we find that the picture is
+
+140
+00:09:21,330 --> 00:09:25,550
+no longer useful in
+
+141
+00:09:25,550 --> 00:09:30,290
+a practical way For example, a person has ..قصر
+
+142
+00:09:30,290 --> 00:09:35,130
+نظر درجتين .. قصر نظر درجتين .. لازم يلبس .. لازم
+
+143
+00:09:35,130 --> 00:09:41,030
+يلبس غالبا عدسة minus 2 عشان الصورة تسير على
+
+144
+00:09:41,030 --> 00:09:44,730
+الشبكية الشبكية في هذه اللحظة بتكون هي ورقة تلقي
+
+145
+00:09:44,730 --> 00:09:51,970
+الصورة طب نفرض أنه قرر يلبس مثلا بدل ال minus 2
+
+146
+00:09:51,970 --> 00:09:56,280
+length قرر يلبس plus 2Of course, the plus two lens
+
+147
+00:09:56,280 --> 00:09:59,700
+will form a picture, but this picture is in a
+
+148
+00:09:59,700 --> 00:10:01,560
+different place from the network location, and
+
+149
+00:10:01,560 --> 00:10:04,420
+therefore it will feel that things are not clear
+
+150
+00:10:04,420 --> 00:10:09,860
+to him Why? Because every lens forms a .. if we
+
+151
+00:10:09,860 --> 00:10:10,960
+establish the circumstances of the experiment,
+
+152
+00:10:11,060 --> 00:10:12,260
+what are the circumstances of the experiment? That
+
+153
+00:10:12,260 --> 00:10:17,370
+the object is in the same placeAnd the receipt
+
+154
+00:10:17,370 --> 00:10:20,630
+paper should be in the same place, but I changed
+
+155
+00:10:20,630 --> 00:10:23,030
+the power of the lens So that it differs from one
+
+156
+00:10:23,030 --> 00:10:25,290
+lens to another, we will find that one of the
+
+157
+00:10:25,290 --> 00:10:28,790
+lenses was clear The picture, and the rest of the
+
+158
+00:10:28,790 --> 00:10:32,130
+lenses, the pictures are not clear because the
+
+159
+00:10:32,130 --> 00:10:34,470
+lenses, one of their shortcomings is that they
+
+160
+00:10:34,470 --> 00:10:39,010
+form a picture in one place Only if I hold the
+
+161
+00:10:39,010 --> 00:10:41,610
+receipt paper at this place, then the picture will
+
+162
+00:10:41,610 --> 00:10:43,910
+be clear, I move forward from it or move back from
+
+163
+00:10:43,910 --> 00:10:47,440
+itSometimes the picture is not clear, while the
+
+164
+00:10:47,440 --> 00:10:49,660
+pinhole, wherever I want to pick up the picture,
+
+165
+00:10:50,020 --> 00:10:51,940
+and it is generally the pinhole, the picture is
+
+166
+00:10:51,940 --> 00:10:54,760
+not clear from its origin, regardless of where I
+
+167
+00:10:54,760 --> 00:10:58,220
+stood after the pinhole with my pick-up paper
+
+168
+00:10:58,220 --> 00:11:00,440
+Whether I stood a centimeter, ten centimeters,
+
+169
+00:11:00,620 --> 00:11:02,540
+meter, half a meter, the picture is not clear in
+
+170
+00:11:02,540 --> 00:11:06,860
+all cases While in lenses, the picture is clear in
+
+171
+00:11:06,860 --> 00:11:10,190
+a certain placeAnd this place is what the lens
+
+172
+00:11:10,190 --> 00:11:14,090
+forms in its image Of course, this place varies
+
+173
+00:11:14,090 --> 00:11:16,810
+from lens to lens according to the strength of the
+
+174
+00:11:16,810 --> 00:11:20,750
+lens The mirrors produce images in much the same
+
+175
+00:11:20,750 --> 00:11:24,870
+way as lenses The mirrors, whether they are level
+
+176
+00:11:24,870 --> 00:11:27,070
+mirrors, or flat mirrors, or bottom mirrors, make
+
+177
+00:11:27,070 --> 00:11:29,650
+pictures of the object, which is a candle or
+
+178
+00:11:29,650 --> 00:11:32,230
+something similar They make pictures in the same
+
+179
+00:11:32,230 --> 00:11:35,150
+way and with the same idea But the mirrors, we
+
+180
+00:11:35,150 --> 00:11:37,190
+will delay talking about them for the rest of the
+
+181
+00:11:37,190 --> 00:11:41,980
+lectureوهنركز غالبا على العدسات وهيجي وقت لل
+
+182
+00:11:41,980 --> 00:11:47,900
+mirror في المحاضرات الأخيرة Now let's move to
+
+183
+00:11:47,900 --> 00:11:50,720
+something new that we will get to know that most
+
+184
+00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:55,090
+optical systems are rotationally symmetricabout
+
+185
+00:11:55,090 --> 00:11:58,950
+their long axis This axis of symmetry is the
+
+186
+00:11:58,950 --> 00:12:02,530
+optical axis Although the human eye is not truly
+
+187
+00:12:02,530 --> 00:12:05,910
+rotationally symmetric, it is nearly symmetric
+
+188
+00:12:05,910 --> 00:12:12,830
+What does this mean? This means that most of the
+
+189
+00:12:12,830 --> 00:12:18,010
+optical systemsare rotationally symmetric. This is
+
+190
+00:12:18,010 --> 00:12:19,930
+an optical system. The lens is considered an
+
+191
+00:12:19,930 --> 00:12:21,850
+optical system. Why is it considered an optical
+
+192
+00:12:21,850 --> 00:12:25,950
+system? Because it can form a picture. We said
+
+193
+00:12:25,950 --> 00:12:28,130
+that anything that can form a picture is an
+
+194
+00:12:28,130 --> 00:12:35,850
+optical system. Now most optical systems have a
+
+195
+00:12:35,850 --> 00:12:41,220
+long axisand mostly it has a long axis which is
+
+196
+00:12:41,220 --> 00:12:47,300
+the line that I'm pointing at this axis, the
+
+197
+00:12:47,300 --> 00:12:51,120
+points of the optical system around which the axis
+
+198
+00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:54,400
+rotates are rotationally symmetric which means if
+
+199
+00:12:54,400 --> 00:12:58,820
+we bring a point C for example below this line in
+
+200
+00:12:58,820 --> 00:13:02,840
+the drawing about half a centimeter below it and
+
+201
+00:13:02,840 --> 00:13:07,440
+the point Chalf a centimeter higher and the two
+
+202
+00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:13,080
+points on our right and the two points on our left
+
+203
+00:13:13,080 --> 00:13:17,580
+are all half a centimeter away from this long axis
+
+204
+00:13:17,580 --> 00:13:19,600
+then we will find that these two points are
+
+205
+00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:22,480
+parallel in the force of the radius of the rays
+
+206
+00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:27,880
+this axis this axis of symmetry is called the
+
+207
+00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:30,320
+optical axis
+
+208
+00:13:33,440 --> 00:13:37,280
+Most optical systems are rotationally symmetric
+
+209
+00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:39,180
+about their long axis
+
+210
+00:13:43,390 --> 00:13:46,450
+The eye differs from the human eye in that it is
+
+211
+00:13:46,450 --> 00:13:49,550
+not a circle that rotates, the eye has an axis, it
+
+212
+00:13:49,550 --> 00:13:52,710
+has an axis, okay? As an optical system it has an
+
+213
+00:13:52,710 --> 00:13:57,010
+axis, but we do not find that every point of the
+
+214
+00:13:57,010 --> 00:14:00,290
+eye as an optical system, we do not find it
+
+215
+00:14:00,290 --> 00:14:03,450
+symmetric, that is, it can be a point higher than
+
+216
+00:14:03,450 --> 00:14:05,790
+the axis of the eye by half a centimeter or three
+
+217
+00:14:05,790 --> 00:14:09,700
+millimeters and another point similar to itBelow
+
+218
+00:14:09,700 --> 00:14:12,600
+this axis of three millimeters, we may not find
+
+219
+00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:15,580
+any inequalities in strength, we may find some
+
+220
+00:14:15,580 --> 00:14:20,220
+difference in their strength as a lens or in
+
+221
+00:14:20,220 --> 00:14:23,360
+breaking the rays that pass through them But
+
+222
+00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:26,740
+scientists in geometric optics say it is nearly
+
+223
+00:14:26,740 --> 00:14:29,980
+symmetric, in other words, we will say that the
+
+224
+00:14:29,980 --> 00:14:34,300
+eye has a visual axis or optical axis and we deal
+
+225
+00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:37,180
+with it as if it is a lens exactly like the lenses
+
+226
+00:14:37,180 --> 00:14:41,040
+in the factorysimplify the matter, for the purpose
+
+227
+00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:44,140
+of simplifying the matter, then most optical
+
+228
+00:14:44,140 --> 00:14:47,580
+systems are rotationally symmetric about their
+
+229
+00:14:47,580 --> 00:14:51,440
+long axis, this axis of symmetry is the optical
+
+230
+00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:55,160
+axis, although the human eye is not truly
+
+231
+00:14:55,160 --> 00:14:56,800
+rotationally symmetric, meaning that there are
+
+232
+00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:59,060
+simple differences in strength, and this is not a
+
+233
+00:14:59,060 --> 00:15:00,700
+weakness in the human eye, on the contrary, this
+
+234
+00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:06,540
+is from the wisdom in creation to many things
+
+235
+00:15:06,540 --> 00:15:10,250
+outside the fieldour lecture, of course, although
+
+236
+00:15:10,250 --> 00:15:12,950
+it is not truly symmetric, rotationally symmetric,
+
+237
+00:15:13,070 --> 00:15:17,690
+it is nearly symmetric Now, from now on, from now
+
+238
+00:15:17,690 --> 00:15:23,550
+on, we will start any topic from the topics of
+
+239
+00:15:23,550 --> 00:15:28,560
+engineering visionانه نرسم خط مستقيم أفقي و بعدين
+
+240
+00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:33,660
+نرسم العدسة يعني بيبدأ رسم ال .. المسألة كلها من
+
+241
+00:15:33,660 --> 00:15:38,140
+رسم ال optical axis برسم ال optical axis، برسم
+
+242
+00:15:38,140 --> 00:15:41,840
+العدسة، بعدين برسم ال object، بمثل ال object
+
+243
+00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:45,900
+بساهم، بساهم زي ما انتوا شايفينوأيضا بنمثل ال
+
+244
+00:15:45,900 --> 00:15:50,740
+image بسهم. طبعا بنرسم ال optical axis ال .. ال ..
+
+245
+00:15:50,740 --> 00:15:54,940
+ال .. ال object بده يرسم ابتدا من ال optical axis
+
+246
+00:15:54,940 --> 00:16:00,790
+يعني الشامعة جالسة الآن، جالسةon the optical axis
+
+247
+00:16:00,790 --> 00:16:04,570
+of the lens, this is the optical axis of the lens,
+
+248
+00:16:04,710 --> 00:16:06,810
+of the lens, the lens is an optical system and
+
+249
+00:16:06,810 --> 00:16:10,330
+every optical system or most optical systems have
+
+250
+00:16:10,330 --> 00:16:13,250
+an optical axis Also the beginning of the drawing
+
+251
+00:16:13,250 --> 00:16:15,690
+image is from the optical axis, which means this
+
+252
+00:16:15,690 --> 00:16:18,690
+is a reference lineThis is a reference line, we
+
+253
+00:16:18,690 --> 00:16:20,670
+will draw on it the object, we will draw on it the
+
+254
+00:16:20,670 --> 00:16:22,630
+image regardless of whether the image is upside
+
+255
+00:16:22,630 --> 00:16:27,390
+down or upside down So this is the starting point
+
+256
+00:16:27,390 --> 00:16:32,790
+of any problem in Geometric Optics Now we want to
+
+257
+00:16:32,790 --> 00:16:37,260
+start the journey from nowWe have an object and we
+
+258
+00:16:37,260 --> 00:16:39,680
+want to make a picture of it We have an object and
+
+259
+00:16:39,680 --> 00:16:41,220
+we want to make a picture of it In order to make a
+
+260
+00:16:41,220 --> 00:16:43,500
+picture of the object, we need an optical system
+
+261
+00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:46,700
+We said that there are three elements in our
+
+262
+00:16:46,700 --> 00:16:49,840
+journey and in our journey, object, which is the
+
+263
+00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:54,060
+body, optical system, which is the camera, and the
+
+264
+00:16:54,060 --> 00:16:57,260
+image that we will receive on a receipt paper The
+
+265
+00:16:57,260 --> 00:16:59,220
+object, we will start talking about the object,
+
+266
+00:16:59,420 --> 00:17:02,650
+which is the beginning of the journeyThe object
+
+267
+00:17:02,650 --> 00:17:05,590
+characteristics, the attributes of the object, any
+
+268
+00:17:05,590 --> 00:17:07,870
+object in the world, when we talk about its
+
+269
+00:17:07,870 --> 00:17:10,710
+attributes, two or three of its attributes are
+
+270
+00:17:10,710 --> 00:17:14,570
+important in the science of geometric optics. The
+
+271
+00:17:14,570 --> 00:17:17,570
+first thing is by location with respect to the
+
+272
+00:17:17,570 --> 00:17:24,730
+imaging system. I mean, I have this
+
+273
+00:17:24,730 --> 00:17:28,890
+object, which is a candle, this object, okay, this
+
+274
+00:17:28,890 --> 00:17:33,650
+objectلما بنقول ما صفات هذا ال object صفتين لا
+
+275
+00:17:33,650 --> 00:17:37,450
+ثالثة لهم ال location، الموقع، الموقع بالنسبة
+
+276
+00:17:37,450 --> 00:17:43,590
+لمين؟ بالنسبة لجهاز التصوير، بنقول مثلا ال object
+
+277
+00:17:43,590 --> 00:17:47,210
+بيبعد عن جهاز التصوير عشرين صنطةor half a meter,
+
+278
+00:17:47,810 --> 00:17:51,970
+or two meters, or five hundred meters, or three
+
+279
+00:17:51,970 --> 00:17:54,890
+quarters of a meter, or ten centimeters, or one
+
+280
+00:17:54,890 --> 00:17:56,430
+centimeter, or five millimeters
+
+281
+00:18:18,750 --> 00:18:23,530
+It is the location with respect to the imaging
+
+282
+00:18:23,530 --> 00:18:26,290
+system or the optical system The second
+
+283
+00:18:26,290 --> 00:18:31,030
+characteristic of objects is luminosity luminosity
+
+284
+00:18:31,030 --> 00:18:35,470
+if they produce their own light if not, they only
+
+285
+00:18:35,470 --> 00:18:38,910
+can be imaged if they are reflective and
+
+286
+00:18:38,910 --> 00:18:42,510
+illuminated We said that objects with respect to
+
+287
+00:18:42,510 --> 00:18:48,220
+luminosity or the light emitted from themإذا كان
+
+288
+00:18:48,220 --> 00:18:53,180
+ال object .. الأجسام ككل تنقسم لقسمين، إما produce
+
+289
+00:18:53,180 --> 00:18:55,980
+their own light، يعني بتصدر ضوءها الذاتي، تلاقي
+
+290
+00:18:55,980 --> 00:19:00,560
+الشامعة قبل شوية احنا، الشامعة هي نفسها أو لها
+
+291
+00:19:00,560 --> 00:19:04,820
+بالشامعة .. لها بالشامعة، هو نفسه بيصدر ضوء الخاص،
+
+292
+00:19:04,820 --> 00:19:09,370
+طيبالان نيجي لجسم الشامعة، جسم الشامعة بيستخدش ضوء
+
+293
+00:19:09,370 --> 00:19:13,850
+الخاص، بيصبط عليه ضوء الغرفة أو ضوء اللهب أو ضوء
+
+294
+00:19:13,850 --> 00:19:19,350
+الشمس إلى آخره، و هذا الضوء اللي بيصبط عليه، لازم
+
+295
+00:19:19,350 --> 00:19:25,690
+جسم الشامعة يعكس الضوء، تمام؟ يعكس الضوء، اذا عشان
+
+296
+00:19:25,690 --> 00:19:31,420
+أشوف أي object في الدنيالازم يكون إما مضيق بذاته
+
+297
+00:19:31,420 --> 00:19:35,320
+produce their own light ينتج ضوء خاص بنفسه زي
+
+298
+00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:40,820
+الشمس زي الشمعة زي النار زي أي إشي مضيقIf not ..
+
+299
+00:19:40,820 --> 00:19:45,060
+طب إذا هو مش مضيق كيف أنا بقدر أشوفه لازم يكون فيه
+
+300
+00:19:45,060 --> 00:19:50,940
+صفتين تانيات أول صفة منه illuminated مضاء و
+
+301
+00:19:50,940 --> 00:19:55,120
+reflective عاكس إيش يعني مضاء و عاكس؟ يعني جسم
+
+302
+00:19:55,120 --> 00:19:57,960
+الإنسان لما بيقف أمام المرأة و المرأة تعتبر
+
+303
+00:19:57,960 --> 00:20:01,620
+optical system بدي يسقط عليه ضوء النهار سواء ضوء
+
+304
+00:20:01,620 --> 00:20:06,440
+غرفة ضوء شمس إلى آخره إذا صار illuminated صار مضاء
+
+305
+00:20:07,590 --> 00:20:10,870
+not luminous, luminous is dimmed, illuminated is
+
+306
+00:20:10,870 --> 00:20:15,050
+dimmed So illuminated is not enough, it is not
+
+307
+00:20:15,050 --> 00:20:17,350
+enough that it is dimmed, it must be reflected
+
+308
+00:20:17,350 --> 00:20:20,030
+Reflected so that the light that falls on it
+
+309
+00:20:20,030 --> 00:20:23,530
+reflects from his body towards the mirror or
+
+310
+00:20:23,530 --> 00:20:26,250
+towards the lens or towards any optical system
+
+311
+00:20:26,250 --> 00:20:31,010
+What is our proof of that? A person walks in the
+
+312
+00:20:31,010 --> 00:20:35,730
+market in front of a storefrontglass, very clean,
+
+313
+00:20:36,490 --> 00:20:39,170
+very shiny, sometimes you imagine that the glass
+
+314
+00:20:39,170 --> 00:20:43,570
+is not there So what happened? What happened is
+
+315
+00:20:43,570 --> 00:20:46,770
+that the light of the sun or of the day fell on
+
+316
+00:20:46,770 --> 00:20:50,790
+the clean, shiny glass and so on and pierced it
+
+317
+00:20:50,790 --> 00:20:55,250
+and nothing was reflected from itهذا الجزاز اللي
+
+318
+00:20:55,250 --> 00:20:58,930
+مانعكسش منه أي شيء لما أنا بتطلع بعيني مانعكس من
+
+319
+00:20:58,930 --> 00:21:02,770
+الجزاز، من واجهة الزجاجية أو من اللوح الجزاز،
+
+320
+00:21:02,770 --> 00:21:06,730
+مانعكس باتجاه عيني، فهتخيل أنه مافيش حاجة عشان
+
+321
+00:21:06,730 --> 00:21:10,130
+أشوف الجزاز لازم يعكس جزء من الأشعة اللي اخترقته،
+
+322
+00:21:10,130 --> 00:21:13,870
+يعكس جزء ولو بسيط باتجاه عيني عشان أشعر أنه فيه
+
+323
+00:21:13,870 --> 00:21:18,590
+جزاز موجود وبالتالي ضروري جدا الجسم إما يكون مضيق
+
+324
+00:21:18,590 --> 00:21:22,410
+بذاته أو مضاء وعاكس أو مضاء وعاكس
+
+325
+00:21:25,290 --> 00:21:27,730
+The properties of objects have two properties,
+
+326
+00:21:28,270 --> 00:21:32,450
+location and luminosity. Location is its location
+
+327
+00:21:32,450 --> 00:21:36,960
+for the optical systemFor the optical system, for
+
+328
+00:21:36,960 --> 00:21:40,200
+the camera, or the camera machine, which is the
+
+329
+00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:43,320
+lens, or the pinhole, or the mirror, or whatever
+
+330
+00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:46,960
+So location is the first attribute I describe the
+
+331
+00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:48,900
+object in, the second attribute is luminosity, I
+
+332
+00:21:48,900 --> 00:21:53,820
+want to say that the body is distracted by itself,
+
+333
+00:21:54,620 --> 00:21:57,040
+or I say distracted and opposite, that's how I
+
+334
+00:21:57,040 --> 00:22:00,760
+make a complete description of the objectWe come
+
+335
+00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:04,800
+here and apply these words to the drawing. Here we
+
+336
+00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:07,520
+say if I want to talk about the object, which is
+
+337
+00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:09,980
+the candle, I say .. let's talk about the flame of
+
+338
+00:22:09,980 --> 00:22:11,520
+the candle and forget about the body of the
+
+339
+00:22:11,520 --> 00:22:14,080
+candle, we say .. the flame of the candle as a
+
+340
+00:22:14,080 --> 00:22:18,380
+body is narrowed by itself, this is one thing. The
+
+341
+00:22:18,380 --> 00:22:20,340
+second thing is that it is away from the optical
+
+342
+00:22:20,340 --> 00:22:24,200
+system 20 centimeters. Okay, let's talk only about
+
+343
+00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:26,800
+the body of the candle. We say .. the body of the
+
+344
+00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:28,420
+candle, the first attribute is away from 20
+
+345
+00:22:28,420 --> 00:22:31,790
+centimetersطلب لها بالشمع عشرين صنطي، هذا أيضا
+
+346
+00:22:31,790 --> 00:22:35,390
+عشرين صنطي، اذا في الموقع التانين، نفرض هدول جسمين
+
+347
+00:22:35,390 --> 00:22:39,830
+مختلفين، نفرض جدلا ان هدول جسمين مختلفين، هذا مضيق
+
+348
+00:22:39,830 --> 00:22:45,510
+بذاته يبعد عشرين صنطي، هذا أيضا يبعد عشرين صنطي،
+
+349
+00:22:45,510 --> 00:22:50,050
+ولكنه مضاء وعاكس، مضاء وعاكس، اش اللي عرفنا انه
+
+350
+00:22:50,050 --> 00:22:54,230
+مضاء وعاكس، هتكونله صورة هنا، لو ماتكوناتلوش صورة
+
+351
+00:22:54,230 --> 00:22:58,860
+هنا، معناته احنا مش شايفينه، طب احنا شايفينهOkay,
+
+352
+00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:01,980
+do you see how we forget this optical system? We
+
+353
+00:23:01,980 --> 00:23:04,160
+look at it with our eyes, and our eyes also have
+
+354
+00:23:04,160 --> 00:23:06,280
+another optical system, other than this optical
+
+355
+00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:09,120
+system As long as we see it with our eyes, it
+
+356
+00:23:09,120 --> 00:23:12,240
+means it fell on the body of the candle and
+
+357
+00:23:12,240 --> 00:23:14,820
+reflected towards the eye, the eye has an optical
+
+358
+00:23:14,820 --> 00:23:17,600
+system, the cornea and the lens, okay? And what is
+
+359
+00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:22,150
+the reception paper for the eye?اللي هي الشبكية,
+
+360
+00:23:22,450 --> 00:23:25,630
+احنا بنحكي عن العين ك optical system بنقصد فيه
+
+361
+00:23:25,630 --> 00:23:30,310
+القرانية و العدسة اللي هم بيشتغلوا كعدسات بيجمعوا
+
+362
+00:23:30,310 --> 00:23:35,690
+الإضاءة و الشبكية هي ورقة تلقي لل image و هيك احنا
+
+363
+00:23:35,690 --> 00:23:39,610
+بنتوقف عند ال image characteristics اللي هنحكي
+
+364
+00:23:39,610 --> 00:23:42,690
+عنها المرة القادمة و يعطيكوا العافية و السلام
+
+365
+00:23:42,690 --> 00:23:44,110
+عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/4bzN82L3BD0_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,760 @@
+1
+00:00:01,430 --> 00:00:04,870
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عنا مسألة ع موضوع ال
+
+2
+00:00:04,870 --> 00:00:09,630
+virtual object ع موضوع ال virtual object عندي عدسة
+
+3
+00:00:09,630 --> 00:00:14,070
+قوتها plus 5 و نص diopter يقف أمامها على الشمال
+
+4
+00:00:14,070 --> 00:00:17,530
+على بعد عشرين سانتي object first object ريال
+
+5
+00:00:17,530 --> 00:00:21,640
+objectthen there is a meter with a lens with a
+
+6
+00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:24,700
+power of plus one diopter which requires the final
+
+7
+00:00:24,700 --> 00:00:28,160
+image and the total transfer magnification we go
+
+8
+00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:31,180
+back to our rule, dealing with each lens one by
+
+9
+00:00:31,180 --> 00:00:36,280
+one dealing with each lens one by one we will
+
+10
+00:00:36,280 --> 00:00:38,500
+separate this and
+
+11
+00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:47,820
+We will deal with each lens one by one, we say as
+
+12
+00:00:47,820 --> 00:00:56,360
+follows Deal
+
+13
+00:00:56,360 --> 00:01:01,400
+with the first lens, a body 20 cm away from it,
+
+14
+00:01:01,760 --> 00:01:06,100
+we say U is equal to minus N by O
+
+15
+00:01:08,850 --> 00:01:13,630
+ليش ناقص لإن الضوء divergent ويساوي ناقص واحد على
+
+16
+00:01:13,630 --> 00:01:17,470
+العشرين سانتي اللي هي مسافة ال object اللي هي
+
+17
+00:01:17,470 --> 00:01:22,050
+اتنين من عشرة متر ويساوي
+
+18
+00:01:22,050 --> 00:01:28,090
+ناقص خمسة والمتر في المقام بيطلع بيصير متر و ناقص
+
+19
+00:01:28,090 --> 00:01:34,610
+واحد يعني ديوتر إذا ال U ال U ناقص خمسة ديوتر
+
+20
+00:01:37,010 --> 00:01:41,170
+minus 5 diopter put it on the front surface of the
+
+21
+00:01:41,170 --> 00:01:46,070
+lens the
+
+22
+00:01:46,070 --> 00:01:50,350
+light reached a wavelength of 5 diopter wavelength
+
+23
+00:01:50,350 --> 00:01:54,470
+of 5 diopter the power of the lens is 5.5 how much
+
+24
+00:01:54,470 --> 00:01:58,250
+power will remain with the lens to collect this
+
+25
+00:01:58,250 --> 00:02:01,090
+light we will go to the equation of the fin lens
+
+26
+00:02:01,090 --> 00:02:09,750
+equation which is u plus power equalsthe U minus 5
+
+27
+00:02:09,750 --> 00:02:20,030
+diopter and the power plus 5.5 diopter equals
+
+28
+00:02:20,030 --> 00:02:28,270
+V so V equals plus 0.5 diopter plus 0.5 means it
+
+29
+00:02:28,270 --> 00:02:32,750
+remains with the lens 0.5 diopterThis plus and a
+
+30
+00:02:32,750 --> 00:02:34,510
+half means that the light will come out as a
+
+31
+00:02:34,510 --> 00:02:38,350
+cluster after it was scattered inside in the
+
+32
+00:02:38,350 --> 00:02:44,050
+amount of plus and a half diodes This is what we
+
+33
+00:02:44,050 --> 00:02:53,130
+put on the back of the lens Now,
+
+34
+00:02:53,850 --> 00:02:56,570
+as long as the light is a cluster, thenIt will
+
+35
+00:02:56,570 --> 00:02:59,250
+give me a real picture. I want to know where the
+
+36
+00:02:59,250 --> 00:03:03,050
+air is in the vacuum. We say V is equal to
+
+37
+00:03:03,050 --> 00:03:09,970
+conditional on I So
+
+38
+00:03:09,970 --> 00:03:19,430
+I is equal to conditional on V And it is equal to
+
+39
+00:03:19,430 --> 00:03:24,210
+conditional one, we are in the air, on V plus half
+
+40
+00:03:24,210 --> 00:03:24,830
+a diopter
+
+41
+00:03:31,360 --> 00:03:37,220
+ويساوي واحد ع plus نص plus اتنين والديوبتر متر او
+
+42
+00:03:37,220 --> 00:03:41,080
+ناقص واحد في المقام لما بيطلع لفوق بيسير متر اذا
+
+43
+00:03:41,080 --> 00:03:45,320
+الصورة ع بعد اتنين متر لليمين طالما plus اذا
+
+44
+00:03:45,320 --> 00:03:49,500
+لليمين من العدسة العدسة مين الأولى احنا بنتعامل مع
+
+45
+00:03:49,500 --> 00:03:54,300
+العدسة الأولى اذا plus اتنين متر لازم احط موقع
+
+46
+00:03:54,300 --> 00:03:58,740
+الصورة المسافة بين العدسة الأولى و التانية مترBut
+
+47
+00:03:58,740 --> 00:04:02,640
+the picture of the first lens is two meters away
+
+48
+00:04:02,640 --> 00:04:05,040
+from the first lens. So it needs a meter here and
+
+49
+00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:13,380
+another meter and another meter. So I
+
+50
+00:04:13,380 --> 00:04:16,820
+will take the picture awayanother meter from the
+
+51
+00:04:16,820 --> 00:04:19,480
+second lens because it is two meters away from the
+
+52
+00:04:19,480 --> 00:04:22,580
+first lens and I will flip the picture, why?
+
+53
+00:04:22,620 --> 00:04:25,980
+because the picture will look twisted as we will
+
+54
+00:04:25,980 --> 00:04:29,460
+see later if you notice I drew a big picture on
+
+55
+00:04:29,460 --> 00:04:33,060
+the end we
+
+56
+00:04:33,060 --> 00:04:37,700
+will know why in a while drawing sometimes helps a
+
+57
+00:04:37,700 --> 00:04:45,960
+lot in a person to reach a resultهي على بعد متر من
+
+58
+00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:49,260
+العدسة التانية وعبعد مترين من العدسة الأولى اللى
+
+59
+00:04:49,260 --> 00:04:52,120
+كونتها هنا واحد متر
+
+60
+00:04:58,640 --> 00:05:02,240
+we will make the color of the image blue and the
+
+61
+00:05:02,240 --> 00:05:04,420
+color of the body blue and the lens blue to say
+
+62
+00:05:04,420 --> 00:05:07,720
+this is the picture of the first lens this is the
+
+63
+00:05:07,720 --> 00:05:10,800
+picture of the first lens why I drew it in a very
+
+64
+00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:13,060
+big way we will know from the transference
+
+65
+00:05:13,060 --> 00:05:15,480
+magnification why it is big and why it is twisted
+
+66
+00:05:15,480 --> 00:05:21,000
+we say TM1 we
+
+67
+00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:21,860
+go back to the
+
+68
+00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:44,200
+TM1 is equal to U over V is equal to U minus 5
+
+69
+00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:54,920
+diopter and V plus half diopter is
+
+70
+00:05:54,920 --> 00:06:00,140
+equal toMinus on plus, of course X because it's
+
+71
+00:06:00,140 --> 00:06:05,160
+big Minus, minus on plus, minus Five on half, ten
+
+72
+00:06:05,160 --> 00:06:09,920
+I get X minus ten and the diopter with the diopter
+
+73
+00:06:09,920 --> 00:06:16,060
+goes Let's give it another color
+
+74
+00:06:16,060 --> 00:06:21,940
+Let's
+
+75
+00:06:21,940 --> 00:06:23,280
+say, then
+
+76
+00:06:29,420 --> 00:06:33,280
+x minus 10, the first picture is bigger than its
+
+77
+00:06:33,280 --> 00:06:37,100
+body by 10 times and it is upside down compared to
+
+78
+00:06:37,100 --> 00:06:40,800
+it and it is upside down compared to it we .. the
+
+79
+00:06:40,800 --> 00:06:43,300
+.. the .. the view is supposed to be handy in the
+
+80
+00:06:43,300 --> 00:06:52,000
+following way when
+
+81
+00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:54,060
+I start dealing with each lens one by one
+
+82
+00:07:09,250 --> 00:07:12,850
+It should look like what we see. It's one lens,
+
+83
+00:07:13,470 --> 00:07:17,390
+one body and one image. Now that we're done with
+
+84
+00:07:17,390 --> 00:07:20,870
+the first lens, we want to deal with the second
+
+85
+00:07:20,870 --> 00:07:21,490
+lens.
+
+86
+00:07:29,180 --> 00:07:33,220
+this is my second lens and this is my body which
+
+87
+00:07:33,220 --> 00:07:36,820
+is the first lens image but the light will come
+
+88
+00:07:36,820 --> 00:07:42,860
+out divergent from the first lens towards the
+
+89
+00:07:42,860 --> 00:07:48,120
+formation of an image towards
+
+90
+00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:52,060
+the formation of an image this image before it
+
+91
+00:07:52,060 --> 00:07:54,700
+catches up it becomes a real image because of the
+
+92
+00:07:54,700 --> 00:07:59,590
+light because of the v in the plusbecause the V is
+
+93
+00:07:59,590 --> 00:08:04,430
+in the plus sign Before it was formed here, it
+
+94
+00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:07,070
+collided in the surface of the other lens and it
+
+95
+00:08:07,070 --> 00:08:10,250
+is convergent So as long as it is convergent, then
+
+96
+00:08:10,250 --> 00:08:12,810
+the U is in the plus sign, so the body of this
+
+97
+00:08:12,810 --> 00:08:16,930
+lens is virtual Why virtual? Because the real body
+
+98
+00:08:16,930 --> 00:08:20,210
+is alwaysAlways, whether it's a real thing or a
+
+99
+00:08:20,210 --> 00:08:23,790
+picture taken by a divergent light, if it reaches
+
+100
+00:08:23,790 --> 00:08:26,870
+the surface in front of the lens, a divergent
+
+101
+00:08:26,870 --> 00:08:30,530
+light, then the object is real, this lens If it
+
+102
+00:08:30,530 --> 00:08:32,630
+reaches a convergent light, then the object of
+
+103
+00:08:32,630 --> 00:08:40,980
+this lensSo the light will reach the
+
+104
+00:08:40,980 --> 00:08:49,640
+front of the
+
+105
+00:08:49,640 --> 00:08:53,220
+lens convergent from this body
+
+106
+00:09:04,430 --> 00:09:10,490
+one plus one equals plus one over one why plus?
+
+107
+00:09:11,070 --> 00:09:14,550
+because the light is convergent it will clash on
+
+108
+00:09:14,550 --> 00:09:16,970
+the surface, this is convergent and not divergent
+
+109
+00:09:16,970 --> 00:09:19,630
+and when the light is convergent, we give it a
+
+110
+00:09:19,630 --> 00:09:22,030
+plus sign and when it is divergent, we give it a
+
+111
+00:09:22,030 --> 00:09:28,190
+minus sign we say plus one over the distance of
+
+112
+00:09:28,190 --> 00:09:30,270
+the object how much? the object of the lens will
+
+113
+00:09:30,270 --> 00:09:34,360
+have a distance of how much? one meter plus one
+
+114
+00:09:34,360 --> 00:09:46,120
+meter y
+
+115
+00:09:46,120 --> 00:09:54,900
+equals plus
+
+116
+00:09:54,900 --> 00:10:03,930
+one diopter plus one diopterSo, U plus one diode
+
+117
+00:10:03,930 --> 00:10:11,970
+The
+
+118
+00:10:11,970 --> 00:10:15,270
+front surface of the lens will light up by
+
+119
+00:10:15,270 --> 00:10:20,190
+collecting one diode The lens will find a
+
+120
+00:10:20,190 --> 00:10:23,450
+collector and will put its power with it The
+
+121
+00:10:23,450 --> 00:10:25,210
+collector of the light will increase in its
+
+122
+00:10:25,210 --> 00:10:28,310
+collection So, according to the thin lens equation
+
+123
+00:10:29,300 --> 00:10:36,960
+u plus power equals vthe u plus one diopter plus
+
+124
+00:10:36,960 --> 00:10:44,360
+the power one diopter equals v so v equals plus
+
+125
+00:10:44,360 --> 00:10:49,240
+two diopters plus two diopters v equals plus two
+
+126
+00:10:49,240 --> 00:10:53,360
+diopters now we have to write the back side of the
+
+127
+00:10:53,360 --> 00:10:57,600
+lens that the light was inside the one diopter
+
+128
+00:10:57,600 --> 00:10:59,740
+cluster and came out of the two diopters cluster
+
+129
+00:11:05,770 --> 00:11:07,830
+As long as the light comes out as a cluster, it
+
+130
+00:11:07,830 --> 00:11:14,730
+will form a real picture Where it is, we say V is
+
+131
+00:11:14,730 --> 00:11:21,810
+equal to conditional on I So
+
+132
+00:11:21,810 --> 00:11:29,670
+I is equal to conditional on V And
+
+133
+00:11:29,670 --> 00:11:38,930
+it is equal to 1 over plus 2 diopterIt is equal to
+
+134
+00:11:38,930 --> 00:11:43,910
+plus one by two and a half And how can a meter be
+
+135
+00:11:43,910 --> 00:11:46,510
+minus one when it turns out to be plus half a
+
+136
+00:11:46,510 --> 00:11:46,770
+meter?
+
+137
+00:11:50,270 --> 00:11:59,010
+One moment So
+
+138
+00:11:59,010 --> 00:12:05,230
+plus half a meter This
+
+139
+00:12:05,230 --> 00:12:06,210
+is the distance of the number image
+
+140
+00:12:09,220 --> 00:12:13,260
+So it's half a meter away from the lens. We'll
+
+141
+00:12:13,260 --> 00:12:17,180
+draw it with the yellow color, which is the
+
+142
+00:12:17,180 --> 00:12:19,620
+picture of the lens, which is the final picture
+
+143
+00:12:50,220 --> 00:12:55,420
+that's how our final image became complete here
+
+144
+00:12:55,420 --> 00:13:00,200
+the distance is half meter which
+
+145
+00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:11,900
+is 50 cm square of
+
+146
+00:13:11,900 --> 00:13:15,810
+course the imagecommon how common if it is under
+
+147
+00:13:15,810 --> 00:13:18,090
+the optical lattice? common with respect to its
+
+148
+00:13:18,090 --> 00:13:21,070
+body this is its body which is the shape of the
+
+149
+00:13:21,070 --> 00:13:23,450
+first lens let's calculate the second transphase
+
+150
+00:13:23,450 --> 00:13:36,690
+magnification Tm2
+
+151
+00:13:36,690 --> 00:13:41,450
+equals U over V equals
+
+152
+00:13:42,980 --> 00:13:49,280
+the u plus one is greater than the v plus two is
+
+153
+00:13:49,280 --> 00:13:56,640
+greater than and equals x plus on plus plus and
+
+154
+00:13:56,640 --> 00:14:01,780
+one on two and a half x plus half means the
+
+155
+00:14:01,780 --> 00:14:05,100
+picture is regular like a body the body is going
+
+156
+00:14:05,100 --> 00:14:07,700
+down so it is regular like it
+
+157
+00:14:17,130 --> 00:14:22,670
+وجد نص ارتفاع و جد نص ارتفاع Now we have to
+
+158
+00:14:22,670 --> 00:14:26,830
+calculate the total TM Total
+
+159
+00:14:45,080 --> 00:14:53,600
+Tm is equal to Tm1 times Tm2 Tm1 minus 10 times
+
+160
+00:14:53,600 --> 00:15:00,040
+Tm2 plus half is
+
+161
+00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:09,900
+equal to x minus 5 x minus 5 What does Tm total
+
+162
+00:15:09,900 --> 00:15:11,360
+mean? x minus 5
+
+163
+00:15:20,320 --> 00:15:23,120
+Total x minus 5 is the final picture
+
+164
+00:15:26,570 --> 00:15:30,110
+Turned upside down for the first object, five
+
+165
+00:15:30,110 --> 00:15:34,090
+times its height If its height is five, five
+
+166
+00:15:34,090 --> 00:15:36,870
+centimeters, the final image is twenty-five
+
+167
+00:15:36,870 --> 00:15:40,350
+centimeters If it is ten centimeters, it is fifty
+
+168
+00:15:40,350 --> 00:15:42,910
+centimeters, five times the height of the first
+
+169
+00:15:42,910 --> 00:15:47,610
+body This is how the problem ends If someone asks
+
+170
+00:15:47,610 --> 00:15:51,730
+me, for example, we have two images and two bodies
+
+171
+00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:56,120
+الصورة الأولى جسم للعدسة التانية وطبعا و الجسم
+
+172
+00:15:56,120 --> 00:16:00,580
+الأول ما هو جسم مش صورة الجسم الأول و الجسم التانى
+
+173
+00:16:00,580 --> 00:16:06,660
+مين فيهم virtual و مين فيهم real بنقول بنطلع على
+
+174
+00:16:06,660 --> 00:16:11,750
+ال U ال U هنا minus إذا إن هذا الجسم حقيقيالـU هنا
+
+175
+00:16:11,750 --> 00:16:17,410
+plus معناته هذا الجسم virtual، تخيلي، طيب الصورتين
+
+176
+00:16:17,410 --> 00:16:21,970
+حقيقيات ولا تخيليات؟ بنبطلع على ال V، إذا ال V في
+
+177
+00:16:21,970 --> 00:16:24,710
+ال plus، هى ال V بتاعة العدسة الأولى في ال plus،
+
+178
+00:16:24,710 --> 00:16:28,390
+إذا الصورة الأولى realوال V هنا في ال plus إذا
+
+179
+00:16:28,390 --> 00:16:33,490
+الصورة هذه أيضا real إذا الصورتين real بس الجسمين
+
+180
+00:16:33,490 --> 00:16:37,710
+واحد حقيقي واحد تخيلي طيب نيجي نحكي عن الصورة
+
+181
+00:16:37,710 --> 00:16:41,770
+الأولى هل هي صورة حقيقية؟ أه صورة حقيقية لإن ال V
+
+182
+00:16:41,770 --> 00:16:46,990
+ال V plus V plus يعني الأشياء هتتجمع إذا هتتجمع في
+
+183
+00:16:46,990 --> 00:16:51,590
+صورة حقيقية، هاي صورة العدسة الأولىهي صورة حقيقية
+
+184
+00:16:51,590 --> 00:16:56,090
+و لكنها في نفس الوقت جسم تخيلي، ليش جسم تخيلي؟ لأن
+
+185
+00:16:56,090 --> 00:17:01,490
+الأشعة اللي رايحة تكون هذه الصورة و هي رايحة و
+
+186
+00:17:01,490 --> 00:17:04,390
+متجمعة، ضربت في العدسة التانية، إذا هتضرب و هي
+
+187
+00:17:04,390 --> 00:17:09,390
+متجمعة، مش و هي متفارقة، إذا الصورة الأولى صورة
+
+188
+00:17:09,390 --> 00:17:14,410
+حقيقية و في نفس الوقت جسم تخيلي، جسم تخيلي، هيك
+
+189
+00:17:14,410 --> 00:17:17,330
+بتنتهي المسألة و يعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+190
+00:17:17,330 --> 00:17:19,110
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/4iidAXN1jGY_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2220 @@
+1
+00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:04,500
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنكمل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,500 --> 00:00:09,220
+Geometric Optics واتحدثنا المرة الماضية عن كيف ال
+
+3
+00:00:09,220 --> 00:00:14,300
+astigmatic lens أو ال spherical lens بتكون صورة
+
+4
+00:00:14,300 --> 00:00:19,500
+فرقية عبارة عن conoid of a star لكل نقطة من نقاط
+
+5
+00:00:19,500 --> 00:00:22,940
+ال objectAnd we learned how to determine the first
+
+6
+00:00:22,940 --> 00:00:25,880
+focal line and the second focal line and the
+
+7
+00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:30,040
+location of the circle of least confusion Now we
+
+8
+00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:34,540
+will talk more about the astigmatic lens or the
+
+9
+00:00:34,540 --> 00:00:37,520
+spherocylindrical lens and we will say why we call
+
+10
+00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:40,580
+astigmatic lens sometimes or most of the time
+
+11
+00:00:40,580 --> 00:00:45,100
+spherocylindrical lens First of all, its name
+
+12
+00:00:45,100 --> 00:00:48,340
+astigmatic lens astigmatic lens means lens that
+
+13
+00:00:48,340 --> 00:00:51,860
+does not give meit doesn't give me a stigmatic
+
+14
+00:00:51,860 --> 00:00:55,260
+imaging but the image itself is more stigmatic
+
+15
+00:00:55,260 --> 00:01:00,500
+because the meridians have different forces but
+
+16
+00:01:00,500 --> 00:01:04,420
+the difference in force is regular and expected
+
+17
+00:01:04,420 --> 00:01:07,600
+from a weaker meridian to a stronger meridian and
+
+18
+00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:09,800
+what's between them is the average force or from a
+
+19
+00:01:09,800 --> 00:01:13,360
+stronger meridian to a weaker meridian Why did we
+
+20
+00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:13,540
+name it?
+
+21
+00:01:23,070 --> 00:01:27,590
+The simplest form of astigmatic lens is a
+
+22
+00:01:27,590 --> 00:01:29,030
+planocylindrical lens
+
+23
+00:01:33,860 --> 00:01:37,440
+What gives me Conoid of Sturb is called
+
+24
+00:01:37,440 --> 00:01:43,340
+Planocylindrical Lens, either Planoplus
+
+25
+00:01:43,340 --> 00:01:51,240
+or Planominus, as this view shows Let's
+
+26
+00:01:51,240 --> 00:01:56,220
+go to the magnifying glass This is my Planoconvex,
+
+27
+00:01:56,580 --> 00:02:01,960
+this is called PlanoplusCurved from one side, this
+
+28
+00:02:01,960 --> 00:02:04,540
+surface is curved, and the back surface that we
+
+29
+00:02:04,540 --> 00:02:07,800
+don't see is flat, that's why it's called plano
+
+30
+00:02:07,800 --> 00:02:12,060
+convex Of course, every cylindrical lens has axis,
+
+31
+00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:15,660
+it has a vertical axis, as we see in the drawing,
+
+32
+00:02:15,780 --> 00:02:19,420
+which is the dotted line When you enter the beam
+
+33
+00:02:19,420 --> 00:02:22,600
+of rays in it, when you enter the beam of rays in
+
+34
+00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:27,360
+itIt makes focal line, not focal point, focal
+
+35
+00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:33,840
+line, not focal point, so consequently I have a
+
+36
+00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:37,500
+focal line, focal line, whether the optical band
+
+37
+00:02:37,500 --> 00:02:41,200
+came horizontally or vertically, it makes a focal
+
+38
+00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:48,480
+line, this focal lineالو اتجاه معين في الفرار الو
+
+39
+00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:51,740
+اتجاه معين في الفرار What is the direction? The
+
+40
+00:02:51,740 --> 00:02:54,480
+direction is in line with the axis of the cylinder
+
+41
+00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:58,040
+عمودي على اتجاه قوة السليندر عمودي على اتجاه قوة
+
+42
+00:02:58,040 --> 00:02:58,220
+السليندر The force of the cylinder is the force of
+
+43
+00:02:58,220 --> 00:03:00,620
+the cylinder قوة السليندر قوة السليندر The force
+
+44
+00:03:00,620 --> 00:03:01,040
+of the cylinder is the force of the cylinder يعني
+
+45
+00:03:01,040 --> 00:03:04,340
+لو جونا جديش القوة على هذا المحور اللي متفق مع ال
+
+46
+00:03:04,340 --> 00:03:05,080
+axis الصفر يعني if we say how much force is on
+
+47
+00:03:05,080 --> 00:03:05,080
+this axis which is in line with the axis zero
+
+48
+00:03:05,080 --> 00:03:08,740
+بينما الانحناع على عمودي while the inclination is
+
+49
+00:03:08,740 --> 00:03:10,490
+perpendicular to the axison the direction of the
+
+50
+00:03:10,490 --> 00:03:12,150
+cylinder. The direction of the cylinder here is
+
+51
+00:03:12,150 --> 00:03:14,590
+vertical, so the force of the cylinder is
+
+52
+00:03:14,590 --> 00:03:16,570
+horizontal. The force of the cylinder is
+
+53
+00:03:16,570 --> 00:03:18,490
+horizontal because these rays that come
+
+54
+00:03:18,490 --> 00:03:22,050
+horizontally are collected in a way .. in a way ..
+
+55
+00:03:22,050 --> 00:03:25,870
+that is, each horizontal axis acts as if it is a
+
+56
+00:03:25,870 --> 00:03:28,130
+lens for itself. So this is the horizontal axis.
+
+57
+00:03:28,410 --> 00:03:31,350
+The beam of the horizontal rays collected the rays
+
+58
+00:03:31,350 --> 00:03:33,850
+in a point here, the next beam collected it in a
+
+59
+00:03:33,850 --> 00:03:36,330
+point here, the next beam collected it in a point
+
+60
+00:03:36,330 --> 00:03:41,310
+hereطبعا هذه الحزم هي أمثلة وإنما مليئة بالحزم
+
+61
+00:03:41,310 --> 00:03:45,890
+فبالتالي بيصير عندي focal line لو .. لو يعني حبيت
+
+62
+00:03:45,890 --> 00:03:49,310
+أعرف مكانه في القرار هذا ال focal line هلاحظ أنه
+
+63
+00:03:49,310 --> 00:03:54,110
+باتجاه ال axis بتاع ال cylinder .. بتجاه ال axis
+
+64
+00:03:54,110 --> 00:03:57,990
+بتاع ال cylinder فبالتالي هذه القضية بدأتكون
+
+65
+00:03:57,990 --> 00:03:59,050
+مفهومة هنا
+
+66
+00:04:04,190 --> 00:04:08,790
+الاشعع اللي دخلت أو حزم الأشعع اللي دخلت .. حزم
+
+67
+00:04:08,790 --> 00:04:13,230
+الأشعع اللي اتدخلت اتشتتت، اذا الصورة virtual على
+
+68
+00:04:13,230 --> 00:04:19,130
+امتدادات الأشعع هتعطيني أيضا vertical lineis
+
+69
+00:04:19,130 --> 00:04:24,150
+aligned with the axis of the cylinder regardless
+
+70
+00:04:24,150 --> 00:04:27,530
+of whether the pencil of light is horizontal or
+
+71
+00:04:27,530 --> 00:04:32,090
+vertical as we see in the picture virtual also in
+
+72
+00:04:32,090 --> 00:04:34,130
+the form of a focal line in the form of a focal
+
+73
+00:04:34,130 --> 00:04:39,350
+line here is an example of a plano-convex and a
+
+74
+00:04:39,350 --> 00:04:42,230
+plano-concave cylinder if we took a rectangular
+
+75
+00:04:42,230 --> 00:04:44,030
+piece of it there would be a surface of it and the
+
+76
+00:04:44,030 --> 00:04:48,280
+bottom surface is flat and the surfaceبالسطح ال ..
+
+77
+00:04:48,280 --> 00:04:53,380
+ال .. الأعلى هنا محدد فإذا هي plano convex هنا
+
+78
+00:04:53,380 --> 00:04:57,280
+plano السطح الأسفل concave plano concave
+
+79
+00:04:57,280 --> 00:05:01,540
+cylindrical lens طبعا هذه أبسط نوع من الastigmatic
+
+80
+00:05:01,540 --> 00:05:06,560
+lens طبعا كل astigmatic lens سواء plano cylinder
+
+81
+00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:09,800
+أو مش plano أو sphero cylinder أو sphero cylinder
+
+82
+00:05:11,070 --> 00:05:16,610
+It has axis, it has axis, so this axis, this axis,
+
+83
+00:05:16,910 --> 00:05:19,570
+as I point out here, it comes in length, and here
+
+84
+00:05:19,570 --> 00:05:22,410
+this axis also comes in length. The force of the
+
+85
+00:05:22,410 --> 00:05:28,390
+planus cylinderAlong the axis is zero. قوة الـ
+
+86
+00:05:28,390 --> 00:05:31,890
+planar .. يعني لا تعمل كعدسة، okay؟ إنها صفر، يعني
+
+87
+00:05:31,890 --> 00:05:35,410
+.. يعني الأشعة .. الأشعة .. لو تصورنا أشعة ضوئية
+
+88
+00:05:35,410 --> 00:05:38,550
+هتدخل من النقطة هاي ونقطة هاي ونقطة هاي ونقطة هاي
+
+89
+00:05:38,550 --> 00:05:42,030
+ونقطة هاي، لن يحدث لها شيءOn the other hand, a ray
+
+90
+00:05:42,030 --> 00:05:46,790
+of light enters vertically towards the axis, this
+
+91
+00:05:46,790 --> 00:05:48,650
+is what will become either convergence or
+
+92
+00:05:48,650 --> 00:05:51,290
+divergence, depending on the type of light. If the
+
+93
+00:05:51,290 --> 00:05:54,890
+light enters in a curve, it will also have a
+
+94
+00:05:54,890 --> 00:05:55,450
+refraction.
+
+95
+00:05:58,160 --> 00:06:02,380
+applied to the axis of the cylinder, nothing will
+
+96
+00:06:02,380 --> 00:06:07,560
+happen to it, nothing will happen to it, so this
+
+97
+00:06:07,560 --> 00:06:14,600
+is something that we must know, we must know it I
+
+98
+00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:18,580
+also have an example of that, I also have an
+
+99
+00:06:18,580 --> 00:06:25,860
+example of that, we want to see the raysthe object
+
+100
+00:06:25,860 --> 00:06:30,720
+is represented by cross this is object and this is
+
+101
+00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:36,280
+plano convex cylinder why did they choose cross
+
+102
+00:06:36,280 --> 00:06:39,260
+object here? because a belt, this horizontal belt
+
+103
+00:06:39,260 --> 00:06:44,140
+that I'm pointing at will enter the cylinder
+
+104
+00:06:44,140 --> 00:06:47,700
+aligned to the axis this is the horizontal axis of
+
+105
+00:06:47,700 --> 00:06:51,580
+the cylinder coming if I go back to draw it to
+
+106
+00:06:51,580 --> 00:06:52,100
+make it clear
+
+107
+00:06:55,170 --> 00:06:57,250
+Or let's draw a rectangle in the direction of the
+
+108
+00:06:57,250 --> 00:07:01,590
+arrow And
+
+109
+00:07:01,590 --> 00:07:07,110
+adjust it after that This
+
+110
+00:07:07,110 --> 00:07:09,950
+is the axis of the cylinder This is the axis of
+
+111
+00:07:09,950 --> 00:07:13,750
+the cylinder So the horizontal axis, let's draw it
+
+112
+00:07:13,750 --> 00:07:19,850
+reddish And with dotted points To distinguish it
+
+113
+00:07:19,850 --> 00:07:25,980
+from ... This is the axis of the cylinderWe say
+
+114
+00:07:25,980 --> 00:07:29,100
+the longitudinal axis to the plano .. to the plano
+
+115
+00:07:29,100 --> 00:07:32,360
+convex or the cylindrical lens to the plus
+
+116
+00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:36,160
+cylindrical lens They chose here in this example
+
+117
+00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:38,940
+that the object should have a cross, why? Because
+
+118
+00:07:38,940 --> 00:07:43,120
+if someone pushes the cross, the rays from him
+
+119
+00:07:43,120 --> 00:07:46,280
+will be a horizontal line applied to the
+
+120
+00:07:46,280 --> 00:07:49,900
+cylindrical lens Let's see what happened here in
+
+121
+00:07:49,900 --> 00:07:53,640
+the pictureNo matter how big the image is, the
+
+122
+00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:56,560
+image here is the same size, the same size, the
+
+123
+00:07:56,560 --> 00:07:58,260
+horizontal arm is the same size, it doesn't have
+
+124
+00:07:58,260 --> 00:08:00,720
+any refraction It's as if it didn't pass through
+
+125
+00:08:00,720 --> 00:08:04,460
+the lens because the power of the cylinder at its
+
+126
+00:08:04,460 --> 00:08:09,950
+axis is zeroWhile the other vertical arm entered
+
+127
+00:08:09,950 --> 00:08:14,310
+vertically towards the axis of the cylinder So
+
+128
+00:08:14,310 --> 00:08:17,730
+here the rays started to gather, its shape became
+
+129
+00:08:17,730 --> 00:08:21,790
+smaller because it became focusing Also again it
+
+130
+00:08:21,790 --> 00:08:24,210
+became smaller because it gathered more, then it
+
+131
+00:08:24,210 --> 00:08:26,710
+became point here, became point here The greatest
+
+132
+00:08:26,710 --> 00:08:30,730
+force of the cylinder in the meridian vertical
+
+133
+00:08:30,730 --> 00:08:37,010
+axis, in the vertical meridian axisنفس المثال، نفس
+
+134
+00:08:37,010 --> 00:08:42,290
+المثال، بس على plano concave cylinder، على plano
+
+135
+00:08:42,290 --> 00:08:48,890
+concave cylinder، ناخد ال axis من هنا، نعمله نسخ،
+
+136
+00:08:48,890 --> 00:08:54,450
+و هنا نحطله لسخ،
+
+137
+00:08:54,450 --> 00:08:59,250
+هاي ال axis بتاع ال plano concave cylinder، ال
+
+138
+00:08:59,250 --> 00:09:04,100
+plano concave cylinder، طيبنمشي مع الذراع الأفقي
+
+139
+00:09:04,100 --> 00:09:06,980
+لل object ال object عبارة عن ال cross الذراع
+
+140
+00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:11,820
+الأفقي له دخلت الأشعة منه مطابقة مع ال axis بتاع
+
+141
+00:09:11,820 --> 00:09:15,860
+ال cylinder وكأنها مادخلتش من أي عدسة طوله واحد
+
+142
+00:09:15,860 --> 00:09:20,240
+يعني مافي أي مشكلة بينما قوة ال plano concave ال
+
+143
+00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:24,990
+plano concaveBetshattet, but for it to happen, the
+
+144
+00:09:24,990 --> 00:09:28,490
+rays must enter from any other area than the axis.
+
+145
+00:09:28,550 --> 00:09:30,990
+The axis has no pole. The axis has no pole.
+
+146
+00:09:51,820 --> 00:09:56,740
+الان الذراع العمودي الأشعة منه دخلت عمودي على
+
+147
+00:09:56,740 --> 00:10:00,540
+اتجاه ال cylinder طالما هذه بتشتت، اذا بده يكبر،
+
+148
+00:10:00,540 --> 00:10:04,800
+يتشتت، يكبر، يكبر، فبالتالي صارله refraction حتى
+
+149
+00:10:04,800 --> 00:10:08,920
+لو تشتيت أو تجميع، اذا قوة ال cylinder أو قوة ال
+
+150
+00:10:08,920 --> 00:10:13,220
+plano cylinder عمودية على ال axis بتاعها طيب، ممكن
+
+151
+00:10:13,220 --> 00:10:17,080
+انسان يسأل سؤال، طيب عمودية على ال axis بتاعها،
+
+152
+00:10:17,080 --> 00:10:22,830
+ولكن في نقطة مهمةThis is the axis of the cylinder.
+
+153
+00:10:23,250 --> 00:10:26,330
+Its force is zero. And my vertical axis is the
+
+154
+00:10:26,330 --> 00:10:29,410
+full power. What's between them? The power is
+
+155
+00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:36,010
+gradually decreasing from zero to zero. Here, the
+
+156
+00:10:36,010 --> 00:10:38,690
+force of the plan and convex cylinder is zero at
+
+157
+00:10:38,690 --> 00:10:42,390
+this axis. If we move the axis a little, this is
+
+158
+00:10:42,390 --> 00:10:43,470
+the axis of the cylinder.
+
+159
+00:10:52,660 --> 00:10:55,880
+Now this axis, if we turn it, if we say how much
+
+160
+00:10:55,880 --> 00:11:01,280
+force is here? If we move 10 degrees from the axis
+
+161
+00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:02,860
+of the cylinder, is there force? Yes, there is
+
+162
+00:11:02,860 --> 00:11:06,100
+force, but it is weak. If we move another 10
+
+163
+00:11:06,100 --> 00:11:10,140
+degrees, it starts to be strong. We move 10
+
+164
+00:11:10,140 --> 00:11:14,340
+degrees until we reach how much the power of the
+
+165
+00:11:14,340 --> 00:11:19,540
+cylinder in the meridian perpendicular to the axis
+
+166
+00:11:19,540 --> 00:11:23,820
+of the cylinder is the maximum power.the maximum
+
+167
+00:11:23,820 --> 00:11:29,480
+power if someone came and told us that this plus
+
+168
+00:11:29,480 --> 00:11:33,020
+cylinder or plano convex cylinder has a power of
+
+169
+00:11:33,020 --> 00:11:47,280
+plus three diopters plus three diopters plus
+
+170
+00:11:47,280 --> 00:11:49,640
+three diopters I understand from this
+
+171
+00:11:49,640 --> 00:11:51,180
+automatically we must understand from this
+
+172
+00:11:51,180 --> 00:11:57,550
+automaticallyWhere is its axis? Its axis is the
+
+173
+00:11:57,550 --> 00:12:02,370
+blue one, so its force at the axis is zero And the
+
+174
+00:12:02,370 --> 00:12:04,750
+force will keep decreasing, zero, for example,
+
+175
+00:12:04,870 --> 00:12:08,550
+plus half, plus one, plus two, one and a half,
+
+176
+00:12:08,630 --> 00:12:12,170
+plus two, plus two and a half, until we reach the
+
+177
+00:12:12,170 --> 00:12:14,870
+vertical axis, which will have a force plus three
+
+178
+00:12:14,870 --> 00:12:20,030
+When we give a force to any astigmatic lensOr any
+
+179
+00:12:20,030 --> 00:12:24,610
+plano cylindrical, whether plus or minus, we mean
+
+180
+00:12:24,610 --> 00:12:27,870
+in this force the maximum power in the vertical
+
+181
+00:12:27,870 --> 00:12:31,580
+axis over its axisThe maximum power in the
+
+182
+00:12:31,580 --> 00:12:34,720
+vertical axis over its axis. So it is necessary to
+
+183
+00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:38,020
+understand this issue. When we move away from the
+
+184
+00:12:38,020 --> 00:12:41,100
+vertical axis over the cylinder axis, the force
+
+185
+00:12:41,100 --> 00:12:43,800
+decreases and decreases. We get closer to the axis
+
+186
+00:12:43,800 --> 00:12:47,860
+of the lens. At the axis of the lens, at the
+
+187
+00:12:47,860 --> 00:12:52,870
+equivalent meridianالمنطبق على ال axis بتاع ال
+
+188
+00:12:52,870 --> 00:12:56,430
+cylinder القوة صفر، قوة هذه ال cylinder صفر بمعنى
+
+189
+00:12:56,430 --> 00:13:05,010
+كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش
+
+190
+00:13:05,010 --> 00:13:10,850
+عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة،
+
+191
+00:13:10,850 --> 00:13:11,670
+كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش
+
+192
+00:13:11,670 --> 00:13:11,910
+عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة،
+
+193
+00:13:11,910 --> 00:13:11,910
+كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش
+
+194
+00:13:11,910 --> 00:13:16,230
+عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كانه مش عدسة، كانه مش عدسة،
+
+195
+00:13:16,230 --> 00:13:23,670
+كانه مش عدسة، كانis an example of high power
+
+196
+00:13:23,670 --> 00:13:27,170
+cylindrical or clinically useful cylindrical
+
+197
+00:13:27,170 --> 00:13:29,570
+leads. This is the Maddox rod. This is the Maddox
+
+198
+00:13:29,570 --> 00:13:33,030
+rod. There are clearer pictures. This is the
+
+199
+00:13:33,030 --> 00:13:37,610
+Maddox rod. Each part of these parts, here I am
+
+200
+00:13:37,610 --> 00:13:41,590
+pointing to a part, here is another part, is a
+
+201
+00:13:41,590 --> 00:13:45,410
+planoconvex cylinder.Plano, convex, cylinder. The
+
+202
+00:13:45,410 --> 00:13:48,330
+back surface of Maddox Road is flat because it's
+
+203
+00:13:48,330 --> 00:13:51,910
+plano. The front surface is slanted because each
+
+204
+00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:55,930
+one is a plano convex. Plano from behind and from
+
+205
+00:13:55,930 --> 00:14:00,970
+the front convex as we see. I have a cylinder,
+
+206
+00:14:01,210 --> 00:14:06,710
+two, three, four, fiveSix, of course, high power.
+
+207
+00:14:06,830 --> 00:14:10,890
+High power means it can be plus ten, plus fifteen,
+
+208
+00:14:11,050 --> 00:14:14,390
+etc. Okay? So therefore, of course, here the
+
+209
+00:14:14,390 --> 00:14:18,130
+letter M stands for Maddox, and this sign, the
+
+210
+00:14:18,130 --> 00:14:20,870
+black line, stands for the axis of the cylinder.
+
+211
+00:14:21,010 --> 00:14:24,230
+One axis. Here it is vertical. I can rotate the
+
+212
+00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:27,650
+Maddox and put it horizontally. Of course, of
+
+213
+00:14:27,650 --> 00:14:32,920
+courseبعطيني focal line، بعطيني focal line، هذا ال
+
+214
+00:14:32,920 --> 00:14:36,480
+focal line بيكون عمودي على اتجاه ال cylinder،
+
+215
+00:14:36,480 --> 00:14:41,660
+عمودي على اتجاه ال cylinder، باتجاهي، لما بمسك ال
+
+216
+00:14:41,660 --> 00:14:45,900
+Maddox rod بشكل عمودي، بيعطيني خط أفقي، لما بمسك
+
+217
+00:14:45,900 --> 00:14:49,800
+ال Maddox rod باتجاه أفقي، بيعطيني خط أفقيpoint
+
+218
+00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:53,640
+source of light. So when I light up a dim point or
+
+219
+00:14:53,640 --> 00:14:57,760
+a torch or a laser, I see through it the medox,
+
+220
+00:14:57,880 --> 00:15:01,320
+through the medox that this laser spot turned into
+
+221
+00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:04,360
+a line when the light passes through the medox,
+
+222
+00:15:04,420 --> 00:15:09,080
+when the light passes through the medoxالآن احنا
+
+223
+00:15:09,080 --> 00:15:12,720
+قولنا أبسط شيء Le Plano Convex و Le Plano Concave
+
+224
+00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:15,840
+او Le Plano Cylinder احنا بدنا شيء مش بسيط، بدنا
+
+225
+00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,760
+شيء أكتر اللي هو Le Sphero Cylinder .. Le Sphero
+
+226
+00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:22,680
+Cylinder طب .. قبل ما نحكي عن Le Sphero Cylinder
+
+227
+00:15:22,680 --> 00:15:27,900
+.. Le Plano Cylinder ..بقدر اعتبرها سفير و سلندر
+
+228
+00:15:27,900 --> 00:15:32,180
+بقوة
+
+229
+00:15:32,180 --> 00:15:38,900
+السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير
+
+230
+00:15:38,900 --> 00:15:43,140
+فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر
+
+231
+00:15:43,140 --> 00:15:45,960
+بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة
+
+232
+00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:46,720
+السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير
+
+233
+00:15:46,720 --> 00:15:48,220
+فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر
+
+234
+00:15:48,220 --> 00:15:52,060
+بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة
+
+235
+00:15:52,060 --> 00:15:52,100
+السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير
+
+236
+00:15:52,100 --> 00:15:54,980
+فيها صفر بقوة السSo, planocylindrical lens is a
+
+237
+00:15:54,980 --> 00:15:58,960
+kind of sphere and cylindrical lens, but the force
+
+238
+00:15:58,960 --> 00:16:02,200
+of the sphere is zero, the force of the sphere is
+
+239
+00:16:02,200 --> 00:16:06,980
+zero, so this case should be clear Now, the
+
+240
+00:16:06,980 --> 00:16:15,180
+general form of an astigmatic lens, which
+
+241
+00:16:15,180 --> 00:16:19,400
+is considered a sphere and cylindrical lens
+
+242
+00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:28,500
+which might be likened to the surface of a curved
+
+243
+00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:30,280
+barrier or American football.
+
+244
+00:16:35,340 --> 00:16:44,800
+which is curved football or American football Why
+
+245
+00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:50,840
+are we here similar to these two things? We want
+
+246
+00:16:50,840 --> 00:16:54,240
+to say as follows, here there is a curve, but
+
+247
+00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:57,050
+there is no curve behind itHere there is a curve,
+
+248
+00:16:57,570 --> 00:17:00,750
+but there is no curve here. If a person stands on
+
+249
+00:17:00,750 --> 00:17:03,890
+this point, a very small person, a micro-human,
+
+250
+00:17:04,490 --> 00:17:10,830
+and walks here, he will walk on a flat line. But
+
+251
+00:17:10,830 --> 00:17:13,670
+if he tries to go right or left, he will slip or
+
+252
+00:17:13,670 --> 00:17:17,230
+slip, because there is a curve here and a curve
+
+253
+00:17:17,230 --> 00:17:20,650
+here. The curve has this shape, not this shape.
+
+254
+00:17:21,570 --> 00:17:27,090
+This has no curve. While here, I have this curved,
+
+255
+00:17:27,410 --> 00:17:31,250
+these lines. There is a vertical curve and there
+
+256
+00:17:31,250 --> 00:17:34,450
+is also a horizontal curve. Here, the horizontal
+
+257
+00:17:34,450 --> 00:17:39,250
+curve is horizontal, not vertical. Not vertical. I
+
+258
+00:17:39,250 --> 00:17:41,710
+mean, there is a curve in this direction and there
+
+259
+00:17:41,710 --> 00:17:45,370
+is no curve in this direction. Also for the
+
+260
+00:17:45,370 --> 00:17:45,910
+concave
+
+261
+00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:55,940
+لو حد وجف هنا، هنا مافي انحناء، مافي انحناء، لو
+
+262
+00:17:55,940 --> 00:18:00,180
+جبت كورة معدنية صغيرة وضعتها دي لبلان و concave
+
+263
+00:18:00,180 --> 00:18:02,780
+cylindrical lens وضعتها على الطاولة و حطيت هي في
+
+264
+00:18:02,780 --> 00:18:08,110
+النص، مش هتنزلق لا للأمام ولا للخلفBut if you put
+
+265
+00:18:08,110 --> 00:18:11,690
+it here, it will go down towards the curve. So
+
+266
+00:18:11,690 --> 00:18:14,230
+here there is a curve, but there is no curve here.
+
+267
+00:18:14,350 --> 00:18:17,290
+Here is the same thing. Here there is a curve, but
+
+268
+00:18:17,290 --> 00:18:19,550
+there is no curve here. So this axis does not have
+
+269
+00:18:19,550 --> 00:18:21,530
+a curve. It does not have a curve because its
+
+270
+00:18:21,530 --> 00:18:24,230
+force is zero. And here there is no curve because
+
+271
+00:18:24,230 --> 00:18:28,330
+its force is zero. So it is very important to be
+
+272
+00:18:28,330 --> 00:18:33,010
+clear about this issue.The sphere and cylindrical
+
+273
+00:18:33,010 --> 00:18:36,190
+lens of the curve are on two axes. This is the
+
+274
+00:18:36,190 --> 00:18:40,110
+axis. Here, for the barrel, the vertical axis is
+
+275
+00:18:40,110 --> 00:18:42,950
+curved and the horizontal axis is curved with a
+
+276
+00:18:42,950 --> 00:18:45,550
+different curve. That's why the sphere and
+
+277
+00:18:45,550 --> 00:18:48,190
+cylindrical lens. If this is curved and this is
+
+278
+00:18:48,190 --> 00:18:50,870
+curved to the same degree, this is a sphere. It
+
+279
+00:18:50,870 --> 00:18:53,890
+was a whole ball. Here is the same thing. Here is
+
+280
+00:18:53,890 --> 00:18:56,090
+the same thing. If we imagine this straight line
+
+281
+00:18:57,910 --> 00:18:59,630
+It's the horizontal meridian. This is the
+
+282
+00:18:59,630 --> 00:19:04,990
+inclination. This is the inclination. And the
+
+283
+00:19:04,990 --> 00:19:07,690
+vertical inclination is of course more inclined.
+
+284
+00:19:08,290 --> 00:19:11,230
+It's more inclined. This is more inclined than
+
+285
+00:19:11,230 --> 00:19:14,830
+this. So this is similar to the American football.
+
+286
+00:19:15,210 --> 00:19:17,670
+There is a more obvious example from our general
+
+287
+00:19:17,670 --> 00:19:25,160
+life.ثمرة الشمام، بس .. بس في ثمار شمام كروية، بس
+
+288
+00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:28,120
+احنا بنقصد فيها اللي مش كروية، اللي هي ال .. ال ..
+
+289
+00:19:28,120 --> 00:19:33,480
+ال .. المتمددة قليلة، هنا في انحناع للسطح هذا،
+
+290
+00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:37,260
+الانحناع ال vertical، بيختلف عن انحناع ال
+
+291
+00:19:37,260 --> 00:19:41,200
+horizontal، هذا الانحناع ال vertical أكثر تحدبا و
+
+292
+00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:46,700
+أكثر انحناع من .. لإنه نصف قطره أقل، و هنا أقل
+
+293
+00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:51,620
+تحدبا لإنه نصف قطره أكترSo this is the general
+
+294
+00:19:51,620 --> 00:19:54,940
+shape of the astigmatic cervix. In other words, if
+
+295
+00:19:54,940 --> 00:19:57,720
+you bring a piece of chicken that looks like a
+
+296
+00:19:57,720 --> 00:20:00,360
+chamomile fruit in this shape, it will be
+
+297
+00:20:00,360 --> 00:20:03,440
+considered a spherocylindrical lens. Also, the
+
+298
+00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:08,440
+barrel here shows that there is a horizontal and a
+
+299
+00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:13,780
+vertical axis. The vertical axis is half its
+
+300
+00:20:13,780 --> 00:20:18,040
+diameter, R2, which is part of the ball.Horizontal
+
+301
+00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:22,160
+inclination is a part of another circle. A circle
+
+302
+00:20:22,160 --> 00:20:27,320
+that is more inclined than half a foot. So the
+
+303
+00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:30,760
+meridians of the greatest and least curvature and
+
+304
+00:20:30,760 --> 00:20:33,700
+therefore the meridians of the greatest and least
+
+305
+00:20:33,700 --> 00:20:38,220
+power of an astigmatic lens are known as the
+
+306
+00:20:38,220 --> 00:20:41,900
+principal meridians of that service or lens. So I
+
+307
+00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:46,600
+have this.This is the horizontal meridian. Or
+
+308
+00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:49,680
+let's go back to here. Here, the meridian has a
+
+309
+00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:52,480
+steep slope. And here, the meridian has a slope
+
+310
+00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:55,020
+less than a slope. This is called the principle
+
+311
+00:20:55,020 --> 00:20:56,900
+meridian and this is called the principle
+
+312
+00:20:56,900 --> 00:21:00,920
+meridian. In regular astigmatism or in regular
+
+313
+00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:04,080
+astigmatic service, the two meridians, the
+
+314
+00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:08,140
+strongest and the weakest, must have a 90 degree
+
+315
+00:21:08,140 --> 00:21:13,400
+angle between them.Although spherocylindrical lens
+
+316
+00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:16,800
+may be thought of as the combination of two
+
+317
+00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:21,300
+planocylindrical or two planocylinders, it is more
+
+318
+00:21:21,300 --> 00:21:24,560
+convenient to think of it as the combination of a
+
+319
+00:21:24,560 --> 00:21:27,280
+spherical lens and cylindrical lens.
+
+320
+00:21:31,930 --> 00:21:35,130
+The astigmatic lens or the spherocylindrical lens
+
+321
+00:21:35,130 --> 00:21:41,550
+can be imagined to be composed of two cylinders
+
+322
+00:21:41,550 --> 00:21:45,730
+and these two cylinders are perpendicular to each
+
+323
+00:21:45,730 --> 00:21:52,130
+other But most commonly it is considered a sphere
+
+324
+00:21:52,130 --> 00:21:55,610
+with a cylinder Why is this? Why is this? We want
+
+325
+00:21:55,610 --> 00:21:56,370
+to say as usual
+
+326
+00:22:02,420 --> 00:22:06,280
+في مثال عندي هنا بيوضح القضية هاي، هاي أنا عندي
+
+327
+00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:10,760
+cylindrical lensthis cylindrical lens I want to
+
+328
+00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:13,040
+imagine that each meridian of the meridians that I
+
+329
+00:22:13,040 --> 00:22:15,500
+have, whether it is aligned with the axis or
+
+330
+00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:17,600
+perpendicular to the axis or whatever is between
+
+331
+00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:19,940
+them I want to imagine that they are here and they
+
+332
+00:22:19,940 --> 00:22:25,360
+represent me as if I have here the meridians of
+
+333
+00:22:25,360 --> 00:22:28,520
+this lens as if this lens is in the frame of the
+
+334
+00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:33,600
+glasses and as if I am looking at it directly this
+
+335
+00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:34,800
+is the axis of 180
+
+336
+00:22:37,810 --> 00:22:40,770
+this is the 90 degree angle, this is the 45 degree
+
+337
+00:22:40,770 --> 00:22:43,190
+angle, and this is the 135 degree angle. Let's
+
+338
+00:22:43,190 --> 00:22:45,330
+suppose that the axis of the cylinder, which I
+
+339
+00:22:45,330 --> 00:22:50,630
+drew with the deep yellow color. Let's imagine
+
+340
+00:22:50,630 --> 00:22:53,330
+that it is shaped like this. It is applied to the
+
+341
+00:22:53,330 --> 00:22:58,250
+180 degree angle. This is a plane convex lens.
+
+342
+00:23:00,370 --> 00:23:07,350
+وبدنا نتخيل إنه جاي على الـ 180 ال axis بتاع ال
+
+343
+00:23:07,350 --> 00:23:12,970
+cylinder هذا بيقدّي إلى إنه،
+
+344
+00:23:12,970 --> 00:23:15,610
+في هنا بس بدنا نعدّل الرسم شوية
+
+345
+00:23:36,100 --> 00:23:57,640
+To make the drawing correct We
+
+346
+00:23:57,640 --> 00:24:00,700
+put the lens in the trial frame in front of the
+
+347
+00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:04,160
+patient's eyes Its power is plus three diopters We
+
+348
+00:24:04,160 --> 00:24:12,290
+put it like thisYes, so that its axis in the trial
+
+349
+00:24:12,290 --> 00:24:17,790
+frame is exactly 180 degrees. So its force on this
+
+350
+00:24:17,790 --> 00:24:20,290
+axis is zero, because this axis is aligned with
+
+351
+00:24:20,290 --> 00:24:23,970
+the axis of the cylinder. Okay, we removed it from
+
+352
+00:24:23,970 --> 00:24:26,410
+the lens bag and its force is plus three. Yes,
+
+353
+00:24:26,490 --> 00:24:31,210
+plus three will work this lens as plus three on
+
+354
+00:24:31,210 --> 00:24:34,750
+axis ninety.So you will work on the 90th axis as
+
+355
+00:24:34,750 --> 00:24:38,570
+plus 3. Okay, the axis next to 90 is less than it.
+
+356
+00:24:38,870 --> 00:24:41,730
+The axis next to it is less than it, less than it,
+
+357
+00:24:41,770 --> 00:24:45,430
+less than it. So this lens, which is written on it
+
+358
+00:24:45,430 --> 00:24:49,750
+plus 3 cylinders, plus 3 diopter cylinders, its
+
+359
+00:24:49,750 --> 00:24:53,250
+force is plus 3 diopters completely at the 90th
+
+360
+00:24:53,250 --> 00:24:56,990
+axis. At the axis, for example, 75 can give me two
+
+361
+00:24:56,990 --> 00:25:00,630
+and a half diopters.قوتها يعني تعمل كعدسة ك ..
+
+362
+00:25:00,630 --> 00:25:03,830
+قوتها plus two and a half ده يبتدى، عند المحور
+
+363
+00:25:03,830 --> 00:25:07,330
+خمسة واربعين هتعمل كعدسة plus واحد و نص ده يبتدى،
+
+364
+00:25:07,330 --> 00:25:10,650
+عند المحور مية و تمانين هتعمل كعدسة صفر ده يبتدى،
+
+365
+00:25:10,650 --> 00:25:15,690
+يعني كأنها مش موجودة، طيب، إذا هادي العدسة حطيها،
+
+366
+00:25:15,690 --> 00:25:19,590
+طيب، لو أنا عندي عدسة تانية حطيت محورها على
+
+367
+00:25:19,590 --> 00:25:24,620
+التسعين، بس قوتها بتختلفAlso planocylinder,
+
+368
+00:25:24,940 --> 00:25:27,880
+planocylinder, for example plus two planocylinder,
+
+369
+00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:31,620
+I put it on ninety, and plus three diopter
+
+370
+00:25:31,620 --> 00:25:34,200
+cylinder, I put it on one hundred and eighty So
+
+371
+00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:38,880
+these in their group work as spherocylindrical
+
+372
+00:25:38,880 --> 00:25:43,120
+lens, as spherocylindrical lens, why? Because we
+
+373
+00:25:43,120 --> 00:25:43,300
+say
+
+374
+00:25:46,230 --> 00:25:50,610
+The first lens
+
+375
+00:25:50,610 --> 00:25:52,030
+has a force of zero at one hundred and eighty
+
+376
+00:25:52,030 --> 00:25:55,410
+degrees The
+
+377
+00:25:55,410 --> 00:26:02,090
+second lens has a force of plus two degrees at one
+
+378
+00:26:02,090 --> 00:26:04,450
+hundred and eighty degrees The forces of the two
+
+379
+00:26:04,450 --> 00:26:06,810
+lenses are different from each other
+
+380
+00:26:12,110 --> 00:26:18,250
+We can consider them as two planocylinders that
+
+381
+00:26:18,250 --> 00:26:23,350
+are perpendicular to each other Or more commonly,
+
+382
+00:26:23,670 --> 00:26:26,870
+we can consider them as a combination of spherical
+
+383
+00:26:26,870 --> 00:26:29,710
+lens and cylindrical lens Let's see an example
+
+384
+00:26:29,710 --> 00:26:30,950
+that explains this better
+
+385
+00:26:34,450 --> 00:26:40,250
+I have, for example, a lens that has a different
+
+386
+00:26:40,250 --> 00:26:43,830
+force than the meridian Astigmatic lens Astigmatic
+
+387
+00:26:43,830 --> 00:26:47,250
+lens The force of this meridian in the astigmatic
+
+388
+00:26:47,250 --> 00:26:50,130
+lens, we found it to be plus one We measured it on
+
+389
+00:26:50,130 --> 00:26:53,350
+a lensmeter, on a lens measuring device This axis,
+
+390
+00:26:54,230 --> 00:26:56,630
+this axis, we found its force to be plus one
+
+391
+00:26:56,630 --> 00:26:59,990
+diopter And this axis, we found its force to be
+
+392
+00:26:59,990 --> 00:27:04,390
+plus four dioptersوالمحاور اللي بينهم مثلا plus
+
+393
+00:27:04,390 --> 00:27:07,970
+واحد و نص plus اتنين plus اتنين و نص plus تلاتة
+
+394
+00:27:07,970 --> 00:27:13,590
+plus تلاتة و نص plus اربع، اذا فش اي محور، فش اي
+
+395
+00:27:13,590 --> 00:27:20,120
+محور quota صفرOkay, if we wanted to say that any
+
+396
+00:27:20,120 --> 00:27:25,120
+kind of astigmatic lenses, it's better to call
+
+397
+00:27:25,120 --> 00:27:27,520
+them spherocylindrical lenses I represented all
+
+398
+00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:34,020
+these circles with the graph that we see aboveThe
+
+399
+00:27:34,020 --> 00:27:37,080
+axis is 180 and its force is plus 1. Of course,
+
+400
+00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:40,140
+the force is measured by the sum. The more the
+
+401
+00:27:40,140 --> 00:27:41,020
+force increases, the more the contribution
+
+402
+00:27:41,020 --> 00:27:44,040
+increases. The axis is 180 and its force is plus
+
+403
+00:27:44,040 --> 00:27:47,240
+1. The next axis is closer to 90 and its force
+
+404
+00:27:47,240 --> 00:27:49,120
+increases because this is a regular astigmatism.
+
+405
+00:27:49,810 --> 00:27:52,590
+This is regular astigmatism. And the meridians
+
+406
+00:27:52,590 --> 00:27:56,510
+force starts from the weakest to the strongest,
+
+407
+00:27:56,990 --> 00:27:59,650
+gradually, regularly, or from the strongest to the
+
+408
+00:27:59,650 --> 00:28:03,330
+weakest, gradually, also, gradually, regularly. I
+
+409
+00:28:03,330 --> 00:28:06,710
+can say, first of all, that 180 plus 1 will
+
+410
+00:28:06,710 --> 00:28:12,130
+contribute to the force of the meridian, which is
+
+411
+00:28:12,130 --> 00:28:17,270
+180. Okay, on axis 15 degrees, the force is one
+
+412
+00:28:17,270 --> 00:28:22,380
+and a half.On axis 30 degrees, the force is 2 On
+
+413
+00:28:22,380 --> 00:28:27,820
+axis 45 degrees, the force is 2.5 On axis 60
+
+414
+00:28:27,820 --> 00:28:32,720
+degrees, the force is 3 On axis 75 degrees, the
+
+415
+00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:36,140
+force is 3.5 On axis 90 degrees, the force is 4 as
+
+416
+00:28:36,140 --> 00:28:39,600
+we can see So there is an average progression We
+
+417
+00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:45,660
+can say as follows If we put a square with a plus
+
+418
+00:28:45,660 --> 00:28:52,430
+signلو حطينا سفير plus واحد وكأنه .. وكأنه بنقول
+
+419
+00:28:52,430 --> 00:28:56,090
+كل meridian انت قوتك plus واحد وانت قوتك plus واحد
+
+420
+00:28:56,090 --> 00:28:59,090
+وانت قوتك plus واحد وانت .. العند هنا يعني وانت
+
+421
+00:28:59,090 --> 00:29:02,370
+قوتك plus واحد وانت قوتك plus واحد وانت قوتك plus
+
+422
+00:29:02,370 --> 00:29:07,170
+واحد .. اذا بقدر اعتبر انه هذه عدسة عبارة هنجسمها
+
+423
+00:29:07,170 --> 00:29:12,880
+نصيةSphere is plus one which includes the power of
+
+424
+00:29:12,880 --> 00:29:15,860
+the sphere in every meridian plus one Here plus
+
+425
+00:29:15,860 --> 00:29:18,840
+one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus one,
+
+426
+00:29:18,920 --> 00:29:20,960
+here plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here
+
+427
+00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:20,960
+plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus
+
+428
+00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:20,960
+one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus one,
+
+429
+00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:20,960
+here plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here
+
+430
+00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:20,960
+plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus
+
+431
+00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:20,960
+one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus one,
+
+432
+00:29:21,060 --> 00:29:21,260
+here plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here
+
+433
+00:29:21,260 --> 00:29:21,260
+plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus
+
+434
+00:29:21,260 --> 00:29:21,760
+one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus one,
+
+435
+00:29:22,220 --> 00:29:23,000
+here plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here
+
+436
+00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:23,000
+plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus
+
+437
+00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:23,000
+one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus one,
+
+438
+00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:23,000
+here plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here
+
+439
+00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:24,880
+plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus
+
+440
+00:29:24,880 --> 00:29:28,760
+one, here plusوهدا بزيد واحد عن ال plus واحد وهدا
+
+441
+00:29:28,760 --> 00:29:32,420
+بزيد واحد و نص عن ال plus واحد وهدا بزيد اتنين عن
+
+442
+00:29:32,420 --> 00:29:35,080
+ال plus واحد وهدا بزيد اتنين و نص عن ال plus واحد
+
+443
+00:29:35,080 --> 00:29:38,300
+وهدا بزيد تلاتة عن ال plus واحد يعني هدا عبارة عن
+
+444
+00:29:38,300 --> 00:29:42,750
+ال plus واحدAnd above plus one, plus three means
+
+445
+00:29:42,750 --> 00:29:47,150
+plus four So, I can say that this lens, this lens
+
+446
+00:29:47,150 --> 00:29:50,490
+that we took out meridian from it plus one And the
+
+447
+00:29:50,490 --> 00:29:52,910
+strongest meridian plus four which is vertical on
+
+448
+00:29:52,910 --> 00:29:58,410
+it As if this lens is two lenses, sphere is plus
+
+449
+00:29:58,410 --> 00:30:02,970
+one for all meridian And cylinder which is what
+
+450
+00:30:02,970 --> 00:30:07,220
+remains, what remains, so here the sphereAnd
+
+451
+00:30:07,220 --> 00:30:10,820
+here's the cylinder As if I'm saying I have this
+
+452
+00:30:10,820 --> 00:30:16,560
+lens It's two lenses Two lenses But first I have
+
+453
+00:30:16,560 --> 00:30:21,040
+to take the drawing here To make the idea more
+
+454
+00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:26,340
+clear This
+
+455
+00:30:26,340 --> 00:30:33,040
+lens which is the astigmatic lens I
+
+456
+00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:34,560
+can imagine it to be equal
+
+457
+00:30:39,460 --> 00:30:42,060
+And I want to enlarge the word equal or symbol
+
+458
+00:30:42,060 --> 00:30:48,260
+equal to make the idea more clear
+
+459
+00:30:48,260 --> 00:30:53,280
+This
+
+460
+00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:53,780
+is equal
+
+461
+00:31:08,990 --> 00:31:13,930
+Plus one sphere When
+
+462
+00:31:13,930 --> 00:31:20,390
+we say plus one means plus one diopter sphere
+
+463
+00:31:36,970 --> 00:31:39,250
+Add this to make it an extra sphere
+
+464
+00:32:09,790 --> 00:32:13,090
+I'm going to add distance, plus cylinder
+
+465
+00:32:56,090 --> 00:32:59,970
+Plus a cylinder whose force on the horizontal
+
+466
+00:32:59,970 --> 00:33:01,270
+meridian is zero.
+
+467
+00:33:04,190 --> 00:33:05,710
+Zero diopter.
+
+468
+00:33:14,310 --> 00:33:18,450
+And on the vertical axis plus three diopters.
+
+469
+00:33:28,440 --> 00:33:36,600
+Let's go to the big picture. So, when I have a
+
+470
+00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:41,680
+lens, one meridian has a certain force, and
+
+471
+00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:44,520
+another meridian has a stronger or weaker force,
+
+472
+00:33:44,840 --> 00:33:47,220
+but none of them is zero, this is considered a
+
+473
+00:33:47,220 --> 00:33:51,860
+sphero-cylindrical lens, which is the general form
+
+474
+00:33:51,860 --> 00:33:56,090
+of the astigmatic lens.Of course, we said that the
+
+475
+00:33:56,090 --> 00:34:07,150
+planocylindrical lens has a vertical force towards
+
+476
+00:34:07,150 --> 00:34:11,790
+its axis and its axis has zero force if we move
+
+477
+00:34:11,790 --> 00:34:15,370
+away from its axis, its force increases and
+
+478
+00:34:15,370 --> 00:34:18,790
+increases from zero to a certain value
+
+479
+00:34:23,740 --> 00:34:26,820
+The force of any plano-cylindrical lens, whether
+
+480
+00:34:26,820 --> 00:34:33,560
+plano-concave or plano-convex, when
+
+481
+00:34:33,560 --> 00:34:37,200
+its axis is zero, away from the axis, it increases
+
+482
+00:34:37,200 --> 00:34:39,180
+and increases and increases. When we walk on the
+
+483
+00:34:39,180 --> 00:34:42,700
+meridian, the vertical axis, it has its maximum
+
+484
+00:34:42,700 --> 00:34:45,500
+force as it is equivalent to the force of the
+
+485
+00:34:45,500 --> 00:34:53,020
+number written on it. Okay, now I have a lensThe
+
+486
+00:34:53,020 --> 00:34:56,400
+weakest meridian in it has power, not zero, that
+
+487
+00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:59,600
+is, this is not a plano cylinder, but this is
+
+488
+00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:01,980
+considered a spherocylinder. How did we consider
+
+489
+00:35:01,980 --> 00:35:06,420
+it a sphere?أضعف meridian قوته plus واحد، ال
+
+490
+00:35:06,420 --> 00:35:09,740
+meridian التاني قوته plus واحد وربع مثلا، واحد
+
+491
+00:35:09,740 --> 00:35:13,640
+ومصر، واحد وتلت اربع، لغاية ما نصل لأربع، لو إنسان
+
+492
+00:35:13,640 --> 00:35:19,100
+قلنا معاه يعني عشرة دنانير، إنسان آخر معاه خمستاشر
+
+493
+00:35:19,100 --> 00:35:22,300
+دينار، إنسان تالت معاه عشرين، إنسان رابع معاه خمسة
+
+494
+00:35:22,300 --> 00:35:27,440
+وعشرين، إنسان خامس معاه تلتين، بقولهم كلهم، كلكم
+
+495
+00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:32,320
+معاكم عشر دنانيرو بعدين الشخص رقم اتنين، الشخص رقم
+
+496
+00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:36,320
+اتنين عنده زيادة عن العشر دنانير، مثلا خمس دنانير،
+
+497
+00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:40,240
+الشخص رقم تلاتة عنده زيادة و هكذا، فهنا لما بلاجي
+
+498
+00:35:40,240 --> 00:35:44,040
+a stigmatic lens و كل ال meridians بتاعتها في إلها
+
+499
+00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:47,540
+قوة، مفيش صفير، مقدرش أسميها plan و cylinder،
+
+500
+00:35:47,540 --> 00:35:51,300
+وإنما إيش أفضل اسم بناسب إلها sphere و cylinder،
+
+501
+00:35:51,300 --> 00:35:56,100
+يعني انه كأنه كلهمOr as if this lens is a sphere
+
+502
+00:35:56,100 --> 00:35:58,740
+with a force of one diopter Why sphere? Because
+
+503
+00:35:58,740 --> 00:36:01,460
+all meridians in the sphere have a force of one
+
+504
+00:36:01,460 --> 00:36:05,040
+diopter It will be of the same force Plus in front
+
+505
+00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:07,360
+of it a cylinder As if it is a combination of a
+
+506
+00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:12,680
+sphere and a cylinder The cylinder here is from
+
+507
+00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:15,720
+zero Plan and cylinder of course Sphere with plan
+
+508
+00:36:15,720 --> 00:36:17,800
+and cylinder So they call them sphere and cylinder
+
+509
+00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:24,790
+Zero plus one plus two plus threeOkay? Why zero
+
+510
+00:36:24,790 --> 00:36:27,690
+here? Because we .. this meridian took its place
+
+511
+00:36:27,690 --> 00:36:31,050
+in the sphere I mean .. I mean .. the sphere at
+
+512
+00:36:31,050 --> 00:36:33,110
+one hundred and eighty its force is one deuterium
+
+513
+00:36:33,110 --> 00:36:36,930
+So this is to clarify the idea .. to clarify the
+
+514
+00:36:36,930 --> 00:36:41,150
+idea Here, of course, which is the trial frame
+
+515
+00:36:41,150 --> 00:36:44,790
+that explains the meridians and how we deal with
+
+516
+00:36:44,790 --> 00:36:47,490
+the meridians in the trial frame Of course, the
+
+517
+00:36:47,490 --> 00:36:49,430
+trial frame may not be very clear here
+
+518
+00:37:03,840 --> 00:37:07,120
+Trial frames have different shapes and types, and
+
+519
+00:37:07,120 --> 00:37:11,440
+I will show you some examples here for example I
+
+520
+00:37:11,440 --> 00:37:15,340
+have axis 90 and I want to point out that 0 and
+
+521
+00:37:15,340 --> 00:37:18,340
+180 are the same thing, the opposite of 0 is the
+
+522
+00:37:18,340 --> 00:37:21,120
+opposite of 180, the opposite of 0 is the opposite
+
+523
+00:37:21,120 --> 00:37:23,700
+of 180, so it is necessary to pay attention to
+
+524
+00:37:23,700 --> 00:37:25,100
+this issue
+
+525
+00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:46,100
+this is the trial frame and these are its axes of
+
+526
+00:37:46,100 --> 00:37:56,860
+course axis 0 is 180 from 0 to 90 to 180 here from
+
+527
+00:37:56,860 --> 00:38:04,280
+0 to 90 to 180 of course these axes are numerated
+
+528
+00:38:04,280 --> 00:38:06,760
+not because of spherical lens spherical lens does
+
+529
+00:38:06,760 --> 00:38:11,990
+not require numerationكيف ما نحطت مايلهاش محور
+
+530
+00:38:11,990 --> 00:38:15,590
+اقوى من محور فكل المحاور متساوية وانما هذا الترقيم
+
+531
+00:38:15,590 --> 00:38:19,510
+عشان ال cylindrical lens نحط ال axis بتاعها بشكل
+
+532
+00:38:19,510 --> 00:38:23,410
+صحيح the zero meridian is the same as the مية و
+
+533
+00:38:23,410 --> 00:38:27,710
+تمانين meridian and the hundred eighty degree
+
+534
+00:38:27,710 --> 00:38:31,470
+notation is always used for this meridian طيب احنا
+
+535
+00:38:31,470 --> 00:38:34,390
+قلنا الصفر هو المية و تمانين ولكن لما انا بدى اكتب
+
+536
+00:38:34,390 --> 00:38:40,500
+وصفة لنضارة لما بدى اكتب وصفة لنضارةFor example,
+
+537
+00:38:40,760 --> 00:38:45,260
+let's say plus
+
+538
+00:38:45,260 --> 00:38:50,860
+three spheres plus three diopter spheres with
+
+539
+00:38:50,860 --> 00:38:57,180
+minus two diopter cylinders in axis, that is, we
+
+540
+00:38:57,180 --> 00:38:59,900
+want to put the diopter cylinder in axis, let's
+
+541
+00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:03,020
+not say zero, let's say one hundred and eighty
+
+542
+00:39:03,020 --> 00:39:07,770
+degrees one hundred and eighty degreesSo
+
+543
+00:39:07,770 --> 00:39:14,230
+therefore, when we have the axis on zero, we say
+
+544
+00:39:14,230 --> 00:39:19,430
+axis 180, as this book explains When I want to
+
+545
+00:39:19,430 --> 00:39:22,210
+write a description, I say the value of the
+
+546
+00:39:22,210 --> 00:39:25,230
+sphere, the value of the cylinder whether in plus
+
+547
+00:39:25,230 --> 00:39:27,670
+or minus, depending on whether it is plano concave
+
+548
+00:39:27,670 --> 00:39:30,930
+or plano convex In the axis, when it is zero, I
+
+549
+00:39:30,930 --> 00:39:36,000
+have to write 180I have to write 180 degrees to
+
+550
+00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:46,500
+make things clear to make things clear what
+
+551
+00:39:46,500 --> 00:39:47,820
+are the forms?
+
+552
+00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:01,840
+اللي ممكن اكتب عليها اللي هو ال power تاعت ال
+
+553
+00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:04,080
+spherical cylindrical lens هذا المرة القادمة
+
+554
+00:40:04,080 --> 00:40:07,720
+هنتعرف عليه ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة
+
+555
+00:40:07,720 --> 00:40:09,040
+الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/5Bo-T07tCcM.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1482 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,640 --> 00:00:04,700
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,700 --> 00:00:07,380
+Geometric Optics، ووصلنا لموضوع الـ Gaussian
+
+3
+00:00:07,380 --> 00:00:11,340
+Reduction أو الـ Gaussian Reduction. Thus far, we
+
+4
+00:00:11,340 --> 00:00:13,900
+have discussed the properties of a single optical
+
+5
+00:00:13,900 --> 00:00:17,550
+system. The treatment of refractive errors usually
+
+6
+00:00:17,550 --> 00:00:21,010
+involves adding a lens to an existing optical
+
+7
+00:00:21,010 --> 00:00:24,310
+system, the patient's eye. When we were in
+
+8
+00:00:24,310 --> 00:00:27,450
+previous discussions and lectures, we were
+
+9
+00:00:27,450 --> 00:00:31,690
+discussing single optical systems. Now, when it
+
+10
+00:00:31,690 --> 00:00:34,490
+comes to the treatment of refractive errors, such
+
+11
+00:00:34,490 --> 00:00:38,530
+as myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism, we add
+
+12
+00:00:38,530 --> 00:00:43,810
+a lens. We are adding a lens to an existing optical
+
+13
+00:00:43,810 --> 00:00:47,070
+system لأ optical system موجود بالأساس وهو عين
+
+14
+00:00:47,070 --> 00:00:50,630
+المريض وطبعا لما بنقول عين المريض بنقصد في optical
+
+15
+00:00:50,630 --> 00:00:54,090
+system مكوّن من الكورنيا ومن ال crystalline lens
+
+16
+00:00:54,090 --> 00:00:58,910
+Gaussian reduction describes what happens when two
+
+17
+00:00:58,910 --> 00:01:01,870
+optical systems such as the correcting lens and
+
+18
+00:01:01,870 --> 00:01:07,900
+the eye are combined. معروف أنهكل optical system
+
+19
+00:01:07,900 --> 00:01:11,040
+لحال العين ك optical system و ال correcting lens
+
+20
+00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:15,300
+سواء plus أو minus سواء cylindrical lens أو sphero
+
+21
+00:01:15,300 --> 00:01:19,400
+cylindrical lens تعتبر optical lens لحال كل
+
+22
+00:01:19,400 --> 00:01:22,800
+optical system لوحده له three pairs of cardinal
+
+23
+00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:26,120
+points of cardinal points اللي هو two nodal و two
+
+24
+00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:32,610
+focal و two principal points. لما بنضيف two optical
+
+25
+00:01:32,610 --> 00:01:35,950
+system لبعض من البعض، إيش اللي بيحصل عندي؟ اللي
+
+26
+00:01:35,950 --> 00:01:39,670
+بيحصل عندي إنه أنا بصير عندي new optical system،
+
+27
+00:01:39,670 --> 00:01:43,350
+إله طاقم جديد من ال cardinal points. When two
+
+28
+00:01:43,350 --> 00:01:47,790
+optical systems each with its own cardinal points
+
+29
+00:01:47,790 --> 00:01:51,210
+are combined، a totally new، بنأكد على كلمة
+
+30
+00:01:51,210 --> 00:01:56,000
+totally new بمعنى إنه جديد جدا. A totally new
+
+31
+00:01:56,000 --> 00:02:01,300
+optical system is created. يعني بيصبح عندي optical
+
+32
+00:02:01,300 --> 00:02:05,940
+system جديد بأعمله توصيف بواسطة new set of
+
+33
+00:02:05,940 --> 00:02:10,220
+cardinal points. يعني إله يعني تلت أزواج من ال
+
+34
+00:02:10,220 --> 00:02:12,920
+reference points أو تلت أزواج من ال cardinal
+
+35
+00:02:12,920 --> 00:02:14,800
+points تختلف عن
+
+36
+00:02:19,730 --> 00:02:22,950
+The thick lens equation is used to reduce the two
+
+37
+00:02:22,950 --> 00:02:26,550
+individual systems to a single system with its own
+
+38
+00:02:26,550 --> 00:02:28,450
+set of cardinal points.
+
+39
+00:02:33,190 --> 00:02:38,870
+عشان ال .. ال .. ال new optical system يعني يوصفوه
+
+40
+00:02:38,870 --> 00:02:43,450
+.. إيش يعني يوصفوه؟ يعني يحددوا أماكن ال focal
+
+41
+00:02:43,450 --> 00:02:47,350
+points بتاعته و ال nodal points بتاعته و ال
+
+42
+00:02:47,350 --> 00:02:51,390
+principal points. Typically, the combined systems'
+
+43
+00:02:51,590 --> 00:02:54,650
+cardinal points and power differ from those of
+
+44
+00:02:54,650 --> 00:02:58,210
+either of the individual systems. يعني ما حد يتخيل
+
+45
+00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:08,840
+No one can imagine that the
+
+46
+00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:12,360
+new optical system is a combination of cardinal
+
+47
+00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:13,020
+points. No.
+
+48
+00:03:23,140 --> 00:03:25,640
+I will try to see a picture to describe this case.
+
+49
+00:03:28,980 --> 00:03:32,840
+This is my eye. The eye is an optical system and
+
+50
+00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:36,140
+the lens is a different optical system from it. The
+
+51
+00:03:36,140 --> 00:03:39,160
+lens itself has three pairs of cardinal points. It
+
+52
+00:03:39,160 --> 00:03:42,600
+has focal points, nodal points and principal
+
+53
+00:03:42,600 --> 00:03:48,020
+points. And the eye itself has principal points,
+
+54
+00:03:48,140 --> 00:03:51,220
+nodal points and focal points. When both join
+
+55
+00:03:51,220 --> 00:03:55,700
+together بعملهم combination بمعنى أنه بلبس ال��ريض
+
+56
+00:03:55,700 --> 00:03:59,820
+العدسة أو بلبس النضارة بصير عندي a new optical
+
+57
+00:03:59,820 --> 00:04:03,040
+system عبارة عن عدسة minus مثلا زي ما الرسمها
+
+58
+00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:07,280
+بتوضح cornea and lens فبالتالي هذا ال new optical
+
+59
+00:04:07,280 --> 00:04:11,500
+system له three new pairs of cardinal points. يعني
+
+60
+00:04:11,500 --> 00:04:15,300
+ماجيش أخد ال anterior focal point مثلا من العدسة
+
+61
+00:04:15,810 --> 00:04:18,030
+and the posterior focal point from the eye. No,
+
+62
+00:04:18,390 --> 00:04:23,610
+but I will have a new group of cardinal points.
+
+63
+00:04:23,610 --> 00:04:26,810
+Typically the combined optical, the combined
+
+64
+00:04:26,810 --> 00:04:30,150
+systems cardinal points and power, the cardinal
+
+65
+00:04:30,150 --> 00:04:33,640
+points of the new system and its power is different
+
+66
+00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:39,660
+from the previous two components, which are the
+
+67
+00:04:39,660 --> 00:04:43,440
+eye as an optical system and the lens as an
+
+68
+00:04:43,440 --> 00:04:45,600
+optical system. It is completely different from
+
+69
+00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:46,540
+them to the new system.
+
+70
+00:04:49,150 --> 00:04:52,050
+Clinically, Gaussian reduction is most important
+
+71
+00:04:52,050 --> 00:04:54,770
+in conjunction with the correction of ametropias
+
+72
+00:04:54,770 --> 00:04:58,430
+and in the calculation of IOL
+
+73
+00:05:08,540 --> 00:05:10,520
+The power of the lens that is produced after the
+
+74
+00:05:10,520 --> 00:05:12,340
+production of white water becomes very important
+
+75
+00:05:12,340 --> 00:05:17,320
+for Gaussian reduction to determine the cardinal
+
+76
+00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:20,980
+points of the new system.
+
+77
+00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:26,420
+This is for Gaussian reduction. We come today to
+
+78
+00:05:26,420 --> 00:05:29,990
+another topic which is the Knaps law. Knapp's law,
+
+79
+00:05:30,510 --> 00:05:35,510
+the beta principle and the lensmeter. One problem
+
+80
+00:05:35,510 --> 00:05:38,230
+in treating refractive errors is that the
+
+81
+00:05:38,230 --> 00:05:41,050
+correcting lens often changes the size of the
+
+82
+00:05:41,050 --> 00:05:41,930
+original image.
+
+83
+00:05:54,360 --> 00:05:58,720
+لما بحط عدسة أمام العين ممكن حجم الصورة على ال
+
+84
+00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:03,060
+retina يكون مختلف لأنه العدسة اللي أنا بحطها سواء
+
+85
+00:06:03,060 --> 00:06:06,620
+plus أو minus ممكن تعمل magnification أو
+
+86
+00:06:06,620 --> 00:06:10,140
+minification. فبالتالي if the retinal image in one
+
+87
+00:06:10,140 --> 00:06:14,140
+eye differs in size from that on the other eye the
+
+88
+00:06:14,140 --> 00:06:16,780
+difference is usually tolerated by the patient
+
+89
+00:06:16,780 --> 00:06:19,540
+unless different.
+
+90
+00:06:24,920 --> 00:06:36,200
+different retinal image size بمعنى
+
+91
+00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:44,120
+آخر لو أخدنا الصورة I ربما تكون معبرة يعني نحاول
+
+92
+00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:45,480
+ننسخها و نكبرها.
+
+93
+00:07:11,590 --> 00:07:13,530
+this is a picture of a human, it will come to the
+
+94
+00:07:13,530 --> 00:07:18,930
+network if I have ... if I have ... of course here
+
+95
+00:07:18,930 --> 00:07:22,790
+this is for another topic, but when the size of
+
+96
+00:07:22,790 --> 00:07:32,370
+the picture is different on the network this
+
+97
+00:07:32,370 --> 00:07:36,970
+is the size of the picture highlighted in blue, the
+
+98
+00:07:36,970 --> 00:07:40,490
+size of the picture here. It's totally different
+
+99
+00:07:40,490 --> 00:07:41,950
+from the size of the picture here. The size of the
+
+100
+00:07:41,950 --> 00:07:44,310
+picture here is much larger. Let's assume that
+
+101
+00:07:44,310 --> 00:07:46,510
+here is the right eye and here is the left eye. So
+
+102
+00:07:46,510 --> 00:07:49,610
+when the retinal image size is different, the
+
+103
+00:07:49,610 --> 00:07:53,410
+brain can only handle small differences. That is,
+
+104
+00:07:53,410 --> 00:07:56,430
+for adults, it can handle up to 8% difference in
+
+105
+00:07:56,430 --> 00:08:00,040
+the height of the picture. And for children it's up
+
+106
+00:08:00,040 --> 00:08:02,880
+to 12%. If it's more than that, so this picture is
+
+107
+00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:06,800
+twice or three quarters bigger than this picture,
+
+108
+00:08:07,300 --> 00:08:10,060
+so it's going to be double. So what makes a
+
+109
+00:08:10,060 --> 00:08:13,380
+picture big and small? The correcting lens that I
+
+110
+00:08:13,380 --> 00:08:18,260
+use might do minification or magnification, يعني
+
+111
+00:08:18,260 --> 00:08:23,080
+ممكن تصغر صورة أو تكبر صورة بسبب ال difference في
+
+112
+00:08:23,080 --> 00:08:25,960
+ال refractive error between the two eyes. فبالتالي
+
+113
+00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:29,500
+هذه ��ي الفكرة. So the adult brain can fuse retinal
+
+114
+00:08:29,500 --> 00:08:34,080
+images that differ in size by as much as تمانية في
+
+115
+00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:37,660
+المية. The child's brain can handle an even
+
+116
+00:08:37,660 --> 00:08:43,150
+greater disparity. بمعنى آخر المخ الإنسان البالغ،
+
+117
+00:08:43,150 --> 00:08:46,510
+دماغ الإنسان البالغ بقدر .. بقدر يدمج صورتين من
+
+118
+00:08:46,510 --> 00:08:51,290
+العين تان إذا كان الفارق في حجم الصور ما .. لا
+
+119
+00:08:51,290 --> 00:08:53,810
+يزيد عن تمانية في المية، يعني واحدة أكبر من واحدة
+
+120
+00:08:53,810 --> 00:08:57,210
+بتمانية في المية، سبعة في المية، خمسة في المية. Or
+
+121
+00:08:57,210 --> 00:09:02,610
+smaller than that value, but more than 8% is double.
+
+122
+00:09:02,610 --> 00:09:07,110
+For the child's brain, the child's brain can bear
+
+123
+00:09:07,110 --> 00:09:10,910
+bigger differences. I mean, some studies say that
+
+124
+00:09:10,910 --> 00:09:15,850
+up to 12% can bear differences in the size of the
+
+125
+00:09:15,850 --> 00:09:18,690
+retinal image size. What causes the retinal image
+
+126
+00:09:18,690 --> 00:09:22,840
+size? Difference, low correction of refractive
+
+127
+00:09:22,840 --> 00:09:26,040
+error. When I have an unequal refractive error in
+
+128
+00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:29,480
+both eyes, for example, eye plus one and eye plus
+
+129
+00:09:29,480 --> 00:09:35,120
+seven, and I fix this issue, then when I use plus
+
+130
+00:09:35,120 --> 00:09:37,660
+seven in front of the eye that has hypermetropia
+
+131
+00:09:37,660 --> 00:09:41,240
+plus seven, it will do magnification greater than
+
+132
+00:09:41,240 --> 00:09:44,410
+what it does to plus one. فبالتالي و ايضا في ال
+
+133
+00:09:44,410 --> 00:09:47,470
+minus هذا الكلام برضه صحيح هتكون التصغير كل ما
+
+134
+00:09:47,470 --> 00:09:53,470
+كبرت العدسة بيكون عندها minification اكتر. طيب اجا
+
+135
+00:09:53,470 --> 00:09:58,490
+العالم Knaps و حط قانون عشان يحل المشكلة هاي عشان
+
+136
+00:09:58,490 --> 00:10:03,570
+يحل المشكلة هاي. ماذا ينص او على ماذا ينص قانون
+
+137
+00:10:03,570 --> 00:10:07,820
+Knaps? According to Knapp's law, the size of retinal
+
+138
+00:10:07,820 --> 00:10:11,300
+image does not change when the center of the
+
+139
+00:10:11,300 --> 00:10:16,080
+correcting lens, or, to be precise, the posterior
+
+140
+00:10:16,080 --> 00:10:20,040
+nodal point of the correcting lens coincides with
+
+141
+00:10:20,040 --> 00:10:22,280
+the anterior focal point of the eye.
+
+142
+00:10:25,820 --> 00:10:28,220
+Even if the refractive error is different between
+
+143
+00:10:28,220 --> 00:10:30,480
+the two lenses, and we want to testify that the
+
+144
+00:10:30,480 --> 00:10:34,920
+glasses with their different lenses are enlarged
+
+145
+00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:36,880
+or reduced, we want the image size to remain
+
+146
+00:10:36,880 --> 00:10:40,380
+constant, and we want to put a condition. We say, the
+
+147
+00:10:40,380 --> 00:10:46,440
+retinal image size does not change when the center
+
+148
+00:10:51,440 --> 00:11:01,840
+When the center of the correcting lens coincides
+
+149
+00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:05,120
+with the anterior focal point of the eye.
+
+150
+00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:20,240
+وهي عندنا ال nodal point بتاعتها ال nodal point
+
+151
+00:11:20,240 --> 00:11:23,620
+بتاعتها هاد ال nodal point بتاعت ال correcting
+
+152
+00:11:23,620 --> 00:11:28,320
+lens ال posterior nodal point وممكن تكون منطبق على
+
+153
+00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:30,900
+ال anterior nodal point بس مش هاد موضوعنا ال
+
+154
+00:11:30,900 --> 00:11:34,280
+posterior nodal point بتاعت ال correcting lens و
+
+155
+00:11:34,280 --> 00:11:39,560
+ال anterior focal focus ال FA بتاعت ال eye هم في
+
+156
+00:11:39,560 --> 00:11:44,420
+نفس المكان في الفرار. طيب لما الشعاق بيجي from the
+
+157
+00:11:44,420 --> 00:11:47,080
+object that a person looks at wearing his glasses.
+
+158
+00:11:48,730 --> 00:11:51,590
+The light that enters the nodal point does not
+
+159
+00:11:51,590 --> 00:11:54,370
+change its path, as we know, whatever world you go
+
+160
+00:11:54,370 --> 00:11:57,030
+to, there is no refraction. The light that enters
+
+161
+00:11:57,030 --> 00:12:00,750
+the nodal point does not change its path for this
+
+162
+00:12:00,750 --> 00:12:04,450
+lens. Okay, it's true that it entered the nodal
+
+163
+00:12:04,450 --> 00:12:07,670
+point of the lens, but at the same time it passed
+
+164
+00:12:07,670 --> 00:12:11,230
+through the F-A of the eye, so F-A of the eye
+
+165
+00:12:11,230 --> 00:12:13,170
+means that when it wants to exit, it wants to exit
+
+166
+00:12:13,170 --> 00:12:16,250
+from the lens, and the lens parallel to the optical
+
+167
+00:12:16,250 --> 00:12:21,150
+axis. موازي لل optical axis يعني لو ال retina هنا
+
+168
+00:12:21,150 --> 00:12:26,050
+الحجم بتاعه هيك لو ال retina هنا الحجم بتاعه هيك
+
+169
+00:12:26,050 --> 00:12:29,170
+لو ال retina هنا الحجم بتاعه هيك بمعنى أخر لما
+
+170
+00:12:29,170 --> 00:12:31,950
+العين بتكون كبيرة جدا ال size بتاعها كبير و هذا
+
+171
+00:12:31,950 --> 00:12:36,210
+بنلاقيه في الmiopia يعني لما بتكون العين miopic ال
+
+172
+00:12:36,210 --> 00:12:42,430
+image بتضالها بنفس الحجم لما بتكون M-trop. It's the
+
+173
+00:12:42,430 --> 00:12:46,030
+same size. When the eye is short, hypermetropian,
+
+174
+00:12:46,130 --> 00:12:49,570
+it's known that the short eye with hypermetropian
+
+175
+00:12:49,570 --> 00:12:54,010
+axial length is short, also the retinal image size
+
+176
+00:12:54,010 --> 00:13:02,820
+does not differ. It is very important that the
+
+177
+00:13:02,820 --> 00:13:06,880
+nodal point of the lens that gives correction to
+
+178
+00:13:06,880 --> 00:13:09,800
+the refractive error and the focal point of the
+
+179
+00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:12,760
+eye to be adjacent to each other.
+
+180
+00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:20,720
+For example, if the eye have identical refractive
+
+181
+00:13:20,720 --> 00:13:24,520
+power and differ only in axial length, then
+
+182
+00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:28,000
+placing the lens at the anterior focal point of
+
+183
+00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:32,060
+each eye will produce retinal image identical in
+
+184
+00:13:32,060 --> 00:13:32,280
+size.
+
+185
+00:13:35,300 --> 00:13:40,400
+However, it is rare that the difference between the
+
+186
+00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:45,040
+eyes are purely, or is purely axial. In addition, the
+
+187
+00:13:45,040 --> 00:13:47,920
+un .. I mean .. Now, we want to talk about this
+
+188
+00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:49,880
+word that we talked about a while ago about the
+
+189
+00:13:49,880 --> 00:13:55,100
+Knapp's law, a very good word, Knapp's law only
+
+190
+00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:59,420
+applies to axial ametropia. What does axial
+
+191
+00:13:59,420 --> 00:14:01,780
+ametropia mean? It is a refractive error resulting
+
+192
+00:14:01,780 --> 00:14:08,430
+from the length of the eye. Either it's too long, so
+
+193
+00:14:08,430 --> 00:14:11,270
+it gives me myopia or too short, so it gives me
+
+1
+
+223
+00:15:53,730 --> 00:15:57,150
+assume that there is a person who has axial
+
+224
+00:15:57,150 --> 00:15:58,970
+refractive error and the strength of the eye in
+
+225
+00:15:58,970 --> 00:16:02,330
+the right eye and the left eye is normal, but the
+
+226
+00:16:02,330 --> 00:16:05,430
+right eye is much longer, so it became myopia
+
+227
+00:16:05,430 --> 00:16:08,110
+because of its length, because of its length, and
+
+228
+00:16:08,110 --> 00:16:12,370
+we say okay, let's apply Knapp's law. We put the
+
+229
+00:16:12,370 --> 00:16:17,190
+correcting lens on the anterior focal point of the
+
+230
+00:16:17,190 --> 00:16:22,310
+eye. The anterior focal point is about 17 mm away
+
+231
+00:16:22,310 --> 00:16:25,110
+from the eye. The vertex distance of the lens
+
+232
+00:16:25,110 --> 00:16:29,340
+should be Back Vertex Distance, or BVD, and this is
+
+233
+00:16:29,340 --> 00:16:32,020
+in refraction. All students studying visual arts
+
+234
+00:16:32,020 --> 00:16:34,860
+or visual arts students study this in refraction.
+
+235
+00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:39,540
+The BVD is usually around 12 mm and sometimes 10
+
+236
+00:16:39,540 --> 00:16:45,750
+mm, around 10 to 12 mm. أما إن أحط النضارة الـ back
+
+237
+00:16:45,750 --> 00:16:50,790
+vertex تاعتها على بعد 17 ملي، هذه مشكلة تانية،
+
+238
+00:16:50,790 --> 00:16:56,670
+وطبعا هذه من ناحية عملية صعبة، من ناحية عملية،
+
+239
+00:16:56,670 --> 00:16:59,810
+يعني تطبيقها صعب. In addition, the anterior focal
+
+240
+00:16:59,810 --> 00:17:03,910
+point of the eye is approximately 17 mili in front
+
+241
+00:17:03,910 --> 00:17:08,550
+of the cornea. Although it is possible to wear
+
+242
+00:17:08,550 --> 00:17:13,350
+glasses, so the spectacle lens is 17mm in front of
+
+243
+00:17:13,350 --> 00:17:19,570
+the eye. يعني ممكن ينعمل .. ممكن ينعمل glasses back
+
+244
+00:17:19,570 --> 00:17:25,750
+vertex distance تقريبا 17mm ولكن most people
+
+245
+00:17:25,750 --> 00:17:29,090
+prefer to wear them at a corneal vertex distance
+
+246
+00:17:29,090 --> 00:17:34,090
+من 10 إلى 15mm والمعتاد عندنا تقريبا 12mm.
+
+247
+00:17:36,730 --> 00:17:39,870
+Because the clinician is rarely certain that any
+
+248
+00:17:39,870 --> 00:17:43,670
+ametropia is purely axial, Knapp's law has limited
+
+249
+00:17:43,670 --> 00:17:48,290
+clinical application. Because when we check the
+
+250
+00:17:48,290 --> 00:17:51,110
+refractive error, we usually check the O2
+
+251
+00:17:51,110 --> 00:17:54,850
+refractometer or the retinoscope as an objective
+
+252
+00:17:54,850 --> 00:17:57,550
+refraction and we do not measure the axial length
+
+253
+00:17:57,550 --> 00:18:00,670
+of the eye, so if a person has a refractive error,
+
+254
+00:18:00,770 --> 00:18:03,090
+we say he has a refractive error, but we do not
+
+255
+00:18:03,090 --> 00:18:04,790
+say what the details are, whether it is a
+
+256
+00:18:04,790 --> 00:18:07,570
+refractive error as a result of the increase or
+
+257
+00:18:07,570 --> 00:18:10,310
+decrease in eye strength, or that the length of
+
+258
+00:18:10,310 --> 00:18:14,600
+the eye طويل أو قصير. هذا الكلام ما بنفصل فيه ولما
+
+259
+00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:19,280
+بنقول غالبا ك .. كوادر طبية سواء طباء عيون أو
+
+260
+00:18:19,280 --> 00:18:21,940
+خصائين بصريات بنقول إن والله عنده refractive error
+
+261
+00:18:21,940 --> 00:18:26,260
+مثلا تلت درجات hypermetropia، درجتين astigmatism،
+
+262
+00:18:26,260 --> 00:18:29,640
+خمس درجات myopia، بس ما بنقولش هل ال myopia axial،
+
+263
+00:18:29,640 --> 00:18:33,900
+يعني نتجة عن طول مفرط للعين، ولا إنه قوة العين
+
+264
+00:18:33,900 --> 00:18:38,650
+كrefraction. In case of nuclear sclerosis, the
+
+265
+00:18:38,650 --> 00:18:44,250
+refractive index is high. We don't talk about this
+
+266
+00:18:44,250 --> 00:18:46,330
+in detail except rarely.
+
+267
+00:18:48,900 --> 00:18:51,220
+Since the situation is such that because the
+
+268
+00:18:51,220 --> 00:18:55,480
+clinician is rarely certain that any ametropia is
+
+269
+00:18:55,480 --> 00:18:58,780
+purely axial, Knapp's law has limited clinical
+
+270
+00:18:58,780 --> 00:19:02,360
+application. Unfortunately, although the benefits
+
+271
+00:19:02,360 --> 00:19:05,500
+of Knapp's law is that it really preserves the
+
+272
+00:19:05,500 --> 00:19:08,860
+retinal image size does not change, but there are
+
+273
+00:19:08,860 --> 00:19:11,820
+difficulties to face. The first difficulty is that
+
+274
+00:19:11,820 --> 00:19:14,560
+not all refractive errors are axial. Second
+
+275
+00:19:14,560 --> 00:19:18,120
+difficulty, it's hard to wear glasses, it's hard,
+
+276
+00:19:18,280 --> 00:19:20,740
+it's not normal that the glasses should be at the
+
+277
+00:19:20,740 --> 00:19:24,140
+back vertex, 17 millimeters away from the eye.
+
+278
+00:19:24,140 --> 00:19:27,460
+Third thing, when we examine children or any
+
+279
+00:19:27,460 --> 00:19:29,600
+patient, we don't differentiate between the
+
+280
+00:19:29,600 --> 00:19:32,260
+refractive error they have, whether it's axial or
+
+281
+00:19:32,260 --> 00:19:38,560
+not axial, therefore applications or or or did not
+
+282
+00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:43,660
+find the NAPS law. NAPS law applications in the
+
+283
+00:19:43,660 --> 00:19:46,400
+practical life with the patient. In the practical
+
+284
+00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,760
+life with the patient, but there are other benefits
+
+285
+00:19:49,760 --> 00:19:53,320
+from NAPS law. We will talk about it shortly, God
+
+286
+00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:59,220
+willing. Among NAPS law applications, the manual
+
+287
+00:19:59,220 --> 00:20:03,020
+lensmeter. The lensmeter is a device that measures
+
+288
+00:20:03,020 --> 00:20:06,140
+the strength of lenses and glasses that we use.
+
+289
+00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:07,580
+Some of them are manual and some of them are
+
+290
+00:20:07,580 --> 00:20:11,300
+automatic. Manual lensmeters make use of the same
+
+291
+00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:16,480
+principle, although for an entirely different
+
+292
+00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:20,240
+reason, in order to measure the strength of the
+
+293
+00:20:20,240 --> 00:20:23,540
+lens. There, we used to use them as glasses so
+
+294
+00:20:23,540 --> 00:20:26,580
+that the size of the retinal image would not
+
+295
+00:20:26,580 --> 00:20:27,920
+differ between the two eyes.
+
+296
+00:20:37,560 --> 00:20:41,980
+لما بطبق NAPSLOW على .. لما بطبق NAPSLOW على ال
+
+297
+00:20:41,980 --> 00:20:46,920
+lens meters, when applied to lens meters, NAPSLOW is
+
+298
+00:20:46,920 --> 00:20:50,320
+called Bédel principle. لما بنطبقه على ال lens
+
+299
+00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:54,040
+meter, أصبح اسمه مش NAPSLOW, أصبح اسمه Bédel
+
+300
+00:20:54,040 --> 00:21:01,100
+principle, مبدأ Bédel, و هو نفسه NAPSLOW. This is a
+
+301
+00:21:01,100 --> 00:21:04,180
+point. So when it is applied to the lensmeter, it
+
+302
+00:21:04,180 --> 00:21:07,500
+is called Badal Principle. Let's see what is meant
+
+303
+00:21:07,500 --> 00:21:10,980
+by Badal Principle. Badal Optometer, which
+
+304
+00:21:10,980 --> 00:21:13,060
+operates on the Badal Principle, the Badal
+
+305
+00:21:13,060 --> 00:21:17,300
+Optometer utilizes plus lens placed so that its
+
+306
+00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:20,900
+posterior focal plane is coincident with the
+
+307
+00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:25,890
+anterior focal plane of the eye. The Blast Lens
+
+308
+00:21:25,890 --> 00:21:30,950
+that we use in the Lens Meter, which is called
+
+309
+00:21:30,950 --> 00:21:33,810
+Gradal Optometer. This is the Blast Lens, this is
+
+310
+00:21:33,810 --> 00:21:37,790
+its FP, its posterior focus, which is applied to
+
+311
+00:21:37,790 --> 00:21:41,560
+the anterior focus of the eye. This F here is the
+
+312
+00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:45,360
+point FA of the eye and it is in the same way FB
+
+313
+00:21:45,360 --> 00:21:47,900
+of the lens of the device which is the Pedal
+
+314
+00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:51,320
+Optometer. The parallel rays that pass through the
+
+315
+00:21:51,320 --> 00:21:53,180
+head of the object, regardless of the distance of
+
+316
+00:21:53,180 --> 00:21:56,320
+the object, that is, I can try the object or move
+
+317
+00:21:56,320 --> 00:22:00,860
+it up or down in the lens meter. And it is meant in
+
+318
+00:22:00,860 --> 00:22:05,340
+the object of the glasses. So the rays that are
+
+319
+00:22:05,340 --> 00:22:08,500
+parallel to the optical axis will break and will
+
+320
+00:22:08,500 --> 00:22:11,960
+enter the FB of the lens at the same time it will
+
+321
+00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:14,780
+enter the FA of the eye and what enters the FA of
+
+322
+00:22:14,780 --> 00:22:16,600
+the optical system will come out parallel.
+
+323
+00:22:20,580 --> 00:22:23,820
+The retinal image size on the surface of the
+
+324
+00:22:23,820 --> 00:22:26,540
+retina in my eye as an examiner, I want to see the
+
+325
+00:22:26,540 --> 00:22:30,120
+power of the lens, whether I sent the object or
+
+326
+00:22:30,120 --> 00:22:35,400
+tried it, that is, the lens or the glasses, the
+
+327
+00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:39,580
+spectacles that are placed on the nose in the
+
+328
+00:22:39,580 --> 00:22:42,910
+lensmeter whether I raised it or lowered it, Or I
+
+329
+00:22:42,910 --> 00:22:47,690
+moved it up or down towards the lens, its size
+
+330
+00:22:47,690 --> 00:22:50,510
+remained, it didn't grow or shrink, its size
+
+331
+00:22:50,510 --> 00:22:57,590
+remained on my network as examiner one and the
+
+332
+00:22:57,590 --> 00:23:01,160
+other. It makes it easier for me to do the test. So
+
+333
+00:23:01,160 --> 00:23:04,340
+the beta of the optometer has the focal plane
+
+334
+00:23:04,340 --> 00:23:07,940
+coincident with the anterior focal plane of the
+
+335
+00:23:07,940 --> 00:23:11,020
+eye. So here is the posterior focal plane of the
+
+336
+00:23:11,020 --> 00:23:18,480
+lens and the anterior focal plane of the
+
+337
+00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:18,820
+eye.
+
+338
+00:23:22,730 --> 00:23:26,150
+And the posterior focal plane of the lens. So this
+
+339
+00:23:26,150 --> 00:23:28,630
+is one of the applications of NAPS logo, but with
+
+340
+00:23:28,630 --> 00:23:33,930
+a slight modification. We said that the nodal point
+
+341
+00:23:33,930 --> 00:23:37,370
+of the lens should be applied to the anterior
+
+342
+00:23:37,370 --> 00:23:39,590
+focal point of the eye. Here, there is a simple
+
+343
+00:23:39,590 --> 00:23:43,150
+modification, the anterior focal point and the
+
+344
+00:23:43,150 --> 00:23:45,490
+posterior focal point of the lens are adjacent to
+
+345
+00:23:45,490 --> 00:23:49,290
+each other. So, NAB's law is modified to a simple
+
+346
+00:23:49,290 --> 00:23:52,230
+modification called Bédel's principle. So, Bédel's
+
+347
+00:23:52,230 --> 00:23:56,630
+principle. There is another application. One type
+
+348
+00:23:56,630 --> 00:24:00,250
+of optometers used for performing objective
+
+349
+00:24:00,250 --> 00:24:03,610
+refraction is based on variation of NAB's law
+
+350
+00:24:03,610 --> 00:24:06,690
+wherein the posterior focal plane of the
+
+351
+00:24:06,690 --> 00:24:09,970
+correcting lens coincides with the anterior nodal
+
+352
+00:24:09,970 --> 00:24:11,590
+point of the eye. Another modification.
+
+353
+00:24:17,550 --> 00:24:22,070
+Posterior focus of the lens is equivalent to the
+
+354
+00:24:22,070 --> 00:24:25,910
+anterior nodal point of the eye. Retinal image size
+
+355
+00:24:25,910 --> 00:24:32,090
+remains the same. Posterior focus of the lens is
+
+356
+00:24:32,090 --> 00:24:39,650
+equivalent to the anterior nodal point of the eye. F
+
+357
+00:24:39,650 --> 00:24:43,430
+Sharta, which is the posterior focus of the lens,
+
+358
+00:24:43,710 --> 00:24:46,780
+all the rays are parallel. Each parallel radiation
+
+359
+00:24:46,780 --> 00:24:50,040
+of the optical axis will pass through FB, but here
+
+360
+00:24:50,040 --> 00:24:55,180
+FB is inside the eye, the FB lens is applied to
+
+361
+00:24:55,180 --> 00:24:57,300
+the nodal point. Of course, the nodal point is
+
+362
+00:24:57,300 --> 00:24:59,100
+extended in the eye because here the middle is
+
+363
+00:24:59,100 --> 00:25:01,720
+higher than the air density, so the nodal points
+
+364
+00:25:01,720 --> 00:25:04,380
+are extended towards the middle of the axis, so
+
+365
+00:25:04,380 --> 00:25:07,900
+the nodal points will be inside the eye, and this
+
+366
+00:25:07,900 --> 00:25:12,940
+is called a nagel optometer. We got two apps for
+
+367
+00:25:12,940 --> 00:25:17,100
+NAPS, the first one is called Beta Le Principle.
+
+368
+00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:21,240
+The posterior focus FB of the lens is applied to
+
+369
+00:25:21,240 --> 00:25:26,410
+the FA of the eye. The second application, FB of the
+
+370
+00:25:26,410 --> 00:25:29,370
+lens is applied to the nodal point of the eye to
+
+371
+00:25:29,370 --> 00:25:31,770
+the anterior nodal point of the eye, and in all
+
+372
+00:25:31,770 --> 00:25:36,310
+cases to keep the image size one no matter how far
+
+373
+00:25:36,310 --> 00:25:38,970
+the object is, which is the glasses that I check
+
+374
+00:25:38,970 --> 00:25:41,770
+its strength, the glasses that I check its strength
+
+375
+00:25:41,770 --> 00:25:44,990
+whether they are back or close, remains the size of
+
+376
+00:25:44,990 --> 00:25:48,670
+the image on my retina one, so.
+
+377
+00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:56,840
+The posterior focal plane of the correcting lens
+
+378
+00:25:56,840 --> 00:25:59,820
+coincides with the anterior nodal point of the
+
+379
+00:25:59,820 --> 00:26:03,220
+eye. The effect is the same. The other is one.
+
+380
+00:26:03,560 --> 00:26:07,420
+Retinal image size remains constant. In this
+
+381
+00:26:07,420 --> 00:26:10,000
+application, the law is called optometer
+
+382
+00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:10,580
+principle.
+
+383
+00:26:13,250 --> 00:26:17,450
+Bédel principle, here I call it optometer
+
+384
+00:26:17,450 --> 00:26:22,230
+principle. So when FB of the lens is applied to
+
+385
+00:26:22,230 --> 00:26:25,190
+the nodal point, this is the optometer principle.
+
+386
+00:26:25,590 --> 00:26:29,250
+When FB of the lens is applied to FA of the eye,
+
+387
+00:26:29,410 --> 00:26:33,190
+this is the Bédel principle. Also, a third benefit
+
+388
+00:26:33,190 --> 00:26:40,200
+from it. The optical engineers use a variation of
+
+389
+00:26:40,200 --> 00:26:43,640
+Knapp's law. This variation is called
+
+390
+00:26:43,640 --> 00:26:47,600
+telecentricity. The goal of telecentricity is to
+
+391
+00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:52,320
+improve the performance of telescopes and
+
+392
+00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:57,620
+microscopes. بغض النظر بغض النظر, regardless of the
+
+393
+00:26:57,620 --> 00:27:00,920
+name, سواء سميته telecentricity, سواء سميته pedal
+
+394
+00:27:00,920 --> 00:27:04,520
+principle, سواء سميته optometer principle, سواء
+
+395
+00:27:04,520 --> 00:27:07,640
+سميته NABS, اللي هو بغض النظر عن الاسم, the
+
+396
+00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:11,540
+principle remains the same. يعني هو نفس المبدأ بدون
+
+397
+00:27:11,540 --> 00:27:15,700
+أي تغير. هو نفس المبدأ بدون أي تغير. هتنتهي المحاضرة
+
+398
+00:27:15,700 --> 00:27:19,480
+عند هذه النقطة, ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة
+
+399
+00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:20,740
+الله وبركاته.

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/5CUCwjpHdM0.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+
+1
+00:00:03,950 --> 00:00:06,010
+Now we have an example that we will solve using
+
+2
+00:00:06,010 --> 00:00:09,730
+the Lensmakers equation. We have an object on the
+
+3
+00:00:09,730 --> 00:00:13,010
+left of the spherical refracting surface at 50 cm.
+
+4
+00:00:13,610 --> 00:00:17,290
+We have an image inside the glass, also at a
+
+5
+00:00:17,290 --> 00:00:19,550
+distance of 50 cm from the spherical refracting
+
+6
+00:00:19,550 --> 00:00:25,090
+surface. The n is equal to 1.5 and the n of the
+
+7
+00:00:25,090 --> 00:00:27,590
+air is equal to refractive index 1. The only thing
+
+8
+00:00:27,590 --> 00:00:29,570
+that is unknown is that we have to find half of
+
+9
+00:00:29,570 --> 00:00:33,090
+the single refracting surface which is R. What is
+
+10
+00:00:33,090 --> 00:00:37,270
+R? We apply the lens maker equation minus N over O
+
+11
+00:00:37,270 --> 00:00:44,710
+plus N minus R equals N minus R over I minus 1
+
+12
+00:00:44,710 --> 00:00:47,530
+over O which is 50 centimeters which is 5 out of
+
+13
+00:00:47,530 --> 00:00:51,290
+10 meters. The measurements must be in meters. N
+
+14
+00:00:51,290 --> 00:00:55,950
+minus N which is 1.5 minus 1 over R which is
+
+15
+00:00:55,950 --> 00:01:01,390
+present equals N minus 1.5 over I which is the
+
+16
+00:01:01,390 --> 00:01:03,330
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+17
+00:01:03,330 --> 00:01:06,170
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+18
+00:01:06,170 --> 00:01:10,170
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+19
+00:01:10,170 --> 00:01:10,230
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+20
+00:01:10,230 --> 00:01:10,250
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+21
+00:01:10,250 --> 00:01:10,350
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+22
+00:01:10,350 --> 00:01:10,570
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+23
+00:01:10,570 --> 00:01:10,770
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+24
+00:01:10,770 --> 00:01:11,070
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+25
+00:01:11,070 --> 00:01:12,270
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+26
+00:01:12,270 --> 00:01:12,890
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+27
+00:01:12,890 --> 00:01:13,150
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+28
+00:01:13,150 --> 00:01:15,750
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+29
+00:01:15,750 --> 00:01:17,010
+distance between the two points is 10 meters the
+
+30
+00:01:17,010 --> 00:01:27,190
+distance between the two points is 10
+
+31
+00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:34,780
+نص على R لها دل قيمة هى القيمة هنكلها عنها هى تانى
+
+32
+00:01:34,780 --> 00:01:39,700
+تساوي تلاتة متر أصناقس واحد زاقف هى اللى صارت
+
+33
+00:01:39,700 --> 00:01:44,520
+بالزاقف هننطبق عنها هى تانى اتنين متر أصناقس واحد
+
+34
+00:01:44,520 --> 00:01:58,430
+نكمل بنقول نص على R تساوي 3,2,5,1,2,3,2,5,1,2,3,2,3
+
+35
+00:01:58,430 --> 00:02:01,470
+,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2
+
+36
+00:02:01,470 --> 00:02:09,050
+,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3
+
+37
+00:02:09,050 --> 00:02:10,910
+,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,
+
+38
+00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:15,660
+meter plus minus one half over five is equal to
+
+39
+00:02:15,660 --> 00:02:18,500
+one out of ten and meter plus minus one when it
+
+40
+00:02:18,500 --> 00:02:21,520
+comes out, it becomes a calm meter, one out of ten
+
+41
+00:02:21,520 --> 00:02:24,600
+meters, which is ten centimeters. So, half of the
+
+42
+00:02:24,600 --> 00:02:26,860
+diameter of the spherical refracting surface is
+
+43
+00:02:26,860 --> 00:02:29,640
+ten centimeters. Yes, here it is equal to ten
+
+44
+00:02:29,640 --> 00:02:32,200
+centimeters. And this is the complete story. May
+
+45
+00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:34,660
+God give you health and peace, may God's mercy be 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/5CUCwjpHdM0_raw.json

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What is R? We apply the lens maker equation minus N over O plus N minus R equals N minus R over I minus 1 over O which is 50 centimeters which is 5 out of 10 meters. The measurements must be in meters. 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PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/6FQ8w-AkhPw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,910 --> 00:00:04,990
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,990 --> 00:00:09,110
+Geometric Optics، ووصلنا عند موضوع Paraxial Ray
+
+3
+00:00:09,110 --> 00:00:14,190
+Tracing Through Concave Spherical Lenses، وبمعنى
+
+4
+00:00:14,190 --> 00:00:18,630
+تتبع الأشعة المارة من الـ Concave Spherical Lenses
+
+5
+00:00:18,630 --> 00:00:22,140
+أو الـ Minus Spherical Lenses، بنذكر أنه احنا In
+
+6
+00:00:22,140 --> 00:00:26,140
+the previous lectures, we followed the rays in the
+
+7
+00:00:26,140 --> 00:00:28,440
+plus lens and we said that in order to reach the
+
+8
+00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:33,600
+image, we must draw two rays, as we see in the
+
+9
+00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:37,340
+image if we go to the magnifying glass. The first
+
+10
+00:00:37,340 --> 00:00:40,480
+ray is equal to the optical axis, which is the red
+
+11
+00:00:40,480 --> 00:00:43,640
+color, when it leaves the plus lens, it passes
+
+12
+00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:46,440
+through the FB, the posterior focus, and keeps
+
+13
+00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:49,880
+going to the plus optical infinity. The second ray
+
+14
+00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:52,040
+passes through the FA, which is the yellow color.
+
+15
+00:00:53,070 --> 00:00:55,150
+As long as it passes through the F-A axis, it is
+
+16
+00:00:55,150 --> 00:00:57,210
+very important that it is parallel to the optical
+
+17
+00:00:57,210 --> 00:01:00,670
+axis. The intersection of the two rays that passes
+
+18
+00:01:00,670 --> 00:01:02,890
+through the F-B axis and is parallel determines
+
+19
+00:01:02,890 --> 00:01:06,310
+the image point. If it starts from A, it
+
+20
+00:01:06,310 --> 00:01:09,230
+determines A as a condition. When I drop a column
+
+21
+00:01:09,230 --> 00:01:11,870
+from it, this is the image or the height of the
+
+22
+00:01:11,870 --> 00:01:13,910
+image. The image will be in this area. The third
+
+23
+00:01:13,910 --> 00:01:17,210
+ray is the central ray or the chief ray that
+
+24
+00:01:17,210 --> 00:01:20,600
+passes through the nodal point. مفروض إنه يمر في
+
+25
+00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:23,940
+نقطة تقاطع الشعاع الأول والتاني اللي هو الشعاعين
+
+26
+00:01:23,940 --> 00:01:29,640
+الأحمر والأصفر فهذا هو ..The rules that we put or
+
+27
+00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:33,620
+that scientists concluded in tracking the para
+
+28
+00:01:33,620 --> 00:01:39,320
+-axial ray or rays through convex lens. The same
+
+29
+00:01:39,320 --> 00:01:45,100
+rules apply to the concave lenses with some simple
+
+30
+00:01:45,100 --> 00:01:46,480
+adjustments. What are the adjustments? The
+
+31
+00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:48,120
+adjustments because it is known that the concave
+
+32
+00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:52,730
+lens has a back and FP in front, so they are
+
+33
+00:01:52,730 --> 00:01:56,710
+reversed compared to the plus lenses, but the
+
+34
+00:01:56,710 --> 00:02:01,390
+rules are the same. We say para-axial ray tracing
+
+35
+00:02:01,390 --> 00:02:09,320
+through concave spherical lenses, the principles of
+
+36
+00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:12,960
+para-axial ray tracing are the same for concave
+
+37
+00:02:12,960 --> 00:02:19,160
+spherical lenses as for convex spherical lenses if
+
+38
+00:02:19,160 --> 00:02:26,400
+we have for example a lens minus two diopter lens,
+
+39
+00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:32,540
+its fa is fifty centimeters behind the lens, behind
+
+40
+00:02:32,540 --> 00:02:35,900
+the lens, behind the lens means that the fa is on
+
+41
+00:02:35,900 --> 00:02:39,620
+the right and the b is on the left. أول شيء by
+
+42
+00:02:39,620 --> 00:02:43,320
+definition, by definition a ray of light directed
+
+43
+00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:47,180
+through FA will exits the lens parallel to the
+
+44
+00:02:47,180 --> 00:02:51,900
+optical axis. أي .. أي شعاع .. أي شعاع بيمر في ال
+
+45
+00:02:51,900 --> 00:02:56,680
+FA أو مش بيمر في ال FA بيكون directed باتجاه ال FA
+
+46
+00:02:56,680 --> 00:03:02,570
+موجه باتجاه ال FA سوف يخرج من العدسة equal to the
+
+47
+00:03:02,570 --> 00:03:05,670
+optical axis, let's see where this radiation is,
+
+48
+00:03:05,930 --> 00:03:09,330
+in the plus lens, in the plus lens, FA in front,
+
+49
+00:03:09,450 --> 00:03:11,290
+so the radiation that really passes through it,
+
+50
+00:03:11,390 --> 00:03:14,230
+that really passes through it, will come out equal
+
+51
+00:03:14,230 --> 00:03:18,880
+to the optical axis, while in the concave lens. The
+
+52
+00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:22,580
+beam that is going towards it, if left without
+
+53
+00:03:22,580 --> 00:03:25,640
+lens, will pass through this point and will come
+
+54
+00:03:25,640 --> 00:03:28,180
+out parallel. This point is the fa of the minus
+
+55
+00:03:28,180 --> 00:03:31,000
+lens. So in the case of the plus lens, we say that
+
+56
+00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:34,020
+the beam that passes through the fa will come out
+
+57
+00:03:34,020 --> 00:03:37,280
+parallel. In the case of the minus lens, the beam
+
+58
+00:03:37,280 --> 00:03:40,520
+that is directed towards F-A, it will not follow
+
+59
+00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:41,900
+its trajectory because it will collide with the
+
+60
+00:03:41,900 --> 00:03:44,540
+lens. The beam that is directed towards F-A will
+
+61
+00:03:44,540 --> 00:03:46,980
+come out parallel. Let's see in the simulation how
+
+62
+00:03:46,980 --> 00:03:51,620
+this is going to happen. I have a lens. Of course,
+
+63
+00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:56,360
+the lens is minus five, minus five. Therefore, we
+
+64
+00:03:56,360 --> 00:04:02,290
+want the focal point to be F-A behind, here. On a
+
+65
+00:04:02,290 --> 00:04:08,270
+distance of 20 cm and Fp on a distance of 20 cm on
+
+66
+00:04:08,270 --> 00:04:13,990
+the left. Fp here at 700 at the point 700 and Fp at
+
+67
+00:04:13,990 --> 00:04:18,310
+the point 300. Both are 20 cm away from the lens
+
+68
+00:04:18,310 --> 00:04:21,710
+because the lens has a force of 5 diopters minus 5.
+
+69
+00:04:21,710 --> 00:04:26,170
+Why? Because the focal length is minus 200 mm, that
+
+70
+00:04:26,170 --> 00:04:29,890
+is 20 cm. Let's see if I have rays
+
+71
+00:04:33,570 --> 00:04:40,710
+or lightning passes through the
+
+72
+00:04:40,710 --> 00:04:42,170
+point F-A, means that it passes through the point
+
+73
+00:04:42,170 --> 00:04:51,890
+700. Let's
+
+74
+00:04:51,890 --> 00:04:56,450
+see the extension of this lightning, this is for
+
+75
+00:04:56,450 --> 00:05:00,310
+the back extension, for the back. Let's go back
+
+76
+00:05:04,340 --> 00:05:08,800
+ال extension بتاع هذا الشعاع بيمر مئة بالمئة بيمر
+
+77
+00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:18,440
+في النقطة سبعمية، بالنقطة سبعمية، بمعنى آخر،
+
+78
+00:05:18,440 --> 00:05:23,300
+كيف عرف أنه بيمر في النقطة سبعمية؟ لإنه خرج موازي
+
+79
+00:05:23,300 --> 00:05:27,860
+من .. موازي لل optical axis، موازي لل optical axis.
+
+80
+00:05:33,830 --> 00:05:43,810
+Okay, so, no, it's away from being parallel. Okay,
+
+81
+00:05:44,310 --> 00:05:46,950
+it's parallel from the lens, why? Because it's
+
+82
+00:05:46,950 --> 00:05:49,470
+directed towards the face, this is the first rule,
+
+83
+00:05:49,570 --> 00:05:53,730
+the first rule, if the beam is directed towards
+
+84
+00:05:53,730 --> 00:05:57,370
+the face, it's parallel, it's parallel, let's
+
+85
+00:05:57,370 --> 00:06:02,240
+continue. Similarly, a virtual object in the
+
+86
+00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:06,440
+anterior focal plane of a concave lens will image
+
+87
+00:06:06,440 --> 00:06:07,740
+to plus infinity.
+
+88
+00:06:20,070 --> 00:06:23,430
+This ray is a convergent ray, if we imagine that
+
+89
+00:06:23,430 --> 00:06:26,170
+the optical axis is a ray and this is a ray, these
+
+90
+00:06:26,170 --> 00:06:28,690
+are convergent rays, which means that the object
+
+91
+00:06:28,690 --> 00:06:30,670
+here is a virtual object, as long as the
+
+92
+00:06:30,670 --> 00:06:35,470
+convergent ray is a virtual object present at the
+
+93
+00:06:35,470 --> 00:06:39,960
+anterior focal plane, the image will be in the plus
+
+94
+00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:43,500
+infinity, in the plus infinity. Of course, virtual
+
+95
+00:06:43,500 --> 00:06:49,740
+object, which is a convergent, which is supposed
+
+96
+00:06:49,740 --> 00:06:54,480
+to come from a convergent lens, a plus convergent
+
+97
+00:06:54,480 --> 00:06:57,080
+lens, will form an image here. In the anterior
+
+98
+00:06:57,080 --> 00:07:00,540
+focal plane of the minus lens. Of course, any
+
+99
+00:07:00,540 --> 00:07:03,520
+virtual object in the anterior focal plane exists.
+
+100
+00:07:04,640 --> 00:07:06,940
+And if I have a minus lens in the anterior focal
+
+101
+00:07:06,940 --> 00:07:10,000
+plane of the minus lens, the image of this virtual
+
+102
+00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:16,480
+object will be in the plus optical infinity. So,
+
+103
+00:07:16,980 --> 00:07:20,500
+similarly, a virtual object in the anterior focal
+
+104
+00:07:20,500 --> 00:07:24,400
+plane of a concave lens will image at plus
+
+105
+00:07:24,400 --> 00:07:26,920
+infinity. Okay, let's come to the second
+
+106
+00:07:26,920 --> 00:07:30,180
+radiation, a light or ray of light entering the
+
+107
+00:07:30,180 --> 00:07:34,930
+lensparallel to the optical axis will pass through
+
+108
+00:07:34,930 --> 00:07:39,670
+the posterior focus after exiting the lens, let's
+
+109
+00:07:39,670 --> 00:07:44,170
+see this on the plus lens, how if I have a beam
+
+110
+00:07:44,170 --> 00:07:46,750
+parallel to the optical axis when it comes out of
+
+111
+00:07:46,750 --> 00:07:53,510
+the lens it enters FB in the minus lens. In the
+
+112
+00:07:53,510 --> 00:07:58,530
+minus lens, if parallel to the optical axis, when it
+
+113
+00:07:58,530 --> 00:08:01,930
+comes out of the lens, it is distorted. Its length
+
+114
+00:08:01,930 --> 00:08:05,230
+goes into FB. Its length goes into FB. Let's see
+
+115
+00:08:05,230 --> 00:08:08,690
+this issue in simulation. Let's say we have a
+
+116
+00:08:08,690 --> 00:08:12,310
+parallel beam. Let's bring another ray. This is a
+
+117
+00:08:12,310 --> 00:08:13,730
+single ray and this is its duplication.
+
+118
+00:08:16,870 --> 00:08:21,050
+Let's make it parallel to the optical axis.
+
+119
+00:08:27,080 --> 00:08:32,080
+Let's see its length. Exactly it entered the point
+
+120
+00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:36,320
+300. Exactly it entered the point 300 which is in
+
+121
+00:08:36,320 --> 00:08:38,920
+the posterior focus of the minus lens. We said that
+
+122
+00:08:38,920 --> 00:08:43,000
+the posterior focus is 20 cm away. Let's go back to
+
+123
+00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:47,200
+this step to clarify things for us. So, the first
+
+124
+00:08:47,200 --> 00:08:55,190
+ray is directed towards F-A. Directed, it doesn't go
+
+125
+00:08:55,190 --> 00:09:00,130
+through FA, but it's directed towards FA, it's
+
+126
+00:09:00,130 --> 00:09:03,170
+equal to the optical axis. Second example, it's
+
+127
+00:09:03,170 --> 00:09:05,610
+equal to the optical axis, it's equal to the
+
+128
+00:09:05,610 --> 00:09:09,070
+optical axis. When it comes out of the lens, it's
+
+129
+00:09:09,070 --> 00:09:12,290
+tilted, its extension enters FB, its extension
+
+130
+00:09:12,290 --> 00:09:14,630
+enters FB. Now
+
+131
+00:09:19,190 --> 00:09:22,870
+Similarly, real object at minus optical infinity
+
+132
+00:09:22,870 --> 00:09:26,370
+will produce virtual image in the posterior focal
+
+133
+00:09:26,370 --> 00:09:29,810
+plane of a concave lens. يعني لما بيكون عندي
+
+134
+00:09:29,810 --> 00:09:36,550
+virtual object .. virtual .. او real object عفوا
+
+135
+00:09:36,550 --> 00:09:40,530
+real object في ال minus optical infinity جاية منه
+
+136
+00:09:40,530 --> 00:09:44,240
+الأشعة. The minus lens is overshadowed by the minus
+
+137
+00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:47,520
+lens, resulting in a virtual image in the
+
+138
+00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:52,440
+posterior focal plane.
+
+139
+00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:56,600
+Now, it is very important that the third beam,
+
+140
+00:10:00,300 --> 00:10:06,500
+which passes through the nodal point, it doesn't
+
+141
+00:10:06,500 --> 00:10:09,080
+change its direction. So there is a parallel beam
+
+142
+00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:12,700
+to the optical axis that is stretched. The beam is
+
+143
+00:10:12,700 --> 00:10:14,520
+parallel to the optical axis that is stretched.
+
+144
+00:10:15,020 --> 00:10:19,600
+Its length enters FB. The second beam is directed
+
+145
+00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:25,160
+towards FA. It comes out parallel. The third beam
+
+146
+00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:27,740
+passes through the nodal point. Nothing happens to
+
+147
+00:10:27,740 --> 00:10:33,160
+it. The three rays that came out of the minus lens.
+
+148
+00:10:34,230 --> 00:10:37,070
+This is the first ray and the second and the third.
+
+149
+00:10:37,070 --> 00:10:40,270
+Divergent ray, so the image is virtual and cannot
+
+150
+00:10:40,270 --> 00:10:43,490
+form a real image. Where would it be if we extend
+
+151
+00:10:43,490 --> 00:10:47,130
+these three rays to meet at one point? We will see
+
+152
+00:10:47,130 --> 00:10:51,670
+this in the simulation, but we must add the third
+
+153
+00:10:51,670 --> 00:10:59,210
+ray. Duplicate
+
+154
+00:10:59,210 --> 00:11:06,790
+it and make it more than nodal point, these are the
+
+155
+00:11:06,790 --> 00:11:12,690
+three rays now we draw the object. This is my
+
+156
+00:11:12,690 --> 00:11:25,390
+object which is .. no, we
+
+157
+00:11:25,390 --> 00:11:31,350
+use the blocker to draw the object.
+
+158
+00:11:43,940 --> 00:11:47,000
+This is the object with the brown color. We want to
+
+159
+00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:52,780
+see where the image should be formed. The image is
+
+160
+00:11:52,780 --> 00:11:55,520
+formed on the extensions of these different
+
+161
+00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:57,860
+elements. This extension to the back, and this
+
+162
+00:11:57,860 --> 00:12:00,080
+extension to the back, and this extension to the
+
+163
+00:12:00,080 --> 00:12:06,040
+back. We come here and make a duplication of the
+
+164
+00:12:06,040 --> 00:12:06,580
+blocker.
+
+165
+00:12:20,540 --> 00:12:28,700
+هذه الصورة مصدرة virtual erect مصدرة virtual erect
+
+166
+00:12:28,700 --> 00:12:35,280
+إذن
+
+167
+00:12:35,280 --> 00:12:41,450
+هذه الصورة، هذه الجسم. And this is the picture. The
+
+168
+00:12:41,450 --> 00:12:44,310
+picture consists of the rays that came out
+
+169
+00:12:44,310 --> 00:12:47,190
+separately from the minus lens. As the picture I
+
+170
+00:12:47,190 --> 00:12:51,910
+have here shows. As the picture I have here shows. I
+
+171
+00:12:51,910 --> 00:12:54,390
+have the first ray parallel to the optical axis,
+
+172
+00:12:54,570 --> 00:12:57,690
+it comes out, it spreads, its range goes into FB.
+
+173
+00:12:57,690 --> 00:13:02,130
+The second ray is directed towards FA, it did not
+
+174
+00:13:02,130 --> 00:13:05,410
+enter FA, but it is directed towards FA. It will
+
+175
+00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:07,170
+collide with the lens, so it will come out
+
+176
+00:13:07,170 --> 00:13:11,040
+parallel. The third ray will enter the nodal point
+
+177
+00:13:11,040 --> 00:13:13,720
+and will not change its path. The first, second
+
+178
+00:13:13,720 --> 00:13:16,000
+and third rays are divergent rays, so the image is
+
+179
+00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:18,480
+virtual. Where does the image meet? Does it need
+
+180
+00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:20,380
+calculations? No, it does not need calculations.
+
+181
+00:13:20,860 --> 00:13:22,560
+It only needs to be extended and the drawing
+
+182
+00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:24,340
+should be accurate. If the drawing is accurate,
+
+183
+00:13:24,540 --> 00:13:28,450
+the rays will meet at one point. Things that are
+
+184
+00:13:28,450 --> 00:13:32,950
+backward will meet in one point, this is the place
+
+185
+00:13:32,950 --> 00:13:35,770
+of the image, this is the place of the image so
+
+186
+00:13:35,770 --> 00:13:41,050
+this case must be very clear, must be clear, this is
+
+187
+00:13:41,050 --> 00:13:46,450
+an example of minus or para axial ray tracing
+
+188
+00:13:46,450 --> 00:13:52,070
+using minus spherical lens. Minus spherical lens.
+
+189
+00:13:52,070 --> 00:13:54,550
+Let's see if they give examples or not.
+
+190
+00:14:01,130 --> 00:14:06,250
+Let's take the example of the minus 2 diopter lens
+
+191
+00:14:06,250 --> 00:14:14,830
+and see how it works. I
+
+192
+00:14:14,830 --> 00:14:20,370
+have
+
+193
+00:14:20,370 -->
+
+223
+00:17:57,180 --> 00:18:02,080
+nodal point will not change its path, will not
+
+224
+00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:03,120
+change its path
+
+225
+00:18:07,170 --> 00:18:10,370
+Okay, now we're going to do the extension of the
+
+226
+00:18:10,370 --> 00:18:13,170
+three rays. We're going to see that the three rays
+
+227
+00:18:13,170 --> 00:18:19,050
+make a vertical picture, that is upright, virtual,
+
+228
+00:18:20,050 --> 00:18:22,910
+minified. How do we know it's minified? Of course,
+
+229
+00:18:23,450 --> 00:18:31,870
+it's a miniature compared to the body. This
+
+230
+00:18:31,870 --> 00:18:34,330
+is the body, put it in its right place
+
+231
+00:18:53,580 --> 00:19:03,620
+this is the height of the body and this is the
+
+232
+00:19:03,620 --> 00:19:05,660
+picture, we will put the picture in its correct
+
+233
+00:19:05,660 --> 00:19:08,260
+place too, but we will make it smaller
+
+234
+00:19:28,770 --> 00:19:33,670
+So, the rule says that regardless of the location
+
+235
+00:19:33,670 --> 00:19:38,750
+of the body, whether it is inside FP or outside
+
+236
+00:19:38,750 --> 00:19:42,870
+FP, or wherever, always the picture under the
+
+237
+00:19:42,870 --> 00:19:48,030
+minus lens will be miniatured and customizable and
+
+238
+00:19:48,030 --> 00:19:50,910
+virtual, miniatured and customizable and virtual,
+
+239
+00:19:51,130 --> 00:19:52,790
+and consequently you will have
+
+240
+00:19:55,780 --> 00:20:01,020
+The image is always miniatured and virtual, so
+
+241
+00:20:01,020 --> 00:20:06,460
+this image is called the minus lens, and I can
+
+242
+00:20:06,460 --> 00:20:09,420
+raise the image and divide it by the height of the
+
+243
+00:20:09,420 --> 00:20:13,140
+object, and I get the transference magnification,
+
+244
+00:20:13,220 --> 00:20:18,040
+transference magnification. We stop at the lecture
+
+245
+00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:21,400
+of objects and images at infinity, and God bless
+
+246
+00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:22,960
+you and peace be upon you

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/6FQ8w-AkhPw_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,984 @@
+1
+00:00:01,910 --> 00:00:04,990
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,990 --> 00:00:09,110
+Geometric Optics، ووصلنا عند موضوع Paraxial Ray
+
+3
+00:00:09,110 --> 00:00:14,190
+Tracing Through Concave Spherical Lenses، وبمعنى
+
+4
+00:00:14,190 --> 00:00:18,630
+تتبع الأشعة المارة من الـ Concave Spherical Lenses
+
+5
+00:00:18,630 --> 00:00:22,140
+أو الـ Minus Spherical Lenses، بنذكر أنه احناIn
+
+6
+00:00:22,140 --> 00:00:26,140
+the previous lectures, we followed the rays in the
+
+7
+00:00:26,140 --> 00:00:28,440
+plus lens and we said that in order to reach the
+
+8
+00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:33,600
+image, we must draw two rays, as we see in the
+
+9
+00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:37,340
+image if we go to the magnifying glassThe first
+
+10
+00:00:37,340 --> 00:00:40,480
+ray is equal to the optical axis, which is the red
+
+11
+00:00:40,480 --> 00:00:43,640
+color, when it leaves the plus lens, it passes
+
+12
+00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:46,440
+through the FB, the posterior focus, and keeps
+
+13
+00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:49,880
+going to the plus optical infinity. The second ray
+
+14
+00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:52,040
+passes through the FA, which is the yellow color.
+
+15
+00:00:53,070 --> 00:00:55,150
+As long as it passes through the F-A axis, it is
+
+16
+00:00:55,150 --> 00:00:57,210
+very important that it is parallel to the optical
+
+17
+00:00:57,210 --> 00:01:00,670
+axis. The intersection of the two rays that passes
+
+18
+00:01:00,670 --> 00:01:02,890
+through the F-B axis and is parallel determines
+
+19
+00:01:02,890 --> 00:01:06,310
+the image point. If it starts from A, it
+
+20
+00:01:06,310 --> 00:01:09,230
+determines A as a condition. When I drop a column
+
+21
+00:01:09,230 --> 00:01:11,870
+from it, this is the image or the height of the
+
+22
+00:01:11,870 --> 00:01:13,910
+image. The image will be in this area. The third
+
+23
+00:01:13,910 --> 00:01:17,210
+ray is the central ray or the chief ray that
+
+24
+00:01:17,210 --> 00:01:20,600
+passes through the nodal point.مفروض إنه يمر في
+
+25
+00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:23,940
+نقطة تقاطع الشعاع الأول والتاني اللي هو الشعاعين
+
+26
+00:01:23,940 --> 00:01:29,640
+الأحمر والأصفر فهذا هو ..The rules that we put or
+
+27
+00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:33,620
+that scientists concluded in tracking the para
+
+28
+00:01:33,620 --> 00:01:39,320
+-axial ray or rays through convex lens The same
+
+29
+00:01:39,320 --> 00:01:45,100
+rules apply to the concave lenses with some simple
+
+30
+00:01:45,100 --> 00:01:46,480
+adjustments What are the adjustments? The
+
+31
+00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:48,120
+adjustments because it is known that the concave
+
+32
+00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:52,730
+lens has a backand FP in front, so they are
+
+33
+00:01:52,730 --> 00:01:56,710
+reversed compared to the plus lenses, but the
+
+34
+00:01:56,710 --> 00:02:01,390
+rules are the same. We say para-axial ray tracing
+
+35
+00:02:01,390 --> 00:02:09,320
+through concave spherical lenses, the principlesof
+
+36
+00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:12,960
+para-axial ray tracing are the same for concave
+
+37
+00:02:12,960 --> 00:02:19,160
+spherical lenses as for convex spherical lenses if
+
+38
+00:02:19,160 --> 00:02:26,400
+we have for example a lens minus two diopter lens
+
+39
+00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:32,540
+its fa is fifty centimeters behind the lens behind
+
+40
+00:02:32,540 --> 00:02:35,900
+the lens behind the lens means that the fa is on
+
+41
+00:02:35,900 --> 00:02:39,620
+the right and the b is on the leftأول شيء by
+
+42
+00:02:39,620 --> 00:02:43,320
+definition by definition a ray of light directed
+
+43
+00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:47,180
+through FA will exits the lens parallel to the
+
+44
+00:02:47,180 --> 00:02:51,900
+optical axis أي .. أي شعاع .. أي شعاع بيمر في ال
+
+45
+00:02:51,900 --> 00:02:56,680
+FA أو مش بيمر في ال FA بيكون directed باتجاه ال FA
+
+46
+00:02:56,680 --> 00:03:02,570
+موجه باتجاه ال FA سوف يخرج من العدسةequal to the
+
+47
+00:03:02,570 --> 00:03:05,670
+optical axis, let's see where this radiation is,
+
+48
+00:03:05,930 --> 00:03:09,330
+in the plus lens, in the plus lens, FA in front,
+
+49
+00:03:09,450 --> 00:03:11,290
+so the radiation that really passes through it,
+
+50
+00:03:11,390 --> 00:03:14,230
+that really passes through it, will come out equal
+
+51
+00:03:14,230 --> 00:03:18,880
+to the optical axis, while in the concave lensThe
+
+52
+00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:22,580
+beam that is going towards it, if left without
+
+53
+00:03:22,580 --> 00:03:25,640
+lens, will pass through this point and will come
+
+54
+00:03:25,640 --> 00:03:28,180
+out parallel. This point is the fa of the minus
+
+55
+00:03:28,180 --> 00:03:31,000
+lens. So in the case of the plus lens, we say that
+
+56
+00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:34,020
+the beam that passes through the fa will come out
+
+57
+00:03:34,020 --> 00:03:37,280
+parallel. In the case of the minus lens,The beam
+
+58
+00:03:37,280 --> 00:03:40,520
+that is directed towards F-A, it will not follow
+
+59
+00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:41,900
+its trajectory because it will collide with the
+
+60
+00:03:41,900 --> 00:03:44,540
+lens The beam that is directed towards F-A will
+
+61
+00:03:44,540 --> 00:03:46,980
+come out parallel Let's see in the simulation how
+
+62
+00:03:46,980 --> 00:03:51,620
+this is going to happen I have a lens Of course,
+
+63
+00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:56,360
+the lens is minus five, minus five Therefore, we
+
+64
+00:03:56,360 --> 00:04:02,290
+want the focal point to be F-A behind, hereOn a
+
+65
+00:04:02,290 --> 00:04:08,270
+distance of 20 cm and Fp on a distance of 20 cm on
+
+66
+00:04:08,270 --> 00:04:13,990
+the left Fp here at 700 at the point 700 and Fp at
+
+67
+00:04:13,990 --> 00:04:18,310
+the point 300 both are 20 cm away from the lens
+
+68
+00:04:18,310 --> 00:04:21,710
+because the lens has a force of 5 diopters minus 5
+
+69
+00:04:21,710 --> 00:04:26,170
+why? because the focal length is minus 200 mm that
+
+70
+00:04:26,170 --> 00:04:29,890
+is 20 cm let's see if I have rays
+
+71
+00:04:33,570 --> 00:04:40,710
+or lightning passes through the
+
+72
+00:04:40,710 --> 00:04:42,170
+point F A means that it passes through the point
+
+73
+00:04:42,170 --> 00:04:51,890
+700 let's
+
+74
+00:04:51,890 --> 00:04:56,450
+see the extension of this lightning this is for
+
+75
+00:04:56,450 --> 00:05:00,310
+the back extension for the back let's go back
+
+76
+00:05:04,340 --> 00:05:08,800
+ال extension بتاع هذا الشعاع بيمر مئة بالمئة بيمر
+
+77
+00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:18,440
+في النقطة سبعمية، بالنقطة سبعمية، بمعنى آخر،
+
+78
+00:05:18,440 --> 00:05:23,300
+كيف عرف أنه بيمر في النقطة سبعمية؟ لإنه خرج موازي
+
+79
+00:05:23,300 --> 00:05:27,860
+من .. موازي لل optical axis، موازي لل optical axis
+
+80
+00:05:33,830 --> 00:05:43,810
+Okay, so, no, it's away from being parallel Okay,
+
+81
+00:05:44,310 --> 00:05:46,950
+it's parallel from the lens, why? Because it's
+
+82
+00:05:46,950 --> 00:05:49,470
+directed towards the face, this is the first rule,
+
+83
+00:05:49,570 --> 00:05:53,730
+the first rule, if the beam is directed towards
+
+84
+00:05:53,730 --> 00:05:57,370
+the face, it's parallel, it's parallel, let's
+
+85
+00:05:57,370 --> 00:06:02,240
+continueSimilarly, a virtual object in the
+
+86
+00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:06,440
+anterior focal plane of a concave lens will image
+
+87
+00:06:06,440 --> 00:06:07,740
+to plus infinity.
+
+88
+00:06:20,070 --> 00:06:23,430
+This ray is a convergent ray, if we imagine that
+
+89
+00:06:23,430 --> 00:06:26,170
+the optical axis is a ray and this is a ray, these
+
+90
+00:06:26,170 --> 00:06:28,690
+are convergent rays, which means that the object
+
+91
+00:06:28,690 --> 00:06:30,670
+here is a virtual object, as long as the
+
+92
+00:06:30,670 --> 00:06:35,470
+convergent ray is a virtual object present at the
+
+93
+00:06:35,470 --> 00:06:39,960
+anterior focal planeThe image will be in the plus
+
+94
+00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:43,500
+infinity, in the plus infinity Of course, virtual
+
+95
+00:06:43,500 --> 00:06:49,740
+object, which is a convergent, which is supposed
+
+96
+00:06:49,740 --> 00:06:54,480
+to come from a convergent lens, a plus convergent
+
+97
+00:06:54,480 --> 00:06:57,080
+lens, will form an image here In the anterior
+
+98
+00:06:57,080 --> 00:07:00,540
+focal plane of the minus lens Of course, any
+
+99
+00:07:00,540 --> 00:07:03,520
+virtual object in the anterior focal plane exists
+
+100
+00:07:04,640 --> 00:07:06,940
+And if I have a minus lens in the anterior focal
+
+101
+00:07:06,940 --> 00:07:10,000
+plane of the minus lens, the image of this virtual
+
+102
+00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:16,480
+object will be in the plus optical infinity. So,
+
+103
+00:07:16,980 --> 00:07:20,500
+similarly, a virtual object in the anterior focal
+
+104
+00:07:20,500 --> 00:07:24,400
+plane of a concave lens will image at plus
+
+105
+00:07:24,400 --> 00:07:26,920
+infinity. Okay, let's come to the second
+
+106
+00:07:26,920 --> 00:07:30,180
+radiation, a light or ray of light entering the
+
+107
+00:07:30,180 --> 00:07:34,930
+lensparallel to the optical axis will pass through
+
+108
+00:07:34,930 --> 00:07:39,670
+the posterior focus after exiting the lens let's
+
+109
+00:07:39,670 --> 00:07:44,170
+see this on the plus lens how if I have a beam
+
+110
+00:07:44,170 --> 00:07:46,750
+parallel to the optical axis when it comes out of
+
+111
+00:07:46,750 --> 00:07:53,510
+the lens it enters FB in the minus lens in the
+
+112
+00:07:53,510 --> 00:07:58,530
+minus lens ifParallel to the optical axis, when it
+
+113
+00:07:58,530 --> 00:08:01,930
+comes out of the lens, it is distorted. Its length
+
+114
+00:08:01,930 --> 00:08:05,230
+goes into FB. Its length goes into FB. Let's see
+
+115
+00:08:05,230 --> 00:08:08,690
+this issue in simulation. Let's say we have a
+
+116
+00:08:08,690 --> 00:08:12,310
+parallel beam. Let's bring another ray. This is a
+
+117
+00:08:12,310 --> 00:08:13,730
+single ray and this is its duplication.
+
+118
+00:08:16,870 --> 00:08:21,050
+Let's make it parallel to the optical axis.
+
+119
+00:08:27,080 --> 00:08:32,080
+Let's see its length Exactly it entered the point
+
+120
+00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:36,320
+300 exactly it entered the point 300 which is in
+
+121
+00:08:36,320 --> 00:08:38,920
+the posterior focus of the minus lens We said that
+
+122
+00:08:38,920 --> 00:08:43,000
+the posterior focus is 20 cm away Let's go back to
+
+123
+00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:47,200
+this step to clarify things for us So, the first
+
+124
+00:08:47,200 --> 00:08:55,190
+ray is directed towards F ADirected, it doesn't go
+
+125
+00:08:55,190 --> 00:09:00,130
+through FA, but it's directed towards FA, it's
+
+126
+00:09:00,130 --> 00:09:03,170
+equal to the optical axis Second example, it's
+
+127
+00:09:03,170 --> 00:09:05,610
+equal to the optical axis, it's equal to the
+
+128
+00:09:05,610 --> 00:09:09,070
+optical axis When it comes out of the lens, it's
+
+129
+00:09:09,070 --> 00:09:12,290
+tilted, its extension enters FB, its extension
+
+130
+00:09:12,290 --> 00:09:14,630
+enters FB Now
+
+131
+00:09:19,190 --> 00:09:22,870
+Similarly, real object at minus optical infinity
+
+132
+00:09:22,870 --> 00:09:26,370
+will produce virtual image in the posterior focal
+
+133
+00:09:26,370 --> 00:09:29,810
+plane of a concave lens يعني لما بيكون عندي
+
+134
+00:09:29,810 --> 00:09:36,550
+virtual object .. virtual .. او real object عفوا
+
+135
+00:09:36,550 --> 00:09:40,530
+real object في ال minus optical infinity جاية منه
+
+136
+00:09:40,530 --> 00:09:44,240
+الأشعةThe minus lens is overshadowed by the minus
+
+137
+00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:47,520
+lens, resulting in a virtual image in the
+
+138
+00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:52,440
+posterior focal plane
+
+139
+00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:56,600
+Now, it is very important that the third beam,
+
+140
+00:10:00,300 --> 00:10:06,500
+which passes through the nodal pointIt doesn't
+
+141
+00:10:06,500 --> 00:10:09,080
+change its direction. So there is a parallel beam
+
+142
+00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:12,700
+to the optical axis that is stretched. The beam is
+
+143
+00:10:12,700 --> 00:10:14,520
+parallel to the optical axis that is stretched.
+
+144
+00:10:15,020 --> 00:10:19,600
+Its length enters FB. The second beam is directed
+
+145
+00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:25,160
+towards FA. It comes out parallel. The third beam
+
+146
+00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:27,740
+passes through the nodal point. Nothing happens to
+
+147
+00:10:27,740 --> 00:10:33,160
+it. The three rays that came out of the minus lens
+
+148
+00:10:34,230 --> 00:10:37,070
+This is the first ray and the second and the third
+
+149
+00:10:37,070 --> 00:10:40,270
+Divergent ray, so the image is virtual and cannot
+
+150
+00:10:40,270 --> 00:10:43,490
+form a real image Where would it be if we extend
+
+151
+00:10:43,490 --> 00:10:47,130
+these three rays to meet at one point? We will see
+
+152
+00:10:47,130 --> 00:10:51,670
+this in the simulation, but we must add the third
+
+153
+00:10:51,670 --> 00:10:59,210
+ray Duplicate
+
+154
+00:10:59,210 --> 00:11:06,790
+itand make it more than nodal point these are the
+
+155
+00:11:06,790 --> 00:11:12,690
+three rays now we draw the object this is my
+
+156
+00:11:12,690 --> 00:11:25,390
+object which is .. no we
+
+157
+00:11:25,390 --> 00:11:31,350
+use the blocker to draw the object
+
+158
+00:11:43,940 --> 00:11:47,000
+This is the object with the brown color We want to
+
+159
+00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:52,780
+see where the image should be formed The image is
+
+160
+00:11:52,780 --> 00:11:55,520
+formed on the extensions of these different
+
+161
+00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:57,860
+elements This extension to the back, and this
+
+162
+00:11:57,860 --> 00:12:00,080
+extension to the back, and this extension to the
+
+163
+00:12:00,080 --> 00:12:06,040
+back We come here and make a duplication of the
+
+164
+00:12:06,040 --> 00:12:06,580
+blocker
+
+165
+00:12:20,540 --> 00:12:28,700
+هذه الصورة مصدرة virtual erect مصدرة virtual erect
+
+166
+00:12:28,700 --> 00:12:35,280
+إذن
+
+167
+00:12:35,280 --> 00:12:41,450
+هذه الصورة، هذه الجسمAnd this is the picture The
+
+168
+00:12:41,450 --> 00:12:44,310
+picture consists of the rays that came out
+
+169
+00:12:44,310 --> 00:12:47,190
+separately from the minus lens As the picture I
+
+170
+00:12:47,190 --> 00:12:51,910
+have here shows As the picture I have here shows I
+
+171
+00:12:51,910 --> 00:12:54,390
+have the first ray parallel to the optical axis,
+
+172
+00:12:54,570 --> 00:12:57,690
+it comes out, it spreads, its range goes into FB
+
+173
+00:12:57,690 --> 00:13:02,130
+The second ray is directed towards FA, it did not
+
+174
+00:13:02,130 --> 00:13:05,410
+enter FA, but it is directed towards FA It will
+
+175
+00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:07,170
+collide with the lens, so it will come out
+
+176
+00:13:07,170 --> 00:13:11,040
+parallelThe third ray will enter the nodal point
+
+177
+00:13:11,040 --> 00:13:13,720
+and will not change its path. The first, second
+
+178
+00:13:13,720 --> 00:13:16,000
+and third rays are divergent rays, so the image is
+
+179
+00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:18,480
+virtual. Where does the image meet? Does it need
+
+180
+00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:20,380
+calculations? No, it does not need calculations.
+
+181
+00:13:20,860 --> 00:13:22,560
+It only needs to be extended and the drawing
+
+182
+00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:24,340
+should be accurate. If the drawing is accurate,
+
+183
+00:13:24,540 --> 00:13:28,450
+the rays will meet at one point.things that are
+
+184
+00:13:28,450 --> 00:13:32,950
+backward will meet in one point this is the place
+
+185
+00:13:32,950 --> 00:13:35,770
+of the image this is the place of the image so
+
+186
+00:13:35,770 --> 00:13:41,050
+this case must be very clear must be clear this is
+
+187
+00:13:41,050 --> 00:13:46,450
+an example of minus or para axial ray tracing
+
+188
+00:13:46,450 --> 00:13:52,070
+using minus spherical lens minus spherical lens
+
+189
+00:13:52,070 --> 00:13:54,550
+let's see if they give examples or not
+
+190
+00:14:01,130 --> 00:14:06,250
+Let's take the example of the minus 2 diopter lens
+
+191
+00:14:06,250 --> 00:14:14,830
+and see how it works I
+
+192
+00:14:14,830 --> 00:14:20,370
+have
+
+193
+00:14:20,370 --> 00:14:25,630
+a minus 2 diopter lens The F-A is 50 cm behind the
+
+194
+00:14:25,630 --> 00:14:31,560
+lens and the F-B is 50 cm in front of the lenssee
+
+195
+00:14:31,560 --> 00:14:42,080
+the object on any distance it's
+
+196
+00:14:42,080 --> 00:14:44,120
+not a problem the object's distance it's not a
+
+197
+00:14:44,120 --> 00:14:45,360
+problem the object's distance because it's going
+
+198
+00:14:45,360 --> 00:14:48,900
+to be small no matter the object's distance let's
+
+199
+00:14:48,900 --> 00:14:53,200
+see how it's going to be here I have grid and here
+
+200
+00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:53,780
+I have ruler
+
+201
+00:15:13,970 --> 00:15:20,590
+this is ruler now
+
+202
+00:15:20,590 --> 00:15:29,490
+we want to put minus lens this
+
+203
+00:15:29,490 --> 00:15:35,310
+is plus lens minus
+
+204
+00:15:35,310 --> 00:15:41,490
+2 so the focal length is 50cm which is minus 500
+
+205
+00:16:13,910 --> 00:16:21,070
+-500 means from
+
+206
+00:16:21,070 --> 00:16:25,550
+100 to 600 which is 500 we want to see how the
+
+207
+00:16:25,550 --> 00:16:31,910
+three rays will form a single ray let's say this
+
+208
+00:16:31,910 --> 00:16:32,910
+is a parallel single ray
+
+209
+00:16:42,880 --> 00:16:48,220
+parallel to the optical axis we see the extension
+
+210
+00:16:48,220 --> 00:16:52,500
+means that we are not yet parallel to the optical
+
+211
+00:16:52,500 --> 00:16:56,340
+axis until the extension is fixed that's why we
+
+212
+00:16:56,340 --> 00:17:00,380
+are parallel to the optical axis that's why it
+
+213
+00:17:00,380 --> 00:17:02,880
+passes through the point 100 which is 50 cm away
+
+214
+00:17:02,880 --> 00:17:06,920
+so parallel is flattened and its extension passes
+
+215
+00:17:06,920 --> 00:17:11,400
+through FB now we need to go back from the
+
+216
+00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:12,300
+extension a little bit
+
+217
+00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:32,660
+Okay, now we want the second ray to
+
+218
+00:17:32,660 --> 00:17:36,220
+be directed towards F
+
+219
+00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:46,960
+It was directed towards FA, it was directed
+
+220
+00:17:46,960 --> 00:17:49,420
+towards how it found out that the rays came out
+
+221
+00:17:49,420 --> 00:17:52,320
+parallel to the optical axis, parallel to the
+
+222
+00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:57,180
+optical axis The third ray that passes through the
+
+223
+00:17:57,180 --> 00:18:02,080
+nodal point will not change its path, will not
+
+224
+00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:03,120
+change its path
+
+225
+00:18:07,170 --> 00:18:10,370
+Okay, now we're going to do the extension of the
+
+226
+00:18:10,370 --> 00:18:13,170
+three rays We're going to see that the three rays
+
+227
+00:18:13,170 --> 00:18:19,050
+make a vertical picture, that is upright, virtual,
+
+228
+00:18:20,050 --> 00:18:22,910
+minified How do we know it's minified? Of course,
+
+229
+00:18:23,450 --> 00:18:31,870
+it's a miniature compared to the body This
+
+230
+00:18:31,870 --> 00:18:34,330
+is the body, put it in its right place
+
+231
+00:18:53,580 --> 00:19:03,620
+this is the height of the body and this is the
+
+232
+00:19:03,620 --> 00:19:05,660
+picture, we will put the picture in its correct
+
+233
+00:19:05,660 --> 00:19:08,260
+place too, but we will make it smaller
+
+234
+00:19:28,770 --> 00:19:33,670
+So, the rule says that regardless of the location
+
+235
+00:19:33,670 --> 00:19:38,750
+of the body, whether it is inside FP or outside
+
+236
+00:19:38,750 --> 00:19:42,870
+FP, or wherever, always the picture under the
+
+237
+00:19:42,870 --> 00:19:48,030
+minus lens will be miniatured and customizable and
+
+238
+00:19:48,030 --> 00:19:50,910
+virtual, miniatured and customizable and virtual,
+
+239
+00:19:51,130 --> 00:19:52,790
+and consequently you will have
+
+240
+00:19:55,780 --> 00:20:01,020
+The image is always miniatured and virtual, so
+
+241
+00:20:01,020 --> 00:20:06,460
+this image is called the minus lens, and I can
+
+242
+00:20:06,460 --> 00:20:09,420
+raise the image and divide it by the height of the
+
+243
+00:20:09,420 --> 00:20:13,140
+object, and I get the transference magnification,
+
+244
+00:20:13,220 --> 00:20:18,040
+transference magnification We stop at the lecture
+
+245
+00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:21,400
+of objects and images at infinity, and God bless
+
+246
+00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:22,960
+you and peace be upon you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/71kk9HL3q08_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2664 @@
+1
+00:00:02,610 --> 00:00:05,910
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محاضرات البصريات
+
+2
+00:00:05,910 --> 00:00:09,710
+الهندسية موضوعنا اليوم عن ال focal points and
+
+3
+00:00:09,710 --> 00:00:14,710
+planesBefore we talk about it, let's remember some
+
+4
+00:00:14,710 --> 00:00:19,970
+reference points that we used in Geometric Optics
+
+5
+00:00:19,970 --> 00:00:23,550
+from the beginning of this course Let's say that
+
+6
+00:00:23,550 --> 00:00:26,890
+we had two nodal points, the anterior nodal point
+
+7
+00:00:26,890 --> 00:00:29,310
+and the posterior nodal point And we said that any
+
+8
+00:00:29,310 --> 00:00:32,210
+ray that enters the anterior nodal point, exits
+
+9
+00:00:32,210 --> 00:00:35,300
+the posterior nodal pointand that the angle of
+
+10
+00:00:35,300 --> 00:00:37,720
+entry and exit with the optical axis is equal to
+
+11
+00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:39,480
+the angle of entry and exit with the optical axis.
+
+12
+00:00:40,080 --> 00:00:43,780
+These reference points helped me in many things.
+
+13
+00:00:44,320 --> 00:00:49,220
+One of them is that the transference magnification
+
+14
+00:00:49,220 --> 00:00:51,300
+is equal to the image height over the object
+
+15
+00:00:51,300 --> 00:00:53,420
+height and is also equal to the image distance
+
+16
+00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:57,660
+over the object distance.وإنه إذا انطبقت ال
+
+17
+00:00:57,660 --> 00:01:00,460
+anterior nodal point على ال posterior nodal point
+
+18
+00:01:00,460 --> 00:01:03,160
+فالشعاع اللي بيمرم ال anterior nodal point ما
+
+19
+00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:07,800
+بيغير اتجاهه و بيظل عبر العدسة undeviated,
+
+20
+00:01:07,880 --> 00:01:12,500
+undeviated أيضا مرت علينا ال principal points
+
+21
+00:01:15,250 --> 00:01:18,670
+which calculates the image distance and object
+
+22
+00:01:18,670 --> 00:01:21,230
+distance where I have anterior principal point and
+
+23
+00:01:21,230 --> 00:01:24,670
+posterior principal point and also as a reference,
+
+24
+00:01:24,830 --> 00:01:27,890
+we talked about the optical axis and we said that
+
+25
+00:01:27,890 --> 00:01:29,510
+everything is above the optical axis
+
+26
+00:01:36,550 --> 00:01:39,990
+Today we will talk about two reference points
+
+27
+00:01:39,990 --> 00:01:44,190
+again to complete three pairs of reference points
+
+28
+00:01:44,190 --> 00:01:48,310
+which are nodal pointsand the principal points and
+
+29
+00:01:48,310 --> 00:01:51,770
+today we will talk about the focal points actually
+
+30
+00:01:51,770 --> 00:01:55,990
+the focal points are a pair of points located on
+
+31
+00:01:55,990 --> 00:01:59,490
+the optical axis located on the optical axis of
+
+32
+00:01:59,490 --> 00:02:03,870
+any optical system or any lens so they are two
+
+33
+00:02:03,870 --> 00:02:06,170
+points, there is anterior focal point and
+
+34
+00:02:06,170 --> 00:02:10,790
+posterior focal pointThese anterior focal points
+
+35
+00:02:10,790 --> 00:02:16,590
+and posterior focal points are reference points
+
+36
+00:02:16,590 --> 00:02:19,530
+that have something special from other points. As
+
+37
+00:02:19,530 --> 00:02:22,290
+we said nodal points, what makes them special?
+
+38
+00:02:22,410 --> 00:02:26,570
+What makes nodal points special is thatThe rays
+
+39
+00:02:26,570 --> 00:02:29,790
+that come from any point in the object like point
+
+40
+00:02:29,790 --> 00:02:33,310
+A and enter the anterior nodal point plus its
+
+41
+00:02:33,310 --> 00:02:37,090
+entry with the optical axis plus its exit from the
+
+42
+00:02:37,090 --> 00:02:41,270
+posterior nodal point with the optical axis This
+
+43
+00:02:41,270 --> 00:02:43,790
+is the feature of nodal points What are the focal
+
+44
+00:02:43,790 --> 00:02:46,430
+points of this feature? First of all, I have two
+
+45
+00:02:46,430 --> 00:02:49,190
+focal points anterior focal point and posterior
+
+46
+00:02:49,190 --> 00:02:55,640
+focal point I have for example plusFive diopter
+
+47
+00:02:55,640 --> 00:03:00,500
+lens In the drawing that we will see later It has
+
+48
+00:03:00,500 --> 00:03:03,440
+anterior focal point They call it the primary
+
+49
+00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:07,100
+focal point Or anterior focal point In short, FA
+
+50
+00:03:07,100 --> 00:03:11,560
+or F anterior How do we calculate its distance? It
+
+51
+00:03:11,560 --> 00:03:15,200
+is present on the optical axisWe divide the
+
+52
+00:03:15,200 --> 00:03:18,880
+refractive index of the air by the power of the
+
+53
+00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:23,160
+lens 1 by 5 diopters which is 5 meters which is 20
+
+54
+00:03:23,160 --> 00:03:26,380
+centimeters to the left 20 centimeters to the left
+
+55
+00:03:26,380 --> 00:03:30,950
+Also when we want to getThe posterior focal point,
+
+56
+00:03:31,070 --> 00:03:35,370
+or FP, is divided by the refractive index, which
+
+57
+00:03:35,370 --> 00:03:41,650
+is 5 meters, which is 1 over 5 diopters. So it is
+
+58
+00:03:41,650 --> 00:03:49,130
+20 cm away from the left and 20 cm away from the
+
+59
+00:03:49,130 --> 00:03:54,450
+right. The plus 5 diopter lens in the following
+
+60
+00:03:54,450 --> 00:03:59,410
+figure has an anterior primary focal point.Fa that
+
+61
+00:03:59,410 --> 00:04:02,630
+is one over five equals two out of ten meters and
+
+62
+00:04:02,630 --> 00:04:06,250
+equals twenty centimeters in front of the lens
+
+63
+00:04:11,370 --> 00:04:12,950
+What is the difference between anterior and
+
+64
+00:04:12,950 --> 00:04:15,170
+posterior nodal points? Why did scientists say
+
+65
+00:04:15,170 --> 00:04:17,870
+that this is one of the reference points? Or this
+
+66
+00:04:17,870 --> 00:04:20,250
+point is different from the rest of the points on
+
+67
+00:04:20,250 --> 00:04:23,630
+the optical axis? Like when we talked about nodal
+
+68
+00:04:23,630 --> 00:04:26,530
+points, anterior nodal and posterior nodal, we
+
+69
+00:04:26,530 --> 00:04:28,950
+said that they have a difference By God, if a ray
+
+70
+00:04:28,950 --> 00:04:32,670
+enters the anterior nodal point, it will exit the
+
+71
+00:04:32,670 --> 00:04:35,690
+posterior nodal point and go to form the point
+
+72
+00:04:35,690 --> 00:04:38,340
+imageIn addition to the other rays, but this ray
+
+73
+00:04:38,340 --> 00:04:41,460
+is characterized by its angle with the optical
+
+74
+00:04:41,460 --> 00:04:44,080
+axis is equal to the angle of its exit with the
+
+75
+00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:46,360
+optical axis As we said at the beginning of the
+
+76
+00:04:46,360 --> 00:04:50,340
+lecture on engineering vision Okay, today we are
+
+77
+00:04:50,340 --> 00:04:53,100
+going to talk about the anterior focal point and
+
+78
+00:04:53,100 --> 00:04:55,800
+the posterior focal point or what are the features
+
+79
+00:04:55,800 --> 00:04:59,260
+in them We want to see the feature by definition
+
+80
+00:04:59,260 --> 00:05:05,470
+light emanatingFrom F-A exits the lens collimated
+
+81
+00:05:05,470 --> 00:05:10,390
+and comes to a focus at plus optical infinity ما
+
+82
+00:05:10,390 --> 00:05:14,310
+معناه هذا الكلام؟ انه لو في عندى مصدر نقاطى للضوء،
+
+83
+00:05:14,310 --> 00:05:20,720
+ضوء صادر من عند F-Ameans that the point source of
+
+84
+00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:23,860
+light that is coming to the f-axis these rays that
+
+85
+00:05:23,860 --> 00:05:27,020
+will enter the lens will all come out of the lens
+
+86
+00:05:27,020 --> 00:05:31,060
+collimated collimated means parallel to each other
+
+87
+00:05:31,060 --> 00:05:35,120
+and comes to a focus at plus optical infinity
+
+88
+00:05:35,120 --> 00:05:37,540
+let's see a simulation that explains this issue
+
+89
+00:05:37,540 --> 00:05:42,940
+let's say this is a grid okay and this is my point
+
+90
+00:05:42,940 --> 00:05:44,100
+source of light
+
+91
+00:05:46,830 --> 00:05:51,030
+high point source of light we want to limit some
+
+92
+00:05:51,030 --> 00:05:52,810
+of the light so that it does not disturb our
+
+93
+00:05:52,810 --> 00:06:03,110
+vision we make duplication for the barrier we
+
+94
+00:06:03,110 --> 00:06:07,510
+want to limit some of the light so that the idea
+
+95
+00:06:07,510 --> 00:06:13,110
+is clear the
+
+96
+00:06:13,110 --> 00:06:16,460
+density of the light we want to reduce itLet's say
+
+97
+00:06:16,460 --> 00:06:22,240
+I have 8 candles
+
+98
+00:06:22,240 --> 00:06:30,120
+Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8
+
+99
+00:06:30,120 --> 00:06:30,660
+candles Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I
+
+100
+00:06:30,660 --> 00:06:30,680
+candles Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I
+
+101
+00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:30,820
+have 8 candles Let's say I have 8 candles Let's
+
+102
+00:06:30,820 --> 00:06:30,860
+Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8
+
+103
+00:06:30,860 --> 00:06:30,880
+candles Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I
+
+104
+00:06:30,880 --> 00:06:32,300
+say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8 candles
+
+105
+00:06:32,300 --> 00:06:36,820
+Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8
+
+106
+00:06:36,820 --> 00:06:40,500
+candles Let's say I have 8 candles
+
+107
+00:06:43,530 --> 00:06:47,390
+Or she walks with us to pee This ruler measures in
+
+108
+00:06:47,390 --> 00:06:49,210
+millimeters, that is, every 100 millimeters is 10
+
+109
+00:06:49,210 --> 00:06:53,930
+centimeters We choose the lens in such a way that
+
+110
+00:06:53,930 --> 00:06:58,270
+this is the ideal lens This is the ideal lens We
+
+111
+00:06:58,270 --> 00:07:00,010
+want the distance of this arrow to be 20
+
+112
+00:07:00,010 --> 00:07:05,410
+centimeters Because F A is 20 centimeters awayThe
+
+113
+00:07:05,410 --> 00:07:09,430
+focal length of a plus 5 diopter lens is 20 cm 20
+
+114
+00:07:09,430 --> 00:07:11,730
+cm is the focal length of the front camera lens or
+
+115
+00:07:11,730 --> 00:07:14,850
+the focal length of the camera lens So we want to
+
+116
+00:07:14,850 --> 00:07:18,830
+choose it so that its focal length is 100 mm,
+
+117
+00:07:19,010 --> 00:07:22,190
+which is 10 cm No, we want 20 cm, which is 200 mm
+
+118
+00:07:22,190 --> 00:07:26,190
+This became the focal length of the lens 200 mm
+
+119
+00:07:26,190 --> 00:07:31,370
+Now we want to put it at a distance of 20 cm,
+
+120
+00:07:31,610 --> 00:07:32,390
+which is 200 mm
+
+121
+00:07:39,930 --> 00:07:43,830
+This is a light source, point source of light,
+
+122
+00:07:44,070 --> 00:07:49,270
+point source of light, and this is a lens with a
+
+123
+00:07:49,270 --> 00:07:51,750
+focal length of twenty centimeters We put the
+
+124
+00:07:51,750 --> 00:07:57,070
+point of source of light at the focal length of F
+
+125
+00:07:57,070 --> 00:08:00,610
+-AWhy? To see what is the difference between F and
+
+126
+00:08:00,610 --> 00:08:03,390
+A. What is the difference between F and A? Ok, we
+
+127
+00:08:03,390 --> 00:08:07,590
+say that this lens, F and A is 20 cm away from it.
+
+128
+00:08:08,050 --> 00:08:10,730
+If there is an emanating source of light from it,
+
+129
+00:08:12,170 --> 00:08:15,470
+and this source exists at F and A,all the light
+
+130
+00:08:15,470 --> 00:08:18,230
+that enters the lens will go out parallel to each
+
+131
+00:08:18,230 --> 00:08:20,790
+other and parallel to the optical axis if we
+
+132
+00:08:20,790 --> 00:08:22,990
+imagine this is the optical axis the middle line
+
+133
+00:08:22,990 --> 00:08:26,470
+all parallel to each other and will go to the plus
+
+134
+00:08:26,470 --> 00:08:30,150
+optical infinity here on the right of the lens we
+
+135
+00:08:30,150 --> 00:08:33,610
+call it plus this distance plus as long as the
+
+136
+00:08:33,610 --> 00:08:37,310
+parallel lines do not meet no matter how much they
+
+137
+00:08:37,310 --> 00:08:40,770
+extend in the term as a term we say that in the
+
+138
+00:08:40,770 --> 00:08:44,090
+geometric optics it will form a pictureBut in the
+
+139
+00:08:44,090 --> 00:08:47,170
+plus optical infinity, which means in infinity,
+
+140
+00:08:47,310 --> 00:08:51,430
+the image is in infinity So this is a feature
+
+141
+00:08:51,430 --> 00:08:54,090
+specific to FA How do we know it's a feature
+
+142
+00:08:54,090 --> 00:08:56,290
+specific to FA? We want to make the light reflect
+
+143
+00:08:56,290 --> 00:09:01,230
+See,
+
+144
+00:09:01,730 --> 00:09:05,950
+the distance is farther than 20 cm, which means
+
+145
+00:09:05,950 --> 00:09:11,280
+farther than FA, FA here, FA hereFFA here, so
+
+146
+00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:15,180
+therefore the rays are not parallel. Well, if we
+
+147
+00:09:15,180 --> 00:09:22,800
+tried, the rays became divergent. We made the rays
+
+148
+00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:25,060
+convergent, what comes out of the lens will be
+
+149
+00:09:25,060 --> 00:09:29,100
+convergent. Okay, we tried a lot, the rays will
+
+150
+00:09:29,100 --> 00:09:31,740
+become divergent. Okay, what is the advantage of
+
+151
+00:09:31,740 --> 00:09:37,060
+putting?Point source of light is 20 cm away from
+
+152
+00:09:37,060 --> 00:09:37,740
+the front of the eye, which means it is present on
+
+153
+00:09:37,740 --> 00:09:39,380
+the front of the eye, which means it is present on
+
+154
+00:09:39,380 --> 00:09:47,700
+the front of the eye, which means it
+
+155
+00:09:47,700 --> 00:09:50,240
+is present on the front of the eyeAny light
+
+156
+00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:54,340
+emitted from its place will be equal to each other
+
+157
+00:09:54,340 --> 00:09:58,040
+and equal to the optical axis Equal to each other
+
+158
+00:09:58,040 --> 00:10:01,660
+and equal to the optical axis And it will form a
+
+159
+00:10:01,660 --> 00:10:04,340
+picture in the plus optical infinity
+
+160
+00:10:06,790 --> 00:10:13,030
+By definition, light emanating from FA exits the
+
+161
+00:10:13,030 --> 00:10:19,490
+lens collimated and comes to a focus at plus
+
+162
+00:10:19,490 --> 00:10:24,250
+optical infinity طب ممكن سان يقول هل هذه بالحسابات
+
+163
+00:10:24,250 --> 00:10:28,030
+بتظبط معانا؟ بنقول نعم بالحسابات بتظبط معانا و
+
+164
+00:10:28,030 --> 00:10:33,230
+هنضيف شريحة عشان نحسب هذه القضية عشان نحسب هذه
+
+165
+00:10:33,230 --> 00:10:34,850
+القضية بنقول كالقادة
+
+166
+00:10:37,570 --> 00:10:44,270
+عندي عدسة plus خمسة, هاي ال optical axis عدسة
+
+167
+00:10:44,270 --> 00:10:49,330
+plus خمسة و
+
+168
+00:10:49,330 --> 00:10:53,470
+ال plus خمسة معروف زي ما قولنا قبل شوية انه ال
+
+169
+00:10:53,470 --> 00:11:00,070
+anterior focus بتاعها على شمالها بعشرين
+
+170
+00:11:00,070 --> 00:11:06,450
+عفوا هدي لغة عربية plus خمسة diopter
+
+171
+00:11:09,180 --> 00:11:13,720
+بنقول كالقاتى انه FA بتبعد عشرين سانتي يعني لو
+
+172
+00:11:13,720 --> 00:11:21,660
+تصورنا انه في عندى object على FA جاي object على FA
+
+173
+00:11:21,660 --> 00:11:29,600
+هذا
+
+174
+00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:34,640
+ال objectHow much is his U? How much is his U? To
+
+175
+00:11:34,640 --> 00:11:37,920
+know the picture that will be formed, we say U is
+
+176
+00:11:37,920 --> 00:11:43,880
+equal to negative N over O and is equal to
+
+177
+00:11:43,880 --> 00:11:47,800
+negative 1 over 20 centimeters which is at a
+
+178
+00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:49,420
+distance of F A and F A is at a distance of 20
+
+179
+00:11:49,420 --> 00:11:55,280
+centimeters, so 1 over 2 of 10 meters and is equal
+
+180
+00:11:55,280 --> 00:12:02,460
+to negative 5 diodesSo U is less than 5 diopters U
+
+181
+00:12:02,460 --> 00:12:05,520
+is less than 5 diopters I will record it on the
+
+182
+00:12:05,520 --> 00:12:09,920
+front of the lens I will say less than 5 diopters
+
+183
+00:12:09,920 --> 00:12:13,160
+Now
+
+184
+00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:16,920
+if the rays of this object fluctuates by 5
+
+185
+00:12:16,920 --> 00:12:20,280
+diopters We will see how it fluctuates and how
+
+186
+00:12:20,280 --> 00:12:24,260
+much it fluctuates We will say U plus power equals
+
+187
+00:12:24,260 --> 00:12:26,100
+V
+
+188
+00:12:27,710 --> 00:12:36,170
+the u minus 5 diopter plus the power 5 diopter is
+
+189
+00:12:36,170 --> 00:12:45,330
+equal to v so v is equal to zero what does v zero
+
+190
+00:12:45,330 --> 00:12:48,790
+mean? it means that things are neither convergent
+
+191
+00:12:48,790 --> 00:12:51,610
+nor divergent but parallel to each other
+
+192
+00:12:57,370 --> 00:13:04,750
+Uncharted on I Uncharted
+
+193
+00:13:04,750 --> 00:13:08,130
+on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+194
+00:13:08,130 --> 00:13:09,110
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+195
+00:13:09,110 --> 00:13:11,870
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+196
+00:13:11,870 --> 00:13:13,990
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+197
+00:13:13,990 --> 00:13:18,410
+Uncharted
+
+198
+00:13:18,410 --> 00:13:20,190
+on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+199
+00:13:20,190 --> 00:13:20,310
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+200
+00:13:20,310 --> 00:13:20,850
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+201
+00:13:20,850 --> 00:13:21,090
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+202
+00:13:21,090 --> 00:13:21,130
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+203
+00:13:21,130 --> 00:13:23,060
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted onAnything
+
+204
+00:13:23,060 --> 00:13:25,600
+that is divided by zero becomes infinity
+
+205
+00:13:29,560 --> 00:13:32,160
+The image will form wherever it is in infinity
+
+206
+00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:35,140
+Actually, this does not apply only to the plus 5
+
+207
+00:13:35,140 --> 00:13:39,700
+diopter lens, but to any lens that has a body
+
+208
+00:13:39,700 --> 00:13:46,300
+placed on its front cheek, then I will have the
+
+209
+00:13:46,300 --> 00:13:48,840
+image in the ultimate plane, in the plus optical
+
+210
+00:13:48,840 --> 00:13:51,700
+infinity If we tried this speech, we say as
+
+211
+00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:54,080
+follows, we will cancel all this speech
+
+212
+00:13:56,890 --> 00:14:02,430
+we will use plus 10 diopter lens plus 10 diopter
+
+213
+00:14:02,430 --> 00:14:09,250
+lens first we need point source of light this is
+
+214
+00:14:09,250 --> 00:14:13,250
+the point source of light we will reduce the
+
+215
+00:14:13,250 --> 00:14:16,550
+intensity of the rays and we will do some blocking
+
+216
+00:14:16,550 --> 00:14:23,030
+of the rays we will make duplication of the
+
+217
+00:14:23,030 --> 00:14:23,570
+blocker
+
+218
+00:14:26,550 --> 00:14:30,910
+So that he can do most of the things Ok, now
+
+219
+00:14:30,910 --> 00:14:34,310
+everything is ready, I need a source This is the
+
+220
+00:14:34,310 --> 00:14:49,590
+ruler This is the ruler As if We
+
+221
+00:14:49,590 --> 00:14:52,050
+need the ruler Yes, we are still in the blocker,
+
+222
+00:14:52,110 --> 00:14:53,410
+so we need the ruler
+
+223
+00:14:58,510 --> 00:15:04,630
+This is how the source looks like
+
+224
+00:15:04,630 --> 00:15:15,350
+Ok, now we have placed the source Now
+
+225
+00:15:15,350 --> 00:15:18,130
+we want to move the source up a little bit to try
+
+226
+00:15:18,130 --> 00:15:20,750
+it from the optical axis These are rays coming
+
+227
+00:15:20,750 --> 00:15:24,990
+from a point This point should have a radius of a
+
+228
+00:15:24,990 --> 00:15:26,630
+lens with a force
+
+229
+00:15:30,410 --> 00:15:35,470
+10 diopter plus 10 diopter the plus 10 diopter the
+
+230
+00:15:35,470 --> 00:15:38,670
+focal length is how much? or the anterior focal
+
+231
+00:15:38,670 --> 00:15:41,050
+point is how much? 10 centimeters how did we know?
+
+232
+00:15:41,710 --> 00:15:46,350
+let's go to a calculation process we say I have a
+
+233
+00:15:46,350 --> 00:15:50,530
+lens plus 10 diopter plus 10 diopter the F is
+
+234
+00:15:50,530 --> 00:15:56,580
+what?equal to the refractive index of the lens in
+
+235
+00:15:56,580 --> 00:16:04,120
+the air by plus ten diopters which is equal to one
+
+236
+00:16:04,120 --> 00:16:08,660
+over ten which is ten and the diopter meter is
+
+237
+00:16:08,660 --> 00:16:11,040
+minus one which is ten when it comes out it
+
+238
+00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:15,320
+becomes ten meters which is ten centimeters
+
+239
+00:16:19,780 --> 00:16:23,480
+centimeter. So the focal length or the fa of the
+
+240
+00:16:23,480 --> 00:16:26,360
+plus 10 is at a distance of 10 centimeters. While
+
+241
+00:16:26,360 --> 00:16:28,900
+the plus 5 is at a distance of 20 centimeters in
+
+242
+00:16:28,900 --> 00:16:32,140
+the equation that I divide the refractive index of
+
+243
+00:16:32,140 --> 00:16:34,980
+the medium by the power of the lens. We see here
+
+244
+00:16:34,980 --> 00:16:36,560
+that we put this lens at a distance of 10
+
+245
+00:16:36,560 --> 00:16:37,140
+centimeters.
+
+246
+00:16:39,660 --> 00:16:42,920
+We put it at a distance of 10 centimeters. We see
+
+247
+00:16:42,920 --> 00:16:45,240
+that all the rays are parallel to each other.
+
+248
+00:16:48,740 --> 00:16:52,360
+exactly it will be parallel to each other if I
+
+249
+00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:55,660
+make it closer it will be divergent if I make it
+
+250
+00:16:55,660 --> 00:16:59,240
+farther it will be convergent so when I put it on
+
+251
+00:16:59,240 --> 00:17:06,720
+an exact distance exactly on the light source on
+
+252
+00:17:06,720 --> 00:17:11,820
+the faThe advantage of any light emitted by F-A is
+
+253
+00:17:11,820 --> 00:17:13,880
+that it comes out of the lens parallel to each
+
+254
+00:17:13,880 --> 00:17:17,940
+other and parallel to the optical axis and forms a
+
+255
+00:17:17,940 --> 00:17:21,620
+picture in the plus optical infinity This is the
+
+256
+00:17:21,620 --> 00:17:23,580
+first information or the first advantage related
+
+257
+00:17:23,580 --> 00:17:29,130
+to F-Aالان في معلومة تانية اكمال The same is true
+
+258
+00:17:29,130 --> 00:17:32,530
+of light emanating from any point in the anterior
+
+259
+00:17:32,530 --> 00:17:36,630
+focal plane هذه الكلام بدنا نفهمه بنقول انا في
+
+260
+00:17:36,630 --> 00:17:41,050
+عندي anterior focal point نقطة بيسموها البقرة
+
+261
+00:17:41,050 --> 00:17:44,310
+الأمامية وفي عندي مستوى فراغي بيمر فيها بيسموه
+
+262
+00:17:44,310 --> 00:17:49,090
+anterior focal planeWhen I say anterior focal
+
+263
+00:17:49,090 --> 00:17:51,890
+point, it means that I mean the high point on the
+
+264
+00:17:51,890 --> 00:17:56,470
+optical axis When I say anterior focal plane, it
+
+265
+00:17:56,470 --> 00:17:59,010
+means the spatial level that passes through it
+
+266
+00:17:59,010 --> 00:18:02,350
+This speech, we said that any light that comes out
+
+267
+00:18:02,350 --> 00:18:05,630
+of the
+
+268
+00:18:05,630 --> 00:18:11,920
+lens is equal to each otherAnd in the same way it
+
+269
+00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:15,040
+is parallel to the optical axis and it forms a
+
+270
+00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:18,420
+picture in the plus optical infinity Now there is
+
+271
+00:18:18,420 --> 00:18:22,320
+another scenario That I have a narrow point, but
+
+272
+00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:26,040
+not on the face It is in a place in the anterior
+
+273
+00:18:26,040 --> 00:18:28,740
+focal plane In the anterior focal plane For
+
+274
+00:18:28,740 --> 00:18:32,000
+example, this is the point that I am pointing at
+
+275
+00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:34,540
+This is the anterior focal plane and I want to
+
+276
+00:18:34,540 --> 00:18:39,800
+take a light emitted from point AThis point A is
+
+277
+00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:43,300
+not the FA, but it is one of the points in the
+
+278
+00:18:43,300 --> 00:18:46,540
+anterior focal plane What will be the direction of
+
+279
+00:18:46,540 --> 00:18:49,960
+the rays coming from point A? From point A, let me
+
+280
+00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:53,120
+just, to clarify the picture, I say this is point
+
+281
+00:18:53,120 --> 00:18:58,620
+A And
+
+282
+00:18:58,620 --> 00:19:01,980
+I mark it with an arrow to make it clear The point
+
+283
+00:19:01,980 --> 00:19:05,200
+A, which is the point that I want to mark now with
+
+284
+00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:09,160
+an arrowWhich is the center of gravity of the
+
+285
+00:19:09,160 --> 00:19:14,720
+object The center of gravity of the object We
+
+286
+00:19:14,720 --> 00:19:20,080
+give it colors to make it clear as well So what is
+
+287
+00:19:20,080 --> 00:19:24,120
+the point? The light came out of it and some of it
+
+288
+00:19:24,120 --> 00:19:28,760
+entered the lens Does it have a feature? What is
+
+289
+00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:31,440
+this point? It does not fall on the face exactly
+
+290
+00:19:31,440 --> 00:19:35,780
+It does not fall on the anterior focal pointnot
+
+291
+00:19:35,780 --> 00:19:39,140
+the anterior focal point, but within the point
+
+292
+00:19:39,140 --> 00:19:42,720
+within the anterior focal plane, within this empty
+
+293
+00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:45,340
+level Scientists found in the experiment that it
+
+294
+00:19:45,340 --> 00:19:48,920
+also has a feature that the rays that come out of
+
+295
+00:19:48,920 --> 00:19:53,320
+it are parallel to each other and form a picture
+
+296
+00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:56,420
+in the plus optical infinity but not parallel to
+
+297
+00:19:56,420 --> 00:20:00,060
+the optical axis Let's go back and see when it is
+
+298
+00:20:01,450 --> 00:20:06,330
+The light emitted from the light source FA is
+
+299
+00:20:06,330 --> 00:20:10,850
+coming directly to the front camera The result is
+
+300
+00:20:10,850 --> 00:20:15,130
+that the rays are parallel to each other and
+
+301
+00:20:15,130 --> 00:20:19,830
+parallel to the optical axis at the same timeAnd
+
+302
+00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:22,810
+it forms a picture in the plus optical infinity
+
+303
+00:20:22,810 --> 00:20:26,470
+Here there is a simple difference that the light
+
+304
+00:20:26,470 --> 00:20:28,910
+point that came out of it did not come to the face
+
+305
+00:20:28,910 --> 00:20:32,940
+but came to the anterior focal planeit will give
+
+306
+00:20:32,940 --> 00:20:35,480
+me the same result with a slight difference what
+
+307
+00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:37,780
+is the same result from the rays that will come
+
+308
+00:20:37,780 --> 00:20:41,960
+out of the lens will come out parallel and as long
+
+309
+00:20:41,960 --> 00:20:43,820
+as it is parallel it will not meet except in
+
+310
+00:20:43,820 --> 00:20:47,400
+infinity in the end it will not meet they say that
+
+311
+00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:50,360
+it will form a picture in the plus optical
+
+312
+00:20:50,360 --> 00:20:53,460
+infinity but it will not be parallel to the
+
+313
+00:20:53,460 --> 00:20:56,100
+optical axis we will see this in the simulation it
+
+314
+00:20:56,100 --> 00:21:01,500
+will simplify the matter for us very much Here I
+
+315
+00:21:01,500 --> 00:21:07,240
+have a lens, the light source is coming to the
+
+316
+00:21:07,240 --> 00:21:11,680
+face exactly. Therefore, the rays are parallel to
+
+317
+00:21:11,680 --> 00:21:15,040
+each other and parallel to the optical axis and
+
+318
+00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:17,520
+will form a picture in the plus optical infinity.
+
+319
+00:21:17,580 --> 00:21:20,260
+I need another point source. It comes to the
+
+320
+00:21:20,260 --> 00:21:23,120
+anterior focal plane. This anterior focal plane I
+
+321
+00:21:23,120 --> 00:21:27,180
+put it to the grid to help us in this case. This
+
+322
+00:21:27,180 --> 00:21:31,190
+anterior focal Let's suppose this point is lost,
+
+323
+00:21:31,310 --> 00:21:34,230
+we need to use the blocker to store the things
+
+324
+00:21:34,230 --> 00:21:39,810
+that we want to remove and
+
+325
+00:21:39,810 --> 00:21:42,350
+we need to do duplication because there are still
+
+326
+00:21:42,350 --> 00:21:48,450
+a lot of things that we want to
+
+327
+00:21:48,450 --> 00:21:54,900
+remove That's it, this pointمضيقة وهي مقطة مضيقة
+
+328
+00:21:54,900 --> 00:22:00,880
+هذه تقع ال anterior focal point fa وهذه تقع في ال
+
+329
+00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:05,460
+anterior within the anterior focal planeLook at
+
+330
+00:22:05,460 --> 00:22:09,060
+the result, here the rays are parallel and here
+
+331
+00:22:09,060 --> 00:22:11,760
+the rays are also parallel. You can say that this
+
+332
+00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:13,820
+is not parallel. No, it is parallel, but the
+
+333
+00:22:13,820 --> 00:22:15,640
+distances between them are different. It is not a
+
+334
+00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:17,820
+problem, but they are parallel to each other. That
+
+335
+00:22:17,820 --> 00:22:19,660
+is, this and this and this and this are all
+
+336
+00:22:19,660 --> 00:22:23,040
+parallel, okay? Okay, now as long as it is
+
+337
+00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:25,380
+parallel and this is parallel, this will form a
+
+338
+00:22:25,380 --> 00:22:28,240
+picture in the plus optical infinity and this will
+
+339
+00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:30,900
+also form a picture in the plus optical infinity.
+
+340
+00:22:31,340 --> 00:22:34,460
+Okay.What is the only difference between them is
+
+341
+00:22:34,460 --> 00:22:37,540
+that this is parallel to the optical axis, while
+
+342
+00:22:37,540 --> 00:22:40,360
+this is parallel but not parallel to the optical
+
+343
+00:22:40,360 --> 00:22:43,120
+axis. Why not parallel to the optical axis?
+
+344
+00:22:43,240 --> 00:22:46,900
+Because the point source is called off axis, not
+
+345
+00:22:46,900 --> 00:22:49,580
+coming to the optical axis. Here, the point source
+
+346
+00:22:49,580 --> 00:22:51,940
+is coming to the optical axis, exactly coming to
+
+347
+00:22:51,940 --> 00:22:54,160
+the anterior focal point. And this is the meaning
+
+348
+00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:58,920
+of the speech that we mentioned a while ago.The
+
+349
+00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:02,440
+same is true of light emanating from any point in
+
+350
+00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:06,080
+the anterior focal plane بس من .. من أي نقطة في ال
+
+351
+00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:08,660
+anterior focal plane نعم من أي نقطة في ال anterior
+
+352
+00:23:08,660 --> 00:23:12,160
+focal plane نخد كمان point source هنا في ال
+
+353
+00:23:12,160 --> 00:23:15,200
+anterior focal plane .. في ال anterior focal plane
+
+354
+00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:21,620
+نستعين بال blocker عشان يخفي لي ك�� الأشعة اللي أنا
+
+355
+00:23:21,620 --> 00:23:25,480
+مابديش إياها نعمله duplication
+
+356
+00:23:29,230 --> 00:23:36,050
+I have another point on
+
+357
+00:23:36,050 --> 00:23:40,610
+the anterior focal plane, the rays that entered
+
+358
+00:23:40,610 --> 00:23:49,330
+the lens came out parallelequal to each other, so
+
+359
+00:23:49,330 --> 00:23:51,350
+it will form a picture in the plus optical
+
+360
+00:23:51,350 --> 00:23:55,350
+infinity, but it will not be these rays equal to
+
+361
+00:23:55,350 --> 00:23:58,550
+the optical axis, equal to the optical axis, and
+
+362
+00:23:58,550 --> 00:24:00,810
+so on, the picture became clear in a way that
+
+363
+00:24:00,810 --> 00:24:02,170
+there is no doubt about it, there is no doubt
+
+364
+00:24:02,170 --> 00:24:05,430
+about it, we can take another example, another
+
+365
+00:24:05,430 --> 00:24:09,570
+example, we do set, reset for this one, we say
+
+366
+00:24:09,570 --> 00:24:13,510
+that we want this grid, and we want point source
+
+367
+00:24:13,510 --> 00:24:14,170
+of light
+
+368
+00:24:18,450 --> 00:24:21,890
+we want to reduce the density of the rays and we
+
+369
+00:24:21,890 --> 00:24:27,250
+want to make a blocker to reduce some of the rays
+
+370
+00:24:27,250 --> 00:24:30,690
+we
+
+371
+00:24:30,690 --> 00:24:35,330
+want to make a duplication for the blocker to hide
+
+372
+00:24:35,330 --> 00:24:39,230
+many of the rays many of the rays ok now we want
+
+373
+00:24:39,230 --> 00:24:45,970
+the ruler to use it in the measurement sorry
+
+374
+00:24:48,090 --> 00:24:56,330
+we need the ruler excuse me we
+
+375
+00:24:56,330 --> 00:25:01,070
+will start from the zero point we
+
+376
+00:25:01,070 --> 00:25:07,950
+will use a lens plus four diopter to plus four
+
+377
+00:25:07,950 --> 00:25:11,230
+diopter before we move we say to plus four diopter
+
+378
+00:25:11,230 --> 00:25:15,510
+to plus four diopter of the lens
+
+379
+00:25:18,540 --> 00:25:23,560
+one which is on the plus four diopter and is equal
+
+380
+00:25:23,560 --> 00:25:26,580
+to a quarter of a meter, a quarter of a meter and
+
+381
+00:25:26,580 --> 00:25:30,000
+the diopter which is minus one meter when it goes
+
+382
+00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:31,720
+up it becomes a quarter of a meter which is twenty
+
+383
+00:25:31,720 --> 00:25:34,560
+-five centimeters, so the focal length of it or
+
+384
+00:25:34,560 --> 00:25:38,180
+the fa is located a quarter of a meter to the left
+
+385
+00:25:38,180 --> 00:25:41,150
+of the lens to the left of the lensmeans it will
+
+386
+00:25:41,150 --> 00:25:47,270
+be 25 cm away from the lens these are in mm, 200
+
+387
+00:25:47,270 --> 00:25:50,430
+mm means 20 cm here in the middle between 200 and
+
+388
+00:25:50,430 --> 00:25:54,350
+300, between 20 and 30 cm, it will be 25 cm now we
+
+389
+00:25:54,350 --> 00:26:03,730
+want the lens we want the focal length to be to
+
+390
+00:26:03,730 --> 00:26:06,910
+make its strength plus 4 we want the focal length
+
+391
+00:26:06,910 --> 00:26:08,750
+to be
+
+392
+00:26:11,250 --> 00:26:13,310
+Two hundred and fifty, two hundred and fifty
+
+393
+00:26:13,310 --> 00:26:16,390
+millimeters means twenty-five centimeters We come
+
+394
+00:26:16,390 --> 00:26:20,570
+here, we say if we put it so that the point is
+
+395
+00:26:20,570 --> 00:26:23,310
+closer, the rays will be divergent, further away,
+
+396
+00:26:23,390 --> 00:26:26,290
+the rays will be convergent Okay, if we put the
+
+397
+00:26:26,290 --> 00:26:28,270
+point so that it comes exactly,
+
+398
+00:26:30,790 --> 00:26:36,390
+so that the rays are parallel to each otherbecause
+
+399
+00:26:36,390 --> 00:26:40,190
+the point became on the fa of the lens it became
+
+400
+00:26:40,190 --> 00:26:44,450
+exactly on the fa of the lens okay if we have off
+
+401
+00:26:44,450 --> 00:26:48,350
+axis or .. or .. or .. yes off axis, it's not on
+
+402
+00:26:48,350 --> 00:26:50,750
+the optical axis, it's a point source for another
+
+403
+00:26:50,750 --> 00:26:59,330
+light and we say it on the same focal plane we put
+
+404
+00:26:59,330 --> 00:27:03,910
+the blocker to help us seeCancel rays that have
+
+405
+00:27:03,910 --> 00:27:05,510
+nothing to do with the lens.
+
+406
+00:27:15,190 --> 00:27:20,090
+These rays have nothing to do with the lens.As
+
+407
+00:27:20,090 --> 00:27:22,230
+long as the point source is on the anterior focal
+
+408
+00:27:22,230 --> 00:27:25,670
+plane The external rays will be parallel to each
+
+409
+00:27:25,670 --> 00:27:28,030
+other It will form a picture in the plus optical
+
+410
+00:27:28,030 --> 00:27:31,290
+infinity But it will not be parallel to the
+
+411
+00:27:31,290 --> 00:27:33,630
+optical axis And this is the feature that
+
+412
+00:27:33,630 --> 00:27:36,170
+distinguishes FA from any point in the anterior
+
+413
+00:27:36,170 --> 00:27:40,010
+focal plane If we bring another point source to
+
+414
+00:27:40,010 --> 00:27:46,170
+light Also on the anterior focal plane And we
+
+415
+00:27:46,170 --> 00:27:47,410
+tried with the blocker that
+
+416
+00:27:55,820 --> 00:27:59,220
+استغنى عن الأشعة اللى هى
+
+417
+00:28:03,210 --> 00:28:06,670
+واضح أن الأشعة الأربعة هي واحد، اتنين، تلاتة،
+
+418
+00:28:06,670 --> 00:28:11,410
+أربعة، موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض،
+
+419
+00:28:11,410 --> 00:28:17,530
+موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية
+
+420
+00:28:17,530 --> 00:28:22,670
+لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها
+
+421
+00:28:22,670 --> 00:28:23,870
+البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض،
+
+422
+00:28:23,870 --> 00:28:26,390
+موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية
+
+423
+00:28:26,390 --> 00:28:26,970
+لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها
+
+424
+00:28:26,970 --> 00:28:30,190
+البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض، مOkay, now let's
+
+425
+00:28:30,190 --> 00:28:33,210
+reverse the situation completely Collimated light
+
+426
+00:28:33,210 --> 00:28:38,230
+entering a lens from minus optical infinity image
+
+427
+00:28:38,230 --> 00:28:42,230
+to posterior secondary focal point What does this
+
+428
+00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:46,670
+mean? What does this mean? We want .. this is the
+
+429
+00:28:46,670 --> 00:28:54,870
+grid and this is .. we want lens this is the lens
+
+430
+00:29:09,010 --> 00:29:13,550
+We need to support it with a ruler To
+
+431
+00:29:13,550 --> 00:29:19,410
+clarify our idea Let's
+
+432
+00:29:19,410 --> 00:29:22,990
+move the ruler away a bit We will need it later
+
+433
+00:29:22,990 --> 00:29:28,790
+Now we need every mated light That is a parallel
+
+434
+00:29:28,790 --> 00:29:31,350
+light coming from the minus optical infinity
+
+435
+00:29:31,350 --> 00:29:36,840
+Coming from the minus optical infinityeverything
+
+436
+00:29:36,840 --> 00:29:39,400
+will gather and form a picture in the FB in the
+
+437
+00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:45,880
+posterior focus which is the distance we bring it
+
+438
+00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:52,100
+as follows the posterior focus let's say the lens
+
+439
+00:29:52,100 --> 00:29:55,460
+I have plus five plus five diopter I have a lens
+
+440
+00:29:55,460 --> 00:29:59,760
+plus five diopter we want to bring its FB its FB
+
+441
+00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:02,360
+is equal to the power
+
+442
+00:30:04,420 --> 00:30:10,100
+unconditional over the power of the lens and it is
+
+443
+00:30:10,100 --> 00:30:15,640
+equal to 1 unconditional over the power plus 5
+
+444
+00:30:15,640 --> 00:30:22,040
+diopter and it is equal to 20 centimeters 1 over 5
+
+445
+00:30:22,040 --> 00:30:27,500
+meters which is 5 meters 2 of 10 meters and it is
+
+446
+00:30:27,500 --> 00:30:32,640
+equal to20 cm we will see this in the simulation
+
+447
+00:30:32,640 --> 00:30:37,440
+we will say here we have a lens the lens to know
+
+448
+00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:41,400
+how big it is this is 10 diopter to be 5 diopter
+
+449
+00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:46,980
+the focal length has to be 10 cm okay now we
+
+450
+00:30:46,980 --> 00:30:50,640
+measure the light is equal to each other the
+
+451
+00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:56,600
+distance between the lens and the lens is 220 cm
+
+452
+00:30:58,260 --> 00:31:01,420
+Equivalent rays coming from the minus optical
+
+453
+00:31:01,420 --> 00:31:06,040
+infinity on the left side Why did we say coming
+
+454
+00:31:06,040 --> 00:31:08,360
+from the minus optical infinity? Because its
+
+455
+00:31:08,360 --> 00:31:10,500
+divergence is zero What does zero mean divergence?
+
+456
+00:31:11,260 --> 00:31:15,760
+It means it is neither convergent
+
+457
+00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:18,880
+nor divergent That is, the U at the surface of the
+
+458
+00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:22,820
+lens is zero Example, we say as usual Equivalent
+
+459
+00:31:22,820 --> 00:31:26,020
+rays to each other Let's suppose we have an
+
+460
+00:31:26,020 --> 00:31:29,960
+example hereI will delete it and say as follows,
+
+461
+00:31:30,040 --> 00:31:37,300
+here we have optical access and
+
+462
+00:31:37,300 --> 00:31:49,320
+here I have lens with 5 diopters for example or
+
+463
+00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:55,060
+let's say plus 10 diopters, no problemNow there
+
+464
+00:31:55,060 --> 00:31:58,200
+are rays parallel to each other and parallel to
+
+465
+00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:03,020
+the optical axis Parallel to each other and at the
+
+466
+00:32:03,020 --> 00:32:08,340
+same time parallel to the optical axis Let's draw
+
+467
+00:32:08,340 --> 00:32:15,980
+it better These
+
+468
+00:32:15,980 --> 00:32:18,760
+rays as parallel to each other, the divergence is
+
+469
+00:32:18,760 --> 00:32:22,340
+zero Let's say as follows
+
+470
+00:32:25,890 --> 00:32:42,470
+يو تساوي ناقص ان على او انا بدي او او تساوي ناقص
+
+471
+00:32:42,470 --> 00:32:48,390
+ان على يو
+
+472
+00:32:48,390 --> 00:32:50,930
+ويساوي
+
+473
+00:32:52,390 --> 00:32:58,830
+-1 to the power of U0. Why U0? Because the rays
+
+474
+00:32:58,830 --> 00:33:01,210
+are parallel to each other. U is the vergence, and
+
+475
+00:33:01,210 --> 00:33:03,270
+we said that the vergence of the parallel rays is
+
+476
+00:33:03,270 --> 00:33:08,290
+zero. Any part divided by zero minus infinity. I
+
+477
+00:33:08,290 --> 00:33:11,110
+have the sign minus as if it means north, not
+
+478
+00:33:11,110 --> 00:33:14,790
+because it is minus as a value.Minus infinity. So
+
+479
+00:33:14,790 --> 00:33:17,290
+it's like the object is in the minus optical
+
+480
+00:33:17,290 --> 00:33:19,550
+infinity. It's like it's on the left in the left
+
+481
+00:33:19,550 --> 00:33:23,670
+end of the left. So that's why we say any parallel
+
+482
+00:33:23,670 --> 00:33:27,370
+rays coming from the minus optical infinity,
+
+483
+00:33:27,950 --> 00:33:30,410
+coming from the minus optical infinity means
+
+484
+00:33:30,410 --> 00:33:33,770
+parallel to each other. Where will the image be
+
+485
+00:33:33,770 --> 00:33:37,250
+formed? So the U is zero. Okay, the U is zero.
+
+486
+00:33:37,350 --> 00:33:45,880
+Let's continue. The U is zero. U plus power is
+
+487
+00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:51,660
+equal to v u zero plus power is equal to ten
+
+488
+00:33:51,660 --> 00:33:57,860
+diopters is equal to v so v is equal to ten
+
+489
+00:33:57,860 --> 00:34:01,820
+diopters plus ten diopters where is the image
+
+490
+00:34:01,820 --> 00:34:06,560
+going to be? v is equal to unconditional over i
+
+491
+00:34:06,560 --> 00:34:18,420
+and negative over i soI تساوي Uncharted على V
+
+492
+00:34:18,420 --> 00:34:21,740
+ويساوي
+
+493
+00:34:21,740 --> 00:34:24,760
+واحد
+
+494
+00:34:24,760 --> 00:34:34,560
+على plus عشرة ديوبتر ويساوي واحد من عشرة متر
+
+495
+00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:39,730
+ويساوي عشرة صندوقSo the picture will be at a
+
+496
+00:34:39,730 --> 00:34:43,930
+distance of 10 cm, the same distance as the
+
+497
+00:34:43,930 --> 00:34:46,170
+posterior focal point Because the posterior focal
+
+498
+00:34:46,170 --> 00:34:49,810
+point, we got it as 1 over 10, 10 meters means 10
+
+499
+00:34:49,810 --> 00:34:55,560
+cm, so any rays parallel to each otherand it's
+
+500
+00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:57,880
+equilateral to the optical axis and it's image
+
+501
+00:34:57,880 --> 00:35:03,060
+will be collected in the posterior focal point so
+
+502
+00:35:03,060 --> 00:35:06,220
+collimated light entering a lens from minus
+
+503
+00:35:06,220 --> 00:35:09,980
+optical infinity image to the posterior secondary
+
+504
+00:35:09,980 --> 00:35:13,100
+focal point collimated light is the light that is
+
+505
+00:35:13,100 --> 00:35:16,220
+parallel to each otherOr they are equal to each
+
+506
+00:35:16,220 --> 00:35:18,640
+other And what comes from the minus optical
+
+507
+00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:23,500
+infinity will be in the posterior focal point And
+
+508
+00:35:23,500 --> 00:35:25,840
+this is a feature of the posterior focal point
+
+509
+00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:30,080
+Okay, now as usualWhat is the advantage? The
+
+510
+00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:34,140
+advantage is when I see parallel rays parallel to
+
+511
+00:35:34,140 --> 00:35:35,380
+each other and parallel to the optical axis
+
+512
+00:35:35,380 --> 00:35:37,640
+without any calculations, I don't calculate u, or
+
+513
+00:35:37,640 --> 00:35:40,560
+p, or v, all these equations are not necessary As
+
+514
+00:35:40,560 --> 00:35:42,840
+long as I see the view that the rays are parallel
+
+515
+00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:45,440
+to each other and parallel to the optical axis,
+
+516
+00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:47,940
+quickly I say where is the posterior focal point,
+
+517
+00:35:47,980 --> 00:35:50,380
+the image is here, at the posterior focal point
+
+518
+00:35:50,380 --> 00:35:54,760
+Also in simulation, here we chose a lens plus
+
+519
+00:35:54,760 --> 00:35:59,560
+five, plus five, how did we know plus five?200
+
+520
+00:35:59,560 --> 00:36:04,640
+milli means 20 cm above the focal point If we
+
+521
+00:36:04,640 --> 00:36:11,940
+change it and say we want it 100 milli which is 10
+
+522
+00:36:11,940 --> 00:36:17,310
+cm, we will find that this image will be 10 cmCan
+
+523
+00:36:17,310 --> 00:36:20,190
+you see it exactly? Ok, why at a distance of 10
+
+524
+00:36:20,190 --> 00:36:23,370
+cm? Because the focal point of the 10 diopter is
+
+525
+00:36:23,370 --> 00:36:26,370
+at a distance of 10 cm Ok, we want to choose a
+
+526
+00:36:26,370 --> 00:36:28,830
+certain lens strength, let's say a lens plus 2
+
+527
+00:36:28,830 --> 00:36:32,570
+diopter Plus 2 diopter, how much is the rear focal
+
+528
+00:36:32,570 --> 00:36:37,810
+length? We say that the rear focal length is Fp
+
+529
+00:36:37,810 --> 00:36:42,080
+equals to a constant over Iانشرطة عفوًا على ال
+
+530
+00:36:42,080 --> 00:36:46,800
+power اسم على ال power ويساوي انشرطة لي واحد احنا
+
+531
+00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:50,480
+في الهواء على ال power اتنين diopter او plus اتنين
+
+532
+00:36:50,480 --> 00:36:56,440
+diopter ويساوي نص
+
+533
+00:36:56,440 --> 00:37:00,870
+متر يعني خمسين صندق نص متر يعني خمسين صندقExcuse
+
+534
+00:37:00,870 --> 00:37:05,430
+me, someone wrote twenty, fifty, six, fifty, six
+
+535
+00:37:05,430 --> 00:37:08,130
+Ok, let's apply this practically, we say as
+
+536
+00:37:08,130 --> 00:37:14,420
+follows, we have .. I want it plus2 diopter means
+
+537
+00:37:14,420 --> 00:37:21,040
+it should be 50 cm 500 mm Let's apply this and see
+
+538
+00:37:21,040 --> 00:37:26,500
+how the image is gathered at a distance of 50 cm
+
+539
+00:37:26,500 --> 00:37:29,380
+at the point Always the rays are always parallel
+
+540
+00:37:29,380 --> 00:37:33,460
+inside the lens Inside the lens coming from the
+
+541
+00:37:33,460 --> 00:37:37,380
+minus optical infinity Always without any
+
+542
+00:37:37,380 --> 00:37:40,640
+calculations The image of the parallel rays will
+
+543
+00:37:40,640 --> 00:37:43,970
+be in the posterior focal pointHow do I get the
+
+544
+00:37:43,970 --> 00:37:46,610
+posterior focal point? I divide it by Uncharted
+
+545
+00:37:46,610 --> 00:37:50,670
+which is the refractive index behind the lens
+
+546
+00:37:50,670 --> 00:37:54,190
+Uncharted divided by the power of the lens. The
+
+547
+00:37:54,190 --> 00:37:59,930
+power of the lens is 20 diopters. 20 diopters
+
+548
+00:37:59,930 --> 00:38:05,350
+means that the focal length is 55 cm which is 50
+
+549
+00:38:05,350 --> 00:38:10,540
+mm.Can you see it? On a distance of 5 cm, which is
+
+550
+00:38:10,540 --> 00:38:14,400
+10 cm, 20 cm, which is on a distance of 5 cm. So,
+
+551
+00:38:15,420 --> 00:38:20,240
+in one word, in one word, any lens that has a
+
+552
+00:38:20,240 --> 00:38:23,280
+collimated light that is parallel to each other
+
+553
+00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:25,820
+and parallel to the optical axis, the image will
+
+554
+00:38:25,820 --> 00:38:29,340
+be formed in the posterior focal point exactly as
+
+555
+00:38:29,340 --> 00:38:34,240
+this drawing indicates. Is the story over? No. The
+
+556
+00:38:34,240 --> 00:38:37,060
+thing is still missing. Collimated of axis rays
+
+557
+00:38:37,980 --> 00:38:41,300
+from minus infinity focus to the posterior focal
+
+558
+00:38:41,300 --> 00:38:47,020
+plane I have a posterior focal point and I also
+
+559
+00:38:47,020 --> 00:38:50,580
+have a posterior focal plane posterior focal plane
+
+560
+00:38:50,580 --> 00:38:53,260
+let's look at the view that will explain the idea
+
+561
+00:38:53,260 --> 00:38:55,860
+let's assume that the lens has 5 diopters which is
+
+562
+00:38:55,860 --> 00:39:01,180
+20 centimeters of its original distance okay now I
+
+563
+00:39:01,180 --> 00:39:04,800
+want another source of light also parallel to each
+
+564
+00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:07,120
+other but off axis
+
+565
+00:39:12,190 --> 00:39:14,910
+this is off axis, another source of light, can you
+
+566
+00:39:14,910 --> 00:39:17,910
+see it? where did the picture come from? the rays
+
+567
+00:39:17,910 --> 00:39:21,210
+are parallel to each other but off axis doesn't
+
+568
+00:39:21,210 --> 00:39:23,110
+mean they are parallel to the optical axis they
+
+569
+00:39:23,110 --> 00:39:25,150
+are not parallel to the optical axis the picture
+
+570
+00:39:25,150 --> 00:39:29,150
+was formed in the posterior focal plane okay,
+
+571
+00:39:29,630 --> 00:39:36,190
+third source of light parallel to each other it
+
+572
+00:39:36,190 --> 00:39:39,170
+came from the minus optical infinity, can you see
+
+573
+00:39:39,170 --> 00:39:45,120
+it too? alsoin the posterior focal planeالميزة
+
+574
+00:39:45,120 --> 00:39:48,640
+الوحيدة أنه يكون إذا كانوا موازي لل optical axis
+
+575
+00:39:48,640 --> 00:39:53,260
+الصورة هتتكون في ال posterior focal point إذا
+
+576
+00:39:53,260 --> 00:39:57,220
+كانوا متوازي مع بعض البعض بس مش موازي لل optical
+
+577
+00:39:57,220 --> 00:40:01,640
+axis الصورة هتتكون في ال posterior focal plane زي
+
+578
+00:40:01,640 --> 00:40:05,940
+ما الكلام هذا و الصورة بتوضع هنا موازي لبعض البعض
+
+579
+00:40:05,940 --> 00:40:10,460
+وموازي في نفس الوقت لل optical axis الصورة هتتكون
+
+580
+00:40:10,460 --> 00:40:15,830
+في ال posterior focal pointwhile the collimated
+
+581
+00:40:15,830 --> 00:40:18,170
+off axis, which is not parallel to the optical
+
+582
+00:40:18,170 --> 00:40:21,850
+axis raised from minus infinity focused to the
+
+583
+00:40:21,850 --> 00:40:25,850
+posterior focal plane as seen here these rays are
+
+584
+00:40:25,850 --> 00:40:28,510
+parallel to each other coming from minus infinity
+
+585
+00:40:28,510 --> 00:40:34,270
+but they have a feature that they are not parallel
+
+586
+00:40:34,270 --> 00:40:38,670
+to the optical axis however, since they are
+
+587
+00:40:38,670 --> 00:40:40,790
+parallel to each other in their shape
+
+588
+00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:03,820
+For a thin lens immersed in an uniform medium,
+
+589
+00:41:04,360 --> 00:41:09,120
+such as air or water, FA and FP are equidistant
+
+590
+00:41:09,120 --> 00:41:16,620
+from lensequidistance from lens بمعنى آخر fa و fb
+
+591
+00:41:16,620 --> 00:41:25,720
+نفس البعد عن يعني
+
+592
+00:41:26,120 --> 00:41:29,620
+FA is far away in the case of plus five diopter
+
+593
+00:41:29,620 --> 00:41:31,800
+lens. This is a thin lens. Of course, we call it
+
+594
+00:41:31,800 --> 00:41:34,980
+thin, but it is a thin lens. It is located in the
+
+595
+00:41:34,980 --> 00:41:37,320
+middle of a homogeneity. What does it mean in the
+
+596
+00:41:37,320 --> 00:41:38,700
+middle of a homogeneity? It means that in front of
+
+597
+00:41:38,700 --> 00:41:41,080
+it is something that is the same as behind it.
+
+598
+00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:43,620
+That is, in front of it is air, behind it is air.
+
+599
+00:41:43,840 --> 00:41:45,420
+In front of it is water, behind it is water.
+
+600
+00:41:51,880 --> 00:41:55,620
+Fa and Fb are equidistance from the lens, meaning
+
+601
+00:41:55,620 --> 00:41:57,680
+they have the same distance or they are away from
+
+602
+00:41:57,680 --> 00:42:00,820
+the same distance. The front cam is away from the
+
+603
+00:42:00,820 --> 00:42:03,760
+lens, it is the same distance that the rear cam is
+
+604
+00:42:03,760 --> 00:42:06,220
+away from. But in the case of differences in the
+
+605
+00:42:06,220 --> 00:42:08,320
+means, for example, here is air and here is water,
+
+606
+00:42:08,800 --> 00:42:10,820
+there is a different distance that we will be able
+
+607
+00:42:10,820 --> 00:42:13,200
+to get. Of course, we multiply the refractive
+
+608
+00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:17,260
+indexWe divide the refractive index by the power.
+
+609
+00:42:17,520 --> 00:42:23,460
+For example, if we assume here on this side, on
+
+610
+00:42:23,460 --> 00:42:27,980
+the left of the lens there is air, we say FA is
+
+611
+00:42:27,980 --> 00:42:31,660
+away from the next distance, which is N over the
+
+612
+00:42:31,660 --> 00:42:37,040
+power, which is equal to N1 and the power is 5
+
+613
+00:42:37,040 --> 00:42:39,400
+diopters,
+
+614
+00:42:41,580 --> 00:42:46,470
+which is equal to1 over 5 diopter means 5 meters
+
+615
+00:42:46,470 --> 00:42:48,950
+which is 2 out of 10 meters which is 20
+
+616
+00:42:48,950 --> 00:42:53,570
+centimeters okay
+
+617
+00:42:53,570 --> 00:42:56,570
+let's suppose here water is 1 and 3 out of 10 we
+
+618
+00:42:56,570 --> 00:43:04,470
+say as follows Fb F the
+
+619
+00:43:04,470 --> 00:43:08,010
+posterior focal point is equal to the power
+
+620
+00:43:12,150 --> 00:43:14,050
+because here the condition is different because
+
+621
+00:43:14,050 --> 00:43:15,870
+here the middle is not homogeneous, here is air,
+
+622
+00:43:16,210 --> 00:43:18,410
+here is water so the refractive index of water is
+
+623
+00:43:18,410 --> 00:43:24,790
+one and three out of ten divided by five this is
+
+624
+00:43:24,790 --> 00:43:27,130
+greater than or equal to let's go to the
+
+625
+00:43:27,130 --> 00:43:31,610
+calculator quickly we
+
+626
+00:43:31,610 --> 00:43:37,730
+divide one and three out of ten by five
+
+627
+00:43:39,320 --> 00:43:50,220
+1.310 × 5 equals 26 cm
+
+628
+00:43:50,220 --> 00:43:56,760
+or 26 cm from 100 meters equals
+
+629
+00:43:56,760 --> 00:44:02,430
+26 cmSo when the middle is not homogenous, here
+
+630
+00:44:02,430 --> 00:44:05,990
+air and here water, the front camera moves away
+
+631
+00:44:05,990 --> 00:44:08,830
+from the lens by 20 cm, while the rear camera
+
+632
+00:44:08,830 --> 00:44:11,190
+moves away from the lens by 26 cm, which means
+
+633
+00:44:11,190 --> 00:44:14,370
+further away from the front camera. When is it
+
+634
+00:44:14,370 --> 00:44:17,530
+equal to fA and fB in their distance from the
+
+635
+00:44:17,530 --> 00:44:20,610
+lens? When the middle is homogenous, when the
+
+636
+00:44:20,610 --> 00:44:23,690
+middle is homogenous, and this is how we explain
+
+637
+00:44:23,690 --> 00:44:25,510
+these things.
+
+638
+00:44:29,490 --> 00:44:32,410
+For a thin lens immersed in a uniform medium,
+
+639
+00:44:32,690 --> 00:44:37,510
+uniform optical medium such as air or water, F-A
+
+640
+00:44:37,510 --> 00:44:41,690
+and F-P are equidistant from the lens. Okay, now
+
+641
+00:44:41,690 --> 00:44:45,590
+there is one last point. We have two types of
+
+642
+00:44:45,590 --> 00:44:47,930
+lenses. We have the plus lens, which we always
+
+643
+00:44:47,930 --> 00:44:51,250
+talk about, and the minus lens, which so far we
+
+644
+00:44:51,250 --> 00:44:53,990
+have not mentioned at all. Of course, what is
+
+645
+00:44:53,990 --> 00:44:56,490
+different from each other? The minus lens, the
+
+646
+00:44:56,490 --> 00:45:01,040
+minus lens,In contrast to the plus lens, let's try
+
+647
+00:45:01,040 --> 00:45:03,240
+to get a picture here that shows the minus lens,
+
+648
+00:45:03,320 --> 00:45:07,840
+this one for example looks like the minus lens We
+
+649
+00:45:07,840 --> 00:45:14,080
+say the minus lens FA on the right, behind the
+
+650
+00:45:14,080 --> 00:45:14,420
+lens,
+
+651
+00:45:17,260 --> 00:45:19,420
+FA will be behind the lens
+
+652
+00:45:29,380 --> 00:45:35,560
+و FB أمام العدسة يعني عكس الblast lens، FB هتكون
+
+653
+00:45:35,560 --> 00:45:40,640
+لورا عن ناحية اليمين اللي بيأشر عليها و FB هتكون
+
+654
+00:45:40,640 --> 00:45:42,200
+أمام العدسة
+
+655
+00:46:05,010 --> 00:46:09,370
+For a convex plus power spherical lens, FA is
+
+656
+00:46:09,370 --> 00:46:12,390
+located anterior to the lens and FP is located
+
+657
+00:46:12,390 --> 00:46:15,370
+posterior to the lens. For a concave minus
+
+658
+00:46:15,370 --> 00:46:19,510
+spherical lens, the points are reversed. FA is
+
+659
+00:46:19,510 --> 00:46:23,530
+posterior to the lens andFp anterior to the lens
+
+660
+00:46:23,530 --> 00:46:31,210
+To avoid confusion, some authors prefer the terms
+
+661
+00:46:31,210 --> 00:46:35,790
+F and F-sharta instead of F-A and F-P. But we will
+
+662
+00:46:35,790 --> 00:46:39,530
+keep using F-A and F-P because God willing, it
+
+663
+00:46:39,530 --> 00:46:42,530
+does not cause any confusion. We will stop at this
+
+664
+00:46:42,530 --> 00:46:46,510
+point and see the next topic which is Paraxial Ray
+
+665
+00:46:46,510 --> 00:46:49,480
+Tracing through Convex Spherical Lensبيعطيكم
+
+666
+00:46:49,480 --> 00:46:52,360
+العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبرك
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/8Z-oDrNuidI_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1828 @@
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:05,390
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:05,390 --> 00:00:09,390
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا عند موضوع حقيقة غاية في
+
+3
+00:00:09,390 --> 00:00:15,470
+الأهمية وإتقانه لابد منه واللي هو موضوع الـ Lens
+
+4
+00:00:15,470 --> 00:00:20,510
+Combinations يعني كيف أنا أتعامل مع optical system
+
+5
+00:00:20,510 --> 00:00:26,130
+ومع رحلة الضوء من object بس مش رحلة خلال عدسة
+
+6
+00:00:26,130 --> 00:00:38,240
+واحدة وإنماmost optical
+
+7
+00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:43,910
+systems consist of several lensesSo, most of the
+
+8
+00:00:43,910 --> 00:00:47,190
+optical systems are made up of multiple lenses,
+
+9
+00:00:47,490 --> 00:00:50,750
+not one lens We want to make an example, we say
+
+10
+00:00:50,750 --> 00:00:54,330
+consider an optical system consisting of two thin
+
+11
+00:00:54,330 --> 00:00:59,690
+lenses in air We have two lenses, these two thin
+
+12
+00:00:59,690 --> 00:01:03,330
+lenses are in the air The first lens has a force
+
+13
+00:01:03,330 --> 00:01:06,930
+of plus five diopters, the second lens has a force
+
+14
+00:01:06,930 --> 00:01:11,450
+of plus eight dioptersand they are separated by 45
+
+15
+00:01:11,450 --> 00:01:13,770
+cm. The distance between the first lens and the
+
+16
+00:01:13,770 --> 00:01:19,810
+second lens is 45 cm. If we place an object on the
+
+17
+00:01:19,810 --> 00:01:23,150
+left of the first lens, which is plus 5, on its
+
+18
+00:01:23,150 --> 00:01:26,370
+left, I mean, we start from the left in Geometric
+
+19
+00:01:26,370 --> 00:01:29,350
+Optics, as it is known, this object moves away
+
+20
+00:01:29,350 --> 00:01:31,610
+from the first lens, which is its force plus 5,
+
+21
+00:01:31,710 --> 00:01:36,230
+which is one meter away, one meter to the left,
+
+22
+00:01:36,810 --> 00:01:40,550
+that is, in front of the first lens.السؤال المطلوب
+
+23
+00:01:40,550 --> 00:01:44,130
+او المطروح where is the final image and what is
+
+24
+00:01:44,130 --> 00:01:47,470
+the total transphase magnification؟ وين الصورة
+
+25
+00:01:47,470 --> 00:01:52,070
+النهائية هتتكون؟ وما هو ال transphase
+
+26
+00:01:52,070 --> 00:01:56,290
+magnification الكل؟ الكل لان انا عندي عدستين من
+
+27
+00:01:56,290 --> 00:01:59,990
+عدسة واحدةIn my mind now, we need to understand a
+
+28
+00:01:59,990 --> 00:02:03,890
+very important rule When I deal with two lenses,
+
+29
+00:02:04,130 --> 00:02:07,790
+more, more than one lens, more than one lens It is
+
+30
+00:02:07,790 --> 00:02:10,930
+very, very, very important that I deal with each
+
+31
+00:02:10,930 --> 00:02:14,070
+lens one by one If I want to succeed in solving a
+
+32
+00:02:14,070 --> 00:02:15,650
+problem like that, a problem like that is not
+
+33
+00:02:15,650 --> 00:02:19,570
+complicated at all But I want to imagine when I
+
+34
+00:02:19,570 --> 00:02:22,310
+deal with the first lens, which in my example is
+
+35
+00:02:22,310 --> 00:02:26,530
+plus fiveI start to imagine that the object is one
+
+36
+00:02:26,530 --> 00:02:28,610
+meter away from the first lens and I completely
+
+37
+00:02:28,610 --> 00:02:32,350
+forget that there is another lens But I finish, I
+
+38
+00:02:32,350 --> 00:02:36,890
+find the first picture of the first lens, my work
+
+39
+00:02:36,890 --> 00:02:40,470
+with the first lens is done I move to the second
+
+40
+00:02:40,470 --> 00:02:44,470
+lens to deal with it, to deal with it When I move
+
+41
+00:02:44,470 --> 00:02:47,430
+to the second lens to deal with it, I forget that
+
+42
+00:02:47,430 --> 00:02:50,510
+there is a first lens So dealing with each lens
+
+43
+00:02:50,510 --> 00:02:55,730
+one by oneهذه القضية مهمة للغاية للغاية للغاية So
+
+44
+00:02:55,730 --> 00:02:59,330
+in paraxial optics, the way to analyze a
+
+45
+00:02:59,330 --> 00:03:03,490
+combination of lenses is to look at each lens
+
+46
+00:03:03,490 --> 00:03:08,250
+individually أنه نتطلع أو نتعامل مع كل عدسة على
+
+47
+00:03:08,250 --> 00:03:13,170
+حده بدون ما .. يعني ندخل شغل العدسات على بعضها
+
+48
+00:03:13,170 --> 00:03:16,050
+البعض ممكن إنسان يسأل طب ليش هذا الكلام؟ ليش أنا
+
+49
+00:03:16,050 --> 00:03:21,430
+مضطر أتعامل مع كل عدسة على حده؟الجواب غير في
+
+50
+00:03:21,430 --> 00:03:25,970
+البساطة، بنقول الان الضوء هيصل للعدسة التانية بعد
+
+51
+00:03:25,970 --> 00:03:29,170
+ما يكون غادر العدسة الأولى، بعد ما يكون غادر
+
+52
+00:03:29,170 --> 00:03:32,490
+العدسة الأولى و خلص شغله معاها، يعني الحالة
+
+53
+00:03:32,490 --> 00:03:36,830
+التشتتية بتاعة الضوء، العدسة الأولى غيرتها و أصبح
+
+54
+00:03:36,830 --> 00:03:41,630
+له حالة تشتتية جديدة، بعد هيك الضوء هيدخل العدسة
+
+55
+00:03:41,630 --> 00:03:46,240
+التانيةSo, the first rule of success in dealing
+
+56
+00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:50,380
+with lens combination or any optical system made
+
+57
+00:03:50,380 --> 00:03:54,420
+up of several lenses is to look at each lens
+
+58
+00:03:54,420 --> 00:04:01,040
+individually Okay, now we need .. this rule has
+
+59
+00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:03,620
+been reached Now there is another thing that I
+
+60
+00:04:03,620 --> 00:04:07,260
+need to understand that each lens in itself is an
+
+61
+00:04:07,260 --> 00:04:11,310
+optical systemAnd all of them in their group are
+
+62
+00:04:11,310 --> 00:04:14,790
+considered as a new optical system Now, as long as
+
+63
+00:04:14,790 --> 00:04:18,230
+each lens is considered as an optical system It
+
+64
+00:04:18,230 --> 00:04:21,150
+means that I should look for the image of the
+
+65
+00:04:21,150 --> 00:04:25,490
+first lens wherever it is in space This image of
+
+66
+00:04:25,490 --> 00:04:27,910
+the first lens is considered as an object of the
+
+67
+00:04:27,910 --> 00:04:32,720
+second lensهذا ال object اللي هو صورة العدسة
+
+68
+00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:35,360
+الأولى اللي اعتبرناه object للعدسة التانية
+
+69
+00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:39,980
+هيتكونله العدسة التانية صورة هذه الصورة تاعت
+
+70
+00:04:39,980 --> 00:04:44,520
+العدسة التانية ممكن تعتبر object للعدسة التالتة
+
+71
+00:04:44,520 --> 00:04:48,440
+إذا في عندي عدسة تالتة و هكذاSo, the first lens
+
+72
+00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:51,460
+image is the object of the second lens, the second
+
+73
+00:04:51,460 --> 00:04:54,380
+lens image is the object of the third lens, the
+
+74
+00:04:54,380 --> 00:04:56,960
+third lens image is the object of the fourth lens,
+
+75
+00:04:57,520 --> 00:05:00,960
+and so on So, the previous lens image is the
+
+76
+00:05:00,960 --> 00:05:04,300
+object of the next lens, the previous lens image
+
+77
+00:05:04,300 --> 00:05:09,180
+is the object of the next lens, the object of the
+
+78
+00:05:09,180 --> 00:05:12,500
+next lens So, I have two rules, the first rule is
+
+79
+00:05:12,500 --> 00:05:15,810
+to deal with each lens individuallyand after that
+
+80
+00:05:15,810 --> 00:05:18,770
+I dealt with each lens one by one I started
+
+81
+00:05:18,770 --> 00:05:22,030
+dealing with the first lens it showed me a picture
+
+82
+00:05:22,030 --> 00:05:24,210
+according to its location in space according to
+
+83
+00:05:24,210 --> 00:05:27,370
+the thin lens equation it showed me a specific
+
+84
+00:05:27,370 --> 00:05:30,170
+location in space I drew the picture at the
+
+85
+00:05:30,170 --> 00:05:32,870
+location that showed up according to the thin lens
+
+86
+00:05:32,870 --> 00:05:35,470
+equation calculations this picture that I drew I
+
+87
+00:05:35,470 --> 00:05:37,690
+want to consider it an object for the next lens
+
+88
+00:05:37,690 --> 00:05:42,140
+which is number 2طيب العدسة رقم اتنين حسبنا حسب ال
+
+89
+00:05:42,140 --> 00:05:46,120
+.. ال thin lens equation طلعتلي صورة هذه الصورة
+
+90
+00:05:46,120 --> 00:05:49,360
+بتاعة العدسة رقم اتنين بتاعتبرها object للعدسة رقم
+
+91
+00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:54,040
+تلاتة و هكذا و هكذا اذا the thin lens equation
+
+92
+00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:58,400
+shows that the first lens produces an image خمسة و
+
+93
+00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:03,420
+عشرين سانتي behind itself with a magnification of
+
+94
+00:06:03,420 --> 00:06:06,750
+minus ربيعIn fact, it is necessary to draw this
+
+95
+00:06:06,750 --> 00:06:20,450
+case, we say as follows We will add a strip We
+
+96
+00:06:20,450 --> 00:06:25,230
+will try to speed up the drawing a bit We say that
+
+97
+00:06:25,230 --> 00:06:26,530
+this is the optical axis
+
+98
+00:06:39,940 --> 00:06:51,700
+This is the first lens which is plus 5 This
+
+99
+00:06:51,700 --> 00:06:53,500
+is the second lens which is plus 8
+
+100
+00:07:18,160 --> 00:07:23,840
+plus 8 diopter the
+
+101
+00:07:23,840 --> 00:07:29,280
+distance between them is 45 cm distance
+
+102
+00:07:29,280 --> 00:07:36,720
+between
+
+103
+00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:40,120
+the first lens and the second lens and I have an
+
+104
+00:07:40,120 --> 00:07:42,580
+object one meter away from the first lens
+
+105
+00:07:45,680 --> 00:07:48,620
+The object is one meter away from the first lens.
+
+106
+00:07:54,460 --> 00:07:57,180
+These objects are clear to me. These objects are
+
+107
+00:07:57,180 --> 00:08:01,700
+clear to me. One meter away from the first lens.
+
+108
+00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:11,380
+In fact, I prefer using colors in drawing in lens
+
+109
+00:08:11,380 --> 00:08:14,820
+combination for beginners, so that there is no
+
+110
+00:08:14,820 --> 00:08:21,300
+confusion in this matter. Now, to make things
+
+111
+00:08:21,300 --> 00:08:24,060
+easier, I want to separate the first lens and the
+
+112
+00:08:24,060 --> 00:08:27,140
+second lens by an imaginary line. This imaginary
+
+113
+00:08:27,140 --> 00:08:30,920
+line is like saying I have a problem alone. Like I
+
+114
+00:08:30,920 --> 00:08:31,920
+have a problem alone.
+
+115
+00:08:35,830 --> 00:08:38,910
+We want to forget this whole area, as if I have
+
+116
+00:08:38,910 --> 00:08:43,150
+one lens, one lens, in front of it an object, to
+
+117
+00:08:43,150 --> 00:08:45,210
+its left an object, which is considered in front
+
+118
+00:08:45,210 --> 00:08:46,670
+of it, at a distance of one meter, the power of
+
+119
+00:08:46,670 --> 00:08:50,770
+the lens plus five diopters, this distance we want
+
+120
+00:08:50,770 --> 00:08:52,390
+to consider that it is not forty-five centimeters,
+
+121
+00:08:52,450 --> 00:08:55,750
+it is extended to infinity. Now, what is required
+
+122
+00:08:55,750 --> 00:08:59,590
+is that wherever the image of the first lens
+
+123
+00:08:59,590 --> 00:09:01,710
+falls, we will say as follows
+
+124
+00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:14,780
+We want to deal with the lens as if I have two
+
+125
+00:09:14,780 --> 00:09:24,120
+lenses and we say as follows We say
+
+126
+00:09:24,120 --> 00:09:29,380
+u is equal to negative n over o
+
+127
+00:09:32,330 --> 00:09:34,850
+Why negative? Because the rays are divergent and
+
+128
+00:09:34,850 --> 00:09:37,550
+it is equal to negative one. Of course, everything
+
+129
+00:09:37,550 --> 00:09:42,410
+in the air, the refractive index is one. Negative
+
+130
+00:09:42,410 --> 00:09:49,030
+one over one meter is equal to negative one over
+
+131
+00:09:49,030 --> 00:09:51,570
+plus one, which is considered negative one. And
+
+132
+00:09:51,570 --> 00:09:53,410
+the meter in the station, when it goes up, it
+
+133
+00:09:53,410 --> 00:09:55,870
+becomes one minus negative one, which is equal to
+
+134
+00:09:55,870 --> 00:09:56,670
+negative one.
+
+135
+00:10:00,330 --> 00:10:05,770
+I want to come and write that here on the front
+
+136
+00:10:05,770 --> 00:10:12,390
+surface of U there is minus 1 and this is U It
+
+137
+00:10:12,390 --> 00:10:15,250
+is as if the light reaches the front surface of
+
+138
+00:10:15,250 --> 00:10:17,990
+the lens and it fluctuatesMinus one, this is
+
+139
+00:10:17,990 --> 00:10:21,070
+better Now, the power of the lens is plus five It
+
+140
+00:10:21,070 --> 00:10:23,710
+will be released to the front surface And it will
+
+141
+00:10:23,710 --> 00:10:26,830
+take the front surface the power of plus one from
+
+142
+00:10:26,830 --> 00:10:30,110
+the plus five And it will remain four This one is
+
+143
+00:10:30,110 --> 00:10:34,250
+to zero the minus one To reach the V how much it
+
+144
+00:10:34,250 --> 00:10:45,010
+equals We say U plus P equals V Equals
+
+145
+00:10:45,010 --> 00:10:53,620
+VU which is minus one diopter plus P which is five
+
+146
+00:10:53,620 --> 00:10:58,760
+diopters equals
+
+147
+00:10:58,760 --> 00:11:07,220
+V so V equals minus one diopter plus five diopters
+
+148
+00:11:07,220 --> 00:11:14,480
+so I have plus four diopters plus four diopters
+
+149
+00:11:17,530 --> 00:11:25,990
+V تساوي أنشرطة على I،
+
+150
+00:11:25,990 --> 00:11:32,770
+إذن I
+
+151
+00:11:32,770 --> 00:11:36,470
+تساوي أنشرطة على V
+
+152
+00:11:41,320 --> 00:11:44,520
+this is equal to, let's say I'm in the same line,
+
+153
+00:11:44,660 --> 00:11:49,080
+is equal to one on V, plus four came out with me
+
+154
+00:11:49,080 --> 00:11:53,640
+quickly I go and put the V here on the back
+
+155
+00:11:53,640 --> 00:11:59,240
+surface of the lens and say plus four, this is
+
+156
+00:11:59,240 --> 00:12:02,160
+startedWhy do I put it on the back of the screen?
+
+157
+00:12:02,300 --> 00:12:04,840
+Because I say that the lens changed the
+
+158
+00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:08,880
+fluctuation state of the light and after it
+
+159
+00:12:08,880 --> 00:12:10,600
+finished dealing with the light, the light came
+
+160
+00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:13,440
+out with a collection or with the power of the
+
+161
+00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:16,720
+collection plus four, this means that the rays are
+
+162
+00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:21,700
+convergent, so it is going to form an image. Now a
+
+163
+00:12:21,700 --> 00:12:24,520
+person can say, okayI mean, why do I intentionally
+
+164
+00:12:24,520 --> 00:12:28,600
+draw or put the U on the front and the V on the
+
+165
+00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:32,020
+back? So that when I reach the transference
+
+166
+00:12:32,020 --> 00:12:34,820
+magnification, which is equal to U over V, I don't
+
+167
+00:12:34,820 --> 00:12:38,740
+get involved in many of these numbers, and it can
+
+168
+00:12:38,740 --> 00:12:45,070
+happen that ..Mixing between numbers, so the U
+
+169
+00:12:45,070 --> 00:12:47,410
+will be placed on the front surface and the V will
+
+170
+00:12:47,410 --> 00:12:50,430
+be placed on the back surface So I is equal to
+
+171
+00:12:50,430 --> 00:12:54,810
+unconditional on V, which is 1 on V which is plus
+
+172
+00:12:54,810 --> 00:13:01,270
+4 diopter and
+
+173
+00:13:01,270 --> 00:13:08,250
+it is equal to 1 on 4 plus 1 or 1 on plus 4 plus
+
+174
+00:13:08,250 --> 00:13:08,630
+quarter
+
+175
+00:13:12,480 --> 00:13:16,260
+والديوبتر اللي هو متر أصناقس واحد لما بيسير في ال
+
+176
+00:13:16,260 --> 00:13:22,560
+bus أو بيطلع من المقام بيسير متر أصناقس واحد و لما
+
+177
+00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:26,740
+بيطلع بيسير متر بيسير متر الديوبتر هو عبارة عن متر
+
+178
+00:13:26,740 --> 00:13:30,000
+أصناقس واحد موجود في المقام لما بطلع و بيسير متر
+
+179
+00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:34,620
+إذا الصورة بتاعة العدسة الأولىOn a distance of a
+
+180
+00:13:34,620 --> 00:13:38,360
+meter, excuse me, on a distance of a quarter of a
+
+181
+00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:41,000
+meter from the lens on its right, because the
+
+182
+00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:43,880
+distance to the plus is the distance to the right
+
+183
+00:13:43,880 --> 00:13:47,080
+of the lens. Any lens in them, we remember
+
+184
+00:13:47,080 --> 00:13:49,540
+completely, we are now working with the first
+
+185
+00:13:49,540 --> 00:13:51,500
+lens, we did not completely put the thick white
+
+186
+00:13:51,500 --> 00:13:55,840
+line here to forget this lens, to forget this
+
+187
+00:13:55,840 --> 00:14:01,530
+lens. NowWe need to consider, or derive a meaning
+
+188
+00:14:01,530 --> 00:14:04,850
+according to the thin lens equation, that the
+
+189
+00:14:04,850 --> 00:14:07,910
+first lens gives me a picture on its right, on its
+
+190
+00:14:07,910 --> 00:14:10,530
+right, at a distance of a quarter of a meter, a
+
+191
+00:14:10,530 --> 00:14:13,030
+quarter of a meter is twenty-five centimeters The
+
+192
+00:14:13,030 --> 00:14:15,490
+distance between the two lenses is forty-five
+
+193
+00:14:15,490 --> 00:14:24,350
+centimeters, so I will have the picture at
+
+194
+00:14:24,350 --> 00:14:28,640
+a distance of twenty-five centimetersfrom the lens
+
+195
+00:14:28,640 --> 00:14:52,800
+this
+
+196
+00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:55,360
+is the first picture that I made
+
+197
+00:15:00,380 --> 00:15:04,980
+the lens this is the first image that was created
+
+198
+00:15:04,980 --> 00:15:07,620
+by the lens did we finish our work with the first
+
+199
+00:15:07,620 --> 00:15:10,660
+lens? of course we didn't finish our work with the
+
+200
+00:15:10,660 --> 00:15:13,140
+first lens we want to calculate for transfers
+
+201
+00:15:13,140 --> 00:15:15,880
+magnification for transfers magnification but
+
+202
+00:15:15,880 --> 00:15:20,660
+first we want to put the distance hypelon this is
+
+203
+00:15:20,660 --> 00:15:25,700
+the distance of the image we
+
+204
+00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:27,280
+say as follows for transfers
+
+205
+00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:46,020
+Magnification is equal to U over V is
+
+206
+00:15:46,020 --> 00:15:56,360
+equal to U minus one diopter over V plus four
+
+207
+00:15:56,360 --> 00:16:02,990
+diopters plus four diopters is equal toPlus over
+
+208
+00:16:02,990 --> 00:16:06,230
+minus, of course X, the X sign is necessary Minus
+
+209
+00:16:06,230 --> 00:16:10,510
+over plus, it becomes minus One over four, which
+
+210
+00:16:10,510 --> 00:16:15,510
+is a quarter Minus a quarter X minus a quarter,
+
+211
+00:16:15,650 --> 00:16:17,530
+and the diopter goes with the diopter, so the
+
+212
+00:16:17,530 --> 00:16:22,050
+picture is upside down
+
+213
+00:16:22,050 --> 00:16:26,990
+The
+
+214
+00:16:26,990 --> 00:16:31,490
+picture is upside downوربع ال object فى الارتفاع
+
+215
+00:16:31,490 --> 00:16:32,170
+وربع ال object فى الارتفاع and a quarter of the
+
+216
+00:16:32,170 --> 00:16:34,130
+object in height يعنى لو فرضنا ال object ارتفاعه
+
+217
+00:16:34,130 --> 00:16:35,910
+عشرة صنطة if we suppose the object is 10 cm high
+
+218
+00:16:35,910 --> 00:16:42,670
+if we suppose the object is 10 cm high it will be
+
+219
+00:16:42,670 --> 00:16:47,790
+2.5 cm high 2.5 cm because it is a quarter of the
+
+220
+00:16:47,790 --> 00:16:49,530
+object in height because it is a quarter of the
+
+221
+00:16:49,530 --> 00:16:50,430
+object in height
+
+222
+00:16:58,050 --> 00:17:05,910
+2.5 cm which is
+
+223
+00:17:05,910 --> 00:17:11,850
+the height of the image Now, to finish this topic,
+
+224
+00:17:11,930 --> 00:17:14,230
+we say that the distance from the lens to the
+
+225
+00:17:14,230 --> 00:17:18,010
+image is 25 cm
+
+226
+00:17:33,030 --> 00:17:35,690
+Here, the height of the object and the image is
+
+227
+00:17:35,690 --> 00:17:42,750
+different from
+
+228
+00:17:42,750 --> 00:17:45,130
+the distance. This is the height. The one with the
+
+229
+00:17:45,130 --> 00:17:48,170
+yellow color is the height. Now, my work is
+
+230
+00:17:48,170 --> 00:17:52,350
+completely done with the first lens. I brought a
+
+231
+00:17:52,350 --> 00:17:54,510
+picture at a distance of how much? And I brought
+
+232
+00:17:54,510 --> 00:17:56,450
+the magnification, the magnification of the first
+
+233
+00:17:56,450 --> 00:18:00,650
+image for the object. Now, I want to remove this
+
+234
+00:18:00,650 --> 00:18:07,690
+line from this side.the work is done this is a
+
+235
+00:18:07,690 --> 00:18:10,430
+lens, where is the object? we said that the first
+
+236
+00:18:10,430 --> 00:18:14,770
+image of the lens is this object for the second
+
+237
+00:18:14,770 --> 00:18:18,930
+lens object for the second lens, so this object
+
+238
+00:18:18,930 --> 00:18:21,810
+needs to calculate its distance in the first one
+
+239
+00:18:22,440 --> 00:18:24,300
+How do I know the distance of the object? We say
+
+240
+00:18:24,300 --> 00:18:27,140
+that the distance between the two lenses is 45 cm
+
+241
+00:18:27,140 --> 00:18:31,120
+and the image is 25 cm away from the first lens,
+
+242
+00:18:31,180 --> 00:18:35,520
+so it remains from the 45, 45 minus, we took 25
+
+243
+00:18:35,520 --> 00:18:41,900
+from them, I still have 20 cm, so this
+
+244
+00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:44,660
+distance is 25 cm
+
+245
+00:18:54,880 --> 00:18:56,960
+Where is the object? Where is the object of the
+
+246
+00:18:56,960 --> 00:19:01,940
+second lens? The object of the second lens is the
+
+247
+00:19:01,940 --> 00:19:03,800
+image of the first lens, which is this one that
+
+248
+00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:06,640
+I'm pointing at The first lens constitutes an
+
+249
+00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:08,340
+image. This image is considered to be the object
+
+250
+00:19:08,340 --> 00:19:10,820
+of the second lens The object of the second lens
+
+251
+00:19:10,820 --> 00:19:16,720
+is 20 cm away from the second lens. Where did you
+
+252
+00:19:16,720 --> 00:19:20,300
+get 20 cm? Where did you know 20 cm? We said in
+
+253
+00:19:20,300 --> 00:19:22,820
+the example given that the total distance between
+
+254
+00:19:22,820 --> 00:19:27,200
+the two lenses is 45 cmBut the first lens formed a
+
+255
+00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:29,280
+picture on its right at a distance of twenty-five
+
+256
+00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:32,820
+centimeters This picture is twenty-five
+
+257
+00:19:32,820 --> 00:19:36,480
+centimeters away from the first lens and twenty
+
+258
+00:19:36,480 --> 00:19:38,820
+centimeters away from the second lens which is
+
+259
+00:19:38,820 --> 00:19:40,900
+forty-five centimeters The total distance between
+
+260
+00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:43,440
+the two lenses is minus twenty-five centimeters
+
+261
+00:19:43,440 --> 00:19:47,240
+The distance of the first image from the first
+
+262
+00:19:47,240 --> 00:19:50,150
+lens remains twenty centimeters this distanceThis
+
+263
+00:19:50,150 --> 00:19:53,330
+first picture, picture number one, which is of the
+
+264
+00:19:53,330 --> 00:19:56,790
+first lens, is considered a body .. is considered
+
+265
+00:19:56,790 --> 00:20:00,410
+a body of the second lens Okay, now we want to
+
+266
+00:20:00,410 --> 00:20:05,350
+start the solution ..
+
+267
+00:20:05,350 --> 00:20:09,890
+in
+
+268
+00:20:09,890 --> 00:20:13,490
+the same way that we did the solution with the
+
+269
+00:20:13,490 --> 00:20:14,730
+lens ..
+
+270
+00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:29,740
+بنقول U تساوي ناقص N على O و
+
+271
+00:20:29,740 --> 00:20:30,380
+يساوي
+
+272
+00:20:33,440 --> 00:20:37,280
+minus 1 over O which is the distance of the object
+
+273
+00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:40,520
+any object that we finish with this from the white
+
+274
+00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:43,640
+line and left we forget it completely we deal with
+
+275
+00:20:43,640 --> 00:20:48,780
+each lens one by one minus N over O which is the
+
+276
+00:20:48,780 --> 00:20:51,220
+object of the second lens which is this picture
+
+277
+00:20:51,220 --> 00:20:53,060
+this picture now I want to consider it as an
+
+278
+00:20:53,060 --> 00:20:56,640
+object minus 1 over 20 centimeters which is 2 out
+
+279
+00:20:56,640 --> 00:21:04,260
+of 10 meters and equalsMinus one out of two from
+
+280
+00:21:04,260 --> 00:21:08,740
+ten to five, that's better Meter in the station,
+
+281
+00:21:08,840 --> 00:21:11,040
+when it goes up, it becomes meter minus one,
+
+282
+00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:16,860
+that's better Quickly, I go and put on the front
+
+283
+00:21:16,860 --> 00:21:20,480
+surface of the lens, the U, which is the latitude
+
+284
+00:21:20,480 --> 00:21:23,860
+that the light reaches Minus five, that's better
+
+285
+00:21:23,860 --> 00:21:27,580
+On the front surface of the lens
+
+286
+00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:34,760
+We continue, we say that the intensity of the lens
+
+287
+00:21:34,760 --> 00:21:41,640
+is 8, we calculate the V, it will go from 8 to 5
+
+288
+00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:44,480
+to cancel the oscillation, and it will stay with
+
+289
+00:21:44,480 --> 00:21:49,180
+it after losing 5 to 2, it will stay with it 3.
+
+290
+00:21:49,340 --> 00:21:58,860
+Look at this case, we say U plus P equals V equals
+
+291
+00:21:58,860 --> 00:22:02,100
+V. Okay, okay, now
+
+292
+00:22:04,790 --> 00:22:13,810
+u minus 5 diopters plus 8 diopters equals
+
+293
+00:22:13,810 --> 00:22:14,570
+v,
+
+294
+00:22:17,270 --> 00:22:24,410
+so v equals plus 3 diopters
+
+295
+00:22:26,760 --> 00:22:30,820
+Quickly, I'll go again and write on the back of
+
+296
+00:22:30,820 --> 00:22:33,560
+the screen that the divergent case of the light
+
+297
+00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:37,620
+after leaving is plus three diopters because the
+
+298
+00:22:37,620 --> 00:22:40,660
+light's divergent case reached a divergent
+
+299
+00:22:40,660 --> 00:22:44,360
+divergent of five diopters and turned out to be a
+
+300
+00:22:44,360 --> 00:22:47,540
+convergent of three diopters. That is, it is as if
+
+301
+00:22:47,540 --> 00:22:49,900
+the lens, which has a force of plus eight, turned
+
+302
+00:22:49,900 --> 00:22:53,340
+from minus five divergent to plus three
+
+303
+00:22:53,340 --> 00:22:56,100
+convergent. To plus three convergent. So
+
+304
+00:22:58,990 --> 00:23:00,910
+I see where this picture is going to form, the
+
+305
+00:23:00,910 --> 00:23:02,810
+final picture, which is the picture of the second
+
+306
+00:23:02,810 --> 00:23:05,650
+lens, which is V is equal to the condition on I
+
+307
+00:23:05,650 --> 00:23:10,750
+then
+
+308
+00:23:10,750 --> 00:23:15,950
+I
+
+309
+00:23:15,950 --> 00:23:18,770
+is equal to the condition on V, I change the place
+
+310
+00:23:18,770 --> 00:23:24,530
+of each other and it is equal to the condition one
+
+311
+00:23:24,530 --> 00:23:28,050
+on the V we got plus three, this is positive
+
+312
+00:23:34,330 --> 00:23:42,410
+وهي ساوى واحد ع plus تلاتة plus تلت متر plus تلت
+
+313
+00:23:42,410 --> 00:23:48,010
+او تلاتة و تلاتين صنطة تقريبا تلت متر plus تلاتة و
+
+314
+00:23:48,010 --> 00:23:49,490
+تلاتين من مية متر
+
+315
+00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:54,640
+The meter from where you got the diopter is meter
+
+316
+00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:57,320
+plus minus one. It is present in the position when
+
+317
+00:23:57,320 --> 00:23:59,940
+it goes up, it becomes a meter. It becomes a
+
+318
+00:23:59,940 --> 00:24:03,800
+meter. So plus 33 out of 100 meters.
+
+319
+00:24:07,120 --> 00:24:12,320
+Plus 33, yes, 33 out of 100 meters. This picture
+
+320
+00:24:13,430 --> 00:24:15,110
+What does plus mean? It means the length of the
+
+321
+00:24:15,110 --> 00:24:19,790
+lens, which is 33
+
+322
+00:24:19,790 --> 00:24:24,570
+cm. Of course, the distances of the image, the
+
+323
+00:24:24,570 --> 00:24:26,550
+first picture and the second picture, I write them
+
+324
+00:24:26,550 --> 00:24:30,630
+in red so that I don't get confused. So, the
+
+325
+00:24:30,630 --> 00:24:36,650
+second picture should be 33 cm away from the ...
+
+326
+00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:42,980
+from the lens that made it up from the lens that
+
+327
+00:24:42,980 --> 00:24:45,240
+made it up okay we say the transference
+
+328
+00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:54,840
+magnification the
+
+329
+00:24:54,840 --> 00:25:00,080
+transference magnification is equal to u over v
+
+330
+00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:03,400
+and
+
+331
+00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:05,520
+it is equal to I take out the drawing directly the
+
+332
+00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:06,880
+u minus five this is greater than
+
+333
+00:25:11,140 --> 00:25:11,860
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+334
+00:25:11,860 --> 00:25:18,460
+magnification y minus
+
+335
+00:25:18,460 --> 00:25:21,540
+transference magnification y minus transference
+
+336
+00:25:21,540 --> 00:25:25,860
+magnification x minus transference magnification y
+
+337
+00:25:25,860 --> 00:25:28,500
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+338
+00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:29,820
+transference magnification y minus transference
+
+339
+00:25:29,820 --> 00:25:30,260
+magnification x minus transference magnification y
+
+340
+00:25:30,260 --> 00:25:31,060
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+341
+00:25:31,060 --> 00:25:31,520
+transference magnification y minus transference
+
+342
+00:25:31,520 --> 00:25:32,440
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+343
+00:25:32,440 --> 00:25:32,940
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+344
+00:25:32,940 --> 00:25:33,420
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+345
+00:25:33,420 --> 00:25:35,840
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+346
+00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:35,840
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+347
+00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:35,840
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+348
+00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:36,200
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+349
+00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:36,500
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+350
+00:25:36,500 --> 00:25:36,500
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+351
+00:25:36,500 --> 00:25:36,520
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+352
+00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:36,560
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+353
+00:25:36,560 --> 00:25:36,560
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+354
+00:25:36,560 --> 00:25:36,560
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+355
+00:25:36,560 --> 00:25:36,560
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+356
+00:25:36,560 --> 00:25:36,780
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+357
+00:25:36,780 --> 00:25:36,940
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+358
+00:25:36,940 --> 00:25:36,940
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+359
+00:25:36,940 --> 00:25:36,940
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+360
+00:25:36,940 --> 00:25:39,300
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+361
+00:25:39,300 --> 00:25:45,060
+minus transferenceminus 61% diopter What does it
+
+362
+00:25:45,060 --> 00:25:47,920
+mean that the image is upside down? The image is
+
+363
+00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:49,340
+upside down Can a person say that it is upside
+
+364
+00:25:49,340 --> 00:25:52,920
+down? That's it, it is below the optical axis
+
+365
+00:25:52,920 --> 00:25:56,120
+Here, here we say to those who say that the image
+
+366
+00:25:56,120 --> 00:25:58,440
+is below the optical axis You started to mix
+
+367
+00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:02,970
+between the two lenses This lensمالناش فيها. هذا
+
+368
+00:26:02,970 --> 00:26:06,410
+الجزء من المسألة خلص وانتهى زمانه. الان احنا
+
+369
+00:26:06,410 --> 00:26:10,070
+بنتعامل مع هذا الجزء من المسألة الصورة مجلوبة،
+
+370
+00:26:10,070 --> 00:26:13,750
+ممتاز جدا، متفقين ان الصورة مجلوبة، بالنسبة لمين؟
+
+371
+00:26:13,750 --> 00:26:17,270
+بالنسبة لل object بتاعها، طب وين ال object بتاعها؟
+
+372
+00:26:17,270 --> 00:26:20,850
+ال object بتاعها تحت ال optical axisunder the
+
+373
+00:26:20,850 --> 00:26:23,610
+optical axis as long as it's under the optical
+
+374
+00:26:23,610 --> 00:26:26,330
+axis and it's upside down for it, then it's upside
+
+375
+00:26:26,330 --> 00:26:29,090
+down, upside down, straight up upside down, upside
+
+376
+00:26:29,090 --> 00:26:35,070
+down, straight up, so it's 33 cm away from the
+
+377
+00:26:35,070 --> 00:26:38,610
+other lens to the right of the other lens, so it
+
+378
+00:26:38,610 --> 00:26:43,710
+will be above the optical axis with a distance of
+
+379
+00:26:43,710 --> 00:26:50,080
+33 cm, 33 cmand one and two-thirds bigger than its
+
+380
+00:26:50,080 --> 00:26:58,520
+object one and two-thirds bigger than its object
+
+381
+00:26:58,520 --> 00:27:03,620
+So, it is inverted with respect to its object with
+
+382
+00:27:03,620 --> 00:27:07,880
+respect to its object So, now we want to say as
+
+383
+00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:12,210
+followsNow, the second part of the question is not
+
+384
+00:27:12,210 --> 00:27:14,510
+finished yet The last part of the question, of
+
+385
+00:27:14,510 --> 00:27:16,350
+course, we put here that the distance is thirty
+
+386
+00:27:16,350 --> 00:27:21,390
+-three centimeters, a third of a meter The
+
+387
+00:27:21,390 --> 00:27:24,830
+distance is thirty-three centimeters, which is a
+
+388
+00:27:24,830 --> 00:27:26,890
+third of a meter The distance between the second
+
+389
+00:27:26,890 --> 00:27:31,330
+image, which is the final image, and the lens that
+
+390
+00:27:31,330 --> 00:27:34,610
+formed it This is the final image Now we calculate
+
+391
+00:27:34,610 --> 00:27:37,130
+the total transfers magnification
+
+392
+00:27:52,870 --> 00:27:59,790
+Total Transfers Magnification
+
+393
+00:27:59,790 --> 00:28:05,370
+Total Transfers Magnification Total Transfers
+
+394
+00:28:05,370 --> 00:28:10,550
+Magnification Total Transfers Magnification Total
+
+395
+00:28:10,550 --> 00:28:15,410
+Transfers
+
+396
+00:28:15,410 --> 00:28:19,510
+Magnification Total Transfers Magnification
+
+397
+00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:30,400
+multiply by minus
+
+398
+00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:35,480
+one point sixty six percent which is equal to
+
+399
+00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:51,340
+let's go to the computer let's
+
+400
+00:28:51,340 --> 00:29:01,420
+say quarter multiply byone point sixty-six one
+
+401
+00:29:01,420 --> 00:29:03,580
+point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+402
+00:29:03,580 --> 00:29:04,480
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+403
+00:29:04,480 --> 00:29:04,520
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+404
+00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:04,520
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+405
+00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:04,520
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+406
+00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:04,540
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+407
+00:29:04,540 --> 00:29:04,540
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+408
+00:29:04,540 --> 00:29:04,540
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+409
+00:29:04,540 --> 00:29:04,640
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+410
+00:29:04,640 --> 00:29:05,200
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+411
+00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:05,740
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+412
+00:29:05,740 --> 00:29:05,740
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+413
+00:29:05,740 --> 00:29:07,240
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+414
+00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:08,000
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+415
+00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:08,000
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+416
+00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:10,340
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+417
+00:29:10,340 --> 00:29:13,160
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+418
+00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:21,410
+sixty-six one point sixty-and approximately 4
+
+419
+00:29:21,410 --> 00:29:27,450
+out of 10 x 4 out of 10 x plus 4 out of 10 now
+
+420
+00:29:27,450 --> 00:29:42,690
+this I want to make it bigger and
+
+421
+00:29:42,690 --> 00:29:45,470
+color it with another color completely different
+
+422
+00:29:54,520 --> 00:29:58,500
+What does X mean? Or the total transfer
+
+423
+00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:03,020
+magnification X plus four out of ten We say as
+
+424
+00:30:03,020 --> 00:30:06,920
+follows Total transfer magnification means how
+
+425
+00:30:06,920 --> 00:30:11,000
+much the final image is magnified compared to the
+
+426
+00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:14,080
+original first object TM1 is the magnification of
+
+427
+00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:20,360
+the first image compared to its object TM2 is the
+
+428
+00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:22,020
+magnification of the second image compared to its
+
+429
+00:30:22,020 --> 00:30:27,460
+objectTM Total Transverse Magnification Total يعني
+
+430
+00:30:27,460 --> 00:30:32,020
+قداش تكبير تكبير الصورة النهائية بالنسبة للجسم
+
+431
+00:30:32,020 --> 00:30:36,080
+الأول تقريبا بتطلع أربعة من عشرة منه قولنا ارتفاعه
+
+432
+00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:39,800
+عشرة سانتي طبعا plus يعني الصورة معتادلة الصورة
+
+433
+00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:42,900
+النهائية في ال total magnification الصورة النهائية
+
+434
+00:30:42,900 --> 00:30:46,620
+معتادلة بالنسبة لل object الأصلي هو فوق ال optical
+
+435
+00:30:46,620 --> 00:30:50,300
+axis و هي فوق ال optical axis ارتفاعها تقريبا
+
+436
+00:30:50,300 --> 00:30:54,020
+أربعة من عشرة من ارتفاع ال object الأصليواحنا قلنا
+
+437
+00:30:54,020 --> 00:30:56,960
+ال object الاصلي فرضناه عشرة سانتي فهي هتكون
+
+438
+00:30:56,960 --> 00:31:01,320
+ارتفاعها أربع سانتي تقريبا، أربع سانتي تقريبا
+
+439
+00:31:16,260 --> 00:31:19,420
+This is how the whole problem ended with us
+
+440
+00:31:19,420 --> 00:31:23,040
+dealing with each lens one by one and now I
+
+441
+00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:26,540
+separate the line or delete the line that exists
+
+442
+00:31:26,540 --> 00:31:32,520
+between the two lenses. This is dealing with the
+
+443
+00:31:32,520 --> 00:31:36,270
+lens combination.notice that some people say the
+
+444
+00:31:36,270 --> 00:31:38,270
+total magnification or the first transference
+
+445
+00:31:38,270 --> 00:31:40,790
+magnification and the second transference
+
+446
+00:31:40,790 --> 00:31:43,370
+magnification should be combined, of course this
+
+447
+00:31:43,370 --> 00:31:47,610
+is a very big mistake, why? because we exaggerated
+
+448
+00:31:47,610 --> 00:31:50,590
+somethingor we make it smaller and it has a
+
+449
+00:31:50,590 --> 00:31:53,170
+certain size, from this certain size, we enlarge
+
+450
+00:31:53,170 --> 00:32:01,190
+it again, enlarge it again, so it will be almost
+
+451
+00:32:01,190 --> 00:32:06,830
+necessary to hit it, not to put togetherThe total
+
+452
+00:32:06,830 --> 00:32:11,150
+transphase magnification is equal to Tm1
+
+453
+00:32:11,150 --> 00:32:13,850
+multiplied by Tm2 multiplied by Tm3 This is the
+
+454
+00:32:13,850 --> 00:32:17,150
+end of the lecture. God bless you all. And we
+
+455
+00:32:17,150 --> 00:32:21,770
+remind you that there will be several training
+
+456
+00:32:21,770 --> 00:32:23,790
+sessions on this topic in our training sessions.
+
+457
+00:32:24,110 --> 00:32:27,090
+God bless you all and peace be upon you all.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/9hRg88pXUZ4_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+1
+00:00:04,580 --> 00:00:08,900
+السؤال بيقول قارن بين ال optical path lengths من A
+
+2
+00:00:08,900 --> 00:00:14,730
+ل B رحلة الضوء من A؟ with the optical path length
+
+3
+00:00:14,730 --> 00:00:18,210
+in the other from C to D, that is, who among them
+
+4
+00:00:18,210 --> 00:00:19,810
+is the largest? Of course, it is clear that they
+
+5
+00:00:19,810 --> 00:00:23,750
+counted in a lot of materials, the path from A to
+
+6
+00:00:23,750 --> 00:00:26,810
+B, the light went one meter and two out of ten in
+
+7
+00:00:26,810 --> 00:00:29,090
+the air, this is the refractive index, then one
+
+8
+00:00:29,090 --> 00:00:31,090
+meter in water, this is the refractive index, then
+
+9
+00:00:31,090 --> 00:00:33,730
+one meter in glass, half a meter, excuse me, in
+
+10
+00:00:33,730 --> 00:00:35,850
+glass, which is one and a half refractive index,
+
+11
+00:00:35,950 --> 00:00:39,550
+then three meters in the air to reach B. The real
+
+12
+00:00:39,550 --> 00:00:43,540
+distance is a set of these Not the optical path
+
+13
+00:00:43,540 --> 00:00:46,540
+length, but the actual distance which is 1.2 plus
+
+14
+00:00:46,540 --> 00:00:51,720
+1 plus 1.5 plus 3 which gives me 5.7 meters that
+
+15
+00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:54,080
+the light passed through to calculate the optical
+
+16
+00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:58,780
+path length And the actual distance that the other
+
+17
+00:00:58,780 --> 00:01:00,940
+light passed through from C to D is 1 meter in the
+
+18
+00:01:00,940 --> 00:01:03,000
+air, of course this is the refractive index, half
+
+19
+00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:06,820
+a meter in the water, 7.10 meters in the glass, 1
+
+20
+00:01:06,820 --> 00:01:10,460
+.5 refractive index, then 2.5 meters in the air,
+
+21
+00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:13,130
+which is 1 refractive index We will calculate the
+
+22
+00:01:13,130 --> 00:01:17,910
+optical path length first Optical path length from
+
+23
+00:01:17,910 --> 00:01:22,850
+A to B is equal to each distance multiplied by the
+
+24
+00:01:22,850 --> 00:01:26,910
+refractive index 1 minus 1.2 meters divided by 1
+
+25
+00:01:26,910 --> 00:01:31,730
+is equal to 1.2 meters We will write it as 1 plus
+
+26
+00:01:31,730 --> 00:01:40,510
+1 meter multiplied by 1.3 meters plus half a meter
+
+27
+00:01:44,160 --> 00:01:52,500
+dark one and a half plus three meters in one and
+
+28
+00:01:52,500 --> 00:01:57,500
+it equals one and two out of ten meters in one
+
+29
+00:01:57,500 --> 00:02:01,580
+remains as it is plus one in one and three out of
+
+30
+00:02:01,580 --> 00:02:04,920
+ten becomes one and three out of ten meters plus
+
+31
+00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:09,380
+five out of ten in one and a half means five in
+
+32
+00:02:09,380 --> 00:02:17,650
+eighteen out of seventy-fiveمن 100 متر زائد تلاتة
+
+33
+00:02:17,650 --> 00:02:24,750
+متر في واحد تلاتة متر ويساوي اذا واحد واتنين من
+
+34
+00:02:24,750 --> 00:02:32,670
+عشرة متر وواحد وتلاتة من عشرة متر وخمسة وسبعين من
+
+35
+00:02:32,670 --> 00:02:33,490
+مية متر
+
+36
+00:02:47,110 --> 00:02:55,610
+The total is 5 here 5 and 7 is 12 3 and 3 is 6 So
+
+37
+00:02:55,610 --> 00:02:58,270
+6 and a quarter meters The first optical path
+
+38
+00:02:58,270 --> 00:03:01,590
+length is 6 and a quarter meters We will put it in
+
+39
+00:03:01,590 --> 00:03:04,790
+a box to distinguish it Now the second optical
+
+40
+00:03:04,790 --> 00:03:12,290
+path length We will calculate it In shape or blue
+
+41
+00:03:12,290 --> 00:03:19,920
+color Optical Path length which is from C to D is
+
+42
+00:03:19,920 --> 00:03:23,760
+equal to 1 meter in the air multiplied by the
+
+43
+00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:28,020
+refractive index of the air plus half a meter in
+
+44
+00:03:28,020 --> 00:03:33,240
+the water multiplied
+
+45
+00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:36,980
+by 1.3 which is the refractive index of water plus
+
+46
+00:03:36,980 --> 00:03:45,560
+7.10 meters in the glass multiplied by 1.5plus two
+
+47
+00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:50,960
+and a half meters two and a half meters in the
+
+48
+00:03:50,960 --> 00:03:54,200
+air, that is, it will be multiplied by one and
+
+49
+00:03:54,200 --> 00:04:01,700
+equals one in one in one meter plus five in
+
+50
+00:04:01,700 --> 00:04:05,820
+thirteen in sixty-five, that is, sixty-five out of
+
+51
+00:04:05,820 --> 00:04:09,940
+one hundred meters plus
+
+52
+00:04:14,470 --> 00:04:22,630
+7x15, 7x10x70, 7x5x5x5x5x5x5x5, 105, 1, 5 out of
+
+53
+00:04:22,630 --> 00:04:28,140
+100 metersWe multiply 7 by 10 which is equal to 70
+
+54
+00:04:28,140 --> 00:04:30,820
+and 7 by 5 which is equal to 35 which is equal to
+
+55
+00:04:30,820 --> 00:04:34,640
+70 and 35 which is equal to 105 And I want to
+
+56
+00:04:34,640 --> 00:04:36,200
+subtract after two decimal places which is equal
+
+57
+00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:41,220
+to one point zero five meters and two and a half
+
+58
+00:04:41,220 --> 00:04:43,220
+meters multiplied by one which is equal to two and
+
+59
+00:04:43,220 --> 00:04:46,260
+a half meters We will add them all together and
+
+60
+00:04:46,260 --> 00:04:50,520
+say one meter plus
+
+61
+00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:53,600
+sixty-five of one hundred meters
+
+62
+00:04:56,660 --> 00:05:01,840
+plus one point five
+
+63
+00:05:01,840 --> 00:05:06,320
+hundred meters plus two and a half meters plus two
+
+64
+00:05:06,320 --> 00:05:13,520
+and a half meters five and five is ten one and
+
+65
+00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:19,060
+five is six and six is twelve one two three and
+
+66
+00:05:19,060 --> 00:05:23,280
+two five meters so five meters and two is eight
+
+67
+00:05:32,490 --> 00:05:36,230
+to B and C to D, we want to say that A to B is
+
+68
+00:05:36,230 --> 00:05:38,260
+equal to B to C. This distance, which is A to B,
+
+69
+00:05:38,740 --> 00:05:41,140
+the light did not really cut it And the actual
+
+70
+00:05:41,140 --> 00:05:45,860
+distance was 5.7 meters in different materials But
+
+71
+00:05:45,860 --> 00:05:50,100
+if you leave the light to fly in the air It was in
+
+72
+00:05:50,100 --> 00:05:53,940
+the same period that it cut in these materials 5.7
+
+73
+00:05:53,940 --> 00:05:58,500
+meters If it stayed in the air only, it would have
+
+74
+00:05:58,500 --> 00:06:02,870
+cut 6.25 meters at the same time The second issue
+
+75
+00:06:02,870 --> 00:06:05,770
+or the second part of the issue, lighting actually
+
+76
+00:06:05,770 --> 00:06:08,710
+when it starts from C to D, it cuts a distance of
+
+77
+00:06:08,710 --> 00:06:13,390
+4.7 meters at a certain time. At this particular
+
+78
+00:06:13,390 --> 00:06:15,570
+time, if you leave the light to start in the air,
+
+79
+00:06:16,030 --> 00:06:19,290
+not in these materials, instead of cutting 4.7
+
+80
+00:06:19,290 --> 00:06:24,850
+meters, if it was in the air, it would cut 5.2
+
+81
+00:06:24,850 --> 00:06:28,240
+meters at the same time.So this issue is the
+
+82
+00:06:28,240 --> 00:06:31,860
+optical path length Now based on the result that
+
+83
+00:06:31,860 --> 00:06:34,880
+came out of our eyes, the first optical path
+
+84
+00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:39,640
+length is longer than the second optical path
+
+85
+00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:42,520
+length Because this is six and a quarter meters
+
+86
+00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:45,260
+and this is five and two tenths of a meter And may
+
+87
+00:06:45,260 --> 00:06:48,500
+God give you health and peace, mercy and blessings
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/E4SfMpVuLYk.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+1
+00:00:04,910 --> 00:00:05,810
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+2
+00:00:06,450 --> 00:00:10,690
+We have an example. The object on the left, but we 
+
+3
+00:00:10,690 --> 00:00:15,230
+still don't know if it is above or below the 
+
+4
+00:00:15,230 --> 00:00:19,730
+optical axis. The image below the optical axis is 
+
+5
+00:00:19,730 --> 00:00:25,310
+15 cm high. The transverse magnification is X 
+
+6
+00:00:25,310 --> 00:00:30,770
+minus 3. What is the object height? What is the 
+
+7
+00:00:30,770 --> 00:00:34,170
+object height? بنقول ال transference magnification 
+
+8
+00:00:34,170 --> 00:00:37,370
+الحال ال transference magnification يساوي image 
+
+9
+00:00:37,370 --> 00:00:42,770
+head على object head احنا المطلوب ال object head 
+
+10
+00:00:42,770 --> 00:00:48,750
+اذا ال object head يساوي image head على ال 
+
+11
+00:00:48,750 --> 00:00:52,950
+transference magnification بنبدل هدول مكان بعضهم 
+
+12
+00:00:52,950 --> 00:00:56,940
+البعض مكان بعضهم البعض So the object height is 
+
+13
+00:00:56,940 --> 00:00:59,440
+equal to the image height over the transverse
+
+14
+00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:03,480
+magnification. The image height as long as it is 
+
+15
+00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:06,260
+below the optical axis, I give it a minus sign. 
+
+16
+00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:09,680
+Fifteen centimeters is fifteen out of one hundred 
+
+17
+00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:14,740
+meters over the transverse magnification minus 
+
+18
+00:01:14,740 --> 00:01:20,700
+three, which is equal to minus minus plus fifteen 
+
+19
+00:01:20,700 --> 00:01:31,260
+out of one hundred meters over 3 is equal to 3 
+
+20
+00:01:31,260 --> 00:01:38,180
+times 5 times 100 which is equal to plus 5 cm So 
+
+21
+00:01:38,180 --> 00:01:41,600
+the height of the object is plus 5 cm, plus means 
+
+22
+00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:45,400
+above the optical axis and its height is 5 cm 
+
+23
+00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:48,280
+which is one third of the height of the bird 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/E4SfMpVuLYk_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+1
+00:00:04,910 --> 00:00:05,810
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+2
+00:00:06,450 --> 00:00:10,690
+We have an example. The object on the left, but we
+
+3
+00:00:10,690 --> 00:00:15,230
+still don't know if it is above or below the
+
+4
+00:00:15,230 --> 00:00:19,730
+optical axis. The image below the optical axis is
+
+5
+00:00:19,730 --> 00:00:25,310
+15 cm high. The transverse magnification is X
+
+6
+00:00:25,310 --> 00:00:30,770
+minus 3.What is the object head? What is the
+
+7
+00:00:30,770 --> 00:00:34,170
+object head? بنقول ال transference magnification
+
+8
+00:00:34,170 --> 00:00:37,370
+الحال ال transference magnification يساوي image
+
+9
+00:00:37,370 --> 00:00:42,770
+head على object head احنا المطلوب ال object head
+
+10
+00:00:42,770 --> 00:00:48,750
+اذا ال object head يساوي image head على ال
+
+11
+00:00:48,750 --> 00:00:52,950
+transference magnification بنبدل هدول مكان بعضهم
+
+12
+00:00:52,950 --> 00:00:56,940
+البعض مكان بعضهم البعض So the object height is
+
+13
+00:00:56,940 --> 00:00:59,440
+equal to the image height over the transphase
+
+14
+00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:03,480
+magnification. The image height as long as it is
+
+15
+00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:06,260
+below the optical axis, I give it a minus sign.
+
+16
+00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:09,680
+Fifteen centimeters is fifteen out of one hundred
+
+17
+00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:14,740
+meters over the transphase magnification minus
+
+18
+00:01:14,740 --> 00:01:20,700
+three, which is equal to minus minus plus fifteen
+
+19
+00:01:20,700 --> 00:01:31,260
+out of one hundred meters over3 is equal to 3
+
+20
+00:01:31,260 --> 00:01:38,180
+times 5 times 100 which is equal to plus 5 cm So
+
+21
+00:01:38,180 --> 00:01:41,600
+the height of the object is plus 5 cm, plus means
+
+22
+00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:45,400
+above the optical axis and its height is 5 cm
+
+23
+00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:48,280
+which is one third of the height of the bird
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/EaUP2qmuLNw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1738 @@
+
+1
+00:00:02,260 --> 00:00:06,720
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:06,720 --> 00:00:12,200
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا لموضوع جديد تماما، مختلف
+
+3
+00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:15,700
+قليلا عن العدسات، اللي هو الـ ophthalmic prisms أو
+
+4
+00:00:15,700 --> 00:00:23,190
+المناشير اللي بتستعمل فيه أو بتستعمل لإلعين It is 
+
+5
+00:00:23,190 --> 00:00:28,310
+not a glass or glassware We say an ophthalmic 
+
+6
+00:00:28,310 --> 00:00:31,890
+prism is a wedge of a transparent plastic or a 
+
+7
+00:00:31,890 --> 00:00:36,350
+glass triangular with a triangular cross section
+
+8
+00:00:36,350 --> 00:00:39,990
+having an apex and base If we bring a piece of 
+
+9
+00:00:39,990 --> 00:00:45,030
+plastic in a shape of a cube or an equilateral 
+
+10
+00:00:45,030 --> 00:00:52,030
+rectangle وأخدنا منه حفة، يعني أشيلنا منه حفة، هذه 
+
+11
+00:00:52,030 --> 00:00:57,470
+الحفة تعتبر a prism، إله apex وإله base، الbase
+
+12
+00:00:57,470 --> 00:01:02,230
+هنا جاية لفوق والapex جاية لتحت، هذه الحفةالحدودة
+
+13
+00:01:02,230 --> 00:01:05,630
+بتنتهي عند الخطوط الزرقاء، هذه الحفة اللي على 
+
+14
+00:01:05,630 --> 00:01:09,550
+اليمين، شيلناها من قطعة من الزجاج أو قطعة من
+
+15
+00:01:09,550 --> 00:01:13,710
+البلاستيك، هذه تعتبر ophthalmic prism having an 
+
+16
+00:01:13,710 --> 00:01:17,650
+apex، هاي ال apex، هاي القمة بتاعته، وهي القاعدة 
+
+17
+00:01:17,650 --> 00:01:21,950
+بتاعه، هاي القاعدة بتاعته، اذا هذا هو الophthalmic 
+
+18
+00:01:21,950 --> 00:01:25,010
+prism، هاي منظر آخر للophthalmic prism
+
+19
+00:01:28,170 --> 00:01:34,990
+الو قاعدة ال base القاعدة والو apex قمة وال apex
+
+20
+00:01:34,990 --> 00:01:39,530
+في angle بيسموها ال apical angle أو زاوية القمة 
+
+21
+00:01:39,530 --> 00:01:43,630
+زاوية القمة مهمة جدا في موضوع الprismat لإنه كل ما
+
+22
+00:01:43,630 --> 00:01:47,000
+زادت زاوية القمةThe ability of the prism on the 
+
+23
+00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:50,180
+letter of the letter A becomes more, becomes more,
+
+24
+00:01:50,200 --> 00:01:51,140
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more, 
+
+25
+00:01:51,140 --> 00:01:51,720
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+26
+00:01:51,720 --> 00:01:51,740
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+27
+00:01:51,740 --> 00:01:54,180
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more, 
+
+28
+00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:54,440
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+29
+00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:54,460
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+30
+00:01:54,460 --> 00:01:55,400
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+31
+00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:58,730
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more on 
+
+32
+00:01:58,730 --> 00:02:03,650
+deviation or deviation of things will be more and 
+
+33
+00:02:03,650 --> 00:02:08,250
+as we said there is apex and there is base there
+
+34
+00:02:08,250 --> 00:02:11,370
+is apex and there is base these are examples on 
+
+35
+00:02:11,370 --> 00:02:17,110
+prisms these are prisms that we use in 
+
+36
+00:02:17,110 --> 00:02:19,610
+circumference measurements this is a prism whose 
+
+37
+00:02:19,610 --> 00:02:23,320
+apex angle is smallit could be that the apex
+
+38
+00:02:23,320 --> 00:02:25,380
+itself is a little bit crooked, but that's not a 
+
+39
+00:02:25,380 --> 00:02:27,840
+problem, and it could still be there, that is up 
+
+40
+00:02:27,840 --> 00:02:33,800
+to 35 prism diopter, the peak that has been 
+
+41
+00:02:33,800 --> 00:02:36,640
+removed, it doesn't play a big role in this 
+
+42
+00:02:36,640 --> 00:02:38,340
+matter, because the important thing is that the 
+
+43
+00:02:38,340 --> 00:02:40,860
+prism is the same, but if we talk about the 
+
+44
+00:02:40,860 --> 00:02:44,890
+strength of the prismIt's related to the apex
+
+45
+00:02:44,890 --> 00:02:48,050
+angle, it's not the apex angle, this apex angle is
+
+46
+00:02:48,050 --> 00:02:51,930
+light, so its strength is 5 prism diopter, this is 
+
+47
+00:02:51,930 --> 00:02:55,050
+wider, it's clear that the bigger the angle of the 
+
+48
+00:02:55,050 --> 00:03:00,110
+peak, the bigger the strength of the prism, I have 
+
+49
+00:03:00,110 --> 00:03:03,510
+60 prism diopter, this is considered a high prism
+
+50
+00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:09,320
+القوة، عالي القوة. إذا هذه موضوع الprismat يعني
+
+51
+00:03:09,320 --> 00:03:12,920
+أحيانا مستخدمها أو كثير من الأحيان مستخدمها في
+
+52
+00:03:12,920 --> 00:03:19,130
+قياس الحول بأنواع المختلفةWhat is the difference
+
+53
+00:03:19,130 --> 00:03:21,870
+between these prisms and these prisms? This is
+
+54
+00:03:21,870 --> 00:03:23,950
+called a loose prism, that is, each prism by 
+
+55
+00:03:23,950 --> 00:03:27,250
+itself, loose prism, that is, each prism is held
+
+56
+00:03:27,250 --> 00:03:29,930
+by itself, it can be held horizontally or 
+
+57
+00:03:29,930 --> 00:03:33,550
+vertically This is called a prism bar, prism bar 
+
+58
+00:03:33,550 --> 00:03:36,630
+means a column of prisms, this piece is a prism, 
+
+59
+00:03:37,150 --> 00:03:40,150
+this piece is a prism of one force, a diopter
+
+60
+00:03:40,150 --> 00:03:44,260
+prismthis piece is a prism with 10 prism diopters,
+
+61
+00:03:44,760 --> 00:03:48,760
+and this last piece has 45 prism diopters, which I 
+
+62
+00:03:48,760 --> 00:03:52,300
+am defining in its limits, this is its base, this 
+
+63
+00:03:52,300 --> 00:03:54,720
+is its base, and this is its peak, this is the 
+
+64
+00:03:54,720 --> 00:03:58,580
+base, and this is the peak, so it is clear thatThe 
+
+65
+00:03:58,580 --> 00:04:01,960
+base is much lower than the top, much lower than
+
+66
+00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:05,520
+the top, and the more we move from the right to 
+
+67
+00:04:05,520 --> 00:04:09,260
+the left, the apical angle increases, this is the 
+
+68
+00:04:09,260 --> 00:04:12,120
+apical angle, apical angle, apical angle, and so
+
+69
+00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:16,350
+on until we get boredto the left, of course, it 
+
+70
+00:04:16,350 --> 00:04:19,050
+increases the strength of the prism, because its
+
+71
+00:04:19,050 --> 00:04:22,590
+apical angle increases Of course, these hold the
+
+72
+00:04:22,590 --> 00:04:26,650
+column vertically, so these prisms move
+
+73
+00:04:26,650 --> 00:04:29,930
+horizontally, that's why it's a horizontal prism
+
+74
+00:04:30,570 --> 00:04:34,150
+The second column which is also a prism bar, is
+
+75
+00:04:34,150 --> 00:04:38,390
+also a prism, but it is curved in a vertical prism
+
+76
+00:04:38,390 --> 00:04:40,970
+When it is held vertically in front of the
+
+77
+00:04:40,970 --> 00:04:43,930
+patient's face, these are the prisms, this is the
+
+78
+00:04:43,930 --> 00:04:47,090
+top, this is the bottom, this is the top, this is 
+
+79
+00:04:47,090 --> 00:04:50,070
+the bottom Here the shape is clearer, okay? Here 
+
+80
+00:04:50,070 --> 00:04:53,310
+the shape is clearer, of course The top of the
+
+81
+00:04:53,310 --> 00:04:56,750
+prism is here, at the top of the sword, and the 
+
+82
+00:04:56,750 --> 00:05:00,010
+bottom of the prism is hereThe top of the prism at
+
+83
+00:05:00,010 --> 00:05:01,570
+the top of the arrow, of course, is hidden under 
+
+84
+00:05:01,570 --> 00:05:05,610
+the prism above it and this is the base Ok, now 
+
+85
+00:05:05,610 --> 00:05:10,370
+this is for the prisms, what is their nature and 
+
+86
+00:05:10,370 --> 00:05:12,050
+what are their types? These, of course, whether it
+
+87
+00:05:12,050 --> 00:05:15,810
+is a loose prism or a prism bar, are used in 
+
+88
+00:05:15,810 --> 00:05:20,580
+circumference measurementHere means cross-section 
+
+89
+00:05:20,580 --> 00:05:26,660
+explains why I have apex for the prism and base
+
+90
+00:05:26,660 --> 00:05:29,640
+for the prism, I have base for the prism Of
+
+91
+00:05:29,640 --> 00:05:31,180
+course, the mission of the prism is to make 
+
+92
+00:05:31,180 --> 00:05:33,400
+deviation in the rays, which means to make 
+
+93
+00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:36,580
+deviation of the rays from its path, this is its 
+
+94
+00:05:36,580 --> 00:05:39,900
+supposed path before we put the prismThese are the
+
+95
+00:05:39,900 --> 00:05:43,240
+supposed paths before we put the prism, and it 
+
+96
+00:05:43,240 --> 00:05:45,340
+made a deviation to the rays which became these 
+
+97
+00:05:45,340 --> 00:05:48,540
+paths when it came out of the prism, so this is
+
+98
+00:05:48,540 --> 00:05:52,080
+the whole angle, which means that if the prism 
+
+99
+00:05:52,080 --> 00:05:55,840
+didn't exist, the light ray wouldn't continue in
+
+100
+00:05:55,840 --> 00:06:00,030
+this wayAfter we put Librasm, the light ray has 
+
+101
+00:06:00,030 --> 00:06:03,070
+this path, so this angle is called angle of 
+
+102
+00:06:03,070 --> 00:06:03,510
+deviation
+
+103
+00:06:28,370 --> 00:06:34,310
+Okay, the usage of multiple prisms and many of
+
+104
+00:06:34,310 --> 00:06:38,460
+them, one of them is the low power prismتكون فيه
+
+105
+00:06:38,460 --> 00:06:42,280
+small apical angle و فيه high power prism فإيش
+
+106
+00:06:42,280 --> 00:06:45,880
+تستخدم ال small power prism؟ ال small power prism
+
+107
+00:06:45,880 --> 00:06:49,020
+طبعا و اللي بيكون اللي هى small apical angle may
+
+108
+00:06:49,020 --> 00:06:53,480
+be incorporated into spectacle lenses or and
+
+109
+00:06:53,480 --> 00:06:57,780
+contact lenses يعني ممكن تضاف لبرزمات بقوة ضعيفة
+
+110
+00:06:57,780 --> 00:07:02,720
+طبعا مش بقوة عالية يعني بقدرش أضيف برزم مثلا ستين 
+
+111
+00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:05,980
+برزم أو خمسين برزم أو خمس و أربعين برزم لنضارة
+
+112
+00:07:06,190 --> 00:07:10,230
+بينما بقدر أضيف مثلا عشرة Prism، خمسة Prism، سبعة
+
+113
+00:07:10,230 --> 00:07:13,630
+Prism، زي المنظر التالي ما هيوضحلي، إذا ال low
+
+114
+00:07:13,630 --> 00:07:17,550
+power PrismThe low power prism can be added to
+
+115
+00:07:17,550 --> 00:07:19,670
+this prism, this is a lens of a glasses but it is
+
+116
+00:07:19,670 --> 00:07:22,070
+added to it by a prism so that this is the base 
+
+117
+00:07:22,070 --> 00:07:24,490
+and this is the apex Here it is the same thing,
+
+118
+00:07:24,570 --> 00:07:26,890
+this is the base and this is the apex, this is a
+
+119
+00:07:26,890 --> 00:07:30,250
+lens of a glasses Now the lens with the prism as 
+
+120
+00:07:30,250 --> 00:07:33,990
+one mass as we see means placed in the glasses, 
+
+121
+00:07:34,130 --> 00:07:36,950
+placed in the glasses If we come to describe this
+
+122
+00:07:36,950 --> 00:07:40,420
+scene, we say this is a lensIn the right eye, the
+
+123
+00:07:40,420 --> 00:07:42,660
+lens in the right eye, the prism comes with the
+
+124
+00:07:42,660 --> 00:07:46,520
+base in, in towards the nose, in, while in the 
+
+125
+00:07:46,520 --> 00:07:50,520
+left eye, the prism added to the lens, the base is
+
+126
+00:07:50,520 --> 00:07:53,820
+out, so here base in, out, and here in the left
+
+127
+00:07:53,820 --> 00:07:58,160
+eye, or the lens of the left eye, base outممكن انا
+
+128
+00:07:58,160 --> 00:08:01,680
+اختصر الكلام اقول ال .. ال .. ال base في ال .. في 
+
+129
+00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:05,160
+الprismين to the left يعني هدى جاية للشمال و هدى 
+
+130
+00:08:05,160 --> 00:08:08,620
+جاية للشمال او ممكن اقول في ال right base in و في 
+
+131
+00:08:08,620 --> 00:08:12,760
+ال left base out طبعا حسب المطلب، حسب المطلب، اذا
+
+132
+00:08:12,760 --> 00:08:17,420
+low power prismwith small apical angles may be 
+
+133
+00:08:17,420 --> 00:08:20,760
+incorporated into spectacle lenses و أحيانا تضاف
+
+134
+00:08:20,760 --> 00:08:25,520
+لل contact lenses بطريقة معينة طيب هى نقطة استخدام 
+
+135
+00:08:25,520 --> 00:08:29,720
+تانى فى جهاز عندي اسمه كيراتوميتر اللى بقيست حدب 
+
+136
+00:08:29,720 --> 00:08:33,920
+القرانية او ال K1 K2 هذا مثال على جهاز 
+
+137
+00:08:33,920 --> 00:08:39,260
+الكيراتوميتر بيقيست حدب القرانيةin the different 
+
+138
+00:08:39,260 --> 00:08:42,820
+meridians, of course, and it gives me numerical 
+
+139
+00:08:42,820 --> 00:08:45,920
+results for the change in the diopter, for 
+
+140
+00:08:45,920 --> 00:08:48,960
+example, the meridian is 90 G, 42 diopters, for 
+
+141
+00:08:48,960 --> 00:08:52,260
+example, and the meridian is 180, for example, 43
+
+142
+00:08:52,260 --> 00:08:55,760
+or 40 or 41 diopters, depending on what comes out 
+
+143
+00:08:55,760 --> 00:09:00,100
+with us, in this device, inside this devicethere
+
+144
+00:09:00,100 --> 00:09:04,300
+are two prisms, the goal of these two prisms is 
+
+145
+00:09:04,300 --> 00:09:10,520
+that the blurred image that I send to the 
+
+146
+00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:12,460
+patient's eye and it is reflected from the cornea, 
+
+147
+00:09:12,620 --> 00:09:15,760
+I want this image to be double-sided, so this 
+
+148
+00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:18,420
+double-sidedness or this double-sidedness in this 
+
+149
+00:09:18,420 --> 00:09:21,260
+image, to help me with the measurement, is done
+
+150
+00:09:21,260 --> 00:09:24,530
+through the prism, this is the composition ofthe 
+
+151
+00:09:24,530 --> 00:09:27,730
+keratometer from inside and we are not studying 
+
+152
+00:09:27,730 --> 00:09:31,430
+the instrument or the instrumentation of the
+
+153
+00:09:31,430 --> 00:09:34,070
+device, but we want to know that within the whole
+
+154
+00:09:34,070 --> 00:09:38,350
+configuration of the keratometer that I have two
+
+155
+00:09:38,350 --> 00:09:42,500
+pinsThese two prisms are called doubling prisms, 
+
+156
+00:09:42,720 --> 00:09:45,540
+meaning they make the image that I see as an 
+
+157
+00:09:45,540 --> 00:09:48,900
+observer, this is my eye as an observer, and here
+
+158
+00:09:48,900 --> 00:09:52,280
+will be the patient's eye, so the image that I
+
+159
+00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:54,240
+want to return to my eye, I want to see it, I want
+
+160
+00:09:54,240 --> 00:09:57,740
+to have a double image, double image, this image 
+
+161
+00:09:57,740 --> 00:10:00,300
+is called Myers, the Myers is a doubled image,
+
+162
+00:10:00,800 --> 00:10:03,080
+meaning instead of a picture, a picture, instead
+
+163
+00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:07,100
+of a picturetwo pictures and this detail will be
+
+164
+00:10:07,100 --> 00:10:12,120
+in the material or the instruments but what is 
+
+165
+00:10:12,120 --> 00:10:14,240
+known or what we want to know here in the subject
+
+166
+00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:17,480
+of prisms is that in the keratometer there are two 
+
+167
+00:10:17,480 --> 00:10:22,200
+low power prisms two low power .. low power prisms 
+
+168
+00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:25,640
+so the doubled image viewed in keratometers is 
+
+169
+00:10:25,640 --> 00:10:30,170
+achieved with low power prism ok this is a pointSo 
+
+170
+00:10:30,170 --> 00:10:34,390
+the low power prism can be used in spectacles, it
+
+171
+00:10:34,390 --> 00:10:38,050
+can be incorporated for spectacles or contact
+
+172
+00:10:38,050 --> 00:10:42,190
+lenses. Also the low power prism can be used in
+
+173
+00:10:42,190 --> 00:10:46,690
+keratometers. Now the high power prismwith large
+
+174
+00:10:46,690 --> 00:10:49,550
+apex angles are used to measure angle of
+
+175
+00:10:49,550 --> 00:10:50,070
+strabismus 
+
+176
+00:11:07,530 --> 00:11:13,230
+to produce the doubling in measurement of in
+
+177
+00:11:13,230 --> 00:11:15,630
+measuring head of the Goldman tonometer
+
+178
+00:11:19,220 --> 00:11:21,280
+This is the Goldman tonometer The Goldman
+
+179
+00:11:21,280 --> 00:11:24,260
+tonometer is a device connected to a slit lamp
+
+180
+00:11:24,260 --> 00:11:27,840
+device that we use to measure eye pressure Also,
+
+181
+00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:31,460
+when I measure eye pressure, I have a circle that
+
+182
+00:11:31,460 --> 00:11:35,900
+I want to see through this device We divide this
+
+183
+00:11:35,900 --> 00:11:39,720
+circle into two parts, half circle and half 
+
+184
+00:11:39,720 --> 00:11:43,240
+circle, so that we can measure eye pressure What
+
+185
+00:11:43,240 --> 00:11:47,670
+divides the circleاللي بيقسم للدائرة، لأ نصين،
+
+186
+00:11:47,670 --> 00:11:52,000
+طبعا الدائرة اللي هي ناتجة أو .. أو ناتجة عن ..is
+
+187
+00:11:52,000 --> 00:1
+
+223
+00:13:56,070 --> 00:13:57,650
+this region for example in the lower, in the
+
+224
+00:13:57,650 --> 00:14:01,310
+inferior retina for example بحط ال base في ال .. في
+
+225
+00:14:01,310 --> 00:14:05,010
+ال .. بتكون .. حيث تكون down و بسلط ال laser عبر
+
+226
+00:14:05,010 --> 00:14:10,750
+ال prism فبيتخطى قضية ال ice، بيتخطى قضية ال ice،
+
+227
+00:14:10,750 --> 00:14:12,110
+اذا ا أيضا ..
+
+228
+00:14:15,290 --> 00:14:18,310
+and to apply laser treatment to the periphery of
+
+229
+00:14:18,310 --> 00:14:21,770
+the fundus which is the retina so these are many
+
+230
+00:14:21,770 --> 00:14:26,290
+uses for prisms whether low power or high power
+
+231
+00:14:26,290 --> 00:14:30,150
+let's say what is the simplest prism available
+
+232
+00:14:30,150 --> 00:14:35,590
+let's say as follows this is prism number one in
+
+233
+00:14:35,590 --> 00:14:39,630
+blue, two in red, three in yellow and four we will
+
+234
+00:14:39,630 --> 00:14:43,950
+talk about shortly we say as follows كل ما كبرت ال
+
+235
+00:14:43,950 --> 00:14:44,270
+apical angle بيكون قوة ال prism أقوى كل ما كبرت ال
+
+236
+00:14:44,270 --> 00:14:48,970
+apical angle بيكون قوة ال prism أقوى طيب الأزرق
+
+237
+00:14:48,970 --> 00:14:51,970
+أقوى من الأحمر لأن ال apical angle بتاعته أقوى
+
+238
+00:14:51,970 --> 00:14:57,250
+الأحمر أقوى من الأصفر لأن ال apical تاعته أكبر فبت
+
+239
+00:14:57,250 --> 00:15:01,450
+.. ال apical angle زاوية أكبر طبعا .. طبعا هذا
+
+240
+00:15:01,450 --> 00:15:06,390
+هيكون أضعف من الأحمر لغاية ما نصل لأضعف prism ممكن
+
+241
+00:15:06,390 --> 00:15:10,030
+العلماء نظريا بيقولوا أضعف prism ممكن لما زاوية
+
+242
+00:15:10,030 --> 00:15:14,040
+القمة ساوة صفر Okay, a person might ask himself,
+
+243
+00:15:14,360 --> 00:15:17,660
+this can't really exist in life, because if the
+
+244
+00:15:17,660 --> 00:15:20,980
+angle of the peak is zero, it means that the two
+
+245
+00:15:20,980 --> 00:15:23,560
+sides of the prism are aligned to each other, and
+
+246
+00:15:23,560 --> 00:15:26,080
+the prism is gone, I don't have a prism anymore
+
+247
+00:15:26,080 --> 00:15:29,340
+They say that this is theoretically true, but
+
+248
+00:15:29,340 --> 00:15:32,500
+there is something very similar that I can
+
+249
+00:15:32,500 --> 00:15:35,280
+consider as if the two sides are aligned to each
+
+250
+00:15:35,280 --> 00:15:39,080
+other What is the very similar thing that gives me
+
+251
+00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:42,880
+the force of a prism with a magnitude of zero?What
+
+252
+00:15:42,880 --> 00:15:45,500
+does zero mean? It means I can consider the apical
+
+253
+00:15:45,500 --> 00:15:47,740
+angle as zero and as if the two surfaces are
+
+254
+00:15:47,740 --> 00:15:50,780
+aligned to each other, but in fact this prism
+
+255
+00:15:50,780 --> 00:15:53,360
+exists and is not hidden How does this matter?
+
+256
+00:15:53,660 --> 00:15:56,980
+They say the plane parallel plate The plane
+
+257
+00:15:56,980 --> 00:16:01,700
+parallel plate is what? It is what if we look at
+
+258
+00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:06,100
+Google images and say here plane parallel plate
+
+259
+00:16:14,650 --> 00:16:18,070
+And we saw what pictures we can get from it I
+
+260
+00:16:18,070 --> 00:16:23,170
+mean, this for example is a piece of glass with a
+
+261
+00:16:23,170 --> 00:16:26,810
+plain parallel plate Notice that this window or
+
+262
+00:16:26,810 --> 00:16:29,550
+this is considered a plain parallel plate I mean,
+
+263
+00:16:29,650 --> 00:16:32,810
+it's like a rectangular piece of glass, this is
+
+264
+00:16:32,810 --> 00:16:35,950
+considered a plain parallel plate, plain parallel
+
+265
+00:16:35,950 --> 00:16:38,490
+plate This one also, the blue one, is a plain
+
+266
+00:16:38,490 --> 00:16:44,600
+parallel plate, plain parallel plate if let's say
+
+267
+00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:50,060
+glass plain plain glass plain parallel plate and
+
+268
+00:16:50,060 --> 00:16:52,980
+let's see what will come out with it this is a
+
+269
+00:16:52,980 --> 00:16:57,520
+plain parallel plate this is a plain parallel
+
+270
+00:16:57,520 --> 00:16:59,500
+plate of course there are pictures that may be
+
+271
+00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:06,180
+clearer than that or it can be plastic there is no
+
+272
+00:17:06,180 --> 00:17:12,920
+problem so it is a piece a piece than for example
+
+273
+00:17:12,920 --> 00:17:18,380
+the window glass or any other plane parallel to
+
+274
+00:17:18,380 --> 00:17:20,880
+the plate Why do they consider the plane parallel
+
+275
+00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:26,800
+to the plate? As if the prism has zero force The
+
+276
+00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:29,600
+thing is very simple, if we look at the view below
+
+277
+00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:32,640
+This is the view below We say that the plane
+
+278
+00:17:32,640 --> 00:17:35,440
+parallel to the plate can be considered as two
+
+279
+00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:42,300
+prisms attached to each other In other words, this
+
+280
+00:17:42,300 --> 00:17:46,740
+blue prism, this is its apical angle, and the
+
+281
+00:17:46,740 --> 00:17:52,280
+moving prism, this is its apical angle What
+
+282
+00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:55,760
+happens to this prism, reflects to this one, and
+
+283
+00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:58,140
+what happens to this one, reflects to this one,
+
+284
+00:17:58,180 --> 00:18:00,300
+why? Because they are facing each other in space,
+
+285
+00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:03,880
+this is its apical angle up, and this is its
+
+286
+00:18:03,880 --> 00:18:09,840
+apical angle down فأثر هذا بلغي هذا و أثر هذا بلغي
+
+287
+00:18:09,840 --> 00:18:13,660
+هذا كأنه ال prism مش موجود فبالتالي يمكن مجازا انه
+
+288
+00:18:13,660 --> 00:18:17,100
+نعتبر ال plane parallel plate كأنه ال prism ال
+
+289
+00:18:17,100 --> 00:18:21,000
+apical angle بتاعته صفر ال apical angle بتاعته صفر
+
+290
+00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:24,320
+نيجي نحكي عن ال plane parallel plate اللي هو ال
+
+291
+00:18:24,320 --> 00:18:28,180
+simplest prism اذا the simplest prism has an apex
+
+292
+00:18:28,180 --> 00:18:32,590
+angle of zero degree What does it mean? That is the
+
+293
+00:18:32,590 --> 00:18:35,870
+two faces are parallel, the two faces are
+
+294
+00:18:35,870 --> 00:18:38,530
+parallel, there is a face and there is a face,
+
+295
+00:18:39,470 --> 00:18:45,320
+therefore these two faces are parallel بس مش بالشكل
+
+296
+00:18:45,320 --> 00:18:48,660
+اللي احنا متصورينه لإنه لو بالشكل هذا معناته فيش
+
+297
+00:18:48,660 --> 00:18:52,140
+prism انطبقوا السطحين على بعض معناته ال apical
+
+298
+00:18:52,140 --> 00:18:56,280
+angle zero معناته اختفى ال prism لأ احنا بنقصد بيه
+
+299
+00:18:56,280 --> 00:18:57,920
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+300
+00:18:57,920 --> 00:18:58,020
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+301
+00:18:58,020 --> 00:18:58,080
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+302
+00:18:58,080 --> 00:18:58,460
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+303
+00:18:58,460 --> 00:18:58,540
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+304
+00:18:58,540 --> 00:18:59,080
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+305
+00:18:59,080 --> 00:18:59,180
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+306
+00:18:59,180 --> 00:19:05,720
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+307
+00:19:05,720 --> 00:19:12,020
+ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+308
+00:19:15,560 --> 00:19:20,400
+فبالتالي هذا هو ال plane parallel plate طيب إيش
+
+309
+00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:23,480
+بيعمل ال plane parallel plate when light ray
+
+310
+00:19:23,480 --> 00:19:27,760
+traverses a plane parallel plate such as a piece
+
+311
+00:19:27,760 --> 00:19:32,060
+of window glass لما الضو�� بيعدي عبر plane parallel
+
+312
+00:19:32,060 --> 00:19:38,600
+plate زي ما يعدى عبر مثلا قطعة من زجاج الشباك it is
+
+313
+00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:42,340
+refracted at both surfaces يعني بينعكس على السطح
+
+314
+00:19:42,340 --> 00:19:46,040
+الأول أو .. أو بينكسر على السطح الأول هي الضوء
+
+315
+00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:51,070
+رايح يعدى، انكسر then it broke again, it broke here
+
+316
+00:19:51,070 --> 00:19:53,410
+why? because it moved from the air to the glass
+
+317
+00:19:53,410 --> 00:19:55,870
+and it broke here why? because it moved from the
+
+318
+00:19:55,870 --> 00:19:58,690
+glass to the air okay, what is this going to
+
+319
+00:19:58,690 --> 00:20:02,330
+happen to me? it is refracted at both surfaces but
+
+320
+00:20:02,330 --> 00:20:05,490
+because the bending is equal and opposite at the
+
+321
+00:20:05,490 --> 00:20:09,610
+two surfaces there is no net deviation okay, what
+
+322
+00:20:09,610 --> 00:20:14,710
+does this mean? this means that first, what is the
+
+323
+00:20:14,710 --> 00:20:18,930
+deviation here? he broke the light and got closer
+
+324
+00:20:18,930 --> 00:20:21,970
+to the service normal why? because he entered a
+
+325
+00:20:21,970 --> 00:20:24,490
+more dense substance then here he broke the light
+
+326
+00:20:24,490 --> 00:20:27,010
+and got away from the service normal his proximity
+
+327
+00:20:27,010 --> 00:20:29,310
+here is equal to his distance here as if nothing
+
+328
+00:20:29,310 --> 00:20:33,390
+happened as if nothing happened in another sense
+
+329
+00:20:33,390 --> 00:20:39,310
+here he broke it as if imagine a man walking with
+
+330
+00:20:39,310 --> 00:20:47,500
+a flashlight we say turn right بزاوية معينة، ثم مال
+
+331
+00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:51,060
+إلى اليسار بزاوية أخرى عكسة طبعا، هنا مال 30
+
+332
+00:20:51,060 --> 00:20:54,220
+degree إلى اليمين، بعدين مال 30 degree إلى الشمال،
+
+333
+00:20:54,220 --> 00:20:58,140
+الصافي كأنه مامالش، الدليل لو مدينا الشعاع اللي
+
+334
+00:20:58,140 --> 00:21:04,010
+داخل، الشعاع اللي داخل، لو مديناه And we completed
+
+335
+00:21:04,010 --> 00:21:06,370
+it as if the prism wasn't there, because if the
+
+336
+00:21:06,370 --> 00:21:09,010
+prism wasn't there, the beam would remain on the
+
+337
+00:21:09,010 --> 00:21:13,630
+same line And the beam that came out of the prism,
+
+338
+00:21:13,670 --> 00:21:15,630
+we will find that they are parallel, which means
+
+339
+00:21:15,630 --> 00:21:19,010
+that the beam didn't change its direction, but it
+
+340
+00:21:19,010 --> 00:21:22,670
+deviated It became displacement, not deviation,
+
+341
+00:21:22,770 --> 00:21:24,990
+there is a difference between displacement and
+
+342
+00:21:24,990 --> 00:21:27,710
+deviation What is this difference? Let's take an
+
+343
+00:21:27,710 --> 00:21:29,310
+example from everyday life Let's say a person
+
+344
+00:21:29,310 --> 00:21:34,680
+drives his car from Gaza to Rafah فى الطريق أمامه
+
+345
+00:21:34,680 --> 00:21:40,760
+شاحنة راح لليسار قليلا متر أو مترين تجاوز الشاحنة
+
+346
+00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:44,440
+وضلوا فى طريقه إلى رفعه إذا هو ماغير طريقه وإنما
+
+347
+00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:48,600
+أزاح المركب بتاعته إلى اليسار قليلا حتى يتجاوز
+
+348
+00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:56,980
+الشاحنة وهنا .. هنا الشعاعة ضوء فى اتجاهه إلى
+
+349
+00:21:56,980 --> 00:22:01,840
+اليمين والأعلى When he met the prism, he went right
+
+350
+00:22:01,840 --> 00:22:04,680
+and then passed his way again, he stayed to the
+
+351
+00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:06,680
+right and to the top, he stayed to the right and
+
+352
+00:22:06,680 --> 00:22:09,640
+to the top So there is displacement, fishnet
+
+353
+00:22:09,640 --> 00:22:12,400
+deviation If we imagine that the ray before
+
+354
+00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:15,820
+entering, before entering, tilts on the horizontal
+
+355
+00:22:15,820 --> 00:22:20,020
+axis by 30 degrees or 40 degrees, when it comes
+
+356
+00:22:20,020 --> 00:22:22,160
+out, it will tilt on the horizontal axis in the
+
+357
+00:22:22,160 --> 00:22:26,240
+same way this one in the same way, so I don't have
+
+358
+00:22:26,240 --> 00:22:29,860
+net deviation, I don't have net deviation, so
+
+359
+00:22:29,860 --> 00:22:34,300
+there
+
+360
+00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:37,060
+is no net deviation, however there is lateral
+
+361
+00:22:37,060 --> 00:22:39,000
+displacement
+
+362
+00:22:41,980 --> 00:22:44,620
+walking in this direction and zeeh became walking
+
+363
+00:22:44,620 --> 00:22:48,000
+in this direction, walking in this direction, so I
+
+364
+00:22:48,000 --> 00:23:00,020
+have a lateral displacement to this, so if
+
+365
+00:23:00,020 --> 00:23:04,690
+I have the beam falling vertically سقط عم��دي مش
+
+366
+00:23:04,690 --> 00:23:09,590
+بميلان سقط عمودي مش هيغير طريقه و هيطلع زي ما هو
+
+367
+00:23:09,590 --> 00:23:13,610
+بس فى المنطقة هاى هيبطأ فى المنطقة هاى هيبطأ هنشوف
+
+368
+00:23:13,610 --> 00:23:16,690
+فجر الكلام بعد قليل فى ال simulation When the
+
+369
+00:23:16,690 --> 00:23:20,030
+surfaces of a wedge of a glass are not parallel,
+
+370
+00:23:20,630 --> 00:23:23,790
+light rays undergo a net deviation امتى ال prison
+
+371
+00:23:23,790 --> 00:23:27,550
+بيعطينا net deviation لما يكون The two services,
+
+372
+00:23:27,870 --> 00:23:30,850
+the side services, are not parallel, they are at
+
+373
+00:23:30,850 --> 00:23:32,210
+an angle between them, like this is the prism, and
+
+374
+00:23:32,210 --> 00:23:33,770
+this is the prism, and this is the prism, and this
+
+375
+00:23:33,770 --> 00:23:38,270
+is the prism, it will change towards the beam
+
+376
+00:23:38,270 --> 00:23:42,110
+inside the prism, unless there is an end plane
+
+377
+00:23:42,110 --> 00:23:43,930
+parallel to the plane, then there will be a
+
+378
+00:23:43,930 --> 00:23:46,930
+deviation without a deviation, without a
+
+379
+00:23:46,930 --> 00:23:49,210
+deviation, the word deviation means to change its
+
+380
+00:23:49,210 --> 00:23:53,270
+course, it was tilting for example 40 degrees on
+
+381
+00:23:53,270 --> 00:23:55,170
+the horizontal axis, when it came out, it turned
+
+382
+00:23:55,170 --> 00:23:58,110
+30 degrees, but in the plane parallel plate, this
+
+383
+00:23:58,110 --> 00:24:01,430
+does not happen, this does not happen, we will see
+
+384
+00:24:01,430 --> 00:24:04,450
+in this simulation how it will happen here we want
+
+385
+00:24:04,450 --> 00:24:12,930
+to draw a plane parallel plate let
+
+386
+00:24:12,930 --> 00:24:20,690
+me just change the place of the drawing to make
+
+387
+00:24:20,690 --> 00:24:24,210
+the picture clearer here I have a plain parallel
+
+388
+00:24:24,210 --> 00:24:33,470
+plate here
+
+389
+00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:36,950
+I have a plain parallel plate and here I have a
+
+390
+00:24:36,950 --> 00:24:40,030
+ray, a light ray that wants to drop a drop of
+
+391
+00:24:40,030 --> 00:24:40,170
+water
+
+392
+00:24:43,180 --> 00:24:46,680
+هذه الشعاع الساقط اللي داخل وهذه الشعاع اللي خارج
+
+393
+00:24:46,680 --> 00:24:50,460
+من ال plane parallel plate لو حابينا نعرف هل في
+
+394
+00:24:50,460 --> 00:24:55,680
+إزاحة ولا لأ نعمل extension نعمل
+
+395
+00:24:55,680 --> 00:24:59,800
+extend ده دلوقت بتضبط
+
+396
+00:24:59,800 --> 00:25:06,120
+لو مديت هذا أو مديت هذا The two are parallel, this
+
+397
+00:25:06,120 --> 00:25:08,360
+parallel to this, which means that they are on the
+
+398
+00:25:08,360 --> 00:25:13,420
+same horizontal axis So when I move the light ray
+
+399
+00:25:13,420 --> 00:25:15,880
+through the plane parallel to the blade, it was
+
+400
+00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:19,060
+going in this direction It was going in this
+
+401
+00:25:19,060 --> 00:25:23,600
+direction, to simplify the situation, the blocker
+
+402
+00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:24,660
+helps us sometimes
+
+403
+00:25:34,260 --> 00:25:37,900
+Let's move the blocker and see So the candle was
+
+404
+00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:41,180
+moving, if we move it with the blocker, the candle
+
+405
+00:25:41,180 --> 00:25:52,820
+will move too
+
+406
+00:25:52,820 --> 00:25:58,320
+Ok
+
+407
+00:26:04,180 --> 00:26:09,600
+So, let's assume that this ray, excuse me, this
+
+408
+00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,560
+ray that entered the plane parallel plate, didn't
+
+409
+00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:14,540
+bring the plane parallel plate, it will keep going
+
+410
+00:26:14,540 --> 00:26:17,680
+its way Okay, it brought the plane parallel plate,
+
+411
+00:26:18,520 --> 00:26
+
+445
+00:29:59,680 --> 00:30:03,000
+This is from 180 degrees to 150 degrees, 30
+
+446
+00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:09,040
+degrees, 35 degrees, maybe the surface is not 100%
+
+447
+00:30:09,040 --> 00:30:12,000
+because I touched it with my hand. So there is no
+
+448
+00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:14,380
+displacement at all, there is no displacement at
+
+449
+00:30:14,380 --> 00:30:16,760
+all, but displacement, it is called displacement,
+
+450
+00:30:17,120 --> 00:30:20,020
+it means it stays in its way, but it moves a
+
+451
+00:30:20,020 --> 00:30:24,920
+little to the side, lateral displacement. On the
+
+452
+00:30:24,920 --> 00:30:28,080
+contrary, if I had a prism
+
+453
+00:30:30,240 --> 00:30:38,300
+If I have a prism It
+
+454
+00:30:38,300 --> 00:30:46,840
+has an apical angle, not zero apical angle And
+
+455
+00:30:46,840 --> 00:30:52,520
+here I have a single ray So,
+
+456
+00:30:53,040 --> 00:30:57,310
+the light was in its path in this direction in this
+
+457
+00:30:57,310 --> 00:31:00,990
+direction, up and to the right, it became down and
+
+458
+00:31:00,990 --> 00:31:04,950
+to the right, so there is a net displacement here,
+
+459
+00:31:04,950 --> 00:31:08,130
+net displacement or net deviation, while here
+
+460
+00:31:08,130 --> 00:31:09,950
+there is only displacement, there is only
+
+461
+00:31:09,950 --> 00:31:11,890
+displacement here, therefore
+
+462
+00:31:17,370 --> 00:31:21,270
+this case we want to explain by simulation, so
+
+463
+00:31:21,270 --> 00:31:24,770
+plane parallel plate is the simplest prism, we can
+
+464
+00:31:24,770 --> 00:31:27,450
+consider it as an angle zero because it can be
+
+465
+00:31:27,450 --> 00:31:30,290
+considered as a miracle that it is two opposite
+
+466
+00:31:30,290 --> 00:31:32,010
+prisms, so what happens to the first one negates
+
+467
+00:31:32,010 --> 00:31:33,950
+the second one, and what happens to the second one
+
+468
+00:31:33,950 --> 00:31:35,870
+negates the first one or negates the first one, so
+
+469
+00:31:35,870 --> 00:31:39,570
+it is considered as prism, its force is zero. The
+
+470
+00:31:39,570 --> 00:31:41,510
+greater the apical angle, the greater the force of
+
+471
+00:31:41,510 --> 00:31:44,770
+the prism in the letter of the rays. Therefore,
+
+472
+00:31:44,970 --> 00:31:48,090
+this issue is very important to be clear
+
+473
+00:31:53,470 --> 00:31:57,210
+When the surfaces of a wedge of a glass are not
+
+474
+00:31:57,210 --> 00:32:01,050
+parallel, light rays undergo a net deviation Now,
+
+475
+00:32:01,270 --> 00:32:05,350
+the last thing is to make two prisms, one with an
+
+476
+00:32:05,350 --> 00:32:09,650
+apical angle and one with a small apical angle
+
+477
+00:32:09,650 --> 00:32:15,790
+Let's say this is my prism with a big apical angle
+
+478
+00:32:15,790 --> 00:32:18,910
+And
+
+479
+00:32:18,910 --> 00:32:23,460
+I have a prism with a small apical angle I want it
+
+480
+00:32:23,460 --> 00:32:27,200
+small And we see their power in the letter of the
+
+481
+00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:31,760
+rays Is it equal or not equal?
+
+482
+00:32:34,120 --> 00:32:48,020
+Okay, if we have light ray here Light
+
+483
+00:32:48,020 --> 00:32:48,300
+ray
+
+484
+00:32:54,560 --> 00:32:56,360
+It's not only about letters or numbers, it's about
+
+485
+00:32:56,360 --> 00:33:04,540
+total internal reflection Wait
+
+486
+00:33:04,540 --> 00:33:12,560
+a second The
+
+487
+00:33:12,560 --> 00:33:13,760
+apical angle is clear here
+
+488
+00:33:20,930 --> 00:33:23,590
+very big, to the extent that it has many letters
+
+489
+00:33:23,590 --> 00:33:32,710
+So let's say that this direction, wait
+
+490
+00:33:32,710 --> 00:33:39,010
+a minute So
+
+491
+00:33:39,010 --> 00:33:43,750
+the direction was up and down very sharply Same
+
+492
+00:33:43,750 --> 00:33:49,280
+thing here, if we want We take it to the second
+
+493
+00:33:49,280 --> 00:33:55,100
+prism and see how it is Of
+
+494
+00:33:55,100 --> 00:34:03,480
+course
+
+495
+00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:10,320
+here We want to make the same curve Similar to the
+
+496
+00:34:10,320 --> 00:34:13,200
+curve in the first case Curve of the rays to the
+
+497
+00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:17,320
+top and right Approximately
+
+498
+00:34:26,690 --> 00:34:36,450
+طبعا كان للأعلى ولا اليمين انحرف عن مصاره قليلا هو
+
+499
+00:34:36,450 --> 00:34:41,870
+كان بالاتجاه هذا يعني جرب شوية من القاعدة بس مش
+
+500
+00:34:41,870 --> 00:34:44,950
+بالشكل اللي احنا شايفينه، مش بالشكل اللي احنا
+
+501
+00:34:44,950 --> 00:34:48,770
+شايفينه، هيك بتنتهي المحاضرة و المرة القادمة ان
+
+502
+00:34:48,770 --> 00:34:52,110
+شاء الله يتعالى بنكمل مع ال angle of deviation و
+
+503
+00:34:52,110 --> 00:34:55,730
+يعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركة

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/HwFxRaxbs6w.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,350 --> 00:00:02,330
+In the name of Allah, the most merciful, the most
+
+2
+00:00:02,330 --> 00:00:05,630
+merciful, we have a problem today with the convex
+
+3
+00:00:05,630 --> 00:00:08,950
+mirror, convex mirror, half a meter is fifty
+
+4
+00:00:08,950 --> 00:00:12,050
+centimeters, there is a body at a distance of one
+
+5
+00:00:12,050 --> 00:00:14,250
+meter, one hundred centimeters, we want to see
+
+6
+00:00:14,250 --> 00:00:16,190
+where the image will form and what is the
+
+7
+00:00:16,190 --> 00:00:21,010
+transverse magnification of this image, first of
+
+8
+00:00:21,010 --> 00:00:23,750
+all, we want to get the power of the mirror, the
+
+9
+00:00:23,750 --> 00:00:24,850
+power of the mirror
+
+10
+00:00:34,740 --> 00:00:38,900
+power of the mirror is equal to 2 divided by R
+
+11
+00:00:38,900 --> 00:00:48,520
+which is equal to 2 divided by half meter which is
+
+12
+00:00:48,520 --> 00:00:51,760
+equal to 2 divided by half which is equal to 4
+
+13
+00:00:51,760 --> 00:00:55,600
+which is equal to minus 4 diopter because it is a
+
+14
+00:00:55,600 --> 00:01:00,600
+convex mirror which is equal to minus 4 diopter
+
+15
+00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:03,460
+which is equal to minus 4 diopter
+
+16
+00:01:09,270 --> 00:01:11,830
+this is the power of the mirror now the rays will
+
+17
+00:01:11,830 --> 00:01:14,770
+come from the object divergent because it is a
+
+18
+00:01:14,770 --> 00:01:21,050
+real object u is equal to negative n over o which
+
+19
+00:01:21,050 --> 00:01:26,110
+is equal to negative one over one meter which is
+
+20
+00:01:26,110 --> 00:01:32,630
+equal to negative one diopter now the u is minus
+
+21
+00:01:32,630 --> 00:01:36,570
+one diopter because the rays came divergent بمقدار
+
+22
+00:01:36,570 --> 00:01:46,510
+واحد ديوبتر وصلت لسطح المرأة divergent
+
+23
+00:01:46,510 --> 00:01:55,350
+بمقدار واحد ديوبتر هتنعكس
+
+24
+00:01:55,350 --> 00:02:00,430
+more divergent لإن ال convex mirror بتشتت الأشعة
+
+25
+00:02:00,430 --> 00:02:05,260
+بزيادة بتشتت الأشعة بزيادة So it will make it
+
+26
+00:02:05,260 --> 00:02:09,700
+reflect in the
+
+27
+00:02:09,700 --> 00:02:13,620
+same direction Let's see how much the reflection
+
+28
+00:02:13,620 --> 00:02:16,620
+is when the rays leave Of course it will reflect
+
+29
+00:02:16,620 --> 00:02:20,020
+in the same direction So there is only one space
+
+30
+00:02:20,020 --> 00:02:23,620
+for the mirror The space behind is not present for
+
+31
+00:02:23,620 --> 00:02:26,560
+the mirror Let's say how much the reflection will
+
+32
+00:02:26,560 --> 00:02:37,750
+be U plus power equals VU-1 diopter and power -4
+
+33
+00:02:37,750 --> 00:02:42,490
+diopter is
+
+34
+00:02:42,490 --> 00:02:49,770
+equal to V, so V is equal to minus 5 diopter
+
+35
+00:02:51,550 --> 00:02:56,570
+Multiple rays of five diopters cannot form a real
+
+36
+00:02:56,570 --> 00:03:02,230
+picture, but the more it is reflected to the left,
+
+37
+00:03:02,470 --> 00:03:05,090
+the more it is diffused, the more the distance
+
+38
+00:03:05,090 --> 00:03:07,130
+increases away from each other. So we say that it
+
+39
+00:03:07,130 --> 00:03:10,630
+will form an imaginary image of the magnitude of
+
+40
+00:03:10,630 --> 00:03:17,090
+these rays in the virtual space of the mirror So we
+
+41
+00:03:17,090 --> 00:03:22,890
+say I is equal to unconditional over V I small is
+
+42
+00:03:22,890 --> 00:03:29,450
+equal to unconditional over V is equal to one over
+
+43
+00:03:29,450 --> 00:03:38,670
+minus five diopters is equal to minus two out of
+
+44
+00:03:38,670 --> 00:03:46,440
+ten meters ويساوي ماينس عشرين صندر When we see the
+
+45
+00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:48,780
+word minus, we think of it here on the left, of
+
+46
+00:03:48,780 --> 00:03:51,900
+course the image space For the mirror, it's the
+
+47
+00:03:51,900 --> 00:03:54,280
+opposite, if this is not a mirror, if this is a
+
+48
+00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:56,800
+lens, we would say okay, the minus is on the left,
+
+49
+00:03:56,980 --> 00:03:59,020
+no, here the minus became on the right because
+
+50
+00:03:59,020 --> 00:04:00,640
+it's the opposite of the lens, opposite of the
+
+51
+00:04:00,640 --> 00:04:04,980
+lens, so the picture will be 20 cm wide on the
+
+52
+00:04:04,980 --> 00:04:07,200
+right of the mirror, on the right of the mirror,
+
+53
+00:04:07,620 --> 00:04:11,040
+and it will be an imaginary picture, it will be an
+
+54
+00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:11,400
+imaginary picture
+
+55
+00:04:14,740 --> 00:04:17,160
+and it will be an imaginary image at a distance of
+
+56
+00:04:17,160 --> 00:04:22,840
+20 cm to the right, it will be a picture of course
+
+57
+00:04:22,840 --> 00:04:27,500
+it will
+
+58
+00:04:27,500 --> 00:04:30,760
+be an imaginary image at a distance of 20 cm, that
+
+59
+00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:32,720
+is, this distance is 20 cm from the surface of the
+
+60
+00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:36,480
+mirror to ...
+
+61
+00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:41,280
+Okay, now we want to get the transference
+
+62
+00:04:41,280 --> 00:04:49,550
+magnification equal to U over V ويساوي ال U minus
+
+63
+00:04:49,550 --> 00:04:54,070
+one diopter على
+
+64
+00:04:54,070 --> 00:04:57,110
+ال V minus five diopter
+
+65
+00:05:02,060 --> 00:05:08,920
+x plus 5 or x plus 2 out of 10 x plus means the
+
+66
+00:05:08,920 --> 00:05:12,960
+picture is regular and 5 means 2 out of 10 or 5 is
+
+67
+00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:14,420
+the height of the object which means that if the
+
+68
+00:05:14,420 --> 00:05:19,760
+object is 10 cm high, its height is 2 cm this is
+
+69
+00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:21,820
+how the lesson ends and may God bless you all and
+
+70
+00:05:21,820 --> 00:05:22,520
+peace be upon you

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/I56VffKvb88_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1764 @@
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:04,970
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محادرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,970 --> 00:00:08,310
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا لموضوع Stigmatic Imaging
+
+3
+00:00:08,310 --> 00:00:13,310
+Using Single Refracting Surface يعني الحصول على
+
+4
+00:00:13,310 --> 00:00:17,710
+Stigmatic Image صورة طبق الأصل أو صورة يعني غاية
+
+5
+00:00:17,710 --> 00:00:21,830
+في ال quality وغاية في الدقة وصورة طبق الأصل
+
+6
+00:00:21,830 --> 00:00:25,850
+باستعمال Single Refracting Surface يعني سطح واحد
+
+7
+00:00:25,850 --> 00:00:33,610
+فاصل بين مادتين By the early 1600s
+
+8
+00:00:33,610 --> 00:00:38,190
+century, the telescope and microscope had been
+
+9
+00:00:38,190 --> 00:00:38,690
+invented.
+
+10
+00:00:47,590 --> 00:00:50,630
+Although the images produced by early devices were
+
+11
+00:00:50,630 --> 00:00:53,730
+useful, their quality was not very high because
+
+12
+00:00:53,730 --> 00:00:57,700
+the lenses did not focus stigmatically.طبعا لما تم
+
+13
+00:00:57,700 --> 00:01:01,040
+اختراع ال telescope و ال microscope الصور اللي
+
+14
+00:01:01,040 --> 00:01:05,380
+كانت تعطيها هذه الأجهزة اللي هو في بداية اختراعها
+
+15
+00:01:05,380 --> 00:01:10,160
+كانت صور بنطلق عليها انها صور useful useful يعني
+
+16
+00:01:10,160 --> 00:01:17,180
+بتمشي الحالOr useful in a way, but the quality of
+
+17
+00:01:17,180 --> 00:01:21,220
+these pictures was not high enough Why? Because
+
+18
+00:01:21,220 --> 00:01:26,500
+the lenses used in making the telescope and the
+
+19
+00:01:26,500 --> 00:01:31,860
+microscope at that time did not focus or focus the
+
+20
+00:01:31,860 --> 00:01:35,240
+rays in a stigmatic way In other words, the
+
+21
+00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:37,340
+pictures of the points of the object were not just
+
+22
+00:01:37,340 --> 00:01:41,770
+pointsrather than point spread function and the
+
+23
+00:01:41,770 --> 00:01:45,030
+quality was not high. Do you know what is the
+
+24
+00:01:45,030 --> 00:01:48,510
+reason for this issue? At the time, lens makers
+
+25
+00:01:48,510 --> 00:01:52,130
+were not very particular about the shape of the
+
+26
+00:01:52,130 --> 00:01:55,570
+surfaces that were ground on the lens. I mean,
+
+27
+00:01:56,990 --> 00:02:02,770
+when the lens makers at that timethey didn't care
+
+28
+00:02:02,770 --> 00:02:05,790
+much about the mechanical shape of the surface of
+
+29
+00:02:05,790 --> 00:02:10,590
+the glass, whether it's oval, spherical, or curved
+
+30
+00:02:10,590 --> 00:02:15,310
+in a certain way, but rather they cared more about
+
+31
+00:02:15,310 --> 00:02:16,870
+the smoothness of the surface, there's a
+
+32
+00:02:16,870 --> 00:02:19,460
+difference between having a polished surfacehe
+
+33
+00:02:19,460 --> 00:02:23,820
+polished it well and made sure that it has a
+
+34
+00:02:23,820 --> 00:02:27,300
+certain mechanical shape, egg-shaped, ball-shaped,
+
+35
+00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:33,080
+etc. So, the lenses manufacturers at that time
+
+36
+00:02:33,080 --> 00:02:36,580
+were not interested in this topic, but they
+
+37
+00:02:36,580 --> 00:02:39,780
+thoughtOr they had a principle that any curved
+
+38
+00:02:39,780 --> 00:02:46,060
+surface could give them an image It seemed that
+
+39
+00:02:46,060 --> 00:02:49,940
+any curved surface produced an image It's true
+
+40
+00:02:49,940 --> 00:02:56,840
+that any curved surface of glassHe can give me a
+
+41
+00:02:56,840 --> 00:02:59,400
+picture, why can he give me a picture? Because the
+
+42
+00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:01,820
+light when it falls from the air to penetrate this
+
+43
+00:03:01,820 --> 00:03:05,060
+curved surface, even if it is a curved and
+
+44
+00:03:05,060 --> 00:03:07,740
+irregular surface in its curvature, part of the
+
+45
+00:03:07,740 --> 00:03:10,960
+light that fell from the air towards the glass
+
+46
+00:03:10,960 --> 00:03:14,260
+will reflect towards the eye of the person looking
+
+47
+00:03:14,260 --> 00:03:16,880
+at the view, and therefore he will see a picture,
+
+48
+00:03:16,960 --> 00:03:19,800
+but the quality of this picture will of course be
+
+49
+00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:24,010
+low, it will be lowIt seemed that any curved
+
+50
+00:03:24,010 --> 00:03:28,390
+surface produced an image, so lens surfaces were
+
+51
+00:03:28,390 --> 00:03:32,330
+carefully polished but haphazardly shaped عشان هيك
+
+52
+00:03:32,330 --> 00:03:35,430
+هما ماكانوش مهتمين بالشكل إنما كانوا مهتمين بال
+
+53
+00:03:35,430 --> 00:03:38,870
+polishing يعني عملية التنعيم للسطح المهم إنه يكون
+
+54
+00:03:38,870 --> 00:03:44,240
+سطح منحني و خلاص حتى لو كان انحناقه مش منتظمSo,
+
+55
+00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:48,000
+they were not asking about the shape, so any shape
+
+56
+00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:50,140
+that came up with them, they would reject it and
+
+57
+00:03:50,140 --> 00:03:52,460
+they would just say yes to this surface and that's
+
+58
+00:03:52,460 --> 00:03:57,220
+it However, as ideas such as stigmatic imaging and
+
+59
+00:03:57,220 --> 00:04:00,780
+Snell's law developed, it became clear that the
+
+60
+00:04:00,780 --> 00:04:04,180
+shape of the lens surfaces determined the quality
+
+61
+00:04:04,180 --> 00:04:08,220
+of the image As soon as it startedThe ideas of
+
+62
+00:04:08,220 --> 00:04:11,780
+scientists are aimed at getting stigmatic imaging,
+
+63
+00:04:12,340 --> 00:04:15,140
+to get the original image and improve the quality
+
+64
+00:04:15,140 --> 00:04:18,500
+of the image, and as soon as they discovered the
+
+65
+00:04:18,500 --> 00:04:21,380
+law of contraction, which is Snell's law, it
+
+66
+00:04:21,380 --> 00:04:23,680
+became that there are two new things in the
+
+67
+00:04:23,680 --> 00:04:26,380
+scientific community at that time, the idea that
+
+68
+00:04:26,380 --> 00:04:30,010
+we want to get stigmatic imagingAnd another thing
+
+69
+00:04:30,010 --> 00:04:33,390
+is that when the law of friction was proven and
+
+70
+00:04:33,390 --> 00:04:36,850
+proved by the scientist Snell, it became clear
+
+71
+00:04:36,850 --> 00:04:39,950
+that the shape of the lens surfaces determines the
+
+72
+00:04:39,950 --> 00:04:43,490
+quality of the image. It became clear that not
+
+73
+00:04:43,490 --> 00:04:46,730
+only polishing is what is necessary, but what is
+
+74
+00:04:46,730 --> 00:04:52,530
+more important than polishing is that it must have
+
+75
+00:04:52,530 --> 00:04:55,410
+a specific shape because there are certain shapes
+
+76
+00:04:56,200 --> 00:05:00,000
+It produces image quality much higher than other
+
+77
+00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:03,020
+forms, so the shape or shape or the nature of the
+
+78
+00:05:03,020 --> 00:05:06,900
+curve, whether it's curved, oval, curved, whether
+
+79
+00:05:06,900 --> 00:05:08,940
+it's like this, whether it's like that, became
+
+80
+00:05:08,940 --> 00:05:12,620
+that it has a great importance in image quality
+
+81
+00:05:12,620 --> 00:05:16,880
+and improving image qualityIn the 17th century,
+
+82
+00:05:18,300 --> 00:05:22,220
+lens makers began to carefully shape the lens
+
+83
+00:05:22,220 --> 00:05:25,700
+surface in order to improve image quality. In
+
+84
+00:05:25,700 --> 00:05:28,320
+addition to what they used to do before, from
+
+85
+00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:33,640
+perfectly smoothing the surface of the lens at the
+
+86
+00:05:33,640 --> 00:05:39,280
+beginning of the 17th century and towards the end
+
+87
+00:05:39,280 --> 00:05:44,020
+of theThe manufacturers of lenses started to make
+
+88
+00:05:44,020 --> 00:05:50,820
+specific shapes for the lens surface to give me or
+
+89
+00:05:50,820 --> 00:05:55,840
+improve my image quality Now they had a very
+
+90
+00:05:55,840 --> 00:05:59,620
+simple and very important question The following
+
+91
+00:05:59,620 --> 00:06:03,740
+question arose I had a question What service
+
+92
+00:06:03,740 --> 00:06:07,360
+produces the best image? Now it is agreed that we
+
+93
+00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:12,140
+..There are ideas that the shape of the lens, the
+
+94
+00:06:12,140 --> 00:06:15,540
+mechanical shape of the surface of the lens is
+
+95
+00:06:15,540 --> 00:06:17,840
+very important in the subject of image quality
+
+96
+00:06:17,840 --> 00:06:22,460
+Well, you see, any mechanical shape is the best
+
+97
+00:06:22,460 --> 00:06:26,800
+and will produce the best image quality, the best
+
+98
+00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:30,640
+image qualityThe scientist Descartes came at that
+
+99
+00:06:30,640 --> 00:06:34,700
+time and applied the Fermat principle to the
+
+100
+00:06:34,700 --> 00:06:38,420
+simplest situation possible, a single refracting
+
+101
+00:06:38,420 --> 00:06:42,380
+surface The scientist Descartes, René Descartes,
+
+102
+00:06:42,820 --> 00:06:45,340
+applied the Fermat principle, the principle of
+
+103
+00:06:45,340 --> 00:06:47,600
+Fermat that we talked about in previous lectures,
+
+104
+00:06:48,520 --> 00:06:52,720
+to the simplest subject or the simplest lens,
+
+105
+00:06:52,940 --> 00:06:56,100
+let's say, or the simplest flat surface for light
+
+106
+00:06:56,100 --> 00:06:59,950
+What is the simplest surface?single refracting
+
+107
+00:06:59,950 --> 00:07:03,070
+service single refracting service كيف يعني single
+
+108
+00:07:03,070 --> 00:07:09,370
+refracting service لو اجينا احنا نظرنا للمنظر اللي
+
+109
+00:07:09,370 --> 00:07:14,710
+انا بده العدسة هلها دي أبسط شئ لأ ليش لإن انا
+
+110
+00:07:14,710 --> 00:07:18,630
+مكورة من سطحين سطح أمامي و سطح خالفي فDescartes
+
+111
+00:07:18,630 --> 00:07:22,510
+قال لأ احنا بدنا نختارrefracting service should
+
+112
+00:07:22,510 --> 00:07:25,550
+consist of one service only, there is no other,
+
+113
+00:07:25,770 --> 00:07:27,970
+there is no such thing as a front surface and a
+
+114
+00:07:27,970 --> 00:07:30,250
+back surface and we want to get the simplest
+
+115
+00:07:30,250 --> 00:07:34,930
+object which is single or single object point,
+
+116
+00:07:35,010 --> 00:07:39,350
+single object point, therefore simplest ..
+
+117
+00:07:39,350 --> 00:07:44,910
+simplest ..A camera is a single refracting service
+
+118
+00:07:44,910 --> 00:07:49,170
+and what we mean by that is a glass rod I'm not
+
+119
+00:07:49,170 --> 00:07:52,630
+drawing a full glass rod here, but I'm drawing the
+
+120
+00:07:52,630 --> 00:07:54,670
+part that we're going to use in the formation of a
+
+121
+00:07:54,670 --> 00:07:57,130
+picture This is a single refracting service and
+
+122
+00:07:57,130 --> 00:07:59,950
+this is an object pointThe light spread from it in
+
+123
+00:07:59,950 --> 00:08:04,750
+all directions. Part of this light entered the
+
+124
+00:08:04,750 --> 00:08:07,590
+single refracting surface, penetrated the glass
+
+125
+00:08:07,590 --> 00:08:10,910
+and formed a picture inside the glass. This is the
+
+126
+00:08:10,910 --> 00:08:13,250
+simplest camera possible. There can be nothing
+
+127
+00:08:13,250 --> 00:08:15,590
+simpler than that. There can be nothing simpler
+
+128
+00:08:15,590 --> 00:08:17,970
+than that when it comes to the transition of light
+
+129
+00:08:17,970 --> 00:08:20,690
+from one substance to another that differs from it
+
+130
+00:08:20,690 --> 00:08:24,050
+in the refractive index. So
+
+131
+00:08:26,890 --> 00:08:30,110
+Descartes applied the Fermat principle to the
+
+132
+00:08:30,110 --> 00:08:33,170
+simplest situation possible, meaning the simplest
+
+133
+00:08:33,170 --> 00:08:36,230
+possible situation is to have a single refractive
+
+134
+00:08:36,230 --> 00:08:41,170
+surface, which is a single object point and a long
+
+135
+00:08:41,170 --> 00:08:44,710
+glass rod. Why a long glass rod? So that the image
+
+136
+00:08:44,710 --> 00:08:47,430
+is formed inside the glass. It can be difficult
+
+137
+00:08:47,430 --> 00:08:49,350
+for a person to understand how the image is formed
+
+138
+00:08:49,350 --> 00:08:51,630
+inside the glass. Is this possible? Of course this
+
+139
+00:08:51,630 --> 00:08:56,310
+is possible.وبيحدث في حياتنا كثيرا يعني كل إنسان
+
+140
+00:08:56,310 --> 00:09:00,510
+عنده myopia ..كل إنسان عنده myopia قصر نظر لو
+
+141
+00:09:00,510 --> 00:09:04,210
+مالبسش النضارات بتاعته الصورة عنده بتتكون أمام
+
+142
+00:09:04,210 --> 00:09:07,210
+الشبكة إيش يعني أمام الشبكة يعني في السائل الزجاجي
+
+143
+00:09:07,210 --> 00:09:10,550
+يعني داخل ال gel اللي بنسميه ال vitreous أو السائل
+
+144
+00:09:10,550 --> 00:09:14,790
+الزجاجي زي ما اتكونت الصورة في ال myopic eye داخل
+
+145
+00:09:14,790 --> 00:09:18,600
+ال gel أو داخل ال vitreous يعني قبل ال retinaايضا
+
+146
+00:09:18,600 --> 00:09:22,080
+ممكن الصورة تتكون داخل ال glass زي ما الصورة عندي
+
+147
+00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:25,340
+هنا بتوضح، زي ما الصورة عندي هنا بتوضح، اذا
+
+148
+00:09:25,340 --> 00:09:30,180
+consider a single object point and a long glass
+
+149
+00:09:30,180 --> 00:09:34,270
+road، هاي أنا عندي single object pointI have a
+
+150
+00:09:34,270 --> 00:09:36,410
+long glass rod, not drawn or anything like that,
+
+151
+00:09:36,510 --> 00:09:39,390
+we are drawing the part where the picture will be
+
+152
+00:09:39,390 --> 00:09:41,790
+formed, which is marked with the symbol I, and
+
+153
+00:09:41,790 --> 00:09:45,190
+this is enough to clarify the idea Now, what will
+
+154
+00:09:45,190 --> 00:09:49,610
+Descartes and the team of researchers with him do?
+
+155
+00:09:49,790 --> 00:09:54,390
+They want to start playing or changing the shapes
+
+156
+00:09:54,390 --> 00:09:58,660
+ofالسطح هذا ال refracting surface هذا مرة يخليه
+
+157
+00:09:58,660 --> 00:10:04,380
+كروي مرة ينحطه بشكل بيضاوي مرة ينحطه بشكل مخروطي و
+
+158
+00:10:04,380 --> 00:10:08,440
+مرة ينحطه بشكل يعني جميع الأشكال الهندسية اللي هو
+
+159
+00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:12,320
+يعني عايز هذا يعني بمعنى أخر أنه بدنا نغير ال
+
+160
+00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:16,620
+shape بدنا نغير ال shape يعني الشكلطيب، إيش حصل مع
+
+161
+00:10:16,620 --> 00:10:21,600
+Rene Descartes، بنقول، Descartes realized that if
+
+162
+00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:25,420
+the end of the road was configured in a nearly
+
+163
+00:10:25,420 --> 00:10:29,880
+elliptical shape, a stigmatic image would form in
+
+164
+00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:30,320
+the glass
+
+165
+00:10:33,170 --> 00:10:38,130
+بننحطه و بنخلي شكله شبه بيضاوي, nearly elliptical,
+
+166
+00:10:38,510 --> 00:10:43,130
+nearly elliptical shape ساعتها stigmatic image لل
+
+167
+00:10:43,130 --> 00:10:46,670
+object point، لل object point، هذه ال object
+
+168
+00:10:46,670 --> 00:10:51,850
+point، هيتكون لها stigmatic image داخل ال glass
+
+169
+00:10:51,850 --> 00:10:56,030
+road، داخل ال glass road، يعني الأشعة، الأشعة كلها
+
+170
+00:10:56,030 --> 00:11:00,690
+هتتجمع في نقطة واحدة، إذا كان الشكل هنا، شكل السطح
+
+171
+00:11:00,690 --> 00:11:06,270
+شبه بيضاويWhat did René Descartes do next? René
+
+172
+00:11:06,270 --> 00:11:09,790
+Descartes went to the place where the stigmatic
+
+173
+00:11:09,790 --> 00:11:12,950
+image was formed and cut the glass rod from there
+
+174
+00:11:12,950 --> 00:11:18,110
+and brought a glass rod similar in size to him and
+
+175
+00:11:18,110 --> 00:11:23,810
+stuck it in the back part of the first glass rod
+
+176
+00:11:24,800 --> 00:11:28,460
+this image, this image where the light is gathered
+
+177
+00:11:28,460 --> 00:11:31,780
+in a point shape and then it started again, it
+
+178
+00:11:31,780 --> 00:11:34,720
+became a divergence facing the other surface which
+
+179
+00:11:34,720 --> 00:11:38,540
+is also nearly elliptical. So why did Descartes do
+
+180
+00:11:38,540 --> 00:11:41,820
+such a thing? He did it to get a stigmatic image
+
+181
+00:11:41,820 --> 00:11:43,500
+in the vacuum, he didn't want to be humiliated in
+
+182
+00:11:43,500 --> 00:11:47,360
+the glass road. So this primary image became a
+
+183
+00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:51,560
+body that emits light and consequently when we
+
+184
+00:11:51,560 --> 00:11:56,140
+pass through the light froma new glass rode which
+
+185
+00:11:56,140 --> 00:11:58,660
+has the same characteristics and length which is
+
+186
+00:11:58,660 --> 00:12:04,460
+nearly elliptical and here it is almost elliptical
+
+187
+00:12:04,460 --> 00:12:07,120
+the light from the first image which was
+
+188
+00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:10,040
+considered as if it was a body was scattered and
+
+189
+00:12:10,040 --> 00:12:12,940
+then broke through the single refracting surface
+
+190
+00:12:12,940 --> 00:12:16,520
+here and collected and the image was printed on
+
+191
+00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:19,380
+the printing paper and the image was really
+
+192
+00:12:19,380 --> 00:12:23,850
+stigmaticعندي intermediate image, stigmatic,
+
+193
+00:12:23,930 --> 00:12:27,190
+stigmatic يعني طبق الأصل من ال object و final
+
+194
+00:12:27,190 --> 00:12:31,590
+image اللي هي الصورة الأخيرة أيضا stigmatic بمعنى
+
+195
+00:12:31,590 --> 00:12:38,050
+صورة طبق الصورة طبق الأصل Descartes realized or
+
+196
+00:12:38,050 --> 00:12:41,350
+Descartes realized that if the end of the road was
+
+197
+00:12:41,350 --> 00:12:44,930
+configured in a nearly elliptical shape هذه هو
+
+198
+00:12:44,930 --> 00:12:48,940
+الشكل هذه هو الشكل اللي هيطيني stigmatic imagea
+
+199
+00:12:48,940 --> 00:12:52,620
+stigmatic image would form in the glass, this
+
+200
+00:12:52,620 --> 00:12:57,520
+shape .. هذا .. هذا المنظر glass rod و الحفة
+
+201
+00:12:57,520 --> 00:13:02,460
+بتاعته منحوطة بشكل .. منحوطة بشكل .. تتاخد شكل شبه
+
+202
+00:13:02,460 --> 00:13:07,800
+بيضاوي، هذا أصبح يسمى Cartesian ellipsoid أو
+
+203
+00:13:07,800 --> 00:13:11,160
+Cartesian conoid أو Cartesian conoid، اذا
+
+204
+00:13:11,160 --> 00:13:17,590
+Cartesian ellipsoid أو Cartesian conoidبعض القراء
+
+205
+00:13:17,590 --> 00:13:20,790
+أو بعض الطلبة may be troubled by the fact that the
+
+206
+00:13:20,790 --> 00:13:25,170
+image forms in glass instead of air, but this is
+
+207
+00:13:25,170 --> 00:13:29,410
+not a problem. After all, in a myopic eye, the
+
+208
+00:13:29,410 --> 00:13:34,050
+image forms in the vitreous, and in an amyotropic
+
+209
+00:13:34,050 --> 00:13:37,920
+eye it forms on the retina.In other words, the
+
+210
+00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:44,660
+myopic person's image is formed in the vitreous
+
+211
+00:13:44,660 --> 00:13:52,320
+gel. Also, the immature person's image is formed
+
+212
+00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:57,140
+on the retina, which is also not in the air.
+
+213
+00:14:01,620 --> 00:14:05,600
+Once a stigmatic image is produced, the rod is cut
+
+214
+00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:08,560
+and a second Cartesian ellipsoid placed on the
+
+215
+00:14:08,560 --> 00:14:11,740
+back surface. As the following picture shows,
+
+216
+00:14:14,220 --> 00:14:20,440
+I have a stigmatic image inside the glass. Now we
+
+217
+00:14:20,440 --> 00:14:22,520
+cut from the stigmatic image and put another
+
+218
+00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:26,360
+Cartesian ellipsoid with the same dimensions on
+
+219
+00:14:26,360 --> 00:14:31,670
+the back surface of the first Cartesian conoid.The
+
+220
+00:14:31,670 --> 00:14:34,110
+final image that we will receive in the air is
+
+221
+00:14:34,110 --> 00:14:38,030
+also stigmatic Okay, excellent, so we solved the
+
+222
+00:14:38,030 --> 00:14:42,590
+problem of stigmatic imaging And we can get a
+
+223
+00:14:42,590 --> 00:14:48,190
+stigmatic image of any object we want The truth is
+
+224
+00:14:48,190 --> 00:14:51,970
+that this is not correct Why is it not correct?
+
+225
+00:14:52,050 --> 00:14:56,790
+Because we used the simplest object and the
+
+226
+00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:59,490
+simplest camera The simplest object is a single
+
+227
+00:14:59,490 --> 00:15:03,320
+object pointAnd the simplest camera is a single
+
+228
+00:15:03,320 --> 00:15:06,620
+refracting service. You may remember the first
+
+229
+00:15:06,620 --> 00:15:08,720
+lecture that said that the simplest camera is a
+
+230
+00:15:08,720 --> 00:15:10,360
+pinhole camera. But we said that the pinhole
+
+231
+00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:16,220
+camera cannot be used because its pictures are too
+
+232
+00:15:16,220 --> 00:15:18,060
+faint to be useful. Meaning that it is too faint
+
+233
+00:15:18,060 --> 00:15:24,780
+to be useful. So the
+
+234
+00:15:24,780 --> 00:15:29,370
+solution to the problem is no.one point or if the
+
+235
+00:15:29,370 --> 00:15:33,490
+body is one point then the Cartesian ellipsoid
+
+236
+00:15:33,490 --> 00:15:37,890
+produces a stigmatic image of only one object
+
+237
+00:15:37,890 --> 00:15:41,090
+point and the rest of the points all other object
+
+238
+00:15:41,090 --> 00:15:45,590
+points image non-stigmatically if the object for
+
+239
+00:15:45,590 --> 00:15:49,670
+example consists of ten points of course the
+
+240
+00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:52,250
+object consists of an infinite number of points
+
+241
+00:15:52,250 --> 00:15:56,130
+but we imagine that the object consists of ten
+
+242
+00:15:56,130 --> 00:16:02,020
+pointsOne of these points will have a stigmatic
+
+243
+00:16:02,020 --> 00:16:04,140
+picture and the other nine will be non-stigmatic,
+
+244
+00:16:04,260 --> 00:16:06,460
+which means it's a point spread function One might
+
+245
+00:16:06,460 --> 00:16:09,900
+say, well, what did we gain from all this work of
+
+246
+00:16:09,900 --> 00:16:14,120
+Descartes? Descartes put the feet of scientists at
+
+247
+00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:18,530
+the beginning of our journeyin terms of getting a
+
+248
+00:16:18,530 --> 00:16:21,210
+stigmatic image ..in terms of getting a stigmatic
+
+249
+00:16:21,210 --> 00:16:24,470
+image ..it is true that the formation ..the
+
+250
+00:16:24,470 --> 00:16:27,110
+formation of a glass rod in a nearly elliptical
+
+251
+00:16:27,110 --> 00:16:31,550
+shape leads to one object point ..only one object
+
+252
+00:16:31,550 --> 00:16:35,330
+point being stigmatic and the rest not ..but as
+
+253
+00:16:35,330 --> 00:16:38,130
+long as we get one point that is stigmatic it
+
+254
+00:16:38,130 --> 00:16:41,210
+means that we started to walk on the beginning of
+
+255
+00:16:41,210 --> 00:16:46,130
+the road to get ..Stigmatic imaging of other
+
+256
+00:16:46,130 --> 00:16:51,290
+object points. The Cartesian ellipsoid produces a
+
+257
+00:16:51,290 --> 00:16:55,450
+stigmatic image of only one object point. All
+
+258
+00:16:55,450 --> 00:16:58,350
+other object points image non-stigmatically.
+
+259
+00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:06,960
+في نقطة تانية او صعوبة تانية واجهت العلماء في ذلك
+
+260
+00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:11,800
+الزمن انه لغاية 1960 لعصرنا الحالي او للقرن
+
+261
+00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:16,780
+العشرين لبعد منتصف القرن العشرين 1960 يعني تقريبا
+
+262
+00:17:16,780 --> 00:17:22,520
+من ستين سنة من ستين سنة بالضبط it was impossibleto
+
+263
+00:17:22,520 --> 00:17:36,420
+manufacture a Cartesian ellipsoid. The only
+
+264
+00:17:36,420 --> 00:17:39,520
+surfaces that could be accurately figured were
+
+265
+00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:43,700
+spheres, cylinders, spherocylinders and flats.
+
+266
+00:17:44,280 --> 00:17:47,940
+Now, aspheric surfaces are relatively easy to
+
+267
+00:17:47,940 --> 00:17:48,400
+manufacture.
+
+268
+00:17:52,390 --> 00:17:56,530
+The rectangular shapes, the rectangular spherical
+
+269
+00:17:56,530 --> 00:18:03,640
+shapes, and the flat shapes.As for manufacturing
+
+270
+00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:07,400
+Cartesian ellipsoids and manufacturing them
+
+271
+00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:09,540
+artificially in large quantities in order to
+
+272
+00:18:09,540 --> 00:18:12,980
+distribute them for practical use, of course this
+
+273
+00:18:12,980 --> 00:18:15,560
+was almost impossible ..almost impossible
+
+274
+00:18:32,640 --> 00:18:37,840
+بشكل سهل جدا و ال computer ممكن هو اللي يشرف على
+
+275
+00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:42,300
+القضية تقصها و تنتج بشكل صناعي بسهولة شديدة،
+
+276
+00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:49,020
+بسهولة شديدة بدون تدخل يد الإنسان The
+
+277
+00:18:49,020 --> 00:18:52,500
+cart established that a single refracting surface
+
+278
+00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:56,020
+could at best produce a stigmatic image of only
+
+279
+00:18:56,020 --> 00:19:00,080
+one object pointThe scholar René Descartes reached
+
+280
+00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:03,600
+to a rule that if I have one refracting service,
+
+281
+00:19:03,760 --> 00:19:08,560
+single refracting service, and I shaped it in the
+
+282
+00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:11,340
+best possible way or in the most appropriate way,
+
+283
+00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:15,180
+the maximum that this single refracting service
+
+284
+00:19:15,180 --> 00:19:18,580
+has is to make a stigmatic image for only one
+
+285
+00:19:18,580 --> 00:19:22,260
+point. Okay, I want more than one point to have a
+
+286
+00:19:22,260 --> 00:19:26,330
+stigmatic imageطبعا باستعمال علم الرياضيات by
+
+287
+00:19:26,330 --> 00:19:30,070
+means of mathematics it has been demonstrated that
+
+288
+00:19:30,070 --> 00:19:34,650
+an optical system can produce a stigmatic image of
+
+289
+00:19:34,650 --> 00:19:38,710
+only as many object points as there are degrees of
+
+290
+00:19:38,710 --> 00:19:42,650
+freedom in the optical system يعني ما معنى هذا
+
+291
+00:19:42,650 --> 00:19:48,160
+الكلام؟ ما معنى هذا الكلام؟Now, before we say the
+
+292
+00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:49,360
+meaning of this word, let's go back to the
+
+293
+00:19:49,360 --> 00:19:52,480
+previous sentence, Descartes reached a base, that
+
+294
+00:19:52,480 --> 00:19:56,400
+if I have a single refractive surface, I can get
+
+295
+00:19:56,400 --> 00:20:00,120
+from the single refractive surface on one object
+
+296
+00:20:00,120 --> 00:20:04,770
+point that its shape is stigmaticI get the object
+
+297
+00:20:04,770 --> 00:20:07,030
+points, I get the point of the object, it's not
+
+298
+00:20:07,030 --> 00:20:10,610
+possible because I have a chance to get one point
+
+299
+00:20:10,610 --> 00:20:14,110
+on a picture like the original And I get the point
+
+300
+00:20:14,110 --> 00:20:16,150
+of the object, it's not possible, why? Because I
+
+301
+00:20:16,150 --> 00:20:19,610
+have single refracting surface, single refracting
+
+302
+00:20:19,610 --> 00:20:23,120
+surfaceNow, by using mathematical science,
+
+303
+00:20:24,060 --> 00:20:28,100
+scientists proved that any optical system .. any
+
+304
+00:20:28,100 --> 00:20:32,600
+optical system .. will give me a stigmatic image
+
+305
+00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,520
+of the number of points of the object as much as
+
+306
+00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:36,540
+there are degrees of freedom in this optical
+
+307
+00:20:36,540 --> 00:20:41,020
+systemWe want to understand what degrees of
+
+308
+00:20:41,020 --> 00:20:43,140
+freedom means. We want to understand what degrees
+
+309
+00:20:43,140 --> 00:20:46,260
+of freedom means. We repeat, we say if I have an
+
+310
+00:20:46,260 --> 00:20:50,020
+optical system scene and another optical system
+
+311
+00:20:50,020 --> 00:20:53,540
+shot, and the optical system scene has degrees of
+
+312
+00:20:53,540 --> 00:20:57,740
+freedom more than the optical system shot, then
+
+313
+00:20:57,740 --> 00:21:01,760
+the optical system scene will give me a stigmatic
+
+314
+00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:04,300
+image for the number of points of the object more
+
+315
+00:21:04,300 --> 00:21:09,790
+than what the optical system shot gives me.Okay,
+
+316
+00:21:09,970 --> 00:21:12,970
+what is meant by degrees of freedom here? Of
+
+317
+00:21:12,970 --> 00:21:14,950
+course, what is meant is not the political freedom
+
+318
+00:21:14,950 --> 00:21:18,530
+that we hear about But degrees of freedom means
+
+319
+00:21:18,530 --> 00:21:22,110
+how much I am free to change the characteristics
+
+320
+00:21:22,110 --> 00:21:24,810
+of the optical system Also, we want to understand
+
+321
+00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:29,510
+more, we say I have one lens with two surfaces One
+
+322
+00:21:29,510 --> 00:21:34,950
+lens with two surfaces Let's see this drawing We
+
+323
+00:21:34,950 --> 00:21:38,080
+will take this lens onlyWhat are the attributes
+
+324
+00:21:38,080 --> 00:21:41,560
+that I can change in the lens? I can change the
+
+325
+00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:44,180
+shape and tilt of the surface in front of me, this
+
+326
+00:21:44,180 --> 00:21:46,440
+is the first degree of freedom I have, which means
+
+327
+00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:50,100
+I am free to change it or tilt it in a certain way
+
+328
+00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:54,300
+Second thing, the back surface, I can change its
+
+329
+00:21:54,300 --> 00:21:56,460
+shape and tilt it, so I have two degrees of
+
+330
+00:21:56,460 --> 00:22:02,450
+freedom Third thing, third thingالسمك .. السمك
+
+331
+00:22:02,450 --> 00:22:06,510
+بتاع العدسة فأقدر أخليها سميكة، أرفع شويه،
+
+332
+00:22:06,510 --> 00:22:10,290
+أرفيعها، إذا برضه .. برضه عندي درجة أو عندي مجال
+
+333
+00:22:10,290 --> 00:22:13,970
+من الحرية إن أنا أغير السمك بتاع العدسة، إذا هذه
+
+334
+00:22:13,970 --> 00:22:18,810
+عدسة لها تلت درجات حرية، إذا هذه بتقدر تعطيني
+
+335
+00:22:18,810 --> 00:22:24,550
+تلاتة points، تلاتة pointsOr more than the
+
+336
+00:22:24,550 --> 00:22:27,270
+stigmatic imaging, than the stigmatic imaging I
+
+337
+00:22:27,270 --> 00:22:31,690
+mean if the single refracting service gave me,
+
+338
+00:22:31,770 --> 00:22:35,270
+because it's single, gave me only a stigmatic
+
+339
+00:22:35,270 --> 00:22:37,250
+picture for one object point and the rest of the
+
+340
+00:22:37,250 --> 00:22:42,510
+object points were not stigmatic pictures, while I
+
+341
+00:22:42,510 --> 00:22:47,990
+haveA single lens has three degrees of freedom.
+
+342
+00:22:48,650 --> 00:22:51,090
+What are these three degrees of freedom? The front
+
+343
+00:22:51,090 --> 00:22:55,170
+surface, I can control its shape, change it, bend
+
+344
+00:22:55,170 --> 00:22:57,890
+it in one way, then change it in another way until
+
+345
+00:22:57,890 --> 00:23:03,650
+I get a stigmatic image to one point. The back
+
+346
+00:23:03,650 --> 00:23:06,890
+surface to another point, I can change it. The
+
+347
+00:23:06,890 --> 00:23:11,370
+thickness, I can control it until it gives me a
+
+348
+00:23:11,370 --> 00:23:16,220
+third point. So, onesingle lens and have three
+
+349
+00:23:16,220 --> 00:23:17,880
+degrees of freedom
+
+350
+00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,820
+Two lenses, two lenses, as the drawing here shows,
+
+351
+00:23:25,320 --> 00:23:27,920
+I have two lenses. How many degrees of freedom do
+
+352
+00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:30,600
+I have? I have seven degrees of freedom. What are
+
+353
+00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:34,200
+they? The front surface and the back surface, I
+
+354
+00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:36,660
+can control their shape and thickness. These are
+
+355
+00:23:36,660 --> 00:23:40,200
+three. And here also three, six. So why did we say
+
+356
+00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:43,420
+seven? Because I can also control the distance
+
+357
+00:23:43,420 --> 00:23:46,820
+between the two lenses. These two lenses together,
+
+358
+00:23:47,020 --> 00:23:51,200
+optical system oneSo I have three degrees of
+
+359
+00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:53,860
+freedom here, and three, this is six, and the
+
+360
+00:23:53,860 --> 00:23:57,740
+seventh that I can control, which is what? The
+
+361
+00:23:57,740 --> 00:24:00,980
+distance between them We notice some press cameras
+
+362
+00:24:00,980 --> 00:24:06,140
+in conferences and similarYou can .. or you find
+
+363
+00:24:06,140 --> 00:24:10,160
+that the camera is extended forward, some people
+
+364
+00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:11,520
+or some journalists say that they are doing
+
+365
+00:24:11,520 --> 00:24:14,040
+zooming, they are doing zooming From the concept
+
+366
+00:24:14,040 --> 00:24:16,180
+of geometrical optics, we say that it is extended
+
+367
+00:24:16,180 --> 00:24:19,140
+forward to make a greater distance between the
+
+368
+00:24:19,140 --> 00:24:24,020
+lenses, why? To get a higher image quality, to get
+
+369
+00:24:24,020 --> 00:24:28,330
+a higher image qualityNow, how will the journalist
+
+370
+00:24:28,330 --> 00:24:31,150
+know that he got a higher image quality when he
+
+371
+00:24:31,150 --> 00:24:33,530
+sees that his image is clearer and more obvious
+
+372
+00:24:33,530 --> 00:24:39,570
+and it becomes to a higher degree of clarity? Some
+
+373
+00:24:39,570 --> 00:24:42,590
+cameras don't even wait for the journalist to
+
+374
+00:24:42,590 --> 00:24:45,710
+change the distance of the lenses from each other,
+
+375
+00:24:45,750 --> 00:24:51,540
+but they do this automaticallyThe proof that I can
+
+376
+00:24:51,540 --> 00:24:54,660
+control the distance is that these are two lenses
+
+377
+00:24:54,660 --> 00:24:57,140
+connected to each other, so the distance between
+
+378
+00:24:57,140 --> 00:24:59,920
+them is zero, while these two lenses have a
+
+379
+00:24:59,920 --> 00:25:01,940
+certain distance between them, I can try them, I
+
+380
+00:25:01,940 --> 00:25:03,620
+can distance them, so this is one degree of
+
+381
+00:25:03,620 --> 00:25:08,610
+freedom degrees. A person may wonder why I putThis
+
+382
+00:25:08,610 --> 00:25:14,090
+picture, this picture is about a bed that needs to
+
+383
+00:25:14,090 --> 00:25:17,170
+be moved to another house or something similar We
+
+384
+00:25:17,170 --> 00:25:20,590
+say that if we ask one person, because you see
+
+385
+00:25:20,590 --> 00:25:26,890
+that he carries two people, one person to carry
+
+386
+00:25:26,890 --> 00:25:29,710
+the bed, he will find it difficult because it is
+
+387
+00:25:29,710 --> 00:25:34,930
+big and has floors, I mean, toilets and pillows
+
+388
+00:25:34,930 --> 00:25:39,960
+and so onNow if we ask .. of course he is one
+
+389
+00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:42,440
+person, he has both hands, so he has two degrees
+
+390
+00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:46,140
+of freedom to control and hold with both hands If
+
+391
+00:25:46,140 --> 00:25:48,360
+we add another person, the situation becomes
+
+392
+00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:52,920
+easier, I have four degrees or four working hands,
+
+393
+00:25:53,340 --> 00:25:56,340
+four working hands If we bring a third person, we
+
+394
+00:25:56,340 --> 00:25:58,930
+say to him, hold these tools with your handsIt
+
+395
+00:25:58,930 --> 00:26:02,690
+will be easier and easier. If we bring a fourth
+
+396
+00:26:02,690 --> 00:26:04,710
+person, it will be easier. That is, the more the
+
+397
+00:26:04,710 --> 00:26:08,450
+number of working hands, the easier it is to carry
+
+398
+00:26:08,450 --> 00:26:11,610
+out the mission without any problems. And also,
+
+399
+00:26:11,850 --> 00:26:15,310
+the more lenses we have, the more freedom I have.
+
+400
+00:26:17,240 --> 00:26:19,640
+and therefore I have more quality of the picture
+
+401
+00:26:19,640 --> 00:26:22,980
+because the more degrees of freedom I have, the
+
+402
+00:26:22,980 --> 00:26:28,920
+more points I can get from the object on a
+
+403
+00:26:28,920 --> 00:26:32,320
+stigmatic image in the picture Stigmatic image
+
+404
+00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:37,220
+means that these object points are points Let's go
+
+405
+00:26:37,220 --> 00:26:39,280
+to the optical system here in the drawing, let's
+
+406
+00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:43,400
+say how many lenses are there? One, two, three,
+
+407
+00:26:43,900 --> 00:26:48,810
+four, fiveكل عدسة إلها تلت درجات حرية، سطحها
+
+408
+00:26:48,810 --> 00:26:52,230
+الأمامي و سطحها الخالفي و السمك بتاعها، بغض النظر
+
+409
+00:26:52,230 --> 00:26:56,810
+العدسة محددة أو مقعرة، إذا عندي خمس عدسات في تلت
+
+410
+00:26:56,810 --> 00:27:01,290
+درجات حرية، إذا عندي خمستاشر درجة حرية زائد، كام
+
+411
+00:27:01,290 --> 00:27:05,970
+مسافة بينهم هاي مسافة؟ تنتين، تلاتة، أربع، خمستاشر
+
+412
+00:27:05,970 --> 00:27:11,180
+درجة حرية زائدplus four degrees or four distances
+
+413
+00:27:11,180 --> 00:27:13,980
+between them, so I have nineteen degrees of
+
+414
+00:27:13,980 --> 00:27:19,500
+freedom, nineteen opportunities of freedom or
+
+415
+00:27:19,500 --> 00:27:22,820
+degrees of freedom that I can control I can change
+
+416
+00:27:22,820 --> 00:27:26,420
+the surface in front of me here, I can change the
+
+417
+00:27:26,420 --> 00:27:28,920
+depth, I can change the surface behind me, I can
+
+418
+00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:30,980
+change the distance between the first and second
+
+419
+00:27:30,980 --> 00:27:34,960
+lens and so on, so I have freedom areas or degrees
+
+420
+00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:38,300
+of freedom nineteenكل ما زادت ال degrees of
+
+421
+00:27:38,300 --> 00:27:41,600
+freedom كل ما كان ال quality of the image أعلى كل
+
+422
+00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:41,600
+ما زادت ال degrees of freedom كل ما كان ال quality
+
+423
+00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:46,320
+of the image أعلى Why? لأنه .. لأنه بنحصل على عدد
+
+424
+00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:48,260
+أكبر من ال object points لإنه .. لإنه بنحصل على
+
+425
+00:27:48,260 --> 00:27:50,780
+عدد أكبر من ال object points بتكون صوره .. صوره أو
+
+426
+00:27:50,780 --> 00:27:51,380
+صور ال object points هذه بشكل أستigmatic بتكون
+
+427
+00:27:51,380 --> 00:27:53,020
+صوره .. صوره أو صور ال object points هذه بشكل
+
+428
+00:27:53,020 --> 00:27:54,520
+أستigmatic بتكون صوره .. صوره أو صور ال object
+
+429
+00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:57,320
+points هذه بشكل أستigmatic بتكون صوره .. صوره أو
+
+430
+00:27:57,320 --> 00:27:59,120
+صور ال object points هذه بشكل أستigmatic بتكون
+
+431
+00:27:59,120 --> 00:27:59,600
+صوره .. صوره أو صور ال object points هذه بشكل
+
+432
+00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:02,600
+أستigmatic بتكون صوره .. صوره أو صور ال object
+
+433
+00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:04,940
+points هذه بشكل أستigmaticThe lenses in the
+
+434
+00:28:04,940 --> 00:28:07,360
+optical system, that is, the optical system that
+
+435
+00:28:07,360 --> 00:28:11,860
+has multiple lenses, its image quality is higher
+
+436
+00:28:11,860 --> 00:28:18,600
+than if I had fewer lenses, than the lenses. These
+
+437
+00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:21,360
+are examples that we have explained. We will stop
+
+438
+00:28:21,360 --> 00:28:25,840
+here this time, and next time, God willing, we
+
+439
+00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:29,160
+will enter into the topic of first order optics
+
+440
+00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:31,460
+and give you wellness and peace, and God's mercy
+
+441
+00:28:31,460 --> 00:28:32,600
+and blessings.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/LK8k-5eKwtc_raw.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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{"start": 196.47, "end": 197.21, "word": " Magnification", "probability": 0.891357421875}, {"start": 197.21, "end": 197.67, "word": " أو", "probability": 0.7099609375}, {"start": 197.67, "end": 198.47, "word": " Image", "probability": 0.658203125}, {"start": 198.47, "end": 198.95, "word": " Distance", "probability": 0.776123046875}, {"start": 198.95, "end": 199.13, "word": " على", "probability": 0.77099609375}, {"start": 199.13, "end": 199.41, "word": " Object", "probability": 0.78564453125}, {"start": 199.41, "end": 199.97, "word": " Distance", "probability": 0.882080078125}, {"start": 199.97, "end": 200.53, "word": " هتطلع", "probability": 0.728662109375}, {"start": 200.53, "end": 200.89, "word": " نفس", "probability": 0.9970703125}, {"start": 200.89, "end": 201.93, "word": " القضية", "probability": 0.9597981770833334}, {"start": 201.93, "end": 202.81, "word": " ويعطيكم", "probability": 0.87744140625}, {"start": 202.81, "end": 203.29, "word": " العافية", "probability": 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PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/OFKXhpR4vkI_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1272 @@
+1
+00:00:01,500 --> 00:00:05,300
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:05,300 --> 00:00:09,800
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا عند ال combination of
+
+3
+00:00:09,800 --> 00:00:13,360
+sphero cylindrical lenses Sphero cylindrical
+
+4
+00:00:13,360 --> 00:00:16,460
+lenses can be added to one another to produce a
+
+5
+00:00:16,460 --> 00:00:20,600
+single equivalent sphero cylindrical lenses لو في
+
+6
+00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:24,680
+عندي sphero cylindrical lensوكمان بده أضيف لها
+
+7
+00:00:24,680 --> 00:00:29,700
+كمان spherical cylindrical lens بدنا احنا نشوف كيف
+
+8
+00:00:29,700 --> 00:00:33,880
+يضافوا لبعض عشان يعطوني equivalent spherical
+
+9
+00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:37,640
+cylindrical lens طبعا في ..
+
+10
+00:00:41,100 --> 00:00:44,980
+In fact, if any number of sphero cylindrical
+
+11
+00:00:44,980 --> 00:00:48,540
+lenses are combined, the result is always an
+
+12
+00:00:48,540 --> 00:00:51,600
+equivalent sphero cylindrical lens having
+
+13
+00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:55,800
+principal meridians 90 degree upper. يعني لو عندي
+
+14
+00:00:55,800 --> 00:01:01,600
+مثلا على
+
+15
+00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:02,660
+سبيل المثال
+
+16
+00:01:11,310 --> 00:01:18,810
+عندي مثلا plus واحد sphere minus مثلا واحد و نص
+
+17
+00:01:18,810 --> 00:01:26,510
+cylinder على محور مثلا عشرين degree وعندي مثلا
+
+18
+00:01:26,510 --> 00:01:32,250
+minus نص sphere و
+
+19
+00:01:32,250 --> 00:01:41,520
+minus مثلا75% cylinder on axis for example 50 and
+
+20
+00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:48,200
+I have for example plus 3 spheres on
+
+21
+00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:56,900
+minus for example or plus 2 cylindersمحور 90 هدولة
+
+22
+00:01:56,900 --> 00:01:59,760
+التلاتة عبارة كل واحدة منهم spherical cylindrical
+
+23
+00:01:59,760 --> 00:02:03,920
+lens لو حبيت استعملهم مع بعض بت .. بتصد عنهم
+
+24
+00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:05,940
+spherical cylindrical lens
+
+25
+00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:11,320
+It has a value for the sphere And it has a value
+
+26
+00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:15,540
+for the cylinder with a certain axis Of course, as
+
+27
+00:02:15,540 --> 00:02:18,340
+long as the sphere and the cylindrical lens are
+
+28
+00:02:18,340 --> 00:02:20,400
+away from them It means that there is an axis in
+
+29
+00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:22,480
+this lens that is stronger and an axis that is
+
+30
+00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:26,180
+weaker And the two axes in regular astigmatism, of
+
+31
+00:02:26,180 --> 00:02:29,940
+course, the two axes are perpendicular So there is
+
+32
+00:02:29,940 --> 00:02:35,420
+a 90 degree distance between them Also, if I have
+
+33
+00:02:37,020 --> 00:02:41,480
+sphero cylindrical lens, بدي أحللها لكذا sphero
+
+34
+00:02:41,480 --> 00:02:45,360
+cylindrical lens هذا أيضا ممكن باستعمال حسابات
+
+35
+00:02:45,360 --> 00:02:51,160
+معينة و باستعمال حساب المثلثة Similarly, a single
+
+36
+00:02:51,160 --> 00:02:55,540
+sphero cylindrical lens has .. يعني ..
+
+37
+00:03:11,140 --> 00:03:15,300
+It is easy to add spherical cylindrical lenses
+
+38
+00:03:15,300 --> 00:03:18,260
+together if the principal meridians are aligned
+
+39
+00:03:18,260 --> 00:03:22,690
+with one another.We have three cases for spherical
+
+40
+00:03:22,690 --> 00:03:26,030
+and cylindrical lenses that I want to add to each
+
+41
+00:03:26,030 --> 00:03:31,070
+other Let's see what the first case is Let's go
+
+42
+00:03:31,070 --> 00:03:33,650
+back to this example and delete it We want to add
+
+43
+00:03:33,650 --> 00:03:37,430
+two spherical and cylindrical lenses, but the axis
+
+44
+00:03:37,430 --> 00:03:41,580
+is the same axisSo I have plus one minus one and a
+
+45
+00:03:41,580 --> 00:03:44,340
+half axis is twenty and minus one and a half minus
+
+46
+00:03:44,340 --> 00:03:46,940
+three quarters axis is also twenty So the
+
+47
+00:03:46,940 --> 00:03:48,720
+principal meridians of the spherical and
+
+48
+00:03:48,720 --> 00:03:51,180
+cylindrical lens are these and the principal
+
+49
+00:03:51,180 --> 00:03:53,320
+meridians of the spherical and cylindrical lens
+
+50
+00:03:53,320 --> 00:03:55,740
+are these They are the same principal meridians
+
+51
+00:03:55,740 --> 00:04:00,780
+because the axis is the same axis When I add this
+
+52
+00:04:02,210 --> 00:04:04,430
+Spherocylindrical lens with spherocylindrical lens
+
+53
+00:04:04,430 --> 00:04:07,570
+which have same axis, it is done by direct sum,
+
+54
+00:04:08,230 --> 00:04:11,370
+that is, I combine sphere with sphere and cylinder
+
+55
+00:04:11,370 --> 00:04:14,030
+with cylinder, of course, and the axis remains as
+
+56
+00:04:14,030 --> 00:04:17,170
+it is as long as this axis is 20 and axis is 20,
+
+57
+00:04:17,570 --> 00:04:20,950
+the resultantsphere and cylindrical lens, the
+
+58
+00:04:20,950 --> 00:04:24,270
+result of course will be the axis corresponding to
+
+59
+00:04:24,270 --> 00:04:27,710
+the two axes corresponding to the two axes, so in
+
+60
+00:04:27,710 --> 00:04:32,030
+this case if I get a problem like this, I say plus
+
+61
+00:04:32,030 --> 00:04:34,730
+one and minus half, I will have the new sphere
+
+62
+00:04:34,730 --> 00:04:39,430
+minus, pardon me, plus half, a direct algebra,
+
+63
+00:04:40,550 --> 00:04:45,600
+plus half sphereNow I add the cylinder with the
+
+64
+00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:52,340
+cylinder (-1.5,-3.4,-2.4), and the axis remains
+
+65
+00:04:52,340 --> 00:04:55,860
+20. The axis does not add up at all. So it does
+
+66
+00:04:55,860 --> 00:05:00,560
+not happen that the axis adds up and becomes 40.
+
+67
+00:05:00,660 --> 00:05:02,740
+No, as long as the axis is aligned with the axis,
+
+68
+00:05:03,420 --> 00:05:06,340
+the spherical cylindrical length is
+
+69
+00:05:10,270 --> 00:05:16,330
+Plus 1 with minus half becomes plus half-1.5,-3.4,
+
+70
+00:05:16,450 --> 00:05:19,790
+-2.4 and the axis as it is This is the first
+
+71
+00:05:19,790 --> 00:05:24,370
+scenario when the axis is aligned with the axis
+
+72
+00:05:24,370 --> 00:05:31,150
+The second scenario is when the axis of one of the
+
+73
+00:05:31,150 --> 00:05:33,150
+spherical and cylindrical lenses is perpendicular
+
+74
+00:05:33,150 --> 00:05:35,770
+to the axis of the second spherical and
+
+75
+00:05:35,770 --> 00:05:40,010
+cylindrical lens For example, let's say plus 4
+
+76
+00:05:40,010 --> 00:05:42,750
+sphere
+
+77
+00:05:43,880 --> 00:05:51,600
+minus minus two and three quarters cylinder axis
+
+78
+00:05:51,600 --> 00:06:02,520
+twenty and the second minus one sphere plus one
+
+79
+00:06:02,520 --> 00:06:09,720
+cylinder axis one hundred and ten how do I .. how
+
+80
+00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:15,470
+do I ..I combine or add or make a combination of
+
+81
+00:06:15,470 --> 00:06:18,250
+these two spherical and cylindrical lenses to get
+
+82
+00:06:18,250 --> 00:06:22,110
+one spherical and cylindrical lens equivalent to
+
+83
+00:06:22,110 --> 00:06:25,750
+both of them Notice that the X is 20 for the first
+
+84
+00:06:25,750 --> 00:06:28,810
+spherical and cylindrical lens and the second is
+
+85
+00:06:28,810 --> 00:06:33,460
+110So the angle between them is 90 degrees, so I
+
+86
+00:06:33,460 --> 00:06:36,160
+have to make a transposition for one of them, and
+
+87
+00:06:36,160 --> 00:06:40,200
+then the axis becomes one. We want to make a
+
+88
+00:06:40,200 --> 00:06:44,960
+transposition for the first one, we say that the
+
+89
+00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:47,300
+first step in the transposition is to add the
+
+90
+00:06:47,300 --> 00:06:51,020
+cylinder to the sphere, it becomes plus four minus
+
+91
+00:06:51,020 --> 00:06:53,920
+seventy-two remains plus one quarter.
+
+92
+00:06:57,470 --> 00:07:00,170
+then I flip the pointer of the cylinder, it
+
+93
+00:07:00,170 --> 00:07:08,170
+becomes plus 72.75 then I move the axis 90
+
+94
+00:07:08,170 --> 00:07:11,850
+degrees, the 20 becomes 110 this is the first
+
+95
+00:07:11,850 --> 00:07:15,110
+step, I made a transposition to the first lens I
+
+96
+00:07:15,110 --> 00:07:19,210
+made a transposition to the first lens okay, we
+
+97
+00:07:19,210 --> 00:07:21,970
+made a transposition to the first lens now the
+
+98
+00:07:21,970 --> 00:07:25,630
+second lens as I write it minus 1
+
+99
+00:07:29,530 --> 00:07:34,470
+Plus one in
+
+100
+00:07:34,470 --> 00:07:39,370
+axis one hundred and ten. Now the axis is unified.
+
+101
+00:07:39,810 --> 00:07:42,410
+Why unified? Because the first lens, the first
+
+102
+00:07:42,410 --> 00:07:44,190
+spherical cylindrical lens, I made it a
+
+103
+00:07:44,190 --> 00:07:47,890
+transposition, so the axis turned to one hundred
+
+104
+00:07:47,890 --> 00:07:50,490
+and ten. I collect them a direct group, a direct
+
+105
+00:07:50,490 --> 00:07:51,090
+Gebri.
+
+106
+00:07:54,490 --> 00:07:59,070
+and then I get the reciprocal lens plus one and a
+
+107
+00:07:59,070 --> 00:08:03,210
+quarter and minus one plus a quarter this is the
+
+108
+00:08:03,210 --> 00:08:07,610
+reciprocal sphere the cylinder plus two and three
+
+109
+00:08:07,610 --> 00:08:10,310
+quarters and plus one so plus three or three
+
+110
+00:08:10,310 --> 00:08:15,190
+quarters and
+
+111
+00:08:15,190 --> 00:08:16,810
+the axis of course does not add up, the axis
+
+112
+00:08:16,810 --> 00:08:20,090
+remains as it is at one hundred and ten okay, one
+
+113
+00:08:20,090 --> 00:08:25,060
+can say I want to dotransposition of the second
+
+114
+00:08:25,060 --> 00:08:25,120
+lens
+
+115
+00:08:50,700 --> 00:09:06,020
+I will write it again here I have two lenses now
+
+116
+00:09:06,020 --> 00:09:11,920
+we want the first lens write
+
+117
+00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:16,740
+it as it is we don't want to make a transposition
+
+118
+00:09:16,740 --> 00:09:19,760
+we want to make a transposition to the second lens
+
+119
+00:09:29,280 --> 00:09:31,880
+now when we do transposition to the other lens
+
+120
+00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:35,020
+what will happen to my situation I want to add in
+
+121
+00:09:35,020 --> 00:09:37,220
+the cylinder to the sphere it will be plano zero
+
+122
+00:09:37,220 --> 00:09:42,640
+because it is plus one and minus one then I change
+
+123
+00:09:42,640 --> 00:09:47,540
+the sign of course plano either I write it in
+
+124
+00:09:47,540 --> 00:09:55,720
+writing or I write zero where it is and
+
+125
+00:09:55,720 --> 00:09:57,880
+this cylinder becomes minus one
+
+126
+00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:06,840
+in axis 20 because if we moved the axis it was 110
+
+127
+00:10:06,840 --> 00:10:10,020
+and we subtracted 90 from it so it remains 20 so
+
+128
+00:10:10,020 --> 00:10:24,700
+now plus
+
+129
+00:10:24,700 --> 00:10:29,800
+4 with 0 remains plus 4
+
+130
+00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:36,060
+and the cylinder with the cylinder which is minus
+
+131
+00:10:36,060 --> 00:10:39,900
+two and three quarters and minus one so minus
+
+132
+00:10:39,900 --> 00:10:43,600
+three and three quarters and the axis remains
+
+133
+00:10:43,600 --> 00:10:47,400
+twenty we can say that the result here when we did
+
+134
+00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:49,960
+the transposition of the second lens is different
+
+135
+00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:52,300
+from the result here when we did the transposition
+
+136
+00:10:52,300 --> 00:10:55,700
+of the first lens it does not differ at all if we
+
+137
+00:10:55,700 --> 00:10:58,840
+look at this and on this we will find the
+
+138
+00:10:58,840 --> 00:11:01,720
+transposition of each other, that is, if this is
+
+139
+00:11:01,720 --> 00:11:03,930
+the equivalent lensIf we want to make it a
+
+140
+00:11:03,930 --> 00:11:06,970
+transposition, we add 3 and 3 quarters to the
+
+141
+00:11:06,970 --> 00:11:10,790
+quarter and it becomes 4 The high point turns and
+
+142
+00:11:10,790 --> 00:11:13,190
+it becomes minus 3 and 3 quarters and the axis
+
+143
+00:11:13,190 --> 00:11:16,310
+turns 90 degrees and it becomes 20 So high
+
+144
+00:11:16,310 --> 00:11:18,590
+transposition to high and high transposition to
+
+145
+00:11:18,590 --> 00:11:23,400
+high So regardlessI make a transposition to the
+
+146
+00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:27,640
+first lens to make its axis like the axis of the
+
+147
+00:11:27,640 --> 00:11:31,400
+second lens, or make a transposition to the second
+
+148
+00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:34,980
+lens to make its axis like the axis of the first
+
+149
+00:11:34,980 --> 00:11:38,900
+lens, both results are correct, and the result
+
+150
+00:11:38,900 --> 00:11:41,360
+will be the same, but once in the plus cylindrical
+
+151
+00:11:41,360 --> 00:11:45,780
+form and once in the minus cylindrical form. So I
+
+152
+00:11:45,780 --> 00:11:47,900
+have two scenarios. The first scenario is
+
+153
+00:11:47,900 --> 00:11:51,130
+basically that I have two lenses in front of metwo
+
+154
+00:11:51,130 --> 00:11:54,970
+lenses, their axis is united, I add a direct
+
+155
+00:11:54,970 --> 00:11:59,530
+conjugate I add a direct conjugate now if two
+
+156
+00:11:59,530 --> 00:12:05,810
+lenses have one axis and the other axis is
+
+157
+00:12:05,810 --> 00:12:11,210
+perpendicular to it I make a transposition to one
+
+158
+00:12:11,210 --> 00:12:15,190
+of them so the axis becomes united and I add a
+
+159
+00:12:15,190 --> 00:12:18,210
+direct conjugate after that now the third scenario
+
+160
+00:12:18,210 --> 00:12:23,980
+is the most difficultWhen the axis of a sphere and
+
+161
+00:12:23,980 --> 00:12:27,020
+cylindrical lens are different and the angle
+
+162
+00:12:27,020 --> 00:12:32,520
+between them is not 90 degrees We say as follows,
+
+163
+00:12:33,420 --> 00:12:40,700
+for example, minus three spheres plus two
+
+164
+00:12:40,700 --> 00:12:48,960
+cylinders with an axis of 40 degrees and minus one
+
+165
+00:12:48,960 --> 00:12:59,040
+sphereminus half-cylinder axis 80 The axis here
+
+166
+00:12:59,040 --> 00:13:02,020
+and the axis here differ by 40 degrees The
+
+167
+00:13:02,020 --> 00:13:05,420
+distance between them is not 90 degrees, which is
+
+168
+00:13:05,420 --> 00:13:09,040
+the closest to the solution of the problem How do
+
+169
+00:13:09,040 --> 00:13:14,100
+we get the spherical cylindrical lens in this
+
+170
+00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:23,460
+Of course, there are complicated equations to find
+
+171
+00:13:23,460 --> 00:13:28,420
+the spherocylindrical lens equivalent to two
+
+172
+00:13:28,420 --> 00:13:34,360
+spherocylindrical lenses whose axes differ not by
+
+173
+00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:38,100
+90 degrees But these equations are complicated,
+
+174
+00:13:38,300 --> 00:13:43,000
+but we can use one of two ways to find the
+
+175
+00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:48,810
+spherocylindrical lens equivalent easilyone of the
+
+176
+00:13:48,810 --> 00:13:52,790
+practical ways is to take the trial frame and
+
+177
+00:13:52,790 --> 00:13:54,890
+place it in the first sphere of cylindrical lens
+
+178
+00:13:54,890 --> 00:14:00,410
+on the axis 40 degrees
+
+179
+00:14:03,210 --> 00:14:06,370
+and then I put in front of it in the same housing
+
+180
+00:14:06,370 --> 00:14:09,070
+in the same place I put in front of it the
+
+181
+00:14:09,070 --> 00:14:14,750
+spherical cylindrical lens on axis 80 it became 40
+
+182
+00:14:14,750 --> 00:14:19,290
+one on axis 40 and one on axis 80 in front of each
+
+183
+00:14:19,290 --> 00:14:23,960
+other and I carry itAnd I put it on the lensmeter
+
+184
+00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:26,380
+device and I measure the strength of the two
+
+185
+00:14:26,380 --> 00:14:29,380
+lenses together, I get exactly the value of the
+
+186
+00:14:29,380 --> 00:14:33,060
+sphere and the cylinder and the new axis of the
+
+187
+00:14:33,060 --> 00:14:35,840
+spherical and cylindrical lens without
+
+188
+00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:38,120
+overestimating myself, but it is very important
+
+189
+00:14:38,120 --> 00:14:43,100
+when I put these two lensesWhen I put these two
+
+190
+00:14:43,100 --> 00:14:45,740
+lenses, it is very important that the axis does
+
+191
+00:14:45,740 --> 00:14:48,260
+not move, that is, one axis must be at 40 degrees
+
+192
+00:14:48,260 --> 00:14:50,960
+and the other at 80 degrees until it comes out
+
+193
+00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:54,180
+while moving, I now put the first lens and the
+
+194
+00:14:54,180 --> 00:14:58,200
+second, then I moved them to the lensmeter while
+
+195
+00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:01,340
+moving to the lensmeter and fixing the trial frame
+
+196
+00:15:01,340 --> 00:15:04,680
+on the lensmeter to read the sphero cylindrical
+
+197
+00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:10,480
+lens, I do not move the lenses so that the axis
+
+198
+00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:16,500
+does not changeSo this is one of the ways, there
+
+199
+00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:18,520
+is another way that there are programs on the
+
+200
+00:15:18,520 --> 00:15:21,600
+internet that calculate spherical and cylindrical
+
+201
+00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:24,280
+lenses equivalently, spherical and cylindrical
+
+202
+00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:28,940
+lenses equivalently, for example here the website
+
+203
+00:15:28,940 --> 00:15:35,120
+OpticCampus.com I have herefirst sphere power
+
+204
+00:15:35,120 --> 00:15:38,580
+first cylinder power first cylinder axis means
+
+205
+00:15:38,580 --> 00:15:41,660
+first sphere and cylindrical lens sphere and
+
+206
+00:15:41,660 --> 00:15:45,000
+cylinder and axis and sphere and cylinder and axis
+
+207
+00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:48,460
+and then we say calculate then we say calculate
+
+208
+00:15:48,460 --> 00:15:53,180
+means if we take an example if we say here minus
+
+209
+00:15:53,180 --> 00:15:59,680
+two spheres and here minus one cylinder axis for
+
+210
+00:15:59,680 --> 00:16:05,010
+exampleor let's take the same example from the
+
+211
+00:16:05,010 --> 00:16:10,150
+powerpoint we said minus 3 and plus 2, x is 40
+
+212
+00:16:10,150 --> 00:16:16,630
+minus 3 plus
+
+213
+00:16:16,630 --> 00:16:24,030
+2 x is 40 of course we don't write the plus here
+
+214
+00:16:24,030 --> 00:16:26,990
+according to the system but we write the minus the
+
+215
+00:16:26,990 --> 00:16:27,430
+second lens
+
+216
+00:16:31,050 --> 00:16:37,050
+-1-1-1-1
+
+217
+00:16:37,050 --> 00:16:44,630
+-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
+
+218
+00:16:44,630 --> 00:16:45,110
+-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
+
+219
+00:16:45,110 --> 00:16:49,390
+-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
+
+220
+00:16:49,390 --> 00:16:49,470
+-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
+
+221
+00:16:49,470 --> 00:16:56,430
+-1This is the spherical and cylindrical lens that
+
+222
+00:16:56,430 --> 00:17:04,430
+came out with us. Minus 22.6% diopter minus 98.1%
+
+223
+00:17:04,430 --> 00:17:11,510
+diopter cylinder on axis 123 and 20. One might ask
+
+224
+00:17:11,510 --> 00:17:14,820
+why the axis did not come out between 40 and 80?if
+
+225
+00:17:14,820 --> 00:17:20,160
+we do transposition to high it will give me an
+
+226
+00:17:20,160 --> 00:17:25,780
+axis between 40 and 80 or it doesn't have to be
+
+227
+00:17:25,780 --> 00:17:31,600
+according to my calculations in this calculation
+
+228
+00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:34,540
+of course according to complicated equations
+
+229
+00:17:34,540 --> 00:17:39,230
+either I use high programs orIf I'm having a hard
+
+230
+00:17:39,230 --> 00:17:43,970
+time or I don't have the ability to use it, I put
+
+231
+00:17:43,970 --> 00:17:46,370
+the first and second lens, each one according to
+
+232
+00:17:46,370 --> 00:17:50,610
+its axis, and I transfer them directly to the
+
+233
+00:17:50,610 --> 00:17:53,410
+lensmeter without moving the axis, it will give me
+
+234
+00:17:53,410 --> 00:17:55,430
+a unified reading of both lenses for the
+
+235
+00:17:55,430 --> 00:17:59,970
+corresponding lens. So these are the three
+
+236
+00:17:59,970 --> 00:18:04,390
+scenarios in the combination of a sphero
+
+237
+00:18:04,390 --> 00:18:08,020
+-cylindrical lens.which is the first thing when
+
+238
+00:18:08,020 --> 00:18:12,280
+the axis is united, second thing when the two axis
+
+239
+00:18:12,280 --> 00:18:14,340
+between them are 90 degrees, I do the
+
+240
+00:18:14,340 --> 00:18:16,280
+transposition to one, it doesn't matter to whom I
+
+241
+00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:18,760
+do it, to the first or the second, third thing
+
+242
+00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:21,480
+when the axis is different and the distance
+
+243
+00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:24,410
+between them or the angle between themnot 90
+
+244
+00:18:24,410 --> 00:18:26,690
+degrees, either more than 90 degrees or less than
+
+245
+00:18:26,690 --> 00:18:29,470
+90 degrees, there are two ways to do that, either
+
+246
+00:18:29,470 --> 00:18:32,770
+we put the spherical and cylindrical lenses in the
+
+247
+00:18:32,770 --> 00:18:36,250
+trial frame and we read or we use the programs of
+
+248
+00:18:36,250 --> 00:18:40,050
+the internet, the calculators, which bring me the
+
+249
+00:18:40,050 --> 00:18:45,070
+lens, the spherical and cylindrical lens, which is
+
+250
+00:18:45,070 --> 00:18:47,270
+equivalent, which is equivalent and therefore this
+
+251
+00:18:47,270 --> 00:18:49,550
+is of course the third case, which is not the
+
+252
+00:18:49,550 --> 00:18:53,340
+angle between them90 degrees they call it
+
+253
+00:18:53,340 --> 00:18:57,920
+combination of cylinders at oblique axis which
+
+254
+00:18:57,920 --> 00:19:02,100
+means they are not 90 degrees between them and
+
+255
+00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:08,400
+they are not adjacent to each other there is a
+
+256
+00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:12,820
+last point we want to talk about in this topic we
+
+257
+00:19:12,820 --> 00:19:15,320
+need to notice that ..
+
+258
+00:19:18,450 --> 00:19:23,610
+the direction of the force is not
+
+259
+00:19:23,610 --> 00:19:28,390
+correct
+
+260
+00:19:28,390 --> 00:19:34,470
+in other words, we don't think that cylindrical
+
+261
+00:19:34,470 --> 00:19:37,610
+lenses can gather direction forces in other words,
+
+262
+00:19:38,290 --> 00:19:43,390
+when we say that a force acts on zeroAnd the force
+
+263
+00:19:43,390 --> 00:19:47,250
+works at 180 degrees And this force is 1 Newton
+
+264
+00:19:47,250 --> 00:19:50,850
+And this force is 1 Newton Let's take an example
+
+265
+00:19:50,850 --> 00:19:56,670
+of
+
+266
+00:19:56,670 --> 00:20:05,370
+that This
+
+267
+00:20:05,370 --> 00:20:05,810
+is an example
+
+268
+00:20:12,720 --> 00:20:16,620
+we have a force acting on zero and another force
+
+269
+00:20:16,620 --> 00:20:21,240
+acting on 180 it is supposed that this force and
+
+270
+00:20:21,240 --> 00:20:23,900
+this force are opposites so if this is one Newton
+
+271
+00:20:23,900 --> 00:20:27,340
+and this is one Newton then they get zero but in
+
+272
+00:20:27,340 --> 00:20:32,360
+cylinders the cylinder with its axis on zero and
+
+273
+00:20:32,360 --> 00:20:35,780
+the cylinder with its axis on 180 is the same axis
+
+274
+00:20:35,780 --> 00:20:38,620
+because zero is itself 180 in another meaning
+
+275
+00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:44,240
+Let's go to the first scenario, here I say that
+
+276
+00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:46,860
+the axis is one, but if we assume that the axis
+
+277
+00:20:46,860 --> 00:20:53,630
+here is zero and here the axis is 180Is there a
+
+278
+00:20:53,630 --> 00:20:55,190
+difference? No, there is no difference, we combine
+
+279
+00:20:55,190 --> 00:20:57,230
+the direct conjugate, the sphere with the sphere,
+
+280
+00:20:57,570 --> 00:20:59,510
+and the cylinder with the cylinder, and the axis
+
+281
+00:20:59,510 --> 00:21:03,030
+is the same, but we say when the axis is zero, we
+
+282
+00:21:03,030 --> 00:21:04,770
+write one hundred and eighty, because it is the
+
+283
+00:21:04,770 --> 00:21:07,650
+same thing, zero is the same as one hundred and
+
+284
+00:21:07,650 --> 00:21:10,090
+eighty, so when we say for example, another
+
+285
+00:21:10,090 --> 00:21:13,370
+example, we say plus two,
+
+286
+00:21:15,790 --> 00:21:19,830
+for example, we say plus one, sphere
+
+287
+00:21:22,360 --> 00:21:30,060
+plus two cylinders axis zero and for example plus
+
+288
+00:21:30,060 --> 00:21:35,460
+three spheres plus
+
+289
+00:21:35,460 --> 00:21:42,380
+two cylinders axis one hundred and eighty if I
+
+290
+00:21:42,380 --> 00:21:44,440
+want to put together a directed group it looks
+
+291
+00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:47,660
+like zero this way and one hundred and eighty in
+
+292
+00:21:47,660 --> 00:21:53,390
+the opposite direction this is zeroand 180 in the
+
+293
+00:21:53,390 --> 00:21:56,990
+opposite direction but this is not allowed in
+
+294
+00:21:56,990 --> 00:22:03,790
+cylinders because zero is equal to 180 so their
+
+295
+00:22:03,790 --> 00:22:10,290
+sum is direct plus 1 with plus 3 is plus 4 sphere
+
+296
+00:22:10,290 --> 00:22:13,970
+with sphere this is the spherical cylindrical lens
+
+297
+00:22:13,970 --> 00:22:16,910
+of the reciprocal as long as zero is equal to 180
+
+298
+00:22:16,910 --> 00:22:22,390
+I add a direct sum so also plus 4which is plus two
+
+299
+00:22:22,390 --> 00:22:25,830
+over plus two and the axis is one hundred and
+
+300
+00:22:25,830 --> 00:22:29,170
+eighty or zero, but we are used to write zero as
+
+301
+00:22:29,170 --> 00:22:32,030
+zero and one hundred and eighty as zero. This
+
+302
+00:22:32,030 --> 00:22:34,330
+point makes us say that it is not preferable or
+
+303
+00:22:34,330 --> 00:22:36,530
+does not combine the spherical and cylindrical
+
+304
+00:22:36,530 --> 00:22:42,120
+lenses in a directed way.means that it does not
+
+305
+00:22:42,120 --> 00:22:45,300
+combine positive integers so the vector addition
+
+306
+00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:47,460
+in spherical and cylindrical lenses is not allowed
+
+307
+00:22:47,460 --> 00:22:50,540
+because there are considerations that the zero
+
+308
+00:22:50,540 --> 00:22:54,000
+degree is the same as the zero degree is the same
+
+309
+00:22:54,000 --> 00:23:01,260
+as the zero degree this is how we sayطبعا آخر
+
+310
+00:23:01,260 --> 00:23:03,960
+سيناريو اللي بكون oblique axis أنه في عندي
+
+311
+00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:09,260
+computer programs بتشجع فيه أو بتساعدني فيه أن
+
+312
+00:23:09,260 --> 00:23:13,120
+أحسب ال sphere و ال cylindrical lens المكافئة زي
+
+313
+00:23:13,120 --> 00:23:16,440
+ال optic compass و ..ما شبه زي ال optic compass و
+
+314
+00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:21,900
+ما شبه طبعا في برامج كتيرة جدا ل ال combination of
+
+315
+00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:25,200
+spherical و cylindrical lenses و بنتوقف عند هذه
+
+316
+00:23:25,200 --> 00:23:28,640
+النقطة و المرة القادمة ان شاء الله هناخد ال
+
+317
+00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:31,280
+spherical aberration و نعطيكم العافية و السلام
+
+318
+00:23:31,280 --> 00:23:33,420
+عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/Q0jwlQFH1sU_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2384 @@
+1
+00:00:01,470 --> 00:00:04,770
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنبدأ في حل النسخة الأولى
+
+2
+00:00:04,770 --> 00:00:08,650
+من الاختبار النسخة، النسخة الأولى، السؤال أول،
+
+3
+00:00:08,650 --> 00:00:11,270
+light rays coming from real objects have negative
+
+4
+00:00:11,270 --> 00:00:13,870
+versions؟ هذا كلام صحيح، إذا الإجابة صح
+
+5
+00:00:17,570 --> 00:00:20,690
+How much is the divergence of light coming from a
+
+6
+00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:24,350
+candle after two meters of propagation of air? I
+
+7
+00:00:24,350 --> 00:00:27,570
+have two words, distance which is two meters and
+
+8
+00:00:27,570 --> 00:00:32,350
+candle which is a real object, so the rail will
+
+9
+00:00:32,350 --> 00:00:35,310
+diverge from it, so every plus is an exception,
+
+10
+00:00:35,890 --> 00:00:39,330
+plus one, plus two, plus three, plus four, plus
+
+11
+00:00:39,330 --> 00:00:39,870
+five, plus six, plus seven, plus eight, plus nine,
+
+12
+00:00:39,870 --> 00:00:40,190
+plus ten, plus eleven, plus twelve, plus thirteen,
+
+13
+00:00:40,190 --> 00:00:40,190
+plus fourteen, plus fifteen, plus sixteen, plus
+
+14
+00:00:40,190 --> 00:00:40,190
+sixteen, plus sixteen, plus seventeen, plus
+
+15
+00:00:40,190 --> 00:00:40,210
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+16
+00:00:40,210 --> 00:00:40,210
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+17
+00:00:40,210 --> 00:00:40,230
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+18
+00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:40,230
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+19
+00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:40,230
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+20
+00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:40,230
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+21
+00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:40,230
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+22
+00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:40,230
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+23
+00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:40,230
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+24
+00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:40,230
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+25
+00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:40,230
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+26
+00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:40,230
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+27
+00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:42,540
+eighteen, plus eighteen,طيب ال divergence مقلوب
+
+28
+00:00:42,540 --> 00:00:47,820
+المسافة واحد على اتنين متر .. واحد على اتنين بيصير
+
+29
+00:00:47,820 --> 00:00:52,000
+نص و متر لما بطلع بيصير متر اصلا minus واحد يعني
+
+30
+00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:54,920
+ضايب تر يعني minus نص ضايب تر ال minus عشانه
+
+31
+00:00:54,920 --> 00:01:00,820
+divergence إذا الإجابة minus نص ضايب تر السؤال
+
+32
+00:01:00,820 --> 00:01:01,360
+اللي بعده
+
+33
+00:01:04,440 --> 00:01:08,840
+سؤال سهل جدا ال image ارتفاع ال image اربعين صنطي
+
+34
+00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:12,620
+تحت ال optical axis تحت ال optical axis اذا ال
+
+35
+00:01:12,620 --> 00:01:16,500
+image بتمتد او ارتفاعها تحت ال optical axis اربعين
+
+36
+00:01:16,500 --> 00:01:20,820
+صنطي ال transfers magnification minus نص minus
+
+37
+00:01:20,820 --> 00:01:23,560
+يعني هي مجلوبة الصورة نفسها مجلوبة ايه بما انها
+
+38
+00:01:23,560 --> 00:01:26,360
+تحت ال optical axis معناته ال object above the
+
+39
+00:01:26,360 --> 00:01:29,840
+optical axis اذا كلمة below و belowها دي هدول
+
+40
+00:01:29,840 --> 00:01:34,070
+إجابة الأولى و الرابعةnot flowers, because as long
+
+41
+00:01:34,070 --> 00:01:37,090
+as the image is down, the object is up, why?
+
+42
+00:01:37,170 --> 00:01:39,210
+because the transfer is magnification with minus,
+
+43
+00:01:39,310 --> 00:01:41,650
+so the image is upside down and its position is
+
+44
+00:01:41,650 --> 00:01:45,490
+upside down with respect to the object and its
+
+45
+00:01:45,490 --> 00:01:48,110
+height is half the height of the object, but if
+
+46
+00:01:48,110 --> 00:01:52,170
+its height is 40 cm, then the object is 80 cm, so
+
+47
+00:01:52,170 --> 00:01:59,720
+80 cm above the optical axis next questionAn
+
+48
+00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:02,560
+object stands to the left of a single reflecting
+
+49
+00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:05,860
+surface with a radius of curvature R, the image
+
+50
+00:02:05,860 --> 00:02:08,100
+distance is mid-centimeter and the transverse
+
+51
+00:02:08,100 --> 00:02:12,240
+magnification is minus two. Find the object
+
+52
+00:02:12,240 --> 00:02:14,340
+distance and the radius of curvature.
+
+53
+00:02:23,640 --> 00:02:27,400
+وعندي image معلومة المسافة ال image معلومة المسافة
+
+54
+00:02:27,400 --> 00:02:31,680
+ال image على بعد 100
+
+55
+00:02:31,680 --> 00:02:37,400
+cm يعني واحد متر 100 cm تمام and the image
+
+56
+00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:41,980
+distance is 100 cm لtransfiguration magnification
+
+57
+00:02:41,980 --> 00:02:48,500
+minus 2 بنقول هذه المسافة عبارة عن واحد متر اللي
+
+58
+00:02:48,500 --> 00:02:51,420
+هى 100 عفوان 100
+
+59
+00:02:53,390 --> 00:02:57,990
+100 cm The
+
+60
+00:02:57,990 --> 00:03:00,790
+distance between the image and the surface of the
+
+61
+00:03:00,790 --> 00:03:04,270
+refracting surface is 100 cm We want to see what
+
+62
+00:03:04,270 --> 00:03:10,410
+is the object distance Transverse magnification
+
+63
+00:03:10,410 --> 00:03:13,270
+equals image distance
+
+64
+00:03:22,310 --> 00:03:29,590
+on object distance I
+
+65
+00:03:29,590 --> 00:03:38,530
+want object distance to be
+
+66
+00:03:38,530 --> 00:03:44,890
+equal to transference magnification to be equal
+
+67
+00:03:44,890 --> 00:03:48,470
+to image distance to transference magnification
+
+68
+00:03:56,370 --> 00:04:03,970
+and it's equal to image distance 1 meter over
+
+69
+00:04:03,970 --> 00:04:08,730
+transference magnification minus 2 and it's equal
+
+70
+00:04:08,730 --> 00:04:15,350
+to 1 over minus 2 which is minus half and the
+
+71
+00:04:15,350 --> 00:04:20,370
+meter is simply the same so the object is at minus
+
+72
+00:04:20,370 --> 00:04:26,660
+half meter the object is at minus half meter50 cm
+
+73
+00:04:26,660 --> 00:04:29,860
+to the left, the word minus means 50 cm to the
+
+74
+00:04:29,860 --> 00:04:37,140
+left, 50 cm to the left if
+
+75
+00:04:37,140 --> 00:04:39,480
+the object distance is minus half a meter, which
+
+76
+00:04:39,480 --> 00:04:42,340
+means 50 cm to the left, now we want to get the
+
+77
+00:04:42,340 --> 00:04:45,380
+radius of curvature, it is known that all the
+
+78
+00:04:45,380 --> 00:04:50,020
+problems in this exam, the n condition is one and
+
+79
+00:04:50,020 --> 00:04:53,720
+a half and the n is one, okay, we say negative n
+
+80
+00:04:53,720 --> 00:05:02,210
+to oplus the power which is unconditional minus n
+
+81
+00:05:02,210 --> 00:05:14,410
+over r equals unconditional over i minus
+
+82
+00:05:14,410 --> 00:05:21,790
+one over half
+
+83
+00:05:21,790 --> 00:05:22,130
+a meter
+
+84
+00:05:27,220 --> 00:05:35,740
+plus one and a half minus one over the unknown r
+
+85
+00:05:35,740 --> 00:05:42,620
+equals minus one over I minus one and a half over
+
+86
+00:05:42,620 --> 00:05:47,980
+I which is one meter minus
+
+87
+00:05:47,980 --> 00:05:51,600
+one over half is equal to minus two and the meter
+
+88
+00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:53,320
+in the place that comes out becomes the diopter
+
+89
+00:05:53,320 --> 00:05:57,310
+which is minus one plusone and a half minus one
+
+90
+00:05:57,310 --> 00:06:04,030
+remains as half over R unknown equals one and a
+
+91
+00:06:04,030 --> 00:06:07,590
+half over one which is one and a half and the
+
+92
+00:06:07,590 --> 00:06:15,370
+meter in the place appears as a diode half over R
+
+93
+00:06:15,370 --> 00:06:17,730
+equals
+
+94
+00:06:19,100 --> 00:06:21,840
+when I move minus two diopters to the other side
+
+95
+00:06:21,840 --> 00:06:25,640
+it becomes plus two diopters plus two diopters and
+
+96
+00:06:25,640 --> 00:06:27,680
+if I have one and a half diopters it means three
+
+97
+00:06:27,680 --> 00:06:34,620
+and a half diopters so
+
+98
+00:06:34,620 --> 00:06:37,540
+half over r is equal to three and a half diopters
+
+99
+00:06:37,540 --> 00:06:43,820
+so r I change it to three and a half r is equal to
+
+100
+00:06:43,820 --> 00:06:48,760
+half
+
+101
+00:06:51,670 --> 00:06:57,110
+on three and a half diopters if you want to know
+
+102
+00:06:57,110 --> 00:07:07,210
+how much it equals, go to the calculator say
+
+103
+00:07:07,210 --> 00:07:11,810
+half divided
+
+104
+00:07:11,810 --> 00:07:17,110
+by three and a half equals
+
+105
+00:07:19,190 --> 00:07:21,690
+one hundred or one thousand four hundred and
+
+106
+00:07:21,690 --> 00:07:24,310
+twenty-eight one thousand four hundred and twenty
+
+107
+00:07:24,310 --> 00:07:27,770
+-eight or let's use the nearest three numbers
+
+108
+00:07:27,770 --> 00:07:30,070
+twenty one hundred and forty-two thousand meters
+
+109
+00:07:30,070 --> 00:07:33,870
+one hundred and forty-two thousand meters one
+
+110
+00:07:33,870 --> 00:07:38,530
+hundred and forty-two thousand meters the diopter
+
+111
+00:07:38,530 --> 00:07:40,410
+in the building when it goes up becomes a meter
+
+112
+00:07:40,410 --> 00:07:45,650
+then it equals fourteen centimeters and two tenths
+
+113
+00:07:45,650 --> 00:07:48,090
+fourteen centimeters and two tenths
+
+114
+00:07:54,960 --> 00:08:02,280
+so r is 14.2 cm and the object is about minus half
+
+115
+00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:05,480
+a meter or half a meter on the left this is the
+
+116
+00:08:05,480 --> 00:08:09,820
+answer to the question let's see from among the
+
+117
+00:08:09,820 --> 00:08:15,340
+answers object
+
+118
+00:08:15,340 --> 00:08:24,380
+is half a meterThe radius is 14.2 cm You
+
+119
+00:08:24,380 --> 00:08:31,800
+can ask me why I put 1 meter and read 12.4 cm
+
+120
+00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:36,860
+instead of 14.2 cm So the correct answer is number
+
+121
+00:08:36,860 --> 00:08:41,520
+2 here
+
+122
+00:08:44,190 --> 00:08:46,610
+we have another question object is one meter to
+
+123
+00:08:46,610 --> 00:08:50,890
+the left of spherical refracting surface radius is
+
+124
+00:08:50,890 --> 00:08:54,230
+two out of ten meters where is damage and what is
+
+125
+00:08:54,230 --> 00:08:57,230
+the transverse magnification? there are drawings
+
+126
+00:08:57,230 --> 00:09:02,510
+that explain this issue radius is two out of ten
+
+127
+00:09:02,510 --> 00:09:07,970
+meters radius is two out of ten meters and the
+
+128
+00:09:07,970 --> 00:09:10,170
+object is one meter away and the object is one
+
+129
+00:09:10,170 --> 00:09:14,920
+meter awaythere is a drawing that I drew with this
+
+130
+00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:20,120
+meaning this is the object at a distance of one
+
+131
+00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:23,080
+meter and the radius is two tenths of a meter to
+
+132
+00:09:23,080 --> 00:09:26,780
+get the image we say minus n over o plus
+
+133
+00:09:26,780 --> 00:09:29,460
+unconditional minus n over r equals unconditional
+
+134
+00:09:29,460 --> 00:09:33,300
+over i minus one over o which is one meter plus
+
+135
+00:09:33,300 --> 00:09:36,080
+one and a half minus one we said unconditional in
+
+136
+00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:39,100
+every subject of the exam one and a half and n one
+
+137
+00:09:39,470 --> 00:09:42,270
+one and a half minus one over the radius which is
+
+138
+00:09:42,270 --> 00:09:44,410
+two out of ten meters is equal to one and a half
+
+139
+00:09:44,410 --> 00:09:47,750
+over I here minus one over one is equal to minus
+
+140
+00:09:47,750 --> 00:09:50,090
+one and the meter when it comes out becomes a
+
+141
+00:09:50,090 --> 00:09:54,130
+diopter plus one and a half minus one remains
+
+142
+00:09:54,130 --> 00:09:56,610
+half, the half when I divide by two out of ten
+
+143
+00:09:56,610 --> 00:09:59,490
+meters comes out two and a half diopter is equal
+
+144
+00:09:59,490 --> 00:10:04,480
+to one and a half over Iminus diopter plus two and
+
+145
+00:10:04,480 --> 00:10:06,480
+a half diopter gives me plus one and a half
+
+146
+00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:10,400
+diopter equals one and a half over I so I change
+
+147
+00:10:10,400 --> 00:10:13,420
+the place of one and a half diopter and one and a
+
+148
+00:10:13,420 --> 00:10:15,700
+half diopter changes the place of I so I equals
+
+149
+00:10:15,700 --> 00:10:19,040
+one and a half over plus one and a half diopter
+
+150
+00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:21,980
+one and a half over one and a half of course plus
+
+151
+00:10:21,980 --> 00:10:25,320
+on plus equals plus one and a half on one and a
+
+152
+00:10:25,320 --> 00:10:30,150
+half oneوالديوبتر لما بيطلع من المقام بيصير واحد
+
+153
+00:10:30,150 --> 00:10:35,350
+متر اذا الصورة على بعد واحد متر
+
+154
+00:10:35,350 --> 00:10:39,350
+ال transfer is magnificationit's supposed to be
+
+155
+00:10:39,350 --> 00:10:42,730
+one it's supposed to be minus one, excuse me minus
+
+156
+00:10:42,730 --> 00:10:46,890
+one so it should be one meter to the right of
+
+157
+00:10:46,890 --> 00:10:50,310
+refracting service and TM is equal to minus one
+
+158
+00:10:50,310 --> 00:10:54,250
+this is the correct answer why minus one? we say
+
+159
+00:10:54,250 --> 00:10:59,110
+as follows the body let's solve it with a better
+
+160
+00:10:59,110 --> 00:11:03,670
+book we
+
+161
+00:11:03,670 --> 00:11:07,530
+say TM is equal toimage distance over object
+
+162
+00:11:07,530 --> 00:11:12,710
+distance image distance plus one meter plus one
+
+163
+00:11:12,710 --> 00:11:18,010
+meter over the object distance minus one meter and
+
+164
+00:11:18,010 --> 00:11:23,810
+it equals x plus minus minus and one by one
+
+165
+00:11:23,810 --> 00:11:27,890
+remains one and meter by meter goes to x minus one
+
+166
+00:11:27,890 --> 00:11:30,690
+so the image is one meter away and the
+
+167
+00:11:30,690 --> 00:11:32,850
+magnification is minus one magnification is minus
+
+168
+00:11:32,850 --> 00:11:37,560
+one move on to the next questionThe critical angle
+
+169
+00:11:37,560 --> 00:11:42,160
+is, is the angle of incidence that gives an angle
+
+170
+00:11:42,160 --> 00:11:45,380
+of transmission which equals 90.
+
+171
+00:11:59,890 --> 00:12:03,950
+Okay, an optical system consisting of seven lenses
+
+172
+00:12:03,950 --> 00:12:08,310
+has how many degrees of freedom? كل لنز تلاتة، كل
+
+173
+00:12:08,310 --> 00:12:11,210
+لنز تلاتة، سطحة الأمامي و سطحة الخلفي و السمك
+
+174
+00:12:11,210 --> 00:12:15,290
+بتاعها، هدول بقدر أتحكم فيهم و أغيرهم طالما كل لنز
+
+175
+00:12:15,290 --> 00:12:19,560
+تلاتة، عندي سبعة لنز في تلاتة بواحد وعشرين7 lenses
+
+176
+00:12:19,560 --> 00:12:22,760
+have 21 degrees of freedom and I also have 6
+
+177
+00:12:22,760 --> 00:12:24,720
+degrees of freedom which are the distances between
+
+178
+00:12:24,720 --> 00:12:27,100
+the 7 lenses distance between the first lens and
+
+179
+00:12:27,100 --> 00:12:29,820
+the second lens I can control between the second
+
+180
+00:12:29,820 --> 00:12:31,120
+lens and the third lens between the third lens I
+
+181
+00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:34,760
+have 6 distances between the 7 lenses so I have 21
+
+182
+00:12:34,760 --> 00:12:39,620
+and I have 6 which means 27 is the correct answer
+
+183
+00:12:39,620 --> 00:12:42,660
+okay
+
+184
+00:12:45,350 --> 00:12:48,270
+for light travelling from a medium with lower
+
+185
+00:12:48,270 --> 00:12:51,850
+refractive index زي الهوى to a medium with higher
+
+186
+00:12:51,850 --> 00:12:56,230
+refractive index زي الميقى which is true فلنقرأ
+
+187
+00:12:56,230 --> 00:13:00,560
+the refracted ray gets fartherfrom the service
+
+188
+00:13:00,560 --> 00:13:01,000
+normal.
+
+189
+00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:11,080
+The transmitted ray does not change its direction
+
+190
+00:13:11,080 --> 00:13:17,560
+if the angle of incidence is equal to zero.Theta T
+
+191
+00:13:17,560 --> 00:13:20,060
+is greater than Theta I. No, when we move from air
+
+192
+00:13:20,060 --> 00:13:23,180
+to water, or from air to glass, or from medium to
+
+193
+00:13:23,180 --> 00:13:26,420
+less medium to higher medium, theta I is greater
+
+194
+00:13:26,420 --> 00:13:29,620
+than theta T Of course, not all choices are wrong,
+
+195
+00:13:29,680 --> 00:13:33,700
+because this choice is correct When the angle of
+
+196
+00:13:33,700 --> 00:13:39,400
+incidence is equal to zero, it does not change its
+
+197
+00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:39,940
+direction
+
+198
+00:13:43,450 --> 00:13:45,670
+What is the refractive power of a spherical
+
+199
+00:13:45,670 --> 00:13:48,490
+surface of a glass rod if the object was half a
+
+200
+00:13:48,490 --> 00:13:52,050
+meter distance to the left of the surface and the
+
+201
+00:13:52,050 --> 00:13:55,150
+image formed one meter right to the surface?
+
+202
+00:14:16,320 --> 00:14:21,580
+Okay, this is the drawing. We say... What is
+
+203
+00:14:21,580 --> 00:14:27,000
+required? We want refractive power of spherical
+
+204
+00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:27,660
+surface.
+
+205
+00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:37,220
+We say as follows...
+
+206
+00:14:37,220 --> 00:14:40,740
+All
+
+207
+00:14:40,740 --> 00:14:41,840
+these words will be cancelled.
+
+208
+00:14:45,190 --> 00:14:47,890
+let's say I have an object half a meter away from
+
+209
+00:14:47,890 --> 00:14:52,310
+me on
+
+210
+00:14:52,310 --> 00:14:56,270
+the
+
+211
+00:14:56,270 --> 00:15:00,350
+left of the refracting surface and we want to get
+
+212
+00:15:00,350 --> 00:15:02,590
+the refractive power we want to get the refractive
+
+213
+00:15:02,590 --> 00:15:07,390
+power first
+
+214
+00:15:07,390 --> 00:15:12,890
+thing we want to get the R of course let's say
+
+215
+00:15:12,890 --> 00:15:14,130
+negative N over O
+
+216
+00:15:21,660 --> 00:15:29,360
+plus n condition minus
+
+217
+00:15:29,360 --> 00:15:39,280
+n over r equals n condition over i minus
+
+218
+00:15:39,280 --> 00:15:47,840
+one over half meter plus
+
+219
+00:15:47,840 --> 00:16:01,930
+one and a half-1 over R unknown which is 1.5 over
+
+220
+00:16:01,930 --> 00:16:08,430
+I which is 1 meter minus 1 over half which is
+
+221
+00:16:08,430 --> 00:16:16,130
+minus 2 diopter plus half which is 1.5 minus 1
+
+222
+00:16:16,130 --> 00:16:23,540
+which is half over R which is unknown1.5x1.5x1.5x1
+
+223
+00:16:23,540 --> 00:16:28,400
+.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1
+
+224
+00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:29,880
+.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1
+
+225
+00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:30,480
+.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1
+
+226
+00:16:30,480 --> 00:16:30,480
+.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1.5x1
+
+227
+00:16:30,480 --> 00:16:38,160
+.5x1.5x1
+
+228
+00:16:38,160 --> 00:16:47,140
+.5x1.5x1.5xplus two diopters and one and a half
+
+229
+00:16:47,140 --> 00:16:49,300
+diopters which is three and a half diopters three
+
+230
+00:16:49,300 --> 00:16:58,920
+and a half diopters then R is equal
+
+231
+00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:04,020
+to half
+
+232
+00:17:04,020 --> 00:17:10,280
+divided by three and a half diopters
+
+233
+00:17:14,540 --> 00:17:19,120
+but make sure that the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+234
+00:17:19,120 --> 00:17:19,220
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+235
+00:17:19,220 --> 00:17:19,220
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+236
+00:17:19,220 --> 00:17:19,300
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+237
+00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:20,280
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+238
+00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:21,420
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+239
+00:17:21,420 --> 00:17:21,940
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+240
+00:17:21,940 --> 00:17:22,360
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+241
+00:17:22,360 --> 00:17:22,360
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+242
+00:17:22,360 --> 00:17:26,540
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+243
+00:17:26,540 --> 00:17:26,540
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+244
+00:17:26,540 --> 00:17:26,540
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+245
+00:17:26,540 --> 00:17:26,540
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+246
+00:17:26,540 --> 00:17:26,540
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+247
+00:17:26,540 --> 00:17:26,540
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+248
+00:17:26,540 --> 00:17:32,460
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the ..
+
+249
+00:17:32,460 --> 00:17:35,180
+the .. the ..
+
+250
+00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:50,720
+fourteen or one hundred and forty two thousand
+
+251
+00:17:50,720 --> 00:17:51,200
+meters.
+
+252
+00:17:54,280 --> 00:17:57,540
+I still haven't got the power. Now I'm going to
+
+253
+00:17:57,540 --> 00:18:01,020
+get the power. The power of the refracting service
+
+254
+00:18:01,020 --> 00:18:09,700
+is equal to N minus N divided by R.
+
+255
+00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:30,250
+It is equal to 1.5 minus 1 over R which is 142 out
+
+256
+00:18:30,250 --> 00:18:35,390
+of 1000 It
+
+257
+00:18:35,390 --> 00:18:39,070
+is equal to
+
+258
+00:18:39,070 --> 00:18:51,020
+1.5 minus 1 which is half to 142.000 and it equals
+
+259
+00:18:51,020 --> 00:18:58,220
+142
+
+260
+00:18:58,220 --> 00:19:02,820
+.000 meters from the meter because when it comes
+
+261
+00:19:02,820 --> 00:19:08,420
+out, it becomes a power diopter Let's
+
+262
+00:19:08,420 --> 00:19:12,140
+go to the calculator to divide half by 142.000
+
+263
+00:19:16,390 --> 00:19:20,550
+one and a half divided
+
+264
+00:19:20,550 --> 00:19:28,030
+by one hundred and forty two thousand is equal to
+
+265
+00:19:28,030 --> 00:19:30,350
+three and a half diopters three and a half
+
+266
+00:19:30,350 --> 00:19:36,890
+diopters approximately let's see the answers three
+
+267
+00:19:36,890 --> 00:19:40,710
+and
+
+268
+00:19:40,710 --> 00:19:43,840
+a half dioptersThe closest answer is three and a
+
+269
+00:19:43,840 --> 00:19:48,740
+half diopters As we got the meaning here The
+
+270
+00:19:48,740 --> 00:19:51,240
+closest answer is three and a half diopters So we
+
+271
+00:19:51,240 --> 00:19:58,700
+go to the next question Of
+
+272
+00:19:58,700 --> 00:20:02,960
+course, the question has three marks, three marks
+
+273
+00:20:02,960 --> 00:20:06,560
+I
+
+274
+00:20:06,560 --> 00:20:10,300
+have
+
+275
+00:20:10,300 --> 00:20:14,120
+a questionwhere is the image if we know that
+
+276
+00:20:14,120 --> 00:20:18,360
+object is 50 cm to the left of the lens and the
+
+277
+00:20:18,360 --> 00:20:22,920
+transphase magnification x minus 2 from 10 okay
+
+278
+00:20:22,920 --> 00:20:26,620
+this is a direct question we say that the object
+
+279
+00:20:26,620 --> 00:20:30,320
+is 50 cm away and the transphase magnification is
+
+280
+00:20:30,320 --> 00:20:32,740
+x minus 2 from 10 we say that the transphase
+
+281
+00:20:32,740 --> 00:20:35,580
+magnification is the image distance over the
+
+282
+00:20:35,580 --> 00:20:38,400
+object distance we repeat directly the transphase
+
+283
+00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:42,940
+magnification is minus 2 from 10The image distance
+
+284
+00:20:42,940 --> 00:20:46,040
+is unknown and the object distance is less than 5
+
+285
+00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:49,640
+meters. Why is it less than 5 meters? Because we
+
+286
+00:20:49,640 --> 00:20:53,120
+are dealing with distances that are less than 5
+
+287
+00:20:53,120 --> 00:20:57,820
+meters.عشان أعرف ال image بضرب الاتنين في بعض، إذا
+
+288
+00:20:57,820 --> 00:21:03,260
+ال image تساوي minus 2 من 10 في minus نص متر، ال
+
+289
+00:21:03,260 --> 00:21:06,640
+minus في minus بيصير plus و ال 2 من 10 ضرب نص
+
+290
+00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:11,120
+بيطلع 1 من 10 متر، إذا plus 1 من 10 متر على اليمين
+
+291
+00:21:11,120 --> 00:21:16,860
+يعني plus 10 cm، plus 10 cm، نشوف الإجابات، طبعا
+
+292
+00:21:16,860 --> 00:21:20,540
+10 cm to the right of the lens، 10 cm to the right
+
+293
+00:21:20,540 --> 00:21:25,330
+of the lens، هذا هو الجواب الصحيحIn para-axial
+
+294
+00:21:25,330 --> 00:21:27,390
+regions, the surface of spherical refracting
+
+295
+00:21:27,390 --> 00:21:30,250
+surfaces can be considered flat.
+
+296
+00:21:32,210 --> 00:21:36,110
+The more
+
+297
+00:21:36,110 --> 00:21:38,710
+the difference in refractive indices between the
+
+298
+00:21:38,710 --> 00:21:39,350
+two media,
+
+299
+00:21:48,650 --> 00:21:53,230
+كل مكان more كل مكانة الـ small critical angle.
+
+300
+00:21:53,270 --> 00:21:55,390
+The smaller the critical angle.
+
+301
+00:22:00,910 --> 00:22:06,070
+طيب. An object 20 cm to the left of a thin lens in
+
+302
+00:22:06,070 --> 00:22:09,550
+air, the image is formed to the right of the lens
+
+303
+00:22:09,550 --> 00:22:12,750
+at a distance of 20 cm. What is the power of the
+
+304
+00:22:12,750 --> 00:22:14,990
+lens? هذا سؤال أيضا رسمناه.
+
+305
+00:22:17,710 --> 00:22:21,230
+The object is 20 cm to the left and the image is
+
+306
+00:22:21,230 --> 00:22:26,130
+20 cm to the right. What is the power of the lens?
+
+307
+00:22:26,570 --> 00:22:29,390
+We say negative n over o plus p is equal to
+
+308
+00:22:29,390 --> 00:22:32,470
+uncertainty over i. Thin lens equation. Negative
+
+309
+00:22:32,470 --> 00:22:35,870
+one over two of ten meters plus the power is equal
+
+310
+00:22:35,870 --> 00:22:41,050
+to one over two of ten meters. Notice herethe
+
+311
+00:22:41,050 --> 00:22:45,550
+distance or the divergent ray, divergent ray, I
+
+312
+00:22:45,550 --> 00:22:49,090
+give it minus, or even in distances, this distance
+
+313
+00:22:49,090 --> 00:22:51,210
+on the left I give it minus, here the distance on
+
+314
+00:22:51,210 --> 00:22:55,830
+the right I give it plus Okay, so minus one out of
+
+315
+00:22:55,830 --> 00:22:58,690
+two out of ten, minus five, and the meter turns
+
+316
+00:22:58,690 --> 00:23:02,190
+out to be minus five diopter plus powerhere it's
+
+317
+00:23:02,190 --> 00:23:04,270
+the same thing but the sign is plus one and two
+
+318
+00:23:04,270 --> 00:23:06,470
+from ten is five and the meter turns out to be one
+
+319
+00:23:06,470 --> 00:23:09,570
+minus one which is the diopter so minus five
+
+320
+00:23:09,570 --> 00:23:13,070
+diopters plus the power equals five diopters or
+
+321
+00:23:13,070 --> 00:23:16,150
+plus five diopters when I subtract minus five from
+
+322
+00:23:16,150 --> 00:23:18,950
+the other side and it becomes plus five plus five
+
+323
+00:23:18,950 --> 00:23:22,730
+with plus five so the power is plus ten diopters
+
+324
+00:23:22,730 --> 00:23:26,270
+so the power is plus ten diopters and this is the
+
+325
+00:23:26,270 --> 00:23:26,870
+correct answer
+
+326
+00:23:31,420 --> 00:23:34,560
+What is the transphase magnification if we know
+
+327
+00:23:34,560 --> 00:23:38,640
+that the object is 50 cm to the left of a lens and
+
+328
+00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:42,080
+the image is 20 cm to the right of the lens?
+
+329
+00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:56,560
+transfers magnification is equal to image distance
+
+330
+00:23:56,560 --> 00:24:00,020
+over object distance, the image distance is plus 2
+
+331
+00:24:00,020 --> 00:24:02,840
+out of 10 meters, the object distance is minus
+
+332
+00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:05,420
+half a meter, plus 2 out of 10 meters is plus 20
+
+333
+00:24:05,420 --> 00:24:08,440
+centimeters, and here minus 50 centimeters, so the
+
+334
+00:24:08,440 --> 00:24:13,360
+answer is x minus 4 out of 10, x minus 4 out of 10
+
+335
+00:24:13,360 --> 00:24:18,880
+is the correct answerIn an optical medium, the
+
+336
+00:24:18,880 --> 00:24:21,860
+longer the wavelength of light passing through it,
+
+337
+00:24:22,140 --> 00:24:25,660
+the lower the refractive index of that medium for
+
+338
+00:24:25,660 --> 00:24:26,660
+that wavelength.
+
+339
+00:24:48,660 --> 00:24:51,440
+An object stands 0.5 meters to the left of a
+
+340
+00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:55,660
+single refracting surface with R 5 cm and for air
+
+341
+00:24:55,660 --> 00:24:58,380
+of course 1 and for glass 1.5 meters. Where is the
+
+342
+00:24:58,380 --> 00:25:02,420
+image and what is transphase magnification? So the
+
+343
+00:25:02,420 --> 00:25:04,960
+object is about 0.5 meters away and the radius is
+
+344
+00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:06,000
+5 cm.
+
+345
+00:25:20,660 --> 00:25:24,000
+single refractive, the radius is 5What is required
+
+346
+00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:27,000
+is the image and the transference magnification.
+
+347
+00:25:27,100 --> 00:25:30,980
+We say negative n over O plus negative n over R is
+
+348
+00:25:30,980 --> 00:25:34,180
+equal to negative n over I minus one over half a
+
+349
+00:25:34,180 --> 00:25:35,900
+meter which is the distance of the object which is
+
+350
+00:25:35,900 --> 00:25:39,340
+O plus one and a half minus one which is negative
+
+351
+00:25:39,340 --> 00:25:43,140
+n over R which is five centimeters. Note that five
+
+352
+00:25:43,140 --> 00:25:45,300
+centimeters is not half a meter. Fifty centimeters
+
+353
+00:25:45,300 --> 00:25:47,160
+is half a meter. Five centimeters is five out of
+
+354
+00:25:47,160 --> 00:25:49,640
+one hundred meters. It is equal to negative n over
+
+355
+00:25:49,640 --> 00:25:51,260
+I which is negative one and a half over the
+
+356
+00:25:51,260 --> 00:25:54,980
+unknown I.minus 1 over half becomes minus 2 and
+
+357
+00:25:54,980 --> 00:25:58,840
+the meter becomes diopter when it goes up plus 1
+
+358
+00:25:58,840 --> 00:26:02,040
+and a half minus 1 is half the half when I
+
+359
+00:26:02,040 --> 00:26:05,240
+multiply by 5 from 100 it becomes 10 and the meter
+
+360
+00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:09,060
+becomes diopter so minus 2 diopter plus 10 diopter
+
+361
+00:26:09,060 --> 00:26:12,180
+equals 1 and a half over I goes down as it is
+
+362
+00:26:12,180 --> 00:26:16,380
+minus 2 and plus 10 remains plus 8 diopter equals
+
+363
+00:26:16,380 --> 00:26:21,000
+1 and a half over Iإذن I تساوي واحد و نص على
+
+364
+00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:26,060
+ت��انية ديوبتر و يساوي مية أو الف و تمانية و خمسة و
+
+365
+00:26:26,060 --> 00:26:28,700
+سبعين، ممكن نقول مية و سبعة و تمانين من الف من
+
+366
+00:26:28,700 --> 00:26:31,940
+المتر، يعني تمانتاشر صانتي و تلت تربع، تمانتاشر
+
+367
+00:26:31,940 --> 00:26:35,760
+صانتي و تلت تربع على اليمين لإنها طلعت بالإبلاس
+
+368
+00:26:36,750 --> 00:26:39,330
+Transphase Magnification Image Distance by Object
+
+369
+00:26:39,330 --> 00:26:42,790
+Distance Now there is a point that the image
+
+370
+00:26:42,790 --> 00:26:47,170
+distance is 18.75 meters and the object distance
+
+371
+00:26:47,170 --> 00:26:49,370
+is half a meter, but we agreed that it should be
+
+372
+00:26:49,370 --> 00:26:54,110
+measured from the radius of curvature5 cm will be
+
+373
+00:26:54,110 --> 00:26:56,270
+added to the distance of the object and will be
+
+374
+00:26:56,270 --> 00:26:59,650
+subtracted from the distance of the image when I
+
+375
+00:26:59,650 --> 00:27:01,170
+subtract from the distance of the image which is
+
+376
+00:27:01,170 --> 00:27:05,770
+18 and three quarters 5 cm will subtract 13.75 cm
+
+377
+00:27:05,770 --> 00:27:09,470
+from 100 cm when I add to the half meter 5 cm will
+
+378
+00:27:09,470 --> 00:27:13,370
+become 55 cm so the transfer magnification is
+
+379
+00:27:13,370 --> 00:27:17,710
+equal to13.75 cm which is the distance of the
+
+380
+00:27:17,710 --> 00:27:22,790
+image from the center of curvature to minus 55
+
+381
+00:27:22,790 --> 00:27:25,030
+because it is on the left which is equal to x
+
+382
+00:27:25,030 --> 00:27:27,670
+minus quarter which is equal to x minus quarter so
+
+383
+00:27:27,670 --> 00:27:30,510
+the image distance from the surface of the
+
+384
+00:27:30,510 --> 00:27:34,660
+refracting surface is 18.75 cmand the transference
+
+385
+00:27:34,660 --> 00:27:37,860
+magnification is x minus a quarter, x minus a
+
+386
+00:27:37,860 --> 00:27:40,100
+quarter, so eighteen and three quarters
+
+387
+00:27:40,100 --> 00:27:42,540
+centimeters and the transference magnification is
+
+388
+00:27:42,540 --> 00:27:46,180
+x minus a quarter by mistake in the program, the
+
+389
+00:27:46,180 --> 00:27:48,560
+answer was set to eighteen and three quarters
+
+390
+00:27:48,560 --> 00:27:50,440
+centimeters
+
+391
+00:27:51,610 --> 00:27:54,850
+Eighteen and three quarters of an inch, here,
+
+392
+00:27:54,950 --> 00:27:57,250
+eighteen and three quarters of an inch and the
+
+393
+00:27:57,250 --> 00:27:59,370
+transference magnification minus four is this
+
+394
+00:27:59,370 --> 00:28:01,990
+error that was modified, so that's why some
+
+395
+00:28:01,990 --> 00:28:04,710
+students found that the mark went down because
+
+396
+00:28:04,710 --> 00:28:07,210
+they had solved the error and considered that it
+
+397
+00:28:07,210 --> 00:28:10,550
+was a correct answer, this is the correct answer,
+
+398
+00:28:10,670 --> 00:28:13,370
+this is the correct answer, let's move to the next
+
+399
+00:28:13,370 --> 00:28:19,960
+questionThis question is very easy, the smaller
+
+400
+00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:22,880
+the radius of curvature, the more power you have.
+
+401
+00:28:22,920 --> 00:28:25,300
+This is the most powerful, this is the most
+
+402
+00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:27,600
+powerful, this is the most powerful, this is the
+
+403
+00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:27,920
+most powerful, this is the most powerful, this is
+
+404
+00:28:27,920 --> 00:28:27,920
+the most powerful, this is the most powerful, this
+
+405
+00:28:27,920 --> 00:28:27,920
+is the most powerful, this is the most powerful,
+
+406
+00:28:27,920 --> 00:28:27,920
+this is the most powerful, this is the most
+
+407
+00:28:27,920 --> 00:28:27,980
+powerful, this is the most powerful, this is the
+
+408
+00:28:27,980 --> 00:28:27,980
+most powerful, this is the most powerful, this is
+
+409
+00:28:27,980 --> 00:28:29,280
+the most powerful, this is the most powerful, this
+
+410
+00:28:29,280 --> 00:28:29,320
+is the most powerful, this is the most powerful,
+
+411
+00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:29,660
+this is the most powerful, this is the most
+
+412
+00:28:29,660 --> 00:28:29,660
+powerful, this is the most powerful, this is the
+
+413
+00:28:29,660 --> 00:28:29,860
+most powerful, this is the most powerful, this is
+
+414
+00:28:29,860 --> 00:28:31,180
+the most powerful, this is the most powerful, this
+
+415
+00:28:31,180 --> 00:28:32,140
+is the most powerful, this is the most powerful,
+
+416
+00:28:32,140 --> 00:28:33,880
+this is the most powerful, this is the most
+
+417
+00:28:33,880 --> 00:28:35,040
+powerful, this is the most powerful, this is the
+
+418
+00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:37,140
+most powerful, this is the most powerful, this is
+
+419
+00:28:37,140 --> 00:28:40,640
+the most powerful, this is the most powerful, this
+
+420
+00:28:43,990 --> 00:28:47,750
+refractive error means a mistake in any of the
+
+421
+00:28:47,750 --> 00:28:51,670
+image characteristics in the location here we
+
+422
+00:28:51,670 --> 00:28:57,610
+finished the first version, let's go to the second
+
+423
+00:28:57,610 --> 00:29:03,610
+version let's go to the second version let's see
+
+424
+00:29:03,610 --> 00:29:05,910
+what it has, it has similar questions, but there
+
+425
+00:29:05,910 --> 00:29:07,350
+are some differences
+
+426
+00:29:11,990 --> 00:29:14,470
+We will start with the first question.
+
+427
+00:29:17,450 --> 00:29:21,150
+The critical angle is the angle of incidence that
+
+428
+00:29:21,150 --> 00:29:23,810
+gives an angle of transmission which equals 90
+
+429
+00:29:23,810 --> 00:29:24,870
+degrees. The question was asked in the first
+
+430
+00:29:24,870 --> 00:29:29,890
+version. If the image is 40 cm, also mark 80 cm
+
+431
+00:29:29,890 --> 00:29:33,150
+above the optical axis. Mark in the same
+
+432
+00:29:33,150 --> 00:29:36,350
+recording. Whoever wants to go back can go back.
+
+433
+00:29:40,410 --> 00:29:48,730
+هنا أيضا ..هنا أيضا مر The
+
+434
+00:29:48,730 --> 00:29:51,870
+higher
+
+435
+00:29:51,870 --> 00:29:54,730
+the up number for a material, the higher the
+
+436
+00:29:54,730 --> 00:29:58,110
+dispersion طبعا خطأ لأن كل ما كان ال up number
+
+437
+00:29:58,110 --> 00:30:01,510
+higher بيكون ال dispersion أقل The lower the
+
+438
+00:30:01,510 --> 00:30:03,010
+dispersion مش the higher the dispersion
+
+439
+00:30:07,430 --> 00:30:10,410
+In thin lenses, we can ignore the change of light
+
+440
+00:30:10,410 --> 00:30:11,670
+divergence on transfer.
+
+441
+00:30:15,450 --> 00:30:16,310
+Refractive error.
+
+442
+00:30:20,790 --> 00:30:25,390
+What is the divergence? This is our solution. That
+
+443
+00:30:25,390 --> 00:30:28,110
+is, at a distance of 2 meters, the distance is 1
+
+444
+00:30:28,110 --> 00:30:30,710
+by 2 meters, which is half a diopter. But as long
+
+445
+00:30:30,710 --> 00:30:33,090
+as it comes from a candle, from a real object, the
+
+446
+00:30:33,090 --> 00:30:36,450
+divergence is divergent. So minus half a meter.
+
+447
+00:30:42,660 --> 00:30:47,060
+Okay, let's go to the optical path length, I
+
+448
+00:30:47,060 --> 00:30:50,740
+prepared the distances and refractive index, let's
+
+449
+00:30:50,740 --> 00:30:52,460
+see the results
+
+450
+00:30:57,350 --> 00:30:59,670
+This is the first optical path length, it passes
+
+451
+00:30:59,670 --> 00:31:03,710
+through air 1, then through glass 1.5, distance 2
+
+452
+00:31:03,710 --> 00:31:07,350
+.5 meters, then through water distance 5 meters,
+
+453
+00:31:07,490 --> 00:31:10,750
+then through silicon oil distance 1.4 meters, all
+
+454
+00:31:10,750 --> 00:31:14,650
+of them are measured in refractive index 2x1x2
+
+455
+00:31:14,650 --> 00:31:22,720
+meters, 2.5x1.5x3.4 meters, 5x1x3.8x6.5 metersand
+
+456
+00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:26,680
+added 41x45x42
+
+457
+00:31:26,680 --> 00:31:30,680
+and 3 from 100 meters as if he walked in the air
+
+458
+00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:35,100
+14 meters and 28 from 100 meters this in the same
+
+459
+00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:38,820
+period of time that penetrated these distancesطيب
+
+460
+00:31:38,820 --> 00:31:42,640
+ال optical path length التاني بطلع عندى سبعتاش و
+
+461
+00:31:42,640 --> 00:31:47,940
+تسعة من عشرة بما يعادل سبعتاش و تسعة من عشرة متر
+
+462
+00:31:47,940 --> 00:31:51,920
+في الهوا، إذا ال optical path length التاني أطول
+
+463
+00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:56,640
+من ال optical path length الأول، إذا which optical
+
+464
+00:31:56,640 --> 00:32:00,540
+path length is longer, A or B؟ طبعا الإجابة B
+
+465
+00:32:05,060 --> 00:32:08,280
+This is also an easy question at the end. We have
+
+466
+00:32:08,280 --> 00:32:13,200
+three radius of curvature, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm.
+
+467
+00:32:13,580 --> 00:32:15,440
+The larger the radius, the larger the radius of
+
+468
+00:32:15,440 --> 00:32:19,180
+curvature. So this will take 20 cm, this will take
+
+469
+00:32:19,180 --> 00:32:22,420
+15 cm and this will take 10 cm.
+
+470
+00:32:31,170 --> 00:32:34,030
+The longer the wavelength of light, the lower the
+
+471
+00:32:34,030 --> 00:32:34,890
+refractive index.
+
+472
+00:32:44,370 --> 00:32:47,450
+Lightly exiting a high-index medium to air is
+
+473
+00:32:47,450 --> 00:32:50,910
+pinned toward the surface normal؟ لأ away from the
+
+474
+00:32:50,910 --> 00:32:54,470
+surface normal لما بنتقل من high exiting يعني خارج
+
+475
+00:32:54,470 --> 00:32:57,770
+من high-index medium to air يعني air to lower
+
+476
+00:32:57,770 --> 00:33:01,810
+-index medium فبالتالي هيروح away from مش toward
+
+477
+00:33:01,810 --> 00:33:07,310
+the surface normal إذا الإجابة خاطئة
+
+478
+00:33:07,310 --> 00:33:11,350
+Larger pinhole gives dimmer خطأ ال smaller pinhole
+
+479
+00:33:11,350 --> 00:33:13,410
+gives dimmer image
+
+480
+00:33:16,820 --> 00:33:20,340
+images are imperfect facsimiles, not exact scaled
+
+481
+00:33:20,340 --> 00:33:22,340
+duplicates of the original object
+
+482
+00:33:29,320 --> 00:33:32,060
+Total internal reflection occurs when light
+
+483
+00:33:32,060 --> 00:33:35,360
+travels from a medium with lower refractive index
+
+484
+00:33:35,360 --> 00:33:37,340
+to a medium with higher refractive index
+
+485
+00:33:52,770 --> 00:33:56,450
+from higher to lower. If I find from lower to
+
+486
+00:33:56,450 --> 00:33:58,310
+higher, I will not complete the example. Total
+
+487
+00:33:58,310 --> 00:34:01,470
+internal reflection is impossible to occur if the
+
+488
+00:34:01,470 --> 00:34:04,630
+light moves from a lower refractive index medium
+
+489
+00:34:04,630 --> 00:34:08,970
+to a medium with a higher refractive index.
+
+490
+00:34:32,470 --> 00:34:36,550
+The more difference in refractive indices between
+
+491
+00:34:36,550 --> 00:34:39,150
+the two medium, the smaller the critical angle
+
+492
+00:34:42,640 --> 00:34:45,180
+The image for the dianoptical system is the
+
+493
+00:34:45,180 --> 00:34:49,320
+spatial summation of point spread functions for
+
+494
+00:34:49,320 --> 00:34:50,400
+every object point.
+
+495
+00:34:59,270 --> 00:35:02,550
+Single refracting service with R equal quarter
+
+496
+00:35:02,550 --> 00:35:05,270
+meter and the object is meet centimeter to the
+
+497
+00:35:05,270 --> 00:35:09,670
+left of this service is a radius quarter meter and
+
+498
+00:35:09,670 --> 00:35:12,550
+the object is one meter away. Where is the image?
+
+499
+00:35:12,890 --> 00:35:15,390
+Only the image is required. Let's see the drawing
+
+500
+00:35:16,530 --> 00:35:18,930
+which explains this situation, this is the
+
+501
+00:35:18,930 --> 00:35:22,690
+drawing, we say 1 meter and R is quarter meter
+
+502
+00:35:22,690 --> 00:35:25,590
+which is 25 centimeters, we say negative N over O
+
+503
+00:35:25,590 --> 00:35:28,750
+plus negative N minus N over R is equal to
+
+504
+00:35:28,750 --> 00:35:32,470
+negative N minus I minus 1 over 1 meter which is
+
+505
+00:35:32,470 --> 00:35:35,000
+the distance of the object plusone and a half
+
+506
+00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:37,220
+minus one over a quarter of a meter which is the
+
+507
+00:35:37,220 --> 00:35:40,720
+radius which is one and a half minus one over a
+
+508
+00:35:40,720 --> 00:35:40,760
+quarter of a meter which is the radius which is
+
+509
+00:35:40,760 --> 00:35:41,820
+one and a half minus one over a quarter of a meter
+
+510
+00:35:41,820 --> 00:35:43,340
+which is the radius which is one and a half minus
+
+511
+00:35:43,340 --> 00:35:44,800
+one over a quarter of a meter which is one and a
+
+512
+00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:44,840
+half minus one over a quarter of a meter which is
+
+513
+00:35:44,840 --> 00:35:45,680
+one and a half minus one over a quarter of a meter
+
+514
+00:35:45,680 --> 00:35:46,660
+which is one and a half minus one over a quarter
+
+515
+00:35:46,660 --> 00:35:49,860
+of a meter which is one and a half minus one over
+
+516
+00:35:49,860 --> 00:35:51,080
+a quarter of a meter which is one and a half minus
+
+517
+00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:56,540
+one over a quarter of a meter which is one and
+
+518
+00:35:56,540 --> 00:35:58,900
+a half minus one over a quarter of a meter which
+
+519
+00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:01,680
+is one and a half minus one over a quarter of a
+
+520
+00:36:01,680 --> 00:36:03,820
+meter which is one and a half minus one over a
+
+521
+00:36:03,820 --> 00:36:03,820
+quarter of a meter which is one and a half minus
+
+522
+00:36:03,820 --> 00:36:03,820
+one over a quarter of a meter which is one and a
+
+523
+00:36:03,820 --> 00:36:03,820
+half minus one over a quarter of a meter which is
+
+524
+00:36:03,820 --> 00:36:03,820
+one and a half minus one over a quarter of a meter
+
+525
+00:36:03,820 --> 00:36:06,020
+which is one andSo I change the place of one
+
+526
+00:36:06,020 --> 00:36:08,800
+diopter to become I equals one and a half to plus
+
+527
+00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:12,080
+one diopter, one and a half to one becomes plus
+
+528
+00:36:12,080 --> 00:36:14,980
+one and a half, and the diopter becomes a meter.
+
+529
+00:36:15,300 --> 00:36:17,740
+So plus one and a half meters, then on the right
+
+530
+00:36:17,740 --> 00:36:19,740
+of the refracting surface with a quantity of one
+
+531
+00:36:19,740 --> 00:36:23,400
+and a half meters is the correct answer. So plus
+
+532
+00:36:23,400 --> 00:36:26,780
+one and a half meters. Plus one and a half meters.
+
+533
+00:36:28,560 --> 00:36:34,430
+See the next question. Okay.An object stands one
+
+534
+00:36:34,430 --> 00:36:37,270
+meter to the left of a thin lens in air. The power
+
+535
+00:36:37,270 --> 00:36:40,190
+is plus 5. Where is the image and what is the
+
+536
+00:36:40,190 --> 00:36:43,010
+transfer's magnification? Let's see the picture
+
+537
+00:36:43,010 --> 00:36:45,710
+that shows this example.
+
+538
+00:36:52,710 --> 00:36:53,230
+Okay.
+
+539
+00:36:58,010 --> 00:37:00,650
+We don't have a picture. Let's make a picture, God
+
+540
+00:37:00,650 --> 00:37:09,270
+willing.To solve this problem
+
+541
+00:37:09,270 --> 00:37:18,310
+I have the optical axis and
+
+542
+00:37:18,310 --> 00:37:24,050
+here I have the lens The
+
+543
+00:37:24,050 --> 00:37:27,130
+lens has 5 diopters, plus 5 diopters
+
+544
+00:37:36,910 --> 00:37:43,710
+and the object on the rod let's
+
+545
+00:37:43,710 --> 00:37:48,470
+go back to the object and say one meter one meter
+
+546
+00:37:48,470 --> 00:37:59,110
+okay so the distance of the object is one meter we
+
+547
+00:37:59,110 --> 00:38:01,650
+want to calculate where is the image
+
+548
+00:38:11,410 --> 00:38:18,810
+and the transfer is magnification we
+
+549
+00:38:18,810 --> 00:38:26,330
+say u is equal to minus n by o is
+
+550
+00:38:26,330 --> 00:38:34,950
+equal to minus one by one meter is equal to minus
+
+551
+00:38:34,950 --> 00:38:41,500
+one diopter quickly I put that the light will
+
+552
+00:38:41,500 --> 00:38:44,320
+reach a wavelength of minus one diopter this will
+
+553
+00:38:44,320 --> 00:38:50,100
+be placed on the front surface of the lens the
+
+554
+00:38:50,100 --> 00:38:52,980
+light will reach a wavelength of one diopter we
+
+555
+00:38:52,980 --> 00:38:54,380
+will see how much light will come out of the lens
+
+556
+00:38:54,380 --> 00:39:04,100
+by wavelength we say u plus p equals v
+
+557
+00:39:05,910 --> 00:39:13,730
+U-1 diopter plus power A5 diopter is equal to V,
+
+558
+00:39:14,410 --> 00:39:20,390
+so V is equal to plus 4 diopter, plus 4 diopter,
+
+559
+00:39:21,470 --> 00:39:25,230
+so the light will come out in a fluctuation, in a
+
+560
+00:39:25,230 --> 00:39:26,510
+fluctuation of the amount A
+
+561
+00:39:32,980 --> 00:39:36,820
+plus 4 diopter means that I am plural in the case
+
+562
+00:39:36,820 --> 00:39:39,220
+of apostrophe I am plural because plus, the virgin
+
+563
+00:39:39,220 --> 00:39:42,440
+is plus as long as I am plural, it will form a
+
+564
+00:39:42,440 --> 00:39:45,900
+real picture in whatever space we want to see
+
+565
+00:39:45,900 --> 00:39:48,520
+where this picture is let's say v equals
+
+566
+00:39:48,520 --> 00:39:55,600
+unconditional on i then
+
+567
+00:39:55,600 --> 00:39:57,100
+i equals
+
+568
+00:40:04,370 --> 00:40:08,510
+I equals condition
+
+569
+00:40:08,510 --> 00:40:12,670
+on V which
+
+570
+00:40:12,670 --> 00:40:16,890
+equals condition which is one because we are in
+
+571
+00:40:16,890 --> 00:40:20,050
+the air on V which is plus four which is greater
+
+572
+00:40:20,050 --> 00:40:23,550
+which
+
+573
+00:40:23,550 --> 00:40:27,530
+equals one over plus four plus quarter
+
+574
+00:40:37,330 --> 00:40:40,610
+Image distance on the right side of the lens
+
+575
+00:40:40,610 --> 00:40:44,110
+Transverse
+
+576
+00:40:44,110 --> 00:40:49,270
+magnification is equal to U over V or image
+
+577
+00:40:49,270 --> 00:40:50,870
+distance over object distance
+
+578
+00:40:58,710 --> 00:41:06,530
+imageDistance over objectDistance is
+
+579
+00:41:06,530 --> 00:41:17,650
+equal to imageDistance plus quarter meter over
+
+580
+00:41:17,650 --> 00:41:22,130
+objectDistance minus one meter why minus? because
+
+581
+00:41:22,130 --> 00:41:26,690
+the object is on the left plus over minusgive me
+
+582
+00:41:26,690 --> 00:41:32,730
+minus, so x minus, and a quarter over one remains
+
+583
+00:41:32,730 --> 00:41:35,270
+a quarter, anything divided by one remains as it
+
+584
+00:41:35,270 --> 00:41:39,750
+is, so minus a quarter, minus a quarter, excuse
+
+585
+00:41:39,750 --> 00:41:47,490
+me, a quarter, x minus a quarter, this is the
+
+586
+00:41:47,490 --> 00:41:50,850
+transference magnification in this problem
+
+587
+00:42:06,650 --> 00:42:09,570
+to the right of the lens which transfers
+
+588
+00:42:09,570 --> 00:42:11,550
+magnification x minus quarter
+
+589
+00:42:15,720 --> 00:42:18,040
+Total internal reflection occurs when light
+
+590
+00:42:18,040 --> 00:42:21,500
+travels from a medium with higher refractive index
+
+591
+00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:24,900
+to a medium with lower refractive index if the
+
+592
+00:42:24,900 --> 00:42:27,640
+incidence angle is more than the critical angle.
+
+593
+00:42:33,420 --> 00:42:38,200
+طيب أخر سؤال مر علينا optical system سبعة عدسات
+
+594
+00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:42,040
+كام degrees of freedom سبعة وعشرين و هيك بنكون
+
+595
+00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:46,120
+احنا حلنا أسئلة النسختين و يعطيكم العافية والسلام
+
+596
+00:42:46,120 --> 00:42:48,420
+عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/RX_7k_oEJf0_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1128 @@
+1
+00:00:02,190 --> 00:00:06,670
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم نستكمل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:06,670 --> 00:00:11,410
+Geometric Optics واتحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن ال
+
+3
+00:00:11,410 --> 00:00:15,470
+Transphase Magnification واتوصلنا أن ال Transphase
+
+4
+00:00:15,470 --> 00:00:19,490
+Magnification إما بيساوي ال image H على ال object
+
+5
+00:00:19,490 --> 00:00:24,500
+H أوby another equation that is equal to image
+
+6
+00:00:24,500 --> 00:00:28,180
+distance over object distance and we said that we
+
+7
+00:00:28,180 --> 00:00:30,400
+have to take care of the signs that are necessary
+
+8
+00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:33,760
+if we use the heights, let's say image hat over
+
+9
+00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:38,220
+object hat, every height under the optical axis
+
+10
+00:00:38,220 --> 00:00:41,620
+takes minus sign and every height above the
+
+11
+00:00:41,620 --> 00:00:45,960
+optical axis takes plus sign regardless of the
+
+12
+00:00:45,960 --> 00:00:49,140
+height of the image or objectwhen we move to the
+
+13
+00:00:49,140 --> 00:00:52,380
+second equation which transfers magnification
+
+14
+00:00:52,380 --> 00:00:55,580
+which is image distance over object distance we
+
+15
+00:00:55,580 --> 00:00:57,520
+say that the distance to the right of the optical
+
+16
+00:00:57,520 --> 00:01:00,080
+system or the right of the lens is considered plus
+
+17
+00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:02,940
+and the distance to the left of the optical system
+
+18
+00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:06,620
+is considered minus today we will take angular
+
+19
+00:01:06,620 --> 00:01:13,540
+magnification which is the ratio of angular height
+
+20
+00:01:13,910 --> 00:01:17,990
+subtended by an object seen by the eye through a
+
+21
+00:01:17,990 --> 00:01:22,050
+magnifying lens to the angular head subtended by
+
+22
+00:01:22,050 --> 00:01:26,470
+the same object viewed without the magnifying lens
+
+23
+00:01:26,470 --> 00:01:33,520
+لو احنا قلنا احنا حابين نطلع على object معينon a
+
+24
+00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:37,460
+certain object using a lens, using a lens If we go
+
+25
+00:01:37,460 --> 00:01:40,400
+to the magnifying glass, it will be clearer Using
+
+26
+00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:43,020
+a lens, we will see this lens which is the
+
+27
+00:01:43,020 --> 00:01:45,860
+magnifier or the magnifying glass or the blast
+
+28
+00:01:45,860 --> 00:01:50,340
+lens We see this magnified body If we remove the
+
+29
+00:01:50,340 --> 00:01:54,300
+lens and try to look at it, we see its true size
+
+30
+00:01:54,300 --> 00:02:00,520
+Actually, the angular magnificationOr the angle of
+
+31
+00:02:00,520 --> 00:02:03,620
+magnification, the angle of magnification is the
+
+32
+00:02:03,620 --> 00:02:07,100
+ratio of the angle of magnification, the angular
+
+33
+00:02:07,100 --> 00:02:08,280
+height, which means how much is the angle of
+
+34
+00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:14,220
+magnification that this body does with meby means
+
+35
+00:02:14,220 --> 00:02:17,160
+of a magnifying glass, not its height or the angle
+
+36
+00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:19,840
+it makes with my eye without the magnifying glass
+
+37
+00:02:19,840 --> 00:02:25,880
+Now, this is the person who looks at this body or
+
+38
+00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:28,060
+the image of this body Why do we say image?
+
+39
+00:02:28,160 --> 00:02:31,430
+Because through the lens we see the imageما بنشوف
+
+40
+00:02:31,430 --> 00:02:34,930
+الجسم الحقيقي يعني كل إنسان بتطلع من خلال عدسة
+
+41
+00:02:34,930 --> 00:02:40,950
+بشوف صورة الجسم اللي هو بتطلع عليه فبالتالي الآن
+
+42
+00:02:40,950 --> 00:02:44,050
+أنا بتطلع من خلال هذه العدسة المكبرة أو ال
+
+43
+00:02:44,050 --> 00:02:48,790
+magnifier بطلع
+
+44
+00:02:48,790 --> 00:02:53,870
+و بشوف جداش بعمل مع عيني مع عيني
+
+45
+00:02:58,460 --> 00:03:03,100
+فبالتالي بعمل زاوية معينة مع عيني، هذه الزاوية
+
+46
+00:03:03,100 --> 00:03:07,520
+بدنا نفرض إنه و أنا بتطلع عليه من ال magnifier عمل
+
+47
+00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:12,220
+زاوية أربعين degree، أربعين degree مع عيني، من قمة
+
+48
+00:03:12,220 --> 00:03:17,060
+هذا الصورة، لا أسفلهاIt makes an angle with my eye
+
+49
+00:03:17,060 --> 00:03:21,960
+that is 40 degrees. Okay, I removed the magnifying
+
+50
+00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:24,720
+glass and started looking at the body directly, so
+
+51
+00:03:24,720 --> 00:03:29,260
+we assume that it makes an angle with my eye that
+
+52
+00:03:29,260 --> 00:03:32,540
+is 20 degrees. So with the magnifying glass, it
+
+53
+00:03:32,540 --> 00:03:36,410
+made 40 degreeswith an angle of 40 degrees without
+
+54
+00:03:36,410 --> 00:03:39,450
+the magnified lens being 20 degrees so the
+
+55
+00:03:39,450 --> 00:03:42,290
+magnification ratio of the angle is approximately
+
+56
+00:03:42,290 --> 00:03:45,510
+2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+57
+00:03:45,510 --> 00:03:45,630
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+58
+00:03:45,630 --> 00:03:45,970
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+59
+00:03:45,970 --> 00:03:47,210
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+60
+00:03:47,210 --> 00:03:47,710
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+61
+00:03:47,710 --> 00:03:49,070
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+62
+00:03:49,070 --> 00:03:49,150
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+63
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:51,450
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+64
+00:03:51,450 --> 00:04:01,670
+times 2 times 2 times 2 timesor the angle without
+
+65
+00:04:01,670 --> 00:04:04,750
+the magnifying lens, without the magnifying lens,
+
+66
+00:04:05,050 --> 00:04:08,570
+so this is what is meant by angular magnification
+
+67
+00:04:08,570 --> 00:04:14,010
+So,
+
+68
+00:04:14,170 --> 00:04:18,110
+the ratio of angular height subtended, which is
+
+69
+00:04:18,110 --> 00:04:22,360
+done by an objectبواسطة الجسم seen by the eye
+
+70
+00:04:22,360 --> 00:04:26,720
+through a magnifying lens على ال angular head
+
+71
+00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:30,620
+subtended المعمول by the same object viewed
+
+72
+00:04:30,620 --> 00:04:34,880
+without magnifying lens يعني أنا اتطلعت على جسم
+
+73
+00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:38,720
+بدون أي واسطة بدون عدسات و هذا الجسم اللي أنا
+
+74
+00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:43,060
+بتطلع عليه عمل
+
+75
+00:04:43,060 --> 00:04:47,260
+زاوية معيني زاوية معينة بعدين قررت أشوف هذا الجسم
+
+76
+00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:53,540
+by using a magnifier or a magnifying glass So I
+
+77
+00:04:53,540 --> 00:04:56,640
+saw this body magnified Why did I see it
+
+78
+00:04:56,640 --> 00:04:59,740
+magnified? Because the magnifying glass made a
+
+79
+00:04:59,740 --> 00:05:02,300
+picture of it This picture makes an angle with my
+
+80
+00:05:02,300 --> 00:05:08,960
+eye bigger than what the real body made without
+
+81
+00:05:08,960 --> 00:05:12,880
+the magnifying glass So the real body made 10
+
+82
+00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:15,620
+degrees with my eye at a distance of one meterI
+
+83
+00:05:15,620 --> 00:05:17,520
+will leave the object at a distance of one meter,
+
+84
+00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:20,700
+but I will use in my vision a magnifying glass Now
+
+85
+00:05:20,700 --> 00:05:26,800
+I saw it magnified a lot because the magnifying
+
+86
+00:05:26,800 --> 00:05:28,960
+glass made a picture of it This picture makes a
+
+87
+00:05:28,960 --> 00:05:32,660
+corner with an eye of 25 degrees So without the
+
+88
+00:05:32,660 --> 00:05:35,960
+magnifying glass, the object itself works with an
+
+89
+00:05:35,960 --> 00:05:40,200
+eye of 10 degrees Through the magnifying glass, a
+
+90
+00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:41,860
+picture was created of it This picture works with
+
+91
+00:05:41,860 --> 00:05:46,010
+an eye of 25 degreesإذا نسبة التكبير الزاوي أو ال
+
+92
+00:05:46,010 --> 00:05:51,030
+angular magnification مرتين و نص بدل عشرة صار خمسة
+
+93
+00:05:51,030 --> 00:05:54,950
+و عشرين يعني كبر مرتين و نص أو صار الزاوية اللي
+
+94
+00:05:54,950 --> 00:06:00,810
+بيعملها مع عيني مرتين و نص ضعف ما كانت أول على
+
+95
+00:06:00,810 --> 00:06:08,130
+فكرة أي شيء بدأ أشوفه بعيني لازم يعمل ارتفاع زاوية
+
+96
+00:06:08,130 --> 00:06:12,590
+زاوية مع العين لو أنا انسان واقف واقف بالقرب منيI
+
+97
+00:06:12,590 --> 00:06:17,610
+will see that he is 1.70 meters tall. This person
+
+98
+00:06:17,610 --> 00:06:20,770
+started walking away from me while I was watching
+
+99
+00:06:20,770 --> 00:06:24,250
+him. He became 100 meters or 200 meters away. I
+
+100
+00:06:24,250 --> 00:06:27,430
+started to see that his size is very small. What
+
+101
+00:06:27,430 --> 00:06:29,990
+is the reason? Did his size really change or did
+
+102
+00:06:29,990 --> 00:06:33,070
+his height really increase? The truth is no, his
+
+103
+00:06:33,070 --> 00:06:36,110
+height is the same, it does not change, okay? But
+
+104
+00:06:36,110 --> 00:06:38,830
+what changes is that when he became far away, the
+
+105
+00:06:38,830 --> 00:06:43,010
+angle that he makes with my eyeصغيرة كتير فبالتالي
+
+106
+00:06:43,010 --> 00:06:51,850
+يعني أصبح يعني يبدو ليه صغيرة أصبح يبدو ليه صغيرة
+
+107
+00:06:52,090 --> 00:06:54,730
+Another example on this topic clarifies the idea,
+
+108
+00:06:55,010 --> 00:06:59,290
+if I hold a metal metal piece and I look at the
+
+109
+00:06:59,290 --> 00:07:03,190
+sun and I start to put the metal piece and bring
+
+110
+00:07:03,190 --> 00:07:05,590
+it closer to my eye, there will be a certain
+
+111
+00:07:05,590 --> 00:07:08,610
+moment that through the metal piece I completely
+
+112
+00:07:08,610 --> 00:07:11,750
+hide the sun's rays, I keep trying and trying
+
+113
+00:07:11,750 --> 00:07:16,790
+until I only see the metal piece and not the sun's
+
+114
+00:07:16,790 --> 00:07:19,890
+rays at allDoes it mean that the metal piece is
+
+115
+00:07:19,890 --> 00:07:23,030
+bigger than the sun? Of course not, because the
+
+116
+00:07:23,030 --> 00:07:25,630
+sun is bigger than the ball of earth, than the
+
+117
+00:07:25,630 --> 00:07:28,430
+earth ball, all of them are about a million times
+
+118
+00:07:28,430 --> 00:07:30,690
+bigger than it, that is nine times inside it,
+
+119
+00:07:30,990 --> 00:07:34,190
+about a million earth balls, but what does it mean
+
+120
+00:07:34,190 --> 00:07:38,760
+that this small metal pieceSo it covered the huge
+
+121
+00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:45,440
+sun because of the huge distance from the earth
+
+122
+00:07:45,440 --> 00:07:49,480
+which is 150 million kilometers, it makes a
+
+123
+00:07:49,480 --> 00:07:52,160
+certain angle with my eye Now when I tried the
+
+124
+00:07:52,160 --> 00:07:55,780
+metal piece in front of my eye and I reached a
+
+125
+00:07:55,780 --> 00:08:00,140
+certain distance, the metal piece made a certain
+
+126
+00:08:00,140 --> 00:08:03,050
+angle with my eyebigger than what the sun made, so
+
+127
+00:08:03,050 --> 00:08:07,310
+it became bigger and covered the sun's axis in a
+
+128
+00:08:07,310 --> 00:08:11,830
+big way in a big way now this is the idea of
+
+129
+00:08:11,830 --> 00:08:14,030
+​​angular magnification and the idea of ​​angular
+
+130
+00:08:14,030 --> 00:08:19,510
+magnification that it is the ratio of the angle
+
+131
+00:08:19,510 --> 00:08:23,830
+that the body makes or the shape of the body by
+
+132
+00:08:23,830 --> 00:08:33,090
+using magnifier withالى الزاوية اللى بيعملها الجسم
+
+133
+00:08:33,090 --> 00:08:36,690
+نفسه بدون ال magnifier بدون ال magnifier By
+
+134
+00:08:36,690 --> 00:08:40,330
+convention, the standard viewing distance for this
+
+135
+00:08:40,330 --> 00:08:44,710
+comparison is خمسة و عشرين سانتيScientists came to
+
+136
+00:08:44,710 --> 00:08:47,250
+know that we need to fix the distance, to
+
+137
+00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:50,350
+calculate the angular magnification I can
+
+138
+00:08:50,350 --> 00:08:52,310
+calculate it on any distance, but they came to
+
+139
+00:08:52,310 --> 00:08:55,810
+know that the standard distance is 25 centimeters
+
+140
+00:08:55,810 --> 00:08:57,850
+or a quarter of a meter, a quarter of a meter So
+
+141
+00:08:57,850 --> 00:09:00,110
+if you want to know the angular magnification,
+
+142
+00:09:00,230 --> 00:09:04,790
+which you do with any lens, any lens I go and get
+
+143
+00:09:04,790 --> 00:09:07,970
+a body a quarter of a meter away, I look at this
+
+144
+00:09:07,970 --> 00:09:10,770
+body a quarter of a meter away with the naked eye
+
+145
+00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:13,740
+and I see how much it makes an angle with my eye
+
+146
+00:09:13,740 --> 00:09:17,020
+and then I put a magnifier in front of my eye and
+
+147
+00:09:17,020 --> 00:09:19,900
+I see this object which is the same object at a
+
+148
+00:09:19,900 --> 00:09:22,460
+distance of 25 centimeters I see its image now
+
+149
+00:09:22,460 --> 00:09:25,240
+through the magnifier how much it made an angle
+
+150
+00:09:25,240 --> 00:09:28,660
+with my eye the magnification ratio in this angle
+
+151
+00:09:28,660 --> 00:09:31,480
+is considered the angular magnification that is if
+
+152
+00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:33,580
+this object which is at a distance of 25
+
+153
+00:09:33,580 --> 00:09:36,220
+centimeters made an angle with my eye of 10
+
+154
+00:09:36,220 --> 00:09:42,750
+degrees and through the magnifierعمل خمسين دجري او
+
+155
+00:09:42,750 --> 00:09:46,770
+صورته عملت خمسين دجري معناته الزاوية كبرت خمس مرات
+
+156
+00:09:46,770 --> 00:09:50,450
+فبتالي ال angular magnification دارب خمسة اذا for
+
+157
+00:09:50,450 --> 00:09:54,330
+a small angle the angular magnification provided
+
+158
+00:09:54,330 --> 00:09:58,770
+by a simple magnifier is independent of the actual
+
+159
+00:09:58,770 --> 00:10:03,200
+object sitemeans in the small angles that are
+
+160
+00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:05,960
+processed with the eye through the bodies it has
+
+161
+00:10:05,960 --> 00:10:08,240
+nothing to do with the size of the real body
+
+162
+00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:12,700
+rather we bring the angular magnification through
+
+163
+00:10:12,700 --> 00:10:16,580
+a very simple equation you say that the angular
+
+164
+00:10:16,580 --> 00:10:19,060
+magnification is equal to a quarter from where did
+
+165
+00:10:19,060 --> 00:10:20,820
+the word quarter come from? from a quarter of a
+
+166
+00:10:20,820 --> 00:10:23,840
+meter the measurements in the geometric optics are
+
+167
+00:10:23,840 --> 00:10:26,560
+all in meters not in centimeters what happened in
+
+168
+00:10:26,560 --> 00:10:28,940
+the manuscripts and this is what happened in the
+
+169
+00:10:28,940 --> 00:10:33,550
+prismaticsهنيجيها في وقتها، اذا ربع متر ضرب ال P
+
+170
+00:10:33,550 --> 00:10:37,170
+اللي هو ال power بتاعة ال magnifier، يعني لو انا
+
+171
+00:10:37,170 --> 00:10:41,570
+عندى .. لو انا عندى magnifier .. magnifier قوته
+
+172
+00:10:41,570 --> 00:10:45,490
+plus عشرين، طبعا هنا المعادلة ربع في P يعني يسوى P
+
+173
+00:10:45,490 --> 00:10:49,490
+على اربع، هنافسة M تسوى P على اربع، يعني عشان نعرف
+
+174
+00:10:49,490 --> 00:10:53,350
+ال magnification تاع اي magnifier تاع اي magnifier
+
+175
+00:10:54,780 --> 00:10:59,040
+عشان نعرف ال magnification تاع أي magnifier، بنجسم
+
+176
+00:10:59,040 --> 00:11:02,740
+ال power تاعت ال magnifier على أربعة، على أربعة لو
+
+177
+00:11:02,740 --> 00:11:06,420
+ال magnifier putو عشرين، بنجسمه عشرين على أربعة
+
+178
+00:11:06,420 --> 00:11:10,780
+يعني ضرب خمسة، ضرب خمسة، إيش يعني ضرب خمسة؟ يعني
+
+179
+00:11:10,780 --> 00:11:15,870
+لو بدأ أستخدم هذا ال magnifier لرؤية object ماIt
+
+180
+00:11:15,870 --> 00:11:18,850
+will make a magnification in the angle that this
+
+181
+00:11:18,850 --> 00:11:23,370
+object makes with my eye by 5 times, 20 by 4 Of
+
+182
+00:11:23,370 --> 00:11:26,730
+course, it is known in advance that as long as it
+
+183
+00:11:26,730 --> 00:11:29,810
+is divided by 4, it means that the distance is a
+
+184
+00:11:29,810 --> 00:11:31,750
+quarter of a meter, which is the approximate
+
+185
+00:11:31,750 --> 00:11:34,030
+distance on it And it is the approximate distance
+
+186
+00:11:34,030 --> 00:11:38,130
+on it Of course, it is clear from the picture that
+
+187
+00:11:38,130 --> 00:11:41,260
+through the magnifier, the angle is greaterهذه
+
+188
+00:11:41,260 --> 00:11:44,460
+الزاوية اللى بعملها معينى بدون ال magnifier وهذه
+
+189
+00:11:44,460 --> 00:11:48,060
+الزاوية اللى بتعملها صورة الجسم الان بنتبطل نحكى
+
+190
+00:11:48,060 --> 00:11:51,140
+عن الجسم لإنه أنا بتطلع من خلال ال magnifier أنا
+
+191
+00:11:51,140 --> 00:11:56,580
+بشوف صورة الجسم أنا بشوف صورة الجسم الان بننتقل
+
+192
+00:11:56,580 --> 00:12:00,060
+لنوع أخر من ال magnification اللى هو ال axial
+
+193
+00:12:00,060 --> 00:12:05,400
+magnification ال axial magnificationalso known as
+
+194
+00:12:05,400 --> 00:12:08,160
+longitudinal magnification longitudinal
+
+195
+00:12:08,160 --> 00:12:12,500
+magnification is measured along the optical axis
+
+196
+00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:17,140
+is measured along the optical axis وحنيجي ناخد
+
+197
+00:12:17,140 --> 00:12:21,780
+فكرة إيش هو أو إيش المقصود بال .. ال .. ال axial
+
+198
+00:12:21,780 --> 00:12:26,020
+magnification بدنا نوضحها بصورة سبقة معناها في
+
+199
+00:12:26,020 --> 00:12:31,780
+المحاضرة الآن أنا عندي .. هاي ال object .. هاي ال
+
+200
+00:12:31,780 --> 00:12:34,930
+objectWe will draw it on the left as it is clear
+
+201
+00:12:34,930 --> 00:12:38,910
+and this
+
+202
+00:12:38,910 --> 00:12:41,730
+image will be on the right of the optical system
+
+203
+00:12:41,730 --> 00:12:44,210
+in this example. The image may be on the left, but
+
+204
+00:12:44,210 --> 00:12:47,730
+this is not its time. Now axial magnification is
+
+205
+00:12:47,730 --> 00:12:52,370
+measured along the optical axis. What is meant is
+
+206
+00:12:52,370 --> 00:12:55,780
+thatThe closest point in the object, this is
+
+207
+00:12:55,780 --> 00:12:58,760
+called anterior and this is posterior. This, we
+
+208
+00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:01,560
+take a point here, the closest point in the object
+
+209
+00:13:01,560 --> 00:13:03,920
+from the beginning, that is, from the beginning of
+
+210
+00:13:03,920 --> 00:13:06,940
+the light journey, here is the most point in
+
+211
+00:13:06,940 --> 00:13:10,180
+front, and here is the farthest point in the back,
+
+212
+00:13:10,460 --> 00:13:13,420
+that is, here, here in front of the object and
+
+213
+00:13:13,420 --> 00:13:15,760
+here behind it, and this is the width of the
+
+214
+00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:20,510
+object, okay? And this is the imageThe most
+
+215
+00:13:20,510 --> 00:13:22,990
+frontal point in it and the most retrograde point
+
+216
+00:13:22,990 --> 00:13:26,530
+in it The ratio of expansion in the image The
+
+217
+00:13:26,530 --> 00:13:30,010
+expansion in the image, not the height The height
+
+218
+00:13:30,010 --> 00:13:33,590
+increased in length or decreased in height They
+
+219
+00:13:33,590 --> 00:13:38,730
+call it Transverse Magnification which is the
+
+220
+00:13:38,730 --> 00:13:40,830
+first type of magnification that we talked about
+
+221
+00:13:40,830 --> 00:13:44,450
+But the ratio of expansion in the image along the
+
+222
+00:13:44,450 --> 00:13:48,800
+optical axisتسمى ال axial magnification تسمى ال
+
+223
+00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:53,000
+axial magnification هل الصورة اطمططت ولا انكمشت
+
+224
+00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:57,080
+بالعرض؟ هذا بيسموه ال axial ايش؟ magnification ال
+
+225
+00:13:57,080 --> 00:14:04,100
+axial magnification طيب ال axial magnification is
+
+226
+00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:09,320
+measured along the optical axis او is known ..
+
+227
+00:14:09,320 --> 00:14:13,890
+also is known as longitudinal magnificationis
+
+228
+00:14:13,890 --> 00:14:16,990
+measured along the optical axis for small
+
+229
+00:14:16,990 --> 00:14:20,010
+distances around the image planeAxial
+
+230
+00:14:20,010 --> 00:14:23,350
+magnification is the square of the transverse
+
+231
+00:14:23,350 --> 00:14:27,350
+magnification The equation of axial magnification
+
+232
+00:14:27,350 --> 00:14:31,390
+is equal to transverse magnification squared
+
+233
+00:14:31,390 --> 00:14:35,730
+Transverse magnification squared To summarize all
+
+234
+00:14:35,730 --> 00:14:38,870
+the things that we talked about, we say as follows
+
+235
+00:14:38,870 --> 00:14:41,810
+We have three types of magnification, and
+
+236
+00:14:41,810 --> 00:14:44,850
+magnification is the first attribute of the image
+
+237
+00:14:45,410 --> 00:14:48,330
+The magnification is the first attribute of the
+
+238
+00:14:48,330 --> 00:14:50,010
+image attributes We have the transfers
+
+239
+00:14:50,010 --> 00:14:54,730
+magnification whose equation is equal to image
+
+240
+00:14:54,730 --> 00:14:58,290
+height over object height or equal to image
+
+241
+00:14:58,290 --> 00:15:01,540
+distance over object distanceWe have another kind
+
+242
+00:15:01,540 --> 00:15:05,560
+of magnification which is angular magnification
+
+243
+00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:09,520
+Which is the ratio of the angle of any object
+
+244
+00:15:09,520 --> 00:15:14,960
+through a magnifying glass to the angle of the
+
+245
+00:15:14,960 --> 00:15:17,800
+same object without the magnifying glass And if
+
+246
+00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:20,900
+the term and the consensus is that the distance
+
+247
+00:15:20,900 --> 00:15:24,160
+should be constant 25 cm which is a quarter of a
+
+248
+00:15:24,160 --> 00:15:28,430
+meterSometimes the angular magnification is equal
+
+249
+00:15:28,430 --> 00:15:31,050
+to a quarter of P, where P is the power of the
+
+250
+00:15:31,050 --> 00:15:34,670
+magnifier Or it can be modified mathematically,
+
+251
+00:15:34,970 --> 00:15:38,330
+where M is equal to 1 over 4 into P, where P is
+
+252
+00:15:38,330 --> 00:15:42,930
+equal to 4, which is the power of the magnifierWe
+
+253
+00:15:42,930 --> 00:15:45,690
+say that the angular magnification of a magnifier
+
+254
+00:15:45,690 --> 00:15:48,430
+with a force of 20 is equal to 5, because it is 20
+
+255
+00:15:48,430 --> 00:15:51,350
+over 4. Okay, for a magnifier with a force of 10,
+
+256
+00:15:51,510 --> 00:15:55,530
+10 over 4 is 2 and a half times, what does 2 and a
+
+257
+00:15:55,530 --> 00:15:57,550
+half times mean? It means that through this
+
+258
+00:15:57,550 --> 00:16:00,990
+magnifier, a body standing a quarter of a meter
+
+259
+00:16:00,990 --> 00:16:04,730
+away, through the magnifier, makes an angle twice
+
+260
+00:16:04,730 --> 00:16:07,390
+and a half times larger than the angle it makes
+
+261
+00:16:07,390 --> 00:16:10,310
+without the magnifier.The third type of
+
+262
+00:16:10,310 --> 00:16:15,130
+magnification is axial magnification, which is the
+
+263
+00:16:15,130 --> 00:16:20,390
+latitude or the longitudinal along the optical
+
+264
+00:16:20,390 --> 00:16:25,410
+axis in the image compared to the object And we
+
+265
+00:16:25,410 --> 00:16:27,710
+said, how do we know that the image is vertically
+
+266
+00:16:27,710 --> 00:16:31,670
+flattened or vertically flattened? We say as
+
+267
+00:16:31,670 --> 00:16:36,160
+follows that by .. by .. by ..The closest point or
+
+268
+00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:38,560
+the most .. which means that the left is anterior
+
+269
+00:16:38,560 --> 00:16:40,740
+because we start from the left and go to the right
+
+270
+00:16:40,740 --> 00:16:44,000
+Here we say anterior, which means that the more to
+
+271
+00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:47,660
+the left, the more anterior it is, and the more to
+
+272
+00:16:47,660 --> 00:16:50,480
+the right, the more posterior it is The most
+
+273
+00:16:50,480 --> 00:16:53,420
+advanced point in the object and the most distant
+
+274
+00:16:53,420 --> 00:16:57,640
+point in the object We compare them with the most
+
+275
+00:16:57,640 --> 00:17:01,460
+advanced point in the image and the most distant
+
+276
+00:17:01,460 --> 00:17:04,810
+point in the imageWe see if the image is stretched
+
+277
+00:17:04,810 --> 00:17:09,190
+or flattened or remained as it is Unless the
+
+278
+00:17:09,190 --> 00:17:13,690
+magnification equation is equal to the transverse
+
+279
+00:17:13,690 --> 00:17:16,930
+magnification square Transverse magnification
+
+280
+00:17:16,930 --> 00:17:20,930
+square We will stop in the next lecture, we will
+
+281
+00:17:20,930 --> 00:17:24,310
+start with the image location and give you the
+
+282
+00:17:24,310 --> 00:17:24,510
+example
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/T12yPtB_D3A_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1004 @@
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:06,090
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنتواصل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:06,090 --> 00:00:10,050
+geometric optics واتوقفنا المرة الماضية عند depth
+
+3
+00:00:10,050 --> 00:00:17,070
+of focus أو عمق البقرة perform the basic imaging
+
+4
+00:00:17,070 --> 00:00:19,910
+demonstration with a lens as described before
+
+5
+00:00:19,910 --> 00:00:24,680
+imaging with lenses and mirrors And notice that if
+
+6
+00:00:24,680 --> 00:00:28,900
+the paper is moved forward or backward within a
+
+7
+00:00:28,900 --> 00:00:32,880
+range of a few millimeters, the image remains
+
+8
+00:00:32,880 --> 00:00:36,740
+relatively focused. With the paper positioned
+
+9
+00:00:36,740 --> 00:00:40,280
+outside this region, the image appears blurred.
+
+10
+00:00:40,870 --> 00:00:49,890
+بمعنى هنعيد التجربة بتاعة الشامعة و العدسة و نتلقى
+
+11
+00:00:49,890 --> 00:00:54,790
+صورة للشامعة على ورقة التلقى او ال A4 هنلاقي
+
+12
+00:00:54,790 --> 00:01:00,230
+الصورة انها اتكونت في مكان ما من الفراخ خلف العدسة
+
+13
+00:01:00,230 --> 00:01:08,920
+و الصورة واضحة جدا, focusedلو حركنا ورقة التلقي
+
+14
+00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:14,180
+إلى الأمام قليلا أو إلى الخلف قليلا، هنلاحظ أن
+
+15
+00:01:14,180 --> 00:01:19,620
+الصورة لازالة واضحة، ل range معين، لو حركنا ورقة
+
+16
+00:01:19,620 --> 00:01:23,700
+التلقي للأمام كتير أو للخلف كتير، هتصير الصورة
+
+17
+00:01:23,700 --> 00:01:32,380
+مربشة، هذا الكلام بدنا نحاول نشوفه
+
+18
+00:01:32,380 --> 00:01:38,870
+على الصورةit will be better let's go back to the
+
+19
+00:01:38,870 --> 00:01:45,550
+experiment in
+
+20
+00:01:45,550 --> 00:01:51,510
+other words, the receipt paper is
+
+21
+00:01:51,510 --> 00:01:56,090
+in this area, the picture is clear now if we
+
+22
+00:01:56,090 --> 00:02:00,650
+provide the receipt papersimple millimeters to the
+
+23
+00:02:00,650 --> 00:02:03,950
+front or we delayed it by simple millimeters to
+
+24
+00:02:03,950 --> 00:02:06,370
+the back, the picture will remain clear to a
+
+25
+00:02:06,370 --> 00:02:10,830
+certain range, from to .. from to .. outside this
+
+26
+00:02:10,830 --> 00:02:14,530
+range, in front of it or behind it, the picture
+
+27
+00:02:14,530 --> 00:02:16,910
+will not be clear
+
+28
+00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:25,260
+اللي لو حطينا ورقة التلقي تحت الصورة أو ورقة ال A4
+
+29
+00:02:25,260 --> 00:02:29,860
+في داخلها، هذه المسافة، لو حطينا ورقة التلقي في
+
+30
+00:02:29,860 --> 00:02:34,280
+داخلها، هتكون الصورة عندي واضحة، لو حطينا ورقة
+
+31
+00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:38,280
+التلقي خارجها، يعني برة منها للخلف أو برة منها
+
+32
+00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:42,890
+للأمام، هتكون الصورة مش واضحةThis range of clarity
+
+33
+00:02:42,890 --> 00:02:48,350
+is called depth of focus or عمق البقرة or عمق
+
+34
+00:02:48,350 --> 00:02:52,810
+البقرة And this is available for most lenses that
+
+35
+00:02:52,810 --> 00:02:56,130
+have depth of focus, which means a certain area
+
+36
+00:02:56,130 --> 00:03:01,490
+where I can capture the image clearly Of course
+
+37
+00:03:01,490 --> 00:03:05,350
+around the main location of the image
+
+38
+00:03:11,620 --> 00:03:14,920
+This drawing also explains things in a better way
+
+39
+00:03:14,920 --> 00:03:18,740
+We say that this is the image, the place where I
+
+40
+00:03:18,740 --> 00:03:22,320
+got it, which is the red arrow, is the image If I
+
+41
+00:03:22,320 --> 00:03:29,900
+.. If I ..I put the receipt paper in front of me,
+
+42
+00:03:30,020 --> 00:03:33,220
+if I put it in this area, I will also see a clear
+
+43
+00:03:33,220 --> 00:03:35,080
+picture, in this area, I will see a clear picture,
+
+44
+00:03:35,500 --> 00:03:37,860
+in this area, I will see a clear picture, I have
+
+45
+00:03:37,860 --> 00:03:41,060
+the blue arrow, which is the most point in front
+
+46
+00:03:41,060 --> 00:03:44,000
+of me, I can get a clear picture of it, outside
+
+47
+00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:48,100
+it, here, if I put it here, I will have a blurry
+
+48
+00:03:48,100 --> 00:03:51,380
+picture, also if I go back from the main place of
+
+49
+00:03:51,380 --> 00:03:55,380
+the picture a little bitهضل أتلقى صورة واضحة، يعني
+
+50
+00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:59,200
+لو حطيت ورقة ال A4 هنا، هتلقى صورة واضحة لو حطيتها
+
+51
+00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:04,300
+هنا، لغاية ما أصل لسهم الأخضر، المكان هذا، أخر
+
+52
+00:04:04,300 --> 00:04:08,420
+منطقة بقدر أشوف فيها صورة واضحةلو حطيت ورقة التلقي
+
+53
+00:04:08,420 --> 00:04:12,020
+بعده، برات منه، ساعتها الصورة هتكون مربشة، يعني
+
+54
+00:04:12,020 --> 00:04:15,480
+برات هذا ال range اللي هو بيمتد من السهم الأزرق
+
+55
+00:04:15,480 --> 00:04:19,820
+للسهم الأخضر، براته إلى الخلف منه أو إلى الأمام
+
+56
+00:04:19,820 --> 00:04:23,620
+منه، الصورة بتكون مش واضحة، ليش؟ لأنه احنا طلعنا
+
+57
+00:04:23,620 --> 00:04:29,660
+من المنطقة اللي بيسموها depth of focus أو العمق
+
+58
+00:04:29,660 --> 00:04:33,900
+البؤري، أو العمق البؤري، اذا كل عدسة الليها depth
+
+59
+00:04:33,900 --> 00:04:37,830
+ofFocus. Outside with the paper positioned.
+
+60
+00:04:38,390 --> 00:04:41,850
+Outside this region, the image appears blurred.
+
+61
+00:04:42,410 --> 00:04:47,510
+لما بنحط ورقة التلقى خارج هذه ال range أو خارج ال
+
+62
+00:04:47,510 --> 00:04:53,410
+depth of focus، بنحصل على صورة مغبشة مش واضحة لإن
+
+63
+00:04:53,410 --> 00:04:59,670
+احنا خارج العمق البؤري للعدسة أو لل optical system
+
+64
+00:04:59,670 --> 00:05:01,250
+أو لل optical system
+
+65
+00:05:13,270 --> 00:05:18,030
+The size of this region represents the depth of
+
+66
+00:05:18,030 --> 00:05:21,550
+focus which may be small or large depending on
+
+67
+00:05:21,550 --> 00:05:22,750
+several factors
+
+68
+00:05:29,970 --> 00:05:31,730
+It starts from how much to how much? Is it
+
+69
+00:05:31,730 --> 00:05:35,770
+measured in millimeters or in centimeters? Or in
+
+70
+00:05:35,770 --> 00:05:39,290
+meters? Or how is it measured? Is it small or big?
+
+71
+00:05:39,670 --> 00:05:43,410
+Of course, the depth of focus can be small or big
+
+72
+00:05:43,410 --> 00:05:48,350
+This depends on many factors If we want to give an
+
+73
+00:05:48,350 --> 00:05:51,710
+example, let's say a person is looking at a tree
+
+74
+00:05:51,710 --> 00:06:01,430
+50 meters away, a big tree This treeit forms a
+
+75
+00:06:01,430 --> 00:06:04,170
+picture on the network, it forms a picture on the
+
+76
+00:06:04,170 --> 00:06:09,550
+network of this person, then .. then the receipt
+
+77
+00:06:09,550 --> 00:06:12,450
+paper in this case is the network, if this person
+
+78
+00:06:12,450 --> 00:06:14,690
+tried one meter from the tree, that is, it became
+
+79
+00:06:14,690 --> 00:06:18,290
+49 meters away or one meter away from its original
+
+80
+00:06:18,290 --> 00:06:21,010
+location, it became 51 meters and the picture of
+
+81
+00:06:21,010 --> 00:06:23,990
+the tree remained clear on the network as proof
+
+82
+00:06:23,990 --> 00:06:30,210
+thatand it's clear, it's focused, it means that it
+
+83
+00:06:30,210 --> 00:06:34,190
+still sees the tree clearly So I have a range,
+
+84
+00:06:34,290 --> 00:06:37,470
+depth of focus of two meters and maybe more than
+
+85
+00:06:37,470 --> 00:06:39,910
+two meters, the reason is that the object is big,
+
+86
+00:06:39,970 --> 00:06:42,330
+the object is big, there are many factors that
+
+87
+00:06:42,330 --> 00:06:47,010
+control the depth of focus of the image, the depth
+
+88
+00:06:47,010 --> 00:06:50,130
+of focus of the image, maybe in other cases when
+
+89
+00:06:50,130 --> 00:06:55,340
+the object is smalland the experience is limited,
+
+90
+00:06:55,620 --> 00:07:00,320
+the depth of focus can be very small, it can be
+
+91
+00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:02,180
+measured in millimeters, it can be measured in
+
+92
+00:07:02,180 --> 00:07:07,180
+millimeters, so the depth of focus depends on many
+
+93
+00:07:07,180 --> 00:07:11,760
+factors Okay, what is the benefit of depth of
+
+94
+00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:15,500
+focus? In the past, depth of focus was of concern
+
+95
+00:07:15,500 --> 00:07:19,970
+only in the management of presbyopiaHowever, it is
+
+96
+00:07:19,970 --> 00:07:23,190
+an important concept in refractive surgery as
+
+97
+00:07:23,190 --> 00:07:29,190
+well. A long time ago before humans discovered the
+
+98
+00:07:29,190 --> 00:07:32,150
+subject of LASIK, refractive surgery, they
+
+99
+00:07:32,150 --> 00:07:35,570
+benefited from the issue of depth of focus during
+
+100
+00:07:35,570 --> 00:07:39,290
+the treatment of breast biopia. Breast biopia, or
+
+101
+00:07:39,290 --> 00:07:44,730
+short-sightedness,It's a situation that hits the
+
+102
+00:07:44,730 --> 00:07:48,710
+lens of the eye in a person who is over 40 years
+
+103
+00:07:48,710 --> 00:07:51,830
+old, so that the lens loses its flexibility and
+
+104
+00:07:51,830 --> 00:07:56,790
+you can't do accommodationand consequently, a
+
+105
+00:07:56,790 --> 00:08:01,050
+person needs glasses for reading, a person needs
+
+106
+00:08:01,050 --> 00:08:03,910
+glasses for reading, this case we call it
+
+107
+00:08:03,910 --> 00:08:08,870
+presbyopia or presbyopia, presbyopia When a person
+
+108
+00:08:08,870 --> 00:08:12,190
+wants to describe glasses to this person, these
+
+109
+00:08:12,190 --> 00:08:14,930
+glasses or lenses that are attached should be
+
+110
+00:08:14,930 --> 00:08:17,790
+describedin order to help this person who is
+
+111
+00:08:17,790 --> 00:08:23,710
+presbyopic to read or see things clearly it is
+
+112
+00:08:23,710 --> 00:08:25,690
+necessary that the lenses that you recommend him
+
+113
+00:08:25,690 --> 00:08:29,570
+or her have a range of depth of focus that is
+
+114
+00:08:29,570 --> 00:08:36,720
+comfortable so that if this person reads a bookand
+
+115
+00:08:36,720 --> 00:08:39,280
+tried to take the book out of his eyes, or even a
+
+116
+00:08:39,280 --> 00:08:44,840
+little bit, he wouldn't have any blurring in his
+
+117
+00:08:44,840 --> 00:08:46,820
+vision, meaning he wouldn't have any blurring in
+
+118
+00:08:46,820 --> 00:08:49,100
+his vision, but rather he would have range for the
+
+119
+00:08:49,100 --> 00:08:52,440
+depth of focus in a comfortable way, in a
+
+120
+00:08:52,440 --> 00:08:55,340
+comfortable way. Now, this issue is also taken
+
+121
+00:08:55,340 --> 00:08:58,400
+into consideration in refractive surgery, that the
+
+122
+00:08:58,400 --> 00:09:01,320
+person who wants to do the Lasik operation to get
+
+123
+00:09:01,320 --> 00:09:03,800
+rid of shortness of vision, or length of vision,
+
+124
+00:09:03,940 --> 00:09:08,460
+or astigmatism,In lasek and similar operations, it
+
+125
+00:09:08,460 --> 00:09:12,760
+is very important that after the operation, the
+
+126
+00:09:12,760 --> 00:09:16,080
+new optical system that is produced, which is the
+
+127
+00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:20,340
+retina after modification, has a range of depth of
+
+128
+00:09:20,340 --> 00:09:24,100
+focus that is comfortable, so that this person can
+
+129
+00:09:24,100 --> 00:09:30,060
+see all distances clearly without having to wear
+
+130
+00:09:30,060 --> 00:09:35,950
+glasses again. Now we are going to moveLet's talk
+
+131
+00:09:35,950 --> 00:09:39,130
+about another thing which is called depth of field
+
+132
+00:09:39,130 --> 00:09:43,310
+The depth of field is the same idea as depth of
+
+133
+00:09:43,310 --> 00:09:47,190
+focus, but this is specific to the object In other
+
+134
+00:09:47,190 --> 00:09:51,750
+words, when we talk about the image, if we move
+
+135
+00:09:51,750 --> 00:09:55,170
+the focus point or move the focus point, there is
+
+136
+00:09:55,170 --> 00:09:59,150
+a certain range in which the image is clear, and
+
+137
+00:09:59,150 --> 00:10:03,720
+this is called depth of focusWe don't want to move
+
+138
+00:10:03,720 --> 00:10:06,080
+the receipt paper, we want to keep it fixed in its
+
+139
+00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:09,980
+place And we ask ourselves a question, if we keep
+
+140
+00:10:09,980 --> 00:10:14,600
+the receipt paper fixed and the optical system
+
+141
+00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:20,240
+fixed in its placeBut we moved the object closer
+
+142
+00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:23,840
+to the lens and moved it away from the lens Is
+
+143
+00:10:23,840 --> 00:10:26,620
+there a certain range? Is there a certain range?
+
+144
+00:10:27,320 --> 00:10:31,340
+The picture remains clear even though we moved the
+
+145
+00:10:31,340 --> 00:10:33,840
+object and changed its location Of course there is
+
+146
+00:10:33,840 --> 00:10:37,160
+a certain range, the picture remains clear, we
+
+147
+00:10:37,160 --> 00:10:40,230
+agreed that the picture should beWe leave the
+
+148
+00:10:40,230 --> 00:10:43,070
+place where we received it fixed, while what we
+
+149
+00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:46,730
+want to change in its content is the object Once
+
+150
+00:10:46,730 --> 00:10:49,750
+we try it from the optical system and once we move
+
+151
+00:10:49,750 --> 00:10:51,630
+away from the optical system, scientists found
+
+152
+00:10:51,630 --> 00:10:55,750
+that there is a certain range If we move in the
+
+153
+00:10:55,750 --> 00:10:59,430
+object towards the lens or away from the lens,
+
+154
+00:11:00,010 --> 00:11:03,210
+then the image will remain clear outside this
+
+155
+00:11:03,210 --> 00:11:07,230
+rangecloser to the lens or farther from it to the
+
+156
+00:11:07,230 --> 00:11:10,790
+lens outside of this area which extends from blue
+
+157
+00:11:10,790 --> 00:11:14,970
+to green, outside of it if we keep using the same
+
+158
+00:11:14,970 --> 00:11:17,870
+lens and the same reception paper and their sites
+
+159
+00:11:17,870 --> 00:11:21,630
+are stable and we go out of this range, then the
+
+160
+00:11:21,630 --> 00:11:24,210
+picture will fade away, this range where the
+
+161
+00:11:24,210 --> 00:11:27,860
+picture remains clearلو حركنا فيه ال object في
+
+162
+00:11:27,860 --> 00:11:31,600
+خلاله، هذا ال range يسمى depth of field أو عمق
+
+163
+00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:37,400
+الحقل، عمق الحقل، وبالتالي هذه القضية يعني بدها
+
+164
+00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:42,240
+تكون واضحة ان شاء الله تعالى، اذا depth of focus
+
+165
+00:11:42,240 --> 00:11:46,160
+applies to the image, depth of field is the same
+
+166
+00:11:46,160 --> 00:11:50,710
+idea applied to objectsIf a camera or other
+
+167
+00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:53,870
+optical system is focused on an object, nearby
+
+168
+00:11:53,870 --> 00:11:58,910
+objects also are also in focus لو جبنا كاميرا،
+
+169
+00:11:58,910 --> 00:12:01,990
+كاميرا التصوير، و اتطلعنا في العدسة تاعتها، و
+
+170
+00:12:01,990 --> 00:12:07,870
+ركزنا على object معين في الفراق، محيط فينا، هنلاقي
+
+171
+00:12:07,870 --> 00:12:14,070
+انه مش بس ال object هذا focused، ولكن ايضا الاجسام
+
+172
+00:12:14,070 --> 00:12:18,160
+المجاورة إليه بتكون also in focusobjects within
+
+173
+00:12:18,160 --> 00:12:21,060
+the range of depth of field will be in focus
+
+174
+00:12:21,060 --> 00:12:25,020
+whereas objects outside the depth of field will be
+
+175
+00:12:25,020 --> 00:12:29,940
+out of focus ويمكن الصورة هي يعني خير دليل ويمكن
+
+176
+00:12:29,940 --> 00:12:31,960
+الصورة هي يعني خير دليل احنا عندنا تجربة مكونة من
+
+177
+00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:36,140
+كاميرتين كل كاميرا محتوطة على stand هاي الكاميرا
+
+178
+00:12:36,140 --> 00:12:40,940
+الأولى وهي الكاميرا التانية الكاميرا الأولى فيها
+
+179
+00:12:40,940 --> 00:12:45,500
+عدسة وفيها film العدسة .. العدسة هي ال optical
+
+180
+00:12:45,500 --> 00:12:51,130
+systemوالفيلم هو ورقة التلقى، إذا العدسة ثابتة في
+
+181
+00:12:51,130 --> 00:12:55,790
+مكانها، ال stand مش هنحركه وورقة التلقى، وورقة
+
+182
+00:12:55,790 --> 00:12:58,850
+التلقى اللي هي الفيلم بتاع الكاميرا ثابت في مكانه،
+
+183
+00:12:58,850 --> 00:13:02,410
+مابتغيرش طالما العدسة ثابتة، الكاميرا ككل ثابتة،
+
+184
+00:13:02,410 --> 00:13:08,390
+تمام؟ الآن الإنسان هذا بدأ يتطلع بعينه عشان يشوف
+
+185
+00:13:08,390 --> 00:13:13,110
+وضوح وضوح الصورة قبل ما يلتقط الصورة، فوجد هو مركز
+
+186
+00:13:13,110 --> 00:13:17,310
+عند النقطة هىعند النقطة high ليه؟ عند رأس القط،
+
+187
+00:13:17,310 --> 00:13:21,250
+عند رأس القط أو رأس النمر إلى آخرين، فلاجف أنه في
+
+188
+00:13:21,250 --> 00:13:26,090
+range حوالين رأس القط واضحSo it's true that the
+
+189
+00:13:26,090 --> 00:13:28,650
+focus point is at the top of the cat, but about
+
+190
+00:13:28,650 --> 00:13:33,590
+half of the body of the cat is clear and to the
+
+191
+00:13:33,590 --> 00:13:37,930
+back or away from the top of the cat to the back,
+
+192
+00:13:38,050 --> 00:13:41,310
+of course we say to the back and to the front, to
+
+193
+00:13:41,310 --> 00:13:43,830
+the left to the front and to the right to the
+
+194
+00:13:43,830 --> 00:13:47,290
+back, it's known in geometric optics, so the top
+
+195
+00:13:47,290 --> 00:13:51,130
+of the cat that we focus on is clear and I get or
+
+196
+00:13:51,130 --> 00:13:54,360
+a part of the body of the cat is clearand there is
+
+197
+00:13:54,360 --> 00:13:57,360
+also an area far from the top of the hill, clear,
+
+198
+00:13:57,680 --> 00:14:03,320
+with herbs and so on Now this range, which extends
+
+199
+00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:07,300
+from this ridge to this ridge is called depth of
+
+200
+00:14:07,300 --> 00:14:10,700
+field Depth of field or depth of field, depth of
+
+201
+00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:13,820
+field of vision Now here this is considered narrow
+
+202
+00:14:13,820 --> 00:14:15,620
+depth of field because it does not have a wide
+
+203
+00:14:15,620 --> 00:14:21,870
+range, it does not have a wide range NowOut of
+
+204
+00:14:21,870 --> 00:14:25,730
+this depth of field, out of this field that we are
+
+205
+00:14:25,730 --> 00:14:28,610
+focusing on with the camera, in front of it and
+
+206
+00:14:28,610 --> 00:14:33,150
+behind it, it's foggy and as the picture shows So
+
+207
+00:14:33,150 --> 00:14:36,790
+in the depth of field area, the objects are clear,
+
+208
+00:14:37,210 --> 00:14:41,050
+of course the herbs and herbs are clear, the cat's
+
+209
+00:14:41,050 --> 00:14:43,450
+head is clear, the front cat's legs are clear,
+
+210
+00:14:43,950 --> 00:14:46,530
+half of his front body is clear, this is called
+
+211
+00:14:46,530 --> 00:14:50,240
+all the clear area, depth of fieldoutside, meaning
+
+212
+00:14:50,240 --> 00:14:53,460
+behind or in front, everything is foggy, because
+
+213
+00:14:53,460 --> 00:14:57,020
+we went out of the depth of field, out of the
+
+214
+00:14:57,020 --> 00:15:00,320
+depth of field Let's move in the experiment to
+
+215
+00:15:00,320 --> 00:15:03,420
+another camera, with another lens of course, with
+
+216
+00:15:03,420 --> 00:15:06,480
+another lens, which has other attributes, we will
+
+217
+00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:11,380
+find it gave me wide or large depth of fieldThe
+
+218
+00:15:11,380 --> 00:15:14,500
+focus area is also, as in the first experiment, on
+
+219
+00:15:14,500 --> 00:15:17,500
+the top of the cat, on the top of the cat, but I
+
+220
+00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:20,240
+have many things that are clear, which are the
+
+221
+00:15:20,240 --> 00:15:23,140
+trees and the trees surrounding the cat in front
+
+222
+00:15:23,140 --> 00:15:25,620
+of him and behind him, these three trees and the
+
+223
+00:15:25,620 --> 00:15:28,960
+tree and the trees and the mountain and the trees
+
+224
+00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:32,420
+on the mountain, so I have large depth of field,
+
+225
+00:15:32,540 --> 00:15:37,460
+large depth of field, which is compared to narrow
+
+226
+00:15:37,460 --> 00:15:41,920
+depth of field, of courseIn quality, in quality,
+
+227
+00:15:42,260 --> 00:15:44,980
+the second camera is considered better than the
+
+228
+00:15:44,980 --> 00:15:47,980
+first camera Because when we meet a picture in it,
+
+229
+00:15:48,300 --> 00:15:52,140
+we will be focusing on a certain point in the film
+
+230
+00:15:52,140 --> 00:15:56,260
+And a wide area around this point that we are
+
+231
+00:15:56,260 --> 00:16:00,290
+focusing onIt will also be in focus, the depth of
+
+232
+00:16:00,290 --> 00:16:04,030
+field is wide, so I will have a picture that is
+
+233
+00:16:04,030 --> 00:16:13,250
+very wide and not narrow as in the first picture I
+
+234
+00:16:13,250 --> 00:16:16,540
+also have another exampleI have the same two
+
+235
+00:16:16,540 --> 00:16:19,420
+cameras, but they are different, I mean the lenses
+
+236
+00:16:19,420 --> 00:16:23,580
+are different, so here the focus point is on the
+
+237
+00:16:23,580 --> 00:16:27,680
+man, we meet the image of the man, I mean to the
+
+238
+00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:32,980
+point thatwe see or meet a picture of him here I
+
+239
+00:16:32,980 --> 00:16:35,520
+have narrow depth or shallow depth of field
+
+240
+00:16:35,520 --> 00:16:38,600
+shallow or narrow means narrow then it got deep
+
+241
+00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:43,680
+and brought me deep so as we notice outside the
+
+242
+00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:49,760
+depth of field area I have the tree very deep and
+
+243
+00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:53,970
+the herbs very deep here I have wideor large depth
+
+244
+00:16:53,970 --> 00:16:56,670
+of field. It's true that the focus through the
+
+245
+00:16:56,670 --> 00:16:59,770
+lens of the camera is focused on the man, but
+
+246
+00:16:59,770 --> 00:17:05,910
+everything after the man is clear
+
+247
+00:17:05,910 --> 00:17:09,690
+because I have a large depth of field. Large depth
+
+248
+00:17:09,690 --> 00:17:11,230
+of field.
+
+249
+00:17:13,990 --> 00:17:16,830
+So, we will stop, God willing, at the image
+
+250
+00:17:16,830 --> 00:17:20,610
+quality and God bless you. Peace, mercy and
+
+251
+00:17:20,610 --> 00:17:21,170
+blessings of God be upon you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/THW_ZA0qQJ8.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2382 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,670 --> 00:00:05,130
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:05,130 --> 00:00:07,830
+geometric optics و اليوم هنحكي عن ال spherical
+
+3
+00:00:07,830 --> 00:00:15,670
+aberration الزيغ الكوراوي و هي نوع من أنواع ال
+
+4
+00:00:15,670 --> 00:00:19,350
+higher order aberration ال higher order aberration
+
+5
+00:00:19,350 --> 00:00:23,130
+هنشوف بس عشان نتخيل الموضوع كيف احنا بنحكي عن
+
+6
+00:00:23,670 --> 00:00:27,010
+spherical aberrations, we said that there are many
+
+7
+00:00:27,010 --> 00:00:30,570
+types of spherical aberrations or higher order
+
+8
+00:00:30,570 --> 00:00:34,310
+aberrations including spherical aberrations, let's
+
+9
+00:00:34,310 --> 00:00:43,170
+see how it means
+
+10
+00:00:43,170 --> 00:00:47,330
+of
+
+11
+00:00:47,330 --> 00:00:52,230
+point source of
+
+12
+00:00:52,230 --> 00:00:52,590
+light
+
+13
+00:00:59,920 --> 00:01:03,320
+Here we have an example of spherical aberrations,
+
+14
+00:01:03,940 --> 00:01:07,600
+where the point source of light is surrounded by a
+
+15
+00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:11,220
+halo of light that does not look like a point. Of
+
+16
+00:01:11,220 --> 00:01:13,360
+course, this has spherical aberration, and
+
+17
+00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:16,600
+everything we see has spherical aberration. So,
+
+18
+00:01:16,820 --> 00:01:20,540
+what causes spherical aberration? First of all,
+
+19
+00:01:20,620 --> 00:01:24,240
+spherical aberration causes night myopia, and in
+
+20
+00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:27,660
+some cases, a fluctuation of vision following
+
+21
+00:01:27,660 --> 00:01:31,740
+keratorefractive surgery.Spherical aberration, the
+
+22
+00:01:31,740 --> 00:01:34,460
+harm of its existence can happen to night myopia,
+
+23
+00:01:34,680 --> 00:01:38,160
+which means when the light is low, which means
+
+24
+00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:42,320
+close to the end of the day, at sunset or after
+
+25
+00:01:42,320 --> 00:01:46,240
+sunset, and the pupil of the person expands, it is
+
+26
+00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:49,020
+possible that because of the spherical aberration,
+
+27
+00:01:49,140 --> 00:01:52,900
+I get night myopia, instead of M trough, I get
+
+28
+00:01:52,900 --> 00:01:56,500
+myopia, or maybe the person who did Lasik and his
+
+29
+00:01:56,500 --> 00:01:59,720
+Lasik operation was successful, في النهار ممكن يشوف
+
+30
+00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:05,020
+كويس، في الليل يصير عنده تردي في حدة الإبصار زي ما
+
+31
+00:02:05,020 --> 00:02:09,150
+هنشوف بعد شويةIn order to understand why the
+
+32
+00:02:09,150 --> 00:02:12,210
+spherical aberration causes this problem, we need
+
+33
+00:02:12,210 --> 00:02:15,030
+to give an introduction. We say that although the
+
+34
+00:02:15,030 --> 00:02:18,730
+spherical surface focuses rays stigmatically in
+
+35
+00:02:18,730 --> 00:02:22,110
+the para-axial region according to the lensmaker's
+
+36
+00:02:22,110 --> 00:02:30,110
+equation that we took, rays outside that region do
+
+37
+00:02:30,110 --> 00:02:33,430
+not focus to a point, but rather give a point
+
+38
+00:02:33,430 --> 00:02:35,890
+spread function. If we go to a magnifying glass
+
+39
+00:02:35,890 --> 00:02:41,080
+here, الـ light rays اللي مشغلها باللون الأحمر هي
+
+40
+00:02:42,220 --> 00:02:45,280
+Paraxial ray is close to the optical axis and its
+
+41
+00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:49,400
+focus is ideal
+
+42
+00:03:13,380 --> 00:03:16,460
+The light ray, which is drawn in green, has its
+
+43
+00:03:16,460 --> 00:03:19,000
+focus here, while the red, which is drawn in
+
+44
+00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:24,120
+paraxial, has its focus here, the ideal focus,
+
+45
+00:03:24,220 --> 00:03:27,240
+which is the paraxial focus. The most peripheral
+
+46
+00:03:27,240 --> 00:03:32,360
+blue light rays are closest to the lens, so
+
+47
+00:03:32,360 --> 00:03:38,990
+wherever away from the optical axis, wherever The
+
+48
+00:03:38,990 --> 00:03:42,830
+focus will be closer to the optical system This is
+
+49
+00:03:42,830 --> 00:03:49,430
+the reason of the multiple of the foci in the same
+
+50
+00:03:49,430 --> 00:03:54,730
+light band leading to the spherical aberration
+
+51
+00:03:54,730 --> 00:03:57,250
+leading to the spherical aberration
+
+52
+00:03:59,540 --> 00:04:02,540
+For a positive spherical surface, the farther
+
+53
+00:04:02,540 --> 00:04:05,860
+array is from the axis, the more anterior its
+
+54
+00:04:05,860 --> 00:04:06,260
+focus.
+
+55
+00:04:16,700 --> 00:04:19,540
+Spherical aberration has two effects
+
+56
+00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:26,820
+أول أثر ال image quality أو بين جسين ال visual
+
+57
+00:04:26,820 --> 00:04:30,240
+acuity decreases because the focus is not
+
+58
+00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:35,820
+stigmatic يعني لما أنا بشوف بعيني المجردة نفرض هذه
+
+59
+00:04:35,820 --> 00:04:40,840
+هي القرنية و العدسة و ورق�� التلقي هي ال retina لما
+
+60
+00:04:40,840 --> 00:04:43,700
+بقول أنه هذه العين فيها أو بتعمل spherical
+
+61
+00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:46,940
+aberration معناته بعض الأشعة يكون ال focus بتاعها
+
+62
+00:04:46,940 --> 00:04:50,580
+هنا بعضة هنا بعضة على ال retinasome behind the
+
+63
+00:04:50,580 --> 00:04:54,700
+retina, so not all rays are concentrated in one
+
+64
+00:04:54,700 --> 00:04:59,400
+point, which leads to poor image quality. Image
+
+65
+00:04:59,400 --> 00:05:03,600
+quality is affected by visual acuity
+
+66
+00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:12,560
+The image location is changed from the position
+
+67
+00:05:12,560 --> 00:05:15,820
+predicted by the lensmaker's equation and vergence
+
+68
+00:05:15,820 --> 00:05:18,040
+equation
+
+69
+00:05:23,050 --> 00:05:26,350
+It was derived from the use of Paraxial rays, when
+
+70
+00:05:26,350 --> 00:05:29,010
+we use the lens maker equation, it will tell us
+
+71
+00:05:29,010 --> 00:05:31,390
+that the focus is here or the image location is
+
+72
+00:05:31,390 --> 00:05:36,390
+here I have some rays here and some rays here and
+
+73
+00:05:36,390 --> 00:05:41,010
+some rays here and some rays hereإذن بقدرش أحدد
+
+74
+00:05:41,010 --> 00:05:45,190
+باستعمال ال lens maker equation إذا كل هذه الأشعة
+
+75
+00:05:45,190 --> 00:05:49,750
+بده تدخل لهذا ال optical system بقدرش أستعمل ال
+
+76
+00:05:49,750 --> 00:05:52,650
+lens maker equation و أقول والله ال image هتكون
+
+77
+00:05:52,650 --> 00:05:56,990
+هناI also can't use divergence calculations for
+
+78
+00:05:56,990 --> 00:06:04,030
+this purpose, so I have two
+
+79
+00:06:04,030 --> 00:06:10,290
+negative things or two negative effects for
+
+80
+00:06:10,290 --> 00:06:12,950
+spherical aberration or something that affects my
+
+81
+00:06:12,950 --> 00:06:14,990
+visual acuity or something that doesn't let me
+
+82
+00:06:14,990 --> 00:06:19,310
+know exactly where the image location isطيب لو
+
+83
+00:06:19,310 --> 00:06:23,390
+اجينا احنا نسينا شوية ال .. ال .. ال aberration و
+
+84
+00:06:23,390 --> 00:06:27,030
+نسينا شوية ال para axial ray و ال peripheral ray و
+
+85
+00:06:27,030 --> 00:06:30,810
+قولنا أين تقع ال image Roughly speaking, the best
+
+86
+00:06:30,810 --> 00:06:34,930
+focus is achieved where the rays are confined to
+
+87
+00:06:34,930 --> 00:06:38,450
+the smallest area بمعنى أخر، هاي عندي أنا عندي
+
+88
+00:06:38,450 --> 00:06:43,120
+نفرض ست أشعةIt's two red and two green and two
+
+89
+00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:47,220
+blue Let's suppose that they are all together They
+
+90
+00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:51,140
+all want to make a picture of me because they all
+
+91
+00:06:51,140 --> 00:06:55,200
+started from the same point Okay, if I took a clip
+
+92
+00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:59,240
+here, the clip will be .. if I put the receipt
+
+93
+00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:01,940
+paper here, it will be the circle made up of these
+
+94
+00:07:01,940 --> 00:07:05,760
+rays, that is, its diameter is large The smallest
+
+95
+00:07:05,760 --> 00:07:08,160
+diameter possible here, that's why they call it
+
+96
+00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:11,430
+the best focusYou can also say that here is an
+
+97
+00:07:11,430 --> 00:07:16,350
+ideal focus, here are two of the six rays, meaning
+
+98
+00:07:16,350 --> 00:07:20,670
+one third of the rays are focusing here, while the
+
+99
+00:07:20,670 --> 00:07:26,590
+rest are not, so if I take a point here, it will
+
+100
+00:07:26,590 --> 00:07:29,790
+be the circle, if we assume that this is a wall,
+
+101
+00:07:29,910 --> 00:07:34,590
+the circle will be its line from here to hereوهنا
+
+102
+00:07:34,590 --> 00:07:37,430
+برضه مش مناسب، من هنا لأ، يعني أصغر مقطع هيكون
+
+103
+00:07:37,430 --> 00:07:41,370
+هنا، هذا ال best focus، هذا ال best focus، اذا the
+
+104
+00:07:41,370 --> 00:07:44,870
+best focus is achieved where the rays are confined
+
+105
+00:07:44,870 --> 00:07:47,690
+to the smallest area، واضح أنه ال best focus هنا
+
+106
+00:07:47,690 --> 00:07:52,290
+عنديIf I use the lens maker equation, it will show
+
+107
+00:07:52,290 --> 00:07:54,890
+me the image here, while the best focus is here.
+
+108
+00:07:55,010 --> 00:07:58,310
+Why? Because the lens maker equation is used only
+
+109
+00:07:58,310 --> 00:08:01,150
+for the Paraxial ray, while I don't want to take
+
+110
+00:08:01,150 --> 00:08:04,750
+all the rays, no, the best focus is here, the best
+
+111
+00:08:04,750 --> 00:08:07,590
+focus is here. Okay, we want to imagine as usual
+
+112
+00:08:07,590 --> 00:08:12,170
+that this is the crystalline lens, this is the
+
+113
+00:08:12,170 --> 00:08:18,350
+crystalline lens and we come hereNorrison, the
+
+114
+00:08:18,350 --> 00:08:18,630
+pupil
+
+115
+00:08:46,140 --> 00:08:50,060
+In the day, the pupil, which is the opening in the
+
+116
+00:08:50,060 --> 00:08:55,300
+iris, allows only in the day, because the pupil is
+
+117
+00:08:55,300 --> 00:08:58,440
+closed, it allows only the para-axial ray to pass,
+
+118
+00:08:58,620 --> 00:09:03,220
+and if we imagine that the retina is here, then
+
+119
+00:09:03,220 --> 00:09:07,620
+the para-axial ray focuses on the retina, so the
+
+120
+00:09:07,620 --> 00:09:10,000
+picture is very clear, there is no problem. In the
+
+121
+00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:16,410
+day. At night, the butt will happen.expanded as a
+
+122
+00:09:16,410 --> 00:09:19,150
+result of the light of the sun and the amount of
+
+123
+00:09:19,150 --> 00:09:21,690
+light in the darkness is less, so it expands the
+
+124
+00:09:21,690 --> 00:09:25,910
+belly All these rays enter the crystalline lens,
+
+125
+00:09:26,150 --> 00:09:29,150
+of course after entering the cornea So where is
+
+126
+00:09:29,150 --> 00:09:31,010
+the best focus? The best focus is in front of the
+
+127
+00:09:31,010 --> 00:09:34,210
+retina, so that's why this is for the person who
+
+128
+00:09:34,210 --> 00:09:38,670
+has the focus The best focus means the best focus
+
+129
+00:09:38,670 --> 00:09:41,970
+for all the rays gathered herewhile the retina is
+
+130
+00:09:41,970 --> 00:09:44,830
+here, the retina will not change its place, so
+
+131
+00:09:44,830 --> 00:09:48,390
+when the focus is in front of the retina, then
+
+132
+00:09:48,390 --> 00:09:54,390
+this person who was before m-trop, that is, he has
+
+133
+00:09:54,390 --> 00:09:56,730
+neither short nor long, that is, neither in front
+
+134
+00:09:56,730 --> 00:09:59,670
+of the retina nor behind the retina, became at
+
+135
+00:09:59,670 --> 00:10:04,010
+night with myopia because the focus became .. the
+
+136
+00:10:04,010 --> 00:10:07,630
+focus becameIn this region, in front of the
+
+137
+00:10:07,630 --> 00:10:09,810
+retina, it is known that the focus in front of the
+
+138
+00:10:09,810 --> 00:10:14,750
+retina is considered major. So this patient...This
+
+139
+00:10:14,750 --> 00:10:17,630
+patient, during the day, is immature, and during
+
+140
+00:10:17,630 --> 00:10:20,270
+the night, he has night myopia. We need to make
+
+141
+00:10:20,270 --> 00:10:22,350
+sure that if we examine him during sunset, and the
+
+142
+00:10:22,350 --> 00:10:25,370
+amount of light in the room reduces a little, if
+
+143
+00:10:25,370 --> 00:10:28,290
+we put minus one or minus half, we will find that
+
+144
+00:10:28,290 --> 00:10:31,750
+he started to see more clearly than if we did not
+
+145
+00:10:31,750 --> 00:10:35,610
+put any lens on him. So this night myopia is
+
+146
+00:10:35,610 --> 00:10:38,130
+caused by the enlargement of the pupil, the
+
+147
+00:10:38,130 --> 00:10:40,490
+peripheral ray, which is larger than the para
+
+148
+00:10:40,490 --> 00:10:47,140
+-axial ray, all entered the eye, الاشعع مجتمع سواء
+
+149
+00:10:47,140 --> 00:10:49,760
+paraaxial أو peripheral كلها مع بعضها ال best
+
+150
+00:10:49,760 --> 00:10:53,860
+focus بتاعها هنا و هذا الموقع هو أمام ال retina هو
+
+151
+00:10:53,860 --> 00:11:00,420
+أمام ال retina فبالتالي هذا بيحكيلي أنه ال
+
+152
+00:11:00,420 --> 00:11:04,040
+spherical aberration بتسبب night myopia in the
+
+153
+00:11:04,040 --> 00:11:09,260
+human eye spherical aberrationIt shifts the focus
+
+154
+00:11:09,260 --> 00:11:13,300
+anteriorly, بتحركلي ال focus في ال human eye بتحرك
+
+155
+00:11:13,300 --> 00:11:17,760
+ال focus anteriorly يعني كان على الشبكية بس بسبب
+
+156
+00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:20,340
+ال spherical aberration اتحرك للأمام
+
+157
+00:11:23,300 --> 00:11:26,600
+making the patient slightly more myopic than would
+
+158
+00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:29,180
+be expected from vergence calculations
+
+159
+00:11:48,290 --> 00:11:50,710
+The object at a certain distance, for example, and
+
+160
+00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:53,570
+this is the optical system, and according to the
+
+161
+00:11:53,570 --> 00:11:55,290
+image distance, it came out in front of the
+
+162
+00:11:55,290 --> 00:11:57,930
+network of half a diopter. I said that this eye
+
+163
+00:11:57,930 --> 00:12:02,070
+has a myopia of half a diopter. Half a diopter,
+
+164
+00:12:02,250 --> 00:12:06,150
+according to Virgin's calculations.The spherical
+
+165
+00:12:06,150 --> 00:12:08,450
+aberration will make it slightly more than half a
+
+166
+00:12:08,450 --> 00:12:10,310
+diopter, for example one diopter, one and a
+
+167
+00:12:10,310 --> 00:12:13,670
+quarter diopter, one and a half diopter, so this
+
+168
+00:12:13,670 --> 00:12:18,150
+case is slightly more myopic than would be
+
+169
+00:12:18,150 --> 00:12:23,870
+expected from virgin's calculations Okay, this is
+
+170
+00:12:23,870 --> 00:12:26,830
+a point, there is also something that if a person
+
+171
+00:12:26,830 --> 00:12:30,390
+is already myopicThe spherical aberration
+
+172
+00:12:30,390 --> 00:12:33,610
+exacerbates myopia in low light. The spherical
+
+173
+00:12:33,610 --> 00:12:35,590
+aberration increases myopia. For example, if
+
+174
+00:12:35,590 --> 00:12:39,150
+someone has two degrees of myopia and has
+
+175
+00:12:39,150 --> 00:12:41,290
+spherical aberration, two degrees during the day
+
+176
+00:12:41,290 --> 00:12:44,210
+will become two and a half or three degrees at
+
+177
+00:12:44,210 --> 00:12:49,890
+night. On the contrary, in low light, in brighter
+
+178
+00:12:49,890 --> 00:12:53,270
+conditions during the day, the pupil constricts,
+
+179
+00:12:53,430 --> 00:12:56,150
+blocking the more peripheral ray and minimizing
+
+180
+00:12:56,150 --> 00:12:59,980
+the effect of spherical aberration.So, during the
+
+181
+00:12:59,980 --> 00:13:03,660
+day, when there is a high external radiation to
+
+182
+00:13:03,660 --> 00:13:08,840
+the pupil constricts
+
+183
+00:13:16,450 --> 00:13:22,650
+It means that only the para-axial region is
+
+184
+00:13:22,650 --> 00:13:23,410
+allowed to enter the eye, but the peripheral
+
+185
+00:13:23,410 --> 00:13:25,390
+region will be blocked because it will collide
+
+186
+00:13:25,390 --> 00:13:28,950
+with the iris, so it will get rid of the spherical
+
+187
+00:13:28,950 --> 00:13:31,250
+aberration A person can say that it is excellent,
+
+188
+00:13:31,390 --> 00:13:33,810
+so the solution is to make a meiosis for a person
+
+189
+00:13:33,810 --> 00:13:36,610
+who has a spherical aberration We make a meiosis
+
+190
+00:13:36,610 --> 00:13:41,970
+for a person who has a spherical aberration, that
+
+191
+00:13:41,970 --> 00:13:46,940
+is, we make a contraction for the butt طبعا لو
+
+192
+00:13:46,940 --> 00:13:50,960
+شوفنا الرسم هاي هذا meiotic pupil constricted او
+
+193
+00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:54,940
+meiotic pupil هذا normal او حتى slightly dilated
+
+194
+00:13:54,940 --> 00:14:00,240
+pupil هنا يعني maximally dilated pupil maximally
+
+195
+00:14:00,240 --> 00:14:04,780
+dilated pupil طبع
+
+223
+00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:10,080
+واضحة بس ال central area هي اللي واضحة فبصير
+
+224
+00:16:10,080 --> 00:16:15,560
+construction لل field of vision فهذا بالتالي من
+
+225
+00:16:15,560 --> 00:16:18,120
+عيوب ال meiosis يعني ال meiosis هعمل diffraction
+
+226
+00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:21,230
+أكتر It will create a constriction in the field, so
+
+227
+00:16:21,230 --> 00:16:28,570
+the patient with myosis will only see the central
+
+228
+00:16:28,570 --> 00:16:32,350
+field in front of him and the edges of the field
+
+229
+00:16:32,350 --> 00:16:35,490
+will not be able to see it because of myosis, so
+
+230
+00:16:35,490 --> 00:16:38,810
+it will create a problem for him. So in brighter
+
+231
+00:16:38,810 --> 00:16:45,040
+conditions, the pupil constricts blocking the more
+
+232
+00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:48,140
+peripheral rays and minimizing the effect of
+
+233
+00:16:48,140 --> 00:16:55,140
+spherical aberration. As the pupil enlarges more
+
+234
+00:16:55,140 --> 00:16:59,480
+peripheral
+
+235
+00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:04,320
+rays enter the eye and the focus shifts anteriorly
+
+236
+00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:07,280
+making the patient slightly more myopic in low
+
+237
+00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:10,700
+light conditions. Okay, how much does it become
+
+238
+00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:13,740
+myopic? Does it become 10 myopia diopters or 5
+
+239
+00:17:13,740 --> 00:17:16,260
+diopters? No, it's typically the amount of myopic
+
+240
+00:17:16,260 --> 00:17:20,020
+shift is about half a diopter, is about half a
+
+241
+00:17:20,020 --> 00:17:22,400
+diopter. Okay, a person might say, well, half a
+
+242
+00:17:22,400 --> 00:17:24,900
+diopter is little. We say, no, it's little, but it
+
+243
+00:17:24,900 --> 00:17:28,240
+can affect the patient. Look how a person has, for
+
+244
+00:17:28,240 --> 00:17:32,580
+example, minus 6 myopia diopters. This is before
+
+245
+00:17:32,580 --> 00:17:37,790
+the laser operation. After the laser operation, It
+
+246
+00:17:37,790 --> 00:17:41,110
+remained half-diopter myopia minus half-diopter,
+
+247
+00:17:41,950 --> 00:17:46,330
+which is
+
+248
+00:17:46,330 --> 00:17:49,110
+amazing because after having six degrees of
+
+249
+00:17:49,110 --> 00:17:51,870
+myopia, it became half-diopter myopia. But because
+
+250
+00:17:51,870 --> 00:17:55,210
+of the spherical aberration at night, this half
+
+251
+00:17:55,210 --> 00:17:57,950
+-diopter became one-diopter. One-diopter means
+
+252
+00:17:57,950 --> 00:18:00,510
+that Morocco needs glasses.especially if he
+
+253
+00:18:00,510 --> 00:18:04,850
+watches TV, if he wants to read on his phone or in
+
+254
+00:18:04,850 --> 00:18:08,530
+his book or any close work, there is no problem
+
+255
+00:18:08,530 --> 00:18:12,630
+with one diopter myopia. But if there is no
+
+256
+00:18:12,630 --> 00:18:15,270
+spherical aberration as much as the half diopter
+
+257
+00:18:15,270 --> 00:18:18,770
+myopia can seeThe distance when near is good, but
+
+258
+00:18:18,770 --> 00:18:22,610
+on one diopter myopia, usually when you read the
+
+259
+00:18:22,610 --> 00:18:26,390
+newspaper, you might need glasses So he did the
+
+260
+00:18:26,390 --> 00:18:29,370
+laser operation and paid for it to get rid of the
+
+261
+00:18:29,370 --> 00:18:32,350
+glasses But because of the spherical aberration,
+
+262
+00:18:32,430 --> 00:18:34,910
+this is an example, so that we don't get bored
+
+263
+00:18:34,910 --> 00:18:38,410
+with the word half-diopter myopia This is an
+
+264
+00:18:38,410 --> 00:18:41,070
+example that explains why half-diopter might make
+
+265
+00:18:41,070 --> 00:18:46,090
+sense to meTypically, the amount of myopic shift
+
+266
+00:18:46,090 --> 00:18:55,230
+is about half a diopter. In addition, because of
+
+267
+00:18:55,230 --> 00:18:56,110
+dark adaptation
+
+268
+00:19:09,670 --> 00:19:12,250
+The human eye enters a state called dark
+
+269
+00:19:12,250 --> 00:19:17,250
+adaptation In this dark adaptation, what happens
+
+270
+00:19:17,250 --> 00:19:24,380
+chemically in the retinal rods which is the
+
+271
+00:19:24,380 --> 00:19:27,540
+photoreceptors, which are the rods become more
+
+272
+00:19:27,540 --> 00:19:30,500
+sensitive to the shorter blue wavelength of light
+
+273
+00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:33,840
+become more sensitive to the shorter wavelength of
+
+274
+00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:36,520
+light, which is what we mean by blue light okay,
+
+275
+00:19:36,620 --> 00:19:40,280
+for blue light, its focus is still more anterior
+
+276
+00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:45,020
+contributing further to night myopia okay let's
+
+277
+00:19:45,020 --> 00:19:45,900
+see this picture
+
+278
+00:19:49,480 --> 00:19:53,620
+these eyes have spherical aberration spherical
+
+279
+00:19:53,620 --> 00:19:58,940
+aberration occurs to night myopia this is one
+
+280
+00:19:58,940 --> 00:20:01,880
+point but there is another point as long as it is
+
+281
+00:20:01,880 --> 00:20:04,060
+night myopia means that darkness is gone these
+
+282
+00:20:04,060 --> 00:20:07,460
+eyes become dark adapted the rods in the retina
+
+283
+00:20:07,460 --> 00:20:10,600
+become more sensitive to blue light and blue
+
+284
+00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:14,800
+light's focus is still anteriorIn comparison with
+
+285
+00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:19,200
+red and yellow and green, it's more anterior, if
+
+286
+00:20:19,200 --> 00:20:22,460
+this eye is closer to the red light
+
+287
+00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:34,300
+closer to the optical system than the red light
+
+288
+00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:36,380
+because the refractive index for the eye is higher
+
+289
+00:20:36,380 --> 00:20:39,140
+for the blue than for the green than for the red.
+
+290
+00:20:39,640 --> 00:20:44,920
+Okay. The night myopia happened to the white
+
+291
+00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:47,580
+wavelength which is contained on all this
+
+292
+00:20:47,580 --> 00:20:50,740
+spectrum, but for the blue it is stronger. The
+
+293
+00:20:50,740 --> 00:20:53,780
+night myopia is stronger and this contributes
+
+294
+00:20:53,780 --> 00:20:58,260
+further to night myopia.Spherical aberration
+
+295
+00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:05,960
+accounts
+
+296
+00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:19,720
+for
+
+297
+00:21:19,720 --> 00:21:23,500
+some cases of fluctuating vision following
+
+298
+00:21:23,500 --> 00:21:27,150
+keratorefractive surgery.Keratorefractive surgery
+
+299
+00:21:27,150 --> 00:21:30,490
+which
+
+300
+00:21:30,490 --> 00:21:34,030
+is laser, PRK, and similar operations that are
+
+301
+00:21:34,030 --> 00:21:40,170
+modified by correlation or interference in two
+
+302
+00:21:40,170 --> 00:21:42,730
+lenses to change the refractive error or correct
+
+303
+00:21:42,730 --> 00:21:45,110
+the refractive error and all of them are combined
+
+304
+00:21:45,110 --> 00:21:48,290
+under one title which is laser vision correction
+
+305
+00:21:52,050 --> 00:21:54,270
+One of the most famous operations is the Lasik
+
+306
+00:21:54,270 --> 00:21:57,510
+operation and PRK operation. Of course, the name
+
+307
+00:21:57,510 --> 00:22:00,210
+that was given to them is keratorefractive
+
+308
+00:22:00,210 --> 00:22:03,470
+surgery, which means the refraction operations
+
+309
+00:22:03,470 --> 00:22:06,450
+that occur on the cornea, kerato means cornea.
+
+310
+00:22:22,300 --> 00:22:25,620
+in the day it's good, 6 out of 6, at night it's
+
+311
+00:22:25,620 --> 00:22:29,040
+bad, it comes back the next day, it's good, in the
+
+312
+00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:33,280
+day .. so therefore the vision fluctuates between
+
+313
+00:22:33,280 --> 00:22:35,860
+good and bad, of course bad because of the
+
+314
+00:22:35,860 --> 00:22:39,380
+spherical aberration in the low light conditions,
+
+315
+00:22:39,420 --> 00:22:43,380
+in the low light condition normally the cornea is
+
+316
+00:22:43,380 --> 00:22:46,160
+flatter peripherally than centrally which
+
+317
+00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:51,220
+decreases spherical aberration okay, we say that a
+
+318
+00:22:51,220 --> 00:22:55,300
+personmeans that it is created in relation to the
+
+319
+00:22:55,300 --> 00:23:00,660
+edges more flat. Why? Because its force is less
+
+320
+00:23:00,660 --> 00:23:03,360
+than the central cornea. The central cornea
+
+321
+00:23:03,360 --> 00:23:08,060
+focuses on the retina, behind the axial rays. And
+
+322
+00:23:08,060 --> 00:23:11,120
+here, the peripheral cornea, if the force of the
+
+323
+00:23:11,120 --> 00:23:12,940
+cornea here is the same force in the central
+
+324
+00:23:12,940 --> 00:23:18,020
+retina, then the peripheral ray should shift to
+
+325
+00:23:18,020 --> 00:23:22,440
+the anterior focus, as shown in this drawing.ليه
+
+326
+00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:26,340
+أول رسم؟ هاي ال peripheral ray، هذي sphere تماما،
+
+327
+00:23:26,340 --> 00:23:29,460
+يعني التحدب هنا، نفس التحدب هنا، نفس التحدب هنا،
+
+328
+00:23:29,460 --> 00:23:33,520
+نفس التحدب هنا، كل نقاطها متحدبة بنفس القدر،
+
+329
+00:23:33,520 --> 00:23:37,060
+فبالتالي هذا ال spherical shape، ال total
+
+330
+00:23:37,060 --> 00:23:42,230
+spherical shapeبخل عندى تحدث spherical aberration,
+
+331
+00:23:42,350 --> 00:23:46,510
+spherical aberration يعني رب العالمين لما يعني خلق
+
+332
+00:23:46,510 --> 00:23:50,390
+الإنسان أحسن تقويمه لقد خلقنا الإنسان في أحسن
+
+333
+00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:55,260
+تقويم كانت الكورنيا flat peripherallyflat
+
+334
+00:23:55,260 --> 00:23:58,440
+peripherally يعني flat بمعنى إذا كان هنا قوتها
+
+335
+00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:01,460
+أربعة و أربعين ديوقتر هنا ممكن تكون تلاتة و أربعين
+
+336
+00:24:01,460 --> 00:24:05,060
+أو اتنين و أربعين و نص يعني أضعف كعدسة هذه المنطقة
+
+337
+00:24:05,060 --> 00:24:08,320
+و هذه المنطقة ال periphery of the cornea ليش؟ عشان
+
+338
+00:24:08,320 --> 00:24:13,170
+ماتقدرش تجمع الأشعة أمامthe retina, so that
+
+339
+00:24:13,170 --> 00:24:15,970
+everything is gathered in one point. If the retina
+
+340
+00:24:15,970 --> 00:24:18,490
+is peripherally flat and centrally more steep,
+
+341
+00:24:18,870 --> 00:24:22,050
+this delays or prevents or reduces the spherical
+
+342
+00:24:22,050 --> 00:24:25,030
+aberration, and the peripheral with the paraxial
+
+343
+00:24:25,030 --> 00:24:30,150
+rays gather in one point and reduce the spherical
+
+344
+00:24:30,150 --> 00:24:34,230
+aberration. Normally, in normal conditions, the
+
+345
+00:24:34,230 --> 00:24:37,610
+cornea is flatter peripherally than centrally,طبعا
+
+346
+00:24:37,610 --> 00:24:41,450
+هذا ايش فيته؟ هذا decreases spherical aberration
+
+347
+00:24:41,450 --> 00:24:43,810
+.. decreases spherical aberration ممكن انسان يقول
+
+348
+00:24:43,810 --> 00:24:46,990
+طب هنا احنا ال pupil هو اللي بيمنع اصلا ال
+
+349
+00:24:46,990 --> 00:24:50,770
+peripheral ray مش هتدخل مظبوط هنا لما يكون ال
+
+350
+00:24:50,770 --> 00:24:55,050
+pupil constricted ال peripheral ray مش هتدخل ففيش
+
+351
+00:24:55,050 --> 00:24:59,650
+spherical aberration بس من عظمة الخلق انه حتى في
+
+352
+00:24:59,650 --> 00:25:04,470
+الليل لما ال pupil بتوسعWhen the pupil expands and
+
+353
+00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:06,950
+enters the peripheral ray, which we called the
+
+354
+00:25:06,950 --> 00:25:10,710
+yellow color, even if the pupil is wide at night,
+
+355
+00:25:11,610 --> 00:25:15,150
+the focus will not change because the cornea here
+
+356
+00:25:15,150 --> 00:25:17,170
+is closed. The focus will not change because the
+
+357
+00:25:17,170 --> 00:25:23,110
+cornea here is closed. Now, some operations that
+
+358
+00:25:23,110 --> 00:25:27,790
+correct the vision increase the spherical
+
+359
+00:25:27,790 --> 00:25:30,960
+aberration. One of the most common operationswhich
+
+360
+00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:33,240
+causes the spherical aberration called radial
+
+361
+00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:37,340
+keratotomy. Radial keratotomy is the process of
+
+362
+00:25:37,340 --> 00:25:43,540
+coronal abrasion. This is what was discovered or
+
+363
+00:25:43,540 --> 00:25:46,200
+thought about in the beginning by Feodorov, the
+
+364
+00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:48,960
+Russian scientist Feodorov, a scientist of eye
+
+365
+00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:52,300
+medicine, who has a institute of eye medicine in
+
+366
+00:25:52,300 --> 00:25:54,100
+Moscow.
+
+367
+00:25:55,940 --> 00:25:58,820
+The injection process is what corrects the vision.
+
+368
+00:25:59,380 --> 00:26:04,060
+This process is a radial incision in the cornea.
+
+369
+00:26:04,580 --> 00:26:07,980
+This is one of the incisions. If we take a picture
+
+370
+00:26:07,980 --> 00:26:12,320
+of this, from the paracentral cornea, it does not
+
+371
+00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:13,800
+come to the center because it does not make a mess
+
+372
+00:26:13,800 --> 00:26:18,360
+in the vision. And it makes an incision, a cut. Of
+
+373
+00:26:18,360 --> 00:26:20,080
+course, the cut is not full thickness. That is,
+
+374
+00:26:20,480 --> 00:26:23,600
+the cut is about 70% to 80% of the corneal
+
+375
+00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:27,410
+thickness. The cut ends here.طبعا إيش هذا أهميته؟
+
+376
+00:26:27,410 --> 00:26:30,570
+هذا ال .. هذه طبعا هنا عامل تقريبا عشرة، واحد،
+
+377
+00:26:30,570 --> 00:26:33,630
+اتنين، تلاتة، أربعة، على ناحية التانية أربعة وعلى
+
+378
+00:26:33,630 --> 00:26:38,210
+تسعين فيه كمان اتنين، إذا في عشر ممكن توصل لستاش و
+
+379
+00:26:38,210 --> 00:26:41,790
+أحيانا بنعمل تمانية طيب إيش ال .. الأهمية بتاعة
+
+380
+00:26:41,790 --> 00:26:46,390
+إحداث تشطيبات في الكورية؟ إنه نعملها يسموها تشطيب
+
+381
+00:26:46,390 --> 00:26:51,140
+القرانيةTashteeb القرنية or Radial .. Radial لإنه
+
+382
+00:26:51,140 --> 00:26:56,380
+جاية كإنها radius كإنه نصف قطر فبالتالي إيش
+
+383
+00:26:56,380 --> 00:27:00,300
+الفايدة منها؟ إنه تضعف القرنية في المناطق هاي ليش
+
+384
+00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:03,620
+بدنا تضعف القرنية في المناطق هاي؟ عشان ضغط العين
+
+385
+00:27:03,620 --> 00:27:08,810
+من الداخل يدفعها للخارج فلما بيدفعها للخارجThe
+
+386
+00:27:08,810 --> 00:27:11,890
+central cornea becomes flat, as seen in this
+
+387
+00:27:11,890 --> 00:27:14,350
+picture, the pressure of the eye pushes it
+
+388
+00:27:14,350 --> 00:27:19,470
+outward, because it has become thin areas, and
+
+389
+00:27:19,470 --> 00:27:21,410
+most areas will be affected by the pressure of the
+
+390
+00:27:21,410 --> 00:27:21,610
+eye,
+
+391
+00:27:27,970 --> 00:27:29,950
+in the areas of wrinkles
+
+392
+00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:37,800
+and as a result of the intraocular pressure
+
+393
+00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:39,860
+pressure, the central cornea will become more
+
+394
+00:27:39,860 --> 00:27:44,340
+flat. This will heal to about 2 to 2.5 degrees and
+
+395
+00:27:44,340 --> 00:27:47,800
+sometimes more than myopia and sometimes more than
+
+396
+00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:50,780
+myopia. Of course, this process will stop now for
+
+397
+00:27:50,780 --> 00:27:55,160
+several reasons.It's not predictable. You can't
+
+398
+00:27:55,160 --> 00:28:02,500
+determine how much the story can
+
+399
+00:28:02,500 --> 00:28:04,100
+be corrected. Can it be corrected to a degree or
+
+400
+00:28:04,100 --> 00:28:06,300
+another degree? You can't control it at any point.
+
+401
+00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:11,020
+The second point is that we can't after that make
+
+402
+00:28:11,020 --> 00:28:13,320
+it difficult to measure the power of the lens if
+
+403
+00:28:13,320 --> 00:28:16,240
+this person or this eye has cataract after that
+
+404
+00:28:17,650 --> 00:28:20,010
+means that after the keratotomy, it becomes very
+
+405
+00:28:20,010 --> 00:28:22,670
+difficult or requires complicated calculations to
+
+406
+00:28:22,670 --> 00:28:26,150
+reach the correct lens strength. But our topic
+
+407
+00:28:26,150 --> 00:28:30,490
+today is that we said in the natural, the
+
+408
+00:28:30,490 --> 00:28:38,770
+peripheral cornea should beflatter than
+
+409
+00:28:38,770 --> 00:28:44,550
+the central cornea
+
+410
+00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:53,320
+Peripheral cornea is steep, so this will increase
+
+411
+00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:56,980
+the spherical aberration,
+
+412
+00:28:57,080 --> 00:28:59,200
+and this is the secret of the sentence high radial
+
+413
+00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,600
+keratotomy makes the cornea more spherical
+
+414
+00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:08,350
+increasing the spherical aberrationAlso, the laser
+
+415
+00:29:08,350 --> 00:29
+
+445
+00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:15,880
+is the rays of the sun or light in general Let's
+
+446
+00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:18,220
+assume that in this state there is spherical
+
+447
+00:31:18,220 --> 00:31:20,780
+aberration, but its quantity is small and caused
+
+448
+00:31:20,780 --> 00:31:25,600
+by a myopia whose amount is minus a quarter of a
+
+449
+00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:28,860
+diopter. Not many people will feel it So in the
+
+450
+00:31:28,860 --> 00:31:33,700
+state of the size of the owl like this Pupil 
+
+451
+00:31:33,700 --> 00:31:36,760
+diameter is 3 mm
+
+452
+00:31:43,890 --> 00:31:45,950
+you enter a little bit of peripheral rays, it will
+
+453
+00:31:45,950 --> 00:31:48,890
+make an aberration, spherical aberration, it will
+
+454
+00:31:48,890 --> 00:31:51,710
+lead to a myopia of a quarter of a diopter, not
+
+455
+00:31:51,710 --> 00:31:53,870
+very significant, meaning retina here, for
+
+456
+00:31:53,870 --> 00:31:57,350
+example, and the focus, the best focus here, a 
+
+457
+00:31:57,350 --> 00:32:01,270
+person will not feel it much, so you have a 3 mm
+
+458
+00:32:01,270 --> 00:32:04,090
+bulb, the spherical aberration is a quarter of it,
+
+459
+00:32:04,250 --> 00:32:06,770
+okay, let's assume that with Morocco, the bulb
+
+460
+00:32:06,770 --> 00:32:10,710
+became 6
+
+461
+00:32:10,710 --> 00:32:15,440
+mm in size 6 millimeters means it doubled twice so
+
+462
+00:32:15,440 --> 00:32:19,520
+the bubble at night or in the dark is 6
+
+463
+00:32:19,520 --> 00:32:25,880
+millimeters okay 6 millimeters so
+
+464
+00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:29,380
+the amount of duplication in the bubble became
+
+465
+00:32:29,380 --> 00:32:34,920
+double how much increased the spherical aberration
+
+466
+00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:40,660
+the spherical aberration shortened SA increased in 
+
+467
+00:32:40,660 --> 00:32:46,480
+amount The increase in
+
+468
+00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:54,140
+pupil diameter Pupil 
+
+469
+00:32:54,140 --> 00:33:00,220
+diameter Equals
+
+470
+00:33:00,220 --> 00:33:08,480
+to 4 Equals to 4 How much did it increase? It 
+
+471
+00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:12,200
+doubled So the spherical aberration here The
+
+472
+00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:17,800
+spherical aberration is equal to... The parrot
+
+473
+00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:27,920
+doubled twice 4 times which is equal to 16 Look at
+
+474
+00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:38,280
+the calculator The
+
+475
+00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:39,520
+parrot doubled twice 
+
+476
+00:33:45,250 --> 00:33:50,210
+4 times equals 16 times what is 16 times? it is 
+
+477
+00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:51,990
+the percentage of increase in the operation it
+
+478
+00:33:51,990 --> 00:33:58,010
+means that the diopter when it was 3 times
+
+479
+00:33:58,010 --> 00:34:01,850
+increased 16 times so let's see how much myopia
+
+480
+00:34:01,850 --> 00:34:11,030
+will give me we say as follows quarter
+
+481
+00:34:11,030 --> 00:34:13,430
+times 16 
+
+482
+00:34:16,820 --> 00:34:21,320
+بساوية أربعة ديوبتر ميوبيا في الليل هذا الرجل أو
+
+483
+00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:27,000
+هذه العين أصبح عندها spherical aberration تحدثلها
+
+484
+00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:30,880
+ميوبيا مقدارها minus أربعة ديوبتر، و هذه شيء مشكلة
+
+485
+00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:35,820
+عظيمة جدا، مشكلة عظيمة جدا، ناخد مثال آخر، بس هروح
+
+486
+00:34:35,820 --> 00:34:39,680
+على صفحة جديدة
+
+487
+00:34:53,980 --> 00:34:59,600
+we say this is an example of course and these
+
+488
+00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,720
+examples can come in exams we say the pupil 
+
+489
+00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:08,200
+diameter we say diameter in short in day in light 
+
+490
+00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:12,440
+is 
+
+491
+00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:18,980
+equal to four millimeters meters
+
+492
+00:35:18,980 --> 00:35:25,380
+the aberrations the spherical aberrations in this 
+
+493
+00:35:25,380 --> 00:35:31,400
+pupil it will be minus for example two out of ten
+
+494
+00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:45,640
+diopters in dark, diameter dark the
+
+495
+00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:48,200
+pupil will be six millimeters at this man or this
+
+496
+00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:53,510
+eye six millimeters So, how many times do we need
+
+497
+00:35:53,510 --> 00:36:00,170
+to calculate aberrations in darkness? 
+
+498
+00:36:00,890 --> 00:36:03,050
+We say as usual, the first thing is to multiply
+
+499
+00:36:03,050 --> 00:36:07,370
+times and a half The aberrations will be
+
+500
+00:36:07,370 --> 00:36:11,490
+multiplied by how many times and a half divided by
+
+501
+00:36:11,490 --> 00:36:15,410
+four And
+
+502
+00:36:15,410 --> 00:36:19,970
+it equals, we go to the calculator, we say here
+
+503
+00:36:19,970 --> 00:36:28,020
+one and a half 1.5 times 4
+
+504
+00:36:28,020 --> 00:36:31,660
+is equal
+
+505
+00:36:31,660 --> 00:36:42,560
+to 5.6 
+
+506
+00:36:42,560 --> 00:36:45,440
+this is the amount of multiplication in the
+
+507
+00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:50,040
+aberration the aberration is basically minus 2 out 
+
+508
+00:36:50,040 --> 00:36:54,740
+of 10 diopters let's see how much will happentwo 
+
+509
+00:36:54,740 --> 00:36:56,580
+out of ten, of course the minus sign we will put
+
+510
+00:36:56,580 --> 00:37:04,120
+later, times five or six out of one hundred and
+
+511
+00:37:04,120 --> 00:37:07,480
+it equals so you will give me approximately one
+
+512
+00:37:07,480 --> 00:37:12,020
+diopter of myopia so you will give me 
+
+513
+00:37:12,020 --> 00:37:18,080
+approximately one diopter of myopia so 
+
+514
+00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:19,880
+I have the aberrations 
+
+515
+00:37:22,580 --> 00:37:25,100
+it will double five times and a little bit, here
+
+516
+00:37:25,100 --> 00:37:27,700
+two out of ten will become one, correct, so minus
+
+517
+00:37:27,700 --> 00:37:32,280
+one diopter myopia, approximately, so this if it
+
+518
+00:37:32,280 --> 00:37:34,320
+increases once and a half, if it increases twice
+
+519
+00:37:34,320 --> 00:37:36,960
+it will be more, always the aberration increases 
+
+520
+00:37:36,960 --> 00:37:40,080
+with the amount of the fourth force, increases
+
+521
+00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:42,840
+with the amount of the fourth force, the fourth
+
+522
+00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:45,300
+axis to the amount of increase in the pupillary 
+
+523
+00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:51,730
+diameter, so Doubling or in general the effect of
+
+524
+00:37:51,730 --> 00:37:58,650
+spherical aberration increases as
+
+525
+00:37:58,650 --> 00:38:02,500
+the fourth power of the pupil diameter doubling,
+
+526
+00:38:02,660 --> 00:38:05,440
+doubling the pupil diameter, if the pupil
+
+527
+00:38:05,440 --> 00:38:07,760
+increases to double, the aberrations will increase
+
+528
+00:38:07,760 --> 00:38:12,380
+from their original position to 16 times because 2
+
+529
+00:38:12,380 --> 00:38:16,020
+plus 4 equals 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 equals 16
+
+530
+00:38:16,020 --> 00:38:20,240
+thus a small change in pupil size can cause a
+
+531
+00:38:20,240 --> 00:38:23,320
+significant change in refraction and this makes a
+
+532
+00:38:23,320 --> 00:38:27,760
+lazy person happy during the day but very tired at
+
+533
+00:38:27,760 --> 00:38:42,490
+night Laser vision corrections should be considered
+
+534
+00:38:42,490 --> 00:38:46,270
+in patients who have fluctuating vision despite
+
+535
+00:38:46,270 --> 00:38:49,910
+stable K readings. and well-healed corneas 
+
+536
+00:38:49,910 --> 00:38:53,170
+following keratorefractive surgery. When we 
+
+537
+00:38:53,170 --> 00:38:57,330
+examine a person after keratorefractive surgery,
+
+538
+00:38:57,470 --> 00:39:01,050
+such as LASIK or PRK, and we are not happy, and we 
+
+539
+00:39:01,050 --> 00:39:04,070
+examined him with K1 and K2, his cornea is stable,
+
+540
+00:39:04,310 --> 00:39:06,930
+today we examined him after a month, after two
+
+541
+00:39:06,930 --> 00:39:10,440
+months, he is stable, there is no change. and the 
+
+542
+00:39:10,440 --> 00:39:13,500
+patient was treated after the laser operation in 
+
+543
+00:39:13,500 --> 00:39:17,300
+an excellent way and he is not happy, we have to
+
+544
+00:39:17,300 --> 00:39:20,240
+take into account the case of night myopia because 
+
+545
+00:39:20,240 --> 00:39:22,660
+of the spherical aberration because of the 
+
+546
+00:39:22,660 --> 00:39:27,320
+spherical aberration, so this case must be clear 
+
+547
+00:39:27,320 --> 00:39:30,900
+let's talk about the last topic in geometric
+
+548
+00:39:30,900 --> 00:39:34,300
+optics with us which is the chromatic aberration
+
+549
+00:39:36,860 --> 00:39:40,580
+من اسمها يعني الزيغ اللوني، الزيغ اللوني بنقول
+
+550
+00:39:40,580 --> 00:39:44,260
+thus far in our analysis of aberrations لما 
+
+551
+00:39:44,260 --> 00:39:46,660
+اتحدثنا عن ال spherical aberration, we have
+
+552
+00:39:46,660 --> 00:39:50,160
+ignored the effect of wavelengths ماكناش نفرج بين
+
+553
+00:39:50,160 --> 00:39:53,140
+blue wavelengths أو red wavelengths أو green
+
+554
+00:39:53,140 --> 00:39:56,580
+wavelengths، ماكننا نفرج منهم Ophthalmic lenses and
+
+555
+00:39:56,580 --> 00:40:01,280
+the human eye are often treated as they focus all
+
+556
+00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:04,020
+wavelengths identically, but this is not true.
+
+557
+00:40:08,620 --> 00:40:11,280
+Most lenses
+
+558
+00:40:21,020 --> 00:40:24,720
+introduce dispersion. Dispersion in the human eye
+
+559
+00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:27,280
+causes chromatic aberration. A chromatic
+
+560
+00:40:27,280 --> 00:40:31,080
+aberration in which blue light focuses in front of
+
+561
+00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:34,180
+red light. يعني لما تضوء ال white light بيدخل لعين 
+
+562
+00:40:34,180 --> 00:40:38,460
+الإنسان بما إنها optical system وإله كثافات متعددة
+
+563
+00:40:38,460 --> 00:40:42,390
+ومختلفة ال cornea بتختلف كثافتها عن ال ACAquarius
+
+564
+00:40:42,390 --> 00:40:45,590
+is different from Crystalline lens and vitreous is 
+
+565
+00:40:45,590 --> 00:40:53,790
+different from Crystalline
+
+566
+00:40:53,790 --> 00:40:56,650
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+567
+00:40:56,650 --> 00:40:57,430
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+568
+00:40:57,430 --> 00:40:57,450
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+569
+00:40:57,450 --> 00:40:57,470
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+570
+00:40:57,470 --> 00:40:57,690
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+571
+00:40:57,690 --> 00:40:57,970
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+572
+00:40:57,970 --> 00:40:58,010
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+573
+00:40:58,010 --> 00:41:08,970
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline 
+
+574
+00:41:08,970 --> 00:41:11,090
+lens and vitreous is different from Cryst The
+
+575
+00:41:11,090 --> 00:41:14,390
+difference between the blue and red foci is about
+
+576
+00:41:14,390 --> 00:41:34,870
+half a diopter 
+
+577
+00:41:35,730 --> 00:41:38,730
+Okay, if you imagine the opposite, that the blue
+
+578
+00:41:38,730 --> 00:41:41,170
+light is fixed, it will not be affected by the
+
+579
+00:41:41,170 --> 00:41:43,690
+lens that I put, and I put plus and a half, there 
+
+580
+00:41:43,690 --> 00:41:45,750
+at the beginning I put minus and a half, it
+
+581
+00:41:45,750 --> 00:41:48,970
+returned to the focus and left it at the red If I
+
+582
+00:41:48,970 --> 00:41:51,470
+put plus and a half and I imagine that the blue is
+
+583
+00:41:51,470 --> 00:41:57,220
+fixed ال Red هيقدم بال plus نص هتجمعه في مسافة أقرب
+
+584
+00:41:57,220 --> 00:42:01,020
+فهيصير hand ل blue، اذا الفرق بين ال blue focus و 
+
+585
+00:42:01,020 --> 00:42:07,300
+ال red focus هو نص ديوبتر كقيمة، كقيمة in the
+
+586
+00:42:07,300 --> 00:42:11,260
+average eye But maybe much greater, it can be more
+
+587
+00:42:11,260 --> 00:42:13,820
+than half a diopter, but usually the difference is 
+
+588
+00:42:13,820 --> 00:42:16,800
+between the two foci, the red focus and the blue 
+
+589
+00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:19,720
+focus, or the blue wavelength focus and the red 
+
+590
+00:42:19,720 --> 00:42:25,570
+wavelength focus is half a diopter Even if all 
+
+591
+00:42:25,570 --> 00:42:28,970
+monochromatic aberrations could be compensated for
+
+592
+00:42:28,970 --> 00:42:32,510
+or eliminated by contact lenses or refractive
+
+593
+00:42:32,510 --> 00:42:35,390
+surgery, chromatic aberration and diffraction 
+
+594
+00:42:35,390 --> 00:42:38,290
+would still limit the optical resolving power of
+
+595
+00:42:38,290 --> 00:42:38,630
+the eye. 
+
+596
+00:43:06,450 --> 00:43:09,970
+No, this is called monochromatic aberration It's
+
+597
+00:43:09,970 --> 00:43:13,070
+like one light, one color, without multiple colors
+
+598
+00:43:13,070 --> 00:43:17,950
+So if I can get rid of spherical aberration with
+
+599
+00:43:17,950 --> 00:43:25,310
+contact lens or kerato refractive procedure So if
+
+600
+00:43:25,310 --> 00:43:29,310
+I can get rid of monochromatic aberration
+
+601
+00:43:31,660 --> 00:43:33,700
+Either it's the taglines or the modern refractive 
+
+602
+00:43:33,700 --> 00:43:37,480
+surgery, the chromatic aberration and diffraction
+
+603
+00:43:37,480 --> 00:43:41,920
+are still restricting me from resolving the power
+
+604
+00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:46,140
+of the eye to be ideal It's true that it's 
+
+605
+00:43:46,140 --> 00:43:49,740
+improved, but because of the chromatic aberration
+
+606
+00:43:49,740 --> 00:43:53,860
+and diffraction, there's still a kind of 
+
+607
+00:43:53,860 --> 00:43:59,970
+limitation The ability of the eye to see and the
+
+608
+00:43:59,970 --> 00:44:03,990
+quality of vision This example explains to me how 
+
+609
+00:44:03,990 --> 00:44:07,010
+the chromatic aberration looks like I explain the
+
+610
+00:44:07,010 --> 00:44:09,670
+color hallucinations around the picture, that is,
+
+611
+00:44:09,670 --> 00:44:11,610
+the author of the topic is a chromatic aberration
+
+612
+00:44:11,610 --> 00:44:15,850
+and he imagines himself to give me a chromatic 
+
+613
+00:44:15,850 --> 00:44:17,870
+aberration simulation Sometimes when we look with 
+
+614
+00:44:17,870 --> 00:44:20,770
+the naked eye, if there is a lot of chromatic
+
+615
+00:44:20,770 --> 00:44:23,970
+aberration, or through the lens of the glasses Or
+
+616
+00:44:23,970 --> 00:44:26,970
+through any optical system, we can see color halos 
+
+617
+00:44:26,970 --> 00:44:32,490
+as we see Also here when we test the vision, this 
+
+618
+00:44:32,490 --> 00:44:36,390
+is the letter E and the E chart Here there is a 
+
+619
+00:44:36,390 --> 00:44:39,010
+little chromatic aberration, here there is more
+
+620
+00:44:39,010 --> 00:44:42,030
+chromatic aberration, here the chromatic 
+
+621
+00:44:42,030 --> 00:44:47,150
+aberration is not present So this is the case, of
+
+622
+00:44:47,150 --> 00:44:52,630
+course ممكن أحدث هذه بواسطة بريزمات متعددة القوة، 
+
+623
+00:44:52,630 --> 00:44:57,650
+بريزم خفيف القوة مثلا، هنا بريزم يعني عالي القوة،
+
+624
+00:44:57,650 --> 00:45:02,930
+هنا بدون بريزم without the prism، فبنلاقي أنه ال
+
+625
+00:45:02,930 --> 00:45:06,450
+aberration أقل، ال aberration أقل زي الـ prism أحدث 
+
+626
+00:45:06,450 --> 00:45:10,130
+لـ chromatic aberration أي عدسة نضارة ممكن تحدث
+
+627
+00:45:10,130 --> 00:45:15,110
+لهذه القضية طيب كيف نتخلص من ال aberration من ال 
+
+628
+00:45:15,110 --> 00:45:18,630
+chromatic aberration بعملية اسمها ال chromatic
+
+629
+00:45:18,630 --> 00:45:22,290
+compensation ال chromatic compensation is common
+
+630
+00:45:22,290 --> 00:45:26,390
+in microscope, telescope, camera lenses بمعنى أخر 
+
+631
+00:45:26,390 --> 00:45:31,000
+الميكросكوبات تستخدم فيه العمليات Or in factories, 
+
+632
+00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:35,720
+telescopes used in space science, and some lenses 
+
+633
+00:45:35,720 --> 00:45:40,140
+for sensitive cameras, they take into account that 
+
+634
+00:45:40,140 --> 00:45:42,200
+they do chromatic compensation, they don't let
+
+635
+00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:46,480
+them make additions where there is no chromatic 
+
+636
+00:45:46,480 --> 00:45:49,740
+aberration but it is not yet available in 
+
+637
+00:45:49,740 --> 00:45:52,460
+spectacled contact or intraocular lenses. The 
+
+638
+00:45:52,460 --> 00:45:56,240
+chromatic compensation is not yet available in
+
+639
+00:45:56,240 --> 00:45:59,8
+
+667
+00:47:44,090 --> 00:47:47,930
+صورة الفهد هنا جذع الشجرة هنا قبل ال correction
+
+668
+00:47:47,930 --> 00:47:50,690
+for a chromatic aberration واضح الهالات اللونية
+
+669
+00:47:50,690 --> 00:47:55,910
+واضح الهالات اللونية و هنا after correction
+
+670
+00:47:55,910 --> 00:47:57,410
+of a chromatic aberration
+
+671
+00:48:01,170 --> 00:48:03,890
+But the amount of color, if we notice, is less
+
+672
+00:48:03,890 --> 00:48:06,850
+than the picture before correcting the chromatic
+
+673
+00:48:06,850 --> 00:48:09,410
+aberration of course, this is of course for blue
+
+674
+00:48:09,410 --> 00:48:13,670
+blocking, glasses and regular sunglasses, all
+
+675
+00:48:13,670 --> 00:48:17,310
+these help in decreasing aberration, but according
+
+676
+00:48:17,310 --> 00:48:22,200
+to ..المحتوى اللونى بتاع ال perceived image بتاع
+
+677
+00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:26,600
+ال perceived image هنا احنا بتنتهي مادة ال
+
+678
+00:48:26,600 --> 00:48:30,240
+geometric optics ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+679
+00:48:30,240 --> 00:48:32,140
+ورحمة الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/THW_ZA0qQJ8_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2716 @@
+1
+00:00:01,670 --> 00:00:05,130
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:05,130 --> 00:00:07,830
+geometric optics و اليوم هنحكي عن ال spherical
+
+3
+00:00:07,830 --> 00:00:15,670
+aberration الزيغ الكوراوي و هي نوع من أنواع ال
+
+4
+00:00:15,670 --> 00:00:19,350
+higher order aberration ال higher order aberration
+
+5
+00:00:19,350 --> 00:00:23,130
+هنشوف بس عشان نتخيل الموضوع كيف احنا بنحكي عن
+
+6
+00:00:23,670 --> 00:00:27,010
+spherical aberrations, we said that there are many
+
+7
+00:00:27,010 --> 00:00:30,570
+types of spherical aberrations or higher order
+
+8
+00:00:30,570 --> 00:00:34,310
+aberrations including spherical aberrations, let's
+
+9
+00:00:34,310 --> 00:00:43,170
+see how it means
+
+10
+00:00:43,170 --> 00:00:47,330
+of
+
+11
+00:00:47,330 --> 00:00:52,230
+point source of
+
+12
+00:00:52,230 --> 00:00:52,590
+light
+
+13
+00:00:59,920 --> 00:01:03,320
+Here we have an example of spherical aberrations,
+
+14
+00:01:03,940 --> 00:01:07,600
+where the point source of light is surrounded by a
+
+15
+00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:11,220
+halo of light that does not look like a point. Of
+
+16
+00:01:11,220 --> 00:01:13,360
+course, this has spherical aberration, and
+
+17
+00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:16,600
+everything we see has spherical aberration. So,
+
+18
+00:01:16,820 --> 00:01:20,540
+what causes spherical aberration? First of all,
+
+19
+00:01:20,620 --> 00:01:24,240
+spherical aberration causes night myopia, and in
+
+20
+00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:27,660
+some cases, a fluctuation of vision following
+
+21
+00:01:27,660 --> 00:01:31,740
+keratorefractive surgery.Spherical aberration, the
+
+22
+00:01:31,740 --> 00:01:34,460
+harm of its existence can happen to night myopia,
+
+23
+00:01:34,680 --> 00:01:38,160
+which means when the light is low, which means
+
+24
+00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:42,320
+close to the end of the day, at sunset or after
+
+25
+00:01:42,320 --> 00:01:46,240
+sunset, and the pupil of the person expands, it is
+
+26
+00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:49,020
+possible that because of the spherical aberration,
+
+27
+00:01:49,140 --> 00:01:52,900
+I get night myopia, instead of M trough, I get
+
+28
+00:01:52,900 --> 00:01:56,500
+myopia, or maybe the person who did Lasik and his
+
+29
+00:01:56,500 --> 00:01:59,720
+Lasik operation was successful,في النهار ممكن يشوف
+
+30
+00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:05,020
+كويس، في الليل يصير عنده تردي في حدة الإبصار زي ما
+
+31
+00:02:05,020 --> 00:02:09,150
+هنشوف بعد شويةIn order to understand why the
+
+32
+00:02:09,150 --> 00:02:12,210
+spherical aberration causes this problem, we need
+
+33
+00:02:12,210 --> 00:02:15,030
+to give an introduction. We say that although the
+
+34
+00:02:15,030 --> 00:02:18,730
+spherical surface focuses rays stigmatically in
+
+35
+00:02:18,730 --> 00:02:22,110
+the para-axial region according to the lensmaker's
+
+36
+00:02:22,110 --> 00:02:30,110
+equation that we took, rays outside that region do
+
+37
+00:02:30,110 --> 00:02:33,430
+not focus to a point, but rather give a point
+
+38
+00:02:33,430 --> 00:02:35,890
+spread function. If we go to a magnifying glass
+
+39
+00:02:35,890 --> 00:02:41,080
+here,الـ light rays اللي مشغلها باللون الأحمر هي
+
+40
+00:02:42,220 --> 00:02:45,280
+Paraxial ray is close to the optical axis and its
+
+41
+00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:49,400
+focus is ideal
+
+42
+00:03:13,380 --> 00:03:16,460
+The light ray, which is drawn in green, has its
+
+43
+00:03:16,460 --> 00:03:19,000
+focus here, while the red, which is drawn in
+
+44
+00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:24,120
+paraxial, has its focus here, the ideal focus,
+
+45
+00:03:24,220 --> 00:03:27,240
+which is the paraxial focus. The most peripheral
+
+46
+00:03:27,240 --> 00:03:32,360
+blue light rays are closest to the lens, so
+
+47
+00:03:32,360 --> 00:03:38,990
+wherever away from the optical axis, whereverThe
+
+48
+00:03:38,990 --> 00:03:42,830
+focus will be closer to the optical system This is
+
+49
+00:03:42,830 --> 00:03:49,430
+the reason of the multiple of the foci in the same
+
+50
+00:03:49,430 --> 00:03:54,730
+light band leading to the spherical aberration
+
+51
+00:03:54,730 --> 00:03:57,250
+leading to the spherical aberration
+
+52
+00:03:59,540 --> 00:04:02,540
+For a positive spherical surface, the farther
+
+53
+00:04:02,540 --> 00:04:05,860
+array is from the axis, the more anterior its
+
+54
+00:04:05,860 --> 00:04:06,260
+focus.
+
+55
+00:04:16,700 --> 00:04:19,540
+Spherical aberration has two effects
+
+56
+00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:26,820
+أول أثر ال image quality أو بين جسين ال visual
+
+57
+00:04:26,820 --> 00:04:30,240
+acuity decreases because the focus is not
+
+58
+00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:35,820
+stigmatic يعني لما أنا بشوف بعيني المجردة نفرض هذه
+
+59
+00:04:35,820 --> 00:04:40,840
+هي القرنية و العدسة و ورقة ا��تلقي هي ال retina لما
+
+60
+00:04:40,840 --> 00:04:43,700
+بقول أنه هذه العين فيها أو بتعمل spherical
+
+61
+00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:46,940
+aberration معناته بعض الأشعة يكون ال focus بتاعها
+
+62
+00:04:46,940 --> 00:04:50,580
+هنا بعضة هنا بعضة على ال retinasome behind the
+
+63
+00:04:50,580 --> 00:04:54,700
+retina, so not all rays are concentrated in one
+
+64
+00:04:54,700 --> 00:04:59,400
+point, which leads to poor image quality. Image
+
+65
+00:04:59,400 --> 00:05:03,600
+quality is affected by visual acuity
+
+66
+00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:12,560
+The image location is changed from the position
+
+67
+00:05:12,560 --> 00:05:15,820
+predicted by the lensmaker's equation and vergence
+
+68
+00:05:15,820 --> 00:05:18,040
+equation
+
+69
+00:05:23,050 --> 00:05:26,350
+It was derived from the use of Paraxial rays, when
+
+70
+00:05:26,350 --> 00:05:29,010
+we use the lens maker equation, it will tell us
+
+71
+00:05:29,010 --> 00:05:31,390
+that the focus is here or the image location is
+
+72
+00:05:31,390 --> 00:05:36,390
+here I have some rays here and some rays here and
+
+73
+00:05:36,390 --> 00:05:41,010
+some rays here and some rays hereإذن بقدرش أحدد
+
+74
+00:05:41,010 --> 00:05:45,190
+باستعمال ال lens maker equation إذا كل هذه الأشعة
+
+75
+00:05:45,190 --> 00:05:49,750
+بده تدخل لهذا ال optical system بقدرش أستعمل ال
+
+76
+00:05:49,750 --> 00:05:52,650
+lens maker equation و أقول والله ال image هتكون
+
+77
+00:05:52,650 --> 00:05:56,990
+هناI also can't use divergence calculations for
+
+78
+00:05:56,990 --> 00:06:04,030
+this purpose, so I have two
+
+79
+00:06:04,030 --> 00:06:10,290
+negative things or two negative effects for
+
+80
+00:06:10,290 --> 00:06:12,950
+spherical aberration or something that affects my
+
+81
+00:06:12,950 --> 00:06:14,990
+visual acuity or something that doesn't let me
+
+82
+00:06:14,990 --> 00:06:19,310
+know exactly where the image location isطيب لو
+
+83
+00:06:19,310 --> 00:06:23,390
+اجينا احنا نسينا شوية ال .. ال .. ال aberration و
+
+84
+00:06:23,390 --> 00:06:27,030
+نسينا شوية ال para axial ray و ال peripheral ray و
+
+85
+00:06:27,030 --> 00:06:30,810
+قولنا أين تقع ال image Roughly speaking, the best
+
+86
+00:06:30,810 --> 00:06:34,930
+focus is achieved where the rays are confined to
+
+87
+00:06:34,930 --> 00:06:38,450
+the smallest area بمعنى أخر، هاي عندي أنا عندي
+
+88
+00:06:38,450 --> 00:06:43,120
+نفرض ست أشعةIt's two red and two green and two
+
+89
+00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:47,220
+blue Let's suppose that they are all together They
+
+90
+00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:51,140
+all want to make a picture of me because they all
+
+91
+00:06:51,140 --> 00:06:55,200
+started from the same point Okay, if I took a clip
+
+92
+00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:59,240
+here, the clip will be .. if I put the receipt
+
+93
+00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:01,940
+paper here, it will be the circle made up of these
+
+94
+00:07:01,940 --> 00:07:05,760
+rays, that is, its diameter is large The smallest
+
+95
+00:07:05,760 --> 00:07:08,160
+diameter possible here, that's why they call it
+
+96
+00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:11,430
+the best focusYou can also say that here is an
+
+97
+00:07:11,430 --> 00:07:16,350
+ideal focus, here are two of the six rays, meaning
+
+98
+00:07:16,350 --> 00:07:20,670
+one third of the rays are focusing here, while the
+
+99
+00:07:20,670 --> 00:07:26,590
+rest are not, so if I take a point here, it will
+
+100
+00:07:26,590 --> 00:07:29,790
+be the circle, if we assume that this is a wall,
+
+101
+00:07:29,910 --> 00:07:34,590
+the circle will be its line from here to hereوهنا
+
+102
+00:07:34,590 --> 00:07:37,430
+برضه مش مناسب، من هنا لأ، يعني أصغر مقطع هيكون
+
+103
+00:07:37,430 --> 00:07:41,370
+هنا، هذا ال best focus، هذا ال best focus، اذا the
+
+104
+00:07:41,370 --> 00:07:44,870
+best focus is achieved where the rays are confined
+
+105
+00:07:44,870 --> 00:07:47,690
+to the smallest area، واضح أنه ال best focus هنا
+
+106
+00:07:47,690 --> 00:07:52,290
+عنديIf I use the lens maker equation, it will show
+
+107
+00:07:52,290 --> 00:07:54,890
+me the image here, while the best focus is here.
+
+108
+00:07:55,010 --> 00:07:58,310
+Why? Because the lens maker equation is used only
+
+109
+00:07:58,310 --> 00:08:01,150
+for the Paraxial ray, while I don't want to take
+
+110
+00:08:01,150 --> 00:08:04,750
+all the rays, no, the best focus is here, the best
+
+111
+00:08:04,750 --> 00:08:07,590
+focus is here. Okay, we want to imagine as usual
+
+112
+00:08:07,590 --> 00:08:12,170
+that this is the crystalline lens, this is the
+
+113
+00:08:12,170 --> 00:08:18,350
+crystalline lens and we come hereNorrison, the
+
+114
+00:08:18,350 --> 00:08:18,630
+pupil
+
+115
+00:08:46,140 --> 00:08:50,060
+In the day, the pupil, which is the opening in the
+
+116
+00:08:50,060 --> 00:08:55,300
+iris, allows only in the day, because the pupil is
+
+117
+00:08:55,300 --> 00:08:58,440
+closed, it allows only the para-axial ray to pass,
+
+118
+00:08:58,620 --> 00:09:03,220
+and if we imagine that the retina is here, then
+
+119
+00:09:03,220 --> 00:09:07,620
+the para-axial ray focuses on the retina, so the
+
+120
+00:09:07,620 --> 00:09:10,000
+picture is very clear, there is no problem. In the
+
+121
+00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:16,410
+day. At night, the butt will happen.expanded as a
+
+122
+00:09:16,410 --> 00:09:19,150
+result of the light of the sun and the amount of
+
+123
+00:09:19,150 --> 00:09:21,690
+light in the darkness is less, so it expands the
+
+124
+00:09:21,690 --> 00:09:25,910
+belly All these rays enter the crystalline lens,
+
+125
+00:09:26,150 --> 00:09:29,150
+of course after entering the cornea So where is
+
+126
+00:09:29,150 --> 00:09:31,010
+the best focus? The best focus is in front of the
+
+127
+00:09:31,010 --> 00:09:34,210
+retina, so that's why this is for the person who
+
+128
+00:09:34,210 --> 00:09:38,670
+has the focus The best focus means the best focus
+
+129
+00:09:38,670 --> 00:09:41,970
+for all the rays gathered herewhile the retina is
+
+130
+00:09:41,970 --> 00:09:44,830
+here, the retina will not change its place, so
+
+131
+00:09:44,830 --> 00:09:48,390
+when the focus is in front of the retina, then
+
+132
+00:09:48,390 --> 00:09:54,390
+this person who was before m-trop, that is, he has
+
+133
+00:09:54,390 --> 00:09:56,730
+neither short nor long, that is, neither in front
+
+134
+00:09:56,730 --> 00:09:59,670
+of the retina nor behind the retina, became at
+
+135
+00:09:59,670 --> 00:10:04,010
+night with myopia because the focus became .. the
+
+136
+00:10:04,010 --> 00:10:07,630
+focus becameIn this region, in front of the
+
+137
+00:10:07,630 --> 00:10:09,810
+retina, it is known that the focus in front of the
+
+138
+00:10:09,810 --> 00:10:14,750
+retina is considered major. So this patient...This
+
+139
+00:10:14,750 --> 00:10:17,630
+patient, during the day, is immature, and during
+
+140
+00:10:17,630 --> 00:10:20,270
+the night, he has night myopia. We need to make
+
+141
+00:10:20,270 --> 00:10:22,350
+sure that if we examine him during sunset, and the
+
+142
+00:10:22,350 --> 00:10:25,370
+amount of light in the room reduces a little, if
+
+143
+00:10:25,370 --> 00:10:28,290
+we put minus one or minus half, we will find that
+
+144
+00:10:28,290 --> 00:10:31,750
+he started to see more clearly than if we did not
+
+145
+00:10:31,750 --> 00:10:35,610
+put any lens on him. So this night myopia is
+
+146
+00:10:35,610 --> 00:10:38,130
+caused by the enlargement of the pupil, the
+
+147
+00:10:38,130 --> 00:10:40,490
+peripheral ray, which is larger than the para
+
+148
+00:10:40,490 --> 00:10:47,140
+-axial ray, all entered the eye,الاشعع مجتمع سواء
+
+149
+00:10:47,140 --> 00:10:49,760
+paraaxial أو peripheral كلها مع بعضها ال best
+
+150
+00:10:49,760 --> 00:10:53,860
+focus بتاعها هنا و هذا الموقع هو أمام ال retina هو
+
+151
+00:10:53,860 --> 00:11:00,420
+أمام ال retina فبالتالي هذا بيحكيلي أنه ال
+
+152
+00:11:00,420 --> 00:11:04,040
+spherical aberration بتسبب night myopia in the
+
+153
+00:11:04,040 --> 00:11:09,260
+human eye spherical aberrationIt shifts the focus
+
+154
+00:11:09,260 --> 00:11:13,300
+anteriorly, بتحركلي ال focus في ال human eye بتحرك
+
+155
+00:11:13,300 --> 00:11:17,760
+ال focus anteriorly يعني كان على الشبكية بس بسبب
+
+156
+00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:20,340
+ال spherical aberration اتحرك للأمام
+
+157
+00:11:23,300 --> 00:11:26,600
+making the patient slightly more myopic than would
+
+158
+00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:29,180
+be expected from vergence calculations
+
+159
+00:11:48,290 --> 00:11:50,710
+The object at a certain distance, for example, and
+
+160
+00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:53,570
+this is the optical system, and according to the
+
+161
+00:11:53,570 --> 00:11:55,290
+image distance, it came out in front of the
+
+162
+00:11:55,290 --> 00:11:57,930
+network of half a diopter. I said that this eye
+
+163
+00:11:57,930 --> 00:12:02,070
+has a myopia of half a diopter. Half a diopter,
+
+164
+00:12:02,250 --> 00:12:06,150
+according to Virgin's calculations.The spherical
+
+165
+00:12:06,150 --> 00:12:08,450
+aberration will make it slightly more than half a
+
+166
+00:12:08,450 --> 00:12:10,310
+diopter, for example one diopter, one and a
+
+167
+00:12:10,310 --> 00:12:13,670
+quarter diopter, one and a half diopter, so this
+
+168
+00:12:13,670 --> 00:12:18,150
+case is slightly more myopic than would be
+
+169
+00:12:18,150 --> 00:12:23,870
+expected from virgin's calculations Okay, this is
+
+170
+00:12:23,870 --> 00:12:26,830
+a point, there is also something that if a person
+
+171
+00:12:26,830 --> 00:12:30,390
+is already myopicThe spherical aberration
+
+172
+00:12:30,390 --> 00:12:33,610
+exacerbates myopia in low light. The spherical
+
+173
+00:12:33,610 --> 00:12:35,590
+aberration increases myopia. For example, if
+
+174
+00:12:35,590 --> 00:12:39,150
+someone has two degrees of myopia and has
+
+175
+00:12:39,150 --> 00:12:41,290
+spherical aberration, two degrees during the day
+
+176
+00:12:41,290 --> 00:12:44,210
+will become two and a half or three degrees at
+
+177
+00:12:44,210 --> 00:12:49,890
+night. On the contrary, in low light, in brighter
+
+178
+00:12:49,890 --> 00:12:53,270
+conditions during the day, the pupil constricts,
+
+179
+00:12:53,430 --> 00:12:56,150
+blocking the more peripheral ray and minimizing
+
+180
+00:12:56,150 --> 00:12:59,980
+the effect of spherical aberration.So, during the
+
+181
+00:12:59,980 --> 00:13:03,660
+day, when there is a high external radiation to
+
+182
+00:13:03,660 --> 00:13:08,840
+the pupil constricts
+
+183
+00:13:16,450 --> 00:13:22,650
+It means that only the para-axial region is
+
+184
+00:13:22,650 --> 00:13:23,410
+allowed to enter the eye, but the peripheral
+
+185
+00:13:23,410 --> 00:13:25,390
+region will be blocked because it will collide
+
+186
+00:13:25,390 --> 00:13:28,950
+with the iris, so it will get rid of the spherical
+
+187
+00:13:28,950 --> 00:13:31,250
+aberration A person can say that it is excellent,
+
+188
+00:13:31,390 --> 00:13:33,810
+so the solution is to make a meiosis for a person
+
+189
+00:13:33,810 --> 00:13:36,610
+who has a spherical aberration We make a meiosis
+
+190
+00:13:36,610 --> 00:13:41,970
+for a person who has a spherical aberration, that
+
+191
+00:13:41,970 --> 00:13:46,940
+is, we make a contraction for the buttطبعا لو
+
+192
+00:13:46,940 --> 00:13:50,960
+شوفنا الرسم هاي هذا meiotic pupil constricted او
+
+193
+00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:54,940
+meiotic pupil هذا normal او حتى slightly dilated
+
+194
+00:13:54,940 --> 00:14:00,240
+pupil هنا يعني maximally dilated pupil maximally
+
+195
+00:14:00,240 --> 00:14:04,780
+dilated pupil طبعا احنا بنقدر نحدث meiosis نقدر
+
+196
+00:14:04,780 --> 00:14:08,720
+نحدث meiosis pharmacologically بواسطة قطرة ال
+
+197
+00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:14,640
+bilocarbine بواسطة قطرة ال bilocarbine تستخدمليه
+
+198
+00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:19,480
+تضيق البقبو؟ ليه تضيق البقبو؟ ليه bilocarbine
+
+199
+00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:23,980
+تستخدم في علاج أنواع معينة من الglucoma، من ارتفاع
+
+200
+00:14:23,980 --> 00:14:29,360
+ضغط العين، بس هي بتعمل تضيق في البقبو، بتعمل تضيق
+
+201
+00:14:29,360 --> 00:14:32,460
+في البقبو طيب، ممكن إنسان يقول طيب إذا الحل عشان
+
+202
+00:14:32,460 --> 00:14:36,520
+نخلص من ال spherical aberration، بنضيق البقبو،
+
+203
+00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:41,000
+بنقول هنا الحل هيقدّي له مشكلتين، احنا حلينا مشكلة
+
+204
+00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:45,390
+ال spherical aberrationBut we will increase the
+
+205
+00:14:45,390 --> 00:14:47,330
+diffraction problem It is known that when the
+
+206
+00:14:47,330 --> 00:14:50,270
+pupil shrinks, the diffraction increases The
+
+207
+00:14:50,270 --> 00:14:52,830
+radiation fluctuation increases, so I will make
+
+208
+00:14:52,830 --> 00:14:55,590
+another problem Other than the spherical
+
+209
+00:14:55,590 --> 00:14:57,450
+aberration problem, which is diffraction This is
+
+210
+00:14:57,450 --> 00:15:01,670
+one point The second point becomes the field that
+
+211
+00:15:01,670 --> 00:15:06,430
+the eye can see constricted The field that the eye
+
+212
+00:15:06,430 --> 00:15:10,110
+can see constricted, that is, the peripheral areas
+
+213
+00:15:17,460 --> 00:15:19,820
+constricted field of vision constricted field of
+
+214
+00:15:19,820 --> 00:15:28,060
+vision constricted
+
+215
+00:15:28,060 --> 00:15:33,640
+field of vision constricted field of vision
+
+216
+00:15:33,640 --> 00:15:39,660
+constricted field of vision constricted
+
+217
+00:15:39,660 --> 00:15:40,320
+field of vision
+
+218
+00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:47,160
+constricted field of vision, maybe this picture is
+
+219
+00:15:47,160 --> 00:15:51,460
+more expressive when I do meiosis, here the field
+
+220
+00:15:51,460 --> 00:15:58,600
+extends 180 degrees on both sidesالان هذه المناطق
+
+221
+00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:03,460
+أصبحت برا ال field وممكن هذه المناطق تكبر مع ال
+
+222
+00:16:03,460 --> 00:16:07,480
+meiosis يعني بمعنى بس ال central area هي اللي
+
+223
+00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:10,080
+واضحة بس ال central area هي اللي واضحة فبصير
+
+224
+00:16:10,080 --> 00:16:15,560
+construction لل field of vision فهذا بالتالي من
+
+225
+00:16:15,560 --> 00:16:18,120
+عيوب ال meiosis يعني ال meiosis هعمل diffraction
+
+226
+00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:21,230
+أكترIt will create a constriction in the field, so
+
+227
+00:16:21,230 --> 00:16:28,570
+the patient with myosis will only see the central
+
+228
+00:16:28,570 --> 00:16:32,350
+field in front of him and the edges of the field
+
+229
+00:16:32,350 --> 00:16:35,490
+will not be able to see it because of myosis, so
+
+230
+00:16:35,490 --> 00:16:38,810
+it will create a problem for him. So in brighter
+
+231
+00:16:38,810 --> 00:16:45,040
+conditions, the pupil constrictsblocking the more
+
+232
+00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:48,140
+peripheral rays and minimizing the effect of
+
+233
+00:16:48,140 --> 00:16:55,140
+spherical aberration. As the pupil enlarges more
+
+234
+00:16:55,140 --> 00:16:59,480
+peripheral
+
+235
+00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:04,320
+rays enter the eye and the focus shifts anteriorly
+
+236
+00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:07,280
+making the patient slightly more myopic in low
+
+237
+00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:10,700
+light conditions.Okay, how much does it become
+
+238
+00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:13,740
+myopic? Does it become 10 myopia diopters or 5
+
+239
+00:17:13,740 --> 00:17:16,260
+diopters? No, it's typically the amount of myopic
+
+240
+00:17:16,260 --> 00:17:20,020
+shift is about half a diopter, is about half a
+
+241
+00:17:20,020 --> 00:17:22,400
+diopter. Okay, a person might say, well, half a
+
+242
+00:17:22,400 --> 00:17:24,900
+diopter is little. We say, no, it's little, but it
+
+243
+00:17:24,900 --> 00:17:28,240
+can affect the patient. Look how a person has, for
+
+244
+00:17:28,240 --> 00:17:32,580
+example, minus 6 myopia diopters. This is before
+
+245
+00:17:32,580 --> 00:17:37,790
+the laser operation. After the laser operation,It
+
+246
+00:17:37,790 --> 00:17:41,110
+remained half-diopter myopia minus half-diopter,
+
+247
+00:17:41,950 --> 00:17:46,330
+which is
+
+248
+00:17:46,330 --> 00:17:49,110
+amazing because after having six degrees of
+
+249
+00:17:49,110 --> 00:17:51,870
+myopia, it became half-diopter myopia. But because
+
+250
+00:17:51,870 --> 00:17:55,210
+of the spherical aberration at night, this half
+
+251
+00:17:55,210 --> 00:17:57,950
+-diopter became one-diopter. One-diopter means
+
+252
+00:17:57,950 --> 00:18:00,510
+that Morocco needs glasses.especially if he
+
+253
+00:18:00,510 --> 00:18:04,850
+watches TV, if he wants to read on his phone or in
+
+254
+00:18:04,850 --> 00:18:08,530
+his book or any close work, there is no problem
+
+255
+00:18:08,530 --> 00:18:12,630
+with one diopter myopia. But if there is no
+
+256
+00:18:12,630 --> 00:18:15,270
+spherical aberration as much as the half diopter
+
+257
+00:18:15,270 --> 00:18:18,770
+myopia can seeThe distance when near is good, but
+
+258
+00:18:18,770 --> 00:18:22,610
+on one diopter myopia, usually when you read the
+
+259
+00:18:22,610 --> 00:18:26,390
+newspaper, you might need glasses So he did the
+
+260
+00:18:26,390 --> 00:18:29,370
+laser operation and paid for it to get rid of the
+
+261
+00:18:29,370 --> 00:18:32,350
+glasses But because of the spherical aberration,
+
+262
+00:18:32,430 --> 00:18:34,910
+this is an example, so that we don't get bored
+
+263
+00:18:34,910 --> 00:18:38,410
+with the word half-diopter myopia This is an
+
+264
+00:18:38,410 --> 00:18:41,070
+example that explains why half-diopter might make
+
+265
+00:18:41,070 --> 00:18:46,090
+sense to meTypically, the amount of myopic shift
+
+266
+00:18:46,090 --> 00:18:55,230
+is about half a diopter. In addition, because of
+
+267
+00:18:55,230 --> 00:18:56,110
+dark adaptation
+
+268
+00:19:09,670 --> 00:19:12,250
+The human eye enters a state called dark
+
+269
+00:19:12,250 --> 00:19:17,250
+adaptation In this dark adaptation, what happens
+
+270
+00:19:17,250 --> 00:19:24,380
+chemically in the retinal rodswhich is the
+
+271
+00:19:24,380 --> 00:19:27,540
+photoreceptors, which are the rods become more
+
+272
+00:19:27,540 --> 00:19:30,500
+sensitive to the shorter blue wavelength of light
+
+273
+00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:33,840
+become more sensitive to the shorter wavelength of
+
+274
+00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:36,520
+light, which is what we mean by blue light okay,
+
+275
+00:19:36,620 --> 00:19:40,280
+for blue light, its focus is still more anterior
+
+276
+00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:45,020
+contributing further to night myopia okay let's
+
+277
+00:19:45,020 --> 00:19:45,900
+see this picture
+
+278
+00:19:49,480 --> 00:19:53,620
+these eyes have spherical aberration spherical
+
+279
+00:19:53,620 --> 00:19:58,940
+aberration occurs to night myopia this is one
+
+280
+00:19:58,940 --> 00:20:01,880
+point but there is another point as long as it is
+
+281
+00:20:01,880 --> 00:20:04,060
+night myopia means that darkness is gone these
+
+282
+00:20:04,060 --> 00:20:07,460
+eyes become dark adapted the rods in the retina
+
+283
+00:20:07,460 --> 00:20:10,600
+become more sensitive to blue light and blue
+
+284
+00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:14,800
+light's focus is still anteriorIn comparison with
+
+285
+00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:19,200
+red and yellow and green, it's more anterior, if
+
+286
+00:20:19,200 --> 00:20:22,460
+this eye is closer to the red light
+
+287
+00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:34,300
+closer to the optical system than the red light
+
+288
+00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:36,380
+because the refractive index for the eye is higher
+
+289
+00:20:36,380 --> 00:20:39,140
+for the blue than for the green than for the red.
+
+290
+00:20:39,640 --> 00:20:44,920
+Okay. The night myopia happened to the white
+
+291
+00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:47,580
+wavelength which is contained on all this
+
+292
+00:20:47,580 --> 00:20:50,740
+spectrum, but for the blue it is stronger. The
+
+293
+00:20:50,740 --> 00:20:53,780
+night myopia is stronger and this contributes
+
+294
+00:20:53,780 --> 00:20:58,260
+further to night myopia.Spherical aberration
+
+295
+00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:05,960
+accounts
+
+296
+00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:19,720
+for
+
+297
+00:21:19,720 --> 00:21:23,500
+some cases of fluctuating vision following
+
+298
+00:21:23,500 --> 00:21:27,150
+keratorefractive surgery.Keratorefractive surgery
+
+299
+00:21:27,150 --> 00:21:30,490
+which
+
+300
+00:21:30,490 --> 00:21:34,030
+is laser, PRK, and similar operations that are
+
+301
+00:21:34,030 --> 00:21:40,170
+modified by correlation or interference in two
+
+302
+00:21:40,170 --> 00:21:42,730
+lenses to change the refractive error or correct
+
+303
+00:21:42,730 --> 00:21:45,110
+the refractive error and all of them are combined
+
+304
+00:21:45,110 --> 00:21:48,290
+under one title which is laser vision correction
+
+305
+00:21:52,050 --> 00:21:54,270
+One of the most famous operations is the Lasik
+
+306
+00:21:54,270 --> 00:21:57,510
+operation and PRK operation. Of course, the name
+
+307
+00:21:57,510 --> 00:22:00,210
+that was given to them is keratorefractive
+
+308
+00:22:00,210 --> 00:22:03,470
+surgery, which means the refraction operations
+
+309
+00:22:03,470 --> 00:22:06,450
+that occur on the cornea, kerato means cornea.
+
+310
+00:22:22,300 --> 00:22:25,620
+in the day it's good, 6 out of 6, at night it's
+
+311
+00:22:25,620 --> 00:22:29,040
+bad, it comes back the next day, it's good, in the
+
+312
+00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:33,280
+day .. so therefore the vision fluctuates between
+
+313
+00:22:33,280 --> 00:22:35,860
+good and bad, of course bad because of the
+
+314
+00:22:35,860 --> 00:22:39,380
+spherical aberration in the low light conditions,
+
+315
+00:22:39,420 --> 00:22:43,380
+in the low light condition normally the cornea is
+
+316
+00:22:43,380 --> 00:22:46,160
+flatter peripherally than centrally which
+
+317
+00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:51,220
+decreases spherical aberration okay, we say that a
+
+318
+00:22:51,220 --> 00:22:55,300
+personmeans that it is created in relation to the
+
+319
+00:22:55,300 --> 00:23:00,660
+edges more flat. Why? Because its force is less
+
+320
+00:23:00,660 --> 00:23:03,360
+than the central cornea. The central cornea
+
+321
+00:23:03,360 --> 00:23:08,060
+focuses on the retina, behind the axial rays. And
+
+322
+00:23:08,060 --> 00:23:11,120
+here, the peripheral cornea, if the force of the
+
+323
+00:23:11,120 --> 00:23:12,940
+cornea here is the same force in the central
+
+324
+00:23:12,940 --> 00:23:18,020
+retina, then the peripheral ray should shift to
+
+325
+00:23:18,020 --> 00:23:22,440
+the anterior focus, as shown in this drawing.ليه
+
+326
+00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:26,340
+أول رسم؟ هاي ال peripheral ray، هذي sphere تماما،
+
+327
+00:23:26,340 --> 00:23:29,460
+يعني التحدب هنا، نفس التحدب هنا، نفس التحدب هنا،
+
+328
+00:23:29,460 --> 00:23:33,520
+نفس التحدب هنا، كل نقاطها متحدبة بنفس القدر،
+
+329
+00:23:33,520 --> 00:23:37,060
+فبالتالي هذا ال spherical shape، ال total
+
+330
+00:23:37,060 --> 00:23:42,230
+spherical shapeبخل عندى تحدث spherical aberration,
+
+331
+00:23:42,350 --> 00:23:46,510
+spherical aberration يعني رب العالمين لما يعني خلق
+
+332
+00:23:46,510 --> 00:23:50,390
+الإنسان أحسن تقويمه لقد خلقنا الإنسان في أحسن
+
+333
+00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:55,260
+تقويم كانت الكورنيا flat peripherallyflat
+
+334
+00:23:55,260 --> 00:23:58,440
+peripherally يعني flat بمعنى إذا كان هنا قوتها
+
+335
+00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:01,460
+أربعة و أربعين ديوقتر هنا ممكن تكون تلاتة و أربعين
+
+336
+00:24:01,460 --> 00:24:05,060
+أو اتنين و أربعين و نص يعني أضعف كعدسة هذه المنطقة
+
+337
+00:24:05,060 --> 00:24:08,320
+و هذه المنطقة ال periphery of the cornea ليش؟ عشان
+
+338
+00:24:08,320 --> 00:24:13,170
+ماتقدرش تجمع الأشعة أمامthe retina, so that
+
+339
+00:24:13,170 --> 00:24:15,970
+everything is gathered in one point. If the retina
+
+340
+00:24:15,970 --> 00:24:18,490
+is peripherally flat and centrally more steep,
+
+341
+00:24:18,870 --> 00:24:22,050
+this delays or prevents or reduces the spherical
+
+342
+00:24:22,050 --> 00:24:25,030
+aberration, and the peripheral with the paraxial
+
+343
+00:24:25,030 --> 00:24:30,150
+rays gather in one point and reduce the spherical
+
+344
+00:24:30,150 --> 00:24:34,230
+aberration. Normally, in normal conditions, the
+
+345
+00:24:34,230 --> 00:24:37,610
+cornea is flatter peripherally than centrally,طبعا
+
+346
+00:24:37,610 --> 00:24:41,450
+هذا ايش فيته؟ هذا decreases spherical aberration
+
+347
+00:24:41,450 --> 00:24:43,810
+.. decreases spherical aberration ممكن انسان يقول
+
+348
+00:24:43,810 --> 00:24:46,990
+طب هنا احنا ال pupil هو اللي بيمنع اصلا ال
+
+349
+00:24:46,990 --> 00:24:50,770
+peripheral ray مش هتدخل مظبوط هنا لما يكون ال
+
+350
+00:24:50,770 --> 00:24:55,050
+pupil constricted ال peripheral ray مش هتدخل ففيش
+
+351
+00:24:55,050 --> 00:24:59,650
+spherical aberration بس من عظمة الخلق انه حتى في
+
+352
+00:24:59,650 --> 00:25:04,470
+الليل لما ال pupil بتوسعWhen the pupil expands and
+
+353
+00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:06,950
+enters the peripheral ray, which we called the
+
+354
+00:25:06,950 --> 00:25:10,710
+yellow color, even if the pupil is wide at night,
+
+355
+00:25:11,610 --> 00:25:15,150
+the focus will not change because the cornea here
+
+356
+00:25:15,150 --> 00:25:17,170
+is closed. The focus will not change because the
+
+357
+00:25:17,170 --> 00:25:23,110
+cornea here is closed. Now, some operations that
+
+358
+00:25:23,110 --> 00:25:27,790
+correct the vision increase the spherical
+
+359
+00:25:27,790 --> 00:25:30,960
+aberration. One of the most common operationswhich
+
+360
+00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:33,240
+causes the spherical aberration called radial
+
+361
+00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:37,340
+keratotomy. Radial keratotomy is the process of
+
+362
+00:25:37,340 --> 00:25:43,540
+coronal abrasion. This is what was discovered or
+
+363
+00:25:43,540 --> 00:25:46,200
+thought about in the beginning by Feodorov, the
+
+364
+00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:48,960
+Russian scientist Feodorov, a scientist of eye
+
+365
+00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:52,300
+medicine, who has a institute of eye medicine in
+
+366
+00:25:52,300 --> 00:25:54,100
+Moscow.
+
+367
+00:25:55,940 --> 00:25:58,820
+The injection process is what corrects the vision.
+
+368
+00:25:59,380 --> 00:26:04,060
+This process is a radial incision in the cornea.
+
+369
+00:26:04,580 --> 00:26:07,980
+This is one of the incisions. If we take a picture
+
+370
+00:26:07,980 --> 00:26:12,320
+of this, from the paracentral cornea, it does not
+
+371
+00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:13,800
+come to the center because it does not make a mess
+
+372
+00:26:13,800 --> 00:26:18,360
+in the vision. And it makes an incision, a cut. Of
+
+373
+00:26:18,360 --> 00:26:20,080
+course, the cut is not full thickness. That is,
+
+374
+00:26:20,480 --> 00:26:23,600
+the cut is about 70% to 80% of the corneal
+
+375
+00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:27,410
+thickness. The cut ends here.طبعا إيش هذا أهميته؟
+
+376
+00:26:27,410 --> 00:26:30,570
+هذا ال .. هذه طبعا هنا عامل تقريبا عشرة، واحد،
+
+377
+00:26:30,570 --> 00:26:33,630
+اتنين، تلاتة، أربعة، على ناحية التانية أربعة وعلى
+
+378
+00:26:33,630 --> 00:26:38,210
+تسعين فيه كمان اتنين، إذا في عشر ممكن توصل لستاش و
+
+379
+00:26:38,210 --> 00:26:41,790
+أحيانا بنعمل تمانية طيب إيش ال .. الأهمية بتاعة
+
+380
+00:26:41,790 --> 00:26:46,390
+إحداث تشطيبات في الكورية؟ إنه نعملها يسموها تشطيب
+
+381
+00:26:46,390 --> 00:26:51,140
+القرانيةTashteeb القرنية or Radial .. Radial لإنه
+
+382
+00:26:51,140 --> 00:26:56,380
+جاية كإنها radius كإنه نصف قطر فبالتالي إيش
+
+383
+00:26:56,380 --> 00:27:00,300
+الفايدة منها؟ إنه تضعف القرنية في المناطق هاي ليش
+
+384
+00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:03,620
+بدنا تضعف القرنية في المناطق هاي؟ عشان ضغط العين
+
+385
+00:27:03,620 --> 00:27:08,810
+من الداخل يدفعها للخارج فلما بيدفعها للخارجThe
+
+386
+00:27:08,810 --> 00:27:11,890
+central cornea becomes flat, as seen in this
+
+387
+00:27:11,890 --> 00:27:14,350
+picture, the pressure of the eye pushes it
+
+388
+00:27:14,350 --> 00:27:19,470
+outward, because it has become thin areas, and
+
+389
+00:27:19,470 --> 00:27:21,410
+most areas will be affected by the pressure of the
+
+390
+00:27:21,410 --> 00:27:21,610
+eye,
+
+391
+00:27:27,970 --> 00:27:29,950
+in the areas of wrinkles
+
+392
+00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:37,800
+and as a result of the intraocular pressure
+
+393
+00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:39,860
+pressure, the central cornea will become more
+
+394
+00:27:39,860 --> 00:27:44,340
+flat. This will heal to about 2 to 2.5 degrees and
+
+395
+00:27:44,340 --> 00:27:47,800
+sometimes more than myopia and sometimes more than
+
+396
+00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:50,780
+myopia. Of course, this process will stop now for
+
+397
+00:27:50,780 --> 00:27:55,160
+several reasons.It's not predictable. You can't
+
+398
+00:27:55,160 --> 00:28:02,500
+determine how much the story can
+
+399
+00:28:02,500 --> 00:28:04,100
+be corrected. Can it be corrected to a degree or
+
+400
+00:28:04,100 --> 00:28:06,300
+another degree? You can't control it at any point.
+
+401
+00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:11,020
+The second point is that we can't after that make
+
+402
+00:28:11,020 --> 00:28:13,320
+it difficult to measure the power of the lens if
+
+403
+00:28:13,320 --> 00:28:16,240
+this person or this eye has cataract after that
+
+404
+00:28:17,650 --> 00:28:20,010
+means that after the keratotomy, it becomes very
+
+405
+00:28:20,010 --> 00:28:22,670
+difficult or requires complicated calculations to
+
+406
+00:28:22,670 --> 00:28:26,150
+reach the correct lens strength. But our topic
+
+407
+00:28:26,150 --> 00:28:30,490
+today is that we said in the natural, the
+
+408
+00:28:30,490 --> 00:28:38,770
+peripheral cornea should beflatter than
+
+409
+00:28:38,770 --> 00:28:44,550
+the central cornea
+
+410
+00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:53,320
+Peripheral cornea is steep, so this will increase
+
+411
+00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:56,980
+the spherical aberration,
+
+412
+00:28:57,080 --> 00:28:59,200
+and this is the secret of the sentence high radial
+
+413
+00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,600
+keratotomy makes the cornea more spherical
+
+414
+00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:08,350
+increasing the spherical aberrationAlso, the laser
+
+415
+00:29:08,350 --> 00:29:11,110
+in situ keratomylosis, which is the laser, and the
+
+416
+00:29:11,110 --> 00:29:13,610
+photorefractive keratectomy, which is the PRK,
+
+417
+00:29:13,710 --> 00:29:16,570
+which is a type of laser vision correction, the
+
+418
+00:29:16,570 --> 00:29:18,810
+laser process and the PRK process, which is the
+
+419
+00:29:18,810 --> 00:29:22,250
+laser on the surface they call it, can make the
+
+420
+00:29:22,250 --> 00:29:25,150
+central cornea flatter than the peripheral cornea,
+
+421
+00:29:25,670 --> 00:29:30,030
+with the same view that we see, so this leads to
+
+422
+00:29:30,030 --> 00:29:35,440
+increased spherical aberration. So here we sayThe
+
+423
+00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:39,800
+spherical aberration is responsible for the
+
+424
+00:29:39,800 --> 00:29:43,040
+fluctuating vision between good and bad, good and
+
+425
+00:29:43,040 --> 00:29:46,900
+bad after keratorefractive surgery. All these
+
+426
+00:29:46,900 --> 00:29:49,900
+operations, whether radial keratotomy, which is
+
+427
+00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:52,320
+now stopped by the world to run it, or LASIK or
+
+428
+00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:55,000
+PRK, are all considered keratorefractive
+
+429
+00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:57,960
+procedures, keratorefractive procedures.
+
+430
+00:29:58,140 --> 00:30:06,680
+Therefore, this case must be clear.Here, when we
+
+431
+00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:09,980
+take an Arabic paragraph, this is before LASIK and
+
+432
+00:30:09,980 --> 00:30:11,840
+this is after LASIK, it is clear that the central
+
+433
+00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:14,540
+cornea became flat, so it became a challenge to
+
+434
+00:30:14,540 --> 00:30:15,640
+the peripheral cornea
+
+435
+00:30:18,910 --> 00:30:24,190
+in general, the effect of spherical
+
+436
+00:30:24,190 --> 00:30:33,690
+aberration
+
+437
+00:30:33,690 --> 00:30:37,770
+increases as the force power of the pupil diameter
+
+438
+00:30:38,560 --> 00:30:41,500
+Doubling pupil diameter increases spherical
+
+439
+00:30:41,500 --> 00:30:46,200
+aberration 16 times ما .. ما معنا هذا الكلام؟ نطلع
+
+440
+00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:54,000
+على ال calculator بنقول كالقاعدى لو افترضنا انه في
+
+441
+00:30:54,000 --> 00:31:02,520
+وضعية .. و البقبق في وضع الطبيعي في النهار البقبق
+
+442
+00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:04,180
+في وضع الطبيعي في النهار
+
+443
+00:31:06,740 --> 00:31:08,780
+The natural state of the owl is that it is not
+
+444
+00:31:08,780 --> 00:31:11,600
+enlarged due to the presence of high light, which
+
+445
+00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:15,880
+is the rays of the sun or light in general Let's
+
+446
+00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:18,220
+assume that in this state there is spherical
+
+447
+00:31:18,220 --> 00:31:20,780
+aberration, but its quantity is small and caused
+
+448
+00:31:20,780 --> 00:31:25,600
+by a myopia whose amount is minus a quarter of a
+
+449
+00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:28,860
+diopter. Not many people will feel it So in the
+
+450
+00:31:28,860 --> 00:31:33,700
+state of the size of the owl like thisPupil
+
+451
+00:31:33,700 --> 00:31:36,760
+diameter is 3 mm
+
+452
+00:31:43,890 --> 00:31:45,950
+you enter a little bit of peripheral rays, it will
+
+453
+00:31:45,950 --> 00:31:48,890
+make an aberration, spherical aberration, it will
+
+454
+00:31:48,890 --> 00:31:51,710
+lead to a myopia of a quarter of a diopter, not
+
+455
+00:31:51,710 --> 00:31:53,870
+very significant, meaning retina here, for
+
+456
+00:31:53,870 --> 00:31:57,350
+example, and the focus, the best focus here, a
+
+457
+00:31:57,350 --> 00:32:01,270
+person will not feel it much, so you have a 3 mm
+
+458
+00:32:01,270 --> 00:32:04,090
+bulb, the spherical aberration is a quarter of it,
+
+459
+00:32:04,250 --> 00:32:06,770
+okay, let's assume that with Morocco, the bulb
+
+460
+00:32:06,770 --> 00:32:10,710
+became 6
+
+461
+00:32:10,710 --> 00:32:15,440
+mm in size6 millimeters means it doubled twice so
+
+462
+00:32:15,440 --> 00:32:19,520
+the bubble at night or in the dark is 6
+
+463
+00:32:19,520 --> 00:32:25,880
+millimeters okay 6 millimeters so
+
+464
+00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:29,380
+the amount of duplication in the bubble became
+
+465
+00:32:29,380 --> 00:32:34,920
+double how much increased the spherical aberration
+
+466
+00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:40,660
+the spherical aberration shortened SA increased in
+
+467
+00:32:40,660 --> 00:32:46,480
+amount The increase in
+
+468
+00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:54,140
+pupil diameter Pupil
+
+469
+00:32:54,140 --> 00:33:00,220
+diameter Equals
+
+470
+00:33:00,220 --> 00:33:08,480
+to 4 Equals to 4 How much did it increase? It
+
+471
+00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:12,200
+doubled So the spherical aberration hereThe
+
+472
+00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:17,800
+spherical aberration is equal to... The parrot
+
+473
+00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:27,920
+doubled twice 4 times which is equal to 16 Look at
+
+474
+00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:38,280
+the calculator The
+
+475
+00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:39,520
+parrot doubled twice
+
+476
+00:33:45,250 --> 00:33:50,210
+4 times equals 16 times what is 16 times? it is
+
+477
+00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:51,990
+the percentage of increase in the operation it
+
+478
+00:33:51,990 --> 00:33:58,010
+means that the diopter when it was 3 times
+
+479
+00:33:58,010 --> 00:34:01,850
+increased 16 times so let's see how much myopia
+
+480
+00:34:01,850 --> 00:34:11,030
+will give me we say as follows quarter
+
+481
+00:34:11,030 --> 00:34:13,430
+times 16
+
+482
+00:34:16,820 --> 00:34:21,320
+بساوية أربعة ديوبتر ميوبيا في الليل هذا الرجل أو
+
+483
+00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:27,000
+هذه العين أصبح عندها spherical aberration تحدثلها
+
+484
+00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:30,880
+ميوبيا مقدارها minus أربعة ديوبتر، و هذه شيء مشكلة
+
+485
+00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:35,820
+عظيمة جدا، مشكلة عظيمة جدا، ناخد مثال آخر، بس هروح
+
+486
+00:34:35,820 --> 00:34:39,680
+على صفحة جديدة
+
+487
+00:34:53,980 --> 00:34:59,600
+we say this is an example of course and these
+
+488
+00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,720
+examples can come in exams we say the pupil
+
+489
+00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:08,200
+diameter we say diameter in short in day in light
+
+490
+00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:12,440
+is
+
+491
+00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:18,980
+equal to four millimeters meters
+
+492
+00:35:18,980 --> 00:35:25,380
+the aberrations the spherical aberrationsin this
+
+493
+00:35:25,380 --> 00:35:31,400
+pupil it will be minus for example two out of ten
+
+494
+00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:45,640
+diopters in dark, diameter dark the
+
+495
+00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:48,200
+pupil will be six millimeters at this man or this
+
+496
+00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:53,510
+eye six millimetersSo, how many times do we need
+
+497
+00:35:53,510 --> 00:36:00,170
+to calculate aberrations in darkness?
+
+498
+00:36:00,890 --> 00:36:03,050
+We say as usual, the first thing is to multiply
+
+499
+00:36:03,050 --> 00:36:07,370
+times and a half The aberrations will be
+
+500
+00:36:07,370 --> 00:36:11,490
+multiplied by how many times and a half divided by
+
+501
+00:36:11,490 --> 00:36:15,410
+four And
+
+502
+00:36:15,410 --> 00:36:19,970
+it equals, we go to the calculator, we say here
+
+503
+00:36:19,970 --> 00:36:28,020
+one and a half1.5 times 4
+
+504
+00:36:28,020 --> 00:36:31,660
+is equal
+
+505
+00:36:31,660 --> 00:36:42,560
+to 5.6
+
+506
+00:36:42,560 --> 00:36:45,440
+this is the amount of multiplication in the
+
+507
+00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:50,040
+aberration the aberration is basically minus 2 out
+
+508
+00:36:50,040 --> 00:36:54,740
+of 10 diopters let's see how much will happentwo
+
+509
+00:36:54,740 --> 00:36:56,580
+out of ten, of course the minus sign we will put
+
+510
+00:36:56,580 --> 00:37:04,120
+later, times five or six out of one hundred and
+
+511
+00:37:04,120 --> 00:37:07,480
+it equals so you will give me approximately one
+
+512
+00:37:07,480 --> 00:37:12,020
+diopter of myopia so you will give me
+
+513
+00:37:12,020 --> 00:37:18,080
+approximately one diopter of myopia so
+
+514
+00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:19,880
+I have the aberrations
+
+515
+00:37:22,580 --> 00:37:25,100
+it will double five times and a little bit, here
+
+516
+00:37:25,100 --> 00:37:27,700
+two out of ten will become one, correct, so minus
+
+517
+00:37:27,700 --> 00:37:32,280
+one diopter myopia, approximately, so this if it
+
+518
+00:37:32,280 --> 00:37:34,320
+increases once and a half, if it increases twice
+
+519
+00:37:34,320 --> 00:37:36,960
+it will be more, always the aberration increases
+
+520
+00:37:36,960 --> 00:37:40,080
+with the amount of the fourth force, increases
+
+521
+00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:42,840
+with the amount of the fourth force, the fourth
+
+522
+00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:45,300
+axis to the amount of increase in the pupillary
+
+523
+00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:51,730
+diameter, soDoubling or in general the effect of
+
+524
+00:37:51,730 --> 00:37:58,650
+spherical aberration increases as
+
+525
+00:37:58,650 --> 00:38:02,500
+the fourth power of the pupil diameterdoubling,
+
+526
+00:38:02,660 --> 00:38:05,440
+doubling the pupil diameter, if the pupil
+
+527
+00:38:05,440 --> 00:38:07,760
+increases to double, the aberrations will increase
+
+528
+00:38:07,760 --> 00:38:12,380
+from their original position to 16 times because 2
+
+529
+00:38:12,380 --> 00:38:16,020
+plus 4 equals 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 equals 16
+
+530
+00:38:16,020 --> 00:38:20,240
+thus a small change in pupil size can cause a
+
+531
+00:38:20,240 --> 00:38:23,320
+significant change in refraction and this makes a
+
+532
+00:38:23,320 --> 00:38:27,760
+lazy person happy during the day but very tired at
+
+533
+00:38:27,760 --> 00:38:42,490
+nightLaser vision corrections should be considered
+
+534
+00:38:42,490 --> 00:38:46,270
+in patients who have fluctuating vision despite
+
+535
+00:38:46,270 --> 00:38:49,910
+stable K readings.and well-healed corneas
+
+536
+00:38:49,910 --> 00:38:53,170
+following keratorefractive surgery. When we
+
+537
+00:38:53,170 --> 00:38:57,330
+examine a person after keratorefractive surgery,
+
+538
+00:38:57,470 --> 00:39:01,050
+such as LASIK or PRK, and we are not happy, and we
+
+539
+00:39:01,050 --> 00:39:04,070
+examined him with K1 and K2, his cornea is stable,
+
+540
+00:39:04,310 --> 00:39:06,930
+today we examined him after a month, after two
+
+541
+00:39:06,930 --> 00:39:10,440
+months, he is stable, there is no change.and the
+
+542
+00:39:10,440 --> 00:39:13,500
+patient was treated after the laser operation in
+
+543
+00:39:13,500 --> 00:39:17,300
+an excellent way and he is not happy, we have to
+
+544
+00:39:17,300 --> 00:39:20,240
+take into account the case of night myopia because
+
+545
+00:39:20,240 --> 00:39:22,660
+of the spherical aberration because of the
+
+546
+00:39:22,660 --> 00:39:27,320
+spherical aberration, so this case must be clear
+
+547
+00:39:27,320 --> 00:39:30,900
+let's talk about the last topic in geometric
+
+548
+00:39:30,900 --> 00:39:34,300
+optics with us which is the chromatic aberration
+
+549
+00:39:36,860 --> 00:39:40,580
+من اسمها يعني الزيغ اللوني، الزيغ اللوني بنقول
+
+550
+00:39:40,580 --> 00:39:44,260
+thus far in our analysis of aberrations لما
+
+551
+00:39:44,260 --> 00:39:46,660
+اتحدثنا عن ال spherical aberration, we have
+
+552
+00:39:46,660 --> 00:39:50,160
+ignored the effect of wavelengths ماكناش نفرج بين
+
+553
+00:39:50,160 --> 00:39:53,140
+blue wavelengths أو red wavelengths أو green
+
+554
+00:39:53,140 --> 00:39:56,580
+wavelengths، ماكننا نفرج منهمOphthalmic lenses and
+
+555
+00:39:56,580 --> 00:40:01,280
+the human eye are often treated as they focus all
+
+556
+00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:04,020
+wavelengths identically, but this is not true.
+
+557
+00:40:08,620 --> 00:40:11,280
+Most lenses
+
+558
+00:40:21,020 --> 00:40:24,720
+introduce dispersion. Dispersion in the human eye
+
+559
+00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:27,280
+causes chromatic aberration. A chromatic
+
+560
+00:40:27,280 --> 00:40:31,080
+aberration in which blue light focuses in front of
+
+561
+00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:34,180
+red light.يعني لما تضوء ال white light بيدخل لعين
+
+562
+00:40:34,180 --> 00:40:38,460
+الإنسان بما إنها optical system وإله كثافات متعددة
+
+563
+00:40:38,460 --> 00:40:42,390
+ومختلفة ال cornea بتختلف كثافتها عن ال ACAquarius
+
+564
+00:40:42,390 --> 00:40:45,590
+is different from Crystalline lens and vitreous is
+
+565
+00:40:45,590 --> 00:40:53,790
+different from Crystalline
+
+566
+00:40:53,790 --> 00:40:56,650
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+567
+00:40:56,650 --> 00:40:57,430
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+568
+00:40:57,430 --> 00:40:57,450
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+569
+00:40:57,450 --> 00:40:57,470
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+570
+00:40:57,470 --> 00:40:57,690
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+571
+00:40:57,690 --> 00:40:57,970
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+572
+00:40:57,970 --> 00:40:58,010
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+573
+00:40:58,010 --> 00:41:08,970
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+574
+00:41:08,970 --> 00:41:11,090
+lens and vitreous is different from CrystThe
+
+575
+00:41:11,090 --> 00:41:14,390
+difference between the blue and red foci is about
+
+576
+00:41:14,390 --> 00:41:34,870
+half a diopter
+
+577
+00:41:35,730 --> 00:41:38,730
+Okay, if you imagine the opposite, that the blue
+
+578
+00:41:38,730 --> 00:41:41,170
+light is fixed, it will not be affected by the
+
+579
+00:41:41,170 --> 00:41:43,690
+lens that I put, and I put plus and a half, there
+
+580
+00:41:43,690 --> 00:41:45,750
+at the beginning I put minus and a half, it
+
+581
+00:41:45,750 --> 00:41:48,970
+returned to the focus and left it at the red If I
+
+582
+00:41:48,970 --> 00:41:51,470
+put plus and a half and I imagine that the blue is
+
+583
+00:41:51,470 --> 00:41:57,220
+fixedال Red هيقدم بال plus نص هتجمعه في مسافة أقرب
+
+584
+00:41:57,220 --> 00:42:01,020
+فهيصير hand ل blue، اذا الفرق بين ال blue focus و
+
+585
+00:42:01,020 --> 00:42:07,300
+ال red focus هو نص ديوبتر كقيمة، كقيمة in the
+
+586
+00:42:07,300 --> 00:42:11,260
+average eyeBut maybe much greater, it can be more
+
+587
+00:42:11,260 --> 00:42:13,820
+than half a diopter, but usually the difference is
+
+588
+00:42:13,820 --> 00:42:16,800
+between the two foci, the red focus and the blue
+
+589
+00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:19,720
+focus, or the blue wavelength focus and the red
+
+590
+00:42:19,720 --> 00:42:25,570
+wavelength focus is half a diopterEven if all
+
+591
+00:42:25,570 --> 00:42:28,970
+monochromatic aberrations could be compensated for
+
+592
+00:42:28,970 --> 00:42:32,510
+or eliminated by contact lenses or refractive
+
+593
+00:42:32,510 --> 00:42:35,390
+surgery, chromatic aberration and diffraction
+
+594
+00:42:35,390 --> 00:42:38,290
+would still limit the optical resolving power of
+
+595
+00:42:38,290 --> 00:42:38,630
+the eye.
+
+596
+00:43:06,450 --> 00:43:09,970
+No, this is called monochromatic aberration It's
+
+597
+00:43:09,970 --> 00:43:13,070
+like one light, one color, without multiple colors
+
+598
+00:43:13,070 --> 00:43:17,950
+So if I can get rid of spherical aberration with
+
+599
+00:43:17,950 --> 00:43:25,310
+contact lens or kerato refractive procedure So if
+
+600
+00:43:25,310 --> 00:43:29,310
+I can get rid of monochromatic aberration
+
+601
+00:43:31,660 --> 00:43:33,700
+Either it's the taglines or the modern refractive
+
+602
+00:43:33,700 --> 00:43:37,480
+surgery, the chromatic aberration and diffraction
+
+603
+00:43:37,480 --> 00:43:41,920
+are still restricting me from resolving the power
+
+604
+00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:46,140
+of the eye to be ideal It's true that it's
+
+605
+00:43:46,140 --> 00:43:49,740
+improved, but because of the chromatic aberration
+
+606
+00:43:49,740 --> 00:43:53,860
+and diffraction, there's still a kind of
+
+607
+00:43:53,860 --> 00:43:59,970
+limitationThe ability of the eye to see and the
+
+608
+00:43:59,970 --> 00:44:03,990
+quality of vision This example explains to me how
+
+609
+00:44:03,990 --> 00:44:07,010
+the chromatic aberration looks like I explain the
+
+610
+00:44:07,010 --> 00:44:09,670
+color hallucinations around the picture, that is,
+
+611
+00:44:09,670 --> 00:44:11,610
+the author of the topic is a chromatic aberration
+
+612
+00:44:11,610 --> 00:44:15,850
+and he imagines himself to give me a chromatic
+
+613
+00:44:15,850 --> 00:44:17,870
+aberration simulation Sometimes when we look with
+
+614
+00:44:17,870 --> 00:44:20,770
+the naked eye, if there is a lot of chromatic
+
+615
+00:44:20,770 --> 00:44:23,970
+aberration, or through the lens of the glassesOr
+
+616
+00:44:23,970 --> 00:44:26,970
+through any optical system, we can see color halos
+
+617
+00:44:26,970 --> 00:44:32,490
+as we see Also here when we test the vision, this
+
+618
+00:44:32,490 --> 00:44:36,390
+is the letter E and the E chart Here there is a
+
+619
+00:44:36,390 --> 00:44:39,010
+little chromatic aberration, here there is more
+
+620
+00:44:39,010 --> 00:44:42,030
+chromatic aberration, here the chromatic
+
+621
+00:44:42,030 --> 00:44:47,150
+aberration is not present So this is the case, of
+
+622
+00:44:47,150 --> 00:44:52,630
+courseممكن أحدث هذه بواسطة بريزمات متعددة القوة،
+
+623
+00:44:52,630 --> 00:44:57,650
+بريزم خفيف القوة مثلا، هنا بريزم يعني عالي القوة،
+
+624
+00:44:57,650 --> 00:45:02,930
+هنا بدون بريزم without the prism، فبنلاقي أنه ال
+
+625
+00:45:02,930 --> 00:45:06,450
+aberration أقل، ال aberration أقلزي الـ prism أحدث
+
+626
+00:45:06,450 --> 00:45:10,130
+لـ chromatic aberration أي عدسة نضارة ممكن تحدث
+
+627
+00:45:10,130 --> 00:45:15,110
+لهذه القضية طيب كيف نتخلص من ال aberration من ال
+
+628
+00:45:15,110 --> 00:45:18,630
+chromatic aberration بعملية اسمها ال chromatic
+
+629
+00:45:18,630 --> 00:45:22,290
+compensation ال chromatic compensation is common
+
+630
+00:45:22,290 --> 00:45:26,390
+in microscope, telescope, camera lenses بمعنى أخر
+
+631
+00:45:26,390 --> 00:45:31,000
+الميكросكبات تستخدم فيه العملياتOr in factories,
+
+632
+00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:35,720
+telescopes used in space science, and some lenses
+
+633
+00:45:35,720 --> 00:45:40,140
+for sensitive cameras, they take into account that
+
+634
+00:45:40,140 --> 00:45:42,200
+they do chromatic compensation, they don't let
+
+635
+00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:46,480
+them make additions where there is no chromatic
+
+636
+00:45:46,480 --> 00:45:49,740
+aberrationbut it is not yet available in
+
+637
+00:45:49,740 --> 00:45:52,460
+spectacled contact or intraocular lenses. The
+
+638
+00:45:52,460 --> 00:45:56,240
+chromatic compensation is not yet available in
+
+639
+00:45:56,240 --> 00:45:59,820
+spectacled contact lenses or intraocular lenses
+
+640
+00:45:59,820 --> 00:46:03,480
+that are planted in the place where the
+
+641
+00:46:03,480 --> 00:46:07,440
+crystalline lens is removed during the cataract
+
+642
+00:46:07,440 --> 00:46:10,560
+operation. Okay, if it is not available, how do we
+
+643
+00:46:10,560 --> 00:46:14,710
+solve the problem of chromatic aberration?بنشوف أي
+
+644
+00:46:14,710 --> 00:46:18,430
+.. أي هالة لونية أكثر إزعاجا هي ال .. هي ال ..
+
+645
+00:46:18,430 --> 00:46:22,390
+الزرقاء و لا ال red و لا ال green و بنعملها
+
+646
+00:46:22,390 --> 00:46:25,550
+blocking و بنعملها blocking في عندنا blue blocking
+
+647
+00:46:25,550 --> 00:46:30,170
+lenses أو glasses، red blocking glasses و other
+
+648
+00:46:30,170 --> 00:46:34,150
+colored sunglasses improve visual acuity by
+
+649
+00:46:34,150 --> 00:46:36,810
+decreasing chromatic aberration مابتنهيش ل
+
+650
+00:46:36,810 --> 00:46:39,690
+chromatic aberration و أنما بتشيل منها أكثر
+
+651
+00:46:39,690 --> 00:46:44,440
+wavelengths إزعاجا للمريضممتاز، هذا شيء رائع، آه
+
+652
+00:46:44,440 --> 00:46:48,320
+بس إله ثمن، هذا الشيء الرائع، إله ثمن، اللي هو إيش
+
+653
+00:46:48,320 --> 00:46:52,100
+الثمن، they do so however at the cost of reducing
+
+654
+00:46:52,100 --> 00:46:55,000
+the color content of the perceived image، يعني
+
+655
+00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:59,160
+بيصير كمية اللون في ال image اللي أنا ماخدها أقل
+
+656
+00:46:59,160 --> 00:47:03,100
+من وضعها في الطبيعي، أقل من وضعها في الطبيعي، شوف
+
+657
+00:47:03,100 --> 00:47:08,460
+هنا الصورة، هاي camera، هنا في عندي شوية
+
+658
+00:47:08,460 --> 00:47:13,220
+aberrations, chromatic aberrationsوهنا بدون .. or
+
+659
+00:47:13,220 --> 00:47:16,300
+corrected .. يعني هنا strong chromatic
+
+660
+00:47:16,300 --> 00:47:21,440
+aberrations، فيه حالات لونية حول صورة الفهد، إذا
+
+661
+00:47:21,440 --> 00:47:26,380
+بندجق فيها، بنشوفها، هنا واضحة جدا طبعا، بس كمية
+
+662
+00:47:26,380 --> 00:47:31,670
+اللون، كمية اللون أقلكمية اللون في الصورة أقل كمية
+
+663
+00:47:31,670 --> 00:47:34,970
+اللون في الصورة أقل لازال
+
+664
+00:47:34,970 --> 00:47:41,290
+فيها لون بس أقل من الصورة اللي في الوضع الأساسي
+
+665
+00:47:41,290 --> 00:47:41,410
+الأساسي لازال فيها لون بس أقل من الصورة اللي في
+
+666
+00:47:41,410 --> 00:47:44,090
+الوضع الأساسي هنا الصورة يعني بتبين الوضع أكتر من
+
+667
+00:47:44,090 --> 00:47:47,930
+صورة الفهد هنا جذع الشجرة هنا قبل ال correction
+
+668
+00:47:47,930 --> 00:47:50,690
+for a chromatic aberration واضح الهالات اللونية
+
+669
+00:47:50,690 --> 00:47:55,910
+واضح الهالات اللونية و هنا after after correction
+
+670
+00:47:55,910 --> 00:47:57,410
+of a chromatic aberration
+
+671
+00:48:01,170 --> 00:48:03,890
+But the amount of color, if we notice, is less
+
+672
+00:48:03,890 --> 00:48:06,850
+than the picture before correcting the chromatic
+
+673
+00:48:06,850 --> 00:48:09,410
+aberration of course, this is of course for blue
+
+674
+00:48:09,410 --> 00:48:13,670
+blocking, glasses and regular sunglasses, all
+
+675
+00:48:13,670 --> 00:48:17,310
+these help in decreasing aberration, but according
+
+676
+00:48:17,310 --> 00:48:22,200
+to ..المحتوى اللونى بتاع ال perceived image بتاع
+
+677
+00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:26,600
+ال perceived image هنا احنا بتنتهي مادة ال
+
+678
+00:48:26,600 --> 00:48:30,240
+geometric optics ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+679
+00:48:30,240 --> 00:48:32,140
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/WhDP7Okb7qc_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2832 @@
+1
+00:00:01,530 --> 00:00:04,790
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:04,790 --> 00:00:09,170
+geometric optics ووصلنا لموضوع ال a focal system
+
+3
+00:00:10,010 --> 00:00:13,590
+The focal system is a very important topic, and
+
+4
+00:00:13,590 --> 00:00:17,430
+here, what is negative? I mean, we have optical
+
+5
+00:00:17,430 --> 00:00:22,870
+systems without focus, without focus, what is this
+
+6
+00:00:22,870 --> 00:00:25,170
+optical system? How do we understand it? We know
+
+7
+00:00:25,170 --> 00:00:28,630
+that every optical system, until now, every
+
+8
+00:00:28,630 --> 00:00:31,310
+optical system has two focal points, that is, it
+
+9
+00:00:31,310 --> 00:00:35,330
+is a focal systemand LO2 nodal point and LO2
+
+10
+00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:39,610
+principal point. The focal systems are a kind of
+
+11
+00:00:39,610 --> 00:00:43,550
+optical system that differs a little bit from what
+
+12
+00:00:43,550 --> 00:00:49,190
+we studied before. But to know what the difference
+
+13
+00:00:49,190 --> 00:00:53,090
+is, we can say thatلو عندنا عدسة واحدة، هذه العدسة
+
+14
+00:00:53,090 --> 00:00:56,350
+تعتبر لحالها optical system، إليها two nodal
+
+15
+00:00:56,350 --> 00:00:59,610
+points و two principal points و two focal points،
+
+16
+00:00:59,610 --> 00:01:03,690
+هذه لحالها تعتبر optical system و بنزميه focal
+
+17
+00:01:03,690 --> 00:01:07,350
+optical system، يعني optical system إليه focusOr
+
+18
+00:01:07,350 --> 00:01:10,850
+it has cardinal points This lens also has the same
+
+19
+00:01:10,850 --> 00:01:13,470
+thing, it has two nodal points, two focal points,
+
+20
+00:01:13,590 --> 00:01:16,270
+two principal points, and we consider it as an
+
+21
+00:01:16,270 --> 00:01:19,470
+optical system based on itself, and it has three
+
+22
+00:01:19,470 --> 00:01:23,150
+pairs of cardinal points Now if we talk about two
+
+23
+00:01:23,150 --> 00:01:28,010
+lenses together, two lenses togetherAlso, they
+
+24
+00:01:28,010 --> 00:01:31,850
+consider a focal system to have two nodal points,
+
+25
+00:01:31,950 --> 00:01:34,130
+two principal points, two focal points, but they
+
+26
+00:01:34,130 --> 00:01:37,250
+are different from the three pairs that belong to
+
+27
+00:01:37,250 --> 00:01:40,010
+each lens on it, that is, a new optical system
+
+28
+00:01:40,010 --> 00:01:42,690
+Okay, either you see today what we want to
+
+29
+00:01:42,690 --> 00:01:47,110
+understand or how we want to know to understand
+
+30
+00:01:47,110 --> 00:01:51,990
+the focal systems, the focal systemsTo remember in
+
+31
+00:01:51,990 --> 00:01:55,290
+the focal systems, some very important things that
+
+32
+00:01:55,290 --> 00:01:57,910
+we should remember from the previous lectures is
+
+33
+00:01:57,910 --> 00:02:02,870
+that the parallel rays, the parallel rays that
+
+34
+00:02:02,870 --> 00:02:05,730
+come parallel to the optical axis must pass
+
+35
+00:02:05,730 --> 00:02:08,270
+through the FP of the system, whether it is one
+
+36
+00:02:08,270 --> 00:02:11,070
+lens or several lenses, that is, the parallel
+
+37
+00:02:11,070 --> 00:02:14,110
+rays, this line, let's go to the colored picture
+
+38
+00:02:18,950 --> 00:02:26,490
+This blue line, parallel to the optical axis,
+
+39
+00:02:27,290 --> 00:02:32,450
+passes through the entire FB of the systemOkay,
+
+40
+00:02:32,870 --> 00:02:35,970
+the second blue line or the second light ray that
+
+41
+00:02:35,970 --> 00:02:39,210
+enters the FA will be parallel to the optical
+
+42
+00:02:39,210 --> 00:02:42,730
+axis, so the parallel must enter the FP and the
+
+43
+00:02:42,730 --> 00:02:45,990
+one that enters the FA must be parallel, whether
+
+44
+00:02:45,990 --> 00:02:48,310
+we are talking about one lens or we are talking
+
+45
+00:02:48,310 --> 00:02:51,290
+about many lenses. Okay, in the focal system,
+
+46
+00:02:51,710 --> 00:02:53,290
+let's see what happens to me
+
+47
+00:02:59,890 --> 00:03:04,010
+Consider an optical system consisting of two thin
+
+48
+00:03:04,010 --> 00:03:07,870
+lenses in air I have a plus two diopter lens and I
+
+49
+00:03:07,870 --> 00:03:10,850
+have a minus five diopter lens and the distance
+
+50
+00:03:10,850 --> 00:03:12,830
+between them is thirty centimeters and the
+
+51
+00:03:12,830 --> 00:03:15,030
+distance between them is thirty centimeters and
+
+52
+00:03:15,030 --> 00:03:19,050
+now I want to have parallel rays, parallel rays,
+
+53
+00:03:19,190 --> 00:03:22,770
+so we want to see where these parallel rays will
+
+54
+00:03:22,770 --> 00:03:25,190
+come out, where they will come out, we add a chip
+
+55
+00:03:25,190 --> 00:03:27,430
+and we come to do our calculations
+
+56
+00:03:34,630 --> 00:03:41,250
+But we need to move the image to make things clear
+
+57
+00:03:41,250 --> 00:03:47,850
+Let's
+
+58
+00:03:47,850 --> 00:03:54,650
+zoom in a little bit and follow the Virgin's
+
+59
+00:03:54,650 --> 00:03:57,930
+Calculation calculations First thing, Parallel
+
+60
+00:03:57,930 --> 00:04:02,130
+Rays means that U is zero U at the first lens is
+
+61
+00:04:02,130 --> 00:04:08,630
+equal to zero without calculation Okay, u plus b
+
+62
+00:04:08,630 --> 00:04:11,710
+is
+
+63
+00:04:11,710 --> 00:04:24,810
+equal to v, let's lower the speech a little bit
+
+64
+00:04:24,810 --> 00:04:29,870
+Okay, the u I have is zero plus the power two is
+
+65
+00:04:29,870 --> 00:04:33,310
+equal to, two is a diopter of course, is equal to
+
+66
+00:04:33,310 --> 00:04:45,860
+vإذن V تساوي plus اتنين ديوبتر I تساوي هنشرط على V
+
+67
+00:04:45,860 --> 00:04:52,000
+ويساوي
+
+68
+00:04:52,000 --> 00:05:02,100
+واحد على plus اتنين ديوبتر ويساوي plus نص متريعني
+
+69
+00:05:02,100 --> 00:05:06,140
+على يمين العدسة ال plus على بعد نص متر هي تلاتين
+
+70
+00:05:06,140 --> 00:05:10,630
+سانتي و عشرين سانتي، اذا الصورة الأولىالصورة
+
+71
+00:05:10,630 --> 00:05:14,290
+الأولى بتاعت العدسة لplus على بعد خمسين صنطي من
+
+72
+00:05:14,290 --> 00:05:18,570
+العدسة لplus على بعد خمسين صنطي من العدسة لplus
+
+73
+00:05:18,570 --> 00:05:23,770
+طيب الصورة الأولى هي object للعدسة التانية بس جاي
+
+74
+00:05:23,770 --> 00:05:26,310
+عاليمين الأشعة هتضرب في العدسة التانية و هي
+
+75
+00:05:26,310 --> 00:05:30,050
+convergent يعني virtual object virtual object
+
+76
+00:05:30,050 --> 00:05:38,860
+للعدسة التانية بنقول U تساوي زائد N على Oplus N
+
+77
+00:05:38,860 --> 00:05:43,100
+over O, then because the body on the right is a
+
+78
+00:05:43,100 --> 00:05:45,700
+virtual object, the rays are convergent, which is
+
+79
+00:05:45,700 --> 00:05:51,720
+plus and equal to plus one, which is N over O, the
+
+80
+00:05:51,720 --> 00:05:54,780
+distance is twenty centimeters, the object is the
+
+81
+00:05:54,780 --> 00:05:56,060
+image of the first lens, which is fifty
+
+82
+00:05:56,060 --> 00:05:59,280
+centimeters away from the first lens, but twenty
+
+83
+00:05:59,280 --> 00:06:01,460
+centimeters away from the second lens on the
+
+84
+00:06:01,460 --> 00:06:09,660
+right, then plus two out of ten metersويساوي plus
+
+85
+00:06:09,660 --> 00:06:14,800
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+86
+00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:15,800
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+87
+00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:21,200
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+88
+00:06:21,200 --> 00:06:24,200
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+89
+00:06:24,200 --> 00:06:25,800
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+90
+00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:29,260
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+91
+00:06:29,260 --> 00:06:35,700
+خمسة ديوبتV is equal to zero means that the rays
+
+92
+00:06:35,700 --> 00:06:40,600
+are parallel The rays entered this system parallel
+
+93
+00:06:40,600 --> 00:06:43,780
+and came out parallel So this is the first time we
+
+94
+00:06:43,780 --> 00:06:49,820
+have an example of this The rays parallel to the
+
+95
+00:06:49,820 --> 00:06:53,220
+optical axis come out parallel and do not enter
+
+96
+00:06:53,220 --> 00:06:59,300
+the FP of the systemActually, this system doesn't
+
+97
+00:06:59,300 --> 00:07:06,400
+have FP, FA, or cardinal points, nor nodal points,
+
+98
+00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:11,660
+nor principal points, nor focal points, as the
+
+99
+00:07:11,660 --> 00:07:12,440
+question clarified
+
+100
+00:07:15,170 --> 00:07:18,050
+parallel to the optical axis and it turned out to
+
+101
+00:07:18,050 --> 00:07:22,930
+be parallel. So this is the first time that there
+
+102
+00:07:22,930 --> 00:07:27,730
+are no focal points or even cardinal points for
+
+103
+00:07:27,730 --> 00:07:31,510
+this system. This system is called a focal system.
+
+104
+00:07:31,610 --> 00:07:34,430
+We will see this in resimulation, how it will
+
+105
+00:07:34,430 --> 00:07:41,070
+happen in this case. We say that this is a lens
+
+106
+00:07:42,930 --> 00:07:47,630
+Plus two No
+
+107
+00:07:47,630 --> 00:07:52,830
+First
+
+108
+00:07:52,830 --> 00:07:57,450
+we put the grid Then
+
+109
+00:07:57,450 --> 00:08:05,610
+we put lens plus two Okay
+
+110
+00:08:05,610 --> 00:08:10,210
+Plus two means the focal length is five hundred
+
+111
+00:08:10,210 --> 00:08:17,870
+millimeters, fifty centimetersand then we put a
+
+112
+00:08:17,870 --> 00:08:21,770
+length minus 5
+
+113
+00:08:21,770 --> 00:08:26,050
+which is minus 200 mm, minus 20 cm above its
+
+114
+00:08:26,050 --> 00:08:28,930
+length and we put between them a certain distance
+
+115
+00:08:40,810 --> 00:08:46,950
+طيب، الآن بدنا نجيب حزمة إشعاعية متوازية مع بعضها
+
+116
+00:08:46,950 --> 00:08:50,610
+البعض،
+
+117
+00:08:50,610 --> 00:08:57,330
+و طبعا نخفف كثافة الأشعة،
+
+118
+00:08:57,330 --> 00:08:58,470
+و نضلنا نبعد
+
+119
+00:09:06,230 --> 00:09:09,570
+when the rays are parallel when the rays are
+
+120
+00:09:09,570 --> 00:09:13,310
+parallel now we take a ruler and we see the
+
+121
+00:09:13,310 --> 00:09:20,130
+distance between no this is not a ruler we take a
+
+122
+00:09:20,130 --> 00:09:23,830
+ruler and
+
+123
+00:09:23,830 --> 00:09:29,270
+this is the ruler we see the distance between the
+
+124
+00:09:29,270 --> 00:09:29,750
+two lenses
+
+125
+00:09:36,030 --> 00:09:40,110
+طبعا عشان تخرج الأشعة متساوي أو متوازية تماما لازم
+
+126
+00:09:40,110 --> 00:09:44,890
+يكون المسافة عندي تلاتين سانتي، يعني تلاتميت ملي،
+
+127
+00:09:44,890 --> 00:09:48,730
+تلاتميت ملي، فبالتالي هذه القضية، هذا a focal
+
+128
+00:09:48,730 --> 00:09:55,170
+system، أشعة دخلت لل system موازية لبعضها البعض،
+
+129
+00:09:55,170 --> 00:09:58,930
+وخرجت من ال system موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية
+
+130
+00:09:58,930 --> 00:10:02,810
+لبعضها البعض، فبالتالي هذه القضية ضروري جدا تكون
+
+131
+00:10:02,810 --> 00:10:07,290
+واضحة، ضروري جدا تكون واضحة.The distance must be
+
+132
+00:10:07,290 --> 00:10:09,670
+calculated accurately, and we will tell you why 30
+
+133
+00:10:09,670 --> 00:10:16,450
+cm if the lens is plus 2 and minus 5 Let's take
+
+134
+00:10:16,450 --> 00:10:21,230
+another example This is the grid, this is me for
+
+135
+00:10:21,230 --> 00:10:28,870
+example No, this is a ray We
+
+136
+00:10:28,870 --> 00:10:30,090
+need an ideal lens
+
+137
+00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:41,590
+Let's assume that plus four is more than two
+
+138
+00:10:41,590 --> 00:10:48,470
+hundred and fifty millimeters The focal length is
+
+139
+00:10:48,470 --> 00:10:53,050
+two hundred and fifty millimeters This is another
+
+140
+00:10:53,050 --> 00:11:05,550
+lens Let's
+
+141
+00:11:05,550 --> 00:11:06,410
+make it for example
+
+142
+00:11:10,790 --> 00:11:15,530
+minus one hundred which is minus ten diopters and
+
+143
+00:11:15,530 --> 00:11:19,050
+see how much distance there should be between them
+
+144
+00:11:19,050 --> 00:11:27,930
+to give me a focal system a focal system we
+
+145
+00:11:27,930 --> 00:11:29,530
+said that the first attribute of a focal system is
+
+146
+00:11:29,530 --> 00:11:31,570
+that the rays that enter it are parallel and exit
+
+147
+00:11:31,570 --> 00:11:36,270
+parallel here it didn't exit parallel we want to
+
+148
+00:11:36,270 --> 00:11:40,730
+see how we can make it paralleland then we see how
+
+149
+00:11:40,730 --> 00:11:43,090
+the distance is calculated, but it's better to
+
+150
+00:11:43,090 --> 00:11:46,170
+reduce the intensity of the rays to make the
+
+151
+00:11:46,170 --> 00:11:52,650
+picture clearer this
+
+152
+00:11:52,650 --> 00:11:55,810
+way the rays are parallel or close to be parallel
+
+153
+00:11:55,810 --> 00:11:58,930
+we
+
+154
+00:11:58,930 --> 00:12:00,930
+will see with the ruler how much is the distance
+
+155
+00:12:00,930 --> 00:12:05,130
+between the two poles this
+
+156
+00:12:05,130 --> 00:12:09,400
+is the rulerand see the distance between the two
+
+157
+00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:09,520
+lenses
+
+158
+00:12:14,130 --> 00:12:16,870
+Exactly fifteen centimeters, one hundred and fifty
+
+159
+00:12:16,870 --> 00:12:21,030
+millimeters, fifteen centimeters. Okay, you might
+
+160
+00:12:21,030 --> 00:12:23,230
+ask, is it the distance of deviation? No, it's the
+
+161
+00:12:23,230 --> 00:12:25,170
+distance, not deviation. The distance, not
+
+162
+00:12:25,170 --> 00:12:27,950
+deviation. By measuring the focal length of the
+
+163
+00:12:27,950 --> 00:12:31,390
+plus lens and measuring the focal length of the
+
+164
+00:12:31,390 --> 00:12:34,070
+minus lens, the focal length of the plus lens to
+
+165
+00:12:34,070 --> 00:12:36,950
+the plus four is the focal length of twenty-five
+
+166
+00:12:36,950 --> 00:12:43,830
+centimeters.And the focal length of minus ten is
+
+167
+00:12:43,830 --> 00:12:47,030
+minus ten centimeters Twenty-five centimeters
+
+168
+00:12:47,030 --> 00:12:49,850
+minus ten centimeters is fifteen centimeters The
+
+169
+00:12:49,850 --> 00:12:53,230
+distance must be between the two to give me a
+
+170
+00:12:53,230 --> 00:12:56,950
+focal system A focal system Here in the example
+
+171
+00:12:56,950 --> 00:13:01,450
+that we hit a while ago We said that the focal
+
+172
+00:13:01,450 --> 00:13:05,310
+length of plus two is the maximum distance of plus
+
+173
+00:13:05,310 --> 00:13:08,230
+two which is fifty centimeters Fifty centimeters
+
+174
+00:13:09,020 --> 00:13:12,920
+And the distance of the minus 5 diopter lens is
+
+175
+00:13:12,920 --> 00:13:16,800
+minus 20 centimeters. 50 centimeters minus 20
+
+176
+00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:19,000
+centimeters, then the distance must be 30
+
+177
+00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:21,080
+centimeters between the two.
+
+178
+00:13:25,310 --> 00:13:28,530
+The posterior focus of this lens, not of the
+
+179
+00:13:28,530 --> 00:13:31,810
+system, the system has no focus The posterior
+
+180
+00:13:31,810 --> 00:13:35,170
+focus of this lens is applied to the anterior
+
+181
+00:13:35,170 --> 00:13:38,090
+focus of this lens It is known that the anterior
+
+182
+00:13:38,090 --> 00:13:43,290
+focus of the minus lens comes to its rightThe
+
+183
+00:13:43,290 --> 00:13:47,270
+anterior F A on the right and this F B on the
+
+184
+00:13:47,270 --> 00:13:52,070
+right So this F B is 50 cm away from it and this F
+
+185
+00:13:52,070 --> 00:13:54,190
+A is 20 cm away from it So they are coming from
+
+186
+00:13:54,190 --> 00:13:57,630
+the same point This is F F A for the minus lens
+
+187
+00:13:57,630 --> 00:14:00,970
+and F B for the plus lens They have to come
+
+188
+00:14:00,970 --> 00:14:05,550
+together to have the afocal system This afocal
+
+189
+00:14:05,550 --> 00:14:10,810
+system that we presentedor what we drew is called
+
+190
+00:14:10,810 --> 00:14:15,970
+Galilean telescope Galilean
+
+191
+00:14:15,970 --> 00:14:21,270
+telescope which is named after the scientist
+
+192
+00:14:21,270 --> 00:14:25,490
+Galileo Galilei, but not the inventor Galileo
+
+193
+00:14:25,490 --> 00:14:29,730
+Galilei So, in the Galilean telescope, which is
+
+194
+00:14:29,730 --> 00:14:32,830
+one of the kinds of focal systems, in the Galilean
+
+195
+00:14:32,830 --> 00:14:37,210
+telescope, the length of the telescope is equal to
+
+196
+00:14:38,560 --> 00:14:41,900
+The difference between the focal length of the
+
+197
+00:14:41,900 --> 00:14:45,020
+plus lens and the focal length of the minus lens
+
+198
+00:14:45,020 --> 00:14:49,100
+Okay, let's say we want to hit a third example
+
+199
+00:14:49,100 --> 00:14:54,240
+Let's do reset And go back to the powerpoint and
+
+200
+00:14:54,240 --> 00:14:58,420
+add a strip And say as usual I have
+
+201
+00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:15,220
+this is the optical axis and here I have a plus
+
+202
+00:15:15,220 --> 00:15:19,520
+lens and
+
+203
+00:15:19,520 --> 00:15:26,820
+here I have a minus lens
+
+204
+00:15:26,820 --> 00:15:31,620
+okay,
+
+205
+00:15:32,320 --> 00:15:35,080
+the plus lens, we calculate its force
+
+206
+00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:45,280
+Plus 10, this is better And
+
+207
+00:15:45,280 --> 00:15:46,780
+minus 20,
+
+208
+00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:56,470
+this is betterHow long does the telescope have to
+
+209
+00:15:56,470 --> 00:15:59,810
+be? How long is the distance between them to
+
+210
+00:15:59,810 --> 00:16:03,950
+consider that this is a focal system or I built a
+
+211
+00:16:03,950 --> 00:16:06,690
+Galilean telescope Galilean telescope, which means
+
+212
+00:16:06,690 --> 00:16:11,840
+I have to bring a canand I fix the plus 10 diopter
+
+213
+00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:16,520
+on one side of the tube and I fix the minus 20
+
+214
+00:16:16,520 --> 00:16:19,200
+diopter on the other side but I want to know how
+
+215
+00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:22,780
+long the tube has to be in order to say I made a
+
+216
+00:16:22,780 --> 00:16:25,860
+Galilean telescope I made a Galilean telescope we
+
+217
+00:16:25,860 --> 00:16:35,280
+say as follows the fp of this lens which is
+
+218
+00:16:35,280 --> 00:16:38,340
+unconditional over I or unconditional over the
+
+219
+00:16:38,340 --> 00:16:46,060
+power acidويساوي أنشرطة واحد في الهواء على P لإيه
+
+220
+00:16:46,060 --> 00:16:54,320
+plus عشرة ديوبتر ويساوي
+
+221
+00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:57,940
+plus
+
+222
+00:16:57,940 --> 00:17:02,720
+عشرة صنطة FA
+
+223
+00:17:02,720 --> 00:17:08,700
+تاعة العدسة ال minusFa to the minus of the lens is
+
+224
+00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:14,980
+equal to minus Unconditional
+
+225
+00:17:14,980 --> 00:17:18,660
+over I Because we want to depart from each other
+
+226
+00:17:18,660 --> 00:17:23,200
+First
+
+227
+00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:26,120
+let's say, but let's bring it as an absolute
+
+228
+00:17:26,120 --> 00:17:32,300
+distance Unconditional over I And it is equal to
+
+229
+00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:44,500
+واحد على minus
+
+230
+00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:52,880
+عشرين ده يقدر ويساوي minus خمسة من مية متر يعني
+
+231
+00:17:52,880 --> 00:18:01,470
+minus خمسة سانت، minus خمسة سانتSo, FP plus 10 cm
+
+232
+00:18:01,470 --> 00:18:05,910
+and FA minus 5 cm And if we want to avoid
+
+233
+00:18:05,910 --> 00:18:12,090
+confusion, these distances or these signals, we
+
+234
+00:18:12,090 --> 00:18:15,690
+delay them for a very simple reason that FA of
+
+235
+00:18:15,690 --> 00:18:18,230
+this lens is on the right, so if we put minus on
+
+236
+00:18:18,230 --> 00:18:21,090
+it, the situation will become confusing. But we
+
+237
+00:18:21,090 --> 00:18:23,150
+say in the Galilean telescope
+
+238
+00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:29,860
+In Galilean telescope,
+
+239
+00:18:39,260 --> 00:18:44,230
+we set distancesset the distances, the distance
+
+240
+00:18:44,230 --> 00:18:46,890
+from the lens to the place is less than the
+
+241
+00:18:46,890 --> 00:18:49,550
+distance from the lens to the place, so this is
+
+242
+00:18:49,550 --> 00:18:51,810
+like a rule that relaxes us so the distance from
+
+243
+00:18:51,810 --> 00:18:55,890
+here is 5 cm and the distance from here is 10 cm,
+
+244
+00:18:56,030 --> 00:18:58,130
+we set them apart, so the length of the telescope
+
+245
+00:18:58,130 --> 00:19:02,230
+must be
+
+246
+00:19:02,230 --> 00:19:07,650
+the
+
+247
+00:19:07,650 --> 00:19:09,190
+length of the telescope must be
+
+248
+00:19:13,420 --> 00:19:18,400
+ten minus five equals five centimeters let's see
+
+249
+00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:22,180
+this talk this distance must be five centimeters
+
+250
+00:19:22,180 --> 00:19:24,860
+let's see this talk in simulation let's say this
+
+251
+00:19:24,860 --> 00:19:39,000
+is the grid and here I have a lens plus ten and
+
+252
+00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:40,440
+I want a lens minus
+
+253
+00:19:48,930 --> 00:19:56,130
+Lens is minus 20mm The focal length will be minus
+
+254
+00:19:56,130 --> 00:20:00,670
+5cm
+
+255
+00:20:00,670 --> 00:20:04,550
+which is 50mm And I want the distance between them
+
+256
+00:20:04,550 --> 00:20:10,190
+to be 5cm
+
+257
+00:20:10,190 --> 00:20:15,970
+only This is 10cm and I want it to be 5cm
+
+258
+00:20:27,690 --> 00:20:42,270
+so that the measurement is even we are
+
+259
+00:20:42,270 --> 00:20:48,410
+still less than 5 cm this
+
+260
+00:20:48,410 --> 00:20:55,870
+is 5 cm now what is required is to take
+
+261
+00:20:55,870 --> 00:20:56,170
+a parallel beam
+
+262
+00:21:04,630 --> 00:21:14,890
+and reduce its density to know that the
+
+263
+00:21:14,890 --> 00:21:27,050
+rays will be exactly parallel to each other
+
+264
+00:21:27,050 --> 00:21:28,810
+exactly parallel to each other exactly parallel to
+
+265
+00:21:28,810 --> 00:21:30,570
+zero exactly parallel to
+
+266
+00:21:35,910 --> 00:21:37,510
+That's how we enlarged the picture a little,
+
+267
+00:21:37,890 --> 00:21:39,590
+exactly it came to zero and came to five
+
+268
+00:21:39,590 --> 00:21:42,510
+centimeters, the rays that came out are parallel
+
+269
+00:21:42,510 --> 00:21:46,070
+to each other, parallel to each other, so that's
+
+270
+00:21:46,070 --> 00:21:51,270
+how the Galilean telescope is five centimeters
+
+271
+00:21:51,270 --> 00:21:55,680
+long, five centimeters long, so this isThe
+
+272
+00:21:55,680 --> 00:21:58,280
+Galilean telescope, the Galilean telescope Is
+
+273
+00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:00,960
+there another type of telescope? Yes, there is
+
+274
+00:22:00,960 --> 00:22:04,460
+another type of telescope which is the Keplerian
+
+275
+00:22:04,460 --> 00:22:09,670
+telescope, the Keplerian telescopeThe lenses in it
+
+276
+00:22:09,670 --> 00:22:14,670
+are all plus. Before we start with the Keplerian
+
+277
+00:22:14,670 --> 00:22:16,890
+telescope, we want to say that the Galilean
+
+278
+00:22:16,890 --> 00:22:20,050
+telescope is composed of a plus lens, they call it
+
+279
+00:22:20,050 --> 00:22:22,670
+objective, which is directed towards the object
+
+280
+00:22:22,670 --> 00:22:25,670
+that the person is looking at, objective lens,
+
+281
+00:22:26,270 --> 00:22:27,210
+objective lens
+
+282
+00:22:36,120 --> 00:22:40,340
+وهنا بسموها eyepiece lens، يعني اللي بحط الإنسان
+
+283
+00:22:40,340 --> 00:22:43,740
+الفاحس عليها عين، eyepiece lens
+
+284
+00:22:47,700 --> 00:22:51,040
+So here if we look in the telescope, we put our
+
+285
+00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:54,460
+eye here and look in it, and this is the lens
+
+286
+00:22:54,460 --> 00:22:57,660
+directed to the object, directed to the object Of
+
+287
+00:22:57,660 --> 00:23:00,740
+course, always and forever, always and forever,
+
+288
+00:23:01,520 --> 00:23:05,620
+the objective lens is plus and its force is less
+
+289
+00:23:05,620 --> 00:23:08,920
+than the eyepiece lens which is minus, which is
+
+290
+00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:13,500
+minus So the objective lens is low power plus, low
+
+291
+00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:17,300
+power plus, and here it is high power minushigh
+
+292
+00:23:17,300 --> 00:23:20,340
+power minus in the Galilean telescope. Let's see
+
+293
+00:23:20,340 --> 00:23:21,760
+what's different between the Keplerian telescope
+
+294
+00:23:21,760 --> 00:23:25,760
+and the Galilean telescope. Let's see this case.
+
+295
+00:23:26,280 --> 00:23:31,560
+This is a grid. This means I have a plus lens.
+
+296
+00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:42,020
+Let's make a duplication.
+
+297
+00:23:58,900 --> 00:24:05,780
+this is the lens, we want to make it for example 5
+
+298
+00:24:05,780 --> 00:24:10,560
+diopters, so it should be 250mm
+
+299
+00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:14,620
+and this is 10 diopters and this is 10 diopters,
+
+300
+00:24:15,060 --> 00:24:18,780
+we want to see what distances we want to make of
+
+301
+00:24:18,780 --> 00:24:21,780
+course the distance between the two lenses to get
+
+302
+00:24:21,780 --> 00:24:27,060
+a Keplerian telescope it should be the total focal
+
+303
+00:24:27,060 --> 00:24:34,580
+length of itFor plus 5, the focal length is 25 cm,
+
+304
+00:24:34,720 --> 00:24:38,600
+and for plus 10, the focal length is 10 cm, which
+
+305
+00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:43,480
+is 25 cm, plus 10 cm, which is 35 cm. We see that
+
+306
+00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:47,620
+we need to make the distance between them equal to
+
+307
+00:24:47,620 --> 00:24:49,080
+35 cm.
+
+308
+00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:56,060
+they give me a Keplerian telescope Keplerian
+
+309
+00:24:56,060 --> 00:25:00,760
+telescope, as we will see in a while The distance
+
+310
+00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:05,280
+is still not equal to thirty-five centimeters
+
+311
+00:25:05,280 --> 00:25:09,720
+Let's move this lens away from thirty-five
+
+312
+00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:10,380
+centimeters
+
+313
+00:25:17,120 --> 00:25:22,580
+now the distance between them is 35 cm, we need a
+
+314
+00:25:22,580 --> 00:25:26,160
+beam of light
+
+315
+00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:31,320
+to
+
+316
+00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:36,740
+reduce its density and enlarge the image a little
+
+317
+00:25:45,750 --> 00:25:49,770
+zoom in to see the rays
+
+318
+00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:59,960
+كيف طلعت عندي متوازية مع بعضها البعض متوازية مع
+
+319
+00:25:59,960 --> 00:26:04,200
+بعضها البعض إذا عندي دخلت متوازية وخرجت متوازية
+
+320
+00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:08,980
+المسافة في حالة ال Keplerian telescope في حالة ال
+
+321
+00:26:08,980 --> 00:26:12,320
+Keplerian telescope تساوي ال focal length بتاع
+
+322
+00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:15,420
+العدسة ال plus الأولى زائد ال focal length بتاع
+
+323
+00:26:15,420 --> 00:26:20,420
+العدسة ال plus التانية إذا FP بتاع العدسة الأولى
+
+324
+00:26:20,420 --> 00:26:25,190
+ينطبق على FA بتاع العدسات التانيةIn the case of
+
+325
+00:26:25,190 --> 00:26:28,450
+the Galilean telescope, it's the same thing Fb of
+
+326
+00:26:28,450 --> 00:26:34,600
+the first lens Fb of the first lens hereof the
+
+327
+00:26:34,600 --> 00:26:38,160
+plus lens is equivalent to the F of the minus lens
+
+328
+00:26:38,160 --> 00:26:41,600
+F of the minus lens on its right opposite of the
+
+329
+00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:45,200
+plus lens opposite of the plus lens So it is
+
+330
+00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:48,460
+necessary that the posterior focus of the first
+
+331
+00:26:48,460 --> 00:26:50,940
+lens is equivalent to the anterior focus of the
+
+332
+00:26:50,940 --> 00:26:55,420
+second lens This is called Galilean telescope and
+
+333
+00:26:55,420 --> 00:26:59,100
+this is called Keplerian telescope The differences
+
+334
+00:26:59,100 --> 00:27:04,190
+between them is that the Galilean telescopeThe
+
+335
+00:27:04,190 --> 00:27:10,510
+Galilean telescope has a plus lens and a minus
+
+336
+00:27:10,510 --> 00:27:13,790
+lens. The Keplerian telescope has two plus lenses.
+
+337
+00:27:14,780 --> 00:27:19,080
+Okay, the objective always in both is plus and low
+
+338
+00:27:19,080 --> 00:27:23,760
+power The objective always, the objective lens in
+
+339
+00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:27,820
+both, in both is considered plus and low power The
+
+340
+00:27:27,820 --> 00:27:32,000
+IBS lens in the Galilean telescope is minus and
+
+341
+00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:36,700
+high power In the Keplerian telescope is plus and
+
+342
+00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:41,580
+high power, plus and high power So these are the
+
+343
+00:27:41,580 --> 00:27:46,110
+differences between themin length, the Galilean is
+
+344
+00:27:46,110 --> 00:27:49,130
+shorter and the Keplerian is longer the Galilean
+
+345
+00:27:49,130 --> 00:27:51,850
+is shorter and the Keplerian is longer here its
+
+346
+00:27:51,850 --> 00:27:55,470
+length is 35 cm which is the Keplerian telescope
+
+347
+00:27:55,470 --> 00:27:59,510
+if we imagine this I piece which is 10 diopters we
+
+348
+00:27:59,510 --> 00:28:03,170
+have to make it minus 10 diopters minus 10
+
+349
+00:28:03,170 --> 00:28:07,270
+dioptersExcuse me, minus one hundred millimeters,
+
+350
+00:28:07,530 --> 00:28:11,130
+which is minus ten centimeters, so I have minus
+
+351
+00:28:11,130 --> 00:28:13,650
+ten degrees. The length of the Keplerian was
+
+352
+00:28:13,650 --> 00:28:16,190
+thirty-five centimeters. The Galilean, which has
+
+353
+00:28:16,190 --> 00:28:19,890
+the same force, but its lens is Ibs minus, will
+
+354
+00:28:19,890 --> 00:28:30,570
+have25 minus 10 will be 15 cm and therefore the
+
+355
+00:28:30,570 --> 00:28:35,870
+rays will be parallel. So if we bring a Galilean
+
+356
+00:28:35,870 --> 00:28:38,410
+telescope and a Keplerian telescope with the same
+
+357
+00:28:38,410 --> 00:28:40,450
+force, of course, the difference is that in the
+
+358
+00:28:40,450 --> 00:28:43,690
+Galilean the I is minus and the Galilean is much
+
+359
+00:28:43,690 --> 00:28:47,200
+smaller.from the Keplerian telescope, from the
+
+360
+00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:51,740
+Keplerian telescope, so this case should be clear
+
+361
+00:28:51,740 --> 00:28:54,140
+to me, should be clear to me Now there are
+
+362
+00:28:54,140 --> 00:28:57,100
+differences or there are things that distinguish
+
+363
+00:28:57,100 --> 00:29:01,660
+these focal systems Of course, the Keplerian
+
+364
+00:29:01,660 --> 00:29:05,180
+telescope was invented by Johannes Kepler,
+
+365
+00:29:05,380 --> 00:29:08,740
+Johannes Kepler Okay, then consider an optical
+
+366
+00:29:08,740 --> 00:29:12,980
+system consisting of two thin lenses in air, as
+
+367
+00:29:12,980 --> 00:29:17,870
+the drawing showsThe lens powers are plus 2
+
+368
+00:29:17,870 --> 00:29:23,910
+diopter and minus 5 diopter respectively. Where is
+
+369
+00:29:23,910 --> 00:29:28,270
+FB for this system? مش للنس واحدة منه ولكن for
+
+370
+00:29:28,270 --> 00:29:33,070
+this system the posterior focal point هي المكان
+
+371
+00:29:33,070 --> 00:29:37,640
+اللي ال incoming parallel rays focusHowever, as
+
+372
+00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:40,840
+ray tracing demonstrates, rays entering the system
+
+373
+00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:44,320
+parallel to the optical axis emerge parallel to
+
+374
+00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:57,160
+the optical axis This system
+
+375
+00:29:57,160 --> 00:30:01,360
+has no focal points. In other words, it is a focal
+
+376
+00:30:01,360 --> 00:30:06,500
+systemIf an object is placed two meters in front
+
+377
+00:30:06,500 --> 00:30:09,560
+of the first lens, where is the image and what is
+
+378
+00:30:09,560 --> 00:30:13,620
+the transfer's magnification? طبعا لو حسبنا ال
+
+379
+00:30:13,620 --> 00:30:17,280
+transfer's magnification بال Virgin's calculation
+
+380
+00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:21,320
+لو قولنا هذا ال system هذا ال system a focal
+
+381
+00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:25,120
+system وعندي
+
+382
+00:30:25,120 --> 00:30:30,740
+object object على بعد meter
+
+383
+00:30:34,060 --> 00:30:43,500
+On a distance of one meter And I
+
+384
+00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:47,900
+want to calculate the total transfer magnification
+
+385
+00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:52,120
+of the last image of the object I want to use the
+
+386
+00:30:52,120 --> 00:30:55,180
+vergence calculationOkay, the divergence
+
+387
+00:30:55,180 --> 00:30:58,520
+calculation will take a long time and each one of
+
+388
+00:30:58,520 --> 00:31:01,540
+us who learned a lot or took many lessons on this
+
+389
+00:31:01,540 --> 00:31:05,160
+topic can do this problem at home The result will
+
+390
+00:31:05,160 --> 00:31:08,480
+be that the total transference magnification is 4
+
+391
+00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:14,340
+out of 10 in case the body is 2 meters or 1 meter
+
+392
+00:31:14,340 --> 00:31:17,180
+and if we put it on 2 meters it will be 4 out of
+
+393
+00:31:17,180 --> 00:31:20,340
+10 and if we put it on 3 meters it will be 4 out
+
+394
+00:31:20,340 --> 00:31:23,300
+of 10 then the magnification of these systems
+
+395
+00:31:24,070 --> 00:31:26,970
+Fixed, fixed, if I have a certain amount of
+
+396
+00:31:26,970 --> 00:31:30,490
+magnification, I will keep it fixed regardless of
+
+397
+00:31:30,490 --> 00:31:33,530
+the location of the object what changed So it's
+
+398
+00:31:33,530 --> 00:31:36,910
+different from the normal optical systems that
+
+399
+00:31:36,910 --> 00:31:39,270
+first thing it doesn't have cardinal points and
+
+400
+00:31:39,270 --> 00:31:42,210
+second thing it doesn't have focal points It
+
+401
+00:31:42,210 --> 00:31:44,350
+doesn't have cardinal points at all, so therefore
+
+402
+00:31:44,350 --> 00:31:47,330
+no focal points, no nodal points, no principal
+
+403
+00:31:47,330 --> 00:31:51,440
+pointsOkay, we say as usual, this system that we
+
+404
+00:31:51,440 --> 00:31:55,380
+proposed and that we said the first lens is plus 5
+
+405
+00:31:55,380 --> 00:31:58,200
+diopter or plus 2 diopter and the second lens is
+
+406
+00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:01,080
+minus 5 diopter and we named it Galilean telescope
+
+407
+00:32:01,080 --> 00:32:03,660
+and the distance between the two lenses is 30
+
+408
+00:32:03,660 --> 00:32:08,540
+centimeters, it will give me a magnification of 4
+
+409
+00:32:08,540 --> 00:32:14,840
+out of 10Four out of ten. Very good. So wherever
+
+410
+00:32:14,840 --> 00:32:17,600
+the object stands, whether it's one meter, two
+
+411
+00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:21,520
+meters, three meters, ten meters, twenty meters,
+
+412
+00:32:21,960 --> 00:32:24,340
+regardless of the distance of the object, the
+
+413
+00:32:24,340 --> 00:32:27,020
+magnification will remain four out of tenطيب احنا
+
+414
+00:32:27,020 --> 00:32:30,540
+اذا فاكرين حكينا ما حكينا عن ال principal points و
+
+415
+00:32:30,540 --> 00:32:33,520
+ال principal planes، قولنا هدولة ال planes اللي
+
+416
+00:32:33,520 --> 00:32:37,440
+بيكون التكبير عندهم واحد صحيح، بمعنى ان الجسم
+
+417
+00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:42,100
+واجف، ا��جسم واجف و ارتفاع .. او الصورة واجف و
+
+418
+00:32:42,100 --> 00:32:45,080
+ارتفاعها جد ارتفاع ال object، اذا في هذا ال system
+
+419
+00:32:45,080 --> 00:32:50,600
+مستحيل احصل على magnification مقدار oneOkay, if I
+
+420
+00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:53,200
+brought another system, another focal system, and
+
+421
+00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:55,680
+my magnification was one, it will remain one
+
+422
+00:32:55,680 --> 00:32:59,100
+forever One meter away, two meters away, three
+
+423
+00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:01,560
+meters away, twenty meters away, a kilo away
+
+424
+00:33:01,560 --> 00:33:06,360
+Therefore, therefore, there is no two planes that
+
+425
+00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:09,040
+I call these principal planes Because all planes
+
+426
+00:33:09,040 --> 00:33:12,860
+give me one magnification In fact, and in short
+
+427
+00:33:12,860 --> 00:33:17,720
+for all this explanation, we sayA focal system is
+
+428
+00:33:17,720 --> 00:33:25,200
+a system that does not have cardinal points
+
+429
+00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:29,920
+In a focal system, the transphase magnification is
+
+430
+00:33:29,920 --> 00:33:33,460
+the same for every object regardless of location
+
+431
+00:33:33,460 --> 00:33:37,020
+In a focal system, the magnification remains
+
+432
+00:33:37,020 --> 00:33:40,240
+constant regardless of the location of the object
+
+433
+00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:43,640
+Where are the principal planes for this system?
+
+434
+00:33:44,260 --> 00:33:48,480
+Actually it has no principal planes, why? Remember
+
+435
+00:33:48,480 --> 00:33:51,060
+that the principal planes are the unique
+
+436
+00:33:51,060 --> 00:33:53,800
+conjugates with the transference magnification of
+
+437
+00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:56,860
+1. In this system, the transference magnification
+
+438
+00:33:56,860 --> 00:34:01,370
+is always 4 out of 10 and never 1.if the
+
+439
+00:34:01,370 --> 00:34:04,650
+transference magnification was equal to one it
+
+440
+00:34:04,650 --> 00:34:07,810
+would be one for every pair of conjugates
+
+441
+00:34:22,590 --> 00:34:25,270
+So I don't have focal points and I don't have
+
+442
+00:34:25,270 --> 00:34:28,690
+principal planes or points Consequently, there
+
+443
+00:34:28,690 --> 00:34:31,610
+would be no unique set of planes that could be
+
+444
+00:34:31,610 --> 00:34:34,930
+designated principal planes Who can I call a
+
+445
+00:34:34,930 --> 00:34:38,120
+principal plane if I have only one magnitude?هل
+
+446
+00:34:38,120 --> 00:34:41,840
+على بعض نص متر، عبعد متر، عبعد عشرين سانتي، عبعد
+
+447
+00:34:41,840 --> 00:34:44,620
+خمسة سانتي، عبعد واحد ملي، كله بيعطيني
+
+448
+00:34:44,620 --> 00:34:48,780
+magnification one، اذا مافيش عندي principal planes
+
+449
+00:34:48,780 --> 00:34:53,840
+In general، و هذه الكلمة بتلخص كل شيء عن ال .. ال
+
+450
+00:34:53,840 --> 00:34:57,660
+focal .. ال .. a focal systems A focal systems do
+
+451
+00:34:57,660 --> 00:35:01,880
+not have cardinal points Do not have cardinal
+
+452
+00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:06,980
+pointsA focal systems are used clinically as
+
+453
+00:35:06,980 --> 00:35:16,540
+telescopes and low or low vision aids The
+
+454
+00:35:16,540 --> 00:35:29,620
+two
+
+455
+00:35:29,620 --> 00:35:32,840
+basic types of telescopes are Galilean telescope
+
+456
+00:35:33,690 --> 00:35:37,930
+named for, but not invented by Galileo, of course,
+
+457
+00:35:38,170 --> 00:35:40,810
+it is called with respect and appreciation to the
+
+458
+00:35:40,810 --> 00:35:44,390
+scientist Galileo Galilei, of course, it is not
+
+459
+00:35:44,390 --> 00:35:47,170
+him who invented it and the Keplerian telescope,
+
+460
+00:35:47,690 --> 00:35:52,250
+which is an astronomical telescope, which is used
+
+461
+00:35:52,250 --> 00:35:57,390
+in space mostly, was invented by Johannes Kepler,
+
+462
+00:35:57,890 --> 00:36:01,380
+so this case is very important to be clearThe
+
+463
+00:36:01,380 --> 00:36:04,680
+Galilean telescope consists of two lenses. The
+
+464
+00:36:04,680 --> 00:36:07,380
+first lens, which is the objective lens, is always
+
+465
+00:36:07,380 --> 00:36:13,340
+positive and usually has low power, whereas the
+
+466
+00:36:13,340 --> 00:36:16,580
+second lens, the eyepiece or ocular, is always
+
+467
+00:36:16,580 --> 00:36:21,630
+negative and usually has high power.The lenses are
+
+468
+00:36:21,630 --> 00:36:24,690
+separated by the difference in their focal lengths
+
+469
+00:36:24,690 --> 00:36:27,690
+.الان في ال Galilean telescope المسافة بين
+
+470
+00:36:27,690 --> 00:36:31,750
+العدستين هي حاصل الفرق الفرق بين ال two focal
+
+471
+00:36:31,750 --> 00:36:34,910
+lengths ده العدسة ال plus و العدسة ال minus The
+
+472
+00:36:34,910 --> 00:36:37,910
+focal system depicted in the previous figure is
+
+473
+00:36:37,910 --> 00:36:40,790
+Galilean telescope اللي هو عرضناه كمثال في الأول
+
+474
+00:36:40,790 --> 00:36:46,270
+هذا Galilean telescope هذا Galilean telescope أيضا
+
+475
+00:36:46,270 --> 00:36:49,150
+المثال التاني اللي رسمناه مع بعض هو Galilean
+
+476
+00:36:49,150 --> 00:36:49,770
+telescope
+
+477
+00:36:53,210 --> 00:36:56,610
+The Galilean telescope is also used in some slit
+
+478
+00:36:56,610 --> 00:36:57,930
+lamp biomicroscope
+
+479
+00:37:10,350 --> 00:37:13,450
+this is a Galilean telescope this is a Galilean
+
+480
+00:37:13,450 --> 00:37:17,490
+telescope the Keplerian telescope also consists of
+
+481
+00:37:17,490 --> 00:37:22,250
+two lenses a low power objective lens and high
+
+482
+00:37:22,250 --> 00:37:26,050
+power ocular lens or eyepiece lens but both are
+
+483
+00:37:26,050 --> 00:37:28,890
+positive and this is different from the Galilean
+
+484
+00:37:28,890 --> 00:37:32,130
+telescope and separated by the sum of their focal
+
+485
+00:37:32,130 --> 00:37:34,490
+length the distance between the two lenses in the
+
+486
+00:37:34,490 --> 00:37:38,950
+Keplerian telescope is the sum ofthe focal length
+
+487
+00:37:38,950 --> 00:37:42,750
+of the first lens which is the objective lens with
+
+488
+00:37:42,750 --> 00:37:48,890
+the focal length of the eyepiece lens which is the
+
+489
+00:37:48,890 --> 00:37:53,070
+total focal length of both lenses. Of course, here
+
+490
+00:37:53,070 --> 00:37:55,790
+the image in the Galilean telescope is erect
+
+491
+00:37:55,790 --> 00:38:00,390
+magnified, a normal image, while in the Keplerian
+
+492
+00:38:00,390 --> 00:38:03,970
+telescope the image is inverted. The image is
+
+493
+00:38:03,970 --> 00:38:07,410
+inverted, as the picture shows, it is 2 plus.
+
+494
+00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:11,200
+lenses, objective lens, this one is directed
+
+495
+00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:16,240
+towards
+
+496
+00:38:16,240 --> 00:38:19,680
+the stars and planets and towards space, and this
+
+497
+00:38:19,680 --> 00:38:23,440
+astronomical eyepiece lens which a person puts his
+
+498
+00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:25,780
+eye and watches from it, so when it is directed
+
+499
+00:38:25,780 --> 00:38:28,460
+towards the moon or the planet or a star or
+
+500
+00:38:28,460 --> 00:38:32,480
+something similar, parallel rays come and make a
+
+501
+00:38:32,480 --> 00:38:37,830
+picturereversed to this planet or star or space
+
+502
+00:38:37,830 --> 00:38:41,450
+object, and we look at this reversed image that
+
+503
+00:38:41,450 --> 00:38:43,990
+forms another image on the eye network that we
+
+504
+00:38:43,990 --> 00:38:47,610
+perceive, so the image is inverted in the
+
+505
+00:38:47,610 --> 00:38:50,710
+astronomical or Keplerian telescope, in the
+
+506
+00:38:50,710 --> 00:38:57,420
+Keplerian telescopeTo compare, in the beginning of
+
+507
+00:38:57,420 --> 00:39:00,720
+the lecture, we used plus 2 diopter with minus 5
+
+508
+00:39:00,720 --> 00:39:05,300
+diopter Now, we use Keplerian telescope, as in
+
+509
+00:39:05,300 --> 00:39:08,720
+Galilean Keplerian telescope, we use plus 2
+
+510
+00:39:08,720 --> 00:39:13,280
+diopter and plus 5 diopter trial lens from the
+
+511
+00:39:13,280 --> 00:39:16,380
+trial set, from the lens bag And we distance them,
+
+512
+00:39:16,460 --> 00:39:19,500
+this focal length is 20 cm and this focal length
+
+513
+00:39:19,500 --> 00:39:24,970
+is50 cm, so to make a Keplerian telescope 20 cm
+
+514
+00:39:24,970 --> 00:39:29,170
+and 50 cm, the distance should be 70 cm between
+
+515
+00:39:29,170 --> 00:39:32,930
+the two lenses. We will see this in the
+
+516
+00:39:32,930 --> 00:39:34,830
+simulation, we will see how it will turn out with
+
+517
+00:39:34,830 --> 00:39:38,330
+us. This is reset, this is grid. We have a lens
+
+518
+00:39:38,330 --> 00:39:46,910
+plus two diopters. This is not a lens. This is a
+
+519
+00:39:46,910 --> 00:39:48,510
+lens plus two diopters.
+
+520
+00:39:57,750 --> 00:40:01,650
+We are going
+
+521
+00:40:01,650 --> 00:40:04,530
+to adjust their strength, but first this lens has
+
+522
+00:40:04,530 --> 00:40:09,030
+to be 2 diopters, which means 50 cm or 500 mm, and
+
+523
+00:40:09,030 --> 00:40:11,210
+this will be
+
+524
+00:40:14,690 --> 00:40:16,550
+Twenty centimeters means two hundred millimeters,
+
+525
+00:40:16,730 --> 00:40:18,730
+which means five diopters. So this is two diopters
+
+526
+00:40:18,730 --> 00:40:21,590
+and this is five diopters. The distance between
+
+527
+00:40:21,590 --> 00:40:23,610
+them is supposed to be seventy centimeters because
+
+528
+00:40:23,610 --> 00:40:26,490
+the focal length is two hundred millimeters and
+
+529
+00:40:26,490 --> 00:40:28,750
+five hundred millimeters, which means seven
+
+530
+00:40:28,750 --> 00:40:30,010
+hundred millimeters, which means seventy
+
+531
+00:40:30,010 --> 00:40:31,910
+centimeters. There must be a difference between
+
+532
+00:40:31,910 --> 00:40:36,150
+them to get a Keplerian telescope. To get a
+
+533
+00:40:36,150 --> 00:40:37,390
+Keplerian telescope.
+
+534
+00:40:40,190 --> 00:40:44,990
+Let's see the ruler.it will help me in this case
+
+535
+00:40:44,990 --> 00:41:00,090
+so we tried from 700ml we move it like this and
+
+536
+00:41:00,090 --> 00:41:04,530
+we bring the goal to zero and we bring here to
+
+537
+00:41:04,530 --> 00:41:05,710
+700ml
+
+538
+00:41:11,030 --> 00:41:14,590
+70 cm which is the total focal length of the first
+
+539
+00:41:14,590 --> 00:41:17,130
+lens, the objective and eyepiece of course our eye
+
+540
+00:41:17,130 --> 00:41:21,650
+should be here and the planet should be in this
+
+541
+00:41:21,650 --> 00:41:24,630
+direction here this lens is directed towards the
+
+542
+00:41:24,630 --> 00:41:28,290
+planet let's see the beam of ray coming from a
+
+543
+00:41:28,290 --> 00:41:37,970
+distant planet how does it work let's
+
+544
+00:41:37,970 --> 00:41:42,640
+reduce the intensity of the raysإذن الأشعة خرجت
+
+545
+00:41:42,640 --> 00:41:47,380
+parallel، دخلت parallel وخرجت parallel وبالتالي
+
+546
+00:41:47,380 --> 00:41:51,860
+هذا
+
+547
+00:41:51,860 --> 00:41:54,880
+a focal system، هذا Keplerian telescope، هذا
+
+548
+00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:59,980
+Keplerian telescope، بنقدر نعملor we build a
+
+549
+00:41:59,980 --> 00:42:03,460
+Keplerian telescope using plus two diopters and
+
+550
+00:42:03,460 --> 00:42:06,980
+plus
+
+551
+00:42:06,980 --> 00:42:09,460
+five diopters and leave a distance between them of
+
+552
+00:42:09,460 --> 00:42:12,480
+seventy centimeters now to calculate the
+
+553
+00:42:12,480 --> 00:42:15,480
+transference magnification we said that the
+
+554
+00:42:15,480 --> 00:42:17,800
+transference magnification is constant the
+
+555
+00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:20,020
+transference magnification is constant as long as
+
+556
+00:42:20,020 --> 00:42:22,020
+the transference magnification is constant there
+
+557
+00:42:22,020 --> 00:42:27,640
+is no need for me to keep takingI say U and V and
+
+558
+00:42:27,640 --> 00:42:32,620
+then I divide TM1 by U by V and then I get TM2 by
+
+559
+00:42:32,620 --> 00:42:35,940
+U by V and I multiply TM1 by TM2 Scientists found
+
+560
+00:42:35,940 --> 00:42:39,780
+a very simple equation for transference
+
+561
+00:42:39,780 --> 00:42:49,080
+magnification for telescopes Transference
+
+562
+00:42:49,080 --> 00:42:53,140
+magnification is the power of the eyepiece over
+
+563
+00:42:53,140 --> 00:42:58,320
+the power of the objectويسوء الـ focal length بتاع
+
+564
+00:42:58,320 --> 00:43:02,100
+الـ eyepiece على ال focal length بتاع الobjective
+
+565
+00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:06,880
+بتاع الobjective إذا ل transfers magnification ال
+
+566
+00:43:06,880 --> 00:43:09,580
+power بتاعة ال eyepiece على ال power بتاعة ال
+
+567
+00:43:09,580 --> 00:43:10,060
+objective
+
+568
+00:43:13,100 --> 00:43:16,280
+No, sorry, this is the angular magnification, this
+
+569
+00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:18,720
+is the angular magnification The angular
+
+570
+00:43:18,720 --> 00:43:23,220
+magnification is not the axis that transfers
+
+571
+00:43:23,220 --> 00:43:25,480
+magnification, we need to correct it here The
+
+572
+00:43:25,480 --> 00:43:29,800
+angular magnification equals the power of the
+
+573
+00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:33,840
+eyepiece over the power of the objective Or equals
+
+574
+00:43:33,840 --> 00:43:36,980
+the focal lengththe power of the objective over
+
+575
+00:43:36,980 --> 00:43:39,920
+the focal length of the eyepiece this is angular
+
+576
+00:43:39,920 --> 00:43:45,260
+magnification now for transverse magnification for
+
+577
+00:43:45,260 --> 00:43:47,780
+transverse magnification it is equal to the
+
+578
+00:43:47,780 --> 00:43:54,080
+opposite the power of the objective over
+
+579
+00:43:54,080 --> 00:44:00,740
+the power of the eyepiece and
+
+580
+00:44:00,740 --> 00:44:08,890
+it is equal toThe focal length of the eyepiece on
+
+581
+00:44:08,890 --> 00:44:16,650
+the focal length of the object It
+
+582
+00:44:16,650 --> 00:44:19,230
+is very important to make sure of the type of
+
+583
+00:44:19,230 --> 00:44:23,370
+magnification So the magnification here for
+
+584
+00:44:23,370 --> 00:44:26,630
+transfers magnification I will give it a different
+
+585
+00:44:34,280 --> 00:44:37,320
+Version's calculation without any calculations
+
+586
+00:45:08,490 --> 00:45:11,630
+so the angular magnification is the power of the
+
+587
+00:45:11,630 --> 00:45:15,210
+eyepiece over the power of the objective or the
+
+588
+00:45:15,210 --> 00:45:17,390
+focal length of the objective over the focal
+
+589
+00:45:17,390 --> 00:45:19,910
+length of the eyepiece for the transverse
+
+590
+00:45:19,910 --> 00:45:22,410
+magnification it is exactly the opposite, the
+
+591
+00:45:22,410 --> 00:45:23,930
+position becomes the lowest and the lowest becomes
+
+592
+00:45:23,930 --> 00:45:25,730
+the highest, that is, the power of the objective
+
+593
+00:45:25,730 --> 00:45:28,850
+over the power of the eyepiece or the focal length
+
+594
+00:45:28,850 --> 00:45:30,890
+of the eyepiece over the focal length of the
+
+595
+00:45:30,890 --> 00:45:33,930
+objective the opposite of magnification is the
+
+596
+00:45:33,930 --> 00:45:35,370
+transverse magnification
+
+597
+00:45:38,400 --> 00:45:53,380
+and this is known to us since a long time ago now
+
+598
+00:45:53,380 --> 00:45:58,740
+there is a third thing
+
+599
+00:45:58,740 --> 00:46:05,220
+that transfers magnification is equal to one over
+
+600
+00:46:05,220 --> 00:46:06,940
+the angular magnification
+
+601
+00:46:14,190 --> 00:46:14,970
+Also,
+
+602
+00:46:18,790 --> 00:46:25,890
+the angular magnification is
+
+603
+00:46:25,890 --> 00:46:31,410
+equal to 1 over the transverse magnification Both
+
+604
+00:46:31,410 --> 00:46:34,590
+are confused with each other, but we will give
+
+605
+00:46:34,590 --> 00:46:41,600
+them a loan to clarify the picturetransfers
+
+606
+00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:45,720
+magnification I can get it by powers and I can get
+
+607
+00:46:45,720 --> 00:46:49,320
+it by focal length or I can get it if I know
+
+608
+00:46:49,320 --> 00:46:51,940
+angular magnification I can say transfers
+
+609
+00:46:51,940 --> 00:46:54,040
+magnification is converted to angular
+
+610
+00:46:54,040 --> 00:46:58,060
+magnification so these are many equations in
+
+611
+00:46:58,060 --> 00:47:02,440
+magnification I can use any one of them and
+
+612
+00:47:02,440 --> 00:47:07,180
+inshallah in this lecture we will take examples on
+
+613
+00:47:07,690 --> 00:47:11,350
+the method of calculation or practical examples of
+
+614
+00:47:11,350 --> 00:47:15,990
+calculation of magnification of these telescopes,
+
+615
+00:47:16,250 --> 00:47:18,690
+whether the Galilean telescope or the Keplerian
+
+616
+00:47:18,690 --> 00:47:21,790
+telescope. The last thing I want to say is that
+
+617
+00:47:21,790 --> 00:47:29,710
+our picture is reversed in ..
+
+618
+00:47:29,710 --> 00:47:34,290
+our picture is reversed in the telescope which is
+
+619
+00:47:34,290 --> 00:47:35,750
+the Keplerian telescope
+
+620
+00:47:38,560 --> 00:47:42,460
+وهدا مش مشكلة كبيرة، بتم وضع برزمات داخل ال
+
+621
+00:47:42,460 --> 00:47:48,300
+telescope اللي تعدل الصورة و بتعمل على يعني انها
+
+622
+00:47:48,300 --> 00:47:52,420
+تخلي الصورة معتدلة و ليست inverted، و ليست
+
+623
+00:47:52,420 --> 00:47:56,000
+inverted، فبالتالي هذا القضية For a focal system,
+
+624
+00:47:56,320 --> 00:47:59,340
+telescopes such as the Galilean and Keplerian
+
+625
+00:47:59,340 --> 00:48:02,790
+telescope, the focal point of objective lensand
+
+626
+00:48:02,790 --> 00:48:06,070
+the focal point of the ocular lens are in the same
+
+627
+00:48:06,070 --> 00:48:06,510
+position
+
+628
+00:48:25,860 --> 00:48:28,700
+Each form of telescope has advantages and
+
+629
+00:48:28,700 --> 00:48:35,980
+disadvantages The
+
+630
+00:48:35,980 --> 00:48:38,540
+advantage of Galilean telescope is that it
+
+631
+00:48:38,540 --> 00:48:40,360
+produces an upright image
+
+632
+00:48:45,870 --> 00:48:49,270
+يعني الصورة معتادة تاني حاجة ال telescope short
+
+633
+00:48:49,270 --> 00:48:53,570
+يعني قصير و هذا يعني بيخليه ممكن يوضع في الجيبة
+
+634
+00:48:53,570 --> 00:48:56,970
+ممكن يوضع في شانطة صغيرة إلى آخرين then telescope
+
+635
+00:48:56,970 --> 00:49:01,170
+these features make Galilean telescope popular as
+
+636
+00:49:01,170 --> 00:49:04,410
+spectacle mounted ممكن يتثبت على النضارة ممكن
+
+637
+00:49:04,410 --> 00:49:11,770
+يتثبت على النضارة لو شفنا هنا spectacle
+
+638
+00:49:17,620 --> 00:49:21,100
+Mounted Galilean Telescope
+
+639
+00:49:30,320 --> 00:49:32,860
+This is a Galilean telescope fixed on glasses
+
+640
+00:49:32,860 --> 00:49:39,040
+until people or people who suffer from low vision
+
+641
+00:49:39,040 --> 00:49:41,900
+for example, or they want to fix it for the
+
+642
+00:49:41,900 --> 00:49:44,280
+purpose of work for example, some people who work
+
+643
+00:49:44,280 --> 00:49:49,300
+in correction or fixing watches or work in gold
+
+644
+00:49:49,300 --> 00:49:54,040
+and welding gold and jewels and so onطبعا لأنه
+
+645
+00:49:54,040 --> 00:49:57,120
+قصير بقدرش أثبت capillary telescope لإنه هيكون
+
+646
+00:49:57,120 --> 00:50:04,360
+طويل جدا اذا هذا يعتبر advantage وشيء مميز لاللي
+
+647
+00:50:04,360 --> 00:50:10,600
+هو ال Galilean telescope أيضا أيضا يعني يعتبر يعني
+
+648
+00:50:10,600 --> 00:50:14,280
+هذا .. هذه الميزة بتخليه يعني spectacle mounted
+
+649
+00:50:14,280 --> 00:50:18,760
+visual aid أو surgical loops surgical loops استخدم
+
+650
+00:50:18,760 --> 00:50:19,700
+في العمليات
+
+651
+00:50:34,650 --> 00:50:37,810
+Hai surgical loops أيضا بلبسها الجراع عشان يكبر
+
+652
+00:50:37,810 --> 00:50:44,630
+المنطقة اللي هو بيعمل فيها و هاد طبعا مهم جدا و
+
+653
+00:50:44,630 --> 00:50:48,230
+بتميز ال Galilean telescope لإنه قصير، اذا upright
+
+654
+00:50:48,230 --> 00:50:51,470
+image و shorter Conversely, the Keplerian
+
+655
+00:50:51,470 --> 00:50:55,010
+telescope uses light more efficiently making faint
+
+656
+00:50:55,010 --> 00:50:58,590
+objects easier to see احنا إذا رجعنا للصورة بتاعة
+
+657
+00:50:58,590 --> 00:51:01,980
+ال Keplerian telescopeThis is a plus lens, which
+
+658
+00:51:01,980 --> 00:51:04,360
+is a converging lens, and this is also a
+
+659
+00:51:04,360 --> 00:51:08,720
+converging lens. Therefore, all the rays that come
+
+660
+00:51:08,720 --> 00:51:11,640
+from the distant planet, which are usually very
+
+661
+00:51:11,640 --> 00:51:14,700
+light rays, that is, there are planets hundreds
+
+662
+00:51:14,700 --> 00:51:18,750
+and millions of light years away from us,An
+
+663
+00:51:18,750 --> 00:51:21,510
+astronomical number in the distance, so the light
+
+664
+00:51:21,510 --> 00:51:25,110
+coming from it is very light, so the telescope
+
+665
+00:51:25,110 --> 00:51:27,310
+that I look at has all its lenses connected,
+
+666
+00:51:27,490 --> 00:51:30,050
+because they collect rays, and therefore all the
+
+667
+00:51:30,050 --> 00:51:32,830
+rays that are collected line up inside the eye of
+
+668
+00:51:32,830 --> 00:51:34,670
+the observer, inside the eye of the observer,
+
+669
+00:51:35,050 --> 00:51:40,390
+while in the Galilean telescopeفي عدسة مشتتة عندى
+
+670
+00:51:40,390 --> 00:51:44,630
+في عدسة مشتتة فبالتالي ممكن افقد جزء من هذا الضوء
+
+671
+00:51:44,630 --> 00:51:47,870
+جزء من هذا الضوء اذا conversely the Keplerian
+
+672
+00:51:47,870 --> 00:51:52,390
+telescope uses light more efficiently يعني بيستخدم
+
+673
+00:51:52,390 --> 00:51:56,550
+الضوء او الضوء اللى داخل فيه بيستفيد منه بشكل اكثر
+
+674
+00:51:56,550 --> 00:52:00,730
+كفاءة لإنه عدساته كلها plus عدساته كلها plus
+
+675
+00:52:00,730 --> 00:52:04,210
+فبالتالي هذه القضية هذا in the Keplerian design
+
+676
+00:52:04,210 --> 00:52:11,920
+all the light all the lightall the light from an
+
+677
+00:52:11,920 --> 00:52:14,880
+object point collected by the objective lens
+
+678
+00:52:14,880 --> 00:52:18,400
+ultimately in the end enters the eye because all
+
+679
+00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:21,880
+the lenses are lost in the Galilean design some of
+
+680
+00:52:21,880 --> 00:52:25,960
+the light collected by objective is lost why is it
+
+681
+00:52:25,960 --> 00:52:30,200
+lost? because the other lensesالعدسة الأولى جمعت
+
+682
+00:52:30,200 --> 00:52:33,980
+في ال Galilean telescope، العدسة الأولى جمعت
+
+683
+00:52:33,980 --> 00:52:36,800
+والتانية شتتت، فبالتالي مش كل الضوء بيدخل في
+
+684
+00:52:36,800 --> 00:52:41,040
+العين، بعضه بيتشتت، مش مرسوم هنا عندى، بس بعضه
+
+685
+00:52:41,040 --> 00:52:41,960
+بيتشتت
+
+686
+00:52:44,670 --> 00:52:49,770
+All the light from an object point collected by
+
+687
+00:52:49,770 --> 00:52:53,230
+the objective lens ultimately enters the eye. In
+
+688
+00:52:53,230 --> 00:52:56,770
+the Galilean design, some of the light collected
+
+689
+00:52:56,770 --> 00:53:02,850
+by the objective lens is lost.Because astronomical
+
+690
+00:53:02,850 --> 00:53:06,390
+observation is largely a matter of making faint
+
+691
+00:53:06,390 --> 00:53:10,910
+star visible, the observations of space science
+
+692
+00:53:10,910 --> 00:53:15,450
+and astronomy
+
+693
+00:53:29,480 --> 00:53:34,340
+All astronomical telescopes are of the Keplerian
+
+694
+00:53:34,340 --> 00:53:37,450
+designWhy? Because the Keplerian design is two
+
+695
+00:53:37,450 --> 00:53:40,810
+plus lenses, there are no overlapping lenses. The
+
+696
+00:53:40,810 --> 00:53:44,910
+inverted image, which is the flaw of the Keplerian
+
+697
+00:53:44,910 --> 00:53:48,370
+telescope. The inverted image is not a problem. It
+
+698
+00:53:48,370 --> 00:53:52,970
+is not a problem for astronomers, but inverting
+
+699
+00:53:52,970 --> 00:53:55,490
+prisms are placed inside the telescope.
+
+700
+00:53:58,070 --> 00:54:03,550
+Common binoculars are handheld binoculars.Visual
+
+701
+00:54:03,550 --> 00:54:07,110
+aids are usually of the Keplerian design.
+
+702
+00:54:07,350 --> 00:54:09,250
+Occasionally there are some visual aids, the
+
+703
+00:54:09,250 --> 00:54:12,290
+visual aids that are carried by hand have a
+
+704
+00:54:12,290 --> 00:54:14,350
+Keplerian design, that is, the two lenses that
+
+705
+00:54:14,350 --> 00:54:19,810
+have a plus, and sometimes the lenses have a
+
+706
+00:54:19,810 --> 00:54:25,590
+Keplerian design. And this concludes the lecture
+
+707
+00:54:25,590 --> 00:54:29,110
+on the focal systems. God bless you and peace be
+
+708
+00:54:29,110 --> 00:54:29,450
+upon you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/WhDP7Okb7qc_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2840 @@
+1
+00:00:01,530 --> 00:00:04,790
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:04,790 --> 00:00:09,170
+geometric optics ووصلنا لموضوع ال a focal system
+
+3
+00:00:10,010 --> 00:00:13,590
+The focal system is a very important topic, and
+
+4
+00:00:13,590 --> 00:00:17,430
+here, what is negative? I mean, we have optical
+
+5
+00:00:17,430 --> 00:00:22,870
+systems without focus, without focus, what is this
+
+6
+00:00:22,870 --> 00:00:25,170
+optical system? How do we understand it? We know
+
+7
+00:00:25,170 --> 00:00:28,630
+that every optical system, until now, every
+
+8
+00:00:28,630 --> 00:00:31,310
+optical system has two focal points, that is, it
+
+9
+00:00:31,310 --> 00:00:35,330
+is a focal systemand LO2 nodal point and LO2
+
+10
+00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:39,610
+principal point. The focal systems are a kind of
+
+11
+00:00:39,610 --> 00:00:43,550
+optical system that differs a little bit from what
+
+12
+00:00:43,550 --> 00:00:49,190
+we studied before. But to know what the difference
+
+13
+00:00:49,190 --> 00:00:53,090
+is, we can say thatلو عندنا عدسة واحدة، هذه العدسة
+
+14
+00:00:53,090 --> 00:00:56,350
+تعتبر لحالها optical system، إليها two nodal
+
+15
+00:00:56,350 --> 00:00:59,610
+points و two principal points و two focal points،
+
+16
+00:00:59,610 --> 00:01:03,690
+هذه لحالها تعتبر optical system و بنزميه focal
+
+17
+00:01:03,690 --> 00:01:07,350
+optical system، يعني optical system إليه focusOr
+
+18
+00:01:07,350 --> 00:01:10,850
+it has cardinal points This lens also has the same
+
+19
+00:01:10,850 --> 00:01:13,470
+thing, it has two nodal points, two focal points,
+
+20
+00:01:13,590 --> 00:01:16,270
+two principal points, and we consider it as an
+
+21
+00:01:16,270 --> 00:01:19,470
+optical system based on itself, and it has three
+
+22
+00:01:19,470 --> 00:01:23,150
+pairs of cardinal points Now if we talk about two
+
+23
+00:01:23,150 --> 00:01:28,010
+lenses together, two lenses togetherAlso, they
+
+24
+00:01:28,010 --> 00:01:31,850
+consider a focal system to have two nodal points,
+
+25
+00:01:31,950 --> 00:01:34,130
+two principal points, two focal points, but they
+
+26
+00:01:34,130 --> 00:01:37,250
+are different from the three pairs that belong to
+
+27
+00:01:37,250 --> 00:01:40,010
+each lens on it, that is, a new optical system
+
+28
+00:01:40,010 --> 00:01:42,690
+Okay, either you see today what we want to
+
+29
+00:01:42,690 --> 00:01:47,110
+understand or how we want to know to understand
+
+30
+00:01:47,110 --> 00:01:51,990
+the focal systems, the focal systemsTo remember in
+
+31
+00:01:51,990 --> 00:01:55,290
+the focal systems, some very important things that
+
+32
+00:01:55,290 --> 00:01:57,910
+we should remember from the previous lectures is
+
+33
+00:01:57,910 --> 00:02:02,870
+that the parallel rays, the parallel rays that
+
+34
+00:02:02,870 --> 00:02:05,730
+come parallel to the optical axis must pass
+
+35
+00:02:05,730 --> 00:02:08,270
+through the FP of the system, whether it is one
+
+36
+00:02:08,270 --> 00:02:11,070
+lens or several lenses, that is, the parallel
+
+37
+00:02:11,070 --> 00:02:14,110
+rays, this line, let's go to the colored picture
+
+38
+00:02:18,950 --> 00:02:26,490
+This blue line, parallel to the optical axis,
+
+39
+00:02:27,290 --> 00:02:32,450
+passes through the entire FB of the systemOkay,
+
+40
+00:02:32,870 --> 00:02:35,970
+the second blue line or the second light ray that
+
+41
+00:02:35,970 --> 00:02:39,210
+enters the FA will be parallel to the optical
+
+42
+00:02:39,210 --> 00:02:42,730
+axis, so the parallel must enter the FP and the
+
+43
+00:02:42,730 --> 00:02:45,990
+one that enters the FA must be parallel, whether
+
+44
+00:02:45,990 --> 00:02:48,310
+we are talking about one lens or we are talking
+
+45
+00:02:48,310 --> 00:02:51,290
+about many lenses. Okay, in the focal system,
+
+46
+00:02:51,710 --> 00:02:53,290
+let's see what happens to me
+
+47
+00:02:59,890 --> 00:03:04,010
+Consider an optical system consisting of two thin
+
+48
+00:03:04,010 --> 00:03:07,870
+lenses in air I have a plus two diopter lens and I
+
+49
+00:03:07,870 --> 00:03:10,850
+have a minus five diopter lens and the distance
+
+50
+00:03:10,850 --> 00:03:12,830
+between them is thirty centimeters and the
+
+51
+00:03:12,830 --> 00:03:15,030
+distance between them is thirty centimeters and
+
+52
+00:03:15,030 --> 00:03:19,050
+now I want to have parallel rays, parallel rays,
+
+53
+00:03:19,190 --> 00:03:22,770
+so we want to see where these parallel rays will
+
+54
+00:03:22,770 --> 00:03:25,190
+come out, where they will come out, we add a chip
+
+55
+00:03:25,190 --> 00:03:27,430
+and we come to do our calculations
+
+56
+00:03:34,630 --> 00:03:41,250
+But we need to move the image to make things clear
+
+57
+00:03:41,250 --> 00:03:47,850
+Let's
+
+58
+00:03:47,850 --> 00:03:54,650
+zoom in a little bit and follow the Virgin's
+
+59
+00:03:54,650 --> 00:03:57,930
+Calculation calculations First thing, Parallel
+
+60
+00:03:57,930 --> 00:04:02,130
+Rays means that U is zero U at the first lens is
+
+61
+00:04:02,130 --> 00:04:08,630
+equal to zero without calculation Okay, u plus b
+
+62
+00:04:08,630 --> 00:04:11,710
+is
+
+63
+00:04:11,710 --> 00:04:24,810
+equal to v, let's lower the speech a little bit
+
+64
+00:04:24,810 --> 00:04:29,870
+Okay, the u I have is zero plus the power two is
+
+65
+00:04:29,870 --> 00:04:33,310
+equal to, two is a diopter of course, is equal to
+
+66
+00:04:33,310 --> 00:04:45,860
+vإذن V تساوي plus اتنين ديوبتر I تساوي هنشرط على V
+
+67
+00:04:45,860 --> 00:04:52,000
+ويساوي
+
+68
+00:04:52,000 --> 00:05:02,100
+واحد على plus اتنين ديوبتر ويساوي plus نص متريعني
+
+69
+00:05:02,100 --> 00:05:06,140
+على يمين العدسة ال plus على بعد نص متر هي تلاتين
+
+70
+00:05:06,140 --> 00:05:10,630
+سانتي و عشرين سانتي، اذا الصورة الأولىالصورة
+
+71
+00:05:10,630 --> 00:05:14,290
+الأولى بتاعت العدسة لplus على بعد خمسين صنطي من
+
+72
+00:05:14,290 --> 00:05:18,570
+العدسة لplus على بعد خمسين صنطي من العدسة لplus
+
+73
+00:05:18,570 --> 00:05:23,770
+طيب الصورة الأولى هي object للعدسة التانية بس جاي
+
+74
+00:05:23,770 --> 00:05:26,310
+عاليمين الأشعة هتضرب في العدسة التانية و هي
+
+75
+00:05:26,310 --> 00:05:30,050
+convergent يعني virtual object virtual object
+
+76
+00:05:30,050 --> 00:05:38,860
+للعدسة التانية بنقول U تساوي زائد N على Oplus N
+
+77
+00:05:38,860 --> 00:05:43,100
+over O, then because the body on the right is a
+
+78
+00:05:43,100 --> 00:05:45,700
+virtual object, the rays are convergent, which is
+
+79
+00:05:45,700 --> 00:05:51,720
+plus and equal to plus one, which is N over O, the
+
+80
+00:05:51,720 --> 00:05:54,780
+distance is twenty centimeters, the object is the
+
+81
+00:05:54,780 --> 00:05:56,060
+image of the first lens, which is fifty
+
+82
+00:05:56,060 --> 00:05:59,280
+centimeters away from the first lens, but twenty
+
+83
+00:05:59,280 --> 00:06:01,460
+centimeters away from the second lens on the
+
+84
+00:06:01,460 --> 00:06:09,660
+right, then plus two out of ten metersويساوي plus
+
+85
+00:06:09,660 --> 00:06:14,800
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+86
+00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:15,800
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+87
+00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:21,200
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+88
+00:06:21,200 --> 00:06:24,200
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+89
+00:06:24,200 --> 00:06:25,800
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+90
+00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:25,800
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+91
+00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:29,260
+خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+92
+00:06:29,260 --> 00:06:35,700
+خمسة ديوبتV is equal to zero means that the rays
+
+93
+00:06:35,700 --> 00:06:40,600
+are parallel The rays entered this system parallel
+
+94
+00:06:40,600 --> 00:06:43,780
+and came out parallel So this is the first time we
+
+95
+00:06:43,780 --> 00:06:49,820
+have an example of this The rays parallel to the
+
+96
+00:06:49,820 --> 00:06:53,220
+optical axis come out parallel and do not enter
+
+97
+00:06:53,220 --> 00:06:59,300
+the FP of the systemActually, this system doesn't
+
+98
+00:06:59,300 --> 00:07:06,400
+have FP, FA, or cardinal points, nor nodal points,
+
+99
+00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:11,660
+nor principal points, nor focal points, as the
+
+100
+00:07:11,660 --> 00:07:12,440
+question clarified
+
+101
+00:07:15,170 --> 00:07:18,050
+parallel to the optical axis and it turned out to
+
+102
+00:07:18,050 --> 00:07:22,930
+be parallel. So this is the first time that there
+
+103
+00:07:22,930 --> 00:07:27,730
+are no focal points or even cardinal points for
+
+104
+00:07:27,730 --> 00:07:31,510
+this system. This system is called a focal system.
+
+105
+00:07:31,610 --> 00:07:34,430
+We will see this in resimulation, how it will
+
+106
+00:07:34,430 --> 00:07:41,070
+happen in this case. We say that this is a lens
+
+107
+00:07:42,930 --> 00:07:47,630
+Plus two No
+
+108
+00:07:47,630 --> 00:07:52,830
+First
+
+109
+00:07:52,830 --> 00:07:57,450
+we put the grid Then
+
+110
+00:07:57,450 --> 00:08:05,610
+we put lens plus two Okay
+
+111
+00:08:05,610 --> 00:08:10,210
+Plus two means the focal length is five hundred
+
+112
+00:08:10,210 --> 00:08:17,870
+millimeters, fifty centimetersand then we put a
+
+113
+00:08:17,870 --> 00:08:21,770
+length minus 5
+
+114
+00:08:21,770 --> 00:08:26,050
+which is minus 200 mm, minus 20 cm above its
+
+115
+00:08:26,050 --> 00:08:28,930
+length and we put between them a certain distance
+
+116
+00:08:40,810 --> 00:08:46,950
+طيب، الآن بدنا نجيب حزمة إشعاعية متوازية مع بعضها
+
+117
+00:08:46,950 --> 00:08:50,610
+البعض،
+
+118
+00:08:50,610 --> 00:08:57,330
+و طبعا نخفف كثافة الأشعة،
+
+119
+00:08:57,330 --> 00:08:58,470
+و نضلنا نبعد
+
+120
+00:09:06,230 --> 00:09:09,570
+when the rays are parallel when the rays are
+
+121
+00:09:09,570 --> 00:09:13,310
+parallel now we take a ruler and we see the
+
+122
+00:09:13,310 --> 00:09:20,130
+distance between no this is not a ruler we take a
+
+123
+00:09:20,130 --> 00:09:23,830
+ruler and
+
+124
+00:09:23,830 --> 00:09:29,270
+this is the ruler we see the distance between the
+
+125
+00:09:29,270 --> 00:09:29,750
+two lenses
+
+126
+00:09:36,030 --> 00:09:40,110
+طبعا عشان تخرج الأشعة متساوي أو متوازية تماما لازم
+
+127
+00:09:40,110 --> 00:09:44,890
+يكون المسافة عندي تلاتين سانتي، يعني تلاتميت ملي،
+
+128
+00:09:44,890 --> 00:09:48,730
+تلاتميت ملي، فبالتالي هذه القضية، هذا a focal
+
+129
+00:09:48,730 --> 00:09:55,170
+system، أشعة دخلت لل system موازية لبعضها البعض،
+
+130
+00:09:55,170 --> 00:09:58,930
+وخرجت من ال system موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية
+
+131
+00:09:58,930 --> 00:10:02,810
+لبعضها البعض، فبالتالي هذه القضية ضروري جدا تكون
+
+132
+00:10:02,810 --> 00:10:07,290
+واضحة، ضروري جدا تكون واضحة.The distance must be
+
+133
+00:10:07,290 --> 00:10:09,670
+calculated accurately, and we will tell you why 30
+
+134
+00:10:09,670 --> 00:10:16,450
+cm if the lens is plus 2 and minus 5 Let's take
+
+135
+00:10:16,450 --> 00:10:21,230
+another example This is the grid, this is me for
+
+136
+00:10:21,230 --> 00:10:28,870
+example No, this is a ray We
+
+137
+00:10:28,870 --> 00:10:30,090
+need an ideal lens
+
+138
+00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:41,590
+Let's assume that plus four is more than two
+
+139
+00:10:41,590 --> 00:10:48,470
+hundred and fifty millimeters The focal length is
+
+140
+00:10:48,470 --> 00:10:53,050
+two hundred and fifty millimeters This is another
+
+141
+00:10:53,050 --> 00:11:05,550
+lens Let's
+
+142
+00:11:05,550 --> 00:11:06,410
+make it for example
+
+143
+00:11:10,790 --> 00:11:15,530
+minus one hundred which is minus ten diopters and
+
+144
+00:11:15,530 --> 00:11:19,050
+see how much distance there should be between them
+
+145
+00:11:19,050 --> 00:11:27,930
+to give me a focal system a focal system we
+
+146
+00:11:27,930 --> 00:11:29,530
+said that the first attribute of a focal system is
+
+147
+00:11:29,530 --> 00:11:31,570
+that the rays that enter it are parallel and exit
+
+148
+00:11:31,570 --> 00:11:36,270
+parallel here it didn't exit parallel we want to
+
+149
+00:11:36,270 --> 00:11:40,730
+see how we can make it paralleland then we see how
+
+150
+00:11:40,730 --> 00:11:43,090
+the distance is calculated, but it's better to
+
+151
+00:11:43,090 --> 00:11:46,170
+reduce the intensity of the rays to make the
+
+152
+00:11:46,170 --> 00:11:52,650
+picture clearer this
+
+153
+00:11:52,650 --> 00:11:55,810
+way the rays are parallel or close to be parallel
+
+154
+00:11:55,810 --> 00:11:58,930
+we
+
+155
+00:11:58,930 --> 00:12:00,930
+will see with the ruler how much is the distance
+
+156
+00:12:00,930 --> 00:12:05,130
+between the two poles this
+
+157
+00:12:05,130 --> 00:12:09,400
+is the rulerand see the distance between the two
+
+158
+00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:09,520
+lenses
+
+159
+00:12:14,130 --> 00:12:16,870
+Exactly fifteen centimeters, one hundred and fifty
+
+160
+00:12:16,870 --> 00:12:21,030
+millimeters, fifteen centimeters. Okay, you might
+
+161
+00:12:21,030 --> 00:12:23,230
+ask, is it the distance of deviation? No, it's the
+
+162
+00:12:23,230 --> 00:12:25,170
+distance, not deviation. The distance, not
+
+163
+00:12:25,170 --> 00:12:27,950
+deviation. By measuring the focal length of the
+
+164
+00:12:27,950 --> 00:12:31,390
+plus lens and measuring the focal length of the
+
+165
+00:12:31,390 --> 00:12:34,070
+minus lens, the focal length of the plus lens to
+
+166
+00:12:34,070 --> 00:12:36,950
+the plus four is the focal length of twenty-five
+
+167
+00:12:36,950 --> 00:12:43,830
+centimeters.And the focal length of minus ten is
+
+168
+00:12:43,830 --> 00:12:47,030
+minus ten centimeters Twenty-five centimeters
+
+169
+00:12:47,030 --> 00:12:49,850
+minus ten centimeters is fifteen centimeters The
+
+170
+00:12:49,850 --> 00:12:53,230
+distance must be between the two to give me a
+
+171
+00:12:53,230 --> 00:12:56,950
+focal system A focal system Here in the example
+
+172
+00:12:56,950 --> 00:13:01,450
+that we hit a while ago We said that the focal
+
+173
+00:13:01,450 --> 00:13:05,310
+length of plus two is the maximum distance of plus
+
+174
+00:13:05,310 --> 00:13:08,230
+two which is fifty centimeters Fifty centimeters
+
+175
+00:13:09,020 --> 00:13:12,920
+And the distance of the minus 5 diopter lens is
+
+176
+00:13:12,920 --> 00:13:16,800
+minus 20 centimeters. 50 centimeters minus 20
+
+177
+00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:19,000
+centimeters, then the distance must be 30
+
+178
+00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:21,080
+centimeters between the two.
+
+179
+00:13:25,310 --> 00:13:28,530
+The posterior focus of this lens, not of the
+
+180
+00:13:28,530 --> 00:13:31,810
+system, the system has no focus The posterior
+
+181
+00:13:31,810 --> 00:13:35,170
+focus of this lens is applied to the anterior
+
+182
+00:13:35,170 --> 00:13:38,090
+focus of this lens It is known that the anterior
+
+183
+00:13:38,090 --> 00:13:43,290
+focus of the minus lens comes to its rightThe
+
+184
+00:13:43,290 --> 00:13:47,270
+anterior F A on the right and this F B on the
+
+185
+00:13:47,270 --> 00:13:52,070
+right So this F B is 50 cm away from it and this F
+
+186
+00:13:52,070 --> 00:13:54,190
+A is 20 cm away from it So they are coming from
+
+187
+00:13:54,190 --> 00:13:57,630
+the same point This is F F A for the minus lens
+
+188
+00:13:57,630 --> 00:14:00,970
+and F B for the plus lens They have to come
+
+189
+00:14:00,970 --> 00:14:05,550
+together to have the afocal system This afocal
+
+190
+00:14:05,550 --> 00:14:10,810
+system that we presentedor what we drew is called
+
+191
+00:14:10,810 --> 00:14:15,970
+Galilean telescope Galilean
+
+192
+00:14:15,970 --> 00:14:21,270
+telescope which is named after the scientist
+
+193
+00:14:21,270 --> 00:14:25,490
+Galileo Galilei, but not the inventor Galileo
+
+194
+00:14:25,490 --> 00:14:29,730
+Galilei So, in the Galilean telescope, which is
+
+195
+00:14:29,730 --> 00:14:32,830
+one of the kinds of focal systems, in the Galilean
+
+196
+00:14:32,830 --> 00:14:37,210
+telescope, the length of the telescope is equal to
+
+197
+00:14:38,560 --> 00:14:41,900
+The difference between the focal length of the
+
+198
+00:14:41,900 --> 00:14:45,020
+plus lens and the focal length of the minus lens
+
+199
+00:14:45,020 --> 00:14:49,100
+Okay, let's say we want to hit a third example
+
+200
+00:14:49,100 --> 00:14:54,240
+Let's do reset And go back to the powerpoint and
+
+201
+00:14:54,240 --> 00:14:58,420
+add a strip And say as usual I have
+
+202
+00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:15,220
+this is the optical axis and here I have a plus
+
+203
+00:15:15,220 --> 00:15:19,520
+lens and
+
+204
+00:15:19,520 --> 00:15:26,820
+here I have a minus lens
+
+205
+00:15:26,820 --> 00:15:31,620
+okay,
+
+206
+00:15:32,320 --> 00:15:35,080
+the plus lens, we calculate its force
+
+207
+00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:45,280
+Plus 10, this is better And
+
+208
+00:15:45,280 --> 00:15:46,780
+minus 20,
+
+209
+00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:56,470
+this is betterHow long does the telescope have to
+
+210
+00:15:56,470 --> 00:15:59,810
+be? How long is the distance between them to
+
+211
+00:15:59,810 --> 00:16:03,950
+consider that this is a focal system or I built a
+
+212
+00:16:03,950 --> 00:16:06,690
+Galilean telescope Galilean telescope, which means
+
+213
+00:16:06,690 --> 00:16:11,840
+I have to bring a canand I fix the plus 10 diopter
+
+214
+00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:16,520
+on one side of the tube and I fix the minus 20
+
+215
+00:16:16,520 --> 00:16:19,200
+diopter on the other side but I want to know how
+
+216
+00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:22,780
+long the tube has to be in order to say I made a
+
+217
+00:16:22,780 --> 00:16:25,860
+Galilean telescope I made a Galilean telescope we
+
+218
+00:16:25,860 --> 00:16:35,280
+say as follows the fp of this lens which is
+
+219
+00:16:35,280 --> 00:16:38,340
+unconditional over I or unconditional over the
+
+220
+00:16:38,340 --> 00:16:46,060
+power acidويساوي أنشرطة واحد في الهواء على P لإيه
+
+221
+00:16:46,060 --> 00:16:54,320
+plus عشرة ديوبتر ويساوي
+
+222
+00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:57,940
+plus
+
+223
+00:16:57,940 --> 00:17:02,720
+عشرة صنطة FA
+
+224
+00:17:02,720 --> 00:17:08,700
+تاعة العدسة ال minusFa to the minus of the lens is
+
+225
+00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:14,980
+equal to minus Unconditional
+
+226
+00:17:14,980 --> 00:17:18,660
+over I Because we want to depart from each other
+
+227
+00:17:18,660 --> 00:17:23,200
+First
+
+228
+00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:26,120
+let's say, but let's bring it as an absolute
+
+229
+00:17:26,120 --> 00:17:32,300
+distance Unconditional over I And it is equal to
+
+230
+00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:44,500
+واحد على minus
+
+231
+00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:52,880
+عشرين ده يقدر ويساوي minus خمسة من مية متر يعني
+
+232
+00:17:52,880 --> 00:18:01,470
+minus خمسة سانت، minus خمسة سانتSo, FP plus 10 cm
+
+233
+00:18:01,470 --> 00:18:05,910
+and FA minus 5 cm And if we want to avoid
+
+234
+00:18:05,910 --> 00:18:12,090
+confusion, these distances or these signals, we
+
+235
+00:18:12,090 --> 00:18:15,690
+delay them for a very simple reason that FA of
+
+236
+00:18:15,690 --> 00:18:18,230
+this lens is on the right, so if we put minus on
+
+237
+00:18:18,230 --> 00:18:21,090
+it, the situation will become confusing. But we
+
+238
+00:18:21,090 --> 00:18:23,150
+say in the Galilean telescope
+
+239
+00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:29,860
+In Galilean telescope,
+
+240
+00:18:39,260 --> 00:18:44,230
+we set distancesset the distances, the distance
+
+241
+00:18:44,230 --> 00:18:46,890
+from the lens to the place is less than the
+
+242
+00:18:46,890 --> 00:18:49,550
+distance from the lens to the place, so this is
+
+243
+00:18:49,550 --> 00:18:51,810
+like a rule that relaxes us so the distance from
+
+244
+00:18:51,810 --> 00:18:55,890
+here is 5 cm and the distance from here is 10 cm,
+
+245
+00:18:56,030 --> 00:18:58,130
+we set them apart, so the length of the telescope
+
+246
+00:18:58,130 --> 00:19:02,230
+must be
+
+247
+00:19:02,230 --> 00:19:07,650
+the
+
+248
+00:19:07,650 --> 00:19:09,190
+length of the telescope must be
+
+249
+00:19:13,420 --> 00:19:18,400
+ten minus five equals five centimeters let's see
+
+250
+00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:22,180
+this talk this distance must be five centimeters
+
+251
+00:19:22,180 --> 00:19:24,860
+let's see this talk in simulation let's say this
+
+252
+00:19:24,860 --> 00:19:39,000
+is the grid and here I have a lens plus ten and
+
+253
+00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:40,440
+I want a lens minus
+
+254
+00:19:48,930 --> 00:19:56,130
+Lens is minus 20mm The focal length will be minus
+
+255
+00:19:56,130 --> 00:20:00,670
+5cm
+
+256
+00:20:00,670 --> 00:20:04,550
+which is 50mm And I want the distance between them
+
+257
+00:20:04,550 --> 00:20:10,190
+to be 5cm
+
+258
+00:20:10,190 --> 00:20:15,970
+only This is 10cm and I want it to be 5cm
+
+259
+00:20:27,690 --> 00:20:42,270
+so that the measurement is even we are
+
+260
+00:20:42,270 --> 00:20:48,410
+still less than 5 cm this
+
+261
+00:20:48,410 --> 00:20:55,870
+is 5 cm now what is required is to take
+
+262
+00:20:55,870 --> 00:20:56,170
+a parallel beam
+
+263
+00:21:04,630 --> 00:21:14,890
+and reduce its density to know that the
+
+264
+00:21:14,890 --> 00:21:27,050
+rays will be exactly parallel to each other
+
+265
+00:21:27,050 --> 00:21:28,810
+exactly parallel to each other exactly parallel to
+
+266
+00:21:28,810 --> 00:21:30,570
+zero exactly parallel to
+
+267
+00:21:35,910 --> 00:21:37,510
+That's how we enlarged the picture a little,
+
+268
+00:21:37,890 --> 00:21:39,590
+exactly it came to zero and came to five
+
+269
+00:21:39,590 --> 00:21:42,510
+centimeters, the rays that came out are parallel
+
+270
+00:21:42,510 --> 00:21:46,070
+to each other, parallel to each other, so that's
+
+271
+00:21:46,070 --> 00:21:51,270
+how the Galilean telescope is five centimeters
+
+272
+00:21:51,270 --> 00:21:55,680
+long, five centimeters long, so this isThe
+
+273
+00:21:55,680 --> 00:21:58,280
+Galilean telescope, the Galilean telescope Is
+
+274
+00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:00,960
+there another type of telescope? Yes, there is
+
+275
+00:22:00,960 --> 00:22:04,460
+another type of telescope which is the Keplerian
+
+276
+00:22:04,460 --> 00:22:09,670
+telescope, the Keplerian telescopeThe lenses in it
+
+277
+00:22:09,670 --> 00:22:14,670
+are all plus. Before we start with the Keplerian
+
+278
+00:22:14,670 --> 00:22:16,890
+telescope, we want to say that the Galilean
+
+279
+00:22:16,890 --> 00:22:20,050
+telescope is composed of a plus lens, they call it
+
+280
+00:22:20,050 --> 00:22:22,670
+objective, which is directed towards the object
+
+281
+00:22:22,670 --> 00:22:25,670
+that the person is looking at, objective lens,
+
+282
+00:22:26,270 --> 00:22:27,210
+objective lens
+
+283
+00:22:36,120 --> 00:22:40,340
+وهنا بسموها eyepiece lens، يعني اللي بحط الإنسان
+
+284
+00:22:40,340 --> 00:22:43,740
+الفاحس عليها عين، eyepiece lens
+
+285
+00:22:47,700 --> 00:22:51,040
+So here if we look in the telescope, we put our
+
+286
+00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:54,460
+eye here and look in it, and this is the lens
+
+287
+00:22:54,460 --> 00:22:57,660
+directed to the object, directed to the object Of
+
+288
+00:22:57,660 --> 00:23:00,740
+course, always and forever, always and forever,
+
+289
+00:23:01,520 --> 00:23:05,620
+the objective lens is plus and its force is less
+
+290
+00:23:05,620 --> 00:23:08,920
+than the eyepiece lens which is minus, which is
+
+291
+00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:13,500
+minus So the objective lens is low power plus, low
+
+292
+00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:17,300
+power plus, and here it is high power minushigh
+
+293
+00:23:17,300 --> 00:23:20,340
+power minus in the Galilean telescope. Let's see
+
+294
+00:23:20,340 --> 00:23:21,760
+what's different between the Keplerian telescope
+
+295
+00:23:21,760 --> 00:23:25,760
+and the Galilean telescope. Let's see this case.
+
+296
+00:23:26,280 --> 00:23:31,560
+This is a grid. This means I have a plus lens.
+
+297
+00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:42,020
+Let's make a duplication.
+
+298
+00:23:58,900 --> 00:24:05,780
+this is the lens, we want to make it for example 5
+
+299
+00:24:05,780 --> 00:24:10,560
+diopters, so it should be 250mm
+
+300
+00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:14,620
+and this is 10 diopters and this is 10 diopters,
+
+301
+00:24:15,060 --> 00:24:18,780
+we want to see what distances we want to make of
+
+302
+00:24:18,780 --> 00:24:21,780
+course the distance between the two lenses to get
+
+303
+00:24:21,780 --> 00:24:27,060
+a Keplerian telescope it should be the total focal
+
+304
+00:24:27,060 --> 00:24:34,580
+length of itFor plus 5, the focal length is 25 cm,
+
+305
+00:24:34,720 --> 00:24:38,600
+and for plus 10, the focal length is 10 cm, which
+
+306
+00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:43,480
+is 25 cm, plus 10 cm, which is 35 cm. We see that
+
+307
+00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:47,620
+we need to make the distance between them equal to
+
+308
+00:24:47,620 --> 00:24:49,080
+35 cm.
+
+309
+00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:56,060
+they give me a Keplerian telescope Keplerian
+
+310
+00:24:56,060 --> 00:25:00,760
+telescope, as we will see in a while The distance
+
+311
+00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:05,280
+is still not equal to thirty-five centimeters
+
+312
+00:25:05,280 --> 00:25:09,720
+Let's move this lens away from thirty-five
+
+313
+00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:10,380
+centimeters
+
+314
+00:25:17,120 --> 00:25:22,580
+now the distance between them is 35 cm, we need a
+
+315
+00:25:22,580 --> 00:25:26,160
+beam of light
+
+316
+00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:31,320
+to
+
+317
+00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:36,740
+reduce its density and enlarge the image a little
+
+318
+00:25:45,750 --> 00:25:49,770
+zoom in to see the rays
+
+319
+00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:59,960
+كيف طلعت عندي متوازية مع بعضها البعض متوازية مع
+
+320
+00:25:59,960 --> 00:26:04,200
+بعضها البعض إذا عندي دخلت متوازية وخرجت متوازية
+
+321
+00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:08,980
+المسافة في حالة ال Keplerian telescope في حالة ال
+
+322
+00:26:08,980 --> 00:26:12,320
+Keplerian telescope تساوي ال focal length بتاع
+
+323
+00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:15,420
+العدسة ال plus الأولى زائد ال focal length بتاع
+
+324
+00:26:15,420 --> 00:26:20,420
+العدسة ال plus التانية إذا FP بتاع العدسة الأولى
+
+325
+00:26:20,420 --> 00:26:25,190
+ينطبق على FA بتاع العدسات التانيةIn the case of
+
+326
+00:26:25,190 --> 00:26:28,450
+the Galilean telescope, it's the same thing Fb of
+
+327
+00:26:28,450 --> 00:26:34,600
+the first lens Fb of the first lens hereof the
+
+328
+00:26:34,600 --> 00:26:38,160
+plus lens is equivalent to the F of the minus lens
+
+329
+00:26:38,160 --> 00:26:41,600
+F of the minus lens on its right opposite of the
+
+330
+00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:45,200
+plus lens opposite of the plus lens So it is
+
+331
+00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:48,460
+necessary that the posterior focus of the first
+
+332
+00:26:48,460 --> 00:26:50,940
+lens is equivalent to the anterior focus of the
+
+333
+00:26:50,940 --> 00:26:55,420
+second lens This is called Galilean telescope and
+
+334
+00:26:55,420 --> 00:26:59,100
+this is called Keplerian telescope The differences
+
+335
+00:26:59,100 --> 00:27:04,190
+between them is that the Galilean telescopeThe
+
+336
+00:27:04,190 --> 00:27:10,510
+Galilean telescope has a plus lens and a minus
+
+337
+00:27:10,510 --> 00:27:13,790
+lens. The Keplerian telescope has two plus lenses.
+
+338
+00:27:14,780 --> 00:27:19,080
+Okay, the objective always in both is plus and low
+
+339
+00:27:19,080 --> 00:27:23,760
+power The objective always, the objective lens in
+
+340
+00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:27,820
+both, in both is considered plus and low power The
+
+341
+00:27:27,820 --> 00:27:32,000
+IBS lens in the Galilean telescope is minus and
+
+342
+00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:36,700
+high power In the Keplerian telescope is plus and
+
+343
+00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:41,580
+high power, plus and high power So these are the
+
+344
+00:27:41,580 --> 00:27:46,110
+differences between themin length, the Galilean is
+
+345
+00:27:46,110 --> 00:27:49,130
+shorter and the Keplerian is longer the Galilean
+
+346
+00:27:49,130 --> 00:27:51,850
+is shorter and the Keplerian is longer here its
+
+347
+00:27:51,850 --> 00:27:55,470
+length is 35 cm which is the Keplerian telescope
+
+348
+00:27:55,470 --> 00:27:59,510
+if we imagine this I piece which is 10 diopters we
+
+349
+00:27:59,510 --> 00:28:03,170
+have to make it minus 10 diopters minus 10
+
+350
+00:28:03,170 --> 00:28:07,270
+dioptersExcuse me, minus one hundred millimeters,
+
+351
+00:28:07,530 --> 00:28:11,130
+which is minus ten centimeters, so I have minus
+
+352
+00:28:11,130 --> 00:28:13,650
+ten degrees. The length of the Keplerian was
+
+353
+00:28:13,650 --> 00:28:16,190
+thirty-five centimeters. The Galilean, which has
+
+354
+00:28:16,190 --> 00:28:19,890
+the same force, but its lens is Ibs minus, will
+
+355
+00:28:19,890 --> 00:28:30,570
+have25 minus 10 will be 15 cm and therefore the
+
+356
+00:28:30,570 --> 00:28:35,870
+rays will be parallel. So if we bring a Galilean
+
+357
+00:28:35,870 --> 00:28:38,410
+telescope and a Keplerian telescope with the same
+
+358
+00:28:38,410 --> 00:28:40,450
+force, of course, the difference is that in the
+
+359
+00:28:40,450 --> 00:28:43,690
+Galilean the I is minus and the Galilean is much
+
+360
+00:28:43,690 --> 00:28:47,200
+smaller.from the Keplerian telescope, from the
+
+361
+00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:51,740
+Keplerian telescope, so this case should be clear
+
+362
+00:28:51,740 --> 00:28:54,140
+to me, should be clear to me Now there are
+
+363
+00:28:54,140 --> 00:28:57,100
+differences or there are things that distinguish
+
+364
+00:28:57,100 --> 00:29:01,660
+these focal systems Of course, the Keplerian
+
+365
+00:29:01,660 --> 00:29:05,180
+telescope was invented by Johannes Kepler,
+
+366
+00:29:05,380 --> 00:29:08,740
+Johannes Kepler Okay, then consider an optical
+
+367
+00:29:08,740 --> 00:29:12,980
+system consisting of two thin lenses in air, as
+
+368
+00:29:12,980 --> 00:29:17,870
+the drawing showsThe lens powers are plus 2
+
+369
+00:29:17,870 --> 00:29:23,910
+diopter and minus 5 diopter respectively. Where is
+
+370
+00:29:23,910 --> 00:29:28,270
+FB for this system? مش للنس واحدة منه ولكن for
+
+371
+00:29:28,270 --> 00:29:33,070
+this system the posterior focal point هي المكان
+
+372
+00:29:33,070 --> 00:29:37,640
+اللي ال incoming parallel rays focusHowever, as
+
+373
+00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:40,840
+ray tracing demonstrates, rays entering the system
+
+374
+00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:44,320
+parallel to the optical axis emerge parallel to
+
+375
+00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:57,160
+the optical axis This system
+
+376
+00:29:57,160 --> 00:30:01,360
+has no focal points. In other words, it is a focal
+
+377
+00:30:01,360 --> 00:30:06,500
+systemIf an object is placed two meters in front
+
+378
+00:30:06,500 --> 00:30:09,560
+of the first lens, where is the image and what is
+
+379
+00:30:09,560 --> 00:30:13,620
+the transfer's magnification? طبعا لو حسبنا ال
+
+380
+00:30:13,620 --> 00:30:17,280
+transfer's magnification بال Virgin's calculation
+
+381
+00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:21,320
+لو قولنا هذا ال system هذا ال system a focal
+
+382
+00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:25,120
+system وعندي
+
+383
+00:30:25,120 --> 00:30:30,740
+object object على بعد meter
+
+384
+00:30:34,060 --> 00:30:43,500
+On a distance of one meter And I
+
+385
+00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:47,900
+want to calculate the total transfer magnification
+
+386
+00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:52,120
+of the last image of the object I want to use the
+
+387
+00:30:52,120 --> 00:30:55,180
+vergence calculationOkay, the divergence
+
+388
+00:30:55,180 --> 00:30:58,520
+calculation will take a long time and each one of
+
+389
+00:30:58,520 --> 00:31:01,540
+us who learned a lot or took many lessons on this
+
+390
+00:31:01,540 --> 00:31:05,160
+topic can do this problem at home The result will
+
+391
+00:31:05,160 --> 00:31:08,480
+be that the total transference magnification is 4
+
+392
+00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:14,340
+out of 10 in case the body is 2 meters or 1 meter
+
+393
+00:31:14,340 --> 00:31:17,180
+and if we put it on 2 meters it will be 4 out of
+
+394
+00:31:17,180 --> 00:31:20,340
+10 and if we put it on 3 meters it will be 4 out
+
+395
+00:31:20,340 --> 00:31:23,300
+of 10 then the magnification of these systems
+
+396
+00:31:24,070 --> 00:31:26,970
+Fixed, fixed, if I have a certain amount of
+
+397
+00:31:26,970 --> 00:31:30,490
+magnification, I will keep it fixed regardless of
+
+398
+00:31:30,490 --> 00:31:33,530
+the location of the object what changed So it's
+
+399
+00:31:33,530 --> 00:31:36,910
+different from the normal optical systems that
+
+400
+00:31:36,910 --> 00:31:39,270
+first thing it doesn't have cardinal points and
+
+401
+00:31:39,270 --> 00:31:42,210
+second thing it doesn't have focal points It
+
+402
+00:31:42,210 --> 00:31:44,350
+doesn't have cardinal points at all, so therefore
+
+403
+00:31:44,350 --> 00:31:47,330
+no focal points, no nodal points, no principal
+
+404
+00:31:47,330 --> 00:31:51,440
+pointsOkay, we say as usual, this system that we
+
+405
+00:31:51,440 --> 00:31:55,380
+proposed and that we said the first lens is plus 5
+
+406
+00:31:55,380 --> 00:31:58,200
+diopter or plus 2 diopter and the second lens is
+
+407
+00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:01,080
+minus 5 diopter and we named it Galilean telescope
+
+408
+00:32:01,080 --> 00:32:03,660
+and the distance between the two lenses is 30
+
+409
+00:32:03,660 --> 00:32:08,540
+centimeters, it will give me a magnification of 4
+
+410
+00:32:08,540 --> 00:32:14,840
+out of 10Four out of ten. Very good. So wherever
+
+411
+00:32:14,840 --> 00:32:17,600
+the object stands, whether it's one meter, two
+
+412
+00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:21,520
+meters, three meters, ten meters, twenty meters,
+
+413
+00:32:21,960 --> 00:32:24,340
+regardless of the distance of the object, the
+
+414
+00:32:24,340 --> 00:32:27,020
+magnification will remain four out of tenطيب احنا
+
+415
+00:32:27,020 --> 00:32:30,540
+اذا فاكرين حكينا ما حكينا عن ال principal points و
+
+416
+00:32:30,540 --> 00:32:33,520
+ال principal planes، قولنا هدولة ال planes اللي
+
+417
+00:32:33,520 --> 00:32:37,440
+بيكون الت��بير عندهم واحد صحيح، بمعنى ان الجسم
+
+418
+00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:42,100
+واجف، الجسم واجف و ارتفاع .. او الصورة واجف و
+
+419
+00:32:42,100 --> 00:32:45,080
+ارتفاعها جد ارتفاع ال object، اذا في هذا ال system
+
+420
+00:32:45,080 --> 00:32:50,600
+مستحيل احصل على magnification مقدار oneOkay, if I
+
+421
+00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:53,200
+brought another system, another focal system, and
+
+422
+00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:55,680
+my magnification was one, it will remain one
+
+423
+00:32:55,680 --> 00:32:59,100
+forever One meter away, two meters away, three
+
+424
+00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:01,560
+meters away, twenty meters away, a kilo away
+
+425
+00:33:01,560 --> 00:33:06,360
+Therefore, therefore, there is no two planes that
+
+426
+00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:09,040
+I call these principal planes Because all planes
+
+427
+00:33:09,040 --> 00:33:12,860
+give me one magnification In fact, and in short
+
+428
+00:33:12,860 --> 00:33:17,720
+for all this explanation, we sayA focal system is
+
+429
+00:33:17,720 --> 00:33:25,200
+a system that does not have cardinal points
+
+430
+00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:29,920
+In a focal system, the transphase magnification is
+
+431
+00:33:29,920 --> 00:33:33,460
+the same for every object regardless of location
+
+432
+00:33:33,460 --> 00:33:37,020
+In a focal system, the magnification remains
+
+433
+00:33:37,020 --> 00:33:40,240
+constant regardless of the location of the object
+
+434
+00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:43,640
+Where are the principal planes for this system?
+
+435
+00:33:44,260 --> 00:33:48,480
+Actually it has no principal planes, why? Remember
+
+436
+00:33:48,480 --> 00:33:51,060
+that the principal planes are the unique
+
+437
+00:33:51,060 --> 00:33:53,800
+conjugates with the transference magnification of
+
+438
+00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:56,860
+1. In this system, the transference magnification
+
+439
+00:33:56,860 --> 00:34:01,370
+is always 4 out of 10 and never 1.if the
+
+440
+00:34:01,370 --> 00:34:04,650
+transference magnification was equal to one it
+
+441
+00:34:04,650 --> 00:34:07,810
+would be one for every pair of conjugates
+
+442
+00:34:22,590 --> 00:34:25,270
+So I don't have focal points and I don't have
+
+443
+00:34:25,270 --> 00:34:28,690
+principal planes or points Consequently, there
+
+444
+00:34:28,690 --> 00:34:31,610
+would be no unique set of planes that could be
+
+445
+00:34:31,610 --> 00:34:34,930
+designated principal planes Who can I call a
+
+446
+00:34:34,930 --> 00:34:38,120
+principal plane if I have only one magnitude?هل
+
+447
+00:34:38,120 --> 00:34:41,840
+على بعض نص متر، عبعد متر، عبعد عشرين سانتي، عبعد
+
+448
+00:34:41,840 --> 00:34:44,620
+خمسة سانتي، عبعد واحد ملي، كله بيعطيني
+
+449
+00:34:44,620 --> 00:34:48,780
+magnification one، اذا مافيش عندي principal planes
+
+450
+00:34:48,780 --> 00:34:53,840
+In general، و هذه الكلمة بتلخص كل شيء عن ال .. ال
+
+451
+00:34:53,840 --> 00:34:57,660
+focal .. ال .. a focal systems A focal systems do
+
+452
+00:34:57,660 --> 00:35:01,880
+not have cardinal points Do not have cardinal
+
+453
+00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:06,980
+pointsA focal systems are used clinically as
+
+454
+00:35:06,980 --> 00:35:16,540
+telescopes and low or low vision aids The
+
+455
+00:35:16,540 --> 00:35:29,620
+two
+
+456
+00:35:29,620 --> 00:35:32,840
+basic types of telescopes are Galilean telescope
+
+457
+00:35:33,690 --> 00:35:37,930
+named for, but not invented by Galileo, of course,
+
+458
+00:35:38,170 --> 00:35:40,810
+it is called with respect and appreciation to the
+
+459
+00:35:40,810 --> 00:35:44,390
+scientist Galileo Galilei, of course, it is not
+
+460
+00:35:44,390 --> 00:35:47,170
+him who invented it and the Keplerian telescope,
+
+461
+00:35:47,690 --> 00:35:52,250
+which is an astronomical telescope, which is used
+
+462
+00:35:52,250 --> 00:35:57,390
+in space mostly, was invented by Johannes Kepler,
+
+463
+00:35:57,890 --> 00:36:01,380
+so this case is very important to be clearThe
+
+464
+00:36:01,380 --> 00:36:04,680
+Galilean telescope consists of two lenses. The
+
+465
+00:36:04,680 --> 00:36:07,380
+first lens, which is the objective lens, is always
+
+466
+00:36:07,380 --> 00:36:13,340
+positive and usually has low power, whereas the
+
+467
+00:36:13,340 --> 00:36:16,580
+second lens, the eyepiece or ocular, is always
+
+468
+00:36:16,580 --> 00:36:21,630
+negative and usually has high power.The lenses are
+
+469
+00:36:21,630 --> 00:36:24,690
+separated by the difference in their focal lengths
+
+470
+00:36:24,690 --> 00:36:27,690
+.الان في ال Galilean telescope المسافة بين
+
+471
+00:36:27,690 --> 00:36:31,750
+العدستين هي حاصل الفرق الفرق بين ال two focal
+
+472
+00:36:31,750 --> 00:36:34,910
+lengths ده العدسة ال plus و العدسة ال minus The
+
+473
+00:36:34,910 --> 00:36:37,910
+focal system depicted in the previous figure is
+
+474
+00:36:37,910 --> 00:36:40,790
+Galilean telescope اللي هو عرضناه كمثال في الأول
+
+475
+00:36:40,790 --> 00:36:46,270
+هذا Galilean telescope هذا Galilean telescope أيضا
+
+476
+00:36:46,270 --> 00:36:49,150
+المثال التاني اللي رسمناه مع بعض هو Galilean
+
+477
+00:36:49,150 --> 00:36:49,770
+telescope
+
+478
+00:36:53,210 --> 00:36:56,610
+The Galilean telescope is also used in some slit
+
+479
+00:36:56,610 --> 00:36:57,930
+lamp biomicroscope
+
+480
+00:37:10,350 --> 00:37:13,450
+this is a Galilean telescope this is a Galilean
+
+481
+00:37:13,450 --> 00:37:17,490
+telescope the Keplerian telescope also consists of
+
+482
+00:37:17,490 --> 00:37:22,250
+two lenses a low power objective lens and high
+
+483
+00:37:22,250 --> 00:37:26,050
+power ocular lens or eyepiece lens but both are
+
+484
+00:37:26,050 --> 00:37:28,890
+positive and this is different from the Galilean
+
+485
+00:37:28,890 --> 00:37:32,130
+telescope and separated by the sum of their focal
+
+486
+00:37:32,130 --> 00:37:34,490
+length the distance between the two lenses in the
+
+487
+00:37:34,490 --> 00:37:38,950
+Keplerian telescope is the sum ofthe focal length
+
+488
+00:37:38,950 --> 00:37:42,750
+of the first lens which is the objective lens with
+
+489
+00:37:42,750 --> 00:37:48,890
+the focal length of the eyepiece lens which is the
+
+490
+00:37:48,890 --> 00:37:53,070
+total focal length of both lenses. Of course, here
+
+491
+00:37:53,070 --> 00:37:55,790
+the image in the Galilean telescope is erect
+
+492
+00:37:55,790 --> 00:38:00,390
+magnified, a normal image, while in the Keplerian
+
+493
+00:38:00,390 --> 00:38:03,970
+telescope the image is inverted. The image is
+
+494
+00:38:03,970 --> 00:38:07,410
+inverted, as the picture shows, it is 2 plus.
+
+495
+00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:11,200
+lenses, objective lens, this one is directed
+
+496
+00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:16,240
+towards
+
+497
+00:38:16,240 --> 00:38:19,680
+the stars and planets and towards space, and this
+
+498
+00:38:19,680 --> 00:38:23,440
+astronomical eyepiece lens which a person puts his
+
+499
+00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:25,780
+eye and watches from it, so when it is directed
+
+500
+00:38:25,780 --> 00:38:28,460
+towards the moon or the planet or a star or
+
+501
+00:38:28,460 --> 00:38:32,480
+something similar, parallel rays come and make a
+
+502
+00:38:32,480 --> 00:38:37,830
+picturereversed to this planet or star or space
+
+503
+00:38:37,830 --> 00:38:41,450
+object, and we look at this reversed image that
+
+504
+00:38:41,450 --> 00:38:43,990
+forms another image on the eye network that we
+
+505
+00:38:43,990 --> 00:38:47,610
+perceive, so the image is inverted in the
+
+506
+00:38:47,610 --> 00:38:50,710
+astronomical or Keplerian telescope, in the
+
+507
+00:38:50,710 --> 00:38:57,420
+Keplerian telescopeTo compare, in the beginning of
+
+508
+00:38:57,420 --> 00:39:00,720
+the lecture, we used plus 2 diopter with minus 5
+
+509
+00:39:00,720 --> 00:39:05,300
+diopter Now, we use Keplerian telescope, as in
+
+510
+00:39:05,300 --> 00:39:08,720
+Galilean Keplerian telescope, we use plus 2
+
+511
+00:39:08,720 --> 00:39:13,280
+diopter and plus 5 diopter trial lens from the
+
+512
+00:39:13,280 --> 00:39:16,380
+trial set, from the lens bag And we distance them,
+
+513
+00:39:16,460 --> 00:39:19,500
+this focal length is 20 cm and this focal length
+
+514
+00:39:19,500 --> 00:39:24,970
+is50 cm, so to make a Keplerian telescope 20 cm
+
+515
+00:39:24,970 --> 00:39:29,170
+and 50 cm, the distance should be 70 cm between
+
+516
+00:39:29,170 --> 00:39:32,930
+the two lenses. We will see this in the
+
+517
+00:39:32,930 --> 00:39:34,830
+simulation, we will see how it will turn out with
+
+518
+00:39:34,830 --> 00:39:38,330
+us. This is reset, this is grid. We have a lens
+
+519
+00:39:38,330 --> 00:39:46,910
+plus two diopters. This is not a lens. This is a
+
+520
+00:39:46,910 --> 00:39:48,510
+lens plus two diopters.
+
+521
+00:39:57,750 --> 00:40:01,650
+We are going
+
+522
+00:40:01,650 --> 00:40:04,530
+to adjust their strength, but first this lens has
+
+523
+00:40:04,530 --> 00:40:09,030
+to be 2 diopters, which means 50 cm or 500 mm, and
+
+524
+00:40:09,030 --> 00:40:11,210
+this will be
+
+525
+00:40:14,690 --> 00:40:16,550
+Twenty centimeters means two hundred millimeters,
+
+526
+00:40:16,730 --> 00:40:18,730
+which means five diopters. So this is two diopters
+
+527
+00:40:18,730 --> 00:40:21,590
+and this is five diopters. The distance between
+
+528
+00:40:21,590 --> 00:40:23,610
+them is supposed to be seventy centimeters because
+
+529
+00:40:23,610 --> 00:40:26,490
+the focal length is two hundred millimeters and
+
+530
+00:40:26,490 --> 00:40:28,750
+five hundred millimeters, which means seven
+
+531
+00:40:28,750 --> 00:40:30,010
+hundred millimeters, which means seventy
+
+532
+00:40:30,010 --> 00:40:31,910
+centimeters. There must be a difference between
+
+533
+00:40:31,910 --> 00:40:36,150
+them to get a Keplerian telescope. To get a
+
+534
+00:40:36,150 --> 00:40:37,390
+Keplerian telescope.
+
+535
+00:40:40,190 --> 00:40:44,990
+Let's see the ruler.it will help me in this case
+
+536
+00:40:44,990 --> 00:41:00,090
+so we tried from 700ml we move it like this and
+
+537
+00:41:00,090 --> 00:41:04,530
+we bring the goal to zero and we bring here to
+
+538
+00:41:04,530 --> 00:41:05,710
+700ml
+
+539
+00:41:11,030 --> 00:41:14,590
+70 cm which is the total focal length of the first
+
+540
+00:41:14,590 --> 00:41:17,130
+lens, the objective and eyepiece of course our eye
+
+541
+00:41:17,130 --> 00:41:21,650
+should be here and the planet should be in this
+
+542
+00:41:21,650 --> 00:41:24,630
+direction here this lens is directed towards the
+
+543
+00:41:24,630 --> 00:41:28,290
+planet let's see the beam of ray coming from a
+
+544
+00:41:28,290 --> 00:41:37,970
+distant planet how does it work let's
+
+545
+00:41:37,970 --> 00:41:42,640
+reduce the intensity of the raysإذن الأشعة خرجت
+
+546
+00:41:42,640 --> 00:41:47,380
+parallel، دخلت parallel وخرجت parallel وبالتالي
+
+547
+00:41:47,380 --> 00:41:51,860
+هذا
+
+548
+00:41:51,860 --> 00:41:54,880
+a focal system، هذا Keplerian telescope، هذا
+
+549
+00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:59,980
+Keplerian telescope، بنقدر نعملor we build a
+
+550
+00:41:59,980 --> 00:42:03,460
+Keplerian telescope using plus two diopters and
+
+551
+00:42:03,460 --> 00:42:06,980
+plus
+
+552
+00:42:06,980 --> 00:42:09,460
+five diopters and leave a distance between them of
+
+553
+00:42:09,460 --> 00:42:12,480
+seventy centimeters now to calculate the
+
+554
+00:42:12,480 --> 00:42:15,480
+transference magnification we said that the
+
+555
+00:42:15,480 --> 00:42:17,800
+transference magnification is constant the
+
+556
+00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:20,020
+transference magnification is constant as long as
+
+557
+00:42:20,020 --> 00:42:22,020
+the transference magnification is constant there
+
+558
+00:42:22,020 --> 00:42:27,640
+is no need for me to keep takingI say U and V and
+
+559
+00:42:27,640 --> 00:42:32,620
+then I divide TM1 by U by V and then I get TM2 by
+
+560
+00:42:32,620 --> 00:42:35,940
+U by V and I multiply TM1 by TM2 Scientists found
+
+561
+00:42:35,940 --> 00:42:39,780
+a very simple equation for transference
+
+562
+00:42:39,780 --> 00:42:49,080
+magnification for telescopes Transference
+
+563
+00:42:49,080 --> 00:42:53,140
+magnification is the power of the eyepiece over
+
+564
+00:42:53,140 --> 00:42:58,320
+the power of the objectويسوء الـ focal length بتاع
+
+565
+00:42:58,320 --> 00:43:02,100
+الـ eyepiece على ال focal length بتاع الobjective
+
+566
+00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:06,880
+بتاع الobjective إذا ل transfers magnification ال
+
+567
+00:43:06,880 --> 00:43:09,580
+power بتاعة ال eyepiece على ال power بتاعة ال
+
+568
+00:43:09,580 --> 00:43:10,060
+objective
+
+569
+00:43:13,100 --> 00:43:16,280
+No, sorry, this is the angular magnification, this
+
+570
+00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:18,720
+is the angular magnification The angular
+
+571
+00:43:18,720 --> 00:43:23,220
+magnification is not the axis that transfers
+
+572
+00:43:23,220 --> 00:43:25,480
+magnification, we need to correct it here The
+
+573
+00:43:25,480 --> 00:43:29,800
+angular magnification equals the power of the
+
+574
+00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:33,840
+eyepiece over the power of the objective Or equals
+
+575
+00:43:33,840 --> 00:43:36,980
+the focal lengththe power of the objective over
+
+576
+00:43:36,980 --> 00:43:39,920
+the focal length of the eyepiece this is angular
+
+577
+00:43:39,920 --> 00:43:45,260
+magnification now for transverse magnification for
+
+578
+00:43:45,260 --> 00:43:47,780
+transverse magnification it is equal to the
+
+579
+00:43:47,780 --> 00:43:54,080
+opposite the power of the objective over
+
+580
+00:43:54,080 --> 00:44:00,740
+the power of the eyepiece and
+
+581
+00:44:00,740 --> 00:44:08,890
+it is equal toThe focal length of the eyepiece on
+
+582
+00:44:08,890 --> 00:44:16,650
+the focal length of the object It
+
+583
+00:44:16,650 --> 00:44:19,230
+is very important to make sure of the type of
+
+584
+00:44:19,230 --> 00:44:23,370
+magnification So the magnification here for
+
+585
+00:44:23,370 --> 00:44:26,630
+transfers magnification I will give it a different
+
+586
+00:44:26,630 --> 00:44:26,630
+color
+
+587
+00:44:34,280 --> 00:44:37,320
+Version's calculation without any calculations
+
+588
+00:45:08,490 --> 00:45:11,630
+so the angular magnification is the power of the
+
+589
+00:45:11,630 --> 00:45:15,210
+eyepiece over the power of the objective or the
+
+590
+00:45:15,210 --> 00:45:17,390
+focal length of the objective over the focal
+
+591
+00:45:17,390 --> 00:45:19,910
+length of the eyepiece for the transverse
+
+592
+00:45:19,910 --> 00:45:22,410
+magnification it is exactly the opposite, the
+
+593
+00:45:22,410 --> 00:45:23,930
+position becomes the lowest and the lowest becomes
+
+594
+00:45:23,930 --> 00:45:25,730
+the highest, that is, the power of the objective
+
+595
+00:45:25,730 --> 00:45:28,850
+over the power of the eyepiece or the focal length
+
+596
+00:45:28,850 --> 00:45:30,890
+of the eyepiece over the focal length of the
+
+597
+00:45:30,890 --> 00:45:33,930
+objective the opposite of magnification is the
+
+598
+00:45:33,930 --> 00:45:35,370
+transverse magnification
+
+599
+00:45:38,400 --> 00:45:53,380
+and this is known to us since a long time ago now
+
+600
+00:45:53,380 --> 00:45:58,740
+there is a third thing
+
+601
+00:45:58,740 --> 00:46:05,220
+that transfers magnification is equal to one over
+
+602
+00:46:05,220 --> 00:46:06,940
+the angular magnification
+
+603
+00:46:14,190 --> 00:46:14,970
+Also,
+
+604
+00:46:18,790 --> 00:46:25,890
+the angular magnification is
+
+605
+00:46:25,890 --> 00:46:31,410
+equal to 1 over the transverse magnification Both
+
+606
+00:46:31,410 --> 00:46:34,590
+are confused with each other, but we will give
+
+607
+00:46:34,590 --> 00:46:41,600
+them a loan to clarify the picturetransfers
+
+608
+00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:45,720
+magnification I can get it by powers and I can get
+
+609
+00:46:45,720 --> 00:46:49,320
+it by focal length or I can get it if I know
+
+610
+00:46:49,320 --> 00:46:51,940
+angular magnification I can say transfers
+
+611
+00:46:51,940 --> 00:46:54,040
+magnification is converted to angular
+
+612
+00:46:54,040 --> 00:46:58,060
+magnification so these are many equations in
+
+613
+00:46:58,060 --> 00:47:02,440
+magnification I can use any one of them and
+
+614
+00:47:02,440 --> 00:47:07,180
+inshallah in this lecture we will take examples on
+
+615
+00:47:07,690 --> 00:47:11,350
+the method of calculation or practical examples of
+
+616
+00:47:11,350 --> 00:47:15,990
+calculation of magnification of these telescopes,
+
+617
+00:47:16,250 --> 00:47:18,690
+whether the Galilean telescope or the Keplerian
+
+618
+00:47:18,690 --> 00:47:21,790
+telescope. The last thing I want to say is that
+
+619
+00:47:21,790 --> 00:47:29,710
+our picture is reversed in ..
+
+620
+00:47:29,710 --> 00:47:34,290
+our picture is reversed in the telescope which is
+
+621
+00:47:34,290 --> 00:47:35,750
+the Keplerian telescope
+
+622
+00:47:38,560 --> 00:47:42,460
+وهدا مش مشكلة كبيرة، بتم وضع برزمات داخل ال
+
+623
+00:47:42,460 --> 00:47:48,300
+telescope اللي تعدل الصورة و بتعمل على يعني انها
+
+624
+00:47:48,300 --> 00:47:52,420
+تخلي الصورة معتدلة و ليست inverted، و ليست
+
+625
+00:47:52,420 --> 00:47:56,000
+inverted، فبالتالي هذا القضية For a focal system,
+
+626
+00:47:56,320 --> 00:47:59,340
+telescopes such as the Galilean and Keplerian
+
+627
+00:47:59,340 --> 00:48:02,790
+telescope, the focal point of objective lensand
+
+628
+00:48:02,790 --> 00:48:06,070
+the focal point of the ocular lens are in the same
+
+629
+00:48:06,070 --> 00:48:06,510
+position
+
+630
+00:48:25,860 --> 00:48:28,700
+Each form of telescope has advantages and
+
+631
+00:48:28,700 --> 00:48:35,980
+disadvantages The
+
+632
+00:48:35,980 --> 00:48:38,540
+advantage of Galilean telescope is that it
+
+633
+00:48:38,540 --> 00:48:40,360
+produces an upright image
+
+634
+00:48:45,870 --> 00:48:49,270
+يعني الصورة معتادة تاني حاجة ال telescope short
+
+635
+00:48:49,270 --> 00:48:53,570
+يعني قصير و هذا يعني بيخليه ممكن يوضع في الجيبة
+
+636
+00:48:53,570 --> 00:48:56,970
+ممكن يوضع في شانطة صغيرة إلى آخرين then telescope
+
+637
+00:48:56,970 --> 00:49:01,170
+these features make Galilean telescope popular as
+
+638
+00:49:01,170 --> 00:49:04,410
+spectacle mounted ممكن يتثبت على النضارة ممكن
+
+639
+00:49:04,410 --> 00:49:11,770
+يتثبت على النضارة لو شفنا هنا spectacle
+
+640
+00:49:17,620 --> 00:49:21,100
+Mounted Galilean Telescope
+
+641
+00:49:30,320 --> 00:49:32,860
+This is a Galilean telescope fixed on glasses
+
+642
+00:49:32,860 --> 00:49:39,040
+until people or people who suffer from low vision
+
+643
+00:49:39,040 --> 00:49:41,900
+for example, or they want to fix it for the
+
+644
+00:49:41,900 --> 00:49:44,280
+purpose of work for example, some people who work
+
+645
+00:49:44,280 --> 00:49:49,300
+in correction or fixing watches or work in gold
+
+646
+00:49:49,300 --> 00:49:54,040
+and welding gold and jewels and so onطبعا لأنه
+
+647
+00:49:54,040 --> 00:49:57,120
+قصير بقدرش أثبت capillary telescope لإنه هيكون
+
+648
+00:49:57,120 --> 00:50:04,360
+طويل جدا اذا هذا يعتبر advantage وشيء مميز لاللي
+
+649
+00:50:04,360 --> 00:50:10,600
+هو ال Galilean telescope أيضا أيضا يعني يعتبر يعني
+
+650
+00:50:10,600 --> 00:50:14,280
+هذا .. هذه الميزة بتخليه يعني spectacle mounted
+
+651
+00:50:14,280 --> 00:50:18,760
+visual aid أو surgical loops surgical loops استخدم
+
+652
+00:50:18,760 --> 00:50:19,700
+في العمليات
+
+653
+00:50:34,650 --> 00:50:37,810
+Hai surgical loops أيضا بلبسها الجراع عشان يكبر
+
+654
+00:50:37,810 --> 00:50:44,630
+المنطقة اللي هو بيعمل فيها و هاد طبعا مهم جدا و
+
+655
+00:50:44,630 --> 00:50:48,230
+بتميز ال Galilean telescope لإنه قصير، اذا upright
+
+656
+00:50:48,230 --> 00:50:51,470
+image و shorter Conversely, the Keplerian
+
+657
+00:50:51,470 --> 00:50:55,010
+telescope uses light more efficiently making faint
+
+658
+00:50:55,010 --> 00:50:58,590
+objects easier to see احنا إذا رجعنا للصورة بتاعة
+
+659
+00:50:58,590 --> 00:51:01,980
+ال Keplerian telescopeThis is a plus lens, which
+
+660
+00:51:01,980 --> 00:51:04,360
+is a converging lens, and this is also a
+
+661
+00:51:04,360 --> 00:51:08,720
+converging lens. Therefore, all the rays that come
+
+662
+00:51:08,720 --> 00:51:11,640
+from the distant planet, which are usually very
+
+663
+00:51:11,640 --> 00:51:14,700
+light rays, that is, there are planets hundreds
+
+664
+00:51:14,700 --> 00:51:18,750
+and millions of light years away from us,An
+
+665
+00:51:18,750 --> 00:51:21,510
+astronomical number in the distance, so the light
+
+666
+00:51:21,510 --> 00:51:25,110
+coming from it is very light, so the telescope
+
+667
+00:51:25,110 --> 00:51:27,310
+that I look at has all its lenses connected,
+
+668
+00:51:27,490 --> 00:51:30,050
+because they collect rays, and therefore all the
+
+669
+00:51:30,050 --> 00:51:32,830
+rays that are collected line up inside the eye of
+
+670
+00:51:32,830 --> 00:51:34,670
+the observer, inside the eye of the observer,
+
+671
+00:51:35,050 --> 00:51:40,390
+while in the Galilean telescopeفي عدسة مشتتة عندى
+
+672
+00:51:40,390 --> 00:51:44,630
+في عدسة مشتتة فبالتالي ممكن افقد جزء من هذا الضوء
+
+673
+00:51:44,630 --> 00:51:47,870
+جزء من هذا الضوء اذا conversely the Keplerian
+
+674
+00:51:47,870 --> 00:51:52,390
+telescope uses light more efficiently يعني بيستخدم
+
+675
+00:51:52,390 --> 00:51:56,550
+الضوء او الضوء اللى داخل فيه بيستفيد منه بشكل اكثر
+
+676
+00:51:56,550 --> 00:52:00,730
+كفاءة لإنه عدساته كلها plus عدساته كلها plus
+
+677
+00:52:00,730 --> 00:52:04,210
+فبالتالي هذه القضية هذا in the Keplerian design
+
+678
+00:52:04,210 --> 00:52:11,920
+all the light all the lightall the light from an
+
+679
+00:52:11,920 --> 00:52:14,880
+object point collected by the objective lens
+
+680
+00:52:14,880 --> 00:52:18,400
+ultimately in the end enters the eye because all
+
+681
+00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:21,880
+the lenses are lost in the Galilean design some of
+
+682
+00:52:21,880 --> 00:52:25,960
+the light collected by objective is lost why is it
+
+683
+00:52:25,960 --> 00:52:30,200
+lost? because the other lensesالعدسة الأولى جمعت
+
+684
+00:52:30,200 --> 00:52:33,980
+في ال Galilean telescope، العدسة الأولى جمعت
+
+685
+00:52:33,980 --> 00:52:36,800
+والتانية شتتت، فبالتالي مش كل الضوء بيدخل في
+
+686
+00:52:36,800 --> 00:52:41,040
+العين، بعضه بيتشتت، مش مرسوم هنا عندى، بس بعضه
+
+687
+00:52:41,040 --> 00:52:41,960
+بيتشتت
+
+688
+00:52:44,670 --> 00:52:49,770
+All the light from an object point collected by
+
+689
+00:52:49,770 --> 00:52:53,230
+the objective lens ultimately enters the eye. In
+
+690
+00:52:53,230 --> 00:52:56,770
+the Galilean design, some of the light collected
+
+691
+00:52:56,770 --> 00:53:02,850
+by the objective lens is lost.Because astronomical
+
+692
+00:53:02,850 --> 00:53:06,390
+observation is largely a matter of making faint
+
+693
+00:53:06,390 --> 00:53:10,910
+star visible, the observations of space science
+
+694
+00:53:10,910 --> 00:53:15,450
+and astronomy
+
+695
+00:53:29,480 --> 00:53:34,340
+All astronomical telescopes are of the Keplerian
+
+696
+00:53:34,340 --> 00:53:37,450
+designWhy? Because the Keplerian design is two
+
+697
+00:53:37,450 --> 00:53:40,810
+plus lenses, there are no overlapping lenses. The
+
+698
+00:53:40,810 --> 00:53:44,910
+inverted image, which is the flaw of the Keplerian
+
+699
+00:53:44,910 --> 00:53:48,370
+telescope. The inverted image is not a problem. It
+
+700
+00:53:48,370 --> 00:53:52,970
+is not a problem for astronomers, but inverting
+
+701
+00:53:52,970 --> 00:53:55,490
+prisms are placed inside the telescope.
+
+702
+00:53:58,070 --> 00:54:03,550
+Common binoculars are handheld binoculars.Visual
+
+703
+00:54:03,550 --> 00:54:07,110
+aids are usually of the Keplerian design.
+
+704
+00:54:07,350 --> 00:54:09,250
+Occasionally there are some visual aids, the
+
+705
+00:54:09,250 --> 00:54:12,290
+visual aids that are carried by hand have a
+
+706
+00:54:12,290 --> 00:54:14,350
+Keplerian design, that is, the two lenses that
+
+707
+00:54:14,350 --> 00:54:19,810
+have a plus, and sometimes the lenses have a
+
+708
+00:54:19,810 --> 00:54:25,590
+Keplerian design. And this concludes the lecture
+
+709
+00:54:25,590 --> 00:54:29,110
+on the focal systems. God bless you and peace be
+
+710
+00:54:29,110 --> 00:54:29,450
+upon you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/XdNOzpeZdqw_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1820 @@
+1
+00:00:02,280 --> 00:00:04,400
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
+
+2
+00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:09,360
+تحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن ال transfers
+
+3
+00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:10,400
+magnification تحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن ال
+
+4
+00:00:10,400 --> 00:00:10,640
+transfers magnification تحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن
+
+5
+00:00:10,640 --> 00:00:11,660
+ال transfers magnification تحدثنا في المرة الماضية
+
+6
+00:00:11,660 --> 00:00:11,740
+عن ال transfers magnification تحدثنا في المرة
+
+7
+00:00:11,740 --> 00:00:13,140
+الماضية عن ال transfers magnification تحدثنا في
+
+8
+00:00:13,140 --> 00:00:13,160
+المرة الماضية عن ال transfers magnification تحدثنا
+
+9
+00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:13,160
+في المرة الماضية عن ال transfers magnification
+
+10
+00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:13,160
+تحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن ال transfers
+
+11
+00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:13,160
+magnification تحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن ال
+
+12
+00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:13,800
+transfers magnification تحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن
+
+13
+00:00:13,800 --> 00:00:14,460
+ال transfers magnification تحدثنا في المرة الماضية
+
+14
+00:00:14,460 --> 00:00:15,320
+عن ال transfers magnification تحدثنا في المرة
+
+15
+00:00:15,320 --> 00:00:21,340
+الماضية عن ال transfers magnification تحدثنا في
+
+16
+00:00:21,340 --> 00:00:27,740
+المرة الماضية عن ال transfers magnification تحدثنا
+
+17
+00:00:27,740 --> 00:00:32,970
+في المرة الماضية عنthat everything above the
+
+18
+00:00:32,970 --> 00:00:35,550
+optical axis we give it a positive sign and
+
+19
+00:00:35,550 --> 00:00:39,910
+everything below the optical axis we give it a
+
+20
+00:00:39,910 --> 00:00:44,770
+negative sign and we also said that when I want to
+
+21
+00:00:44,770 --> 00:00:48,630
+characterize the transference magnification I put
+
+22
+00:00:48,630 --> 00:00:53,910
+the X mark, the X means when we say X minus half,
+
+23
+00:00:54,330 --> 00:00:59,380
+the X means the magnificationالminus بترمز إلا إن
+
+24
+00:00:59,380 --> 00:01:04,740
+الصورة مجلوبة و القدر هنا بيرمز لي لكمية ال
+
+25
+00:01:04,740 --> 00:01:07,700
+magnification يعني لما أقول x minus نص يعني الصورة
+
+26
+00:01:07,700 --> 00:01:12,480
+مجلوبة لإشارة minus و نص يعني نص ارتفاعها يساوي نص
+
+27
+00:01:12,480 --> 00:01:16,020
+ارتفاع ال object وحكينا أيضا أكدنا على إن
+
+28
+00:01:16,020 --> 00:01:19,500
+transfers magnification رغم إن كلمة magnification
+
+29
+00:01:19,500 --> 00:01:24,520
+تعني التكبيرإلا إن ممكن هي تعني التكبير أو التصغير
+
+30
+00:01:24,520 --> 00:01:27,980
+لو لجيت الرقم هنا واحد، معناته مافي عندي لا تكبير
+
+31
+00:01:27,980 --> 00:01:33,330
+ولا تصغير، معناته الصورةIrtifaaha يساوي ارتفاع
+
+32
+00:01:33,330 --> 00:01:38,050
+الجسم. الصورة يساوي .. ارتفاعها يساوي ارتفاع الجسم
+
+33
+00:01:38,050 --> 00:01:42,750
+لو أقل من واحد معناته فيه تصغير ولم .. لو أكتر من
+
+34
+00:01:42,750 --> 00:01:47,770
+واحد بيكون عندي تكبير في حجم الصورة أو في ارتفاع
+
+35
+00:01:47,770 --> 00:01:53,110
+الصورة مقارنة مع ارتفاع الجسم. Generally the
+
+36
+00:01:53,110 --> 00:01:57,280
+multiplication sign اللي هي ال Xis used to
+
+37
+00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:00,960
+indicate magnification, we use it to indicate
+
+38
+00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:05,840
+magnification, to indicate magnification The last
+
+39
+00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:08,200
+thing we remember from the previous lecture is
+
+40
+00:02:08,200 --> 00:02:10,620
+that for transfers, magnification is not
+
+41
+00:02:10,620 --> 00:02:13,560
+distinguished because this is a percentage and a
+
+42
+00:02:13,560 --> 00:02:16,560
+percentage is not distinguished We distinguish
+
+43
+00:02:16,560 --> 00:02:19,500
+heights with centimeters or meters or millimeters
+
+44
+00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:24,020
+When we calculate the transfers magnification, it
+
+45
+00:02:24,020 --> 00:02:26,700
+means that the picture here in this example is
+
+46
+00:02:26,700 --> 00:02:29,600
+half the height of the object and upside down But
+
+47
+00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:31,340
+when we say half the height of the object, we do
+
+48
+00:02:31,340 --> 00:02:34,820
+not distinguish with this, the ratio does not
+
+49
+00:02:34,820 --> 00:02:38,000
+distinguish, does not distinguish Today we will
+
+50
+00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:42,040
+learn about something new in geometrical optics
+
+51
+00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:46,120
+that helps us or facilitates calculation of
+
+52
+00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:48,640
+transfers magnification and facilitates other
+
+53
+00:02:48,640 --> 00:02:52,800
+thingsNow, we need to know that every optical
+
+54
+00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:59,820
+system exists there are many references to this
+
+55
+00:02:59,820 --> 00:03:02,920
+optical system that help us to understand the
+
+56
+00:03:02,920 --> 00:03:05,420
+relation between the image and the object in the
+
+57
+00:03:05,420 --> 00:03:08,020
+optical system we said that the light leaves the
+
+58
+00:03:08,020 --> 00:03:11,220
+object and passes through the optical system and
+
+59
+00:03:11,220 --> 00:03:14,460
+this optical system forms an image of what is in
+
+60
+00:03:14,460 --> 00:03:18,040
+the space of this object so, the light leaves the
+
+61
+00:03:18,040 --> 00:03:20,970
+objecttowards the formation of the image, of
+
+62
+00:03:20,970 --> 00:03:24,170
+course with the help of the optical system Now, to
+
+63
+00:03:24,170 --> 00:03:26,990
+know the relationship between the body and the
+
+64
+00:03:26,990 --> 00:03:30,570
+optical system and the image and their locations
+
+65
+00:03:30,570 --> 00:03:34,610
+in space, we use a lot of reference things The
+
+66
+00:03:34,610 --> 00:03:38,030
+first reference thing that came to us was the
+
+67
+00:03:38,030 --> 00:03:42,190
+optical axis, the optical axis One might ask, how
+
+68
+00:03:42,190 --> 00:03:44,530
+is this considered a reference thing? We say, yes,
+
+69
+00:03:44,810 --> 00:03:48,720
+the heights are measured from the optical axisSo,
+
+70
+00:03:48,820 --> 00:03:50,360
+the height of the body, we say from the highest
+
+71
+00:03:50,360 --> 00:03:53,020
+point in the body, we drop a column when we reach
+
+72
+00:03:53,020 --> 00:03:55,620
+the optical axis, which means the point that ends
+
+73
+00:03:55,620 --> 00:03:58,900
+with us, the optical axis. Also, the height of the
+
+74
+00:03:58,900 --> 00:04:01,280
+image is measured from the optical axis, is
+
+75
+00:04:01,280 --> 00:04:04,140
+measured from the optical axis. So, the height of
+
+76
+00:04:04,140 --> 00:04:06,520
+the image or the height of the body means a
+
+77
+00:04:06,520 --> 00:04:09,580
+comparison or departure from the optical axis,
+
+78
+00:04:09,740 --> 00:04:13,200
+which means the point of addiction or the point of
+
+79
+00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:15,900
+addiction. Now we want to get to know today about
+
+80
+00:04:18,200 --> 00:04:21,060
+another reference point, another reference point
+
+81
+00:04:21,060 --> 00:04:24,320
+helps us in solving our problems we say most
+
+82
+00:04:24,320 --> 00:04:28,880
+optical systems have a pair of nodal points which
+
+83
+00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:34,780
+means most optical systems have reference points
+
+84
+00:04:34,780 --> 00:04:38,560
+which they call nodal points or nodal points or
+
+85
+00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:44,200
+nodal points so I have a pair of nodal points,
+
+86
+00:04:44,500 --> 00:04:48,450
+these nodal points existIn most of the optical
+
+87
+00:04:48,450 --> 00:04:52,670
+systems, their location is on the optical axis, on
+
+88
+00:04:52,670 --> 00:04:55,890
+the optical axis We say as the following, try to
+
+89
+00:04:55,890 --> 00:04:59,630
+get the drawing The
+
+90
+00:04:59,630 --> 00:05:03,050
+point that I point out, let's go to the magnifying
+
+91
+00:05:03,050 --> 00:05:06,180
+glassThis point that I'm pointing at is called
+
+92
+00:05:06,180 --> 00:05:09,760
+anterior nodal point and this point that I'm
+
+93
+00:05:09,760 --> 00:05:12,780
+pointing at is called posterior nodal point. Of
+
+94
+00:05:12,780 --> 00:05:16,280
+course anterior is closer to the object, it's on
+
+95
+00:05:16,280 --> 00:05:18,260
+the front surface of the lens and on the back
+
+96
+00:05:18,260 --> 00:05:22,890
+surface of the lensI have anterior nodal point and
+
+97
+00:05:22,890 --> 00:05:50,490
+posterior nodal point
+
+98
+00:05:50,660 --> 00:05:53,740
+Hadola the two nodal points مابنفع يكونوا لا فوق
+
+99
+00:05:53,740 --> 00:05:57,340
+ال optical axis ولا تحت ال optical axis لازم
+
+100
+00:05:57,340 --> 00:06:03,490
+يكونوا على ال optical axis و أحيانا .. أحياناIt
+
+101
+00:06:03,490 --> 00:06:06,830
+becomes overlapping, overlapping What does
+
+102
+00:06:06,830 --> 00:06:08,930
+overlapping mean? We apply the anterior and
+
+103
+00:06:08,930 --> 00:06:11,530
+posterior nodal points to each other and they
+
+104
+00:06:11,530 --> 00:06:15,890
+become one point If they become one point, I will
+
+105
+00:06:15,890 --> 00:06:18,510
+still consider them two points, two points,
+
+106
+00:06:19,050 --> 00:06:22,010
+despite their overlapping each other A person may
+
+107
+00:06:22,010 --> 00:06:25,970
+wonder how can I consider them two points, in
+
+108
+00:06:25,970 --> 00:06:30,910
+other wordsI want to look at them as two points,
+
+109
+00:06:31,310 --> 00:06:34,550
+although they are similar to each other and seem
+
+110
+00:06:34,550 --> 00:06:38,490
+to be one point To approximate the concept, we
+
+111
+00:06:38,490 --> 00:06:41,230
+need to take an example from everyday life If we
+
+112
+00:06:41,230 --> 00:06:44,670
+say that a person specialized in vision
+
+113
+00:06:44,670 --> 00:06:48,350
+specialists and became a vision specialist after
+
+114
+00:06:48,350 --> 00:06:52,190
+he finished his specializationI mean he didn't
+
+115
+00:06:52,190 --> 00:06:54,530
+find a job, so he said I want to get another
+
+116
+00:06:54,530 --> 00:06:57,350
+specialization, so he went to specialize in
+
+117
+00:06:57,350 --> 00:07:00,470
+computer engineering for example This person
+
+118
+00:07:00,470 --> 00:07:02,490
+became with him two specializations Now this
+
+119
+00:07:02,490 --> 00:07:05,470
+person is one person, but when he attends a
+
+120
+00:07:05,470 --> 00:07:07,990
+conference, no, the visionists attend with his
+
+121
+00:07:07,990 --> 00:07:11,010
+attribute that he is a vision specialist And when
+
+122
+00:07:11,010 --> 00:07:13,410
+he attends a conference in computer engineering
+
+123
+00:07:13,410 --> 00:07:15,210
+and programming, he attends with his attribute
+
+124
+00:07:15,210 --> 00:07:17,410
+that he is a computer engineer, that is, he is a
+
+125
+00:07:17,410 --> 00:07:19,950
+person, but inside himinside it has two
+
+126
+00:07:19,950 --> 00:07:23,850
+characteristics, which are at the same time visual
+
+127
+00:07:23,850 --> 00:07:26,790
+characteristics and at the same time engineer,
+
+128
+00:07:27,390 --> 00:07:31,210
+computer and programming and so on Also when two
+
+129
+00:07:31,210 --> 00:07:34,830
+points match each other, which are the anterior
+
+130
+00:07:34,830 --> 00:07:37,810
+nodal point and the posterior nodal point I keep
+
+131
+00:07:37,810 --> 00:07:41,050
+telling them that I have an anterior nodal point
+
+132
+00:07:41,050 --> 00:07:44,290
+and the posterior nodal point matches itو هذا
+
+133
+00:07:44,290 --> 00:07:49,470
+الكلام إله فائدة، هنجيها بالتدريج، هنجيها بالتدريج
+
+134
+00:07:49,470 --> 00:07:54,450
+طيب، ممكن إنسان يتساءل، يقول طيب إحنا الآن يعني
+
+135
+00:07:54,450 --> 00:07:59,330
+وصلت معلومة إنه في عندي زوج من ال nodal point، زوج
+
+136
+00:07:59,330 --> 00:08:03,890
+من ال nodal point وإنه occasionally أحيانا ال
+
+137
+00:08:03,890 --> 00:08:06,850
+nodal points overlap، بيجوا على بعضهم البعض,
+
+138
+00:08:07,170 --> 00:08:10,550
+appearing as single point, appearing as single
+
+139
+00:08:10,550 --> 00:08:15,880
+point، نطلع من العرضoccasionally the nodal points
+
+140
+00:08:15,880 --> 00:08:20,740
+overlap appearing as a single point but
+
+141
+00:08:20,740 --> 00:08:24,600
+technically من ناحية تقنية they remain a pair of
+
+142
+00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:28,240
+overlapping nodal points يعني بيظلوا زوج من النقاط
+
+143
+00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:31,640
+اللي جاية على بعضها و بعتبرهم مش أنهم صاروا نقطة
+
+144
+00:08:31,640 --> 00:08:36,640
+واحدة طيب يا ترى إيش الصفة المميزة .. إيش الصفة
+
+145
+00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:42,560
+المميزة لهدولة ال nodal pointsلهدولة ال two nodal
+
+146
+00:08:42,560 --> 00:08:45,440
+points ال anterior و ال posterior nodal points هذا
+
+147
+00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:50,280
+هنجيله بالتدريج بنقول أول صفة من صفات ال nodal
+
+148
+00:08:50,280 --> 00:08:54,440
+points the nodal points are always on the optical
+
+149
+00:08:54,440 --> 00:08:59,360
+axis and have an important property and have an
+
+150
+00:08:59,360 --> 00:09:03,120
+important property يا ترى إيش الصفة المهمة اللي
+
+151
+00:09:03,120 --> 00:09:08,550
+ميزت ال nodal points على عنThe rest of the points
+
+152
+00:09:08,550 --> 00:09:12,720
+go back to the magnifying glass.We want to take an
+
+153
+00:09:12,720 --> 00:09:17,140
+example, a point from the object, point A, and its
+
+154
+00:09:17,140 --> 00:09:20,280
+shape which is a condition, as we used to say at
+
+155
+00:09:20,280 --> 00:09:23,060
+the top of a candle Of course, we will give an
+
+156
+00:09:23,060 --> 00:09:27,200
+example on point A, and this applies to all points
+
+157
+00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:30,360
+of the object We want to say the story or tell the
+
+158
+00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:34,780
+story with A, and this also applies to all stories
+
+159
+00:09:34,780 --> 00:09:38,200
+for all points of the object Point A starts from
+
+160
+00:09:38,200 --> 00:09:41,340
+itthousands and hundreds of thousands and millions
+
+161
+00:09:41,340 --> 00:09:45,220
+of rays in all directions there is a group of
+
+162
+00:09:45,220 --> 00:09:48,080
+rays, let's say one hundred thousand rays will
+
+163
+00:09:48,080 --> 00:09:51,060
+enter the lens these one hundred thousand rays,
+
+164
+00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:54,620
+which are all coming from A, will be collected by
+
+165
+00:09:54,620 --> 00:09:59,090
+the lens and form A conditionUntil now, there was
+
+166
+00:09:59,090 --> 00:10:02,510
+no mention of nodal points From the 100,000 rays,
+
+167
+00:10:03,170 --> 00:10:07,630
+there will be one direction that is directed
+
+168
+00:10:07,630 --> 00:10:11,390
+towards the anterior nodal point Scientists found
+
+169
+00:10:11,390 --> 00:10:14,310
+in the experiment that this ray will come out of
+
+170
+00:10:14,310 --> 00:10:17,710
+the posterior nodal point and go to form an A
+
+171
+00:10:17,710 --> 00:10:21,570
+-shape You can say, what's the difference? The 100
+
+172
+00:10:21,570 --> 00:10:25,060
+,000 rays will enter the lensthey will enter the
+
+173
+00:10:25,060 --> 00:10:27,180
+lens and they will gather all of them, which means
+
+174
+00:10:27,180 --> 00:10:29,380
+that the ray that entered the lens from the front
+
+175
+00:10:29,380 --> 00:10:32,080
+surface will exit from the back surface after
+
+176
+00:10:32,080 --> 00:10:34,120
+breaking, after breaking the lens and leaving
+
+177
+00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:36,340
+which means that it contributes to the formation
+
+178
+00:10:36,340 --> 00:10:39,660
+of what is what condition we say yes, but the
+
+179
+00:10:39,660 --> 00:10:42,580
+difference is that this ray that was destined to
+
+180
+00:10:42,580 --> 00:10:45,960
+enter the anterior nodal point and exit from the
+
+181
+00:10:45,960 --> 00:10:49,800
+posterior nodal point this ray will make an angle
+
+182
+00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:53,660
+with the optical axis which is thetaequal to the
+
+183
+00:10:53,660 --> 00:10:57,600
+angle of exit of this ray after breaking it, of
+
+184
+00:10:57,600 --> 00:11:01,340
+course, which is equal to theta 2. We called it
+
+185
+00:11:01,340 --> 00:11:04,700
+theta 2. So theta, which is the angle of entry of
+
+186
+00:11:04,700 --> 00:11:08,780
+the ray coming from A and going to the anterior
+
+187
+00:11:08,780 --> 00:11:11,780
+nodal point, exits from the posterior nodal point
+
+188
+00:11:12,130 --> 00:11:17,270
+وبيروح هو منتهى لإي شرطة ده قولا واحدا بس الفرق ..
+
+189
+00:11:17,270 --> 00:11:21,430
+فرق هذا الشعاع .. هذا الشعاع خلينا نسمي الشعاع
+
+190
+00:11:21,430 --> 00:11:24,410
+scene تمام؟ هذا الشعاع scene لما بدخل في ال
+
+191
+00:11:24,410 --> 00:11:27,490
+anterior nodal point بيعمل زاوية مع ال optical
+
+192
+00:11:27,490 --> 00:11:31,150
+axis و هو نفس الشعاع scene لما بخرج من العدسة
+
+193
+00:11:31,150 --> 00:11:36,590
+تمام؟ و بيروح على إي شرطة بيعمل θ2Theta and theta2
+
+194
+00:11:36,590 --> 00:11:40,950
+are equilateral angles .. equilateral angles If we
+
+195
+00:11:40,950 --> 00:11:45,070
+assume that the
+
+196
+00:11:45,070 --> 00:11:48,710
+anterior and posterior nodal points are the same I
+
+197
+00:11:48,710 --> 00:11:51,130
+will keep saying .. if we come to describe here in
+
+198
+00:11:51,130 --> 00:11:53,370
+the science of geometrical optics, we say the ray
+
+199
+00:11:53,370 --> 00:11:58,110
+scene .. the ray scene that started from point A
+
+200
+00:11:58,950 --> 00:12:02,510
+entered the anterior nodal point and came out of
+
+201
+00:12:02,510 --> 00:12:04,670
+the posterior nodal point. So in the story we will
+
+202
+00:12:04,670 --> 00:12:08,070
+talk about two points, although it is okay, I mean
+
+203
+00:12:08,070 --> 00:12:12,050
+it stayed .. I mean it went through geographically
+
+204
+00:12:12,050 --> 00:12:14,930
+or spatially through one point, but these two
+
+205
+00:12:14,930 --> 00:12:18,230
+points must be talked about as two points adjacent
+
+206
+00:12:18,230 --> 00:12:23,400
+to each other. So what did this ray come out of?و
+
+207
+00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:26,320
+عبر عبر ال anterior nodal point و منها لل
+
+208
+00:12:26,320 --> 00:12:28,740
+posterior nodal point اللي هم في نفس المكان
+
+209
+00:12:28,740 --> 00:12:33,200
+الفراغي تمام؟ و دالوا مكملوا طريقه إلى اي شرطة
+
+210
+00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:38,360
+ساعتها theta و theta تنين تساوي بعض بالتقابل
+
+211
+00:12:38,360 --> 00:12:41,430
+بالتقابلAnd this distinguishes the anterior and
+
+212
+00:12:41,430 --> 00:12:44,370
+posterior nodal points, whether the anterior is
+
+213
+00:12:44,370 --> 00:12:46,830
+aligned or not aligned, that is, in this drawing,
+
+214
+00:12:47,450 --> 00:12:49,950
+the anterior nodal point and the posterior nodal
+
+215
+00:12:49,950 --> 00:12:53,290
+point are not aligned with each other, and here
+
+216
+00:12:53,290 --> 00:12:56,710
+the anterior nodal point and the posterior nodal
+
+217
+00:12:56,710 --> 00:13:01,010
+point are not aligned, that is, aligned in the
+
+218
+00:13:01,010 --> 00:13:03,810
+first drawing, not aligned, here aligned with each
+
+219
+00:13:03,810 --> 00:13:07,590
+other, in both cases, here this angle equals this
+
+220
+00:13:07,590 --> 00:13:11,200
+angle,entrance of the beam to the optical system,
+
+221
+00:13:11,800 --> 00:13:14,840
+the angle it makes with the optical axis, is equal
+
+222
+00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:18,340
+to the angle of exit, also with the optical axis.
+
+223
+00:13:18,520 --> 00:13:22,100
+So θ is equal to θ2. And even if they don't match,
+
+224
+00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:26,700
+θ is equal to θ2. θ is the angle between the beam
+
+225
+00:13:26,700 --> 00:13:31,600
+that fell on the lens and the optical axis, and θ2
+
+226
+00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:34,020
+is the beam that came out of the lens with the
+
+227
+00:13:34,020 --> 00:13:38,060
+optical axis.Okay, until now, the speech was
+
+228
+00:13:38,060 --> 00:13:40,760
+excellent, but we did not understand what can be
+
+229
+00:13:40,760 --> 00:13:45,000
+gained from this case What can be gained from this
+
+230
+00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:48,320
+case? To say what can be gained from the case of
+
+231
+00:13:48,320 --> 00:13:53,140
+equal entry and exit angleTo the rays, only the
+
+232
+00:13:53,140 --> 00:13:56,580
+rays, only the rays that enter the anterior nodal
+
+233
+00:13:56,580 --> 00:13:59,960
+point and exit the posterior nodal point make an
+
+234
+00:13:59,960 --> 00:14:03,100
+even angle The rest of the rays that do not enter
+
+235
+00:14:03,100 --> 00:14:06,300
+the anterior nodal point will not .. that is, the
+
+236
+00:14:06,300 --> 00:14:08,940
+exit angle will differ from the entry angle Okay,
+
+237
+00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:11,520
+what does this mean when we talk about it? Also
+
+238
+00:14:11,520 --> 00:14:16,160
+point B, point B sends millions of rays in all
+
+239
+00:14:16,160 --> 00:14:19,860
+directions It will be the share of rays one by one
+
+240
+00:14:19,860 --> 00:14:23,630
+onlyto enter the anterior nodal point, then it
+
+241
+00:14:23,630 --> 00:14:26,190
+will make a certain angle, let's call it the angle
+
+242
+00:14:26,190 --> 00:14:29,710
+of the arc, for example, an arc will come out, and
+
+243
+00:14:29,710 --> 00:14:34,230
+two arcs will be equal, the point, for example, G,
+
+244
+00:14:34,550 --> 00:14:39,070
+present, for example, in the object, the point G,
+
+245
+00:14:39,390 --> 00:14:43,770
+will send its rays in all directions, and one of
+
+246
+00:14:43,770 --> 00:14:48,600
+them will enter the anterior nodal pointملخص
+
+247
+00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:53,520
+الحكاية إنه كل شعاعة بغض النظر قادم من أي نقطة من
+
+248
+00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:58,380
+الجسم كل شعاعة بغض النظر قادم من أي نقطة من الجسم
+
+249
+00:14:58,380 --> 00:15:03,460
+داخل ال anterior nodal point هيخرج من ال posterior
+
+250
+00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:06,720
+nodal point ويروح يكوّن صورة النقطة اللي أتى منها
+
+251
+00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:10,990
+صورة النقطة اللي أتى منهاthe angle of entry and
+
+252
+00:15:10,990 --> 00:15:17,310
+exit are exactly equal let's
+
+253
+00:15:17,310 --> 00:15:20,710
+go back to point A we say point A there is one of
+
+254
+00:15:20,710 --> 00:15:23,230
+the rays that came out of it and entered the
+
+255
+00:15:23,230 --> 00:15:25,450
+optical system it was allowed to enter the
+
+256
+00:15:25,450 --> 00:15:27,930
+anterior nodal point and made an angle with the
+
+257
+00:15:27,930 --> 00:15:32,150
+optical axis theta now it came out of the
+
+258
+00:15:32,150 --> 00:15:35,150
+posterior nodal point and made theta 2
+
+259
+00:15:37,640 --> 00:15:43,740
+Since θ is equal to θ2, as we said, then tan θ is
+
+260
+00:15:43,740 --> 00:15:48,800
+equal to tan θ2 Since these angles are equal, then
+
+261
+00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:52,500
+the shadow of θ is equal to the shadow of θ2 Well,
+
+262
+00:15:52,540 --> 00:15:55,260
+we know that the shadow is equal to the reciprocal
+
+263
+00:15:55,260 --> 00:15:58,400
+over the adjacent, this is the triangle of the
+
+264
+00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:01,400
+angle, this is the reciprocal, which is the height
+
+265
+00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:07,150
+of the bodyوالمجاور، المجاور اللي هي بعد الجسم عن
+
+266
+00:16:07,150 --> 00:16:10,610
+ال optical system اللي بيسموها object distance،
+
+267
+00:16:10,610 --> 00:16:14,900
+هنا object هي ..and object distance, so the shadow
+
+268
+00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:19,220
+of theta is object height over object distance so
+
+269
+00:16:19,220 --> 00:16:23,880
+tan theta is equal to tan theta 2, why? because if
+
+270
+00:16:23,880 --> 00:16:26,820
+this angle is 30 degrees and this angle is 30
+
+271
+00:16:26,820 --> 00:16:30,580
+degrees for example, the shadow of 30 is equal to
+
+272
+00:16:30,580 --> 00:16:33,680
+the shadow of 30 and therefore, since theta is
+
+273
+00:16:33,680 --> 00:16:37,080
+equal to theta 2, then tan theta which is the
+
+274
+00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:39,920
+shadow of theta is equal to tan theta 2 which is
+
+275
+00:16:39,920 --> 00:16:44,210
+the shadow of theta 2طب إيش بدنا نعوض عن ذل فيتا،
+
+276
+00:16:44,210 --> 00:16:48,630
+بنقول ذل فيتا المقابل على المجاور، يعني ال object
+
+277
+00:16:48,630 --> 00:16:53,070
+head على ال object distance، object head على ال
+
+278
+00:16:53,070 --> 00:16:57,050
+object distance طيب و فيتا اتنين، فيتا اتنين ذلها
+
+279
+00:16:57,050 --> 00:17:02,190
+برضه المقابل على المجاور، المقابل اللي هو ال image
+
+280
+00:17:02,190 --> 00:17:06,350
+head، و المجاور ال image distance، بعد ال image عن
+
+281
+00:17:06,350 --> 00:17:10,270
+ال optical systemSo object height over object
+
+282
+00:17:10,270 --> 00:17:13,390
+distance is equal to image height over image
+
+283
+00:17:13,390 --> 00:17:18,210
+distance, okay? Now object height over object
+
+284
+00:17:18,210 --> 00:17:21,250
+distance is equal to image height over image
+
+285
+00:17:21,250 --> 00:17:25,030
+distance We know in mathematics and in the science
+
+286
+00:17:25,030 --> 00:17:28,270
+of faults, if they are too much equal, if they are
+
+287
+00:17:28,270 --> 00:17:31,170
+too much equal, then the lowest over the lowest is
+
+288
+00:17:31,170 --> 00:17:34,110
+equal to the highest over the highest This is the
+
+289
+00:17:34,110 --> 00:17:38,060
+Foucault equationwe want to repeat the order by
+
+290
+00:17:38,060 --> 00:17:43,440
+saying image distance which is the position over
+
+291
+00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:49,320
+object distance is equal to image height over
+
+292
+00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:52,960
+object height or let's say as follows the bus on
+
+293
+00:17:52,960 --> 00:17:56,440
+the bus is equal to the position on the position
+
+294
+00:17:56,440 --> 00:18:01,080
+let's repeat again the bus on the bus is equal to
+
+295
+00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:04,400
+the position on the position so image height over
+
+296
+00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:08,110
+object heightis equal to image distance over
+
+297
+00:18:08,110 --> 00:18:10,350
+object distance. A person might object and say,
+
+298
+00:18:10,450 --> 00:18:12,270
+what made us think that this is correct? It is
+
+299
+00:18:12,270 --> 00:18:18,870
+said in math. Half is equal to two quartersلو قلنا
+
+300
+00:18:18,870 --> 00:18:23,250
+البسط على البسط هنا واحد على اتنين يساوي اتنين على
+
+301
+00:18:23,250 --> 00:18:26,210
+اربع طب ممكن انسان يقول ممكن بالعكس؟ اه ممكن
+
+302
+00:18:26,210 --> 00:18:30,470
+بالعكس البسط على البسط اتنين على واحد يساوي اربع
+
+303
+00:18:30,470 --> 00:18:33,910
+على اتنين لإن اتنين على واحد يساوي اتنين واربع على
+
+304
+00:18:33,910 --> 00:18:37,670
+اتنين يساوي اتنين مثال آخر بنقول البسط على البسط
+
+305
+00:18:37,670 --> 00:18:41,890
+واحد على اتنين يساوي تلاتة على ست ممكن بالعكس
+
+306
+00:18:41,890 --> 00:18:46,660
+نمشي؟ اه ممكنTwo over one equals six over three,
+
+307
+00:18:46,760 --> 00:18:49,080
+because two over one equals two, and six over
+
+308
+00:18:49,080 --> 00:18:53,420
+three equals two So, in calculus, one over one
+
+309
+00:18:53,420 --> 00:18:58,620
+equals one over one, or vice versa, one over one,
+
+310
+00:18:58,820 --> 00:19:02,320
+whether we go from right to left or from left to
+
+311
+00:19:02,320 --> 00:19:07,200
+right, one over one equals one over oneor مقام على
+
+312
+00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:12,640
+مقام يساوي bust على bust نرجع لقصتنا بنقول ال bust
+
+313
+00:19:12,640 --> 00:19:17,240
+على ال bust image height على object height يساوي
+
+314
+00:19:17,240 --> 00:19:20,220
+image distance على object distance هذه الكلام اللي
+
+315
+00:19:20,220 --> 00:19:23,440
+أنا بحكيه رتبنا لإنه ال image height اللي هو ال
+
+316
+00:19:23,440 --> 00:19:26,900
+bust على object height ال bust في ناحية تانية
+
+317
+00:19:26,900 --> 00:19:31,720
+يساوي image distance على object distance طيب إيش
+
+318
+00:19:31,720 --> 00:19:34,560
+هو ال image height على ال object height؟which is
+
+319
+00:19:34,560 --> 00:19:37,780
+the transference magnification image height is the
+
+320
+00:19:37,780 --> 00:19:40,600
+ratio of the height of the image when we divide it
+
+321
+00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:42,340
+by the height of the object which is the image
+
+322
+00:19:42,340 --> 00:19:47,120
+height over the object height the image height
+
+323
+00:19:47,120 --> 00:19:49,560
+over the object height equals we reached this
+
+324
+00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:51,840
+point that the image height over the object height
+
+325
+00:19:51,840 --> 00:19:54,660
+equals the image distance over the object distance
+
+326
+00:19:54,660 --> 00:19:57,520
+we know from the previous lecture that the image
+
+327
+00:19:57,520 --> 00:19:59,760
+height over the object height equals the
+
+328
+00:19:59,760 --> 00:20:04,440
+transference magnificationThe nodal points helped
+
+329
+00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:09,000
+me to reach the transference magnification not
+
+330
+00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:12,820
+only in heights but also in distances In other
+
+331
+00:20:12,820 --> 00:20:15,020
+words, let's say I have an example and we tell
+
+332
+00:20:15,020 --> 00:20:19,720
+someone to look at this example and bring us the
+
+333
+00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:23,620
+transference magnification How big is the image
+
+334
+00:20:23,620 --> 00:20:27,040
+compared to the object, okay? And what is the
+
+335
+00:20:27,040 --> 00:20:31,130
+height of the object?and gave us the height of the
+
+336
+00:20:31,130 --> 00:20:35,970
+image but gave us the distances distance of the
+
+337
+00:20:35,970 --> 00:20:38,210
+object and distance of the image we say transfers
+
+338
+00:20:38,210 --> 00:20:44,070
+magnification equals image distance over object
+
+339
+00:20:44,070 --> 00:20:46,950
+distance why did I use this? transfers
+
+340
+00:20:46,950 --> 00:20:49,410
+magnification equals image distance over object
+
+341
+00:20:49,410 --> 00:20:53,230
+distanceلأن الإرتفاعات بالنسبة إلي في المسألة ماحد
+
+342
+00:20:53,230 --> 00:20:57,770
+أعطانيها وإنما أعطوني المسافات بأستطيع باستخدام
+
+343
+00:20:57,770 --> 00:21:03,670
+المسافات إني أوجد ل transfers magnification .. إني
+
+344
+00:21:03,670 --> 00:21:07,850
+أوجد ل transfers magnification وبالتالي ..and thus
+
+345
+00:21:07,850 --> 00:21:11,870
+the nodal points helped me or through the nodal
+
+346
+00:21:11,870 --> 00:21:15,490
+points I reached a new equation last time our
+
+347
+00:21:15,490 --> 00:21:18,590
+equation was Transverse Magnification equals image
+
+348
+00:21:18,590 --> 00:21:21,670
+height over object height and we said we drop a
+
+349
+00:21:21,670 --> 00:21:24,290
+column from the top of the image to the optical
+
+350
+00:21:24,290 --> 00:21:27,750
+axis and we drop a column from the top of the
+
+351
+00:21:27,750 --> 00:21:30,730
+object to the optical axis and we calculate the
+
+352
+00:21:30,730 --> 00:21:33,600
+height of the image and we divide it by heightbody
+
+353
+00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:37,280
+and consequently I get transfers magnification
+
+354
+00:21:37,280 --> 00:21:40,760
+Now, today we have a new equation that transfers
+
+355
+00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:43,160
+magnification is equal to image distance over
+
+356
+00:21:43,160 --> 00:21:45,280
+object distance I measure the distance of the
+
+357
+00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:47,960
+image from the optical system, from the lens and I
+
+358
+00:21:47,960 --> 00:21:49,580
+measure the distance of the object from the
+
+359
+00:21:49,580 --> 00:21:52,560
+optical system, from the lens I divide the
+
+360
+00:21:52,560 --> 00:21:54,060
+distance of the image by the distance of the
+
+361
+00:21:54,060 --> 00:21:57,860
+object and I get transfers magnification One can
+
+362
+00:21:57,860 --> 00:22:04,020
+ask that we haveWhen we were using the heights, we
+
+363
+00:22:04,020 --> 00:22:05,920
+used to say that the one below the optical axis
+
+364
+00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:09,100
+gives a minus sign and the one above the optical
+
+365
+00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:12,660
+axis gives a plus sign Are there certain signals
+
+366
+00:22:12,660 --> 00:22:14,440
+in the distances to help me turn the picture
+
+367
+00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:17,500
+upside down or not? We say yes, it was identified,
+
+368
+00:22:17,960 --> 00:22:20,680
+it was identified that whatever is on the right of
+
+369
+00:22:20,680 --> 00:22:23,340
+the optical system, which is the lens, is
+
+370
+00:22:23,340 --> 00:22:25,840
+considered positive and whatever is on the left is
+
+371
+00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:28,280
+considered negative, is considered negative
+
+372
+00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:44,860
+The essential property of nodal points is that
+
+373
+00:22:44,860 --> 00:22:52,220
+these two angles are equal for any selected object
+
+374
+00:22:52,220 --> 00:22:52,680
+point
+
+375
+00:23:07,260 --> 00:23:12,080
+because of this feature nodal points are useful
+
+376
+00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:15,940
+for establishing a relationship among transphase
+
+377
+00:23:15,940 --> 00:23:19,340
+magnificationobject distance and image distance
+
+378
+00:23:19,340 --> 00:23:21,860
+and because of this feature that the entry angle
+
+379
+00:23:21,860 --> 00:23:25,740
+and exit angle are equal, nodal point helped us to
+
+380
+00:23:25,740 --> 00:23:27,740
+create a relation between the transphase
+
+381
+00:23:27,740 --> 00:23:30,620
+magnification and the object distance and the
+
+382
+00:23:30,620 --> 00:23:33,000
+image distance this relation is summarized in the
+
+383
+00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:34,160
+equation that
+
+384
+00:23:36,660 --> 00:23:39,900
+transfers magnification equals image distance over
+
+385
+00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:43,440
+object distance regardless of the location of an
+
+386
+00:23:43,440 --> 00:23:47,200
+object the object and the image subtends equal
+
+387
+00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:51,440
+angles with respect to their nodal points and this
+
+388
+00:23:51,440 --> 00:23:53,800
+is what we said that the angle of entry of any
+
+389
+00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:57,060
+beam that enters the nodal point equals the angle
+
+390
+00:23:57,060 --> 00:24:00,920
+of exit of this beam from the nodal point we
+
+391
+00:24:00,920 --> 00:24:02,740
+reached the relationship that transfers
+
+392
+00:24:02,740 --> 00:24:06,100
+magnificationLike it equals image height over
+
+393
+00:24:06,100 --> 00:24:09,040
+object height, it also equals image distance over
+
+394
+00:24:09,040 --> 00:24:13,580
+object distance in heights In heights, we said the
+
+395
+00:24:13,580 --> 00:24:16,920
+one above the optical axis gets a plus sign, and
+
+396
+00:24:16,920 --> 00:24:19,940
+the one below the optical axis gets a minus sign
+
+397
+00:24:19,940 --> 00:24:24,260
+In distances, the one on the right is positive on
+
+398
+00:24:24,260 --> 00:24:25,800
+the right of the lens or on the right of the
+
+399
+00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:28,660
+optical system, and the one on the left is
+
+400
+00:24:28,660 --> 00:24:34,550
+negative, is negative, we say as followsas a
+
+401
+00:24:34,550 --> 00:24:38,310
+practical matter object and image distances must
+
+402
+00:24:38,310 --> 00:24:42,030
+obey a sign convention لازم نعطي إشارة لمسافة
+
+403
+00:24:42,030 --> 00:24:45,950
+الصورة ومسافة ال object عشان نعرف بالظبط هل الصورة
+
+404
+00:24:45,950 --> 00:24:49,950
+مجلوبة و لا الصورة معتادلة و لا الصورة معتادلة
+
+405
+00:24:49,950 --> 00:24:54,750
+طبعا هذا sign convention أو العلامة اللي بنعطيها
+
+406
+00:24:55,110 --> 00:24:58,130
+plus or minus consistent with the established
+
+407
+00:24:58,130 --> 00:25:06,090
+convention for transverse magnification object
+
+408
+00:25:06,090 --> 00:25:14,030
+distance
+
+409
+00:25:14,030 --> 00:25:17,410
+is measured from the object to the anterior nodal
+
+410
+00:25:17,410 --> 00:25:21,130
+point and image distanceis measured from the
+
+411
+00:25:21,130 --> 00:25:24,470
+posterior nodal point to the image when we move,
+
+412
+00:25:24,690 --> 00:25:28,650
+we say as follows to measure the object distance,
+
+413
+00:25:28,750 --> 00:25:30,650
+the object distance is the distance from the
+
+414
+00:25:30,650 --> 00:25:35,210
+object to the anterior nodal point and the image
+
+415
+00:25:35,210 --> 00:25:38,490
+distance from the posterior nodal point to the
+
+416
+00:25:38,490 --> 00:25:41,130
+image that is, from here to here is the distance
+
+417
+00:25:41,130 --> 00:25:43,690
+of the object and from here to here is the
+
+418
+00:25:43,690 --> 00:25:44,950
+distance of the image
+
+419
+00:25:47,840 --> 00:25:50,980
+For a simple thin lens immersed in a uniform
+
+420
+00:25:50,980 --> 00:25:54,600
+medium such as air, the nodal points overlap in
+
+421
+00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:58,710
+the center,of the lens. We say when I have a high
+
+422
+00:25:58,710 --> 00:26:02,210
+lens, submerged or present in a mixed medium,
+
+423
+00:26:02,610 --> 00:26:05,930
+uniform medium, what is uniform medium? It means
+
+424
+00:26:05,930 --> 00:26:07,650
+what is in front of it is the same as what is
+
+425
+00:26:07,650 --> 00:26:11,910
+behind it, it means air and air, water and water.
+
+426
+00:26:11,990 --> 00:26:14,210
+Well, can there be lenses that have something in
+
+427
+00:26:14,210 --> 00:26:16,530
+front of it and something behind it? Yes, for
+
+428
+00:26:16,530 --> 00:26:18,650
+example, like the cornea lens, the cornea of the
+
+429
+00:26:18,650 --> 00:26:21,350
+eye, in front of it is air and behind it is the
+
+430
+00:26:21,350 --> 00:26:23,920
+liquid of the eye, which is the aqueousThe humor
+
+431
+00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:26,260
+that exists in the anterior chamber. So, not all
+
+432
+00:26:26,260 --> 00:26:29,240
+lenses exist in a homogenous environment Some
+
+433
+00:26:29,240 --> 00:26:32,940
+exist in a non-homogenous environment The
+
+434
+00:26:32,940 --> 00:26:34,960
+homogenous environment is that in front of the
+
+435
+00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:38,180
+lens is the same as behind the lens Like the lens
+
+436
+00:26:38,180 --> 00:26:40,760
+when we hold it in the open air and we are in
+
+437
+00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:42,560
+front of it, in front of it means in front of its
+
+438
+00:26:42,560 --> 00:26:45,100
+surface Or the front surface is touching the air
+
+439
+00:26:45,100 --> 00:26:47,920
+and the back surface is touching the airand
+
+440
+00:26:47,920 --> 00:26:50,660
+consequently it is called uniform medium, which
+
+441
+00:26:50,660 --> 00:26:52,980
+means it exists in a homogeneous environment In
+
+442
+00:26:52,980 --> 00:26:56,640
+the case of a high lens, a thin lens, not a low
+
+443
+00:26:56,640 --> 00:26:59,580
+lens, in a homogeneous environment, the anterior
+
+444
+00:26:59,580 --> 00:27:03,960
+and posterior nodal points overlap, which means
+
+445
+00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:07,380
+they come to each other and there is no distance
+
+446
+00:27:07,380 --> 00:27:12,400
+between themoverlap in the center of the lens
+
+447
+00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:16,160
+موجودين بكونوا في ال center بتاع ال lens ماننساش
+
+448
+00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:19,140
+أنه لما بنحسب ال transfer magnification ونقول
+
+449
+00:27:19,140 --> 00:27:21,980
+يساوي ال image distance ع ال object distance
+
+450
+00:27:21,980 --> 00:27:25,280
+ماننساش أنه اللي ع اليمين هنعطي إشارة موجب،
+
+451
+00:27:25,280 --> 00:27:27,740
+المسافة اللي ع اليمين هنعطيها إشارة موجبة،
+
+452
+00:27:27,740 --> 00:27:30,240
+والمسافة اللي ع الشمال هنعطيها إشارة
+
+453
+00:27:36,480 --> 00:27:40,920
+We will stop at
+
+454
+00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:45,100
+this point and we will continue next time and give
+
+455
+00:27:45,100 --> 00:27:45,720
+you the answer
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/XqJKSOA7ldw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+
+1
+00:00:05,570 --> 00:00:15,690
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم
+
+2
+00:00:15,690 --> 00:00:17,490
+الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله
+
+3
+00:00:17,490 --> 00:00:17,530
+الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله
+
+4
+00:00:17,530 --> 00:00:19,290
+الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم
+
+5
+00:00:19,290 --> 00:00:20,450
+الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
+
+6
+00:00:20,450 --> 00:00:20,730
+الرحمن الرحيم الرحمن الرحيم الرحمن الرحيم الرحمن الرحمن
+
+7
+00:00:20,730 --> 00:00:20,810
+الرحمن الرحيم الرحمن الرحيم الرحمن الرحيم الرحمن الرحمن
+
+8
+00:00:20,810 --> 00:00:24,110
+الرحمن
+
+9
+00:00:24,110 --> 00:00:26,590
+الرح
+
+10
+00:00:29,310 --> 00:00:32,010
+As long as the image distance is unknown, I cannot
+
+11
+00:00:32,010 --> 00:00:34,870
+draw it on the right of the lens or on the left
+
+12
+00:00:34,870 --> 00:00:40,530
+until I get the result. The simple solution is to
+
+13
+00:00:40,530 --> 00:00:44,350
+say that the transference magnification is equal
+
+14
+00:00:44,350 --> 00:00:48,250
+to the image distance which is unknown over the
+
+15
+00:00:48,250 --> 00:00:51,970
+object distance. I want the image distance. Image 
+
+16
+00:00:51,970 --> 00:00:55,530
+distance is equal to the transference 
+
+17
+00:00:55,530 --> 00:01:00,440
+magnification times the object distance. Transphase 
+
+18
+00:01:00,440 --> 00:01:05,120
+magnification is minus 4.  The object 
+
+19
+00:01:05,120 --> 00:01:08,620
+distance. The object distance on the left is a
+
+20
+00:01:08,620 --> 00:01:15,040
+minus sign. 25 cm is a meter, so it is a quarter
+
+21
+00:01:15,040 --> 00:01:21,440
+of a meter. Minus times minus is plus. Four times 
+
+22
+00:01:21,440 --> 00:01:27,080
+a quarter is one. So the distance of the picture 
+
+23
+00:01:27,080 --> 00:01:33,790
+is plus 1 meter on the right of the lens. 1 meter 
+
+24
+00:01:33,790 --> 00:01:37,350
+on the right of the lens. 1 meter ok, what if I 
+
+25
+00:01:37,350 --> 00:01:40,190
+draw the image up and what if I draw it down? I go
+
+26
+00:01:40,190 --> 00:01:42,910
+back to the transphase magnification as long as 
+
+27
+00:01:42,910 --> 00:01:45,130
+there is a minus sign in it, then the image is 
+
+28
+00:01:45,130 --> 00:01:48,350
+inverted for the object. The object is up, so what 
+
+29
+00:01:48,350 --> 00:01:51,750
+is it? down. This is what I drew four times the 
+
+30
+00:01:51,750 --> 00:01:56,430
+height of the object. One meter away from العدسة
+
+31
+00:01:56,430 --> 00:02:00,530
+وهيك بتكون حلت المسألة. إذا ال image distance plus
+
+32
+00:02:00,530 --> 00:02:04,770
+1 meter. الصورة تبعد عن يمين العدسة المقدار 1 meter 
+
+33
+00:02:04,770 --> 00:02:08,810
+ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركات

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/Y4j4yXsIYRI.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1308 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,800 --> 00:00:02,760
+In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most 
+
+2
+00:00:02,760 --> 00:00:06,280
+Merciful. We continue with the lectures of 
+
+3
+00:00:06,280 --> 00:00:09,780
+Geometric Optics, and last time we reached the 
+
+4
+00:00:09,780 --> 00:00:12,460
+image location, which is the second attribute of 
+
+5
+00:00:12,460 --> 00:00:16,360
+the image. We remember in .. or we remember in the 
+
+6
+00:00:16,360 --> 00:00:19,250
+attributes of the image which are magnification,
+
+7
+00:00:19,590 --> 00:00:23,770
+location, quality, brightness. Of course, location 
+
+8
+00:00:23,770 --> 00:00:28,410
+is very important for the image. We say image 
+
+9
+00:00:28,410 --> 00:00:30,470
+location, which means the location of the image
+
+10
+00:00:30,470 --> 00:00:37,520
+away from the optical system that made it. طبعا 
+
+11
+00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:41,420
+موقع الصورة يعني جديش بتبتعد عن ال optical system 
+
+12
+00:00:41,420 --> 00:00:45,000
+سواء هذا ال optical system عدسة أو مرايا أو ما 
+
+13
+00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:48,400
+شابه و هي بنقول ال refractive errors اللي هي 
+
+14
+00:00:48,400 --> 00:00:53,580
+الأخطاء الإنكسارية البصرية زي الmiopia و
+
+15
+00:00:53,580 --> 00:00:57,600
+الhypermetropia و الastigmatism result when images 
+
+16
+00:00:57,600 --> 00:01:02,340
+formed by the eyes optical system are in front or 
+
+17
+00:01:02,340 --> 00:01:07,510
+of or behind the retinameans the person who has 
+
+18
+00:01:07,510 --> 00:01:09,110
+the picture in front of him in front of the 
+
+19
+00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:12,410
+network we say he has short sight or myopia what 
+
+20
+00:01:12,410 --> 00:01:14,690
+constitutes behind the network we say he has 
+
+21
+00:01:14,690 --> 00:01:18,450
+hypermetropia what constitutes part in front and 
+
+22
+00:01:18,450 --> 00:01:20,750
+part behind or part on the network and part in 
+
+23
+00:01:20,750 --> 00:01:23,530
+front or part on the network and part behind means
+
+24
+00:01:23,530 --> 00:01:25,190
+part of the picture like this and part of the 
+
+25
+00:01:25,190 --> 00:01:28,050
+picture like that we say he has astigmatism now a
+
+26
+00:01:28,050 --> 00:01:29,990
+person can say what is the relationship of this 
+
+27
+00:01:29,990 --> 00:01:32,050
+speech in the subject of image location the 
+
+28
+00:01:32,050 --> 00:01:34,170
+relationship is very simple and very important at
+
+29
+00:01:34,170 --> 00:01:39,910
+the same time نروح للرسمة التالية، بنقول، نطلع على
+
+30
+00:01:39,910 --> 00:01:44,730
+اللي هو ايه في الصورة، ايه؟ I have a human who has 
+
+31
+00:01:44,730 --> 00:01:47,390
+amyotropia, amyotropia means that he does not have 
+
+32
+00:01:47,390 --> 00:01:50,210
+myopia or hypermetropia, he is a human with a 
+
+33
+00:01:50,210 --> 00:01:53,950
+natural eye Now the object that he looks at, its 
+
+34
+00:01:53,950 --> 00:01:56,870
+image comes to the retina exactly The optical
+
+35
+00:01:56,870 --> 00:01:59,170
+system of the eye, which is the cornea and the
+
+36
+00:01:59,170 --> 00:02:02,330
+crystalline lens Cornea and crystalline lens, 
+
+37
+00:02:02,390 --> 00:02:05,330
+these are the optical system The object exists, 
+
+38
+00:02:05,670 --> 00:02:10,640
+the receiving paper is the retina Or which is the 
+
+39
+00:02:10,640 --> 00:02:13,340
+network will of course be the receipt, which is an 
+
+40
+00:02:13,340 --> 00:02:16,560
+alternative to the A4 paper So since the image 
+
+41
+00:02:16,560 --> 00:02:19,240
+comes from the network exactly and is clear We say
+
+42
+00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:23,380
+the image location of this optical system is in 
+
+43
+00:02:23,380 --> 00:02:25,220
+the correct location In the correct location,
+
+44
+00:02:25,400 --> 00:02:28,360
+meaning this patient or this person will see very 
+
+45
+00:02:28,360 --> 00:02:31,940
+clearly, there is no problem Now if the image 
+
+46
+00:02:31,940 --> 00:02:34,420
+location is not in the correct location, if the 
+
+47
+00:02:34,420 --> 00:02:36,900
+distance of the image It is not what is required
+
+48
+00:02:36,900 --> 00:02:40,320
+For example, if a person has myopia, he looks at a
+
+49
+00:02:40,320 --> 00:02:42,860
+certain object in a certain distance The object, 
+
+50
+00:02:43,520 --> 00:02:45,840
+this optical system, which is the camera and the 
+
+51
+00:02:45,840 --> 00:02:49,100
+lens, together these optical systems form a
+
+52
+00:02:49,100 --> 00:02:51,420
+picture, this is its location Okay, it is still
+
+53
+00:02:51,420 --> 00:02:53,220
+its location, it has not reached the network yet, 
+
+54
+00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:56,640
+so it will not be clear on the network, so we call 
+
+55
+00:02:56,640 --> 00:03:02,250
+it myopia If we look at myopia or introduce it We
+
+56
+00:03:02,250 --> 00:03:04,490
+define it from the point of view of geometric
+
+57
+00:03:04,490 --> 00:03:08,950
+optics, we say myopia is an image location not in 
+
+58
+00:03:08,950 --> 00:03:12,170
+the correct location It means a picture away from 
+
+59
+00:03:12,170 --> 00:03:14,450
+the optical system, not the correct distance, but 
+
+60
+00:03:14,450 --> 00:03:18,150
+the correct distance the image should receive or 
+
+61
+00:03:18,150 --> 00:03:21,750
+be present here on the network surface Also the
+
+62
+00:03:21,750 --> 00:03:24,270
+hypermetropia or hyperopia which is the length of
+
+63
+00:03:24,270 --> 00:03:26,830
+the eye This is the optical system of the eye
+
+64
+00:03:26,830 --> 00:03:32,070
+which is the lens or the lens And this eye or this 
+
+65
+00:03:32,070 --> 00:03:36,050
+person looks at an object due to the fact that the 
+
+66
+00:03:36,050 --> 00:03:39,490
+picture has It was formed behind the network, which 
+
+67
+00:03:39,490 --> 00:03:41,510
+means that the location of the image or the image
+
+68
+00:03:41,510 --> 00:03:45,170
+location is also wrong, not normal, and therefore 
+
+69
+00:03:45,170 --> 00:03:49,110
+they call it refractive error, which means that 
+
+70
+00:03:49,110 --> 00:03:51,490
+the refractive force or the refractive force of
+
+71
+00:03:51,490 --> 00:03:54,430
+the rays of this optical system is not correct, 
+
+72
+00:03:55,010 --> 00:03:58,150
+either too strong than necessary, which is why the 
+
+73
+00:03:58,150 --> 00:04:02,040
+rays are gathered closer to the location, closer to 
+
+74
+00:04:02,040 --> 00:04:06,020
+the network, or weak because it could not collect 
+
+75
+00:04:06,020 --> 00:04:08,740
+the rays except behind the network. There is a 
+
+76
+00:04:08,740 --> 00:04:10,920
+point here that has nothing to do with geometric
+
+77
+00:04:10,920 --> 00:04:13,880
+optics, but a point for a person to imagine it
+
+78
+00:04:13,880 --> 00:04:17,540
+correctly. No one imagines that these rays, as it 
+
+79
+00:04:17,540 --> 00:04:19,960
+is drawn like this, penetrated the eye and formed
+
+80
+00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:23,060
+a cluster. The rays will stop at the network, it
+
+81
+00:04:23,060 --> 00:04:24,560
+will be in a state that is not completely 
+
+82
+00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:28,010
+collected, but it will be in a state unclear or
+
+83
+00:04:28,010 --> 00:04:31,350
+blared which means blurred Why blurred? Because it
+
+84
+00:04:31,350 --> 00:04:35,090
+is not concentrated in a focus, in a field like
+
+85
+00:04:35,090 --> 00:04:38,470
+the first drawing shows So the rays will stop 
+
+86
+00:04:38,470 --> 00:04:40,810
+here, of course the network behind it is the
+
+87
+00:04:40,810 --> 00:04:43,110
+choroid and behind it is the sclera and these are 
+
+88
+00:04:43,110 --> 00:04:45,910
+of course transients that are not transparent, so
+
+89
+00:04:45,910 --> 00:04:47,790
+the light will not penetrate, the light will stay
+
+90
+00:04:47,790 --> 00:04:51,690
+in this case While if we argue about these light
+
+91
+00:04:51,690 --> 00:04:53,530
+rays, we will find that they will meet at a point
+
+92
+00:04:53,530 --> 00:04:56,770
+behind the network Regardless of whether I have
+
+93
+00:04:56,770 --> 00:05:01,010
+myopia or hypermetropia, I will make a mistake in
+
+94
+00:05:01,010 --> 00:05:02,990
+the image location from the point of view of 
+
+95
+00:05:02,990 --> 00:05:06,750
+geometric optics Of course, in geometric optics, 
+
+96
+00:05:06,890 --> 00:05:09,950
+the image location, to be correct, the image must 
+
+97
+00:05:09,950 --> 00:05:13,050
+be on the reception paper, and the reception paper
+
+98
+00:05:13,050 --> 00:05:16,190
+is The network in the case of the eye, the network
+
+99
+00:05:16,190 --> 00:05:17,930
+in the case of the eye, that is, when I have the 
+
+100
+00:05:17,930 --> 00:05:22,070
+optical system, which is the comparison between 
+
+101
+00:05:22,070 --> 00:05:24,450
+the human and the lens, they are all together, 
+
+102
+00:05:24,610 --> 00:05:27,730
+optical system forms a picture for me, then the 
+
+103
+00:05:27,730 --> 00:05:30,610
+acceptance paper is from each point the network. 
+
+104
+00:05:30,910 --> 00:05:33,890
+In position A, which is the metrobia, the image 
+
+105
+00:05:33,890 --> 00:05:36,430
+location is correct, in position B and C, the 
+
+106
+00:05:36,430 --> 00:05:39,420
+image location is not correct. Also, this is 
+
+107
+00:05:39,420 --> 00:05:42,180
+normal, this person developed myopia, this person 
+
+108
+00:05:42,180 --> 00:05:46,220
+developed hypermetropia Now, we can make a mistake 
+
+109
+00:05:46,220 --> 00:05:49,820
+in describing lenses We describe a plus lens, a
+
+110
+00:05:49,820 --> 00:05:53,500
+fixed lens, stronger than necessary, stronger than 
+
+111
+00:05:53,500 --> 00:05:56,300
+necessary So, we generate myopia, they call it
+
+112
+00:05:56,300 --> 00:06:00,020
+artificial myopia or artificial myopia, or we 
+
+113
+00:06:00,020 --> 00:06:01,940
+generate it artificially, that is, generated, 
+
+114
+00:06:02,140 --> 00:06:05,900
+completely generated, because we used A lens that 
+
+115
+00:06:05,900 --> 00:06:09,060
+is more than necessary, therefore, the strength of 
+
+116
+00:06:09,060 --> 00:06:11,680
+the eye became and added to it the strength of the 
+
+117
+00:06:11,680 --> 00:06:14,460
+wrong lens, of course, the wrong lens, of course, 
+
+118
+00:06:15,620 --> 00:06:17,780
+therefore, we turned this patient, of course, the 
+
+119
+00:06:17,780 --> 00:06:20,860
+lens plus, the lens plus, we use it for treatment
+
+120
+00:06:20,860 --> 00:06:23,560
+of hypermetropia, but its strength must be 
+
+121
+00:06:23,560 --> 00:06:26,520
+correct, not more than necessary, if we use it 
+
+122
+00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:29,440
+more than necessary, the eye will become with the
+
+123
+00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:32,640
+lens as a very strong optical system and thus it
+
+124
+00:06:32,640 --> 00:06:35,480
+will collect the rays in a distance closer than
+
+125
+00:06:35,480 --> 00:06:38,300
+the network and we will be the one who caused 
+
+126
+00:06:38,300 --> 00:06:42,700
+myopia in this person so lens induced myopic focus
+
+127
+00:06:42,700 --> 00:06:45,820
+meaning that we are the one who caused this myopia
+
+128
+00:06:45,820 --> 00:06:48,840
+also regardless of whether this is our fault or 
+
+129
+00:06:48,840 --> 00:06:53,880
+not this speech will cause me myopia And therefore 
+
+130
+00:06:53,880 --> 00:06:59,400
+I will also have a mistake in the image location 
+
+131
+00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:01,640
+or in the location of the picture. A person has 
+
+132
+00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:04,900
+basically myopia and we want to use a minus lens
+
+133
+00:07:04,900 --> 00:07:08,520
+as you see in the picture. So we put him a minus 
+
+134
+00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:11,460
+lens, the rays were scattered a little so that the 
+
+135
+00:07:11,460 --> 00:07:13,640
+focus instead of being here delayed him a little 
+
+136
+00:07:13,640 --> 00:07:17,460
+and went here. But unfortunately, we used a minus
+
+137
+00:07:17,460 --> 00:07:19,460
+lens stronger than necessary, stronger than
+
+138
+00:07:19,460 --> 00:07:21,700
+necessary, so the scattering became more and 
+
+139
+00:07:21,700 --> 00:07:26,030
+therefore The focus was behind the network, so we 
+
+140
+00:07:26,030 --> 00:07:30,570
+let the man, who is myopia through the minus lens,
+
+141
+00:07:30,790 --> 00:07:33,750
+which is stronger than necessary, let us bring him
+
+142
+00:07:33,750 --> 00:07:38,470
+to hypermetropia And therefore, regardless of the 
+
+143
+00:07:38,470 --> 00:07:41,530
+mistake we made, the image location became 
+
+144
+00:07:41,530 --> 00:07:43,690
+incorrect Because in order for the image location 
+
+145
+00:07:43,690 --> 00:07:48,110
+to be correct, the image must be on the network, 
+
+146
+00:07:48,290 --> 00:07:53,720
+which is the reception paper So the second
+
+147
+00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:56,060
+attribute of the image, which is image location,
+
+148
+00:07:56,460 --> 00:07:59,520
+is really very important and will enter the
+
+149
+00:07:59,520 --> 00:08:02,220
+meaning of our practical life because all the
+
+150
+00:08:02,220 --> 00:08:06,820
+recipes, or most of the recipes, especially for
+
+151
+00:08:06,820 --> 00:08:10,240
+eyesight, whether it's a recipe for glasses or
+
+152
+00:08:10,240 --> 00:08:13,680
+contact lenses or glasses with contact lenses or 
+
+153
+00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:18,960
+whatever, all depend on correcting the image 
+
+154
+00:08:18,960 --> 00:08:21,530
+location If the image location is in front of the 
+
+155
+00:08:21,530 --> 00:08:23,950
+retina, we will leave it on the retina If the
+
+156
+00:08:23,950 --> 00:08:26,190
+image location is behind the retina, we will leave
+
+157
+00:08:26,190 --> 00:08:29,890
+it on the retina Also when a person has cataract,
+
+158
+00:08:30,330 --> 00:08:32,770
+cataract What does cataract mean? Cataract is 
+
+159
+00:08:32,770 --> 00:08:36,170
+white water or blot in the lens of the eye Blot in
+
+160
+00:08:36,170 --> 00:08:39,430
+the lens of the eye It is necessary to undergo 
+
+161
+00:08:39,430 --> 00:08:44,890
+surgery to remove this blot and therefore Excuse
+
+162
+00:08:44,890 --> 00:08:48,710
+me, when we remove the crystalline lens that 
+
+163
+00:08:48,710 --> 00:08:52,810
+contains the impurities, most of the time, most of 
+
+164
+00:08:52,810 --> 00:09:00,790
+the time, which means around 99.999% Ten thousand
+
+165
+00:09:00,790 --> 00:09:04,390
+percent must plant a lens inside the eye except in
+
+166
+00:09:04,390 --> 00:09:07,870
+exceptional cases This alternative lens that was 
+
+167
+00:09:07,870 --> 00:09:10,330
+planted, which is an artificial lens, which they
+
+168
+00:09:10,330 --> 00:09:15,150
+call intraocular lens or IOL intraocular lens must 
+
+169
+00:09:15,150 --> 00:09:18,390
+have a certain power so that the image location
+
+170
+00:09:18,390 --> 00:09:21,850
+after the operation is also correct That is, when
+
+171
+00:09:21,850 --> 00:09:24,610
+I plant a lens stronger than necessary, I will
+
+172
+00:09:24,610 --> 00:09:27,710
+have myopia stronger than necessary, that is, I
+
+173
+00:09:27,710 --> 00:09:30,030
+removed the white water, removed this lens and
+
+174
+00:09:30,030 --> 00:09:32,470
+planted an artificial lens in its place, 
+
+175
+00:09:32,510 --> 00:09:34,970
+intraocular lens, stronger than necessary, then
+
+176
+00:09:34,970 --> 00:09:37,370
+sometimes the rays will gather at a distance 
+
+177
+00:09:37,370 --> 00:09:40,830
+closer to the network, and thus I will have an
+
+178
+00:09:40,830 --> 00:09:43,670
+error in the image location. Okay, if I planted
+
+179
+00:09:43,670 --> 00:09:46,090
+instead of white water, I planted a very weak 
+
+180
+00:09:46,090 --> 00:09:49,290
+lens, so not the appropriate force, less than the
+
+181
+00:09:49,290 --> 00:09:52,610
+appropriate force, I will act as if I will make
+
+182
+00:09:52,610 --> 00:09:55,970
+this patient hyper,metropia and therefore also 
+
+183
+00:09:55,970 --> 00:09:58,070
+made a mistake in image location. So image 
+
+184
+00:09:58,070 --> 00:10:02,110
+location is a very very very important attribute
+
+185
+00:10:02,110 --> 00:10:04,930
+in visual specialization and it is the second 
+
+186
+00:10:04,930 --> 00:10:09,610
+attribute of the object, excuse me, of the image. 
+
+187
+00:10:09,670 --> 00:10:13,630
+So refractive errors result when images formed by 
+
+188
+00:10:13,630 --> 00:10:17,150
+the eye's optical system, the eye's optical system 
+
+189
+00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:20,730
+which is cornea and crystalline lens together are 
+
+190
+00:10:20,730 --> 00:10:23,830
+in front of or behind the retina ساعتها بقول 
+
+191
+00:10:23,830 --> 00:10:27,230
+refractive error امتى بيكون فش refractive error
+
+192
+00:10:27,230 --> 00:10:32,410
+لما يكون الصورة لا هي قدام ولا خلف الشبكية وانما 
+
+193
+00:10:32,410 --> 00:10:39,040
+عند الشبكية او على الشبكية مباشرة بشكل focused يعني 
+
+194
+00:10:39,040 -->
+
+223
+00:12:24,450 --> 00:12:27,130
+I'm going to take a point from the lens here and 
+
+224
+00:12:27,130 --> 00:12:29,290
+measure the image, no, the measurement should be
+
+225
+00:12:29,290 --> 00:12:33,150
+along the optical axis or along the optical axis, 
+
+226
+00:12:33,250 --> 00:12:36,490
+this is a point, so the first reference or point
+
+227
+00:12:36,490 --> 00:12:38,970
+that I start from when I measure the back surface
+
+228
+00:12:38,970 --> 00:12:42,390
+of the lens, this is a point, I can say I don't 
+
+229
+00:12:42,390 --> 00:12:44,830
+want to measure from the back service, I want to 
+
+230
+00:12:44,830 --> 00:12:47,770
+measure from the posterior nodal point, the
+
+231
+00:12:47,770 --> 00:12:51,870
+posterior nodal point Sometimes, not always, it
+
+232
+00:12:51,870 --> 00:12:54,470
+applies to the back surface, it applies to the
+
+233
+00:12:54,470 --> 00:12:59,270
+back surface, or it can be far away, or there is a
+
+234
+00:12:59,270 --> 00:13:01,850
+distance between it and the back surface, so I can 
+
+235
+00:13:01,850 --> 00:13:03,670
+measure the distance from the back surface of the
+
+236
+00:13:03,670 --> 00:13:07,730
+lens to the image, and maybe from the posterior 
+
+237
+00:13:07,730 --> 00:13:11,670
+nodal point Now there is a new reference point that 
+
+238
+00:13:11,670 --> 00:13:14,850
+appeared in today's lecture We said nodal points,
+
+239
+00:13:14,950 --> 00:13:18,370
+I have two nodal points anterior and posterior And 
+
+240
+00:13:18,370 --> 00:13:21,250
+we used them in previous lectures as useful
+
+241
+00:13:21,250 --> 00:13:24,310
+reference points to calculate the transference 
+
+242
+00:13:24,310 --> 00:13:27,550
+magnification And we reached a equation that the 
+
+243
+00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:30,370
+transference magnification equals the image
+
+244
+00:13:30,370 --> 00:13:33,690
+distance over the object distance As we said 
+
+245
+00:13:33,690 --> 00:13:36,190
+before, the transference magnification equals the
+
+246
+00:13:36,190 --> 00:13:39,430
+image height over the object height اليوم احنا ظهرت 
+
+247
+00:13:39,430 --> 00:13:43,290
+عندنا نقاط مرجعية جديدة اسمها ال principle points
+
+248
+00:13:43,290 --> 00:13:47,330
+ال anterior principle point اللي انا بقشر عليها
+
+249
+00:13:47,330 --> 00:13:51,150
+الآن بال mouse و ال posterior principle point هاي
+
+250
+00:13:51,150 --> 00:13:53,890
+anterior principle point و posterior principle
+
+251
+00:13:53,890 --> 00:13:57,370
+point anterior principle pointand posterior
+
+252
+00:13:57,370 --> 00:13:59,710
+principal point and here the same thing anterior
+
+253
+00:13:59,710 --> 00:14:03,690
+and posterior principal point the summary of the 
+
+254
+00:14:03,690 --> 00:14:06,450
+speech is that I can also measure the image 
+
+255
+00:14:06,450 --> 00:14:09,770
+distance from the posterior principal point that I 
+
+256
+00:14:09,770 --> 00:14:15,190
+mark to the image to the image so I can use three
+
+257
+00:14:15,190 --> 00:14:18,630
+reference things I start with the measurement of
+
+258
+00:14:18,630 --> 00:14:21,150
+the image location the image location is the same
+
+259
+00:14:21,150 --> 00:14:23,390
+as the image distance is the same as the image
+
+260
+00:14:23,390 --> 00:14:25,270
+distance which is the location of the image or the
+
+261
+00:14:25,270 --> 00:14:29,020
+distance of the imagebetween it and the optical
+
+262
+00:14:29,020 --> 00:14:32,060
+system which is the lens first of all, I can get 
+
+263
+00:14:32,060 --> 00:14:34,880
+it from the back surface second of all, I can get
+
+264
+00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,060
+it from the posterior nodal point the posterior
+
+265
+00:14:37,060 --> 00:14:39,860
+nodal point sometimes applies to the back surface 
+
+266
+00:14:39,860 --> 00:14:42,820
+and sometimes doesn't apply to the back surface 
+
+267
+00:14:42,820 --> 00:14:45,920
+third of all, so from the back surface first of 
+
+268
+00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:48,640
+all, from the posterior nodal point second of all, 
+
+269
+00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:51,800
+and from the posterior principal point third of
+
+270
+00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:55,790
+all, so I can use the posterior principal pointas 
+
+271
+00:14:55,790 --> 00:14:58,550
+a reference point, I start from there the
+
+272
+00:14:58,550 --> 00:15:00,890
+measurement as the beginning of the measurement 
+
+273
+00:15:00,890 --> 00:15:04,410
+And you can ask, well, nodal points, we know that
+
+274
+00:15:04,410 --> 00:15:07,710
+they are pairs of reference points, also principal
+
+275
+00:15:07,710 --> 00:15:11,330
+points, another pair of reference points, you can
+
+276
+00:15:11,330 --> 00:15:13,190
+say, well, what .. I mean, why are there so many 
+
+277
+00:15:13,190 --> 00:15:16,870
+reference points? Of course, nodal points have 
+
+278
+00:15:16,870 --> 00:15:20,470
+benefits, and principal points have benefits and 
+
+279
+00:15:20,470 --> 00:15:24,040
+other actionsHe will explain it in his time. In 
+
+280
+00:15:24,040 --> 00:15:27,420
+the end, I have a lot of references. The first 
+
+281
+00:15:27,420 --> 00:15:29,900
+reference, the first reference that we learned
+
+282
+00:15:29,900 --> 00:15:32,380
+about in this subject which is the optical axis, 
+
+283
+00:15:33,220 --> 00:15:36,640
+which draws the object and draws the image whether 
+
+284
+00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:40,170
+above or below The optical axis and it measures the
+
+285
+00:15:40,170 --> 00:15:42,970
+heights from the optical axis, from the optical 
+
+286
+00:15:42,970 --> 00:15:45,170
+axis by measuring the height of the object and 
+
+287
+00:15:45,170 --> 00:15:47,550
+measuring the height of the image So the line of 
+
+288
+00:15:47,550 --> 00:15:49,930
+the optical axis, which is the axis of the lens or 
+
+289
+00:15:49,930 --> 00:15:53,870
+the axis of the optical system is a reference
+
+290
+00:15:53,870 --> 00:15:56,950
+thing and it measures the heights from ithigher
+
+291
+00:15:56,950 --> 00:16:00,370
+and lower than it now the reference points that we
+
+292
+00:16:00,370 --> 00:16:03,250
+passed which are anterior and posterior nodal
+
+293
+00:16:03,250 --> 00:16:07,250
+point and anterior and posterior principal point I 
+
+294
+00:16:07,250 --> 00:16:10,370
+can use them in many measurements and one of them
+
+295
+00:16:10,370 --> 00:16:14,070
+is the measurement of image location which means I
+
+296
+00:16:14,070 --> 00:16:16,330
+can measure from the posterior principal point to
+
+297
+00:16:16,330 --> 00:16:19,350
+the image of course through the optical axis I can
+
+298
+00:16:19,350 --> 00:16:21,710
+measure from the posterior nodal point to the 
+
+299
+00:16:21,710 --> 00:16:25,260
+image I can measure from the back surface of the 
+
+300
+00:16:25,260 --> 00:16:28,320
+lens, the vertex point, which is this vertex
+
+301
+00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:32,500
+point, I can measure from it the distance of the
+
+302
+00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:34,920
+image from the optical system Of course, the image 
+
+303
+00:16:34,920 --> 00:16:38,880
+is not drawn here, not drawn here, but I can
+
+304
+00:16:38,880 --> 00:16:42,160
+measure it when I have the whole picture, I can
+
+305
+00:16:42,160 --> 00:16:45,280
+measure it from one of the three points, the back 
+
+306
+00:16:45,280 --> 00:16:48,420
+surface, or the posterior nodal point, or the
+
+307
+00:16:48,420 --> 00:16:51,150
+posterior principal point We need to note in the 
+
+308
+00:16:51,150 --> 00:16:55,150
+equation that everything that is on the right, the
+
+309
+00:16:55,150 --> 00:17:00,210
+optical system on the right, its sign is plus as
+
+310
+00:17:00,210 --> 00:17:03,350
+distance, and everything that is on the left, its 
+
+311
+00:17:03,350 --> 00:17:08,410
+sign is minus as distance One can say, can the 
+
+312
+00:17:08,410 --> 00:17:10,730
+picture be on the left? Of course the picture can
+
+313
+00:17:10,730 --> 00:17:13,010
+be on the left, and we will get to this in the 
+
+314
+00:17:13,010 --> 00:17:16,510
+subject of imaginary picture or virtual image, and
+
+315
+00:17:16,510 --> 00:17:19,360
+this is not The important thing is that the picture
+
+316
+00:17:19,360 --> 00:17:24,780
+can be on the left and the object is usually on 
+
+317
+00:17:24,780 --> 00:17:27,600
+the left but it can also be on the right and this 
+
+318
+00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:30,040
+will be explained in due course So regardless of
+
+319
+00:17:30,040 --> 00:17:34,300
+everything that is on the right of the optical
+
+320
+00:17:34,300 --> 00:17:38,800
+system, on the right of the lens, its distance is
+
+321
+00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:41,000
+considered positive and everything that is on the 
+
+322
+00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:45,500
+left is considered negative Of course frequently 
+
+323
+00:17:46,030 --> 00:17:49,410
+The image or image distance is measured from the 
+
+324
+00:17:49,410 --> 00:17:58,750
+posterior principal point to the image The
+
+325
+00:17:58,750 --> 00:18:08,150
+principal
+
+326
+00:18:08,150 --> 00:18:12,980
+points like like the nodal points are a pair of 
+
+327
+00:18:12,980 --> 00:18:16,840
+useful reference points يعني المطلوب من الأن لغاية
+
+328
+00:18:16,840 --> 00:18:20,380
+هذه المحاضرة أنه نعرف أن ال two nodal points ال
+
+329
+00:18:20,380 --> 00:18:23,540
+anterior و ال posterior و ال two principal points 
+
+330
+00:18:23,540 --> 00:18:26,740
+ال anterior و ال posterior موجودين على ال optical 
+
+331
+00:18:26,740 --> 00:18:31,980
+axis و هم عبارة عن useful reference point the
+
+332
+00:18:31,980 --> 00:18:34,660
+nodal points and the principal points often
+
+333
+00:18:34,660 --> 00:18:38,090
+overlap غالبا ال nodal pointsand the principal
+
+334
+00:18:38,090 --> 00:18:43,110
+points match each other and they can be in the
+
+335
+00:18:43,110 --> 00:18:46,550
+same place, they all look like one point, not four
+
+336
+00:18:46,550 --> 00:18:50,230
+points, but technically, from a technical point of
+
+337
+00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:52,730
+view and from a geometrical optics point of view,
+
+338
+00:18:53,130 --> 00:18:57,890
+I have to look at إنهم نقات كل واحدة إلها شغلها
+
+339
+00:18:57,890 --> 00:19:02,210
+الخاص فيها whatever reference point is used بغض
+
+340
+00:19:02,210 --> 00:19:05,810
+النظر عن أي نقطة مرجعية أنا بستعمل هل بستعمل ال
+
+341
+00:19:05,810 --> 00:19:08,810
+posterior nodal point ولا ال posterior principal
+
+342
+00:19:08,810 --> 00:19:12,370
+point ولا ال back surface بتاع النسب to meet your 
+
+343
+00:19:12,370 --> 00:19:15,570
+image distance the sign convention is always the 
+
+344
+00:19:15,570 --> 00:19:19,940
+same دائما و أبدا بنساش الإشارة which I want to
+
+345
+00:19:19,940 --> 00:19:22,960
+give to this distance. Do I give it a plus sign or 
+
+346
+00:19:22,960 --> 00:19:25,660
+minus sign? Of course, if the image is on the
+
+347
+00:19:25,660 --> 00:19:28,360
+right of the optical system, we give it a plus. If 
+
+348
+00:19:28,360 --> 00:19:31,000
+it is on the left, we give it a minus. When the
+
+349
+00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:33,740
+image is to the right of the reference point, 
+
+350
+00:19:34,380 --> 00:19:37,580
+image distance is positive. When the image is to 
+
+351
+00:19:37,580 --> 00:19:40,580
+the left of the reference point, the distance is
+
+352
+00:19:40,580 --> 00:19:43,660
+negative. The distance is negative. We stop at
+
+353
+00:19:43,660 --> 00:19:47,020
+this point, and next time, God willing, we will 
+
+354
+00:19:47,020 --> 00:19:50,470
+enter what is called the depth of focus ويعطيكم 
+
+355
+00:19:50,470 --> 00:19:51,130
+العافية 
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/b6q5K7D9s1E.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,684 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,910 --> 00:00:04,210
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. We have today an
+
+2
+00:00:04,210 --> 00:00:09,670
+example of an eight-year-old patient who has right
+
+3
+00:00:09,670 --> 00:00:13,050
+hypermetropia, four prism diopter, and his
+
+4
+00:00:13,050 --> 00:00:16,530
+refraction, the right eye, two prism, and the left
+
+5
+00:00:16,530 --> 00:00:19,570
+eye, minus three, sorry, two diopter, plus two
+
+6
+00:00:19,570 --> 00:00:24,390
+diopter, hypermetropia, and the left eye, minus
+
+7
+00:00:24,390 --> 00:00:27,970
+three diopter, myopia. الان بدناش نلخبط بين كلمة
+
+8
+00:00:27,970 --> 00:00:31,110
+hypertropia، هدي حوال، يعني حوال للأعلى،
+
+9
+00:00:31,110 --> 00:00:34,110
+hypertropia، زي ما الصورة بتوضح أن العين اليمين
+
+10
+00:00:34,110 --> 00:00:37,870
+فيها الحوال جاي للأعلى، العين الشمال straight، و
+
+11
+00:00:37,870 --> 00:00:40,910
+اليمين طالع للأعلى، ده بيسموها hypertropia،
+
+12
+00:00:40,910 --> 00:00:43,770
+الhypermetropia هو refractive error طول نظر، هدى
+
+13
+00:00:43,770 --> 00:00:46,850
+حاجة و هدى حاجة، الhypermetropia بقدر أعبر عنها
+
+14
+00:00:46,850 --> 00:00:53,390
+بكلمة hyperopia. But hypertropia means around. The
+
+15
+00:00:53,390 --> 00:00:56,430
+important thing is that the patient has right
+
+16
+00:00:56,430 --> 00:00:59,030
+hypertropia. The right eye is higher than the left
+
+17
+00:00:59,030 --> 00:01:04,350
+eye by 4 degrees. The refraction in the right eye
+
+18
+00:01:04,350 --> 00:01:09,570
+is plus 2 hypermetropia and the left eye is minus 3
+
+19
+00:01:09,570 --> 00:01:15,670
+myopia. How by this decentration we can overcome
+
+20
+00:01:15,670 --> 00:01:20,170
+his squint or her squint if they are female. Now
+
+21
+00:01:20,170 --> 00:01:22,450
+the answer. Before we start with the answer.
+
+22
+00:01:26,650 --> 00:01:31,250
+The answer, we want to talk about briefly. When we
+
+23
+00:01:31,250 --> 00:01:33,270
+say right hypertropia,
+
+24
+00:01:35,050 --> 00:01:40,400
+this is exactly equal to left hypotropia. What does right
+
+25
+00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:42,900
+hyper mean equals left hyper? When I say that the
+
+26
+00:01:42,900 --> 00:01:47,040
+right eye is up compared to the left eye, I can say
+
+27
+00:01:47,040 --> 00:01:49,860
+that the left eye is down, which is hypo, compared
+
+28
+00:01:49,860 --> 00:01:54,020
+to the right eye. So whether I said right
+
+29
+00:01:54,020 --> 00:01:59,680
+hypertropia
+
+30
+00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:02,920
+or
+
+31
+00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:08,200
+I said left
+
+32
+00:02:10,720 --> 00:02:14,000
+hypotropia, these two expressions express the same
+
+33
+00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:18,170
+thing. So right hyper is the same as left hyper. You
+
+34
+00:02:18,170 --> 00:02:20,390
+can say that you see the left as straight, that's
+
+35
+00:02:20,390 --> 00:02:23,170
+right, it's not straight. But if we compare it with
+
+36
+00:02:23,170 --> 00:02:25,090
+the right eye, what will it be compared to? It
+
+37
+00:02:25,090 --> 00:02:27,550
+will be compared to the right eye. So whether I say
+
+38
+00:02:27,550 --> 00:02:29,970
+right hyper, as shown in the picture in front of
+
+39
+00:02:29,970 --> 00:02:34,510
+me or I say left hypotropia, it's the same thing.
+
+40
+00:02:34,510 --> 00:02:35,730
+What's this going to help me with the
+
+41
+00:02:35,730 --> 00:02:38,990
+decentration? I'll talk about it later. If I wanted
+
+42
+00:02:38,990 --> 00:02:42,400
+to do decentration in both lenses, it means that I
+
+43
+00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:46,340
+consider this hyper and this is hypo. And we always
+
+44
+00:02:46,340 --> 00:02:50,060
+said that when I want the prism to correct the
+
+45
+00:02:50,060 --> 00:02:54,540
+surrounding function, first we have to bring the
+
+46
+00:02:54,540 --> 00:02:55,240
+prism forward.
+
+47
+00:02:59,640 --> 00:03:02,440
+The apex of the prism points towards the
+
+48
+00:03:02,440 --> 00:03:04,420
+circumference. Here it points towards the top,
+
+49
+00:03:04,580 --> 00:03:08,760
+right hyper. The apex is up and the base is down.
+
+50
+00:03:09,180 --> 00:03:11,960
+If I want to do decentration also, it is not
+
+51
+00:03:11,960 --> 00:03:14,160
+enough to do decentration in one lens and it will
+
+52
+00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:20,670
+not be enough by the way, then I will have to I put
+
+53
+00:03:20,670 --> 00:03:22,590
+or make a decentration in front of the other lens
+
+54
+00:03:22,590 --> 00:03:25,870
+which is to the left eye. I want the prism to be
+
+55
+00:03:25,870 --> 00:03:33,770
+facing down to its apex. So
+
+56
+00:03:33,770 --> 00:03:40,290
+it will be here base up, here base up and here base
+
+57
+00:03:40,290 --> 00:03:42,750
+down, because this is hypo, hypo means down, so its
+
+58
+00:03:42,750 --> 00:03:45,170
+apex has to be down.
+
+59
+00:03:47,900 --> 00:03:51,100
+So, what is required is that I remove the center
+
+60
+00:03:51,100 --> 00:03:54,480
+of the left eye's lens in order to give me a base
+
+61
+00:03:54,480 --> 00:03:57,080
+down prism and what is required is that I remove
+
+62
+00:03:57,080 --> 00:04:02,380
+the center of the right eye's
+
+63
+00:04:02,380 --> 00:04:05,120
+lens in order to give me a base down prism and
+
+64
+00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:09,280
+what is required is that I remove also the center of
+
+65
+00:04:09,280 --> 00:04:12,640
+the left eye, so that it gives me a base up prism.
+
+66
+00:04:12,640 --> 00:04:16,480
+Base up prism should be a set of two prisms.
+
+67
+00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:23,420
+equals four prisms. equals four prisms. فبتالي هذه
+
+68
+00:04:23,420 --> 00:04:26,580
+القضية بدها تكون واضحة، هذه القضية بدها تكون
+
+69
+00:04:26,580 --> 00:04:31,760
+واضحة. طيب، الآن ما ننساش أنه العدسة الشمال minus
+
+70
+00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:36,220
+مقطعها الرأسي بالشكل هذا و العدسة اليمين plus
+
+71
+00:04:36,220 --> 00:04:39,740
+مقطعها الرأسي بالشكل هذا. أنا الأربعة prism بدا
+
+72
+00:04:39,740 --> 00:04:42,700
+أجسمهم اتنين prism between the two eyes
+
+73
+00:04:48,460 --> 00:04:51,000
+The main goal is the decentration that is supposed
+
+74
+00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:55,020
+to occur in the right eye, in the right lens,
+
+75
+00:04:55,240 --> 00:04:56,640
+which is plus two diopters.
+
+76
+00:04:59,280 --> 00:05:04,220
+The prismatic effect is
+
+77
+00:05:04,220 --> 00:05:07,000
+equal to H in D. H is what is required, what is
+
+78
+00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:10,280
+required to be known. The prismatic effect is
+
+79
+00:05:10,280 --> 00:05:14,640
+supposed to be two prisms to the right equal to H
+
+80
+00:05:15,270 --> 00:05:19,290
+اللي بدي أعرفها و دي اللي هي اتنين ديوتر اتنين
+
+81
+00:05:19,290 --> 00:05:29,070
+ديوتر إذا H H تساوي H small تساوي
+
+82
+00:05:30,230 --> 00:05:36,310
+2x2 means 1 cm. So the center should move 1 cm
+
+83
+00:06:00,310 --> 00:06:07,970
+down. Decentration down. The
+
+84
+00:06:07,970 --> 00:06:13,850
+prism must go down by 1 cm. This is for the right
+
+85
+00:06:13,850 --> 00:06:21,030
+eye. So, for the right eye
+
+86
+00:06:21,030 --> 00:06:24,390
+the left eye
+
+87
+00:06:32,190 --> 00:06:35,930
+In the left eye, we say that the prismatic effect
+
+88
+00:06:35,930 --> 00:06:44,150
+is equal to H in D, and it is equal to the
+
+89
+00:06:44,150 --> 00:06:46,710
+required prismatic effect, which is equal to two
+
+90
+00:06:46,710 --> 00:06:52,090
+prisms. We fixed two prisms in the right eye, and we
+
+91
+00:06:52,090 --> 00:06:53,870
+want to fix two more prisms, which is the
+
+92
+00:06:53,870 --> 00:06:58,050
+circumference of the whole, okay? Equal to H, I
+
+93
+00:06:58,050 --> 00:07:00,490
+want to know how much I want to move, in D, which
+
+94
+00:07:00,490 --> 00:07:03,290
+is the diopter of the left lens, which is three.
+
+95
+00:07:04,130 --> 00:07:16,110
+So, H is equal to two over three, two centimeters.
+
+96
+00:07:18,290 --> 00:07:22,690
+It's equal to
+
+97
+00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:28,850
+about 6.6 millimeters. So, where do I move it to
+
+98
+00:07:28,850 --> 00:07:32,390
+give me a base up prism? Do I move it up?
+
+99
+00:07:38,530 --> 00:07:42,150
+Do I
+
+100
+00:07:42,150 --> 00:07:46,230
+move it up or down? If I move it up, it will give
+
+101
+00:07:46,230 --> 00:07:50,220
+me a base down effect. بس ده غلط لإن أنا المطلوب
+
+102
+00:07:50,220 --> 00:07:53,800
+بالنسبة إلي لبريزم لإن هي hypo بالنسبة لل right
+
+103
+00:07:53,800 --> 00:07:57,940
+eye وكأنه هي hypo بتنين وهذه hyper بتنين الفرق
+
+104
+00:07:57,940 --> 00:08:02,340
+بينهم أربعة prism. أربعة prism. فبالتالي عشان أحصل
+
+105
+00:08:02,340 --> 00:08:06,480
+على based up effect لازم أيضا ال center بتاع
+
+106
+00:08:06,480 --> 00:08:09,980
+العدسة ال minus ينزل لتحت فبتصير العين تتطلع من
+
+107
+00:08:09,980 --> 00:08:15,560
+based up prism. إذا أيضا down decentration.
+
+108
+00:08:17,810 --> 00:08:22,670
+Down decentration, this is the point we wanted to
+
+109
+00:08:22,670 --> 00:08:26,510
+point out. Point out. Ok, now a person can ask a
+
+110
+00:08:26,510 --> 00:08:31,690
+question and say, I can calculate the amount of
+
+111
+00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:35,810
+the prismatic effect, or the prismatic difference
+
+112
+00:08:35,810 --> 00:08:38,790
+between the two eyes is unequal, here we say, we
+
+113
+00:08:38,790 --> 00:08:42,910
+want to fix two prisms for the right eye and two
+
+114
+00:08:42,910 --> 00:08:46,310
+prisms for the left eye, this one fixes two prisms
+
+115
+00:08:46,310 --> 00:08:47,870
+for me, and this one fixes two prisms for you. Can
+
+116
+00:08:47,870 --> 00:08:51,510
+the left eye fix three prisms and the right eye
+
+117
+00:08:51,510 --> 00:08:54,290
+fix one prism? Yes, it is possible, very possible.
+
+118
+00:08:54,290 --> 00:08:58,930
+Let's see how the solution will be. We say as
+
+119
+00:08:58,930 --> 00:09:04,620
+follows: For the right eye. The right eye of 4 prisms correct
+
+120
+00:09:04,620 --> 00:09:08,200
+to only 1 prism.
+
+121
+00:09:32,820 --> 00:09:35,660
+It's equal to one over two, which is half a
+
+122
+00:09:35,660 --> 00:09:40,160
+centimeter. When also down-decentration to get a
+
+123
+00:09:40,160 --> 00:09:43,840
+base down effect before the right high. So down
+
+124
+00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:45,560
+-decentration is five millimeters.
+
+125
+00:09:49,740 --> 00:09:51,180
+And this can be done practically.
+
+126
+00:10:03,550 --> 00:10:11,350
+Down decentration now for the left eye.
+
+127
+00:10:11,350 --> 00:10:16,230
+The
+
+128
+00:10:16,230 --> 00:10:18,310
+prismatic effect is that I have three prisms that
+
+129
+00:10:18,310 --> 00:10:21,550
+I want to correct. I corrected one prism, so we say
+
+130
+00:10:21,550 --> 00:10:24,050
+that the prismatic effect is equal to h times d,
+
+131
+00:10:24,050 --> 00:10:27,750
+which I want to get, of course, I want three prisms.
+
+132
+00:10:27,750 --> 00:10:32,440
+Equal to H, which is unknown to me, divided by D,
+
+133
+00:10:32,540 --> 00:10:34,660
+which is three, which is the power of the negative
+
+134
+00:10:34,660 --> 00:10:41,720
+lens of my left eye. So, H is equal to
+
+135
+00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:46,320
+one centimeter. So, I also need down-decentration to
+
+136
+00:10:46,320 --> 00:10:48,960
+get a base-up effect. Down-decentration.
+
+137
+00:10:56,270 --> 00:11:00,230
+في الحالتين في العينتين down في العينتين down سواء
+
+138
+00:11:00,230 --> 00:11:05,390
+استخدمت جسمت الprismatic quantity
+
+139
+00:11:05,390 --> 00:11:09,790
+of squint كمية الحول بالبرزمات جسمته بالتساوي بين
+
+140
+00:11:09,790 --> 00:11:13,410
+العينتين أو جسمته بدون تساوي بين العينتين هشتغل
+
+141
+00:11:13,410 --> 00:11:16,410
+على ال apprentice rule اللي هي الprismatic effect
+
+142
+00:11:16,410 --> 00:11:21,980
+بتاع ال lens يسوى H في D يسوى H في D. Here, the
+
+143
+00:11:21,980 --> 00:11:26,480
+decentration is 1 cm on the right and 6.6 cm on
+
+144
+00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:30,440
+the left. Here, the concentration is 0.5 cm on the
+
+145
+00:11:30,440 --> 00:11:34,480
+right and 1 cm on the left, 1 cm on the left. All
+
+146
+00:11:34,480 --> 00:11:36,320
+the quantities are accepted whether you follow
+
+147
+00:11:36,320 --> 00:11:41,360
+this way or that way. Usually, the lens that has
+
+148
+00:11:41,360 --> 00:11:44,060
+refractive error, usually
+
+149
+00:11:49,370 --> 00:12:06,930
+we use, or let's say, usually the lens with
+
+150
+00:12:06,930 --> 00:12:14,910
+the higher power accounts
+
+151
+00:12:14,910 --> 00:12:15,390
+for
+
+152
+00:12:19,630 --> 00:12:26,290
+prismatic, or accounts more for prismatic, more for
+
+153
+00:12:26,290 --> 00:12:32,890
+prismatic correction, or prismatic effect. So if I
+
+154
+00:12:32,890 --> 00:12:36,430
+have two lenses, the first one for example has
+
+155
+00:12:36,430 --> 00:12:38,010
+four diopters and the second one has eight
+
+156
+00:12:38,010 --> 00:12:41,230
+diopters, the concentration of the eight diopters
+
+157
+00:12:41,230 --> 00:12:45,690
+gives me more effect than the concentration of the
+
+158
+00:12:45,690 --> 00:12:48,170
+four diopters. That's why I focus on the lens that
+
+159
+00:12:48,170 --> 00:12:54,010
+has a high refractive error or high power, because
+
+160
+00:12:54,010 --> 00:12:56,770
+the least concentration of concentration will give
+
+161
+00:12:56,770 --> 00:12:59,420
+me effect. In other words, if I move the fourth
+
+162
+00:12:59,420 --> 00:13:02,460
+diopter by one centimeter, it will give me four
+
+163
+00:13:02,460 --> 00:13:05,980
+prisms, while if I move the eighth diopter by one
+
+164
+00:13:05,980 --> 00:13:09,200
+centimeter, it will give me eight prisms. So, this
+
+165
+00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:12,260
+is a rule that is necessary for us in order to
+
+166
+00:13:12,260 --> 00:13:16,960
+divide the surrounding area and correct it with
+
+167
+00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:20,890
+prismatic decentration, or the prismatic effect by
+
+168
+00:13:20,890 --> 00:13:25,950
+decentration of lenses. يعني المفروض ناخد بالنا أنه
+
+169
+00:13:25,950 --> 00:13:31,090
+ال lens الأقوى بن .. بنعطيها حصة أكبر من الحوار
+
+170
+00:13:31,090 --> 00:13:34,110
+هنا بتنتهي المسألة ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+171
+00:13:34,110 --> 00:13:35,730
+ورحمة الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/b_2PfffxlHE.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1710 @@
+
+1
+00:00:00,520 --> 00:00:05,080
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنستكمل مع محاضرات الـ 
+
+2
+00:00:05,080 --> 00:00:09,880
+Geometric Optics، واتوقفنا عند الـ Central Ray for
+
+3
+00:00:09,880 --> 00:00:14,280
+Mirrors، أو الشعاع الرئيسي للمرايا، The Central
+
+4
+00:00:14,280 --> 00:00:17,380
+Ray for Mirrors is just as useful as the Central
+
+5
+00:00:17,380 --> 00:00:21,260
+Ray for Lenses. means that the central ray is 
+
+6
+00:00:21,260 --> 00:00:26,840
+useful in
+
+7
+00:00:26,840 --> 00:00:30,560
+the case of mirrors as well as in the case of
+
+8
+00:00:30,560 --> 00:00:36,500
+lenses because if image location is determined by 
+
+9
+00:00:36,500 --> 00:00:39,920
+vergence calculations if we use the vergence
+
+10
+00:00:39,920 --> 00:00:43,320
+equation u plus p equals v to determine the 
+
+11
+00:00:43,320 --> 00:00:47,570
+location of the image which is the image location.
+
+12
+00:00:48,030 --> 00:00:51,710
+The central ray helps us directly by indicating 
+
+13
+00:00:51,710 --> 00:00:54,590
+the orientation and size of the image. The 
+
+14
+00:00:54,590 --> 00:00:57,530
+orientation means if it is above the optical axis 
+
+15
+00:00:57,530 --> 00:00:59,730
+or below the optical axis, which means straight or
+
+16
+00:00:59,730 --> 00:01:02,990
+curved. And the size means the magnification of
+
+17
+00:01:02,990 --> 00:01:07,040
+the image, which will be shown later. The first 
+
+18
+00:01:07,040 --> 00:01:11,020
+thing is what is the central ray for mirror? The 
+
+19
+00:01:11,020 --> 00:01:14,600
+central ray is any ray from any point that enters 
+
+20
+00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:17,320
+the center of the curvature, not in the focus. We 
+
+21
+00:01:17,320 --> 00:01:21,500
+said R from the center of the ball, which is the
+
+22
+00:01:21,500 --> 00:01:25,270
+mirror is part of it from R to 2F, which means that 
+
+23
+00:01:25,270 --> 00:01:27,750
+half of the distance is equal to F. This is called 
+
+24
+00:01:27,750 --> 00:01:30,110
+a central rail because it enters the center. It 
+
+25
+00:01:30,110 --> 00:01:34,830
+enters the center of the woman's sphere. Here, 
+
+26
+00:01:35,070 --> 00:01:39,650
+too, for the convex mirror, the mirrors behind it
+
+27
+00:01:39,650 --> 00:01:45,170
+in the virtual space, فبالتالي أي central ray موجه
+
+28
+00:01:45,170 --> 00:01:50,790
+باتجاهه، أي خط لو مدناه، طبعا الضوء مش هيخترق، مش
+
+29
+00:01:50,790 --> 00:01:55,970
+هيخترق المرايو، لكن هينعكس، بس أي واحد، أي ray، من
+
+30
+00:01:55,970 --> 00:02:03,430
+أي نقطة، امتداده بيدخل فيه R in the center of the 
+
+31
+00:02:03,430 --> 00:02:09,930
+mirror is considered a central area Note that 
+
+32
+00:02:09,930 --> 00:02:13,310
+using the ratio of image distance to object
+
+33
+00:02:13,310 --> 00:02:16,450
+distance to calculate the size of the image, the
+
+34
+00:02:16,450 --> 00:02:20,210
+image and object distances are measured either 
+
+35
+00:02:20,210 --> 00:02:23,690
+from the center of curvature of the mirror or from
+
+36
+00:02:23,690 --> 00:02:25,190
+the surface of the mirror 
+
+37
+00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:32,240
+هي أنا عندي ال image، هيها، مش واضحة كتير، بس هنا
+
+38
+00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:35,440
+.. هنا في المنطقة هاي، ال image بتاعة الشامعة، وهي 
+
+39
+00:02:35,440 --> 00:02:40,860
+ال object إذا أنا بده أجيس، ممكن أقول .. اعتمد ال 
+
+40
+00:02:40,860 --> 00:02:43,500
+center of curvature أجيس منه، أقول هاي ال object
+
+41
+00:02:43,500 --> 00:02:46,820
+distance from here to here and this is image 
+
+42
+00:02:46,820 --> 00:02:50,220
+distance when I divide image distance by object
+
+43
+00:02:50,220 --> 00:02:53,920
+distance I get transphase magnification or I can
+
+44
+00:02:53,920 --> 00:02:56,340
+depend on the surface of the mirror I say this is 
+
+45
+00:02:56,340 --> 00:02:58,240
+image distance from the image to the surface of
+
+46
+00:02:58,240 --> 00:03:02,100
+the mirror and this is object distance from the
+
+47
+00:03:02,100 --> 00:03:04,400
+object to the surface of the mirror, regardless of 
+
+48
+00:03:04,400 --> 00:03:07,140
+which one is extended, the answer will be the same 
+
+49
+00:03:07,140 --> 00:03:10,320
+in both cases, that is, the answer is correct and 
+
+50
+00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:13,040
+there is no difference between them, so the point 
+
+51
+00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:15,480
+of measurement for the object distance and for the
+
+52
+00:03:15,480 --> 00:03:18,120
+image distance is either the center, that is, from 
+
+53
+00:03:18,120 --> 00:03:21,000
+here to here image distance and from here to here 
+
+54
+00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:24,780
+object distance or the surface of the mirror,
+
+55
+00:03:25,940 --> 00:03:28,420
+which is from the surface of the mirror to the 
+
+56
+00:03:28,420 --> 00:03:32,130
+object from the surface of the mirror to the object
+
+57
+00:03:32,130 --> 00:03:34,470
+is considered object distance and from the surface
+
+58
+00:03:34,470 --> 00:03:37,370
+of the mirror to the image is considered image 
+
+59
+00:03:37,370 --> 00:03:41,850
+distance whether the mirror is concave or convex
+
+60
+00:03:41,850 --> 00:03:44,430
+in the case of convex convex either I measure the
+
+61
+00:03:44,430 --> 00:03:47,170
+object distance from the center to the object and
+
+62
+00:03:47,170 --> 00:03:49,430
+the image distance from the center to the object
+
+63
+00:03:49,430 --> 00:03:51,190
+or if I want to measure from the surface of the 
+
+64
+00:03:51,190 --> 00:03:53,790
+mirror I say this is the image distance 
+
+65
+00:03:57,770 --> 00:04:00,210
+and this is the object distance and of course
+
+66
+00:04:00,210 --> 00:04:03,210
+numerically it can either be measured or I can get 
+
+67
+00:04:03,210 --> 00:04:05,510
+it by vergence calculations by vergence
+
+68
+00:04:05,510 --> 00:04:24,170
+calculations there is actually a drawing the 
+
+69
+00:04:24,170 --> 00:04:25,170
+vergence calculations
+
+70
+00:04:28,540 --> 00:04:32,340
+بالنسبة لـ vergence calculations, because a plane 
+
+71
+00:04:32,340 --> 00:04:35,420
+mirror adds no vergence to light but simply 
+
+72
+00:04:35,420 --> 00:04:38,580
+reverses its direction, vergence does not change 
+
+73
+00:04:38,580 --> 00:04:43,040
+when light is reflected. For example, light from
+
+74
+00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:46,280
+an object one meter to the left of a plane mirror
+
+75
+00:04:46,280 --> 00:04:50,820
+has a vergence of minus one diopter at the mirror.
+
+76
+00:04:52,580 --> 00:04:55,960
+On reflection, the reflection will still be minus 
+
+77
+00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:59,540
+one diopter. However, in tracing imaginary 
+
+78
+00:04:59,540 --> 00:05:04,040
+extensions of the reflected image rays to the far 
+
+79
+00:05:04,040 --> 00:05:06,760
+side of the mirror into virtual image space, the
+
+80
+00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:10,280
+virtual image is located one meter to the right of 
+
+81
+00:05:10,280 --> 00:05:13,400
+the mirror. Let's see how to understand this issue 
+
+82
+00:05:13,400 --> 00:05:19,100
+so that we don't have any problem. Let's take a
+
+83
+00:05:19,100 --> 00:05:20,080
+plain mirror with us. 
+
+84
+00:05:26,120 --> 00:05:34,540
+and we go to the place where we stopped this is
+
+85
+00:05:34,540 --> 00:05:36,940
+the virgin's calculations, we put the picture here 
+
+86
+00:05:36,940 --> 00:05:40,000
+and
+
+87
+00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:46,060
+we make it smaller and 
+
+88
+00:05:46,060 --> 00:05:49,680
+we say since the man stands at a distance of one 
+
+89
+00:05:49,680 --> 00:05:53,550
+meter, so I have one meter one meter the object
+
+90
+00:05:53,550 --> 00:05:57,190
+distance one meter to the left of a plane mirror
+
+91
+00:05:57,190 --> 00:06:00,550
+one meter to the left of a plane mirror let's see
+
+92
+00:06:00,550 --> 00:06:03,110
+where the picture will show up Virgin's
+
+93
+00:06:03,110 --> 00:06:06,610
+Calculations Calculations means u is equal to 
+
+94
+00:06:06,610 --> 00:06:12,670
+negative n over o and is equal to negative one
+
+95
+00:06:12,670 --> 00:06:16,870
+over one meter and is equal to negative one
+
+96
+00:06:16,870 --> 00:06:20,750
+diopter So, when the refractive field of light
+
+97
+00:06:20,750 --> 00:06:22,870
+reaches the object, 
+
+98
+00:06:26,290 --> 00:06:29,550
+it reaches a refractive field of minus one diode. 
+
+99
+00:06:29,670 --> 00:06:40,900
+U plus P equals V. U equals minus one diode. plus 
+
+100
+00:06:40,900 --> 00:06:44,480
+power is zero, the level of power is zero, it is 
+
+101
+00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:47,100
+neither convergence nor divergence, it does not 
+
+102
+00:06:47,100 --> 00:06:49,940
+change from the fluctuation state to the light, so
+
+103
+00:06:49,940 --> 00:06:56,540
+plus zero is equal to V, so V is equal to minus
+
+104
+00:06:56,540 --> 00:07:00,070
+one diopter As long as the light reached a 
+
+105
+00:07:00,070 --> 00:07:03,190
+wavelength of minus 1 diopter and went out a
+
+106
+00:07:03,190 --> 00:07:06,570
+wavelength of minus 1 diopter, then the wavelength
+
+107
+00:07:06,570 --> 00:07:11,230
+did not change at all. What happened is that the 
+
+108
+00:07:11,230 --> 00:07:13,650
+light that came from this object reached a 
+
+109
+00:07:13,650 --> 00:07:17,290
+wavelength and returned to a wavelength and 
+
+110
+00:07:17,290 --> 00:07:20,190
+returned to a wavelength 
+
+111
+00:07:49,580 --> 00:07:56,860
+متشتت عن بعضها البعض بمقدار تشتتية مقدارها واحد 
+
+112
+00:07:58,960 --> 00:08:01,040
+Diopter, minus one diopter. 
+
+113
+00:08:05,180 --> 00:08:05,860
+Divergent. 
+
+114
+00:08:12,320 --> 00:08:16,260
+Let's see 
+
+115
+00:08:16,260 --> 00:08:22,040
+where the image is. Let's say V is equal to I.
+
+116
+00:08:28,970 --> 00:08:35,030
+I is small, then I is equal to condition on V
+
+117
+00:08:35,030 --> 00:08:42,670
+which is equal to condition 1 on V which is minus
+
+118
+00:08:42,670 --> 00:08:47,170
+1 diopter which
+
+119
+00:08:47,170 --> 00:08:52,540
+is equal to minus 1 meter Now we have to pay 
+
+120
+00:08:52,540 --> 00:08:53,720
+attention to the fact that there is a distance of 
+
+121
+00:08:53,720 --> 00:08:57,820
+minus one meter in the lenses to the left. Of 
+
+122
+00:08:57,820 --> 00:08:59,540
+course, in the pictures we said that the image 
+
+123
+00:08:59,540 --> 00:09:02,180
+space is inverted. So, if it was in the lens, it
+
+124
+00:09:02,180 --> 00:09:03,840
+would be on the left and this would be on the
+
+125
+00:09:03,840 --> 00:09:08,240
+right due to the divergence of the rays. So, image 
+
+126
+00:09:08,240 --> 00:09:17,140
+is one meter to the right. If you notice, the
+
+127
+00:09:17,140 --> 00:09:19,620
+distance of the body when we started the example
+
+128
+00:09:21,330 --> 00:09:24,270
+The distance of the body is one meter to the left,
+
+129
+00:09:24,850 --> 00:09:27,730
+and the distance of the image is one meter to the 
+
+130
+00:09:27,730 --> 00:09:31,670
+right. And as long as the image distance is one 
+
+131
+00:09:31,670 --> 00:09:36,370
+over the object distance, one over one, then the
+
+132
+00:09:36,370 --> 00:09:42,350
+image جد الجسم في الحجم erect و جد الجسم في الحجم
+
+133
+00:09:42,350 --> 00:09:46,310
+جد الجسم في الحجم فبالتالي هذه القضية ضروري تكون 
+
+134
+00:09:46,310 --> 00:09:51,770
+واضحة جدا، ضروري تكون واضحة جدا، فبالتالي هذا هو 
+
+135
+00:09:51,770 --> 00:09:55,230
+ال vergence calculations بالنسبة ل ال plane mirror 
+
+136
+00:09:55,230 --> 00:10:01,430
+و ال plane mirror قوتها صفر، قوتها صفر Of course,
+
+137
+00:10:01,490 --> 00:10:04,310
+this place is called virtual image space because 
+
+138
+00:10:04,310 --> 00:10:08,070
+virtual image means that what is behind the mirror 
+
+139
+00:10:08,070 --> 00:10:10,550
+is actually a space that does not exist. I mean,
+
+140
+00:10:10,630 --> 00:10:13,350
+we look at our picture in the mirror, but if we
+
+141
+00:10:13,350 --> 00:10:15,910
+look behind the mirror, there is nothing because
+
+142
+00:10:15,910 --> 00:10:19,530
+the light reaches the mirror and is reflected. I 
+
+143
+00:10:19,530 --> 00:10:23,330
+mean, this is the active space for the mirror The 
+
+144
+00:10:23,330 --> 00:10:26,170
+light goes and comes in this area, it has nothing 
+
+145
+00:10:26,170 --> 00:10:29,430
+to do with what's behind it. But we see along the 
+
+146
+00:10:29,430 --> 00:10:34,870
+rays, we see our image. We see our image. Of 
+
+147
+00:10:34,870 --> 00:10:37,610
+course, the rays actually reached the mirror and 
+
+148
+00:10:37,610 --> 00:10:41,830
+reflected in the same direction that came from it. 
+
+149
+00:10:41,870 --> 00:10:43,750
+In the same direction that came from it. In 
+
+150
+00:10:43,750 --> 00:10:48,530
+general. Plain mirrors create upright, as you can
+
+151
+00:10:48,530 --> 00:10:54,130
+see. a bright virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية a
+
+152
+00:10:54,130 --> 00:10:55,890
+bright virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية a bright 
+
+153
+00:10:55,890 --> 00:10:57,250
+virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية a bright virtual
+
+154
+00:10:57,250 --> 00:11:00,570
+image, صورة مش حقيقية a bright virtual image, صورة 
+
+155
+00:11:00,570 --> 00:11:02,430
+مش حقيقية a bright virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية a
+
+156
+00:11:02,430 --> 00:11:04,370
+bright virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية a bright 
+
+157
+00:11:04,370 --> 00:11:07,790
+virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية a bright virtual
+
+158
+00:11:07,790 --> 00:11:10,510
+image, صورة مش حقيقية a bright virtual image, صورة
+
+159
+00:11:10,510 --> 00:11:15,910
+مش حقيقية a bright virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية
+
+160
+00:11:16,150 --> 00:11:19,870
+Any real object in its virtual form. Why? Because 
+
+161
+00:11:19,870 --> 00:11:23,110
+the real object is actually made of divergent
+
+162
+00:11:23,110 --> 00:11:27,250
+things. Divergent rays. If we add zero to it, the 
+
+163
+00:11:27,250 --> 00:11:30,270
+power of the mirror, it will remain divergent. I
+
+164
+00:11:30,270 --> 00:11:36,640
+have a debt of ten dinars وماعيش أسده فبيضل عندي
+
+165
+00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:41,360
+عشر دينار، اذا مافيش عندي قوة سداد المستوى القوة
+
+166
+00:11:41,360 --> 00:11:47,500
+عندها صفر With virtual images located as far
+
+167
+00:11:47,500 --> 00:11:50,880
+behind the mirror as the real object is in front،
+
+168
+00:11:50,880 --> 00:11:56,340
+اذا هذه قاعدة plain mirrors Plain mirrors create a 
+
+169
+00:11:56,340 --> 00:12:00,380
+bright virtual image from real objects طب لو عندي 
+
+170
+00:12:00,380 --> 00:12:04,620
+virtual object بتكونله صورة حقيقية بتكونله صورة
+
+171
+00:12:04,620 --> 00:12:08,540
+حقيقية من وين بده أجيب ال virtual object لو أنا
+
+172
+00:12:08,540 --> 00:12:14,440
+جيبت مثلا شامعة و حطيت أمامها عدسة اللي اتجمع ضوء 
+
+173
+00:12:14,440 --> 00:12:19,250
+الشامعة و أصطدم الضوء و هو convergent in the plane 
+
+174
+00:12:19,250 --> 00:12:21,550
+mirror Convergent for example in the amount of
+
+175
+00:12:21,550 --> 00:12:24,730
+plus 2 to reflect it Convergent in the amount of
+
+176
+00:12:24,730 --> 00:12:27,830
+plus 2 It will neither increase nor decrease in
+
+177
+00:12:27,830 --> 00:12:30,510
+the fluctuation state of light So the virtual
+
+178
+00:12:30,510 --> 00:12:33,930
+object Here is also another rule derived from this
+
+179
+00:12:33,930 --> 00:12:37,570
+rule We write it so that we do not forget to say 
+
+180
+00:12:37,570 --> 00:12:47,170
+plane mirrors create real image
+
+181
+00:12:53,110 --> 00:13:00,670
+of virtual objects this is also a base 
+
+182
+00:13:22,490 --> 00:13:31,030
+So, plane mirrors create real
+
+183
+00:13:31,030 --> 00:13:37,050
+images of virtual objects of virtual objects and 
+
+184
+00:13:37,050 --> 00:13:41,750
+plane mirrors create upright virtual image virtual 
+
+185
+00:13:41,750 --> 00:13:44,910
+image for real objects and real image for virtual 
+
+186
+00:13:44,910 --> 00:13:49,760
+objects عكس بعض، with virtual image located as far
+
+187
+00:13:49,760 --> 00:13:53,500
+behind the mirror as the real object is in front 
+
+188
+00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:56,780
+طيب، 
+
+189
+00:13:56,780 --> 00:14:01,160
+الآن أنا بدي أستعمل المراية واضح أن المراية عندي 
+
+190
+00:14:01,160 --> 00:14:08,100
+يعني من الأرض إلى الصقف مثلا أو إلى طول هذا الرجل،
+
+191
+00:14:08,100 --> 00:14:13,390
+هل الراجل هذا بحتاج كل مراية عشان يشوف؟ he sees
+
+192
+00:14:13,390 --> 00:14:15,610
+himself completely from the bottom of his foot to
+
+193
+00:14:15,610 --> 00:1
+
+223
+00:16:17,050 --> 00:16:20,830
+positive or converging power. If parallel rays
+
+224
+00:16:20,830 --> 00:16:24,270
+strike the mirror, they reflect and converge
+
+225
+00:16:24,270 --> 00:16:28,090
+toward a point halfway to the center of curvature.
+
+226
+00:16:28,270 --> 00:16:29,590
+We see this in simulation.
+
+227
+00:16:32,520 --> 00:16:37,100
+here I have the mirror, I want circular arc here I 
+
+228
+00:16:37,100 --> 00:16:42,260
+have concave mirror
+
+229
+00:16:42,260 --> 00:16:51,720
+here
+
+230
+00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:54,900
+is the concave mirror, I want parallel rays 
+
+231
+00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:04,240
+we have to reduce the density of the rays in order
+
+232
+00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:17,240
+to have parallel rays now 
+
+233
+00:17:17,240 --> 00:17:24,180
+everything 
+
+234
+00:17:24,180 --> 00:17:27,260
+becomes convergence convergence 
+
+235
+00:17:29,450 --> 00:17:34,550
+I'm going to use a very light blocker just to make 
+
+236
+00:17:34,550 --> 00:17:43,210
+things look clear if we
+
+237
+00:17:43,210 --> 00:17:53,090
+make it smaller ok
+
+238
+00:17:53,090 --> 00:17:57,920
+ifParallel rays that come from minus optical 
+
+239
+00:17:57,920 --> 00:18:01,900
+infinity converges to a point, this point is the
+
+240
+00:18:01,900 --> 00:18:02,880
+focus of the mirror 
+
+241
+00:18:22,230 --> 00:18:26,630
+If parallel rays strike the mirror, they reflect 
+
+242
+00:18:26,630 --> 00:18:30,130
+and converge.toward a point halfway to the center
+
+243
+00:18:30,130 --> 00:18:44,030
+of curvature. The focal point
+
+244
+00:18:44,030 --> 00:18:48,930
+F of a concave mirror is not unique for any 
+
+245
+00:18:48,930 --> 00:18:55,100
+central ray can serve as optical axis.Here, this 
+
+246
+00:18:55,100 --> 00:18:57,220
+is the optical axis. The lenses have only one 
+
+247
+00:18:57,220 --> 00:19:02,660
+optical axis, and this is the central ray, which 
+
+248
+00:19:02,660 --> 00:19:06,480
+enters the nodal point. In the mirror, the order 
+
+249
+00:19:06,480 --> 00:19:10,220
+is different. This is the central ray, the blue 
+
+250
+00:19:10,220 --> 00:19:12,580
+one, and this is the central red ray, and this is 
+
+251
+00:19:12,580 --> 00:19:18,770
+the central yellow ray. Each light rayكل light ray 
+
+252
+00:19:18,770 --> 00:19:22,010
+بدخل في ال center بتاع ال curvature يعتبر central
+
+253
+00:19:22,010 --> 00:19:37,670
+ray طيب لو أنا عندي object هذا
+
+254
+00:19:37,670 --> 00:19:41,390
+ال object موجود
+
+255
+00:19:41,390 --> 00:19:41,610
+هنا 
+
+256
+00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:52,560
+I will consider the blue line to be the optical
+
+257
+00:19:52,560 --> 00:19:56,920
+axis and the axis from the center to the surface 
+
+258
+00:19:56,920 --> 00:20:00,860
+from the middle here is F, this is F So here there
+
+259
+00:20:00,860 --> 00:20:10,760
+is a focal point Ok, if the object was in 
+
+260
+00:20:10,760 --> 00:20:17,610
+this area or in this areaSo, the red line is the 
+
+261
+00:20:17,610 --> 00:20:20,490
+central ray. Central ray because I can consider it
+
+262
+00:20:20,490 --> 00:20:23,750
+the optical axis and half the distance from the
+
+263
+00:20:23,750 --> 00:20:26,770
+center to this surface is the focus. So, here it
+
+264
+00:20:26,770 --> 00:20:28,490
+is very focused, here it is very focused, here it
+
+265
+00:20:28,490 --> 00:20:30,810
+is very focused, here it is very focused. Every
+
+266
+00:20:30,810 --> 00:20:43,450
+central ray, this is a rule, every central ray in
+
+267
+00:20:43,450 --> 00:20:44,250
+mirrors
+
+268
+00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:54,860
+can work or can act as optical axis so 
+
+269
+00:20:54,860 --> 00:20:57,920
+it's not a specific optical axis as long as I have
+
+270
+00:20:57,920 --> 00:21:03,030
+more than one optical axisفي عندي أكتر من focus،
+
+271
+00:21:03,030 --> 00:21:05,770
+هنا focal point، طبعا anterior مع posterior
+
+272
+00:21:05,770 --> 00:21:08,070
+منطبقين على بعضهم، هنا نفس الاشياء، هنا نفس
+
+273
+00:21:08,070 --> 00:21:11,410
+الاشياء، هنا نفس الاشياء، كيف أحسبه نص المسافة من
+
+274
+00:21:11,410 --> 00:21:15,250
+C لسطح المرأة؟ يعني نص المسافة من C لسطح المرأة، 
+
+275
+00:21:15,250 --> 00:21:18,730
+نص .. طبعا هدولة كلهم متساوين لأنهم أنصاف أكترIt's 
+
+276
+00:21:18,730 --> 00:21:22,110
+always and always F equals F equals F, but I have 
+
+277
+00:21:22,110 --> 00:21:25,430
+more than F, I have more than F. So, the focal 
+
+278
+00:21:25,430 --> 00:21:29,610
+point F of a concave mirror is not unique, it's 
+
+279
+00:21:29,610 --> 00:21:33,550
+not a unique one, it's not similar to it. Why is
+
+280
+00:21:33,550 --> 00:21:36,570
+it not unique? Because for any central ray it can 
+
+281
+00:21:36,570 --> 00:21:40,550
+serve as an optical axis. Any central ray in the 
+
+282
+00:21:40,550 --> 00:21:45,050
+mirror can serve, can perform the function of the
+
+283
+00:21:45,050 --> 00:21:49,160
+optical axis.Not only that, the anterior and 
+
+284
+00:21:49,160 --> 00:21:53,020
+posterior focal points of a concave mirror are in
+
+285
+00:21:53,020 --> 00:21:54,740
+exactly the same place 
+
+286
+00:22:06,050 --> 00:22:07,890
+means that it is not in the world of the mirror.
+
+287
+00:22:08,030 --> 00:22:10,150
+The mirror is a world where everything is opposite 
+
+288
+00:22:10,150 --> 00:22:12,730
+to it. Light is coming, then light is going back.
+
+289
+00:22:12,790 --> 00:22:16,950
+It is as if this world is blurred and here only
+
+290
+00:22:16,950 --> 00:22:20,350
+light is in its field to form a picture for it to
+
+291
+00:22:20,350 --> 00:22:23,590
+work with it as if it is an optical system. Its
+
+292
+00:22:23,590 --> 00:22:25,970
+field is in front of the mirror, not behind the
+
+293
+00:22:25,970 --> 00:22:27,930
+mirror. So here we have Bengal
+
+294
+00:22:31,850 --> 00:22:34,750
+The anterior and posterior focal points of a
+
+295
+00:22:34,750 --> 00:22:39,430
+concave mirror are in exactly the same space or 
+
+296
+00:22:39,430 --> 00:22:43,370
+the same place. As an example, let's assume that 
+
+297
+00:22:43,370 --> 00:22:46,810
+we have an object 1 meter away to the left of a
+
+298
+00:22:46,810 --> 00:22:50,890
+concave mirror with a curvature radius of half a 
+
+299
+00:22:50,890 --> 00:22:51,250
+centimeter. 
+
+300
+00:22:54,410 --> 00:22:56,710
+Where is the image? Let's look at the divergence 
+
+301
+00:22:56,710 --> 00:23:01,610
+calculation. The power of the mirror is 1 over For
+
+302
+00:23:01,610 --> 00:23:08,070
+2 to the power of r okay here we said half of its 
+
+303
+00:23:08,070 --> 00:23:14,050
+diameter is how much? half of its diameter radius
+
+304
+00:23:14,050 --> 00:23:17,090
+of curvature is 50 cm which is half a meter we
+
+305
+00:23:17,090 --> 00:23:19,310
+want to calculate the power of the mirror we 
+
+306
+00:23:19,310 --> 00:23:21,610
+calculate the power of the mirror we say quickly 
+
+307
+00:23:21,610 --> 00:23:24,490
+of course this is a detailed statement to say that 
+
+308
+00:23:24,490 --> 00:23:27,910
+r is equal to 2f or f is equal to half of r we say
+
+309
+00:23:27,910 --> 00:23:34,900
+the power of the mirrorتساوي اتنين على R ويساوي
+
+310
+00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:43,460
+اتنين تقسيم نص متر ويساوي
+
+311
+00:23:43,460 --> 00:23:48,860
+طالع منها concave ده حطلها plus اتنين على نص يعني
+
+312
+00:23:48,860 --> 00:23:55,030
+اربع اربع diode four diopters, so plus four 
+
+313
+00:23:55,030 --> 00:23:59,770
+diopters like what I have here this is for the 
+
+314
+00:23:59,770 --> 00:24:03,210
+power of the mirror put it on the side and now we
+
+315
+00:24:03,210 --> 00:24:10,370
+want to calculate the object at a distance one 
+
+316
+00:24:10,370 --> 00:24:14,290
+meter to the left, u is equal to negative n over o 
+
+317
+00:24:14,290 --> 00:24:16,690
+and is equal to
+
+318
+00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:28,720
+Okay, u plus p equals v, it's already written here
+
+319
+00:24:30,740 --> 00:24:34,460
+u plus the power of the mirror is equal to v, the
+
+320
+00:24:34,460 --> 00:24:38,900
+power of the mirror plus 4 diopters and u minus 1
+
+321
+00:24:38,900 --> 00:24:42,860
+diopter, so minus 1 diopter plus 4 diopters is 
+
+322
+00:24:42,860 --> 00:24:45,880
+equal to v, so v remains here and we subtract it
+
+323
+00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:49,020
+and we get 3 diopters, v is equal to unconditional
+
+324
+00:24:49,020 --> 00:24:53,360
+over i, we continue here and say v is equal to 
+
+325
+00:24:53,360 --> 00:24:54,520
+unconditional over i 
+
+326
+00:24:59,310 --> 00:25:06,350
+إذن I تساوي N شرط على V ويساوي
+
+327
+00:25:06,350 --> 00:25:16,610
+واحد على plus تلاتة ديوبتر ويساوي plus تلت متر 
+
+328
+00:25:16,610 --> 00:25:26,610
+يعني plus تلت متر ويساوي plus تلاتة و تلاتين و
+
+329
+00:25:26,610 --> 00:25:30,710
+تلاتة من عشرة صنط33
+
+330
+00:25:30,710 --> 00:25:46,230
+.3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
+
+331
+00:25:48,580 --> 00:25:54,000
+the image will be 33cm on the left and not on the 
+
+332
+00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:57,700
+right now the transfer is magnification u over v u
+
+333
+00:25:57,700 --> 00:26:01,580
+minus one diopter over v plus three diopters which 
+
+334
+00:26:01,580 --> 00:26:04,420
+is minus one third so the image is inverted and 
+
+335
+00:26:04,420 --> 00:26:06,560
+one third of the object and one third of the
+
+336
+00:26:06,560 --> 00:26:09,960
+object so this case must be clear we try to prove 
+
+337
+00:26:09,960 --> 00:26:14,360
+this by simulation as much as we can 
+
+338
+00:26:22,810 --> 00:26:30,830
+Hi, I have a mirror The 
+
+339
+00:26:30,830 --> 00:26:36,470
+radius of curvature of it, we will try to
+
+340
+00:26:36,470 --> 00:26:40,910
+get a way to it 
+
+341
+00:26:40,910 --> 00:26:47,550
+Here, 
+
+342
+00:26:47,710 --> 00:26:51,390
+we will print the mirror here Concave mirror
+
+343
+00:26:55,660 --> 00:26:59,880
+Focal Length is 
+
+344
+00:26:59,880 --> 00:27:03,520
+a mirror, not a minus lens, it's a concave mirror.
+
+345
+00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:07,060
+The focal length is 500mm, which is 50cm. 
+
+346
+00:27:09,980 --> 00:27:13,780
+Now we need a point source of light to represent 
+
+347
+00:27:13,780 --> 00:27:14,620
+the object. 
+
+348
+00:27:23,830 --> 00:27:26,090
+It should be the point source of light at a
+
+349
+00:27:26,090 --> 00:27:32,470
+distance of one meter. So, we use the ruler. 
+
+350
+00:27:45,830 --> 00:27:47,910
+We use the ruler. 
+
+351
+00:27:52,290 --> 00:28:10,590
+The mirror should be at angle 0 And
+
+352
+00:28:10,590 --> 00:28:16,090
+the point source of light should be at time
+
+353
+00:28:24,170 --> 00:28:30,210
+on a meter distance, the apparent force is F F,
+
+354
+00:28:30,330 --> 00:28:36,190
+but we want R 500 milli R double F, so here F
+
+355
+00:28:36,190 --> 00:28:44,690
+should be 250 natural,
+
+356
+00:28:44,870 --> 00:28:49,610
+here the situation is better let's
+
+357
+00:28:49,610 --> 00:28:55,670
+seein the focal length which is 250 mm which is 25
+
+358
+00:28:55,670 --> 00:29:00,050
+cm which is 4 diopters this is correct the object
+
+359
+00:29:00,050 --> 00:29:02,670
+is at a distance of one meter at a distance of one 
+
+360
+00:29:02,670 --> 00:29:05,530
+meter the image is supposed to take shape at a
+
+361
+00:29:05,530 --> 00:29:08,170
+distance of one third of a meter let's see the
+
+362
+00:29:08,170 --> 00:29:17,230
+ruler not the blocker to reduce
+
+363
+00:29:17,230 --> 00:29:18,870
+the radiation which is not desirable
+
+364
+00:29:22,090 --> 00:29:28,670
+And this is a duplicate for the blocker It didn't
+
+365
+00:29:28,670 --> 00:29:31,050
+get a duplication, but I found it
+
+366
+00:29:44,730 --> 00:29:47,990
+They are actually the rays that are reflected by
+
+367
+00:29:47,990 --> 00:29:50,910
+two rays only, this is a ray and this is a ray, we
+
+368
+00:29:50,910 --> 00:29:57,670
+want to leave more That's 
+
+369
+00:29:57,670 --> 00:30:01,790
+how the picture became a picture The simulation
+
+370
+00:30:01,790 --> 00:30:06,610
+needs a lot of training Okay, 
+
+371
+00:30:07,010 --> 00:30:09,530
+here we also want this blocker to cover a part
+
+372
+00:30:16,950 --> 00:30:20,810
+So the rays met at this point. Notice that this 
+
+373
+00:30:20,810 --> 00:30:23,610
+point is thirty-three centimeters. Of course this
+
+374
+00:30:23,610 --> 00:30:25,730
+is in centimeters. Here it is ten centimeters, 
+
+375
+00:30:25,810 --> 00:30:28,410
+twenty, thirty, thirty-three. The picture is
+
+376
+00:30:28,410 --> 00:30:31,290
+upside down and the height of the object is three.
+
+377
+00:30:31,290 --> 00:30:33,190
+Here the height of the object is how many squares? 
+
+378
+00:30:33,350 --> 00:30:36,690
+Square two, three, four, five. Here it is
+
+379
+00:30:36,690 --> 00:30:41,320
+approximately a square.and a third or a square and 
+
+380
+00:30:41,320 --> 00:30:43,840
+four out of ten, approximately, meaning a third of
+
+381
+00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:45,440
+the height of the object. So this is through
+
+382
+00:30:45,440 --> 00:30:48,580
+simulation as much as we could to make it
+
+383
+00:30:48,580 --> 00:30:51,340
+invertible. So the picture of course on the left, 
+
+384
+00:30:52,380 --> 00:30:56,060
+plus thirty-three centimeters, if we are talking
+
+385
+00:30:56,060 --> 00:31:01,060
+about lenses, we are talking aboutاليمين بس لما 
+
+386
+00:31:01,060 --> 00:31:04,620
+بنحكي عن مرايه ال plus بطلع عندي معكوس العدسات
+
+387
+00:31:04,620 --> 00:31:09,600
+معكوس العدسات فهذه القضية بالنسبة ل ال concave
+
+388
+00:31:09,600 --> 00:31:13,820
+mirror ال concave mirror therefore the image is
+
+389
+00:31:13,820 --> 00:31:16,200
+located one third meter to the left of the mirror
+
+390
+00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:20,080
+in real image space it is real image it is also 
+
+391
+00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:23,380
+minified and inverted تلت ال object يعني minified 
+
+392
+00:31:23,380 --> 00:31:27,310
+و inverted مجلوبة below the optical axisالان 
+
+393
+00:31:27,310 --> 00:31:31,710
+الكلام بده ينتهي او بدنا ننتقل لل convex mirror ال
+
+394
+00:31:31,710 --> 00:31:34,530
+convex mirror adds negative versions to the
+
+395
+00:31:34,530 --> 00:31:38,030
+incident light negative versions يعني اذا هو متشتت
+
+396
+00:31:38,030 --> 00:31:41,870
+بتشتته اكتر اذا هو convergent جاي من virtual
+
+397
+00:31:41,870 --> 00:31:46,290
+object بتجلل من ال convergence بتاع it is 
+
+398
+00:31:46,290 --> 00:31:49,050
+therefore or it therefore has negative or 
+
+399
+00:31:49,050 --> 00:31:53,420
+diverging powerThe anterior and posterior focal
+
+400
+00:31:53,420 --> 00:31:57,820
+points which coincide. Also for the convex mirror, 
+
+401
+00:31:57,940 --> 00:32:00,640
+the anterior and posterior focal points are 
+
+402
+00:32:00,640 --> 00:32:03,420
+adjacent to each other, but behind the mirror in 
+
+403
+00:32:03,420 --> 00:32:09,660
+the focal or virtual space.Virtual focal points.
+
+404
+00:32:09,900 --> 00:32:13,420
+Virtual means that they will not get light at all.
+
+405
+00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:14,620
+Because they will be reflected from the surface of
+
+406
+00:32:14,620 --> 00:32:18,460
+the mirror. They are
+
+407
+00:32:18,460 --> 00:32:21,340
+located halfway between the surface of the mirror 
+
+408
+00:32:21,340 --> 00:32:25,920
+and the center of curvature. They are located 
+
+409
+00:32:25,920 --> 00:32:29,940
+halfway between the surface of the mirror and the 
+
+410
+00:32:29,940 --> 00:32:32,
+
+445
+00:34:52,910 --> 00:34:57,030
+the right of image in this case the image rays are
+
+446
+00:34:57,030 --> 00:35:00,210
+diverging and a virtual image will appear to be
+
+447
+00:35:00,210 --> 00:35:03,310
+located will appear to be located it will appear 
+
+448
+00:35:03,310 --> 00:35:06,850
+to be located at a distance of 20 cm to the right
+
+449
+00:35:06,850 --> 00:35:10,290
+of the mirror the image is minified and erected of 
+
+450
+00:35:10,290 --> 00:35:13,170
+course virtual because the v is minus virtual
+
+451
+00:35:13,170 --> 00:35:16,090
+because the v is minus we will try to simulate 
+
+452
+00:35:16,090 --> 00:35:23,170
+this again this is the grid this is the ruler
+
+453
+00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:44,620
+And here we started from zero Now
+
+454
+00:35:44,620 --> 00:35:49,520
+we need a mirror Ideal mirror, we put it under
+
+455
+00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:04,780
+Let's put it at the decimal point 100 And there we 
+
+456
+00:36:04,780 --> 00:36:17,600
+put it at 1100 at 110 cm So that we can start
+
+457
+00:36:17,600 --> 00:36:22,420
+with the point source of light The first thing we
+
+458
+00:36:22,420 --> 00:36:28,100
+need is the mirror Its strength should be minus 5
+
+459
+00:36:28,100 --> 00:36:35,140
+diopters إذن minus 250 لأ الاربع ده يبتر اه minus 4
+
+460
+00:36:35,140 --> 00:36:41,310
+ده يبتر إذا minus 250 The power of it The mirror
+
+461
+00:36:41,310 --> 00:36:45,190
+Ideal curved mirror As long as the minus means I
+
+462
+00:36:45,190 --> 00:36:49,410
+have this Convex mirror Convex mirror Now we want
+
+463
+00:36:49,410 --> 00:36:52,810
+to get point source of light We put it at a
+
+464
+00:36:52,810 --> 00:36:54,410
+distance of one thousand and two hundred meters To
+
+465
+00:36:54,410 --> 00:36:56,630
+be here two hundred to one thousand and two means
+
+466
+00:36:56,630 --> 00:37:00,170
+one meter And we make the height six squares
+
+467
+00:37:00,170 --> 00:37:08,210
+Square two three four five six Or five to see What
+
+468
+00:37:08,210 --> 00:37:16,230
+will come out with me? The light is divergent, it
+
+469
+00:37:16,230 --> 00:37:19,950
+is clear that it is divergent But we need to
+
+470
+00:37:19,950 --> 00:37:25,830
+enlarge the mirror in the beginning That's
+
+471
+00:37:25,830 --> 00:37:30,870
+how we enlarged the mirror, okay? Okay, now we 
+
+472
+00:37:30,870 --> 00:37:35,130
+need a blocker To cancel all the radiation that we 
+
+473
+00:37:35,130 --> 00:37:41,540
+do not want with it and it doesn't disturb our 
+
+474
+00:37:41,540 --> 00:37:44,920
+vision ok
+
+475
+00:37:44,920 --> 00:37:54,940
+here we also need duplication for the blocker here
+
+476
+00:37:54,940 --> 00:37:59,380
+I have three signals one went in a certain 
+
+477
+00:37:59,380 --> 00:38:01,780
+direction and the other in a different direction
+
+478
+00:38:01,780 --> 00:38:09,090
+if we ask for extension The picture here is 20 cm
+
+479
+00:38:09,090 --> 00:38:14,670
+wide, 20 cm, so 20 cm is usually small, 20 cm is 
+
+480
+00:38:14,670 --> 00:38:19,370
+usually small If we right click and try to see how
+
+481
+00:38:19,370 --> 00:38:25,110
+high it is, of course, the height is It's supposed
+
+482
+00:38:25,110 --> 00:38:33,370
+to be five height .. five height of the object But
+
+483
+00:38:33,370 --> 00:38:35,470
+I have here .. maybe I made a mistake in drawing 
+
+484
+00:38:35,470 --> 00:38:43,670
+Maybe 
+
+485
+00:38:43,670 --> 00:38:48,880
+I made a mistake in drawing لأن مافيش تحكم كتير 
+
+486
+00:38:48,880 --> 00:38:52,260
+بالإشعارات، القصد إنه هتطلع على قعد عشرين سانتي 
+
+487
+00:38:52,260 --> 00:38:55,300
+تماما to the right و هذه virtual، ليش؟ لأن ال 
+
+488
+00:38:55,300 --> 00:38:58,840
+image بنعكس من ال mirror divergent، divergent، 
+
+489
+00:38:58,840 --> 00:39:01,680
+فبالتالي هذه القضية بال divergence calculation
+
+490
+00:39:01,680 --> 00:39:05,980
+ممكن تحسن، اتوقف عند هذه المقطة و يعطيكم العافية و 
+
+491
+00:39:05,980 --> 00:39:08,320
+السلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركة 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/b_2PfffxlHE_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1964 @@
+1
+00:00:00,520 --> 00:00:05,080
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنستكمل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:05,080 --> 00:00:09,880
+Geometric Optics، واتوقفنا عند الـ Central Ray for
+
+3
+00:00:09,880 --> 00:00:14,280
+Mirrors، أو الشعاع الرئيسي للمرايا، The Central
+
+4
+00:00:14,280 --> 00:00:17,380
+Ray for Mirrors is just as useful as the Central
+
+5
+00:00:17,380 --> 00:00:21,260
+Ray for Lenses.means that the central ray is
+
+6
+00:00:21,260 --> 00:00:26,840
+useful in
+
+7
+00:00:26,840 --> 00:00:30,560
+the case of mirrors as well as in the case of
+
+8
+00:00:30,560 --> 00:00:36,500
+lenses because if image location is determined by
+
+9
+00:00:36,500 --> 00:00:39,920
+vergence calculations if we use the vergence
+
+10
+00:00:39,920 --> 00:00:43,320
+equation u plus p equals v to determine the
+
+11
+00:00:43,320 --> 00:00:47,570
+location of the imagewhich is the image location.
+
+12
+00:00:48,030 --> 00:00:51,710
+The central ray helps us directly by indicating
+
+13
+00:00:51,710 --> 00:00:54,590
+the orientation and size of the image. The
+
+14
+00:00:54,590 --> 00:00:57,530
+orientation means if it is above the optical axis
+
+15
+00:00:57,530 --> 00:00:59,730
+or below the optical axis, which means straight or
+
+16
+00:00:59,730 --> 00:01:02,990
+curved. And the size means the magnification of
+
+17
+00:01:02,990 --> 00:01:07,040
+the image, which will be shown later.The first
+
+18
+00:01:07,040 --> 00:01:11,020
+thing is what is the central ray for mirror? The
+
+19
+00:01:11,020 --> 00:01:14,600
+central ray is any ray from any point that enters
+
+20
+00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:17,320
+the center of the curvature, not in the focus. We
+
+21
+00:01:17,320 --> 00:01:21,500
+said R from the center of the ball, which is the
+
+22
+00:01:21,500 --> 00:01:25,270
+mirror is part of itfrom R to 2F, which means that
+
+23
+00:01:25,270 --> 00:01:27,750
+half of the distance is equal to F. This is called
+
+24
+00:01:27,750 --> 00:01:30,110
+a central rail because it enters the center. It
+
+25
+00:01:30,110 --> 00:01:34,830
+enters the center of the woman's sphere. Here,
+
+26
+00:01:35,070 --> 00:01:39,650
+too, for the convex mirror, the mirrors behind it
+
+27
+00:01:39,650 --> 00:01:45,170
+in the virtual space,فبالتالي أي central ray موجه
+
+28
+00:01:45,170 --> 00:01:50,790
+باتجاهه، أي خط لو مدناه، طبعا الضوء مش هيخترق، مش
+
+29
+00:01:50,790 --> 00:01:55,970
+هيخترق المرايو، لكن هينعكس، بس أي واحد، أي ray، من
+
+30
+00:01:55,970 --> 00:02:03,430
+أي نقطة، امتداده بيدخل فيهR in the center of the
+
+31
+00:02:03,430 --> 00:02:09,930
+mirror is considered a central area Note that
+
+32
+00:02:09,930 --> 00:02:13,310
+using the ratio of image distance to object
+
+33
+00:02:13,310 --> 00:02:16,450
+distance to calculate the size of the image, the
+
+34
+00:02:16,450 --> 00:02:20,210
+image and object distances are measured either
+
+35
+00:02:20,210 --> 00:02:23,690
+from the center of curvature of the mirror or from
+
+36
+00:02:23,690 --> 00:02:25,190
+the surface of the mirror
+
+37
+00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:32,240
+هي أنا عندي ال image، هيها، مش واضحة كتير، بس هنا
+
+38
+00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:35,440
+.. هنا في المنطقة هاي، ال image بتاعة الشامعة، وهي
+
+39
+00:02:35,440 --> 00:02:40,860
+ال object إذا أنا بده أجيس، ممكن أقول .. اعتمد ال
+
+40
+00:02:40,860 --> 00:02:43,500
+center of curvature أجيس منه، أقول هاي ال object
+
+41
+00:02:43,500 --> 00:02:46,820
+distancefrom here to here and this is image
+
+42
+00:02:46,820 --> 00:02:50,220
+distance when I divide image distance by object
+
+43
+00:02:50,220 --> 00:02:53,920
+distance I get transphase magnification or I can
+
+44
+00:02:53,920 --> 00:02:56,340
+depend on the surface of the mirror I say this is
+
+45
+00:02:56,340 --> 00:02:58,240
+image distance from the image to the surface of
+
+46
+00:02:58,240 --> 00:03:02,100
+the mirror and this is object distancefrom the
+
+47
+00:03:02,100 --> 00:03:04,400
+object to the surface of the mirror, regardless of
+
+48
+00:03:04,400 --> 00:03:07,140
+which one is extended, the answer will be the same
+
+49
+00:03:07,140 --> 00:03:10,320
+in both cases, that is, the answer is correct and
+
+50
+00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:13,040
+there is no difference between them, so the point
+
+51
+00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:15,480
+of measurement for the object distance and for the
+
+52
+00:03:15,480 --> 00:03:18,120
+image distance is either the center, that is, from
+
+53
+00:03:18,120 --> 00:03:21,000
+here to here image distance and from here to here
+
+54
+00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:24,780
+object distance or the surface of the mirror,
+
+55
+00:03:25,940 --> 00:03:28,420
+which is from the surface of the mirror to the
+
+56
+00:03:28,420 --> 00:03:32,130
+objectfrom the surface of the mirror to the object
+
+57
+00:03:32,130 --> 00:03:34,470
+is considered object distance and from the surface
+
+58
+00:03:34,470 --> 00:03:37,370
+of the mirror to the image is considered image
+
+59
+00:03:37,370 --> 00:03:41,850
+distance whether the mirror is concave or convex
+
+60
+00:03:41,850 --> 00:03:44,430
+in the case of convex convex either I measure the
+
+61
+00:03:44,430 --> 00:03:47,170
+object distance from the center to the object and
+
+62
+00:03:47,170 --> 00:03:49,430
+the image distance from the center to the object
+
+63
+00:03:49,430 --> 00:03:51,190
+or if I want to measure from the surface of the
+
+64
+00:03:51,190 --> 00:03:53,790
+mirror I say this is the image distance
+
+65
+00:03:57,770 --> 00:04:00,210
+and this is the object distance and of course
+
+66
+00:04:00,210 --> 00:04:03,210
+numerically it can either be measured or I can get
+
+67
+00:04:03,210 --> 00:04:05,510
+it by vergence calculations by vergence
+
+68
+00:04:05,510 --> 00:04:24,170
+calculations there is actually a drawing the
+
+69
+00:04:24,170 --> 00:04:25,170
+vergence calculations
+
+70
+00:04:28,540 --> 00:04:32,340
+بالنسبة لـvergence calculations, because a plane
+
+71
+00:04:32,340 --> 00:04:35,420
+mirror adds no vergence to light but simply
+
+72
+00:04:35,420 --> 00:04:38,580
+reverses its direction, vergence does not change
+
+73
+00:04:38,580 --> 00:04:43,040
+when light is reflected. For example, light from
+
+74
+00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:46,280
+an object one meter to the left of a plane mirror
+
+75
+00:04:46,280 --> 00:04:50,820
+has a vergence of minus one diopter at the mirror.
+
+76
+00:04:52,580 --> 00:04:55,960
+On reflection, the reflection will still be minus
+
+77
+00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:59,540
+one diopter. However, in tracing imaginary
+
+78
+00:04:59,540 --> 00:05:04,040
+extensions of the reflected image rays to the far
+
+79
+00:05:04,040 --> 00:05:06,760
+side of the mirror into virtual image space, the
+
+80
+00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:10,280
+virtual image is located one meter to the right of
+
+81
+00:05:10,280 --> 00:05:13,400
+the mirror. Let's see how to understand this issue
+
+82
+00:05:13,400 --> 00:05:19,100
+so that we don't have any problem. Let's take a
+
+83
+00:05:19,100 --> 00:05:20,080
+plain mirror with us.
+
+84
+00:05:26,120 --> 00:05:34,540
+and we go to the place where we stopped this is
+
+85
+00:05:34,540 --> 00:05:36,940
+the virgin's calculations, we put the picture here
+
+86
+00:05:36,940 --> 00:05:40,000
+and
+
+87
+00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:46,060
+we make it smaller and
+
+88
+00:05:46,060 --> 00:05:49,680
+we say since the man stands at a distance of one
+
+89
+00:05:49,680 --> 00:05:53,550
+meter, so I have one meterone meter the object
+
+90
+00:05:53,550 --> 00:05:57,190
+distance one meter to the left of a plane mirror
+
+91
+00:05:57,190 --> 00:06:00,550
+one meter to the left of a plane mirror let's see
+
+92
+00:06:00,550 --> 00:06:03,110
+where the picture will show up Virgin's
+
+93
+00:06:03,110 --> 00:06:06,610
+Calculations Calculations means u is equal to
+
+94
+00:06:06,610 --> 00:06:12,670
+negative n over o and is equal to negative one
+
+95
+00:06:12,670 --> 00:06:16,870
+over one meter and is equal to negative one
+
+96
+00:06:16,870 --> 00:06:20,750
+diopterSo, when the refractive field of light
+
+97
+00:06:20,750 --> 00:06:22,870
+reaches the object,
+
+98
+00:06:26,290 --> 00:06:29,550
+it reaches a refractive field of minus one diode.
+
+99
+00:06:29,670 --> 00:06:40,900
+U plus P equals V. U equals minus one diode.plus
+
+100
+00:06:40,900 --> 00:06:44,480
+power is zero, the level of power is zero, it is
+
+101
+00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:47,100
+neither convergence nor divergence, it does not
+
+102
+00:06:47,100 --> 00:06:49,940
+change from the fluctuation state to the light, so
+
+103
+00:06:49,940 --> 00:06:56,540
+plus zero is equal to V, so V is equal to minus
+
+104
+00:06:56,540 --> 00:07:00,070
+one diopter As long as the light reached a
+
+105
+00:07:00,070 --> 00:07:03,190
+wavelength of minus 1 diopter and went out a
+
+106
+00:07:03,190 --> 00:07:06,570
+wavelength of minus 1 diopter, then the wavelength
+
+107
+00:07:06,570 --> 00:07:11,230
+did not change at all. What happened is that the
+
+108
+00:07:11,230 --> 00:07:13,650
+light that came from this object reached a
+
+109
+00:07:13,650 --> 00:07:17,290
+wavelength and returned to a wavelength and
+
+110
+00:07:17,290 --> 00:07:20,190
+returned to a wavelength
+
+111
+00:07:49,580 --> 00:07:56,860
+متشتت عن بعضها البعض بمقدار تشتتية مقدارها واحد
+
+112
+00:07:58,960 --> 00:08:01,040
+Diopter, minus one diopter.
+
+113
+00:08:05,180 --> 00:08:05,860
+Divergent.
+
+114
+00:08:12,320 --> 00:08:16,260
+Let's see
+
+115
+00:08:16,260 --> 00:08:22,040
+where the image is. Let's say V is equal to I.
+
+116
+00:08:28,970 --> 00:08:35,030
+I is small, then I is equal to condition on V
+
+117
+00:08:35,030 --> 00:08:42,670
+which is equal to condition 1 on V which is minus
+
+118
+00:08:42,670 --> 00:08:47,170
+1 diopter which
+
+119
+00:08:47,170 --> 00:08:52,540
+is equal to minus 1 meterNow we have to pay
+
+120
+00:08:52,540 --> 00:08:53,720
+attention to the fact that there is a distance of
+
+121
+00:08:53,720 --> 00:08:57,820
+minus one meter in the lenses to the left. Of
+
+122
+00:08:57,820 --> 00:08:59,540
+course, in the pictures we said that the image
+
+123
+00:08:59,540 --> 00:09:02,180
+space is inverted. So, if it was in the lens, it
+
+124
+00:09:02,180 --> 00:09:03,840
+would be on the left and this would be on the
+
+125
+00:09:03,840 --> 00:09:08,240
+right due to the divergence of the rays. So, image
+
+126
+00:09:08,240 --> 00:09:17,140
+is one meter to the right. If you notice, the
+
+127
+00:09:17,140 --> 00:09:19,620
+distance of the body when we started the example
+
+128
+00:09:21,330 --> 00:09:24,270
+The distance of the body is one meter to the left,
+
+129
+00:09:24,850 --> 00:09:27,730
+and the distance of the image is one meter to the
+
+130
+00:09:27,730 --> 00:09:31,670
+right. And as long as the image distance is one
+
+131
+00:09:31,670 --> 00:09:36,370
+over the object distance, one over one, then the
+
+132
+00:09:36,370 --> 00:09:42,350
+imageجد الجسم في الحجم erect و جد الجسم في الحجم
+
+133
+00:09:42,350 --> 00:09:46,310
+جد الجسم في الحجم فبالتالي هذه القضية ضروري تكون
+
+134
+00:09:46,310 --> 00:09:51,770
+واضحة جدا، ضروري تكون واضحة جدا، فبالتالي هذا هو
+
+135
+00:09:51,770 --> 00:09:55,230
+الvergence calculations بالنسبة ل ال plane mirror
+
+136
+00:09:55,230 --> 00:10:01,430
+و ال plane mirror قوتها صفر، قوتها صفرOf course,
+
+137
+00:10:01,490 --> 00:10:04,310
+this place is called virtual image space because
+
+138
+00:10:04,310 --> 00:10:08,070
+virtual image means that what is behind the mirror
+
+139
+00:10:08,070 --> 00:10:10,550
+is actually a space that does not exist. I mean,
+
+140
+00:10:10,630 --> 00:10:13,350
+we look at our picture in the mirror, but if we
+
+141
+00:10:13,350 --> 00:10:15,910
+look behind the mirror, there is nothing because
+
+142
+00:10:15,910 --> 00:10:19,530
+the light reaches the mirror and is reflected. I
+
+143
+00:10:19,530 --> 00:10:23,330
+mean, this is the active space for the mirrorThe
+
+144
+00:10:23,330 --> 00:10:26,170
+light goes and comes in this area, it has nothing
+
+145
+00:10:26,170 --> 00:10:29,430
+to do with what's behind it. But we see along the
+
+146
+00:10:29,430 --> 00:10:34,870
+rays, we see our image. We see our image. Of
+
+147
+00:10:34,870 --> 00:10:37,610
+course, the rays actually reached the mirror and
+
+148
+00:10:37,610 --> 00:10:41,830
+reflected in the same direction that came from it.
+
+149
+00:10:41,870 --> 00:10:43,750
+In the same direction that came from it. In
+
+150
+00:10:43,750 --> 00:10:48,530
+general. Plain mirrors create upright, as you can
+
+151
+00:10:48,530 --> 00:10:54,130
+see.a bright virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية a
+
+152
+00:10:54,130 --> 00:10:55,890
+bright virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية a bright
+
+153
+00:10:55,890 --> 00:10:57,250
+virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية a bright virtual
+
+154
+00:10:57,250 --> 00:11:00,570
+image, صورة مش حقيقية a bright virtual image, صورة
+
+155
+00:11:00,570 --> 00:11:02,430
+مش حقيقية a bright virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية a
+
+156
+00:11:02,430 --> 00:11:04,370
+bright virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية a bright
+
+157
+00:11:04,370 --> 00:11:07,790
+virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية a bright virtual
+
+158
+00:11:07,790 --> 00:11:10,510
+image, صورة مش حقيقية a bright virtual image, صورة
+
+159
+00:11:10,510 --> 00:11:15,910
+مش حقيقية a bright virtual image, صورة مش حقيقية
+
+160
+00:11:16,150 --> 00:11:19,870
+Any real object in its virtual form. Why? Because
+
+161
+00:11:19,870 --> 00:11:23,110
+the real object is actually made of divergent
+
+162
+00:11:23,110 --> 00:11:27,250
+things. Divergent rays. If we add zero to it, the
+
+163
+00:11:27,250 --> 00:11:30,270
+power of the mirror, it will remain divergent. I
+
+164
+00:11:30,270 --> 00:11:36,640
+have a debt of ten dinarsوماعيش أسده فبيضل عندي
+
+165
+00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:41,360
+عشر دينار، اذا مافيش عندي قوة سداد المستوى القوة
+
+166
+00:11:41,360 --> 00:11:47,500
+عندها صفر With virtual images located as far
+
+167
+00:11:47,500 --> 00:11:50,880
+behind the mirror as the real object is in front،
+
+168
+00:11:50,880 --> 00:11:56,340
+اذا هذه قاعدة plain mirrorsPlain mirrors create a
+
+169
+00:11:56,340 --> 00:12:00,380
+bright virtual image from real objects طب لو عندي
+
+170
+00:12:00,380 --> 00:12:04,620
+virtual object بتكونله صورة حقيقية بتكونله صورة
+
+171
+00:12:04,620 --> 00:12:08,540
+حقيقية من وين بده أجيب ال virtual object لو أنا
+
+172
+00:12:08,540 --> 00:12:14,440
+جيبت مثلا شامعة و حطيت أمامها عدسة اللي اتج��ع ضوء
+
+173
+00:12:14,440 --> 00:12:19,250
+الشامعة و أصطدم الضوء و هو convergentin the plane
+
+174
+00:12:19,250 --> 00:12:21,550
+mirror Convergent for example in the amount of
+
+175
+00:12:21,550 --> 00:12:24,730
+plus 2 to reflect it Convergent in the amount of
+
+176
+00:12:24,730 --> 00:12:27,830
+plus 2 It will neither increase nor decrease in
+
+177
+00:12:27,830 --> 00:12:30,510
+the fluctuation state of light So the virtual
+
+178
+00:12:30,510 --> 00:12:33,930
+object Here is also another rule derived from this
+
+179
+00:12:33,930 --> 00:12:37,570
+rule We write it so that we do not forget to say
+
+180
+00:12:37,570 --> 00:12:47,170
+plane mirrors create real image
+
+181
+00:12:53,110 --> 00:13:00,670
+of virtual objects this is also a base
+
+182
+00:13:22,490 --> 00:13:31,030
+So, plane mirrors create real
+
+183
+00:13:31,030 --> 00:13:37,050
+images of virtual objects of virtual objects and
+
+184
+00:13:37,050 --> 00:13:41,750
+plane mirrors create upright virtual image virtual
+
+185
+00:13:41,750 --> 00:13:44,910
+image for real objects and real image for virtual
+
+186
+00:13:44,910 --> 00:13:49,760
+objectsعكس بعض، with virtual image located as far
+
+187
+00:13:49,760 --> 00:13:53,500
+behind the mirror as the real object is in front
+
+188
+00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:56,780
+طيب،
+
+189
+00:13:56,780 --> 00:14:01,160
+الآن أنا بدي أستعمل المراية واضح أن المراية عندي
+
+190
+00:14:01,160 --> 00:14:08,100
+يعني من الأرض إلى الصقف مثلا أو إلى طول هذا الرجل،
+
+191
+00:14:08,100 --> 00:14:13,390
+هل الراجل هذا بحتاج كل مراية عشان يشوف؟he sees
+
+192
+00:14:13,390 --> 00:14:15,610
+himself completely from the bottom of his foot to
+
+193
+00:14:15,610 --> 00:14:18,270
+the top of his head what is correct is that I have
+
+194
+00:14:18,270 --> 00:14:21,830
+this figure that explains why this is for example
+
+195
+00:14:21,830 --> 00:14:29,610
+the real man's foot the light fell from it and was
+
+196
+00:14:29,610 --> 00:14:32,530
+reflected towards it fell from it towards this and
+
+197
+00:14:32,530 --> 00:14:34,710
+was reflected of course this is a reflected
+
+198
+00:14:34,710 --> 00:14:37,870
+surface not a breathable surface the light from
+
+199
+00:14:37,870 --> 00:14:42,070
+the man's footcame to this point and reflected
+
+200
+00:14:42,070 --> 00:14:47,610
+towards the eye of the same man So he will see his
+
+201
+00:14:47,610 --> 00:14:49,030
+foot as if it came from this point, it is a
+
+202
+00:14:49,030 --> 00:14:51,870
+reflection of the reflected light So this part is
+
+203
+00:14:51,870 --> 00:14:54,930
+what is necessary This part is what is necessary
+
+204
+00:14:54,930 --> 00:14:58,830
+in work and here this is called unused mirrors,
+
+205
+00:14:59,010 --> 00:15:02,480
+unused mirror, thereforethere's no need for it to
+
+206
+00:15:02,480 --> 00:15:05,380
+be there. It can be replaced for example by wooden
+
+207
+00:15:05,380 --> 00:15:10,200
+planks or anything else, but this part of the
+
+208
+00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:13,660
+mirror is enough for a person to see himself
+
+209
+00:15:13,660 --> 00:15:19,160
+completely. To see .. to see ..As illustrated in
+
+210
+00:15:19,160 --> 00:15:22,340
+the following figure, only half a full-length
+
+211
+00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:25,280
+plain mirror is needed to see one's entire body.
+
+212
+00:15:36,210 --> 00:15:40,350
+Now for the concave mirror The concave mirror adds
+
+213
+00:15:40,350 --> 00:15:43,570
+positive versions to incident light The incident
+
+214
+00:15:43,570 --> 00:15:46,910
+light if it comes with minus, the U minus, the
+
+215
+00:15:46,910 --> 00:15:49,250
+concave mirror tries to collect it according to
+
+216
+00:15:49,250 --> 00:15:52,590
+its strength The concave mirror means there are
+
+217
+00:15:52,590 --> 00:15:54,850
+many examples of it, such as the make-up mirror
+
+218
+00:15:54,850 --> 00:15:59,090
+used in beauty operations The shaving mirror, also
+
+219
+00:15:59,090 --> 00:16:06,270
+mirrors used in barber salons Also in retinaThe
+
+220
+00:16:06,270 --> 00:16:09,710
+internal limiting membrane of the fovea can act as
+
+221
+00:16:09,710 --> 00:16:13,690
+a concave mirror. The concave mirror adds positive
+
+222
+00:16:13,690 --> 00:16:17,050
+divergence to incident light. It therefore has
+
+223
+00:16:17,050 --> 00:16:20,830
+positive or converging power. If parallel rays
+
+224
+00:16:20,830 --> 00:16:24,270
+strike the mirror, they reflect and converge
+
+225
+00:16:24,270 --> 00:16:28,090
+toward a point halfway to the center of curvature.
+
+226
+00:16:28,270 --> 00:16:29,590
+We see this in simulation.
+
+227
+00:16:32,520 --> 00:16:37,100
+here I have the mirror, I want circular arc here I
+
+228
+00:16:37,100 --> 00:16:42,260
+have concave mirror
+
+229
+00:16:42,260 --> 00:16:51,720
+here
+
+230
+00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:54,900
+is the concave mirror, I want parallel rays
+
+231
+00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:04,240
+we have to reduce the density of the rays in order
+
+232
+00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:17,240
+to have parallel rays now
+
+233
+00:17:17,240 --> 00:17:24,180
+everything
+
+234
+00:17:24,180 --> 00:17:27,260
+becomes convergence convergence
+
+235
+00:17:29,450 --> 00:17:34,550
+I'm going to use a very light blocker just to make
+
+236
+00:17:34,550 --> 00:17:43,210
+things look clear if we
+
+237
+00:17:43,210 --> 00:17:53,090
+make it smaller ok
+
+238
+00:17:53,090 --> 00:17:57,920
+ifParallel rays that come from minus optical
+
+239
+00:17:57,920 --> 00:18:01,900
+infinity converges to a point, this point is the
+
+240
+00:18:01,900 --> 00:18:02,880
+focus of the mirror
+
+241
+00:18:22,230 --> 00:18:26,630
+If parallel rays strike the mirror, they reflect
+
+242
+00:18:26,630 --> 00:18:30,130
+and converge.toward a point halfway to the center
+
+243
+00:18:30,130 --> 00:18:44,030
+of curvature. The focal point
+
+244
+00:18:44,030 --> 00:18:48,930
+F of a concave mirror is not unique for any
+
+245
+00:18:48,930 --> 00:18:55,100
+central ray can serve as optical axis.Here, this
+
+246
+00:18:55,100 --> 00:18:57,220
+is the optical axis. The lenses have only one
+
+247
+00:18:57,220 --> 00:19:02,660
+optical axis, and this is the central ray, which
+
+248
+00:19:02,660 --> 00:19:06,480
+enters the nodal point. In the mirror, the order
+
+249
+00:19:06,480 --> 00:19:10,220
+is different. This is the central ray, the blue
+
+250
+00:19:10,220 --> 00:19:12,580
+one, and this is the central red ray, and this is
+
+251
+00:19:12,580 --> 00:19:18,770
+the central yellow ray. Each light rayكل light ray
+
+252
+00:19:18,770 --> 00:19:22,010
+بدخل في ال center بتاع ال curvature يعتبر central
+
+253
+00:19:22,010 --> 00:19:37,670
+ray طيب لو أنا عندي object هذا
+
+254
+00:19:37,670 --> 00:19:41,390
+ال object موجود
+
+255
+00:19:41,390 --> 00:19:41,610
+هنا
+
+256
+00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:52,560
+I will consider the blue line to be the optical
+
+257
+00:19:52,560 --> 00:19:56,920
+axis and the axis from the center to the surface
+
+258
+00:19:56,920 --> 00:20:00,860
+from the middle here is F, this is F So here there
+
+259
+00:20:00,860 --> 00:20:10,760
+is a focal point Ok, if the object was in
+
+260
+00:20:10,760 --> 00:20:17,610
+this area or in this areaSo, the red line is the
+
+261
+00:20:17,610 --> 00:20:20,490
+central ray. Central ray because I can consider it
+
+262
+00:20:20,490 --> 00:20:23,750
+the optical axis and half the distance from the
+
+263
+00:20:23,750 --> 00:20:26,770
+center to this surface is the focus. So, here it
+
+264
+00:20:26,770 --> 00:20:28,490
+is very focused, here it is very focused, here it
+
+265
+00:20:28,490 --> 00:20:30,810
+is very focused, here it is very focused. Every
+
+266
+00:20:30,810 --> 00:20:43,450
+central ray, this is a rule, every central ray in
+
+267
+00:20:43,450 --> 00:20:44,250
+mirrors
+
+268
+00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:54,860
+can work or can act as optical axis so
+
+269
+00:20:54,860 --> 00:20:57,920
+it's not a specific optical axis as long as I have
+
+270
+00:20:57,920 --> 00:21:03,030
+more than one optical axisفي عندي أكتر من focus،
+
+271
+00:21:03,030 --> 00:21:05,770
+هنا focal point، طبعا anterior مع posterior
+
+272
+00:21:05,770 --> 00:21:08,070
+منطبقين على بعضهم، هنا نفس الاشياء، هنا نفس
+
+273
+00:21:08,070 --> 00:21:11,410
+الاشياء، هنا نفس الاشياء، كيف أحسبه نص المسافة من
+
+274
+00:21:11,410 --> 00:21:15,250
+C لسطح المرأة؟ يعني نص المسافة من C لسطح المرأة،
+
+275
+00:21:15,250 --> 00:21:18,730
+نص .. طبعا هدولة كلهم متساوين لأنهم أنصاف أكترIt's
+
+276
+00:21:18,730 --> 00:21:22,110
+always and always F equals F equals F, but I have
+
+277
+00:21:22,110 --> 00:21:25,430
+more than F, I have more than F. So, the focal
+
+278
+00:21:25,430 --> 00:21:29,610
+point F of a concave mirror is not unique, it's
+
+279
+00:21:29,610 --> 00:21:33,550
+not a unique one, it's not similar to it. Why is
+
+280
+00:21:33,550 --> 00:21:36,570
+it not unique? Because for any central ray it can
+
+281
+00:21:36,570 --> 00:21:40,550
+serve as an optical axis. Any central ray in the
+
+282
+00:21:40,550 --> 00:21:45,050
+mirror can serve, can perform the function of the
+
+283
+00:21:45,050 --> 00:21:49,160
+optical axis.Not only that, the anterior and
+
+284
+00:21:49,160 --> 00:21:53,020
+posterior focal points of a concave mirror are in
+
+285
+00:21:53,020 --> 00:21:54,740
+exactly the same place
+
+286
+00:22:06,050 --> 00:22:07,890
+means that it is not in the world of the mirror.
+
+287
+00:22:08,030 --> 00:22:10,150
+The mirror is a world where everything is opposite
+
+288
+00:22:10,150 --> 00:22:12,730
+to it. Light is coming, then light is going back.
+
+289
+00:22:12,790 --> 00:22:16,950
+It is as if this world is blurred and here only
+
+290
+00:22:16,950 --> 00:22:20,350
+light is in its field to form a picture for it to
+
+291
+00:22:20,350 --> 00:22:23,590
+work with it as if it is an optical system. Its
+
+292
+00:22:23,590 --> 00:22:25,970
+field is in front of the mirror, not behind the
+
+293
+00:22:25,970 --> 00:22:27,930
+mirror. So here we have Bengal
+
+294
+00:22:31,850 --> 00:22:34,750
+The anterior and posterior focal points of a
+
+295
+00:22:34,750 --> 00:22:39,430
+concave mirror are in exactly the same space or
+
+296
+00:22:39,430 --> 00:22:43,370
+the same place. As an example, let's assume that
+
+297
+00:22:43,370 --> 00:22:46,810
+we have an object 1 meter away to the left of a
+
+298
+00:22:46,810 --> 00:22:50,890
+concave mirror with a curvature radius of half a
+
+299
+00:22:50,890 --> 00:22:51,250
+centimeter.
+
+300
+00:22:54,410 --> 00:22:56,710
+Where is the image? Let's look at the divergence
+
+301
+00:22:56,710 --> 00:23:01,610
+calculation. The power of the mirror is 1 over For
+
+302
+00:23:01,610 --> 00:23:08,070
+2 to the power of r okay here we said half of its
+
+303
+00:23:08,070 --> 00:23:14,050
+diameter is how much? half of its diameter radius
+
+304
+00:23:14,050 --> 00:23:17,090
+of curvature is 50 cm which is half a meter we
+
+305
+00:23:17,090 --> 00:23:19,310
+want to calculate the power of the mirror we
+
+306
+00:23:19,310 --> 00:23:21,610
+calculate the power of the mirror we say quickly
+
+307
+00:23:21,610 --> 00:23:24,490
+of course this is a detailed statement to say that
+
+308
+00:23:24,490 --> 00:23:27,910
+r is equal to 2f or f is equal to half of r we say
+
+309
+00:23:27,910 --> 00:23:34,900
+the power of the mirrorتساوي اتنين على R ويساوي
+
+310
+00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:43,460
+اتنين تقسيم نص متر ويساوي
+
+311
+00:23:43,460 --> 00:23:48,860
+طالع منها concave ده حطلها plus اتنين على نص يعني
+
+312
+00:23:48,860 --> 00:23:55,030
+اربع اربع diode four diopters, so plus four
+
+313
+00:23:55,030 --> 00:23:59,770
+diopters like what I have here this is for the
+
+314
+00:23:59,770 --> 00:24:03,210
+power of the mirror put it on the side and now we
+
+315
+00:24:03,210 --> 00:24:10,370
+want to calculate the object at a distance one
+
+316
+00:24:10,370 --> 00:24:14,290
+meter to the left, u is equal to negative n over o
+
+317
+00:24:14,290 --> 00:24:16,690
+and is equal to
+
+318
+00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:28,720
+Okay, u plus p equals v, it's already written here
+
+319
+00:24:30,740 --> 00:24:34,460
+u plus the power of the mirror is equal to v, the
+
+320
+00:24:34,460 --> 00:24:38,900
+power of the mirror plus 4 diopters and u minus 1
+
+321
+00:24:38,900 --> 00:24:42,860
+diopter, so minus 1 diopter plus 4 diopters is
+
+322
+00:24:42,860 --> 00:24:45,880
+equal to v, so v remains here and we subtract it
+
+323
+00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:49,020
+and we get 3 diopters, v is equal to unconditional
+
+324
+00:24:49,020 --> 00:24:53,360
+over i, we continue here and say v is equal to
+
+325
+00:24:53,360 --> 00:24:54,520
+unconditional over i
+
+326
+00:24:59,310 --> 00:25:06,350
+إذن I تساوي N شرط على V ويساوي
+
+327
+00:25:06,350 --> 00:25:16,610
+واحد على plus تلاتة ديوبتر ويساوي plus تلت متر
+
+328
+00:25:16,610 --> 00:25:26,610
+يعني plus تلت متر ويساوي plus تلاتة و تلاتين و
+
+329
+00:25:26,610 --> 00:25:30,710
+تلاتة من عشرة صنط33
+
+330
+00:25:30,710 --> 00:25:46,230
+.333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
+
+331
+00:25:48,580 --> 00:25:54,000
+the image will be 33cm on the left and not on the
+
+332
+00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:57,700
+right now the transfer is magnification u over v u
+
+333
+00:25:57,700 --> 00:26:01,580
+minus one diopter over v plus three diopters which
+
+334
+00:26:01,580 --> 00:26:04,420
+is minus one third so the image is inverted and
+
+335
+00:26:04,420 --> 00:26:06,560
+one third of the object and one third of the
+
+336
+00:26:06,560 --> 00:26:09,960
+object so this case must be clear we try to prove
+
+337
+00:26:09,960 --> 00:26:14,360
+this by simulation as much as we can
+
+338
+00:26:22,810 --> 00:26:30,830
+Hi, I have a mirror The
+
+339
+00:26:30,830 --> 00:26:36,470
+radius of curvature of it, we will try to
+
+340
+00:26:36,470 --> 00:26:40,910
+get a way to it
+
+341
+00:26:40,910 --> 00:26:47,550
+Here,
+
+342
+00:26:47,710 --> 00:26:51,390
+we will print the mirror here Concave mirror
+
+343
+00:26:55,660 --> 00:26:59,880
+Focal Length is
+
+344
+00:26:59,880 --> 00:27:03,520
+a mirror, not a minus lens, it's a concave mirror.
+
+345
+00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:07,060
+The focal length is 500mm, which is 50cm.
+
+346
+00:27:09,980 --> 00:27:13,780
+Now we need a point source of light to represent
+
+347
+00:27:13,780 --> 00:27:14,620
+the object.
+
+348
+00:27:23,830 --> 00:27:26,090
+It should be the point source of light at a
+
+349
+00:27:26,090 --> 00:27:32,470
+distance of one meter. So, we use the ruler.
+
+350
+00:27:45,830 --> 00:27:47,910
+We use the ruler.
+
+351
+00:27:52,290 --> 00:28:10,590
+The mirror should be at angle 0 And
+
+352
+00:28:10,590 --> 00:28:16,090
+the point source of light should be at time
+
+353
+00:28:24,170 --> 00:28:30,210
+on a meter distance, the apparent force is F F,
+
+354
+00:28:30,330 --> 00:28:36,190
+but we want R 500 milli R double F, so here F
+
+355
+00:28:36,190 --> 00:28:44,690
+should be 250 natural,
+
+356
+00:28:44,870 --> 00:28:49,610
+here the situation is better let's
+
+357
+00:28:49,610 --> 00:28:55,670
+seein the focal length which is 250 mm which is 25
+
+358
+00:28:55,670 --> 00:29:00,050
+cm which is 4 diopters this is correct the object
+
+359
+00:29:00,050 --> 00:29:02,670
+is at a distance of one meter at a distance of one
+
+360
+00:29:02,670 --> 00:29:05,530
+meter the image is supposed to take shape at a
+
+361
+00:29:05,530 --> 00:29:08,170
+distance of one third of a meter let's see the
+
+362
+00:29:08,170 --> 00:29:17,230
+ruler not the blocker to reduce
+
+363
+00:29:17,230 --> 00:29:18,870
+the radiation which is not desirable
+
+364
+00:29:22,090 --> 00:29:28,670
+And this is a duplicate for the blocker It didn't
+
+365
+00:29:28,670 --> 00:29:31,050
+get a duplication, but I found it
+
+366
+00:29:44,730 --> 00:29:47,990
+They are actually the rays that are reflected by
+
+367
+00:29:47,990 --> 00:29:50,910
+two rays only, this is a ray and this is a ray, we
+
+368
+00:29:50,910 --> 00:29:57,670
+want to leave more That's
+
+369
+00:29:57,670 --> 00:30:01,790
+how the picture became a picture The simulation
+
+370
+00:30:01,790 --> 00:30:06,610
+needs a lot of training Okay,
+
+371
+00:30:07,010 --> 00:30:09,530
+here we also want this blocker to cover a part
+
+372
+00:30:16,950 --> 00:30:20,810
+So the rays met at this point. Notice that this
+
+373
+00:30:20,810 --> 00:30:23,610
+point is thirty-three centimeters. Of course this
+
+374
+00:30:23,610 --> 00:30:25,730
+is in centimeters. Here it is ten centimeters,
+
+375
+00:30:25,810 --> 00:30:28,410
+twenty, thirty, thirty-three. The picture is
+
+376
+00:30:28,410 --> 00:30:31,290
+upside down and the height of the object is three.
+
+377
+00:30:31,290 --> 00:30:33,190
+Here the height of the object is how many squares?
+
+378
+00:30:33,350 --> 00:30:36,690
+Square two, three, four, five. Here it is
+
+379
+00:30:36,690 --> 00:30:41,320
+approximately a square.and a third or a square and
+
+380
+00:30:41,320 --> 00:30:43,840
+four out of ten, approximately, meaning a third of
+
+381
+00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:45,440
+the height of the object. So this is through
+
+382
+00:30:45,440 --> 00:30:48,580
+simulation as much as we could to make it
+
+383
+00:30:48,580 --> 00:30:51,340
+invertible. So the picture of course on the left,
+
+384
+00:30:52,380 --> 00:30:56,060
+plus thirty-three centimeters, if we are talking
+
+385
+00:30:56,060 --> 00:31:01,060
+about lenses, we are talking aboutاليمين بس لما
+
+386
+00:31:01,060 --> 00:31:04,620
+بنحكي عن مرايه ال plus بطلع عندي معكوس العدسات
+
+387
+00:31:04,620 --> 00:31:09,600
+معكوس العدسات فهذه القضية بالنسبة ل ال concave
+
+388
+00:31:09,600 --> 00:31:13,820
+mirror ال concave mirror therefore the image is
+
+389
+00:31:13,820 --> 00:31:16,200
+located one third meter to the left of the mirror
+
+390
+00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:20,080
+in real image space it is real image it is also
+
+391
+00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:23,380
+minified and inverted تلت ال object يعني minified
+
+392
+00:31:23,380 --> 00:31:27,310
+و inverted مجلوبة below the optical axisالان
+
+393
+00:31:27,310 --> 00:31:31,710
+الكلام بده ينتهي او بدنا ننتقل لل convex mirror ال
+
+394
+00:31:31,710 --> 00:31:34,530
+convex mirror adds negative versions to the
+
+395
+00:31:34,530 --> 00:31:38,030
+incident light negative versions يعني اذا هو متشتت
+
+396
+00:31:38,030 --> 00:31:41,870
+بتشتته اكتر اذا هو convergent جاي من virtual
+
+397
+00:31:41,870 --> 00:31:46,290
+object بتجلل من ال convergence بتاع it is
+
+398
+00:31:46,290 --> 00:31:49,050
+therefore or it therefore has negative or
+
+399
+00:31:49,050 --> 00:31:53,420
+diverging powerThe anterior and posterior focal
+
+400
+00:31:53,420 --> 00:31:57,820
+points which coincide. Also for the convex mirror,
+
+401
+00:31:57,940 --> 00:32:00,640
+the anterior and posterior focal points are
+
+402
+00:32:00,640 --> 00:32:03,420
+adjacent to each other, but behind the mirror in
+
+403
+00:32:03,420 --> 00:32:09,660
+the focal or virtual space.Virtual focal points.
+
+404
+00:32:09,900 --> 00:32:13,420
+Virtual means that they will not get light at all.
+
+405
+00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:14,620
+Because they will be reflected from the surface of
+
+406
+00:32:14,620 --> 00:32:18,460
+the mirror. They are
+
+407
+00:32:18,460 --> 00:32:21,340
+located halfway between the surface of the mirror
+
+408
+00:32:21,340 --> 00:32:25,920
+and the center of curvature. They are located
+
+409
+00:32:25,920 --> 00:32:29,940
+halfway between the surface of the mirror and the
+
+410
+00:32:29,940 --> 00:32:32,880
+center of curvature.these are the anterior and
+
+411
+00:32:32,880 --> 00:32:38,580
+posterior focal points of the convex mirror they
+
+412
+00:32:38,580 --> 00:32:41,240
+are behind the mirror, they are not facing each
+
+413
+00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:44,880
+other, so they are in the virtual space, in the
+
+414
+00:32:44,880 --> 00:32:49,320
+virtual space, so this case should be clear
+
+415
+00:32:56,310 --> 00:33:00,610
+In the same example, the object is standing at a
+
+416
+00:33:00,610 --> 00:33:04,230
+distance of one meter from the object. The u value
+
+417
+00:33:04,230 --> 00:33:07,710
+is minus one diopter. The power of the mirror is
+
+418
+00:33:07,710 --> 00:33:10,130
+the same as the curvature, but with minus instead
+
+419
+00:33:10,130 --> 00:33:13,550
+of plus four diopters. Here we calculated that it
+
+420
+00:33:13,550 --> 00:33:18,430
+is plus 4 diopters 2 over a If we bring a convex
+
+421
+00:33:18,430 --> 00:33:21,710
+mirror
+
+422
+00:33:21,710 --> 00:33:24,850
+It has the same angles It will have the same
+
+423
+00:33:24,850 --> 00:33:28,470
+calculations But it will be minus, it will be
+
+424
+00:33:28,470 --> 00:33:33,370
+minus 4 diopters So minus 1 diopters which is the
+
+425
+00:33:33,370 --> 00:33:34,990
+amplitude of light which is standing at a distance
+
+426
+00:33:34,990 --> 00:33:37,250
+of one meter Which is the object standing at a
+
+427
+00:33:37,250 --> 00:33:41,220
+distance of one meterConvex mirror magnification
+
+428
+00:33:41,220 --> 00:33:46,200
+increased by 4. The reflected light from the
+
+429
+00:33:46,200 --> 00:33:47,660
+surface of the mirror will have a magnitude of
+
+430
+00:33:47,660 --> 00:33:51,820
+minus 5. Because U plus P equals V. Transfers
+
+431
+00:33:51,820 --> 00:33:57,290
+magnification minus one diopter.minus 5 diopter
+
+432
+00:33:57,290 --> 00:34:01,890
+which is U over V equals plus 2 out of 10 or plus
+
+433
+00:34:01,890 --> 00:34:06,330
+5 so the picture is regular and 5 is the object so
+
+434
+00:34:06,330 --> 00:34:09,410
+where is the location of the picture? this is what
+
+435
+00:34:09,410 --> 00:34:12,370
+we want to calculate and we say as usual exactly
+
+436
+00:34:12,370 --> 00:34:15,550
+virgin's calculations V is equal to unconditional
+
+437
+00:34:15,550 --> 00:34:20,490
+over I so
+
+438
+00:34:20,490 --> 00:34:23,630
+I is equal to unconditional over V
+
+439
+00:34:26,370 --> 00:34:31,550
+unconditional 1 over V which is minus 5 diopters
+
+440
+00:34:31,550 --> 00:34:40,610
+minus 5 diopters which is equal to minus 2 out of
+
+441
+00:34:40,610 --> 00:34:44,050
+10 meters minus 20 centimeters 2 out of 10 meters
+
+442
+00:34:44,050 --> 00:34:46,990
+this is the I so the picture is 20 centimeters
+
+443
+00:34:46,990 --> 00:34:50,070
+away but as long as it is minus not to the left
+
+444
+00:34:50,070 --> 00:34:52,910
+because we are not lenses on the right so it is to
+
+445
+00:34:52,910 --> 00:34:57,030
+the right of imagein this case the image ray are
+
+446
+00:34:57,030 --> 00:35:00,210
+diverging and a virtual image will appear to be
+
+447
+00:35:00,210 --> 00:35:03,310
+located will appear to be located it will appear
+
+448
+00:35:03,310 --> 00:35:06,850
+to be located at a distance of 20 cm to the right
+
+449
+00:35:06,850 --> 00:35:10,290
+of the mirror the image is minified and erected of
+
+450
+00:35:10,290 --> 00:35:13,170
+course virtual because the v is minus virtual
+
+451
+00:35:13,170 --> 00:35:16,090
+because the v is minus we will try to simulate
+
+452
+00:35:16,090 --> 00:35:23,170
+this again this is the grid this is the ruler
+
+453
+00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:44,620
+And here we started from zero Now
+
+454
+00:35:44,620 --> 00:35:49,520
+we need a mirror Ideal mirror, we put it under
+
+455
+00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:04,780
+Let's put it at the decimal point 100 And there we
+
+456
+00:36:04,780 --> 00:36:17,600
+put it at 1100 at 110 cm So that we can start
+
+457
+00:36:17,600 --> 00:36:22,420
+with the point source of light The first thing we
+
+458
+00:36:22,420 --> 00:36:28,100
+need is the mirror Its strength should be minus 5
+
+459
+00:36:28,100 --> 00:36:35,140
+dioptersإذن minus 250 لأ الاربع ده يبتر اه minus 4
+
+460
+00:36:35,140 --> 00:36:41,310
+ده يبتر إذا minus 250The power of it The mirror
+
+461
+00:36:41,310 --> 00:36:45,190
+Ideal curved mirror As long as the minus means I
+
+462
+00:36:45,190 --> 00:36:49,410
+have this Convex mirror Convex mirror Now we want
+
+463
+00:36:49,410 --> 00:36:52,810
+to get point source of light We put it at a
+
+464
+00:36:52,810 --> 00:36:54,410
+distance of one thousand and two hundred meters To
+
+465
+00:36:54,410 --> 00:36:56,630
+be here two hundred to one thousand and two means
+
+466
+00:36:56,630 --> 00:37:00,170
+one meter And we make the height six squares
+
+467
+00:37:00,170 --> 00:37:08,210
+Square two three four five six Or five to see What
+
+468
+00:37:08,210 --> 00:37:16,230
+will come out with me? The light is divergent, it
+
+469
+00:37:16,230 --> 00:37:19,950
+is clear that it is divergent But we need to
+
+470
+00:37:19,950 --> 00:37:25,830
+enlarge the mirror in the beginning That's
+
+471
+00:37:25,830 --> 00:37:30,870
+how we enlarged the mirror, okay? Okay, now we
+
+472
+00:37:30,870 --> 00:37:35,130
+need a blocker To cancel all the radiation that we
+
+473
+00:37:35,130 --> 00:37:41,540
+do not want with itand it doesn't disturb our
+
+474
+00:37:41,540 --> 00:37:44,920
+vision ok
+
+475
+00:37:44,920 --> 00:37:54,940
+here we also need duplication for the blocker here
+
+476
+00:37:54,940 --> 00:37:59,380
+I have three signals one went in a certain
+
+477
+00:37:59,380 --> 00:38:01,780
+direction and the other in a different direction
+
+478
+00:38:01,780 --> 00:38:09,090
+if we ask for extensionThe picture here is 20 cm
+
+479
+00:38:09,090 --> 00:38:14,670
+wide, 20 cm, so 20 cm is usually small, 20 cm is
+
+480
+00:38:14,670 --> 00:38:19,370
+usually small If we right click and try to see how
+
+481
+00:38:19,370 --> 00:38:25,110
+high it is, of course, the height isIt's supposed
+
+482
+00:38:25,110 --> 00:38:33,370
+to be five height .. five height of the object But
+
+483
+00:38:33,370 --> 00:38:35,470
+I have here .. maybe I made a mistake in drawing
+
+484
+00:38:35,470 --> 00:38:43,670
+Maybe
+
+485
+00:38:43,670 --> 00:38:48,880
+I made a mistake in drawingلأن مافيش تحكم كتير
+
+486
+00:38:48,880 --> 00:38:52,260
+بالإشعارات، القصد إنه هتطلع على قعد عشرين سانتي
+
+487
+00:38:52,260 --> 00:38:55,300
+تماما to the right و هذه virtual، ليش؟ لأن ال
+
+488
+00:38:55,300 --> 00:38:58,840
+image بنعكس من ال mirror divergent، divergent،
+
+489
+00:38:58,840 --> 00:39:01,680
+فبالتالي هذه القضية بال divergence calculation
+
+490
+00:39:01,680 --> 00:39:05,980
+ممكن تحسن، اتوقف عند هذه المقطة و يعطيكم العافية و
+
+491
+00:39:05,980 --> 00:39:08,320
+السلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركة
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/bblFe1vtD34_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1956 @@
+1
+00:00:01,890 --> 00:00:05,690
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محاضرات ال geometric
+
+2
+00:00:05,690 --> 00:00:08,710
+optics و اتوقفنا المرة الماضية عند ال image
+
+3
+00:00:08,710 --> 00:00:13,850
+quality اللي هي تالت صفة من صفات الصورة اللي
+
+4
+00:00:13,850 --> 00:00:16,210
+بنذاكر فيهم، بنقول صفات الصورة او ال image
+
+5
+00:00:16,210 --> 00:00:20,110
+characteristics هي ال magnification و ال location
+
+6
+00:00:20,110 --> 00:00:23,990
+و ال quality و ال brightness لما بنحكي عن ال
+
+7
+00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:27,850
+quality يعني احنا بنحكي عن جودة الصورةCareful
+
+8
+00:00:27,850 --> 00:00:32,130
+examination reveals that some details in an object
+
+9
+00:00:32,130 --> 00:00:36,290
+are not reproduced in the image لو احنا تفحصنا
+
+10
+00:00:36,290 --> 00:00:42,430
+صورة تكونت لجسم ما بواسطة optical system مهما كانت
+
+11
+00:00:42,430 --> 00:00:45,450
+جودة ال optical system او العدسات اللي مستخدمة في
+
+12
+00:00:45,450 --> 00:00:50,770
+التصوير فلو فاتفحصنا صورة لهذا ال optical system
+
+13
+00:00:50,770 --> 00:00:55,970
+كوّانها ل object صورة ل object فهذه ال imageحنلاقي
+
+14
+00:00:55,970 --> 00:01:01,270
+انه بعض التفاصيل, some details مش موجودة في ال
+
+15
+00:01:01,270 --> 00:01:06,110
+image بينما هي بالاساس موجودة في ال object Images
+
+16
+00:01:06,110 --> 00:01:10,620
+are imperfect facts meansPictures, no matter how
+
+17
+00:01:10,620 --> 00:01:12,940
+similar they are to the object or objects they
+
+18
+00:01:12,940 --> 00:01:16,000
+originate from, or what they represent, are not
+
+19
+00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:19,100
+pictures as they originally were. That is, there
+
+20
+00:01:19,100 --> 00:01:21,500
+is no such thing as a picture as it originally was
+
+21
+00:01:21,500 --> 00:01:25,440
+from any object that existed through any optical
+
+22
+00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:30,220
+system that existed. Not exact scale duplicates of
+
+23
+00:01:30,220 --> 00:01:33,080
+the original object. To explain the picture in a
+
+24
+00:01:33,080 --> 00:01:38,200
+simpler way, we say, to consider the pictureIt's a
+
+25
+00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:46,260
+picture 100% 100%
+
+26
+00:01:46,260 --> 00:01:51,400
+100% 100% 100%
+
+27
+00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:55,220
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+28
+00:01:55,220 --> 00:01:58,980
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+29
+00:01:58,980 --> 00:02:02,180
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+30
+00:02:02,180 --> 00:02:05,500
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+31
+00:02:05,500 --> 00:02:05,540
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+32
+00:02:05,540 --> 00:02:05,860
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+33
+00:02:05,860 --> 00:02:07,740
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100%the pinhole we say
+
+34
+00:02:07,740 --> 00:02:11,460
+consider an object fifty centimeters in front of a
+
+35
+00:02:11,460 --> 00:02:15,620
+pinhole the pinhole is one millimeter in diameter
+
+36
+00:02:15,620 --> 00:02:19,700
+and the paper is placed fifty centimeters behind
+
+37
+00:02:19,700 --> 00:02:23,700
+the pinhole so magnification is one or is minus
+
+38
+00:02:23,700 --> 00:02:27,080
+one why is the magnification minus one because we
+
+39
+00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:30,180
+said that the transfer of magnification is equal
+
+40
+00:02:30,180 --> 00:02:33,090
+toImage distance which is on the right of the
+
+41
+00:02:33,090 --> 00:02:36,790
+pinhole which is 50cm over object distance on the
+
+42
+00:02:36,790 --> 00:02:39,990
+left of the pinhole which is minus 50cm So plus
+
+43
+00:02:39,990 --> 00:02:44,470
+50cm which is the image distance over minus 50cm
+
+44
+00:02:44,470 --> 00:02:46,910
+which is the object distance which is 50 over 51
+
+45
+00:02:46,910 --> 00:02:50,540
+which is minus over plusOr plus on minus equals
+
+46
+00:02:50,540 --> 00:02:55,120
+minus So magnification minus one So why did we do
+
+47
+00:02:55,120 --> 00:02:59,420
+the experiment to get magnification minus one? To
+
+48
+00:02:59,420 --> 00:03:01,820
+make the size of the image or the height of the
+
+49
+00:03:01,820 --> 00:03:04,140
+image the same as the height of the object The
+
+50
+00:03:04,140 --> 00:03:08,040
+same height of the object A small pencil of rays
+
+51
+00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:11,320
+from each object point traverses the pinhole
+
+52
+00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:15,080
+aperture From each point in the object From each
+
+53
+00:03:15,080 --> 00:03:20,590
+point in the objectIhna here the object مش رسمينه
+
+54
+00:03:20,590 --> 00:03:26,250
+كله بس ما أخدنا نقطتين فقط نقطة مثلا A و نقطة B من
+
+55
+00:03:26,250 --> 00:03:30,940
+النقطة A حزمة ضوئيةIt's going to be its share, or
+
+56
+00:03:30,940 --> 00:03:33,120
+pencil of light, it's going to be its share to go
+
+57
+00:03:33,120 --> 00:03:36,320
+through the pinhole aperture, or the opening of
+
+58
+00:03:36,320 --> 00:03:39,320
+the pinhole Of course, this light band, when it
+
+59
+00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:42,080
+reaches the surface of the receipt paper, it does
+
+60
+00:03:42,080 --> 00:03:45,920
+not remain a point, but rather it becomes a circle
+
+61
+00:03:45,920 --> 00:03:49,520
+It becomes a circle, this circle is curved
+
+62
+00:03:49,520 --> 00:03:52,580
+compared to the point, they call it Blair circle,
+
+63
+00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:55,900
+Blair circle Of course, the second point is also
+
+64
+00:03:56,770 --> 00:03:59,410
+You will give me a layer circle, which means its
+
+65
+00:03:59,410 --> 00:04:01,890
+diameter can reach two millimeters, two
+
+66
+00:04:01,890 --> 00:04:06,030
+millimeters Okay, we don't forget a while ago we
+
+67
+00:04:06,030 --> 00:04:10,730
+said that the distance between .. the distance
+
+68
+00:04:10,730 --> 00:04:17,120
+between ..الجسم اللي هو هنا بيمثله نقطة فقط و ال
+
+69
+00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:20,340
+pinhole يعني من ال optical system للجسم اللي هي ال
+
+70
+00:04:20,340 --> 00:04:24,260
+object distance نص متر و ال image distance من ال
+
+71
+00:04:24,260 --> 00:04:27,660
+pinhole اللي هو ال optical system لل image ايضا نص
+
+72
+00:04:27,660 --> 00:04:31,620
+متر اذا بما انه مسافة ال image تساوي مسافة ال
+
+73
+00:04:31,620 --> 00:04:34,640
+object اذا التكبير اللي transfers magnification
+
+74
+00:04:34,640 --> 00:04:37,890
+اللي هو image distance على object distanceيساوي
+
+75
+00:04:37,890 --> 00:04:41,230
+minus one يعني الصورة ارتفاعها صحيح مجلوبة minus
+
+76
+00:04:41,230 --> 00:04:46,010
+minus يعني مجلوبة ولكن ارتفاعها يساوي ارتفاع ال
+
+77
+00:04:46,010 --> 00:04:49,250
+objectOkay, how is the height equal to the height
+
+78
+00:04:49,250 --> 00:04:53,210
+of the object although each point of the object in
+
+79
+00:04:53,210 --> 00:04:56,710
+the picture has become two millimeters thick It is
+
+80
+00:04:56,710 --> 00:04:59,030
+known that any light band that flows through the
+
+81
+00:04:59,030 --> 00:05:01,570
+vacuum and scatters the light, we do not talk
+
+82
+00:05:01,570 --> 00:05:03,790
+about the rest of the rays that came out of point
+
+83
+00:05:03,790 --> 00:05:06,590
+A or the rest of the rays that came out of point B
+
+84
+00:05:06,590 --> 00:05:10,090
+We only care about the band or the pencil of
+
+85
+00:05:10,090 --> 00:05:14,290
+light, the band of light that was destined to come
+
+86
+00:05:14,290 --> 00:05:18,040
+out of A andAnd you enter the bin hall and you go
+
+87
+00:05:18,040 --> 00:05:21,020
+and form a condition for what? A condition is a
+
+88
+00:05:21,020 --> 00:05:24,520
+circle that is not clear, that has a layer of
+
+89
+00:05:24,520 --> 00:05:27,320
+water, that is, its diameter is about 2
+
+90
+00:05:27,320 --> 00:05:29,200
+millimeters Well, how will the size of the picture
+
+91
+00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:32,640
+be? That is, if every point in the object .. every
+
+92
+00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:35,620
+point in the object has become .. its picture is a
+
+93
+00:05:35,620 --> 00:05:39,690
+narrow circle, its diameter ..Or a narrow point, a
+
+94
+00:05:39,690 --> 00:05:41,830
+narrow circular point, its diameter is two
+
+95
+00:05:41,830 --> 00:05:43,410
+millimeters, which means that the image is
+
+96
+00:05:43,410 --> 00:05:45,930
+supposed to be very large Well, how is the image
+
+97
+00:05:45,930 --> 00:05:48,550
+the same size as the object or height the same as
+
+98
+00:05:48,550 --> 00:05:50,810
+the height of the object? With this speech, the
+
+99
+00:05:50,810 --> 00:05:54,270
+reason is that it is a condition, which is Chapter
+
+100
+00:05:54,270 --> 00:06:00,150
+A, which is a pointmore complicated than A and B
+
+101
+00:06:00,150 --> 00:06:02,350
+condition and C condition, there is an
+
+102
+00:06:02,350 --> 00:06:03,870
+interference between them Interference, they come
+
+103
+00:06:03,870 --> 00:06:07,430
+to each other This interference, this interference
+
+104
+00:06:07,430 --> 00:06:12,970
+makes the picture unclear or some details are lost
+
+105
+00:06:12,970 --> 00:06:16,570
+from it So that we can see the interference, we
+
+106
+00:06:16,570 --> 00:06:20,070
+say that the points close to each other interfere
+
+107
+00:06:20,070 --> 00:06:24,190
+with each otherThe primary player circle, which is
+
+108
+00:06:24,190 --> 00:06:25,850
+the picture of point A and the second player
+
+109
+00:06:25,850 --> 00:06:28,870
+circle, let's call it A, of course, and the second
+
+110
+00:06:28,870 --> 00:06:34,590
+player circle, which is B, comes part of it on A,
+
+111
+00:06:35,250 --> 00:06:37,790
+and part of it on C, and C comes part of it on A,
+
+112
+00:06:37,930 --> 00:06:40,410
+and so on, so the pictures of the points
+
+113
+00:06:40,410 --> 00:06:44,710
+interfere, to clarify the issue more and more, we
+
+114
+00:06:44,710 --> 00:06:47,250
+say, we will go to this presentation, of course,
+
+115
+00:06:47,650 --> 00:06:51,690
+which clarifies the ideaWe assume that a light
+
+116
+00:06:51,690 --> 00:06:54,610
+beam came out of A and that this is A point, this
+
+117
+00:06:54,610 --> 00:06:58,430
+point or the narrow point or the narrow circle or
+
+118
+00:06:58,430 --> 00:07:02,310
+the Blair circle which is the point or the curved
+
+119
+00:07:02,310 --> 00:07:04,430
+circle this is A point which is the picture of
+
+120
+00:07:04,430 --> 00:07:07,870
+point A and this is B point and this is C point
+
+121
+00:07:07,870 --> 00:07:11,330
+and behind them is D point and this is F point and
+
+122
+00:07:11,330 --> 00:07:14,550
+this is E point and this is K point So every
+
+123
+00:07:14,550 --> 00:07:19,250
+circle that we see drawn in colorsTo clarify the
+
+124
+00:07:19,250 --> 00:07:21,990
+idea and so that we can distinguish them from each
+
+125
+00:07:21,990 --> 00:07:25,150
+other As a result of their interference, as a
+
+126
+00:07:25,150 --> 00:07:28,990
+result of their interference, the quality of the
+
+127
+00:07:28,990 --> 00:07:32,350
+image is lost The more they interfere, the more
+
+128
+00:07:32,350 --> 00:07:35,070
+the quality of the image is lost, that is, the
+
+129
+00:07:35,070 --> 00:07:38,070
+details disappear, they distort each other This
+
+130
+00:07:38,070 --> 00:07:42,690
+means that it can look likeIn public life, but in
+
+131
+00:07:42,690 --> 00:07:45,390
+the field of voice, in the field of voice, that a
+
+132
+00:07:45,390 --> 00:07:47,570
+person wants to give a lecture, and we have two
+
+133
+00:07:47,570 --> 00:07:50,790
+hundred people listening to this lecture, if he
+
+134
+00:07:50,790 --> 00:07:54,200
+was talking to himselfThe voice is clear and
+
+135
+00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:57,120
+audible If it was another person, it became him
+
+136
+00:07:57,120 --> 00:08:00,120
+and another person, there was a slight distortion
+
+137
+00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:04,560
+When there are ten people talking, there is more
+
+138
+00:08:04,560 --> 00:08:07,500
+distortion If all the lecturers, both of them were
+
+139
+00:08:07,500 --> 00:08:09,320
+talking to each other, its name became not a
+
+140
+00:08:09,320 --> 00:08:13,780
+lecture, it became a market, it became a market
+
+141
+00:08:13,780 --> 00:08:15,780
+Here when there is an interference between the
+
+142
+00:08:15,780 --> 00:08:19,350
+pointsSura of the point A, which is A in the
+
+143
+00:08:19,350 --> 00:08:21,290
+object, A condition in the image, which is the
+
+144
+00:08:21,290 --> 00:08:23,890
+picture of A And B condition, and C condition, and
+
+145
+00:08:23,890 --> 00:08:26,290
+D condition, and it all interferes with each other
+
+146
+00:08:26,290 --> 00:08:29,630
+It becomes .. it covers each other, it distorts
+
+147
+00:08:29,630 --> 00:08:34,150
+the clarity of each other, so that I have this
+
+148
+00:08:34,150 --> 00:08:36,910
+point, we want it to be what, reached and
+
+149
+00:08:36,910 --> 00:08:39,450
+understood Here if we wanted to show the case
+
+150
+00:08:39,450 --> 00:08:42,910
+without colors, without colors, we will find that
+
+151
+00:08:42,910 --> 00:08:44,630
+there is an interference between the pictures of
+
+152
+00:08:44,630 --> 00:08:48,210
+the points, this is to clarify the idea onlyA
+
+153
+00:08:48,210 --> 00:08:50,250
+condition interferes with B condition, with C
+
+154
+00:08:50,250 --> 00:08:52,610
+condition, the interference can be simple as we
+
+155
+00:08:52,610 --> 00:08:55,250
+see here And it can be a very big interference,
+
+156
+00:08:55,590 --> 00:08:59,810
+like this tight spot and this tight spot are
+
+157
+00:08:59,810 --> 00:09:06,770
+almost interfering with each other's
+
+158
+00:09:06,770 --> 00:09:10,430
+half of the space So the more the interference
+
+159
+00:09:10,430 --> 00:09:12,710
+increases, that is, many types or many sizes of
+
+160
+00:09:12,710 --> 00:09:16,050
+interferenceSo you will lose the quality of the
+
+161
+00:09:16,050 --> 00:09:18,790
+image, you will lose the quality of the image So
+
+162
+00:09:18,790 --> 00:09:22,210
+image quality, when we talk about image quality
+
+163
+00:09:22,210 --> 00:09:24,990
+and we want to do the experiment that we talked
+
+164
+00:09:24,990 --> 00:09:27,850
+about We will say that from each point in the
+
+165
+00:09:27,850 --> 00:09:32,830
+object, small pencil of rays from each object
+
+166
+00:09:32,830 --> 00:09:38,150
+point traverses the pinhole aperture means it will
+
+167
+00:09:38,150 --> 00:09:40,670
+contribute to the formation of the image as the
+
+168
+00:09:40,670 --> 00:09:44,490
+painterAnd the closer the two points in the object
+
+169
+00:09:44,490 --> 00:09:48,110
+are to each other, the more their pictures, which
+
+170
+00:09:48,110 --> 00:09:51,190
+are the spots or the player circles, interfere
+
+171
+00:09:51,190 --> 00:09:55,430
+with each other and thus blur each other and
+
+172
+00:09:55,430 --> 00:10:00,210
+reduce the quality of the picture. Now what's the
+
+173
+00:10:00,210 --> 00:10:03,010
+solution? What's the solution? The solution is to
+
+174
+00:10:03,010 --> 00:10:07,110
+minimizeThe pinhole is made smaller to make the
+
+175
+00:10:07,110 --> 00:10:10,410
+light band smaller in size and therefore the Blair
+
+176
+00:10:10,410 --> 00:10:13,870
+circle is smaller in size and therefore their
+
+177
+00:10:13,870 --> 00:10:17,590
+interference is less, their interference is less
+
+178
+00:10:17,590 --> 00:10:20,870
+and therefore this is the case each object point
+
+179
+00:10:20,870 --> 00:10:25,110
+produces two millimeter diameter spot in the image
+
+180
+00:10:25,110 --> 00:10:29,530
+that is, each point in the object is a circle or
+
+181
+00:10:29,530 --> 00:10:35,040
+spotقطور هاتنين ملي These spots are called player
+
+182
+00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:39,900
+circles بنسمي كل بقعة من هذه البقعة دوائر التغبيش
+
+183
+00:10:39,900 --> 00:10:43,520
+أو بقعة التغبيش لإن هم مش واضحين تماما، يعني في
+
+184
+00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:48,360
+كمية من عدم الوضوح بالنسبة لهمthis term is
+
+185
+00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:52,800
+somewhat misleading because off-axis object points
+
+186
+00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:56,420
+technically produce elliptical spots in the image
+
+187
+00:10:56,420 --> 00:11:00,180
+نرجع منقول دائما يعني لأ احنا سمناهم player circle
+
+188
+00:11:00,180 --> 00:11:04,360
+تجاوزا بس أحيانا بيكون نقطة في ال object off axis
+
+189
+00:11:04,360 --> 00:11:09,260
+يعني بعيدة عن ال optical axis بعيدة عن المحورSo
+
+190
+00:11:09,260 --> 00:11:12,220
+when there is a point in the object that is far
+
+191
+00:11:12,220 --> 00:11:14,720
+away, the rays or the light beam that comes from
+
+192
+00:11:14,720 --> 00:11:17,460
+it will come in a curve, it will not make a
+
+193
+00:11:17,460 --> 00:11:20,380
+circular point, it will make a white point, they
+
+194
+00:11:20,380 --> 00:11:23,080
+call it Blur Ellipse Regardless of whether it is a
+
+195
+00:11:23,080 --> 00:11:26,700
+Blur Circle or Blur Ellipse, then the image of
+
+196
+00:11:26,700 --> 00:11:30,560
+each point will occupy a somewhat larger area than
+
+197
+00:11:30,560 --> 00:11:33,020
+the image and this will cause interference between
+
+198
+00:11:33,020 --> 00:11:37,820
+the points imagesIn addition, this analysis
+
+199
+00:11:37,820 --> 00:11:40,760
+ignores diffraction effects that make the spot
+
+200
+00:11:40,760 --> 00:11:45,870
+larger and more irregularwhich is the Blair circle
+
+201
+00:11:45,870 --> 00:11:49,430
+as you can see or the Blair ellipse we still
+
+202
+00:11:49,430 --> 00:11:52,350
+haven't talked about something or phenomenon that
+
+203
+00:11:52,350 --> 00:11:56,490
+we talked about in previous lectures which is the
+
+204
+00:11:56,490 --> 00:11:58,850
+phenomenon of diffraction we can see that the
+
+205
+00:11:58,850 --> 00:12:03,070
+light beam entered from the pinhole and remained
+
+206
+00:12:03,070 --> 00:12:06,910
+straight in its path from the first point which we
+
+207
+00:12:06,910 --> 00:12:09,730
+called A and remained in its path to form a
+
+208
+00:12:09,730 --> 00:12:13,260
+condition and from the second pointIt remained in
+
+209
+00:12:13,260 --> 00:12:16,540
+its way and formed a condition for B Here between
+
+210
+00:12:16,540 --> 00:12:18,220
+B condition and A condition according to the
+
+211
+00:12:18,220 --> 00:12:20,340
+drawing there is no interference, while here there
+
+212
+00:12:20,340 --> 00:12:23,360
+is interference because A condition A and B are
+
+213
+00:12:23,360 --> 00:12:26,680
+close to each other, so A condition and B
+
+214
+00:12:26,680 --> 00:12:29,080
+condition are interfering and coming to each other
+
+215
+00:12:29,690 --> 00:12:32,970
+Of course, in these drawings, we neglected or did
+
+216
+00:12:32,970 --> 00:12:35,790
+not mention that when light passes through any
+
+217
+00:12:35,790 --> 00:12:38,470
+opening in a wall, whether pinhole or non-pinhole,
+
+218
+00:12:38,770 --> 00:12:41,390
+it has the phenomenon of diffraction, which is
+
+219
+00:12:41,390 --> 00:12:43,570
+that the edges move away from its path because
+
+220
+00:12:43,570 --> 00:12:46,990
+light has a wave natureand therefore it becomes
+
+221
+00:12:46,990 --> 00:12:49,590
+more complicated and it becomes something that is
+
+222
+00:12:49,590 --> 00:12:51,830
+not in a layer circle, something that is distorted
+
+223
+00:12:51,830 --> 00:12:55,730
+or in an irregular shape, whatever the condition,
+
+224
+00:12:55,850 --> 00:12:59,470
+it can be a shape that is close to being a spot or
+
+225
+00:12:59,470 --> 00:13:05,950
+ellipse or it can have distorted edgesIn addition,
+
+226
+00:13:06,190 --> 00:13:09,930
+this analysis ignores the diffraction effects that
+
+227
+00:13:09,930 --> 00:13:15,110
+make the spot larger and
+
+228
+00:13:15,110 --> 00:13:20,750
+more
+
+229
+00:13:20,750 --> 00:13:23,590
+irregular because it's not necessarily going to
+
+230
+00:13:23,590 --> 00:13:24,510
+end up
+
+231
+00:13:28,380 --> 00:13:31,960
+Regardless, each object point is represented by a
+
+232
+00:13:31,960 --> 00:13:35,100
+Blair circle in the image, and the farther the
+
+233
+00:13:35,100 --> 00:13:37,700
+image is from a pinhole, the larger the Blair
+
+234
+00:13:37,700 --> 00:13:38,880
+circle in the image
+
+235
+00:13:45,510 --> 00:13:49,590
+gave me circles or blair circles with a diameter
+
+236
+00:13:49,590 --> 00:13:53,710
+of 2 mm if we move away the receipt paper, it will
+
+237
+00:13:53,710 --> 00:13:55,890
+become bigger than the blair circle, why? because
+
+238
+00:13:55,890 --> 00:13:58,990
+the light will spread more and move away from each
+
+239
+00:13:58,990 --> 00:14:02,210
+other it will become after a period of 3 mm, 4 mm,
+
+240
+00:14:02,650 --> 00:14:06,430
+cm, etc. so, the more we move away the place of
+
+241
+00:14:06,430 --> 00:14:10,170
+the image, the more the diameter of the blair
+
+242
+00:14:10,170 --> 00:14:13,830
+circle increasesيعني هذه الدوائر بتصبح أكبر وأكبر
+
+243
+00:14:13,830 --> 00:14:19,830
+وبيزيد تداخلها مع بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع
+
+244
+00:14:19,830 --> 00:14:21,690
+بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع
+
+245
+00:14:21,690 --> 00:14:24,250
+بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع
+
+246
+00:14:24,250 --> 00:14:24,750
+بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعض, مع
+
+247
+00:14:24,750 --> 00:14:30,720
+بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعضis reduced or blurred
+
+248
+00:14:30,720 --> 00:14:34,240
+by the degree to which the blur circles interfere
+
+249
+00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:37,820
+so that we do not forget blur circles each blur
+
+250
+00:14:37,820 --> 00:14:41,140
+circle is a picture of a point from the point of
+
+251
+00:14:41,140 --> 00:14:42,940
+the object that is, what is the condition of a
+
+252
+00:14:42,940 --> 00:14:46,630
+blur circle? What picture?B Sharta, we use the
+
+253
+00:14:46,630 --> 00:14:49,270
+word player circle, which is a circle or a point
+
+254
+00:14:49,270 --> 00:14:53,050
+which is a description of itself, a description of
+
+255
+00:14:53,050 --> 00:14:56,450
+itself So A Sharta and B Sharta and C Sharta and D
+
+256
+00:14:56,450 --> 00:14:58,390
+Sharta and so on, which are the pictures of the
+
+257
+00:14:58,390 --> 00:15:01,210
+points of the object on the receipt paper, which
+
+258
+00:15:01,210 --> 00:15:04,550
+in their group will form the image The more they
+
+259
+00:15:04,550 --> 00:15:08,090
+interfere with each other, the more the
+
+260
+00:15:08,090 --> 00:15:10,310
+interference increases, the more the image detail
+
+261
+00:15:22,440 --> 00:15:27,540
+to some extent, the loss of details is mitigated
+
+262
+00:15:27,540 --> 00:15:29,560
+with the use of smaller pinhole
+
+263
+00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:39,280
+Pinhole became smaller, the player circle became
+
+264
+00:15:39,280 --> 00:15:41,700
+smaller, and the ratio of interaction became
+
+265
+00:15:41,700 --> 00:15:46,260
+smaller, the picture became more detailed, more
+
+266
+00:15:46,260 --> 00:15:50,300
+detailed, but we have several things, the first
+
+267
+00:15:50,300 --> 00:15:54,210
+thingThe first thing we need to know is that the
+
+268
+00:15:54,210 --> 00:15:57,830
+smaller the pinhole is, the more details it gives
+
+269
+00:15:57,830 --> 00:15:58,610
+us.
+
+270
+00:16:01,670 --> 00:16:04,150
+Why? Because the player circles have less
+
+271
+00:16:04,150 --> 00:16:06,650
+interaction with each other. But we need to know
+
+272
+00:16:06,650 --> 00:16:09,490
+and remember from the first lecture that the
+
+273
+00:16:09,490 --> 00:16:12,830
+pinhole images are too faint to be useful.
+
+274
+00:16:18,230 --> 00:16:21,830
+طيب طالما باهيت جدا و أنا روحت زغرت ال pinhole
+
+275
+00:16:21,830 --> 00:16:25,630
+كمان و كمان إذا الحزمة الضوئية اللي أصبحت تدخل في
+
+276
+00:16:25,630 --> 00:16:28,990
+ال pinhole من كل نقطة من نقاط ال object أصبحت أصغر
+
+277
+00:16:28,990 --> 00:16:33,190
+عدد الأشعة أقل فبالتالي هتصير أبهت مما كانت عليه
+
+278
+00:16:33,190 --> 00:16:38,450
+إذا ال smaller pinhole كل مكان ال pinhole أصغر في
+
+279
+00:16:38,450 --> 00:16:45,490
+القطر بيعطيني more detailed بس أقل إضاءة يعني
+
+280
+00:16:45,490 --> 00:16:46,370
+بيعطيني
+
+281
+00:16:48,630 --> 00:16:53,130
+smaller pinhole gives dimmer but more detailed
+
+282
+00:16:53,130 --> 00:16:57,370
+image يعني بيعطيني صورة أكثر اعتاما بس أكثر
+
+283
+00:16:57,370 --> 00:17:03,110
+تفاصيلا أكثر اعتاما لإنه نصيب كل نقطة أو نصيب كل
+
+284
+00:17:03,110 --> 00:17:09,210
+صورة لنقطة نصيب إيه شرطة من إيه حزمة شععية أقل مما
+
+285
+00:17:09,510 --> 00:17:12,710
+if we used a bigger pinhole when we used a bigger
+
+286
+00:17:12,710 --> 00:17:16,470
+pinhole from A was a share of 100,000 rays
+
+287
+00:17:16,470 --> 00:17:19,190
+entering for example and becoming a condition for
+
+288
+00:17:19,190 --> 00:17:22,810
+A while when we used a smaller pinhole the 100,000
+
+289
+00:17:22,810 --> 00:17:26,830
+rays became 1000 rays that is, the share fell down
+
+290
+00:17:26,830 --> 00:17:30,030
+to one percent of what it used to be if we say
+
+291
+00:17:30,030 --> 00:17:33,130
+that the main pinhole which is a little wider than
+
+292
+00:17:33,130 --> 00:17:36,310
+this means that its images are bigger so the
+
+293
+00:17:36,310 --> 00:17:38,410
+images of the smaller pinhole will be more
+
+294
+00:17:40,350 --> 00:17:44,610
+bahatanan and dimar means more probably, more
+
+295
+00:17:44,610 --> 00:17:49,750
+probably, so smaller pinhole gives dimar but more
+
+296
+00:17:49,750 --> 00:17:53,290
+detailed image, but the details in it are more,
+
+297
+00:17:53,570 --> 00:17:55,350
+what is the reason? Because it has less
+
+298
+00:17:55,350 --> 00:17:59,830
+interference, less interference withBetween
+
+299
+00:17:59,830 --> 00:18:02,690
+pictures of dots between A condition and B
+
+300
+00:18:02,690 --> 00:18:05,210
+condition and C condition because the Blair circle
+
+301
+00:18:05,210 --> 00:18:07,650
+gets smaller with the pinhole getting smaller
+
+302
+00:18:07,650 --> 00:18:11,950
+Using the smallest pinhole makes the picture
+
+303
+00:18:12,830 --> 00:18:16,210
+Correct, it's more coherent, but it has better
+
+304
+00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:19,270
+details, it has better details Let's see here the
+
+305
+00:18:19,270 --> 00:18:21,990
+experiment here, here I have the object, it's the
+
+306
+00:18:21,990 --> 00:18:25,650
+same object, here I used small hole or small pin
+
+307
+00:18:25,650 --> 00:18:31,290
+hole, and here I used large ..Hall, of course, the
+
+308
+00:18:31,290 --> 00:18:34,610
+small hall gave me a clearer image Clearer image,
+
+309
+00:18:34,750 --> 00:18:38,350
+but it is more obscured, that is, the amount of
+
+310
+00:18:38,350 --> 00:18:40,770
+light in it is less Because from every point of
+
+311
+00:18:40,770 --> 00:18:43,810
+the object point, its percentage in sending a
+
+312
+00:18:43,810 --> 00:18:47,390
+light band will be less than its image While here,
+
+313
+00:18:47,570 --> 00:18:49,790
+the percentage is greater, but there is an
+
+314
+00:18:49,790 --> 00:18:51,710
+interference between the points between A
+
+315
+00:18:51,710 --> 00:18:53,550
+condition and B condition and C condition and D
+
+316
+00:18:53,550 --> 00:18:56,890
+condition and so on So, the picture became as a
+
+317
+00:18:56,890 --> 00:18:57,850
+result of this interference
+
+318
+00:19:09,610 --> 00:19:14,350
+smaller penhole has advantages that it gives more
+
+319
+00:19:14,350 --> 00:19:17,710
+details and disadvantages that it gives less
+
+320
+00:19:17,710 --> 00:19:23,520
+detailsI'tam أكتر يعني الصورة معتمة أكتر بينما
+
+321
+00:19:23,520 --> 00:19:27,860
+تفاصيلها أوضح هنا الصورة مضيقة أكتر بس مغبشة نتيجة
+
+322
+00:19:27,860 --> 00:19:33,380
+تداخل صور النقاط مع بعضها البعضsmaller pinhole
+
+323
+00:19:33,380 --> 00:19:36,740
+gives dimmer but more detailed image however
+
+324
+00:19:36,740 --> 00:19:41,480
+smaller the pinhole the more the diffraction
+
+325
+00:19:41,480 --> 00:19:43,580
+reduces image equality
+
+326
+00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:50,660
+أحنا هنا مش رسمين ظاهرة الـ diffraction أحنا هنا
+
+327
+00:19:50,660 --> 00:19:51,980
+مش رسمين ظاهرة الـ diffraction كل ما زغرنا ال
+
+328
+00:19:51,980 --> 00:19:55,320
+pinhole بيزيد ال diffraction اللي هو حيود الأشعة
+
+329
+00:19:55,320 --> 00:19:59,720
+عن مصارها و تشتتها و بالتالي هيزيد في مشكلة عدم
+
+330
+00:19:59,720 --> 00:20:03,920
+وضوح الصورة لأنه أنا زغرت ال pinhole لإذا تصغير ال
+
+331
+00:20:03,920 --> 00:20:04,420
+pinhole
+
+332
+00:20:17,590 --> 00:20:22,570
+the only way to avoid any loss of detail is to
+
+333
+00:20:22,570 --> 00:20:26,690
+produce a perfect point image of each object point
+
+334
+00:20:28,890 --> 00:20:32,510
+القاعدة الرئيسية أو القاعدة الأم هذه الجملة هي
+
+335
+00:20:32,510 --> 00:20:38,610
+القاعدة الأم للحصول على صورة طبق الأصل من أي جسم،
+
+336
+00:20:38,610 --> 00:20:44,210
+من أي جسم نرجع للصورة الملونة هنا، بنقول، بدنا
+
+337
+00:20:44,210 --> 00:20:47,830
+ناخد البقعة المضيقة هاي باللون الأبيض، بنقول هاي
+
+338
+00:20:47,830 --> 00:20:50,970
+صورة النقطة A، النقطة A موجودة ��ي ال object و هاي
+
+339
+00:20:50,970 --> 00:20:54,420
+صورتها في ال imageand here this is the picture of
+
+340
+00:20:54,420 --> 00:20:59,280
+point B in yellow and here in red is the picture
+
+341
+00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:00,300
+of point C
+
+342
+00:21:23,430 --> 00:21:29,750
+وصور نقاط أخرى المهم جد ما احنا نظغر في الدوائر
+
+343
+00:21:29,750 --> 00:21:33,390
+هاى أو في البقع هاى بتصغير البنهول أو بأي وسيلة
+
+344
+00:21:33,390 --> 00:21:39,130
+كانت بنستطيعها الحل الوحيد عشان الصورة .. عشان
+
+345
+00:21:39,130 --> 00:21:42,820
+الصورة تصير ..Its quality and details are all
+
+346
+00:21:42,820 --> 00:21:46,380
+there, that is, the details in the object are the
+
+347
+00:21:46,380 --> 00:21:49,360
+same as those in the picture, in other words, in
+
+348
+00:21:49,360 --> 00:21:52,020
+order for the picture to resemble the object one
+
+349
+00:21:52,020 --> 00:21:55,960
+hundred percent, we must reach a point that there
+
+350
+00:21:55,960 --> 00:21:59,890
+is no interferenceThere is no interference in the
+
+351
+00:21:59,890 --> 00:22:02,590
+sense that there is no point image that interferes
+
+352
+00:22:02,590 --> 00:22:05,170
+with another point image What is the condition? Do
+
+353
+00:22:05,170 --> 00:22:07,330
+not interfere with B condition or with C condition
+
+354
+00:22:07,330 --> 00:22:10,070
+or one of them interferes with the other And so on
+
+355
+00:22:10,070 --> 00:22:13,570
+all images of points of the object In order to
+
+356
+00:22:13,570 --> 00:22:16,930
+reach this point, in order not to interfere, what
+
+357
+00:22:16,930 --> 00:22:20,130
+condition must be a point? Like A is a point in
+
+358
+00:22:20,130 --> 00:22:23,470
+the object, point And B condition must be a point
+
+359
+00:22:23,470 --> 00:22:27,850
+When we minimize the Blair CircleOr the Blur
+
+360
+00:22:27,850 --> 00:22:31,110
+Ellipse, when we minimize the image of the point
+
+361
+00:22:31,110 --> 00:22:36,170
+to the extent that we can get the image of the
+
+362
+00:22:36,170 --> 00:22:40,430
+point to be a point, then there will be no
+
+363
+00:22:40,430 --> 00:22:42,610
+interference between the images of the points of
+
+364
+00:22:42,610 --> 00:22:45,530
+the body, which in a group will form a picture,
+
+365
+00:22:45,630 --> 00:22:49,880
+and then the picture will be a perfect imageA full
+
+366
+00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:52,960
+picture with all the details of the object,
+
+367
+00:22:53,060 --> 00:22:55,720
+meaning that if we put it next to the object, the
+
+368
+00:22:55,720 --> 00:22:57,940
+person will not be able to distinguish between
+
+369
+00:22:57,940 --> 00:23:00,880
+which image and which body, which image and which
+
+370
+00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:06,000
+body So the basic rule to get a high image quality
+
+371
+00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:09,480
+or the highest image quality or image quality one
+
+372
+00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:11,400
+hundred percent, what does image quality mean one
+
+373
+00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:14,380
+hundred percent? It means a picture according to
+
+374
+00:23:14,380 --> 00:23:20,170
+the originalabout the object that is 100% similar
+
+375
+00:23:20,170 --> 00:23:24,370
+in every detail so that I can get every point from
+
+376
+00:23:24,370 --> 00:23:29,450
+the object's pointsIts image must be a point in
+
+377
+00:23:29,450 --> 00:23:32,910
+the image Why must its image be a point as it is a
+
+378
+00:23:32,910 --> 00:23:36,330
+point? Because if the image of each point of the
+
+379
+00:23:36,330 --> 00:23:39,510
+body in the image was a point It will not
+
+380
+00:23:39,510 --> 00:23:42,330
+interfere with the images of the points And
+
+381
+00:23:42,330 --> 00:23:44,970
+therefore, as long as they do not interfere with
+
+382
+00:23:44,970 --> 00:23:46,990
+each other They will not interfere with each other
+
+383
+00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:50,610
+And on the contrary, the images will contain all
+
+384
+00:23:50,610 --> 00:23:56,260
+the details As long as the image of the pointsIt's
+
+385
+00:23:56,260 --> 00:24:00,020
+about things that are bigger than a dot, a circle,
+
+386
+00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:04,600
+or an oval shape, or an irregular shape, that will
+
+387
+00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:07,880
+be interfered with, as we see here, for example,
+
+388
+00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:09,800
+here in my region, there will be 4 interferences
+
+389
+00:24:10,860 --> 00:24:14,160
+Parts, this is the first part, this is the second
+
+390
+00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:16,840
+part, this is the third part, and this is the
+
+391
+00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:20,780
+fourth part. I have four narrow parts, and these
+
+392
+00:24:20,780 --> 00:24:23,180
+even interfere with each other, these five or four
+
+393
+00:24:23,180 --> 00:24:25,520
+and so on. And here too, from the side, it
+
+394
+00:24:25,520 --> 00:24:27,080
+interferes with each other. So, pictures of
+
+395
+00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:30,880
+points, when they are single parts and have no
+
+396
+00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:33,800
+space,On a picture bigger than a point, it must
+
+397
+00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:36,380
+interfere with the pictures of the adjacent points
+
+398
+00:24:36,380 --> 00:24:41,100
+and thus blur each other and there will not be
+
+399
+00:24:41,100 --> 00:24:44,320
+high clarity or image quality The more the
+
+400
+00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:46,540
+interference increases, the worse the picture and
+
+401
+00:24:46,540 --> 00:24:50,960
+its image quality becomes lessThe less the
+
+402
+00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:56,640
+interference, the clearer the picture became and
+
+403
+00:24:56,640 --> 00:24:59,340
+its quality became higher, that is, it began to
+
+404
+00:24:59,340 --> 00:25:04,420
+resemble the object more. In order to reach a 100%
+
+405
+00:25:04,420 --> 00:25:07,620
+resemblance to the object, each image of the point
+
+406
+00:25:07,620 --> 00:25:11,740
+image must be a point, because a point is a very
+
+407
+00:25:11,740 --> 00:25:15,520
+small point, so it will not interfere with the
+
+408
+00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:17,640
+surrounding points, and what revolves around it
+
+409
+00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:18,060
+will be
+
+410
+00:25:24,080 --> 00:25:29,900
+The only way to avoid any loss of detail عشان ما
+
+411
+00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:33,240
+نفقدش أي تفصيل من الصورة موجود بالاساس في ال
+
+412
+00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:38,350
+objectLazim إنه نعمل production إنه ننتج صورة
+
+413
+00:25:38,350 --> 00:25:43,730
+perfect point image of each object point يعني بدّي
+
+414
+00:25:43,730 --> 00:25:47,210
+أعطي .. لكل نقطة في ال object صورتها بده تكون في
+
+415
+00:25:47,210 --> 00:25:51,690
+ال image عبارة عن نقطة و نقطة فقط مش أكتر من نقطة
+
+416
+00:25:51,690 --> 00:25:57,900
+Theoretically نظريا if a perfect point imagecould
+
+417
+00:25:57,900 --> 00:26:01,600
+be produced for every point of an object, the
+
+418
+00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:05,880
+image would be an exact duplicate of the object
+
+419
+00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:12,290
+إذا قدرنا إنه من كل نقطة من نقاط ال objectWith the
+
+420
+00:26:12,290 --> 00:26:16,710
+help of the optical system that each point is a
+
+421
+00:26:16,710 --> 00:26:19,930
+point, not just one point, each point of the
+
+422
+00:26:19,930 --> 00:26:23,190
+object point A, point B, point C, point D, point
+
+423
+00:26:23,190 --> 00:26:24,090
+E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point E,
+
+424
+00:26:24,090 --> 00:26:25,810
+point E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point
+
+425
+00:26:25,810 --> 00:26:26,890
+E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point E,
+
+426
+00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:26,950
+E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point E,
+
+427
+00:26:26,950 --> 00:26:27,130
+point E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point
+
+428
+00:26:27,130 --> 00:26:27,970
+E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point E,
+
+429
+00:26:27,970 --> 00:26:28,470
+point E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point
+
+430
+00:26:28,470 --> 00:26:28,530
+E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point E,
+
+431
+00:26:28,530 --> 00:26:28,970
+point E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point
+
+432
+00:26:28,970 --> 00:26:35,430
+E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point E,
+
+433
+00:26:35,990 --> 00:26:41,760
+point E, point Eand B-sharp is a point and C-sharp
+
+434
+00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:44,620
+is a point to infinity until it completes all
+
+435
+00:26:44,620 --> 00:26:46,600
+points of the object, that is, the pictures of the
+
+436
+00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:50,020
+points of the object are all points if we reach
+
+437
+00:26:50,020 --> 00:26:54,080
+this case, then we will get a picture according to
+
+438
+00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:56,860
+the origin of the object, which means that if we
+
+439
+00:26:56,860 --> 00:26:58,820
+put this picture next to the object, we should not
+
+440
+00:26:58,820 --> 00:27:01,440
+be able to distinguish between them because they
+
+441
+00:27:01,440 --> 00:27:03,800
+have the same details and why here I say
+
+442
+00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:06,810
+theoretically becausePractically, practically
+
+443
+00:27:06,810 --> 00:27:12,410
+until now, no matter how advanced the cameras and
+
+444
+00:27:12,410 --> 00:27:17,810
+lenses are from the amazing capabilities, except
+
+445
+00:27:17,810 --> 00:27:21,290
+that we have not reached a device that produces a
+
+446
+00:27:21,290 --> 00:27:28,190
+picture 100% according to the original, 100%We say
+
+447
+00:27:28,190 --> 00:27:32,070
+perfect point image of an object point is called a
+
+448
+00:27:32,070 --> 00:27:37,250
+stigmatic image Stigmatic image When we get a
+
+449
+00:27:37,250 --> 00:27:39,930
+picture of each point from the point of the object
+
+450
+00:27:39,930 --> 00:27:42,950
+in the form of a point That is, the picture of the
+
+451
+00:27:42,950 --> 00:27:46,470
+point is a point, I call it a stigmatic image
+
+452
+00:27:46,470 --> 00:27:51,090
+Stigmatic, not astigmatic, stigmatic image means a
+
+453
+00:27:51,090 --> 00:27:54,010
+picture as it should be Stigmatic image means a
+
+454
+00:27:54,010 --> 00:27:58,560
+picture as it should be The word stigmaticIt came
+
+455
+00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:02,800
+from the ancient Greek language, Greek, from the
+
+456
+00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:08,360
+word stigma Stigma means sharply pointed stylus,
+
+457
+00:28:08,760 --> 00:28:10,780
+which means sharply pointed stylus, which means
+
+458
+00:28:10,780 --> 00:28:13,760
+sharply pointed stylus, which means sharply
+
+459
+00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:17,340
+pointed stylus, which means sharply pointed
+
+460
+00:28:17,340 --> 00:28:20,140
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus, which
+
+461
+00:28:20,140 --> 00:28:21,920
+means sharply pointed stylus, which means sharply
+
+462
+00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:23,000
+pointed stylus, which means sharply pointed
+
+463
+00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,020
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus, which
+
+464
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:26,280
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus
+
+465
+00:28:45,140 --> 00:28:51,770
+Loss of detailsoccurs in lens and mirror imaging
+
+466
+00:28:51,770 --> 00:28:55,930
+as well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+467
+00:28:55,930 --> 00:28:56,030
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+468
+00:28:56,030 --> 00:28:56,070
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+469
+00:28:56,070 --> 00:29:00,430
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+470
+00:29:00,430 --> 00:29:14,110
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+471
+00:29:14,110 --> 00:29:15,850
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+472
+00:29:15,850 --> 00:29:16,550
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+473
+00:29:16,550 --> 00:29:17,590
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+474
+00:29:17,590 --> 00:29:17,610
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+475
+00:29:17,610 --> 00:29:17,650
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+476
+00:29:17,650 --> 00:29:17,670
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+477
+00:29:17,670 --> 00:29:17,690
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+478
+00:29:17,690 --> 00:29:17,830
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+479
+00:29:17,970 --> 00:29:21,890
+صورة طبق الأصل 100% المرة القادمة ان شاء الله
+
+480
+00:29:21,890 --> 00:29:28,390
+يتعالى هنتكلم على إيش اللي بيحصل معايا لما بستخدم
+
+481
+00:29:28,390 --> 00:29:32,390
+optical system عبارة عن lens أو mirror يترا كيف
+
+482
+00:29:32,390 --> 00:29:36,710
+شكل صور النقاط صورة A اللي هي A شرطة وصورة B اللي
+
+483
+00:29:36,710 --> 00:29:41,690
+هي B شرطةكيف بيكون شكلهم لما بستخدم العدسات و
+
+484
+00:29:41,690 --> 00:29:44,670
+المرايا طبعا احنا لما استخدمنا اليوم ال pen hole
+
+485
+00:29:44,670 --> 00:29:48,410
+اعتطنى صورة النقطة عبارة عن بقعة و سمناها هذه
+
+486
+00:29:48,410 --> 00:29:52,790
+البقعة player circle او player ال lips طب لما
+
+487
+00:29:52,790 --> 00:29:55,930
+بستخدم عدسة اش اللى هى يصير الوضع عندى هذا اللى
+
+488
+00:29:55,930 --> 00:29:59,050
+هنعرفه فى المحاضرة الجاية و يعطيكوا .. يعطيكوا
+
+489
+00:29:59,050 --> 00:30:02,250
+العافية و السلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/cMgHJP8RmYo_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+1
+00:00:03,690 --> 00:00:06,750
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. We have an example
+
+2
+00:00:06,750 --> 00:00:12,230
+that says calculate the optical path length. The
+
+3
+00:00:12,230 --> 00:00:15,590
+light started from point A, walked in the air two
+
+4
+00:00:15,590 --> 00:00:17,850
+and a half meters, then in the water twenty
+
+5
+00:00:17,850 --> 00:00:20,570
+centimeters, then in the glass thirty centimeters,
+
+6
+00:00:21,030 --> 00:00:23,990
+then in the air again one and a half meters, until
+
+7
+00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:27,410
+it reached point B, which is the end of the
+
+8
+00:00:27,410 --> 00:00:30,230
+journey. We need to calculate the optical path
+
+9
+00:00:30,230 --> 00:00:34,430
+length. We say that the actual distance that the
+
+10
+00:00:34,430 --> 00:00:37,330
+light moves is 2.5 meters, plus 20 centimeters,
+
+11
+00:00:37,490 --> 00:00:39,670
+which is 2 out of 10 meters, plus 30 centimeters,
+
+12
+00:00:39,830 --> 00:00:43,470
+which is 3 out of 10 meters, plus 1.5 meters in
+
+13
+00:00:43,470 --> 00:00:46,710
+the air. In total, all together will be 4.5
+
+14
+00:00:46,710 --> 00:00:50,630
+meters. The optical path length is equal to
+
+15
+00:00:50,630 --> 00:00:56,800
+multiply each distance by the refractive index two
+
+16
+00:00:56,800 --> 00:01:00,540
+and a half meter multiplied by one two and a half
+
+17
+00:01:00,540 --> 00:01:04,380
+meter
+
+18
+00:01:04,380 --> 00:01:09,460
+multiplied by one plus two out of ten all in
+
+19
+00:01:09,460 --> 00:01:12,560
+meters multiplied by one and three out of ten this
+
+20
+00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:18,760
+is refractive index plus three out of ten meters
+
+21
+00:01:18,760 --> 00:01:22,580
+multiplied by one and a half plus
+
+22
+00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:28,240
+one and a half meter in the air times one which is
+
+23
+00:01:28,240 --> 00:01:31,260
+the refractive index for the air two and a half
+
+24
+00:01:31,260 --> 00:01:35,840
+meters in one equals two and a half meters plus
+
+25
+00:01:35,840 --> 00:01:40,280
+two out of ten meters in one and three out of ten
+
+26
+00:01:40,280 --> 00:01:47,340
+equals twenty six out of one hundred meters three
+
+27
+00:01:47,340 --> 00:01:53,730
+out of ten meters in one and Forty-five hundred
+
+28
+00:01:53,730 --> 00:02:00,910
+meters Forty-five hundred meters plus one and a
+
+29
+00:02:00,910 --> 00:02:03,510
+half meters per one remains one and a half meters
+
+30
+00:02:03,510 --> 00:02:08,190
+We add these distances, we say I have two and a
+
+31
+00:02:08,190 --> 00:02:15,590
+half meters plus twenty-six hundred meters plus
+
+32
+00:02:15,590 --> 00:02:18,430
+forty-five hundred meters
+
+33
+00:02:23,450 --> 00:02:28,230
+plus one and a half meters one and a half meters
+
+34
+00:02:28,230 --> 00:02:36,090
+their total is six and five is eleven six and two
+
+35
+00:02:36,090 --> 00:02:41,470
+is eight and nine is seventeen one and two is
+
+36
+00:02:41,470 --> 00:02:46,990
+three and one is four so the answer is four and
+
+37
+00:02:46,990 --> 00:02:51,990
+seventy one hundred meters what does optical path
+
+38
+00:02:51,990 --> 00:02:58,150
+length mean? 4.71 meters. The light actually moved
+
+39
+00:02:58,150 --> 00:03:06,150
+a distance of 4.5 meters. But if you leaveThe ball
+
+40
+00:03:06,150 --> 00:03:10,290
+would fly in the air at the same time that it
+
+41
+00:03:10,290 --> 00:03:13,810
+crossed the distance from A to B, okay? It crossed
+
+42
+00:03:13,810 --> 00:03:17,030
+4.5 meters, if it was all air, it would have been
+
+43
+00:03:17,030 --> 00:03:20,530
+able to cross 4.71 meters from 100 meters, which
+
+44
+00:03:20,530 --> 00:03:24,470
+is 4.71 meters, and thus the matter would have
+
+45
+00:03:24,470 --> 00:03:26,210
+been solved, may Allah give you health and peace
+
+46
+00:03:26,210 --> 00:03:28,250
+be upon you and His mercy and blessings
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/f1iSSHrXhl0_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1216 @@
+1
+00:00:01,920 --> 00:00:07,480
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، التمرين اليوم بس عشان يوضح
+
+2
+00:00:07,480 --> 00:00:12,940
+الفرق بين ال transfers magnification و ال angular
+
+3
+00:00:12,940 --> 00:00:15,900
+magnification لنفس ال optical system، كيف ال
+
+4
+00:00:15,900 --> 00:00:20,140
+transfers magnification ممكن يكون تصغير، بينما ال
+
+5
+00:00:20,140 --> 00:00:23,720
+angular magnification ممكن يكون تكبير، عندنا مثال،
+
+6
+00:00:23,720 --> 00:00:28,140
+بدنا نحله و نشوف كيف نفهم الفرق بين ال transfers
+
+7
+00:00:28,140 --> 00:00:32,330
+magnification و ال angular magnificationبناء
+
+8
+00:00:32,330 --> 00:00:36,550
+ارتفاعه مائة متر, مائة متر يعني تقريبا تلاتة و
+
+9
+00:00:36,550 --> 00:00:41,330
+تلاتين طابق، كل طابق ارتفاعه تقريبا تلاتة متر، اذا
+
+10
+00:00:41,330 --> 00:00:46,210
+بناء ارتفاعه عن الأرض مائة متر، في عندي عدسة بدنا
+
+11
+00:00:46,210 --> 00:00:49,930
+نتصور عشان الحسابات تطلع عندي يعني مافيش فيها كسور
+
+12
+00:00:49,930 --> 00:00:57,470
+كتير، العدسة قوتها plus مائة و واحد من مية ديوبتر
+
+13
+00:00:58,100 --> 00:01:00,800
+It is usually possible to find plus 100, but 101
+
+14
+00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:02,840
+out of 100 is hard to find, but we can imagine
+
+15
+00:01:02,840 --> 00:01:05,320
+that it exists. In order to ensure that the
+
+16
+00:01:05,320 --> 00:01:07,080
+calculations do not have shortcomings and do not
+
+17
+00:01:07,080 --> 00:01:10,340
+have many problems. We say we want to calculate
+
+18
+00:01:10,340 --> 00:01:12,960
+the transphase magnification of this optical
+
+19
+00:01:12,960 --> 00:01:17,360
+system, of the image that is formed. We say U is
+
+20
+00:01:17,360 --> 00:01:23,360
+equal to negative N over O and equals
+
+21
+00:01:28,270 --> 00:01:33,730
+Minus 1 over 100 meters is the object distance,
+
+22
+00:01:33,830 --> 00:01:48,650
+which is 100 meters Minus
+
+23
+00:01:48,650 --> 00:01:53,930
+1 over 100 meters is
+
+24
+00:01:53,930 --> 00:01:57,550
+equal
+
+25
+00:01:57,550 --> 00:02:05,590
+to minus 1 out of 100 diopters at the front
+
+26
+00:02:05,590 --> 00:02:08,110
+surface of the lens, we write minus 1 out of 100
+
+27
+00:02:08,110 --> 00:02:17,110
+diopters minus 1 out of 100 diopters at the front
+
+28
+00:02:17,110 --> 00:02:22,530
+surface of the lens, we write minus
+
+29
+00:02:22,530 --> 00:02:26,570
+1 out of 100 diopters at the front surface of the
+
+30
+00:02:26,570 --> 00:02:28,810
+lens, we write minus 1 out of 100 dioptersعندي
+
+31
+00:02:28,810 --> 00:02:32,570
+العدسة قوتها plus واحد .. مية .. مية .. مية
+
+32
+00:02:32,570 --> 00:02:40,350
+diopter و واحد من مية diopter فال V إيش هتكون؟
+
+33
+00:02:40,350 --> 00:02:44,710
+ال
+
+34
+00:02:44,710 --> 00:02:48,530
+V هتكون U
+
+35
+00:02:48,530 --> 00:02:52,850
+زائد P تساوي V
+
+36
+00:02:56,430 --> 00:03:02,410
+minus one of one hundred diopters plus one hundred
+
+37
+00:03:02,410 --> 00:03:09,690
+point one of one hundred diopters equals V so V
+
+38
+00:03:09,690 --> 00:03:15,950
+equals plus one hundred diopters on the back of
+
+39
+00:03:15,950 --> 00:03:22,590
+the lens I write V equals V equals plus one
+
+40
+00:03:22,590 --> 00:03:27,770
+hundred diopters As long as the light comes out
+
+41
+00:03:27,770 --> 00:03:30,690
+with a plurality plus, meaning it is collected,
+
+42
+00:03:30,830 --> 00:03:33,210
+meaning it will form a picture I want to know the
+
+43
+00:03:33,210 --> 00:03:38,090
+location of the picture I to equal unconditional
+
+44
+00:03:38,090 --> 00:03:42,990
+on V and
+
+45
+00:03:42,990 --> 00:03:50,050
+equals one over plus one hundred diopters and
+
+46
+00:03:50,050 --> 00:03:58,550
+equals plus one of one hundredmeter and it is
+
+47
+00:03:58,550 --> 00:04:03,470
+equal to a plus one centimeter which means that
+
+48
+00:04:03,470 --> 00:04:05,610
+the diameter of the lens is one centimeter this
+
+49
+00:04:05,610 --> 00:04:08,650
+distance is one centimeter okay let's go to
+
+50
+00:04:08,650 --> 00:04:11,910
+transference magnification transference
+
+51
+00:04:11,910 --> 00:04:15,530
+magnification is equal to either image distance
+
+52
+00:04:15,530 --> 00:04:21,270
+over object distance or u over v if we say image
+
+53
+00:04:21,270 --> 00:04:32,380
+distance image distanceon object distance which is
+
+54
+00:04:32,380 --> 00:04:35,740
+equal to image distance one centimeter which is
+
+55
+00:04:35,740 --> 00:04:42,440
+one out of one hundred meters plus one out of one
+
+56
+00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:46,460
+hundred meters on
+
+57
+00:04:46,460 --> 00:04:56,450
+the object distance minus one hundred metersويساوي
+
+58
+00:04:56,450 --> 00:05:00,930
+X الان
+
+59
+00:05:00,930 --> 00:05:06,750
+plus على minus minus اذا الصورة مجلوبة الصورة
+
+60
+00:05:06,750 --> 00:05:12,830
+مجلوبة الان
+
+61
+00:05:12,830 --> 00:05:16,830
+واحد من مية على مية يعني واحد من عشر تلافين شوف ال
+
+62
+00:05:16,830 --> 00:05:17,370
+calculator
+
+63
+00:05:24,500 --> 00:05:29,500
+واحد من مية تقسيم
+
+64
+00:05:29,500 --> 00:05:34,000
+مية يساوي
+
+65
+00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:41,780
+واحد من عشر تلف، اذا واحد
+
+66
+00:05:41,780 --> 00:05:46,320
+من عشرة ألف، اذا ال transfers magnification هي
+
+67
+00:05:49,500 --> 00:05:52,720
+What does 1 out of 10,000 mean? The picture is
+
+68
+00:05:52,720 --> 00:06:03,560
+upside down because the sign is minus X
+
+69
+00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:08,940
+minus 1 out of 10,000 1 out of 10,000 of the
+
+70
+00:06:08,940 --> 00:06:11,740
+height of the object The height of the object is
+
+71
+00:06:11,740 --> 00:06:12,280
+100 meters
+
+72
+00:06:19,280 --> 00:06:22,180
+100 meters when converted to centimeters is 10,000
+
+73
+00:06:22,180 --> 00:06:27,040
+centimeters If the object is 10,000 times the
+
+74
+00:06:27,040 --> 00:06:28,940
+image, then the height of the image is 1
+
+75
+00:06:28,940 --> 00:06:35,440
+centimeter, which is equal to 1 centimeter So the
+
+76
+00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:38,600
+image is very, very small compared to the object
+
+77
+00:06:38,600 --> 00:06:42,380
+The image is very small compared to the object The
+
+78
+00:06:42,380 --> 00:06:45,760
+height of the object is 10,000 centimeters, and
+
+79
+00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:48,940
+the height of the image is 1 centimeterThis is
+
+80
+00:06:48,940 --> 00:06:51,640
+what transfers magnification. So this optical
+
+81
+00:06:51,640 --> 00:06:57,920
+system gave me a very small image. Can this image
+
+82
+00:06:57,920 --> 00:07:03,200
+appear bigger than the object itself? This is
+
+83
+00:07:03,200 --> 00:07:06,520
+true. This is angular magnification. How much will
+
+84
+00:07:06,520 --> 00:07:08,940
+this image make a corner with my eye? Let's see as
+
+85
+00:07:08,940 --> 00:07:14,420
+follows. This is my eye in this situation. It
+
+86
+00:07:14,420 --> 00:07:14,760
+moves away.
+
+87
+00:07:17,640 --> 00:07:21,480
+My eye is one meter, one hundred centimeters away
+
+88
+00:07:21,480 --> 00:07:24,700
+from the image. One looks at the image. When you
+
+89
+00:07:24,700 --> 00:07:27,220
+look at the optical system, you look at the image
+
+90
+00:07:27,220 --> 00:07:29,740
+that is formed by the optical system. If you look
+
+91
+00:07:29,740 --> 00:07:33,020
+at the object directly, it means that you don't
+
+92
+00:07:33,020 --> 00:07:35,360
+need the optical system. The optical system to
+
+93
+00:07:35,360 --> 00:07:38,920
+make me a picture to look at it. Okay, if my eye
+
+94
+00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:42,600
+is one hundred centimeters awayThe height of the
+
+95
+00:07:42,600 --> 00:07:45,240
+image is one centimeter. How much does the image
+
+96
+00:07:45,240 --> 00:07:47,980
+make a corner with my eye? This is the angle that
+
+97
+00:07:47,980 --> 00:07:49,240
+the image makes with my eye.
+
+98
+00:07:52,900 --> 00:07:55,040
+This is the angle that the image makes with my eye
+
+99
+00:07:55,040 --> 00:07:57,060
+that I point to. Which is limited between the
+
+100
+00:07:57,060 --> 00:08:01,800
+optical axis and this line. In return, one
+
+101
+00:08:01,800 --> 00:08:03,460
+centimeter and the neighbor is one hundred
+
+102
+00:08:03,460 --> 00:08:07,920
+centimeters. So under the angle.Under the corner 1
+
+103
+00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:11,460
+over 100 means 1 out of 100 Ok, how much is the
+
+104
+00:08:11,460 --> 00:08:15,820
+corner itself? Let's see Shift-10 We need another
+
+105
+00:08:15,820 --> 00:08:24,620
+calculator It's
+
+106
+00:08:24,620 --> 00:08:32,220
+still in the calculator, it helps more We
+
+107
+00:08:32,220 --> 00:08:34,660
+need Shift-10 1 out of 100
+
+108
+00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:49,540
+Takriban noos degree, takriban noos degree, تعمل
+
+109
+00:08:49,540 --> 00:08:52,780
+معين أو سبع .. سبعة و خمسين من مية degree طيب
+
+110
+00:08:52,780 --> 00:08:59,220
+ماشي، الآن السؤال التاني، لو أنا جربت عيني لنص
+
+111
+00:08:59,220 --> 00:09:04,680
+متر، يعني صرت أطلع على الصورة من بعد نص متر، مش
+
+112
+00:09:04,680 --> 00:09:07,020
+خمسين .. مش ميت صنطي من خمسين صنطي
+
+113
+00:09:12,980 --> 00:09:17,080
+يعني هذه المسافة أنا بتطلع دائما على الصورة ماليش
+
+114
+00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:21,020
+علاقة هي جديش بالنسبة لل object ماعلي علاقة هي
+
+115
+00:09:21,020 --> 00:09:33,400
+جديش بالنسبة لل object خمسين
+
+116
+00:09:33,400 --> 00:09:34,340
+صنطة
+
+117
+00:09:42,070 --> 00:09:45,250
+الزاوية كبرت شوي، كيف نعرف الزاوية؟ الزاوية في
+
+118
+00:09:45,250 --> 00:09:47,790
+الأول كانت نص degree أو سبعة و خمسين من مية
+
+119
+00:09:47,790 --> 00:09:52,850
+degree، الآن أنا جربت عيني، فجداش صار هذه الصورة
+
+120
+00:09:52,850 --> 00:09:56,490
+تعمل معاني زاوية، بنشوف كيف، واحد على خمسين يعني
+
+121
+00:09:56,490 --> 00:10:01,810
+اتنين من مية، بنقول shift
+
+122
+00:10:01,810 --> 00:10:05,210
+ten اتنين من مية جداش يعني
+
+123
+00:10:11,410 --> 00:10:17,870
+it became 1.1 degrees with my eyes ok, I tried
+
+124
+00:10:17,870 --> 00:10:23,250
+more with my eyes I left it at a distance of a
+
+125
+00:10:23,250 --> 00:10:25,670
+quarter of a meter at a distance of a quarter of a
+
+126
+00:10:25,670 --> 00:10:30,270
+meter let's just move this away a little instead
+
+127
+00:10:30,270 --> 00:10:33,010
+of 50 centimeters I started to look at a distance
+
+128
+00:10:33,010 --> 00:10:41,320
+of 25 centimeters 25 centimetersانا عينى بعيدة عن
+
+129
+00:10:41,320 --> 00:10:47,640
+الصورة
+
+130
+00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:51,420
+اللى انا بتطلع عليها فكبرت الزاوية جربنا شوية أول
+
+131
+00:10:51,420 --> 00:10:55,980
+إشي خلّينا نحرق هذا شوية ل 25 cm أصبحت الزاوية
+
+132
+00:10:55,980 --> 00:10:59,900
+جاعدة بتكبر جربت؟
+
+133
+00:11:01,210 --> 00:11:07,730
+Okay, 25 cm is equivalent to how much? 25 cm is
+
+134
+00:11:07,730 --> 00:11:12,510
+equivalent to the square of this angle. The height
+
+135
+00:11:12,510 --> 00:11:15,730
+of the picture is 1 cm and the square is 25 cm. 1
+
+136
+00:11:15,730 --> 00:11:23,650
+over 25 means 4 out of 100. So, shift down 4
+
+137
+00:11:23,650 --> 00:11:28,550
+out of 100 and
+
+138
+00:11:28,550 --> 00:11:34,250
+equal The angle doubled from 1.1 degrees to 2.2
+
+139
+00:11:34,250 --> 00:11:40,970
+degrees Ok, I want to keep my eye 10 cm away from
+
+140
+00:11:40,970 --> 00:11:43,990
+the
+
+141
+00:11:43,990 --> 00:11:49,430
+image I'm looking at 10
+
+142
+00:11:49,430 --> 00:11:55,610
+cm away And
+
+143
+00:11:55,610 --> 00:11:59,290
+we try here The angle became bigger
+
+144
+00:12:03,250 --> 00:12:10,610
+Picture, okay, then my eye is 10 cm away from the
+
+145
+00:12:10,610 --> 00:12:14,670
+picture, the angle is 1 cm, which is the height of
+
+146
+00:12:14,670 --> 00:12:18,410
+the picture by 10 cm, 1 by 10 is 1 out of 10,
+
+147
+00:12:18,550 --> 00:12:21,690
+which is 10% Shift down to 10%
+
+148
+00:12:31,690 --> 00:12:38,710
+تساوي لأ هدى واحد من مية أسف مرة تانية بنقول shift
+
+149
+00:12:38,710 --> 00:12:42,670
+tan العشرة
+
+150
+00:12:42,670 --> 00:12:51,950
+في المية اللى واحد من عشرة أسف برضه shift
+
+151
+00:12:51,950 --> 00:12:55,790
+tan واحد
+
+152
+00:12:55,790 --> 00:13:02,090
+من عشرة يساوي أصبحتBadal mahi 2 و 2 من 10 درجه، 5
+
+153
+00:13:02,090 --> 00:13:07,430
+و 7 من 10 درجه طيب، لو أنا حاطط .. مجرب عيني من
+
+154
+00:13:07,430 --> 00:13:13,290
+العدسة كتير أو من الصورة كتير Badal
+
+155
+00:13:13,290 --> 00:13:20,550
+10 سانتي، واحد سانتي، لأ إيه كان واحد متر؟ إيه كان
+
+156
+00:13:20,550 --> 00:13:28,940
+واحد سانت؟ يعني أنا بعيد عن الصورةمقدار واحد صنطي،
+
+157
+00:13:28,940 --> 00:13:33,520
+مقدار واحد صنطي، عيني جربات، بتطلع الصورة من جريب
+
+158
+00:13:33,520 --> 00:13:37,560
+كتير، انسان بتطلع صورة ال object، واحنا بنطلع من
+
+159
+00:13:37,560 --> 00:13:40,340
+العدسة، احنا مستحيل نشوف ال object حقيقة، احنا
+
+160
+00:13:40,340 --> 00:13:44,980
+بنطلع على صورة، تمام، الان، انا بعيد عن الصورة
+
+161
+00:13:44,980 --> 00:13:51,360
+واحد صنطي، اذا نظل الزاوية واحد على واحد، واحد على
+
+162
+00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:59,550
+واحدشوف ال calculator، بدنا نجيب الزاوية، بنقول
+
+163
+00:13:59,550 --> 00:14:05,810
+مقلوب الظل بطلّع ليه الزاوية واحد على واحد يعني
+
+164
+00:14:05,810 --> 00:14:14,790
+واحد، ظل الواحد يساوي،
+
+165
+00:14:14,790 --> 00:14:21,250
+يساوي خمسة واربعين درجة، خمسة واربعين درجة، طيب
+
+166
+00:14:21,670 --> 00:14:23,410
+until now we didn't understand the relation
+
+167
+00:14:23,410 --> 00:14:27,050
+between transference magnification and angular
+
+168
+00:14:27,050 --> 00:14:33,950
+magnification now we can say that this body or
+
+169
+00:14:33,950 --> 00:14:39,730
+this picture makes a 45 degree angle with my eye
+
+170
+00:14:39,730 --> 00:14:45,430
+my eye away from it is 1 cm my eye away from the
+
+171
+00:14:45,430 --> 00:14:51,430
+object is 100 meters and 1 cmمائة متر و واحد صنطي
+
+172
+00:14:51,430 --> 00:14:58,370
+مائة
+
+173
+00:14:58,370 --> 00:15:04,150
+متر و واحد صنطي و هذا ارتفاعه مائة متر و هذا
+
+174
+00:15:04,150 --> 00:15:09,310
+ارتفاعه مائة متر يا ترا يا ترا جديش ال object
+
+175
+00:15:09,310 --> 00:15:15,200
+الحقيقي بيعمل زاوية مع عينيone hundred meters by
+
+176
+00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:18,060
+one hundred meters and one of one hundred meters
+
+177
+00:15:18,060 --> 00:15:23,700
+that is to say, how much is the angle, we say two
+
+178
+00:15:23,700 --> 00:15:30,460
+minus one hundred divided
+
+179
+00:15:30,460 --> 00:15:39,360
+by one hundred point one of one hundred and it is
+
+180
+00:15:39,360 --> 00:15:44,340
+equal Forty-four and ninety-nine out of one
+
+181
+00:15:44,340 --> 00:15:49,960
+hundred degrees Which means that the image which
+
+182
+00:15:49,960 --> 00:15:52,980
+is one centimeter high has become larger Because
+
+183
+00:15:52,980 --> 00:15:58,040
+it makes a 45 degree angle with my eye 45 degrees
+
+184
+00:15:58,040 --> 00:16:01,480
+Again, we clarify the example in a larger and
+
+185
+00:16:01,480 --> 00:16:07,940
+larger way We return the lens to its place Now my
+
+186
+00:16:07,940 --> 00:16:08,780
+eye starts to move away
+
+187
+00:16:15,370 --> 00:16:23,150
+نص صنطي نص صنطي بدل صنطي بتصير على بعد نص صنطي من
+
+188
+00:16:23,150 --> 00:16:33,830
+الصورة طيب أصبح الصورة ارتفاعها صنطي البعد
+
+189
+00:16:33,830 --> 00:16:38,580
+بعد عيني عنها نص صنطيand this distance is logical,
+
+190
+00:16:38,780 --> 00:16:41,720
+when I put on my eye a telescope or telescope,
+
+191
+00:16:41,900 --> 00:16:44,840
+this distance is usually far, the eye piece is
+
+192
+00:16:44,840 --> 00:16:48,080
+about half a centimeter away, or almost, there is
+
+193
+00:16:48,080 --> 00:16:53,560
+almost a touch, okay, so the picture will work
+
+194
+00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:57,020
+with my eye angle how much, let's see, we say
+
+195
+00:16:57,020 --> 00:17:02,000
+shift 2, 1, division by half
+
+196
+00:17:08,720 --> 00:17:15,160
+و يساوي تلاتة و ستين degree تلاتة و ستين degree
+
+197
+00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:20,480
+طيب، نرجع، نقول كالقاتل لما عيني بتكون بعيدة عن
+
+198
+00:17:20,480 --> 00:17:24,060
+الصورة، هذه الصورة بتعمل تلاتة و ستين degree مع
+
+199
+00:17:24,060 --> 00:17:33,780
+عيني تلاتة و ستين degree مع عيني، طيب تلاتة
+
+200
+00:17:33,780 --> 00:17:40,050
+و ستين degree مع عيني، طيب، الآنبنشوف في حقيقة
+
+201
+00:17:40,050 --> 00:17:47,330
+الأمر شيلنا العدسة الصورة بتعمل مع عيني 63 degree
+
+202
+00:17:47,330 --> 00:17:52,470
+طيب ال object لو شيلنا العدسة جداش بيعمل مع عيني
+
+203
+00:17:52,470 --> 00:17:58,830
+حقيقة هو على بعد 100 متر و نص سانتي 100 متر و نص
+
+204
+00:17:58,830 --> 00:18:00,590
+سانتي يعني
+
+205
+00:18:05,630 --> 00:18:07,710
+and its height is one hundred meters we say the
+
+206
+00:18:07,710 --> 00:18:12,470
+equivalent to the adjacent shadow of the corner
+
+207
+00:18:12,470 --> 00:18:15,790
+one hundred meters and five thousand of the meter
+
+208
+00:18:15,790 --> 00:18:19,550
+one centimeter is one hundred meters half a
+
+209
+00:18:19,550 --> 00:18:21,910
+centimeter is five thousand of the meter we will
+
+210
+00:18:21,910 --> 00:18:26,510
+calculate it and say as follows shift ten we get
+
+211
+00:18:26,510 --> 00:18:32,150
+the corner one
+
+212
+00:18:32,150 --> 00:18:41,980
+or one hundred metersDivide by one hundred and
+
+213
+00:18:41,980 --> 00:18:46,860
+five thousand meters
+
+214
+00:18:46,860 --> 00:18:51,580
+which is equal to forty-four and ninety-nine
+
+215
+00:18:51,580 --> 00:18:54,060
+degrees which is equal to forty-five degrees So
+
+216
+00:18:54,060 --> 00:18:58,950
+the body works with my eyesالجسم نفسه بدون عدسة
+
+217
+00:18:58,950 --> 00:19:02,930
+اللي هو على بعد ميت متر و نص سانتي بعمل معيني
+
+218
+00:19:02,930 --> 00:19:07,870
+زاوية مقدارها خمسة و أربعين ديجري بينما صورته ..
+
+219
+00:19:07,870 --> 00:19:13,730
+صورتهShe works with my eye at an angle of 63
+
+220
+00:19:13,730 --> 00:19:17,130
+degrees Who will look bigger? The person who looks
+
+221
+00:19:17,130 --> 00:19:19,910
+bigger in the picture His picture will look bigger
+
+222
+00:19:19,910 --> 00:19:23,390
+even though it is actually small It is actually
+
+223
+00:19:23,390 --> 00:19:26,190
+small But why did the eye look bigger than the
+
+224
+00:19:26,190 --> 00:19:29,690
+real body? Because it is much closer to the eye
+
+225
+00:19:29,690 --> 00:19:33,310
+Much closer to the eye Now if we get a piece of
+
+226
+00:19:33,310 --> 00:19:44,530
+metal Go to googleWe say coin This
+
+227
+00:19:44,530 --> 00:19:50,490
+is a coin No matter how big the metal piece is,
+
+228
+00:19:51,410 --> 00:19:55,790
+let's say its diameter is two centimeters For
+
+229
+00:19:55,790 --> 00:19:59,670
+example, its diameter is two centimeters The
+
+230
+00:19:59,670 --> 00:20:02,510
+diameter of the sun, half of the diameter of the
+
+231
+00:20:02,510 --> 00:20:06,580
+sun is eight hundred thousand kilometershalf the
+
+232
+00:20:06,580 --> 00:20:08,200
+diameter, the diameter is one million and six
+
+233
+00:20:08,200 --> 00:20:11,980
+hundred thousand kilometers but with this small
+
+234
+00:20:11,980 --> 00:20:17,180
+piece of metal I can cover the whole sun how? I
+
+235
+00:20:17,180 --> 00:20:19,560
+try it with my eyes and I keep trying it with my
+
+236
+00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:23,120
+eyes and I look at the sun until it makes with my
+
+237
+00:20:23,120 --> 00:20:26,580
+eyes an angle bigger than the angle that the sun
+
+238
+00:20:26,580 --> 00:20:28,160
+makes sometimes this is called angular
+
+239
+00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:31,320
+magnification it has nothing to do with what does
+
+240
+00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:34,600
+it meanIn the transverse magnification, the image
+
+241
+00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:37,220
+is very small, correct? If this candle is 100
+
+242
+00:20:37,220 --> 00:20:41,160
+meters long, or a burning fire, or a narrow body,
+
+243
+00:20:41,300 --> 00:20:46,200
+100 meters long, and we shoot it on a screen, it
+
+244
+00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:48,940
+will be in the conditions we talked about, the
+
+245
+00:20:48,940 --> 00:20:53,150
+power of the lens and the ...It will be a real
+
+246
+00:20:53,150 --> 00:20:56,710
+picture, upside down, one centimeter high only But
+
+247
+00:20:56,710 --> 00:20:59,470
+for the eye of the observer, if the eye is very
+
+248
+00:20:59,470 --> 00:21:02,290
+close to it, it will appear larger than the body
+
+249
+00:21:02,290 --> 00:21:04,850
+itself which is one hundred meters high So this is
+
+250
+00:21:04,850 --> 00:21:14,480
+the difference. Why do I have here?x-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
+
+251
+00:21:14,480 --> 00:21:24,120
+-1-1-1-1
+
+252
+00:21:24,150 --> 00:21:26,350
+In the same way, because I'm looking at it from
+
+253
+00:21:26,350 --> 00:21:28,230
+close, it means it's obvious or it's giving me
+
+254
+00:21:28,230 --> 00:21:30,590
+angular magnification, which means angular
+
+255
+00:21:30,590 --> 00:21:32,790
+magnification, which means an angle with the eye,
+
+256
+00:21:33,070 --> 00:21:36,950
+which means big, bigger than the body itself, like
+
+257
+00:21:36,950 --> 00:21:41,150
+the calculator, according to me here, when we are
+
+258
+00:21:41,150 --> 00:21:44,490
+half a centimeter away from the image, it makes 63
+
+259
+00:21:44,490 --> 00:21:47,490
+degrees, while the object itself, which is 100
+
+260
+00:21:47,490 --> 00:21:51,330
+meters away, makes about 50 degrees, so what makes
+
+261
+00:21:51,330 --> 00:21:57,460
+the angle bigger,هدا لتوضيح الفرق بين ال angular
+
+262
+00:21:57,460 --> 00:22:01,200
+magnification و ليه transfers magnification و ليش
+
+263
+00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:05,460
+مش لازم احنا نربط العلاقة انها ضروري انها تكون
+
+264
+00:22:05,460 --> 00:22:09,950
+ترضية ان هذا كتر هذا كتر مالاش علاقةThis talks
+
+265
+00:22:09,950 --> 00:22:12,510
+about a picture that I take on screen and I get
+
+266
+00:22:12,510 --> 00:22:15,470
+its height in centimeters or in the scale, while
+
+267
+00:22:15,470 --> 00:22:19,290
+the angular magnification talks about how much
+
+268
+00:22:19,290 --> 00:22:22,190
+this picture makes an angle with my eye in another
+
+269
+00:22:22,190 --> 00:22:24,310
+sense, the more it makes a bigger angle, it will
+
+270
+00:22:24,310 --> 00:22:26,910
+appear bigger to me even though it is small Like
+
+271
+00:22:26,910 --> 00:22:30,650
+the piece of metal or the critical piece appeared
+
+272
+00:22:30,650 --> 00:22:36,910
+bigger than the sun's axis because it
+
+273
+00:22:36,910 --> 00:22:39,540
+is closer to my eyeAlso, my example can be much
+
+274
+00:22:39,540 --> 00:22:46,380
+more clear in this case If we say a human drawing
+
+275
+00:22:46,380 --> 00:22:56,300
+For
+
+276
+00:22:56,300 --> 00:23:00,220
+example, let's say as follows I have a person, for
+
+277
+00:23:00,220 --> 00:23:03,840
+example This
+
+278
+00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:05,980
+is a copy of the picture and we come here to a new
+
+279
+00:23:05,980 --> 00:23:06,260
+slide
+
+280
+00:23:13,550 --> 00:23:20,510
+ونقول هاي عملنا له لسق هذا الشخص طوله اتنين متر
+
+281
+00:23:20,510 --> 00:23:26,350
+طوله اتنين متر بدنا نفرض بدنا ننسخه و نتبر فيه شخص
+
+282
+00:23:26,350 --> 00:23:33,570
+اخر بس طوله متر
+
+283
+00:23:33,570 --> 00:23:40,550
+طوله متر الان بدنا نجيب العين هاي ننسخها
+
+284
+00:23:42,440 --> 00:23:57,420
+To make it clear, we say as follows Who
+
+285
+00:23:57,420 --> 00:23:59,420
+is taller? Actually, there is a fact of the
+
+286
+00:23:59,420 --> 00:24:01,540
+matter, this is two meters tall, and this is one
+
+287
+00:24:01,540 --> 00:24:03,160
+meter tall, but let's see how
+
+288
+00:24:08,330 --> 00:24:11,730
+التانى اللى موقفين على مستوى معين و العين على نفس
+
+289
+00:24:11,730 --> 00:24:20,350
+المستوى هذا بيعمل زاوية مع العين أكبر
+
+290
+00:24:20,350 --> 00:24:22,870
+بكثير من الزاوية اللى بيعملها اللى بعيد
+
+291
+00:24:27,140 --> 00:24:30,060
+means this can be for example 50 degrees and this
+
+292
+00:24:30,060 --> 00:24:33,340
+can be 30 degrees this will look bigger to our
+
+293
+00:24:33,340 --> 00:24:37,160
+eyes because it is closer to an angle greater than
+
+294
+00:24:37,160 --> 00:24:39,200
+an angle this is what is meant by angular
+
+295
+00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:42,660
+magnification play with transfer magnification how
+
+296
+00:24:42,660 --> 00:24:47,400
+much transfer ... this may be smaller in realityبس
+
+297
+00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:50,540
+بالنسبة لعيني طالما هو أقرب هيعمل زاوية أكبر
+
+298
+00:24:50,540 --> 00:24:55,460
+فبالتالي هيبين أكبر، هيبين هذا أطول بكتير من هذا،
+
+299
+00:24:55,460 --> 00:24:59,360
+عشان هيك همشوف الرجل اللي جانبنا كبير الحجم، بينما
+
+300
+00:24:59,360 --> 00:25:03,440
+الطائرة اللي أضعاف أضعاف أضعاف أضعاف حجمه، اللي
+
+301
+00:25:03,440 --> 00:25:06,660
+بتطير في السماء على بعد شاهق، بتبين كأنها مثل علبة
+
+302
+00:25:06,660 --> 00:25:11,440
+الكبريت أو ربما أسرر، أو ربما أسرر، و هيك بننهي
+
+303
+00:25:11,440 --> 00:25:14,460
+الموضوع، يعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+304
+00:25:14,460 --> 00:25:15,400
+وبركاته
+