1 00:00:05,580 --> 00:00:07,460 Assalamu Alaikum and good morning from Gaza, 2 00:00:07,560 --> 00:00:11,640 Palestine, the Islamic University. We're almost 3 00:00:11,640 --> 00:00:16,520 done with our English poetry course and today as 4 00:00:16,520 --> 00:00:21,360 you can see here displayed Palestinian poetry. I 5 00:00:21,360 --> 00:00:24,320 know I sound to be unexcited but I am very excited 6 00:00:24,320 --> 00:00:29,040 about this session in particular. In my classes I 7 00:00:29,040 --> 00:00:32,340 try to introduce them to the students 8 00:00:32,340 --> 00:00:36,020 comparatively, so at least you have an idea. It 9 00:00:36,020 --> 00:00:39,760 would be really bad if you finish a degree in 10 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:42,580 English literature with no knowledge about 11 00:00:42,580 --> 00:00:45,920 Palestinian literature being Palestinian. It's 12 00:00:45,920 --> 00:00:48,800 also, it's a chance for other people probably 13 00:00:48,800 --> 00:00:51,560 watching us to know something about Palestinian 14 00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:54,800 literature. We can't do everything in one class. 15 00:00:55,080 --> 00:00:57,560 I've been referring to Palestinian literature many 16 00:00:57,560 --> 00:01:01,000 times so far. But today we have two special poems, 17 00:01:01,180 --> 00:01:04,060 two poems that I love very, very much. One is by 18 00:01:04,060 --> 00:01:07,560 Lina Al Sharif, who's a Palestinian now residing 19 00:01:07,560 --> 00:01:10,400 in Qatar. She's a former student of the English 20 00:01:10,400 --> 00:01:14,460 department and a friend. She's really a wonderful 21 00:01:14,460 --> 00:01:18,640 poet, a promising poet. and also Susan Abulhawa, 22 00:01:18,760 --> 00:01:21,840 the Palestinian-American novelist and poet and 23 00:01:21,840 --> 00:01:25,840 intellectual. We're lucky also to be studying her 24 00:01:25,840 --> 00:01:31,200 poem. We'll see about that now. Okay, first we're 25 00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:34,440 going to begin with Lina Al Sherif. I'll do a 26 00:01:34,440 --> 00:01:38,040 reading very quickly and I want one of you, one or 27 00:01:38,040 --> 00:01:43,280 two of you to read this. So the title is Gluten 28 00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:53,000 -Free Manakish. I know that my grandma will never 29 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:59,220 approve my gluten-free manakish. My zip bag thyme 30 00:01:59,220 --> 00:02:03,420 brought from Palestine. My extra virgin olive oil 31 00:02:03,420 --> 00:02:08,120 shipped from Palestine. My oven electric with a 32 00:02:08,120 --> 00:02:12,460 timer. My dough kneaded with a hand mixer. 33 00:02:16,370 --> 00:02:18,610 But she also didn't like it when I said stuff 34 00:02:18,610 --> 00:02:22,410 like, your pies are better made, are better 35 00:02:22,410 --> 00:02:26,010 because they were baked in the womb of the earth. 36 00:02:27,070 --> 00:02:30,650 She hated it when I said, your thyme grew on 37 00:02:30,650 --> 00:02:35,370 rainwater, wild and free, taken from the root of 38 00:02:35,370 --> 00:02:40,850 the land, its aroma and originality. She shut me 39 00:02:40,850 --> 00:02:44,790 up when I said, the olive oil came from the purest 40 00:02:44,790 --> 00:02:48,930 of lands watered by the tears of angels and 41 00:02:48,930 --> 00:02:54,330 prophets. The earliest witness of our existence, a 42 00:02:54,330 --> 00:02:58,210 symbol of peace long robbed from 43 00:03:01,350 --> 00:03:04,930 She took a bite and said, it's food, not a poem. 44 00:03:05,550 --> 00:03:09,470 Don't preach history and next time don't burn the 45 00:03:09,470 --> 00:03:09,770 dough. 46 00:03:14,190 --> 00:03:19,670 Okay, go on. So that's dough needed angels. 47 00:03:26,220 --> 00:03:30,200 I know that my grandma would never approve but 48 00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:33,720 gluten-free manakish, my zipped cake pie brought 49 00:03:33,720 --> 00:03:37,400 from Palestine, my extra virgin olive oil shipped 50 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:41,480 from Palestine, my oven electric with a timer, my 51 00:03:41,480 --> 00:03:45,920 dough kneaded with a hand mixer. But she also 52 00:03:45,920 --> 00:03:49,060 didn't like it when I said stuff like, your pies 53 00:03:49,060 --> 00:03:51,540 are bitter because they were baked in the warmth 54 00:03:51,540 --> 00:03:55,300 of the earth. She hated it when I said your thyme 55 00:03:55,300 --> 00:03:59,520 grew in rain, on rain, on rainwater, wild and 56 00:03:59,520 --> 00:04:02,920 free, took from the root of the land its aroma and 57 00:04:02,920 --> 00:04:06,670 originality. She shook me up when I said, the 58 00:04:06,670 --> 00:04:10,470 olive oil came from the purest of lands watered by 59 00:04:10,470 --> 00:04:13,590 the tears of angels and prophets. The earliest 60 00:04:13,590 --> 00:04:16,710 witness of our existence, a symbol of peace, one 61 00:04:16,710 --> 00:04:20,450 grabbed from me. She took a bite and said, it's 62 00:04:20,450 --> 00:04:25,130 food, not a poem. Don't preach history. And next 63 00:04:25,130 --> 00:04:28,250 time, don't bend a dog. OK. One more, please. 64 00:04:29,770 --> 00:04:33,380 Gluten-free man'ouche. I know that my grandma will 65 00:04:33,380 --> 00:04:36,480 never approve my gluten-free manakish, my zip 66 00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:39,820 -packed dime, brought from Palestine, my extra 67 00:04:39,820 --> 00:04:43,500 virgin olive oil shipped from Palestine, my oven 68 00:04:43,500 --> 00:04:47,780 electric with a timer, my dough kneaded with a 69 00:04:47,780 --> 00:04:51,400 hand mixer. But she also didn't like it when I 70 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:54,640 said a supply, your pies are better because they 71 00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:58,740 were bathed in the womb of the air. She hated it 72 00:04:58,740 --> 00:05:04,140 when I said your thyme grew on rainwater, wild and 73 00:05:04,140 --> 00:05:07,940 free, topped from the root of the land, its aroma 74 00:05:07,940 --> 00:05:12,480 and originality. She shot me up when I said, the 75 00:05:12,480 --> 00:05:15,820 olive oil came from the purest of plants watered 76 00:05:15,820 --> 00:05:20,880 by the tears of angels and prophets, the earliest 77 00:05:20,880 --> 00:05:26,380 witness of our existence, a symbol of peace, long 78 00:05:26,380 --> 00:05:31,460 robbed from. She took a bite and said, It's food, 79 00:05:31,840 --> 00:05:35,180 not a poem. Don't preach history, and next time, 80 00:05:35,500 --> 00:05:38,460 don't burn the dough. Okay, so don't burn the 81 00:05:38,460 --> 00:05:41,300 dough, yeah? That's your grandma, she knows, she 82 00:05:41,300 --> 00:05:45,260 always does. So, if you have something, anything 83 00:05:45,260 --> 00:05:48,480 that kind of attracted you to this poem, what is 84 00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:52,640 it? Like, what do you find peculiar, interesting, 85 00:05:52,800 --> 00:05:57,630 uncanny, intriguing? Attractive, different, 86 00:05:57,770 --> 00:05:59,470 because this is... I will talk about the features 87 00:05:59,470 --> 00:06:07,030 of Palestinian poetry. Please, Amal. Okay, so 88 00:06:07,030 --> 00:06:12,850 between... And, you know, there is the 89 00:06:12,850 --> 00:06:16,270 granddaughter and the grandmother, people 90 00:06:16,270 --> 00:06:19,470 belonging to two different eras, probably Abu Umar 91 00:06:19,470 --> 00:06:21,350 and a millennial. Please. 92 00:06:24,310 --> 00:06:24,750 What's that? 93 00:06:28,410 --> 00:06:32,290 Is food just included in a poem? Or is it a poem 94 00:06:32,290 --> 00:06:33,070 about food? 95 00:06:38,330 --> 00:06:40,950 I don't think it's abnormal, but it's not that 96 00:06:40,950 --> 00:06:43,410 common. But people talk about food all the time. 97 00:06:44,030 --> 00:06:46,590 But here this is not just food mentioned, food is 98 00:06:46,590 --> 00:06:49,350 the essence, it's the poem, it's even in the 99 00:06:49,350 --> 00:06:49,670 title. 100 00:06:54,210 --> 00:06:58,370 Okay, that's a very interesting thing. You know, 101 00:06:58,710 --> 00:07:01,130 we're here paying a heavy price for being 102 00:07:01,130 --> 00:07:02,990 Palestinians under Israeli occupation. We're 103 00:07:02,990 --> 00:07:07,740 suffering, right? But sometimes people outside, 104 00:07:07,880 --> 00:07:10,440 they dramatize this, they romanticize this. I just 105 00:07:10,440 --> 00:07:12,900 want to be there just for a moment, for a day, 106 00:07:13,060 --> 00:07:16,760 just to, you know, smell the air or taste 107 00:07:16,760 --> 00:07:19,820 something. Please. It's kind of funny to see how 108 00:07:19,820 --> 00:07:23,450 they actually try to modernize the Wow, that's a 109 00:07:23,450 --> 00:07:25,970 good, that's a good word, yeah. Because it's, 110 00:07:26,030 --> 00:07:28,510 because like there are many food that we in our 111 00:07:28,510 --> 00:07:31,910 day, like people, people call them names. They 112 00:07:31,910 --> 00:07:34,150 used to call them names, but now we're just giving 113 00:07:34,150 --> 00:07:36,630 it another modern name just to make it, you know, 114 00:07:36,670 --> 00:07:39,650 just look cool. Yeah, okay. But it's the same. 115 00:07:39,690 --> 00:07:42,050 Okay, so I like your idea, yes? Now, you know 116 00:07:42,050 --> 00:07:46,500 gluten-free Gluten-free in the past 10 years or so 117 00:07:46,500 --> 00:07:49,240 it's been you know the gluten is a substance in 118 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:52,620 wheat in food and bread that some causes I think 119 00:07:52,620 --> 00:07:56,440 allergy or something to people and it's now a 120 00:07:56,440 --> 00:07:59,020 multi-million this is again I don't criticize 121 00:07:59,020 --> 00:08:02,580 people's choices whatever they do but now it's a 122 00:08:02,580 --> 00:08:05,380 trend and it's a now multi-billion if not dollar 123 00:08:05,380 --> 00:08:08,040 business around the world people want everything 124 00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:11,960 to be gluten-free and you know you do that for 125 00:08:11,960 --> 00:08:15,870 them And Manakish. So there is this kind of 126 00:08:15,870 --> 00:08:20,370 paradox here. This Manakish is deeply rooted in 127 00:08:20,370 --> 00:08:22,730 Palestinian history, or at least the history of 128 00:08:22,730 --> 00:08:26,530 the Middle East, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. And 129 00:08:26,530 --> 00:08:30,630 there is the gluten-free. This Manakish is without 130 00:08:30,630 --> 00:08:33,850 gluten. Gluten is extracted. It's modern. It's 131 00:08:33,850 --> 00:08:37,860 cool. It's the fashion. But also I find it very 132 00:08:37,860 --> 00:08:40,780 interesting how the word, you know, I know many 133 00:08:40,780 --> 00:08:44,440 people in Gaza, like many especially ladies, they 134 00:08:44,440 --> 00:08:47,200 wouldn't say managish, you know, the original 135 00:08:47,200 --> 00:08:50,400 word. They would rather go for managish, which is 136 00:08:50,400 --> 00:08:55,420 the cool again word. I think almost 20 years ago, 137 00:08:55,960 --> 00:08:58,380 not many people in Gaza were saying managish or 138 00:08:58,380 --> 00:09:01,910 alam or ali or telo. And this change is 139 00:09:01,910 --> 00:09:05,810 fascinating in many ways. In, I'm not sure if I 140 00:09:05,810 --> 00:09:07,890 mentioned this before, in Hebrew, the same thing 141 00:09:07,890 --> 00:09:10,530 happened. Sometimes, remember we said in English 142 00:09:10,530 --> 00:09:13,050 they had the kha sound in the past, like German 143 00:09:13,050 --> 00:09:15,030 nicht or something, and then they dropped the 144 00:09:15,030 --> 00:09:18,330 sound and the letters remained. That's one reason 145 00:09:18,330 --> 00:09:21,330 why we have so many silent letters in English, 146 00:09:21,410 --> 00:09:24,350 because English developed. Now in Hebrew, they had 147 00:09:24,350 --> 00:09:28,350 the ah sound, which is semantic, which is Middle 148 00:09:28,350 --> 00:09:31,960 Eastern. And because now so many Jews are coming 149 00:09:31,960 --> 00:09:34,380 from the West, and it's very difficult for them to 150 00:09:34,380 --> 00:09:37,060 say the A sound, getting it here from I don't know 151 00:09:37,060 --> 00:09:37,300 where. 152 00:09:40,920 --> 00:09:44,920 And because people like in Israel, Jews in power 153 00:09:44,920 --> 00:09:49,050 are mostly Western Jews, Ashkenazi Jews. So by 154 00:09:49,050 --> 00:09:52,630 time, because those people couldn't say the ah 155 00:09:52,630 --> 00:09:55,990 sound, and in order to integrate, there is racism. 156 00:09:56,390 --> 00:09:58,950 There's racism everywhere in Israel. There is, you 157 00:09:58,950 --> 00:10:01,150 know, classes, if you are Western Jew, white, 158 00:10:01,830 --> 00:10:05,350 blonde, blue eyes, you know. And then there is 159 00:10:05,350 --> 00:10:11,710 Jews coming from other countries, and then Arab 160 00:10:11,710 --> 00:10:15,950 Jews, and then black Jews, and then Arab 161 00:10:15,950 --> 00:10:19,810 Christians, and Arab Muslims, and Druze. So 162 00:10:19,810 --> 00:10:23,330 there's this. So in order for those people to 163 00:10:23,330 --> 00:10:27,870 integrate, by time, they started to drop the ah. 164 00:10:28,270 --> 00:10:34,600 So if it's Arabic or Atsar, Okay? So nobody looks 165 00:10:34,600 --> 00:10:37,840 like, who is this backward person saying ah sound? 166 00:10:37,920 --> 00:10:40,440 In order to integrate with the mainstream current, 167 00:10:40,960 --> 00:10:44,260 by time even Arabs started to drop the ah sound. 168 00:10:44,820 --> 00:10:47,460 And this is happening here in, it's been happening 169 00:10:47,460 --> 00:10:50,700 in the past. It sounds more, you know, it sounds 170 00:10:50,700 --> 00:10:56,100 cooler nowadays for girls to say, it sounds 171 00:10:56,100 --> 00:10:58,980 cooler. It's like, what, who, he, how, what do you 172 00:10:58,980 --> 00:11:02,620 think of Khadra, for example. She's cool, she's 173 00:11:02,620 --> 00:11:07,220 cool. What she says, she says, right? And this is 174 00:11:07,220 --> 00:11:09,480 bad in a way. It's interesting linguistically 175 00:11:09,480 --> 00:11:12,120 speaking, but it's bad to judge people by their 176 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:16,900 appearance or the way they speak or accent or et 177 00:11:16,900 --> 00:11:20,500 cetera. So the poet here, the young poet chooses, 178 00:11:20,860 --> 00:11:22,960 I know some people inherently say people from 179 00:11:22,960 --> 00:11:25,240 Jaffa originally or something, they're more into 180 00:11:25,240 --> 00:11:29,540 the A than the G. But the gluten-free is in itself 181 00:11:29,540 --> 00:11:32,280 something modern, something our parents don't 182 00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:35,800 know, most of us don't know, let alone, you know, 183 00:11:35,920 --> 00:11:40,020 our grandparents. And again, the Manakish itself 184 00:11:40,020 --> 00:11:42,540 is again, like you said, is an attempt from the 185 00:11:42,540 --> 00:11:45,980 young female to sound cool, to modernize 186 00:11:45,980 --> 00:11:48,840 Palestine, you know, to appeal to probably to 187 00:11:48,840 --> 00:11:51,540 foreigners, to appeal to the younger generation. 188 00:11:52,140 --> 00:11:56,200 So I know that my grandma will never approve my 189 00:11:56,200 --> 00:11:59,820 gluten-free manakish. And that's, you know, what 190 00:11:59,820 --> 00:12:04,560 grandmas do. My zipped-back thyme brought from 191 00:12:04,560 --> 00:12:08,120 Palestine. Thyme, you know, the food is brought 192 00:12:08,120 --> 00:12:10,980 from Palestine. Everything is Palestinian at home. 193 00:12:11,780 --> 00:12:14,780 My extra virgin olive oil. 194 00:12:17,660 --> 00:12:21,140 Now many times people meet like when I was in 195 00:12:21,140 --> 00:12:25,040 Malaysia in the UK somewhere else and people when 196 00:12:25,040 --> 00:12:26,760 they knew that I'm Palestinian they would always 197 00:12:26,760 --> 00:12:29,900 ask me about the oil and many people wanted me to 198 00:12:29,900 --> 00:12:33,040 bring them oil. Because they loved it. They, you 199 00:12:33,040 --> 00:12:35,700 know, they think it's magic. And I think our 200 00:12:35,700 --> 00:12:40,160 grandmas also think olive oil is magical, you 201 00:12:40,160 --> 00:12:45,060 know. There's this meme I complained about to my 202 00:12:45,060 --> 00:12:49,200 grandma about a heartache and she asked me to rub 203 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:55,180 it with olive oil. So the 204 00:12:55,180 --> 00:13:00,020 people would usually ask me, what is virgin olive 205 00:13:00,020 --> 00:13:05,070 oil? And I would say, I honestly don't know. For 206 00:13:05,070 --> 00:13:08,530 us, it's all oil. You could say this is from this 207 00:13:08,530 --> 00:13:10,310 area, this is from that area, this is from the 208 00:13:10,310 --> 00:13:12,130 West Bank, this is from Gaza, this is from East 209 00:13:12,130 --> 00:13:16,830 Gaza, you know. But honestly, we don't know. And 210 00:13:16,830 --> 00:13:19,310 then, and this is very interesting because in many 211 00:13:19,310 --> 00:13:21,390 ways this is a marketing technique, a marketing 212 00:13:21,390 --> 00:13:23,850 gimmick. You sell oil, everybody's selling olive 213 00:13:23,850 --> 00:13:25,950 oil, you want to sound cool, you know, big 214 00:13:25,950 --> 00:13:28,190 businesses. It's like, okay, we have an idea. 215 00:13:29,890 --> 00:13:32,730 Virgin olive oil. Oh, and then everybody is doing 216 00:13:32,730 --> 00:13:35,070 virgin olive oil and then okay, okay, okay, okay. 217 00:13:35,230 --> 00:13:38,650 Extra virgin olive oil. The problem is that with 218 00:13:38,650 --> 00:13:42,310 time, what are we going to do? Are we going to 219 00:13:42,310 --> 00:13:47,030 witness super extra virgin olive oil, duper super 220 00:13:47,030 --> 00:13:50,490 duper extra? I don't know. But for us 221 00:13:50,490 --> 00:13:53,950 Palestinians, it's oil. It's part of our life, 222 00:13:54,370 --> 00:13:59,210 right? Shipped from Palestine, an oven. But look 223 00:13:59,210 --> 00:14:01,810 at again the paradox, how paradoxical we can be. 224 00:14:02,750 --> 00:14:07,230 The oven is electric and with a timer. So it's not 225 00:14:07,230 --> 00:14:09,910 that it's only electric, instead of the clay, 226 00:14:10,290 --> 00:14:13,530 olive oil that our grandmas used, it's electric 227 00:14:13,530 --> 00:14:16,870 and it also has a timer. So you could do your 228 00:14:16,870 --> 00:14:19,350 stuff and then go watch an episode of, I don't 229 00:14:19,350 --> 00:14:22,630 know, Grey's Anatomy that doesn't want to end or 230 00:14:22,630 --> 00:14:27,210 anything else. And electric, and the dough kneaded 231 00:14:27,210 --> 00:14:31,430 with a hand mixer also. You know, it's a paradox. 232 00:14:32,640 --> 00:14:35,900 I think there is some kind of a play on the word 233 00:14:35,900 --> 00:14:40,500 time, okay, thank God we don't have cats here, and 234 00:14:40,500 --> 00:14:44,680 also the word needed, because needed, N-E-E-D-E-D, 235 00:14:44,940 --> 00:14:52,660 also need, you know, to do the, okay, fun. But she 236 00:14:52,660 --> 00:14:55,880 also, my grandma, didn't like it when I said stuff 237 00:14:55,880 --> 00:14:59,540 like, your pies are better because they were baked 238 00:14:59,540 --> 00:15:07,770 in the womb. of the earth. Grandma, your pies. And 239 00:15:07,770 --> 00:15:11,850 look at beautiful personification of our land, the 240 00:15:11,850 --> 00:15:14,910 earth as a mother, a loving mother that has a womb 241 00:15:14,910 --> 00:15:17,590 that can give and give children and children. 242 00:15:21,070 --> 00:15:25,930 She hated it when I said, your thyme grew on 243 00:15:25,930 --> 00:15:31,950 rainwater, wild and free, taken from the root of 244 00:15:31,950 --> 00:15:37,730 the land, its aroma and originality. Wow. She shut 245 00:15:37,730 --> 00:15:44,530 me up, Timre, when I said, the olive oil came from 246 00:15:44,530 --> 00:15:47,730 the purest of lands, watered by the tears of 247 00:15:47,730 --> 00:15:48,770 angels and prophets. 248 00:15:54,480 --> 00:15:58,560 the earliest and this is grandma this is evidence 249 00:15:58,560 --> 00:16:01,240 we exist this is evidence that the land is ours 250 00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:03,860 that the land is for the Palestinians the earliest 251 00:16:03,860 --> 00:16:07,800 witness of our existence a symbol of peace long 252 00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:11,980 robbed from and 253 00:16:11,980 --> 00:16:14,440 there is interruption here So there's an 254 00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:16,740 interruption here. So she wants to go on and on 255 00:16:16,740 --> 00:16:19,300 and poeticize and romanticize and turn everything 256 00:16:19,300 --> 00:16:24,340 into politics, into typical 257 00:16:24,340 --> 00:16:28,980 grandma stuff. But she also didn't like it. She 258 00:16:28,980 --> 00:16:34,620 took a bite and said, it's food, not a poem. Don't 259 00:16:34,620 --> 00:16:37,800 preach history. And next time, don't burn the 260 00:16:37,800 --> 00:16:43,030 dough. Next time, don't burn your manakish. So 261 00:16:43,030 --> 00:16:45,850 even with the electric oven, with the timer, 262 00:16:46,090 --> 00:16:47,670 electric timer and everything, 263 00:16:50,650 --> 00:16:54,230 we're not sure you have to taste it, right? Yeah, 264 00:16:54,390 --> 00:16:58,730 first. But again, grandma knows if she says 265 00:16:58,730 --> 00:17:04,070 something, it must be it. I find this a beautiful 266 00:17:04,070 --> 00:17:07,570 poem. Really, really beautiful poem. Simple, but 267 00:17:07,570 --> 00:17:10,830 deep and profound. In many ways, there's this 268 00:17:10,830 --> 00:17:14,730 generational gap. There's a chasm, actually. The 269 00:17:14,730 --> 00:17:18,310 conflict between the young and the old and how the 270 00:17:18,310 --> 00:17:22,290 young try to appeal to, you know, not saying this 271 00:17:22,290 --> 00:17:26,090 is wrong to appeal to people like, you know, out 272 00:17:26,090 --> 00:17:29,030 there, Palestinians, non-Palestinians, people who 273 00:17:29,030 --> 00:17:32,210 speak in English to try to sound cool, to try to 274 00:17:32,210 --> 00:17:34,370 bring Palestine closer to them and bring them 275 00:17:34,370 --> 00:17:37,750 closer to Palestine. But preaching history here, 276 00:17:37,950 --> 00:17:40,770 turning everything into politics, every bite, 277 00:17:40,970 --> 00:17:43,850 every meal, every food, every topic, which is 278 00:17:43,850 --> 00:17:47,350 something we do, is something that does not appeal 279 00:17:47,350 --> 00:17:49,050 to the older generation, especially our 280 00:17:49,050 --> 00:17:54,730 grandparents. For them Palestine is Palestine. The 281 00:17:54,730 --> 00:17:56,690 land is ours. You don't have to bring 282 00:17:56,690 --> 00:18:00,730 archaeological evidence. You don't have to look at 283 00:18:00,730 --> 00:18:06,170 an olive tree as evidence. Grandmother knows. 284 00:18:06,970 --> 00:18:09,430 Probably I mentioned Darwish who again came to 285 00:18:09,430 --> 00:18:12,630 Palestine. There was a Jewish shepherd from Yemen 286 00:18:12,630 --> 00:18:16,130 who thought that the remains of Mahmoud Darwish's 287 00:18:16,130 --> 00:18:19,370 village were the remains of a Roman village. 288 00:18:19,590 --> 00:18:22,650 Because again, the Zionists erased 2,000 years of 289 00:18:22,650 --> 00:18:26,750 history, just altogether gone. And Darwish says 290 00:18:26,750 --> 00:18:29,950 that the land does not belong to those who inject 291 00:18:29,950 --> 00:18:33,690 it with artificial meanings. Those who want 292 00:18:33,690 --> 00:18:36,170 archaeological evidence to prove their connection 293 00:18:36,170 --> 00:18:39,150 to the land. The land belongs to those who know 294 00:18:39,150 --> 00:18:41,310 it's going to rain just from smelling the earth, 295 00:18:41,810 --> 00:18:45,710 the air. Just you feel it, you know. And I've 296 00:18:45,710 --> 00:18:47,470 experienced this. I'm sure some of you experienced 297 00:18:47,470 --> 00:18:50,430 this. Sometimes, like in the past, you would go 298 00:18:50,430 --> 00:18:53,590 out and then your grandma says, hey, aren't you 299 00:18:53,590 --> 00:18:57,690 going to wear anything heavy? Say, it's sunny or 300 00:18:57,690 --> 00:19:00,430 it's not cloudy, but it's going to rain. And then 301 00:19:00,430 --> 00:19:04,230 two hours later, it's like she owns the clouds. 302 00:19:05,790 --> 00:19:09,250 And it never, like almost never happens, like a 303 00:19:09,250 --> 00:19:11,190 grandma says it's going to rain and it doesn't. 304 00:19:11,250 --> 00:19:13,130 It's like, again, the cloud's like, oh, okay, 305 00:19:13,270 --> 00:19:16,670 grandma, just for you this time. Honestly, and 306 00:19:16,670 --> 00:19:19,670 this happens here. The connection is natural, is 307 00:19:19,670 --> 00:19:22,790 not artificial. The connection comes with every 308 00:19:22,790 --> 00:19:26,130 breath they take, with everything they do, just 309 00:19:26,130 --> 00:19:29,110 because they are, because they are Palestinian. 310 00:19:30,110 --> 00:19:32,450 And on the other hand, we've seen this, And you 311 00:19:32,450 --> 00:19:35,510 see it, how Israel tries to, as an occupation, 312 00:19:35,690 --> 00:19:38,500 tries to inject you know, artificial meanings. 313 00:19:39,460 --> 00:19:42,440 There has been a lot of research done, you know, a 314 00:19:42,440 --> 00:19:44,840 lot of digging done just to bring something. And 315 00:19:44,840 --> 00:19:49,980 three years ago, Netanyahu, there was this kid who 316 00:19:49,980 --> 00:19:52,840 went with his father somewhere and he bought a 317 00:19:52,840 --> 00:19:55,300 souvenir, a coin souvenir. And I think his dad 318 00:19:55,300 --> 00:19:57,800 posted something and somebody took it and said, 319 00:19:58,060 --> 00:20:01,460 yeah, little kid found this coin from 3000 years. 320 00:20:01,640 --> 00:20:05,140 Yes, Israel was here first. And then Netanyahu 321 00:20:05,140 --> 00:20:07,580 himself took this picture and he posted it and 322 00:20:07,580 --> 00:20:14,250 boasted about this is evidence. Oops. It's fake. 323 00:20:14,890 --> 00:20:17,350 It's just a souvenir. And even, you know, the half 324 00:20:17,350 --> 00:20:19,490 shekel, you know, there's a half shekel, the lyre 325 00:20:19,490 --> 00:20:22,850 there, the musical instrument, it's fake. Somebody 326 00:20:22,850 --> 00:20:25,370 came in the 70s and he's like, OK, what should I 327 00:20:25,370 --> 00:20:28,190 do just to connect people more here? He said, oh, 328 00:20:28,290 --> 00:20:30,970 I found this. This is from three years ago. It 329 00:20:30,970 --> 00:20:33,290 turned out to be fake. Google why is there a fake 330 00:20:33,290 --> 00:20:37,130 symbol on Israeli half shekel or coin, you'd be 331 00:20:37,130 --> 00:20:40,670 stunned. Recently, in the past five years, Haaretz 332 00:20:40,670 --> 00:20:42,610 Post posted so many articles about this 333 00:20:42,610 --> 00:20:49,110 interesting revising history. The Zionists tried 334 00:20:49,110 --> 00:20:51,610 to prove that when there was always enmity 335 00:20:51,610 --> 00:20:53,490 between, for example, the Jews and the original, 336 00:20:53,670 --> 00:20:55,890 the Canaanites and the natives of Palestine. Now, 337 00:20:56,310 --> 00:21:00,190 new research says, no, they coexisted. They lived 338 00:21:00,190 --> 00:21:04,710 together. They traded stuff. So while Israel tries 339 00:21:04,710 --> 00:21:08,410 to do this, to modernize in its way, to inject 340 00:21:08,410 --> 00:21:12,090 Palestine with technology, with archaeological 341 00:21:12,090 --> 00:21:15,910 finds, and also Israel, and this is a fact, Israel 342 00:21:15,910 --> 00:21:18,570 is also destroying every possible Palestinian 343 00:21:18,570 --> 00:21:21,290 connection to the land. Israel has destroyed so 344 00:21:21,290 --> 00:21:25,210 many historical places to sever this relationship. 345 00:21:26,240 --> 00:21:28,140 Now the young generation is doing something 346 00:21:28,140 --> 00:21:31,100 interesting to try to bring this back, to try to 347 00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:34,860 bring... don't we feel happy, you know, when we 348 00:21:34,860 --> 00:21:38,910 come across Palestine in Othello? Go to your 349 00:21:38,910 --> 00:21:42,510 grandma and say, Ma, Grandma, I have a piece of 350 00:21:42,510 --> 00:21:45,930 evidence that Palestine existed. Even Shakespeare 351 00:21:45,930 --> 00:21:48,370 said Palestine. Here, look, Othello. She's like, 352 00:21:48,470 --> 00:21:51,090 what? She doesn't need Othello. She doesn't need 353 00:21:51,090 --> 00:21:53,890 Shakespeare. She doesn't need gluten-free 354 00:21:53,890 --> 00:21:56,350 manakish. Even the oil, which is, again, the most 355 00:21:56,350 --> 00:21:58,670 significant. And we talk about the oil here in 356 00:21:58,670 --> 00:22:01,650 Palestine. We talk about, again, man and land 357 00:22:01,650 --> 00:22:06,740 coming together because the result is The result 358 00:22:06,740 --> 00:22:10,280 is trees, you know, the olive trees, the symbol of 359 00:22:10,280 --> 00:22:13,820 Palestine and Palestinians. So I find it very 360 00:22:13,820 --> 00:22:21,740 interesting how the grandma is trying to prevent 361 00:22:21,740 --> 00:22:24,180 the girl, the lady, the young lady, from turning 362 00:22:24,180 --> 00:22:27,900 everything into politics. And this is actually one 363 00:22:27,900 --> 00:22:31,440 thing that people say that is not cool, good about 364 00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:33,540 Palestinian poetry or literature. It's too 365 00:22:33,540 --> 00:22:38,890 political. They say Palestinian portraits is too 366 00:22:38,890 --> 00:22:41,270 political. Of course it's too political. Don't be 367 00:22:41,270 --> 00:22:43,890 defensive here. We are under occupation. Everybody 368 00:22:43,890 --> 00:22:47,050 has been influenced in so many ways, in ways you 369 00:22:47,050 --> 00:22:50,470 can't imagine by the Israeli occupation. And for 370 00:22:50,470 --> 00:22:53,030 us, personal is political and political is 371 00:22:53,030 --> 00:22:55,770 personal. Think, we'll talk about this when it 372 00:22:55,770 --> 00:23:01,090 comes to Susan Abulhawa just now. I'll just come 373 00:23:01,090 --> 00:23:04,800 to this point later on. Okay, so what other 374 00:23:04,800 --> 00:23:07,360 features of Palestinian poetry or literature can 375 00:23:07,360 --> 00:23:09,460 you find here? You said you mentioned dialogue 376 00:23:09,460 --> 00:23:12,960 here, you mentioned food, and you know, the 377 00:23:12,960 --> 00:23:18,360 cultural heritage, the grandma, the existence of 378 00:23:18,360 --> 00:23:21,280 grandma being there like, you know, all 379 00:23:21,280 --> 00:23:24,520 protective, all guiding us, giving us advice. What 380 00:23:24,520 --> 00:23:25,660 else? What other features? 381 00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:38,840 These are cultural references, always there, 382 00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:42,840 always there, they're part of our life. The word 383 00:23:42,840 --> 00:23:46,420 mana'ish itself not using like pastries or 384 00:23:46,420 --> 00:23:50,560 something equivalent. Okay, not foreignizing this 385 00:23:50,560 --> 00:23:53,180 term. And it's not translated by the way. You can 386 00:23:53,180 --> 00:23:56,300 guess by if you google it you'll find it the term. 387 00:23:56,440 --> 00:23:59,440 But not many non-Arab speakers can know that this 388 00:23:59,440 --> 00:24:01,880 is this is what the context can tell. So you use 389 00:24:01,880 --> 00:24:04,220 the word Arab word. I'll come back to this with 390 00:24:04,220 --> 00:24:09,960 Susan's poem. The word is not foreignized or even 391 00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:13,260 transliterated or translated. I actually find it 392 00:24:13,260 --> 00:24:16,020 interesting the contrast image between Lina's poem 393 00:24:16,020 --> 00:24:22,000 and Terence's poem. We have two 394 00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:24,320 generations, the older one and the younger one, 395 00:24:24,820 --> 00:24:26,120 but they have contrast images. 396 00:24:34,420 --> 00:24:38,720 She's trying to get evidence. But there, the 397 00:24:38,720 --> 00:24:43,960 father was trying to... To do that. The kids were 398 00:24:43,960 --> 00:24:48,860 oblivious. They were reluctant. The grandma is the 399 00:24:48,860 --> 00:24:56,270 one who takes the bite. They want to eat. That's 400 00:24:56,270 --> 00:24:57,810 very fair. Thank you very much. That's a very good 401 00:24:57,810 --> 00:25:00,710 point here. Don't forget that probably this person 402 00:25:00,710 --> 00:25:03,230 is outside Palestine now. He's an outsider, a 403 00:25:03,230 --> 00:25:06,230 native, indigenous, but outsider. Can't be in 404 00:25:06,230 --> 00:25:09,750 Palestine for a reason. Israel. But that man, a 405 00:25:09,750 --> 00:25:13,810 Zionist, who was born in Europe, is in Palestine. 406 00:25:14,390 --> 00:25:15,610 Thank you very much. That's a really, really 407 00:25:15,610 --> 00:25:19,270 interesting point. One more thing, please. 408 00:25:23,150 --> 00:25:28,430 The sense of seriousness? So the old are serious? 409 00:25:29,990 --> 00:25:32,710 Okay, so how's that helping the poem? Okay, 410 00:25:32,890 --> 00:25:33,190 interesting. 411 00:25:44,890 --> 00:25:48,330 Okay, so she doesn't want her granddaughter to 412 00:25:48,330 --> 00:25:52,490 romanticize this, to turn food into politics. 413 00:25:56,290 --> 00:26:00,510 Yeah, it's not food. Food is not evidence for her. 414 00:26:00,750 --> 00:26:02,610 Although for us, you know, there's a huge fight 415 00:26:02,610 --> 00:26:08,070 over hummus, okay? And even now falafel and 416 00:26:08,070 --> 00:26:14,590 shakshuka and all these kinds of foods. Please. 417 00:26:21,670 --> 00:26:22,110 Okay, 418 00:26:25,730 --> 00:26:27,390 but I don't think this is a feature of Palestinian 419 00:26:27,390 --> 00:26:30,110 poetry that we try to foreshadow in a way, but 420 00:26:30,110 --> 00:26:31,870 yeah, possible. Although foreshadowing is 421 00:26:31,870 --> 00:26:36,070 something more into fiction rather than poetry to 422 00:26:36,070 --> 00:26:37,530 guess what's coming. 423 00:26:42,230 --> 00:26:43,890 Nostalgia as a theme, yeah. 424 00:26:55,190 --> 00:26:57,530 Promoting the concept of Samud. Again, especially 425 00:26:57,530 --> 00:26:59,690 people who say this, especially people who are in 426 00:26:59,690 --> 00:27:02,030 the diaspora, people who can't be here. They're 427 00:27:02,030 --> 00:27:04,350 doing an amazing job, activism and BDS and 428 00:27:04,350 --> 00:27:08,770 everything, you know, boycotting Israel. But 429 00:27:08,770 --> 00:27:11,190 again, the thing is that reality is different. 430 00:27:11,410 --> 00:27:13,990 Reality is a lot harsher than you can ever 431 00:27:13,990 --> 00:27:16,870 imagine. Finally, somebody here. 432 00:27:27,220 --> 00:27:30,940 Okay, so and free here, what does it mean when you 433 00:27:30,940 --> 00:27:35,760 say gluten-free? So without, but again freedom is 434 00:27:35,760 --> 00:27:38,780 something we seek. So is it probably connected? 435 00:27:38,940 --> 00:27:42,720 Possible, possible. So I raised two questions here 436 00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:46,040 I want you to think of. This poem is about 437 00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:48,640 rootedness to Palestine, but it's also about 438 00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:52,480 generational chasm, the gap between the 439 00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:56,760 generation, the young, the old. And then there is 440 00:27:56,760 --> 00:28:02,580 how is the young lady in the poem trying to 441 00:28:02,580 --> 00:28:05,860 modernize Palestine? We already mentioned this in 442 00:28:05,860 --> 00:28:13,060 passing. Anything? Shall we move? Yes, shall I 443 00:28:13,060 --> 00:28:16,220 move? Or yes, you want to say something? Okay, 444 00:28:16,420 --> 00:28:21,720 I'll move if you say so. Okay, there's this poem 445 00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:26,400 by Susan Abulhawa, the Palestinian writer, 446 00:28:26,980 --> 00:28:28,240 novelist, intellectual. 447 00:28:31,620 --> 00:28:36,540 She's the author of Mornings in Jenin. Please read 448 00:28:36,540 --> 00:28:38,700 this novel, read it in English. It's one of the 449 00:28:38,700 --> 00:28:43,260 best. There's a video here I want you to watch 450 00:28:43,260 --> 00:28:46,460 already posted it on our Facebook group. Okay so 451 00:28:46,460 --> 00:28:50,020 like I said our second poem is by Susan Abulhawa 452 00:28:50,020 --> 00:28:54,260 it's called Wala. Let's watch and listen and then 453 00:28:54,260 --> 00:28:55,180 do some discussion. 454 00:29:10,430 --> 00:29:15,210 It's 3 a.m. in the cattle cage. The line is long 455 00:29:15,210 --> 00:29:20,130 and thick with lights. I wait. I ship me a 456 00:29:20,130 --> 00:29:21,570 sandwich with cucumber in it. 457 00:29:31,130 --> 00:29:33,690 Together, you prayed and prayed, danced and 458 00:29:33,690 --> 00:29:37,670 laughed. She kissed your face and said, Allah maak 459 00:29:37,670 --> 00:29:42,970 ya habibi. Allah be with you, my love. You kissed 460 00:29:42,970 --> 00:29:45,690 the faces of your sleeping babies. You haven't 461 00:29:45,690 --> 00:29:49,910 seen them awake in months, and you wondered. Has 462 00:29:49,910 --> 00:29:53,830 Walid's voice begun to crack yet? Have Wajdad's 463 00:29:53,830 --> 00:29:58,410 hips begun to flare? How big was Suriya's smile 464 00:29:58,410 --> 00:30:03,970 when she came home with her report card? in the 465 00:30:03,970 --> 00:30:10,490 cattle cage. Still, you wait. The line before you 466 00:30:10,490 --> 00:30:15,930 is so long, and behind you now it is longer. Few 467 00:30:15,930 --> 00:30:19,830 will you speak. You're packed so damn tight that 468 00:30:19,830 --> 00:30:22,890 you hold one another upright. You see your own 469 00:30:22,890 --> 00:30:25,830 fatigue reflected in the weariness etched on the 470 00:30:25,830 --> 00:30:30,750 faces all around you. You look away, pine for 471 00:30:30,750 --> 00:30:36,330 smoke. But who the hell can afford that? You stare 472 00:30:36,330 --> 00:30:39,490 at the graffiti beyond the iron bars holding you 473 00:30:39,490 --> 00:30:43,470 in, written just for you, written by Zionist 474 00:30:43,470 --> 00:30:46,130 settlers sucking the breath from your lungs. You 475 00:30:46,130 --> 00:30:49,550 understand the meaning of their English words. 476 00:30:49,730 --> 00:30:54,410 Die, sand niggers. Sometimes you pine for that, 477 00:30:54,550 --> 00:31:02,730 too. cattle cage. The soldiers arrive. The line 478 00:31:02,730 --> 00:31:06,550 loosens. You take one step forward propelled by 479 00:31:06,550 --> 00:31:09,650 the weight of the bodies behind you. Your chip in 480 00:31:09,650 --> 00:31:12,670 a sandwich with cucumber in a plastic bag is 481 00:31:12,670 --> 00:31:18,230 crushed. It never survives. It's 7 a.m. in the 482 00:31:18,230 --> 00:31:23,790 cattle cage. Now it's your turn. You produce your 483 00:31:23,790 --> 00:31:28,770 papers, unfold, refold, eyes down, heart down, 484 00:31:28,910 --> 00:31:32,770 your shoes are down on their luck, but you're out 485 00:31:32,770 --> 00:31:36,050 of the line now. Fifteen men before you were 486 00:31:36,050 --> 00:31:40,130 pulled aside and you tried not to look, tried not 487 00:31:40,130 --> 00:31:44,350 to hear the one yelling, don't hit me. It's seven 488 00:31:44,350 --> 00:31:50,840 thirty a.m. on the cattle bus and you ride. The 489 00:31:50,840 --> 00:31:53,880 country they stole from you speeds outside your 490 00:31:53,880 --> 00:31:57,020 window and you imagine the man you would have 491 00:31:57,020 --> 00:32:00,700 been. The man you should have been out there 492 00:32:00,700 --> 00:32:04,180 riding the family's tea. The thoroughbred mares 493 00:32:04,180 --> 00:32:07,300 your grandfather raised and nurtured and loved and 494 00:32:09,230 --> 00:32:14,470 Great. Unstolen. It's eight AM. You get off the 495 00:32:14,470 --> 00:32:18,090 cow bus. Your crushed chicken sandwiched with 496 00:32:18,090 --> 00:32:21,930 cucumber in a plastic bag in one hand. Your eyes 497 00:32:21,930 --> 00:32:25,510 down. Your heart down. You put your toolbox down 498 00:32:25,510 --> 00:32:28,370 to knock on the Zionist settler's back door where 499 00:32:28,370 --> 00:32:32,010 the help goes. But the Zionist settler bossman 500 00:32:32,010 --> 00:32:37,270 yells, Wala! Mish hon el yon. Not there today. 501 00:32:37,670 --> 00:32:43,110 Why? that all you can do is thank Allah that your 502 00:32:43,110 --> 00:32:46,310 wife and your babies are not there to hear them 503 00:32:46,310 --> 00:32:46,630 call. 504 00:33:04,700 --> 00:33:09,740 this is a poem from my voice sought the wind susan 505 00:33:09,740 --> 00:33:13,880 abulhawa published by just world box what do you 506 00:33:13,880 --> 00:33:20,360 think so susan abulhawa's poem it's 507 00:33:20,360 --> 00:33:22,560 not of course it's you have to read it to know 508 00:33:22,560 --> 00:33:23,180 that this is not 509 00:33:26,260 --> 00:33:28,840 I'm sure some of you experienced this with their 510 00:33:28,840 --> 00:33:31,240 parents. Personally, I had this experience many 511 00:33:31,240 --> 00:33:33,980 times, many years. My dad would be waking up 512 00:33:33,980 --> 00:33:36,100 early, very early in the morning and go work 513 00:33:36,100 --> 00:33:40,730 inside in the occupied territories by Israel. And 514 00:33:40,730 --> 00:33:42,510 we wouldn't see him sometimes for weeks. I know 515 00:33:42,510 --> 00:33:46,310 people whose father would just go and spend weeks 516 00:33:46,310 --> 00:33:48,190 and weeks and months and months and some even 517 00:33:48,190 --> 00:33:52,030 years just again. It's like an odyssey. But this 518 00:33:52,030 --> 00:33:54,730 is an odyssey to, you know, not to seek 519 00:33:54,730 --> 00:33:58,830 immortality or just to bring food, to put food on 520 00:33:58,830 --> 00:34:01,730 the table, to feed your kids, to seek a 521 00:34:01,730 --> 00:34:06,490 livelihood. And because of Israel, this has turned 522 00:34:06,490 --> 00:34:10,430 into an Odyssey. I'll do some commentary very 523 00:34:10,430 --> 00:34:14,850 quickly, and I'll see what things you can, you 524 00:34:14,850 --> 00:34:17,350 have, you want to talk about, and probably we can 525 00:34:17,350 --> 00:34:21,770 discuss Palestinian features. Of course, two poems 526 00:34:21,770 --> 00:34:23,810 can never summarize everything about Palestinian 527 00:34:23,810 --> 00:34:25,470 features. But this is interesting because we're 528 00:34:25,470 --> 00:34:30,700 studying two poems by two female poets. I'm also 529 00:34:30,700 --> 00:34:34,720 going to comment on the use of Arabic. This is 530 00:34:34,720 --> 00:34:36,780 originally written in English. Why include some 531 00:34:36,780 --> 00:34:38,420 Arabic words? Some of them are not even 532 00:34:38,420 --> 00:34:41,340 transliterated or translated. Transliterated but 533 00:34:41,340 --> 00:34:44,820 not translated. So the opening here, when we talk 534 00:34:44,820 --> 00:34:50,820 about 3 a.m. and you are waiting, queuing in a 535 00:34:50,820 --> 00:34:53,680 long line at the Israeli military checkpoint so 536 00:34:53,680 --> 00:34:56,280 you can go to work inside in a settlement or 537 00:34:56,280 --> 00:34:58,880 somewhere. You have no choice but to do this or 538 00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:02,600 else you would starve. If you're there at 3am then 539 00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:06,780 probably you woke up at 2, 2.30 and your wife woke 540 00:35:06,780 --> 00:35:08,900 up probably half an hour or an hour earlier. 541 00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:13,480 That's really crazy. Nobody should be forced to do 542 00:35:13,480 --> 00:35:19,090 this all their life. And the cattle cage, you know 543 00:35:19,090 --> 00:35:21,850 cattle, cows, and sheep, and that's how Israel is 544 00:35:21,850 --> 00:35:24,150 dealing with Palestine. We've seen the pictures in 545 00:35:24,150 --> 00:35:28,890 the video. These are like inhumane practices 546 00:35:28,890 --> 00:35:32,650 against native Palestinians. The line, remember in 547 00:35:32,650 --> 00:35:36,490 the Holoman, we said the long vowels sometimes add 548 00:35:36,490 --> 00:35:40,270 more pain and suffering. It's not like you know it 549 00:35:40,270 --> 00:35:45,670 just ends a line is long and thick with bodies and 550 00:35:45,670 --> 00:35:47,890 you wait if you notice this kind of three verse 551 00:35:47,890 --> 00:35:51,510 poetry you know you don't have to stick to any of 552 00:35:51,510 --> 00:35:53,530 the rules but it's still poetic still probably 553 00:35:53,530 --> 00:35:56,330 more poetic than the classical poetry so you wait 554 00:35:56,330 --> 00:36:00,720 is just one whole stanza here Because, again, most 555 00:36:00,720 --> 00:36:02,860 of what we do, Palestinians, is just waiting, 556 00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:04,860 waiting for the Israeli occupation to end, waiting 557 00:36:04,860 --> 00:36:06,840 for the Israeli bombing to end, waiting for Israel 558 00:36:06,840 --> 00:36:09,220 to open the checkpoint, to open the borders, to 559 00:36:09,220 --> 00:36:13,800 allow us to travel, to grant us permits, to let us 560 00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:20,050 be. Okay? A Gibnez sandwich with cucumber in a 561 00:36:20,050 --> 00:36:23,350 plastic bag, clutched in your calloused laborer's 562 00:36:23,350 --> 00:36:26,630 hand. And I find this to be very interesting. The 563 00:36:26,630 --> 00:36:29,150 Gibnez sandwich is a simple thing, but you're, 564 00:36:29,210 --> 00:36:31,330 what are you doing to it? You're clutching, you're 565 00:36:31,330 --> 00:36:35,210 holding tightly. It's like a dear friend of yours. 566 00:36:35,250 --> 00:36:37,310 It's a friend. It's your company. It's your 567 00:36:37,310 --> 00:36:41,240 companion here. And the jibneh sandwich is Arabic. 568 00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:43,920 It's not translated. You would, if you're not, if 569 00:36:43,920 --> 00:36:46,000 you don't know Arabic, you can guess that this is 570 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:50,100 some kind of food. But why is it not, why is it 571 00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:53,020 not cheese sandwich? Why is it jibneh? And jibneh 572 00:36:53,020 --> 00:36:55,380 is West Bank pronunciation. In Gaza, we say 573 00:36:55,380 --> 00:36:58,220 jibneh. You say albira. It's albire. 574 00:37:01,180 --> 00:37:05,810 Again, the wife. plays the traditional Palestinian 575 00:37:05,810 --> 00:37:08,710 woman role. She's probably stay at home. It's not 576 00:37:08,710 --> 00:37:10,950 mentioned here, but she wakes up early to prepare 577 00:37:10,950 --> 00:37:14,990 the food. But her role in comforting the husband 578 00:37:14,990 --> 00:37:16,870 and being there and supporting him and being there 579 00:37:16,870 --> 00:37:20,130 for the kids is interesting. Many people would say 580 00:37:20,130 --> 00:37:24,650 this is a typical situation. Traditionally, this 581 00:37:24,650 --> 00:37:26,710 is the typical situation, but the situation itself 582 00:37:26,710 --> 00:37:30,150 is changing, especially with the fact that the 583 00:37:30,150 --> 00:37:35,130 poet is female, is a woman, okay? And together, 584 00:37:35,450 --> 00:37:39,070 you prayed a pre-dawn Salah. And again, how 585 00:37:39,070 --> 00:37:41,850 religion and spirituality is significant here. And 586 00:37:41,850 --> 00:37:44,070 the word Salat instead of prayer, because prayer 587 00:37:44,070 --> 00:37:46,190 is not like the prayer we do. Prayer is like, you 588 00:37:46,190 --> 00:37:49,590 know, you say a prayer. So another word that is 589 00:37:49,590 --> 00:37:53,490 not used in English. Salat is the Arabic word for 590 00:37:53,490 --> 00:37:57,720 worshipping, together. She kissed you. And again, 591 00:37:57,920 --> 00:38:02,140 more of Arabic language transliterated and also 592 00:38:02,140 --> 00:38:06,500 translated here. Allah be with you, my love. The 593 00:38:06,500 --> 00:38:09,120 word Allah, it's there in the dictionary. Many 594 00:38:09,120 --> 00:38:11,800 people in America and Europe would know that Allah 595 00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:14,260 means God, but she's not using the English word at 596 00:38:14,260 --> 00:38:19,220 the same time. And probably this is a very sad 597 00:38:19,220 --> 00:38:22,280 scene here. You kiss the faces of your sleeping 598 00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:28,040 babies. You haven't seen them awake in months. And 599 00:38:28,040 --> 00:38:30,340 probably this is the toughest thing ever. You have 600 00:38:30,340 --> 00:38:33,000 kids because you love kids, because you want to 601 00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:36,720 bring up new generation. Because kids are life, 602 00:38:36,820 --> 00:38:41,120 they give us everything we want, almost 603 00:38:41,120 --> 00:38:45,040 everything. Beautiful, they make us laugh, they 604 00:38:45,040 --> 00:38:47,020 make us happy, they make us reconnect, you know, 605 00:38:47,080 --> 00:38:48,340 the child is the father of man. 606 00:38:51,470 --> 00:38:56,270 But imagine having kids and not being able to see 607 00:38:56,270 --> 00:38:58,990 every achievement, the first step, the first 608 00:38:58,990 --> 00:39:02,710 stutter, the first word, the first insult, the 609 00:39:02,710 --> 00:39:07,270 first fall, the first achievement. Sometimes this 610 00:39:07,270 --> 00:39:09,550 is heartbreaking even when you imagine criminals 611 00:39:09,550 --> 00:39:14,420 in prison not seeing their kids grow up. You 612 00:39:14,420 --> 00:39:18,560 wonder, has Walid's voice begun to crack yet? Have 613 00:39:18,560 --> 00:39:22,640 Wajdan's hips begun to flare? How big was Soraya's 614 00:39:22,640 --> 00:39:25,720 smile when she came home with her report card, 615 00:39:25,840 --> 00:39:28,720 with her certificate? Full mark, distinction, 616 00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:29,740 coming home. 617 00:39:32,340 --> 00:39:35,820 But the father is not here. He's not dead, not in 618 00:39:35,820 --> 00:39:38,500 prison. He's at work, he can't be here. He goes 619 00:39:38,500 --> 00:39:40,680 out early in the morning, he comes back late at 620 00:39:40,680 --> 00:39:40,920 night. 621 00:39:44,390 --> 00:39:47,630 That's heartbreaking. The questions here are 622 00:39:47,630 --> 00:39:51,890 significant. And again, the clock moves. In the 623 00:39:51,890 --> 00:39:56,290 poem, it's quickly, but it moves. Again, still, 624 00:39:56,970 --> 00:39:59,750 you wait. The line gets even longer and longer. 625 00:39:59,870 --> 00:40:03,880 And look again, the long vowels making this. Of 626 00:40:03,880 --> 00:40:05,420 course if you wake up early in the morning, you're 627 00:40:05,420 --> 00:40:07,500 here at eight o'clock and you don't feel like 628 00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:10,400 talking. Imagine waking up early in the morning at 629 00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:14,920 around two and you wouldn't be, you know, you 630 00:40:14,920 --> 00:40:17,400 don't want to talk. But this is a situation where 631 00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:20,920 talk is also could be something dangerous. You 632 00:40:20,920 --> 00:40:23,140 could be spotted by any of the soldiers, you could 633 00:40:23,140 --> 00:40:25,460 be... And what are you going to talk about? How 634 00:40:25,460 --> 00:40:29,020 this humiliation, this utter agony and suffering 635 00:40:29,020 --> 00:40:31,980 and pain is okay, is fine, is good for you or 636 00:40:31,980 --> 00:40:35,780 somebody? What are you going to talk about? So few 637 00:40:35,780 --> 00:40:38,180 speak because you're not in the mood to speak, but 638 00:40:38,180 --> 00:40:41,980 also because speaking could be taken against you. 639 00:40:42,180 --> 00:40:44,160 Why are you speaking? What are you speaking about? 640 00:40:44,760 --> 00:40:47,140 You could be punished for this just for speaking. 641 00:40:48,880 --> 00:40:52,400 Okay? You see and all around you is pain and 642 00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:54,560 suffering. You don't have a mirror to check 643 00:40:54,560 --> 00:40:57,700 whatever, but you see the pain, the fatigue, the 644 00:40:57,700 --> 00:41:02,500 suffering, the agony in the faces of other people 645 00:41:02,500 --> 00:41:04,980 around you. And you don't want to see that, so you 646 00:41:04,980 --> 00:41:07,240 look away. But wherever you go, there's suffering, 647 00:41:07,380 --> 00:41:11,060 there's pain. It's not like just only here in the 648 00:41:11,060 --> 00:41:15,120 faces of people. And pine forest smoke. I find 649 00:41:15,120 --> 00:41:18,380 this very interesting. It's just You want to 650 00:41:18,380 --> 00:41:21,720 smoke. All you want to do is smoke. But this is a 651 00:41:21,720 --> 00:41:24,000 luxury. It's not because it's money. But who the 652 00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:26,580 hell, swear word here, who the hell can afford 653 00:41:26,580 --> 00:41:29,240 that? It's not about smoking being expensive. 654 00:41:29,780 --> 00:41:32,460 You're not in the mood and also it's too crowded. 655 00:41:32,760 --> 00:41:35,820 Everybody is pushing and pulling and you don't 656 00:41:35,820 --> 00:41:39,100 want to hurt others. You can't even afford a 657 00:41:39,100 --> 00:41:39,440 smoke. 658 00:41:42,380 --> 00:41:45,320 You look away again, you stare at the graffiti 659 00:41:45,320 --> 00:41:47,880 beyond the bars because you saw the pictures, 660 00:41:48,280 --> 00:41:50,720 you're just here like in a path and there are 661 00:41:50,720 --> 00:41:56,500 what? Bars from the left, bars from the right. You 662 00:41:56,500 --> 00:41:59,380 look through this because there will always be 663 00:41:59,380 --> 00:42:02,220 Jewish only settlers and blocks, military 664 00:42:02,220 --> 00:42:07,370 outposts, military checkpoints. And because the 665 00:42:07,370 --> 00:42:09,650 settlers know you would be passing from here, they 666 00:42:09,650 --> 00:42:13,070 will always try to assert their, you know, what's 667 00:42:13,070 --> 00:42:18,450 that called? This is our place here. So they write 668 00:42:18,450 --> 00:42:21,790 on the walls, insults, threats. 669 00:42:25,170 --> 00:42:27,850 graffiti behind the walls, written just for you, 670 00:42:27,950 --> 00:42:30,230 written by Zionist settlers sucking the breath 671 00:42:30,230 --> 00:42:31,870 from your lungs. What's the name of those 672 00:42:31,870 --> 00:42:36,170 creatures in Harry Potter? Dementors, you know? So 673 00:42:36,170 --> 00:42:38,130 the settlers have taken everything, the land, the 674 00:42:38,130 --> 00:42:41,330 crops, the roads, Palestine, air, its produce, 675 00:42:41,530 --> 00:42:45,830 everything. Even so greedy they want to suck the 676 00:42:45,830 --> 00:42:50,750 breath out of your lungs. What have they written 677 00:42:50,750 --> 00:42:55,160 on the wall? stuff in English. They're not native 678 00:42:55,160 --> 00:42:58,040 to the land. I know some of them started to write 679 00:42:58,040 --> 00:43:00,600 in Hebrew recently, but basically it was mainly 680 00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:03,280 English because they hail from Brooklyn, from New 681 00:43:03,280 --> 00:43:05,260 York, from England, from Brazil, from around the 682 00:43:05,260 --> 00:43:08,140 world, so they use English, not even Hebrew. 683 00:43:10,980 --> 00:43:12,920 And you understand this because you know probably 684 00:43:12,920 --> 00:43:15,160 you have asked or because you have a degree in 685 00:43:15,160 --> 00:43:20,150 English, but you have no job. Die sand niggers and 686 00:43:20,150 --> 00:43:23,970 niggers and is a horrible horrible horrible racist 687 00:43:23,970 --> 00:43:27,550 word you should never use it But white 688 00:43:27,550 --> 00:43:30,930 supremacists, racists would use this to describe 689 00:43:30,930 --> 00:43:35,770 black people in America. And about Arabs, that's 690 00:43:35,770 --> 00:43:38,190 why it's called the N-word. You say, he said the N 691 00:43:38,190 --> 00:43:40,450 -word, she said the N-word, which is horrible. 692 00:43:40,630 --> 00:43:44,470 Some people are digging actually a tape after 693 00:43:44,470 --> 00:43:48,970 Trump. Some claim that he once used the N-word. 694 00:43:49,590 --> 00:43:51,710 And this is a billion dollar tape if somebody 695 00:43:51,710 --> 00:43:56,500 finds it. So Arabs are sand niggers because, you 696 00:43:56,500 --> 00:43:58,540 know, of the desert, of the stereotypical images 697 00:43:58,540 --> 00:44:02,040 of Arabs and Muslims in the Middle East. So racist 698 00:44:02,040 --> 00:44:04,520 in America, racist in Europe, racist in Russia, 699 00:44:04,880 --> 00:44:07,020 racist here when they come to occupy Palestine. 700 00:44:07,220 --> 00:44:10,920 Once a racist, always a racist. And look at this 701 00:44:10,920 --> 00:44:13,920 heartbreaking. Sometimes you pine for that too. 702 00:44:13,980 --> 00:44:17,960 Sometimes you just want to die. You just want to 703 00:44:17,960 --> 00:44:20,560 die. You have nothing to lose. The humiliation, 704 00:44:20,780 --> 00:44:23,420 the pain, the suffering. It's five a.m. now. The 705 00:44:23,420 --> 00:44:25,580 soldiers arrive. Look, you've been there for two 706 00:44:25,580 --> 00:44:28,260 hours and then the soldiers arrive casually two 707 00:44:28,260 --> 00:44:32,300 hours later. The line loosens and you're propelled 708 00:44:32,300 --> 00:44:35,160 by the weight of the bodies. You look at the 709 00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:36,800 personification. Remember we said that Jibnez 710 00:44:36,800 --> 00:44:39,300 sandwich, you're clutching onto it. You're holding 711 00:44:39,300 --> 00:44:42,380 it very tightly. It's your lunch. It's from your 712 00:44:42,380 --> 00:44:45,160 wife. It connects you back home. It's your food. 713 00:44:48,390 --> 00:44:52,430 The cheese sandwich is crushed. It never survives. 714 00:44:52,550 --> 00:44:56,450 A personification of the sandwich. It never 715 00:44:56,450 --> 00:45:01,650 survives. And now it's 7 a.m., it's your turn, you 716 00:45:01,650 --> 00:45:04,190 produce your papers, refold, unfold. Look at how, 717 00:45:04,330 --> 00:45:06,610 again, the humiliation. You have to go through 718 00:45:06,610 --> 00:45:08,890 this, you have no choice. We've seen some people 719 00:45:08,890 --> 00:45:11,610 smile, you know, when it's their turn, so they get 720 00:45:11,610 --> 00:45:14,410 to the soldier, they smile. It's not a smile of 721 00:45:14,410 --> 00:45:19,030 victory, this is just We finished one episode of 722 00:45:19,030 --> 00:45:21,410 agony, pain and suffering and humiliation, utter 723 00:45:21,410 --> 00:45:24,070 humiliation, and we're starting a new one. That's 724 00:45:24,070 --> 00:45:27,810 the break, that's the... Your eyes down, your 725 00:45:27,810 --> 00:45:32,190 heart down, even your shoes are against you. But 726 00:45:32,190 --> 00:45:36,480 because you're out of the line, probably, Fifteen 727 00:45:36,480 --> 00:45:39,100 men before you were pulled aside. Now in real 728 00:45:39,100 --> 00:45:42,720 life, man is and woman, we are curious, we want to 729 00:45:42,720 --> 00:45:47,700 look at least, to examine, explore. And probably 730 00:45:47,700 --> 00:45:50,440 some of these men are your neighbors, your 731 00:45:50,440 --> 00:45:53,100 friends, probably your brothers, family members. 732 00:45:55,180 --> 00:45:58,700 They're pulled aside for no reason. I say this 733 00:45:58,700 --> 00:46:00,040 about the Israeli occupation. The worst thing 734 00:46:00,040 --> 00:46:01,460 about the Israeli occupation is that it's 735 00:46:01,460 --> 00:46:04,860 arbitrary, it's random. You don't know who they 736 00:46:04,860 --> 00:46:06,880 are going to kill or when or where, what they're 737 00:46:06,880 --> 00:46:09,620 going to destroy or when or where. Not that Israel 738 00:46:09,620 --> 00:46:13,120 has no system, because occupation is inherently, 739 00:46:13,540 --> 00:46:17,500 purely, utterly, absolutely evil. Never ever talk 740 00:46:17,500 --> 00:46:19,960 about occupation in a positive sense. It shouldn't 741 00:46:19,960 --> 00:46:20,420 be there. 742 00:46:24,390 --> 00:46:26,790 It's random in a systematic way. They want just to 743 00:46:26,790 --> 00:46:32,170 drive us crazy, to kick us out of our land. So 744 00:46:32,170 --> 00:46:36,110 people are pulled aside. You don't even dare to go 745 00:46:36,110 --> 00:46:39,150 protect them, to fight against their aggressors, 746 00:46:39,350 --> 00:46:43,690 to say something, to object. Because that could be 747 00:46:43,690 --> 00:46:46,270 the end of you. Could get you killed, sent to 748 00:46:46,270 --> 00:46:52,190 prison, or worse, having your work permit 749 00:46:52,190 --> 00:46:56,980 terminated. You don't want that. And you try not 750 00:46:56,980 --> 00:47:00,160 to look, not to hear the one begging, don't hit 751 00:47:00,160 --> 00:47:08,260 me. 7.30 on the cattle bus. Even the bus is cattle 752 00:47:08,260 --> 00:47:12,020 bus. And look at this beautiful and sad scene 753 00:47:12,020 --> 00:47:16,060 here. You ride the country. They stole from you 754 00:47:16,060 --> 00:47:20,520 speeds outside your window. And you imagine the 755 00:47:20,520 --> 00:47:22,380 man you would have been, the man you should have 756 00:47:22,380 --> 00:47:26,330 been. I always encourage my students to just 757 00:47:26,330 --> 00:47:28,570 please think of yourself without Israeli 758 00:47:28,570 --> 00:47:29,150 occupation. 759 00:47:36,010 --> 00:47:38,110 Especially those refugees. I know how many of you 760 00:47:38,110 --> 00:47:41,870 are refugees? Oh, that's like what, more than 50%? 761 00:47:42,070 --> 00:47:45,010 Whoa. Imagine if your parents, your grandparents 762 00:47:45,010 --> 00:47:49,270 were not pushed, were not forced, were not sent to 763 00:47:49,270 --> 00:47:50,370 Gaza at gunpoint. 764 00:47:56,270 --> 00:47:59,530 Where would you be now? What would you be 765 00:47:59,530 --> 00:48:03,330 studying? Eating? Married to? Who would you be 766 00:48:03,330 --> 00:48:08,050 married to? Living? Imagine this. Crazy, yeah? But 767 00:48:08,050 --> 00:48:10,830 it's a basic human right. Imagine this situation 768 00:48:10,830 --> 00:48:13,790 where you can have breakfast in Gaza, lunch in 769 00:48:13,790 --> 00:48:17,870 Hebron, dinner in Jerusalem, a sleepover in the 770 00:48:17,870 --> 00:48:22,970 Galilee. You can travel where you want, go where 771 00:48:22,970 --> 00:48:25,150 you want. No occupation, no restrictions, no 772 00:48:25,150 --> 00:48:28,720 borders. The man you could have been. Please think 773 00:48:28,720 --> 00:48:30,700 about this and write about this. You have to write 774 00:48:30,700 --> 00:48:32,540 about this. The man you could have been. The man 775 00:48:32,540 --> 00:48:37,040 you should have been. Out there riding the family 776 00:48:37,040 --> 00:48:40,120 steed. Steed, you know? The horse. Poetic word for 777 00:48:40,120 --> 00:48:43,320 horse. And the cerebrum as your grandfather. Look 778 00:48:43,320 --> 00:48:45,480 at the existence of all the older generation 779 00:48:45,480 --> 00:48:49,540 always. Being there, caring, loving. Raised and 780 00:48:49,540 --> 00:48:52,600 nurtured and loved in a Palestine 781 00:48:55,280 --> 00:48:58,720 Unraped, unstolen, unoccupied, unbrutalized. 782 00:48:59,760 --> 00:49:03,700 Fascinating, beautiful image from but 783 00:49:03,700 --> 00:49:05,600 heartbreaking at the same time because we can't 784 00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:10,120 have this. It's 8 a.m. you get off the cattle bus, 785 00:49:10,280 --> 00:49:12,320 you crush the jebne sandwich, still have the 786 00:49:12,320 --> 00:49:15,620 sandwich because it's crushed but you can eat it. 787 00:49:16,790 --> 00:49:20,610 Your wife made it with cucumber in a plastic bag 788 00:49:20,610 --> 00:49:24,850 in one hand, your eyes down, heart down, your pot, 789 00:49:24,990 --> 00:49:30,250 your toolbox down and knock. It's all been like 790 00:49:30,250 --> 00:49:34,650 six, five hours because you're going to work and 791 00:49:34,650 --> 00:49:37,410 your boss is a Zionist that you have no choice and 792 00:49:37,410 --> 00:49:42,370 that's really a hard choice to make. where the 793 00:49:42,370 --> 00:49:45,630 help goes now if you're dealing with a sane person 794 00:49:45,630 --> 00:49:47,550 if you have an appointment they would be texting 795 00:49:47,550 --> 00:49:49,370 you hey I'm sorry I'm running late I have to run 796 00:49:49,370 --> 00:49:52,270 this errand can we meet tomorrow you know we have 797 00:49:52,270 --> 00:49:54,570 friends who don't do this at all and we just kind 798 00:49:54,570 --> 00:49:57,830 of hate them they just we have an appointment at 799 00:49:57,830 --> 00:49:59,550 two and they never show up or they show up two 800 00:49:59,550 --> 00:50:01,770 hours late and then oh sorry okay I'll be there in 801 00:50:01,770 --> 00:50:03,910 one hour an hour but we have decent people who 802 00:50:03,910 --> 00:50:06,370 have the courtesy of just texting sorry I'm 803 00:50:06,370 --> 00:50:11,080 running late so you can at least grab something So 804 00:50:11,080 --> 00:50:13,520 the settler could have texted him, contacted him, 805 00:50:13,660 --> 00:50:16,200 could have said that, don't come tomorrow, don't 806 00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:19,100 come here at least, and saved him all the pain and 807 00:50:19,100 --> 00:50:23,740 the suffering. But, and look at this, this is one 808 00:50:23,740 --> 00:50:28,480 whole stanza here. It's the heaviest but you'd 809 00:50:28,480 --> 00:50:31,620 ever see anywhere. It's one paragraph, one stanza. 810 00:50:32,860 --> 00:50:35,940 So harsh, like a rock thrown at the man, at us, at 811 00:50:35,940 --> 00:50:39,400 breeders. I could ask you on your exam to 812 00:50:39,400 --> 00:50:45,140 contextualize it. Just one word. That's the beauty 813 00:50:45,140 --> 00:50:47,860 of modernist poetry, of reverse, of, you know, not 814 00:50:47,860 --> 00:50:52,300 having to stick to, you don't have to fill words, 815 00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:56,960 you don't want to use words. Words fail you. And 816 00:50:56,960 --> 00:50:59,540 this is the harshest thought ever. The Zionist 817 00:50:59,540 --> 00:51:00,660 boss yells, 818 00:51:03,180 --> 00:51:05,260 You know, we make fun of this. Sometimes kids say, 819 00:51:05,340 --> 00:51:07,520 hey, dad, somebody's at the door. You say, tell 820 00:51:07,520 --> 00:51:10,000 him dad is not here. He says, dad tells you he's 821 00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:13,040 not here? But this is harsh. This is the soldier 822 00:51:13,040 --> 00:51:15,780 himself, the settler himself, yelling, I'm not 823 00:51:15,780 --> 00:51:19,540 here. Go away. Not having the courtesy to open the 824 00:51:19,540 --> 00:51:22,860 door, to apologize, to speak politely. But this is 825 00:51:22,860 --> 00:51:26,700 occupation. It's evil. Turns people into monsters, 826 00:51:27,380 --> 00:51:32,100 absolute monsters. Go away. Wallah. And look at 827 00:51:32,100 --> 00:51:35,040 this word. Wallah is a word you use for kids. It 828 00:51:35,040 --> 00:51:37,340 means boy, yeah, but it's an insult when you use 829 00:51:37,340 --> 00:51:42,580 it to a grown-up. You don't like this sometimes. 830 00:51:44,780 --> 00:51:47,240 It's sexist, huh? It's horrible. 831 00:51:50,100 --> 00:51:54,780 Okay? And what would you do if somebody insults 832 00:51:54,780 --> 00:51:59,470 you? No violence, of course. But at least you just 833 00:51:59,470 --> 00:52:03,450 shout, throw a rock, fight him back, challenge 834 00:52:03,450 --> 00:52:06,710 him. But you're deprived of your basic human right 835 00:52:06,710 --> 00:52:09,570 to resist, to fight back. You can't do that. If 836 00:52:09,570 --> 00:52:11,230 you do that, you're evil, you're a terrorist. 837 00:52:12,090 --> 00:52:15,090 That's the harshest thing. Your inability to 838 00:52:15,090 --> 00:52:20,830 defend yourself, to fight for yourself. And if I 839 00:52:20,830 --> 00:52:25,290 want to turn this into a short movie, I had this 840 00:52:25,290 --> 00:52:30,310 crazy idea. I always do. I would imagine this man, 841 00:52:30,390 --> 00:52:32,130 the whole poem starting from a man sitting 842 00:52:32,130 --> 00:52:34,250 somewhere on the pavement, you know, altered, 843 00:52:34,610 --> 00:52:38,580 devastated, destroyed, hopeless, you know. and 844 00:52:38,580 --> 00:52:43,280 eating bits and pieces of the Jibnez sandwich and 845 00:52:43,280 --> 00:52:46,240 everything going back into his mind. I really, 846 00:52:46,280 --> 00:52:51,280 really have this beautiful idea. So if some of you 847 00:52:51,280 --> 00:52:54,000 are into movie making, we can make something out 848 00:52:54,000 --> 00:52:54,320 of this. 849 00:52:59,450 --> 00:53:01,590 Because the insult here, if this is a man, this is 850 00:53:01,590 --> 00:53:03,930 a father, he's somebody's son, somebody's brother, 851 00:53:04,050 --> 00:53:05,950 somebody's probably he's the coolest guy in the 852 00:53:05,950 --> 00:53:08,070 neighborhood, yeah? Everybody respects him, 853 00:53:08,130 --> 00:53:11,010 everybody looks up to him. Imagine the utter 854 00:53:11,010 --> 00:53:14,970 humiliation and insult here. And your inability to 855 00:53:14,970 --> 00:53:17,190 defend yourself, say, hey, at least don't say, 856 00:53:17,270 --> 00:53:22,410 well, at least respect yourself. But the man here 857 00:53:22,410 --> 00:53:26,510 is helpless. And all you can do is thank Allah. 858 00:53:26,550 --> 00:53:28,890 And again, Allah, the Arabic word, Muslim word. 859 00:53:30,210 --> 00:53:33,170 that your wife and your babies are not there to 860 00:53:33,170 --> 00:53:36,070 hear you, to hear them. It's not just one man, 861 00:53:36,510 --> 00:53:40,310 it's everybody calls you Wala. Call you Wala. 862 00:53:44,530 --> 00:53:47,550 It's a beautiful poem. Susan Abulhawa is a very 863 00:53:47,550 --> 00:53:51,650 fine writer, very fine person, very fine poet. 864 00:53:56,170 --> 00:53:58,410 So yeah, what do you have to say? 865 00:54:01,570 --> 00:54:04,550 Please. I think it is very emotional and 866 00:54:04,550 --> 00:54:06,250 depressing. 867 00:54:07,830 --> 00:54:09,790 Devastating, yeah, depressing, devastating, 868 00:54:10,850 --> 00:54:15,170 heartbreaking, heart-wrenching. No matter how much 869 00:54:15,170 --> 00:54:17,730 you hear this poem or you read it, every time 870 00:54:17,730 --> 00:54:21,150 you'll also be brought to tears because it's so 871 00:54:21,150 --> 00:54:24,610 emotional. It embodies every single part of his 872 00:54:24,610 --> 00:54:28,480 journey as like a whole entity or a whole It's an 873 00:54:28,480 --> 00:54:31,920 odyssey. Everything is a fight against everything. 874 00:54:32,460 --> 00:54:33,180 Please. 875 00:54:36,740 --> 00:54:38,840 Okay, so this is more realistic especially for us 876 00:54:38,840 --> 00:54:41,460 Palestinians again, especially if your dad has 877 00:54:41,460 --> 00:54:45,740 ever worked inside Ask him about this journey or 878 00:54:45,740 --> 00:54:49,180 ask your mom Or if you know somebody there's a 879 00:54:49,180 --> 00:54:52,360 book by you know, Suad Al Anari Sharona my mother 880 00:54:52,360 --> 00:54:54,580 -in-law She wrote a book nothing to lose but your 881 00:54:54,580 --> 00:54:58,420 life I think or Murad Murad the other name She 882 00:54:58,420 --> 00:55:01,260 actually this is a crazy one. This is an amazing 883 00:55:01,260 --> 00:55:04,220 woman She dressed like a man a laborer and she 884 00:55:04,220 --> 00:55:06,000 woke up early in the morning and she took this 885 00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:11,370 same journey with the guys, you know, smuggled 886 00:55:11,370 --> 00:55:14,450 inside in order to find work. And she wrote a 887 00:55:14,450 --> 00:55:18,530 very, very interesting book. You should read it. I 888 00:55:18,530 --> 00:55:20,130 think it was translated into Arabic, but read the 889 00:55:20,130 --> 00:55:20,670 English version. 890 00:55:23,360 --> 00:55:25,960 But again, look at how this touches everybody of 891 00:55:25,960 --> 00:55:28,580 us. Remember I said it's about probably your 892 00:55:28,580 --> 00:55:30,900 father has not been in this situation, you don't 893 00:55:30,900 --> 00:55:33,800 know someone closely related to you who has been 894 00:55:33,800 --> 00:55:36,820 here, but this is about us. We've seen everything 895 00:55:36,820 --> 00:55:38,920 about this and this is why the occupation has 896 00:55:38,920 --> 00:55:42,500 impacted all our lives, whether you know, whether 897 00:55:42,500 --> 00:55:44,260 you don't know, consciously and unconsciously. 898 00:55:44,340 --> 00:55:46,920 Again, keep thinking of the alternatives, the 899 00:55:46,920 --> 00:55:48,740 person you could have been, the person you should 900 00:55:48,740 --> 00:55:53,210 have been. You probably can't travel because of 901 00:55:53,210 --> 00:55:56,310 Israel. You can't seek, you can't have medical 902 00:55:56,310 --> 00:55:58,470 treatment because of Israel. You can't be in 903 00:55:58,470 --> 00:55:59,970 Jerusalem. I want to be in Jerusalem. I just want 904 00:55:59,970 --> 00:56:03,570 to have fun there, fly kites without wars and 905 00:56:03,570 --> 00:56:07,010 without soldiers, without machine guns, without 906 00:56:07,010 --> 00:56:10,470 occupation. I want to go spend time, swim in the 907 00:56:10,470 --> 00:56:12,390 Dead Sea or I don't know. 908 00:56:15,590 --> 00:56:19,420 But you can't have that. Our lives have been 909 00:56:19,420 --> 00:56:23,320 impacted by Israel in every, Israel has interfered 910 00:56:23,320 --> 00:56:26,160 in every tiny little aspect of our lives. Even the 911 00:56:26,160 --> 00:56:28,680 food we eat, sometimes it's just because of 912 00:56:28,680 --> 00:56:32,400 Israel. The choices, what we read, what we do, why 913 00:56:32,400 --> 00:56:36,240 we are on social media, probably partly because of 914 00:56:36,240 --> 00:56:41,280 Israel, because of the occupation. So this can be 915 00:56:41,280 --> 00:56:43,800 classified as resistance literature, because we 916 00:56:43,800 --> 00:56:47,640 want to expose, we want to resist, we want Because 917 00:56:47,640 --> 00:56:49,700 writing itself is an act of life, an act of 918 00:56:49,700 --> 00:56:54,140 resistance, writing, being there, just being 919 00:56:54,140 --> 00:56:58,980 there. Now, I'll talk about two things and see if 920 00:56:58,980 --> 00:57:02,420 you can have comments about the poem or talk about 921 00:57:02,420 --> 00:57:04,240 features, because this is an assignment you need 922 00:57:04,240 --> 00:57:08,960 to write to find the features between from Man'ish 923 00:57:08,960 --> 00:57:12,180 by Lina Al Sharif and Wala by Susan Aboulhawan, 924 00:57:12,280 --> 00:57:15,320 comment on them. Now, the use of Arabic is, I find 925 00:57:15,320 --> 00:57:19,450 it very interesting. Usually, look at this, when 926 00:57:19,450 --> 00:57:22,350 you write in a foreign language, probably you 927 00:57:22,350 --> 00:57:24,530 write for yourself because this is the language 928 00:57:24,530 --> 00:57:26,730 you feel comfortable writing in because you don't 929 00:57:26,730 --> 00:57:29,310 want your mom or dad or family members to read 930 00:57:29,310 --> 00:57:32,030 your stuff if you write in Arabic, your own mother 931 00:57:32,030 --> 00:57:34,670 language. But you also write to reach out to 932 00:57:34,670 --> 00:57:37,470 people, either to expose, like Palestinians do, 933 00:57:37,530 --> 00:57:40,690 expose the brutality of Israeli occupation, or 934 00:57:40,690 --> 00:57:46,170 just simply to reveal or release or express 935 00:57:46,170 --> 00:57:51,010 yourself. Why would you use Arabic words and not 936 00:57:51,010 --> 00:57:53,950 translate them, for example? Now there could be 937 00:57:53,950 --> 00:57:56,130 two reasons here, very briefly. Number one, 938 00:57:57,270 --> 00:57:59,370 usually your mother tongue is like your mother 939 00:57:59,370 --> 00:58:02,980 takes some other tongue. It feels protective. So 940 00:58:02,980 --> 00:58:05,240 I've noticed this. Many non-native speakers of 941 00:58:05,240 --> 00:58:07,020 English, when they write English, they tend to use 942 00:58:07,020 --> 00:58:10,020 foreign language, their own mother tongue. 943 00:58:10,600 --> 00:58:13,260 Sometimes usually I feel that because your 944 00:58:13,260 --> 00:58:16,040 language gives you protection and safety and 945 00:58:16,040 --> 00:58:18,780 security, gives you warmth. So sometimes you feel 946 00:58:18,780 --> 00:58:21,980 in trouble, you feel unable to express yourself, 947 00:58:22,100 --> 00:58:25,360 unable to talk, unable to be yourself. you shift 948 00:58:25,360 --> 00:58:30,260 to, you go back to your native language, your 949 00:58:30,260 --> 00:58:33,060 mother tongue, to give you this safety and 950 00:58:33,060 --> 00:58:36,160 protection. Sometimes people, words can never 951 00:58:36,160 --> 00:58:38,380 convey their true meanings. 952 00:58:41,720 --> 00:58:43,760 That's why there's this expression, lost in 953 00:58:43,760 --> 00:58:47,120 translation. The other reason, we said before that 954 00:58:47,120 --> 00:58:49,180 writing is an act of power, is an act of 955 00:58:49,180 --> 00:58:53,600 exercising power. like speaking, the readers, the 956 00:58:53,600 --> 00:58:56,740 listeners, the recipients are you know passive 957 00:58:56,740 --> 00:59:00,120 generally speaking. Imagine you're writing 958 00:59:00,120 --> 00:59:02,980 somebody to somebody in English in their language 959 00:59:02,980 --> 00:59:05,400 and then you refer to you use an Arabic expression 960 00:59:05,400 --> 00:59:08,410 or something and you don't translate it. This is 961 00:59:08,410 --> 00:59:11,370 an act of exercising double power. It's the play 962 00:59:11,370 --> 00:59:14,370 of power here is even more intensified here 963 00:59:14,370 --> 00:59:17,250 because what they're going to do is they're going 964 00:59:17,250 --> 00:59:18,990 to go to dictionary, they're going to ask you, 965 00:59:19,070 --> 00:59:21,110 they're going to ask you, they're going to take 966 00:59:21,110 --> 00:59:23,310 action. And Palestinians, we want people to take 967 00:59:23,310 --> 00:59:26,350 action, to boycott Israel, to do something, to 968 00:59:26,350 --> 00:59:29,710 help, to support, to stand up for human rights, 969 00:59:30,210 --> 00:59:35,000 for justice, for freedom. So pushing them, people, 970 00:59:35,240 --> 00:59:41,240 to read, to ask, to Google, your own words, your 971 00:59:41,240 --> 00:59:44,660 own expressions and your own language, is again 972 00:59:44,660 --> 00:59:47,080 exercising power over them. You're controlling 973 00:59:47,080 --> 00:59:50,640 them, you're telling them what to do. And in part 974 00:59:50,640 --> 00:59:53,790 this is an act of power. And there could be many 975 00:59:53,790 --> 00:59:55,970 other things. I try to raise things, research 976 00:59:55,970 --> 00:59:58,290 issues. By the way, you could do your MA or your 977 00:59:58,290 --> 01:00:02,830 graduation paper on how poets sometimes use their 978 01:00:02,830 --> 01:00:04,810 language and in what situations, on what 979 01:00:04,810 --> 01:00:07,750 occasions. Be an interesting research to do. 980 01:00:11,290 --> 01:00:15,010 Because you could dig, dig more. Please, speak up. 981 01:00:15,470 --> 01:00:18,270 For me, using like Arabic words when I learn 982 01:00:18,270 --> 01:00:18,910 English. 983 01:00:29,730 --> 01:00:32,610 Thank you very much. Rahaf says here, when I 984 01:00:32,610 --> 01:00:35,170 write, that's why I beg you, please write. You 985 01:00:35,170 --> 01:00:38,310 have a lot of potential, a lot of talent. Because 986 01:00:38,310 --> 01:00:41,350 everything we discussed in this whole course can 987 01:00:41,350 --> 01:00:43,690 have a totally different experience when you start 988 01:00:43,690 --> 01:00:45,710 writing poetry, start writing about Palestine, 989 01:00:45,970 --> 01:00:50,640 start writing about anything. So yeah, please. 990 01:00:52,420 --> 01:00:55,000 Speak up. For me personally, when I read it, I 991 01:00:55,000 --> 01:00:59,240 feel like more belong to it and more warm. There's 992 01:00:59,240 --> 01:01:02,260 more attachment. I can't think myself, well, in 993 01:01:02,260 --> 01:01:05,240 this place of this land, also for a foreigner when 994 01:01:05,240 --> 01:01:08,820 he read this, what is the reason to show our 995 01:01:08,820 --> 01:01:11,860 tradition and rudeness of our tradition? The food 996 01:01:11,860 --> 01:01:12,460 is culture. 997 01:01:20,660 --> 01:01:31,260 Okay, thank you very much. I think 998 01:01:31,260 --> 01:01:38,000 that's only you. There are hundred types of 999 01:01:38,000 --> 01:01:41,340 cheese. I keep personally I keep imagining you 1000 01:01:41,340 --> 01:01:44,540 know that cheese with holes and Tom and Jerry you 1001 01:01:44,540 --> 01:01:46,640 know that's the only thing I that's but that's 1002 01:01:46,640 --> 01:01:47,020 only me. 1003 01:01:53,240 --> 01:01:56,520 Okay It's a stable food. Yeah stable food because 1004 01:01:56,520 --> 01:01:59,900 these are farmers they you know, they eat what 1005 01:01:59,900 --> 01:02:04,020 they produce Thank you. That's a very good point I 1006 01:02:11,820 --> 01:02:14,460 So it makes you interact more with the text, makes 1007 01:02:14,460 --> 01:02:16,680 you nervous, makes you, you know, feel a little 1008 01:02:16,680 --> 01:02:19,700 bit inferior. Oh, this guy knows more than I do. 1009 01:02:20,540 --> 01:02:24,140 And then pushes you to do something that follows. 1010 01:02:37,390 --> 01:02:40,370 When you go to America, not many people will be 1011 01:02:40,370 --> 01:02:42,550 saying Gaza, by the way. They're all like Gaza, 1012 01:02:42,750 --> 01:02:45,610 Gaza, Gaza, Gaza, Gaza, Palestine, Palestine, 1013 01:02:45,730 --> 01:02:48,110 Palestine. And yeah, it sounds cooler. There's 1014 01:02:48,110 --> 01:02:50,810 more attachment. It's, you know, it's not like 1015 01:02:50,810 --> 01:02:56,390 Gaza, you know? Palestine. Yeah, that's something 1016 01:02:56,390 --> 01:03:00,170 common, by the way. And it's really beautiful. 1017 01:03:00,390 --> 01:03:04,070 It's like it's finally, talking about the poem, 1018 01:03:04,330 --> 01:03:05,190 about Susan Abulhawa. 1019 01:03:16,540 --> 01:03:19,040 It's number one, the shape, the way it's written, 1020 01:03:19,200 --> 01:03:22,140 you know. You don't write diaries like this, you 1021 01:03:22,140 --> 01:03:24,940 write long paragraphs. And also this is very 1022 01:03:24,940 --> 01:03:28,540 poetic. It sounds poetic, you read it, but there 1023 01:03:28,540 --> 01:03:33,250 is prose that can be poetic. Yeah, I know some 1024 01:03:33,250 --> 01:03:36,910 people would object that, sorry, this is not 1025 01:03:36,910 --> 01:03:39,710 poetry, free verses. Yeah, it says some people 1026 01:03:39,710 --> 01:03:43,190 still say this about Arabic free verse. They don't 1027 01:03:43,190 --> 01:03:46,510 believe, but look at this. If some people say 1028 01:03:46,510 --> 01:03:49,870 poetry is what, you know, the texts that have the 1029 01:03:49,870 --> 01:03:53,190 ability to move you, to shake you, to make you 1030 01:03:53,190 --> 01:03:56,590 reconsider your life choices, to bring you to 1031 01:03:56,590 --> 01:04:01,640 tears. Prose does this. But pottery has more 1032 01:04:01,640 --> 01:04:06,480 potential to do it. Is this here? Can you feel it? 1033 01:04:06,600 --> 01:04:12,240 Can you? I think it is there. I find also the lack 1034 01:04:12,240 --> 01:04:16,160 of punctuation marks to be interesting. There are 1035 01:04:16,160 --> 01:04:19,260 some here and there, but basically it's loose, 1036 01:04:20,320 --> 01:04:23,180 chaotic. That's Israel. This is what Israel brings 1037 01:04:23,180 --> 01:04:26,000 to the table, chaos, lawlessness. 1038 01:04:28,580 --> 01:04:31,460 There are no rules here. Rules of the jungle, 1039 01:04:32,240 --> 01:04:37,280 where a foreign alien intruder is controlling 1040 01:04:37,280 --> 01:04:42,640 every breath we take, everything we do. One more 1041 01:04:42,640 --> 01:04:47,600 thing about the poem, Susan Abu Alhawa. Even the 1042 01:04:47,600 --> 01:04:51,680 shape, like the short lines, the long lines, shape 1043 01:04:51,680 --> 01:04:55,500 is connected. You like? 1044 01:04:59,940 --> 01:05:06,200 So it's 1045 01:05:06,200 --> 01:05:11,020 deeply connected to land, like the Jibna and Ha, 1046 01:05:11,040 --> 01:05:13,920 where we get it from, and to time, time and place. 1047 01:05:26,710 --> 01:05:28,110 Okay. 1048 01:05:37,560 --> 01:05:40,460 Very good. You humanize this. But has this 1049 01:05:40,460 --> 01:05:45,780 prevented the soldiers from further humiliating 1050 01:05:45,780 --> 01:05:49,580 you? The Zionists settler from humiliating you 1051 01:05:49,580 --> 01:05:52,560 beyond imagination? Because no matter how much you 1052 01:05:52,560 --> 01:05:54,340 humanize yourself, what else should we do? 1053 01:05:55,160 --> 01:05:57,440 Remember, it's not our fault. Many people would 1054 01:05:57,440 --> 01:05:59,340 blame Palestinians. Remember, never blame the 1055 01:05:59,340 --> 01:06:03,580 victim. Would blame us for our own plight. Hey, 1056 01:06:04,000 --> 01:06:06,480 look up. Look there. Look at the Israeli 1057 01:06:06,480 --> 01:06:11,190 occupation. So how, like there was this thing, 1058 01:06:11,330 --> 01:06:13,550 like I'm not sure if I can remember who did this, 1059 01:06:13,650 --> 01:06:16,150 like how many kids should be killed by Israel so 1060 01:06:16,150 --> 01:06:18,970 Israel can realize we're human beings? How many 1061 01:06:18,970 --> 01:06:21,350 times should Israel wage wars against us to 1062 01:06:21,350 --> 01:06:24,170 realize that for Israelis? That's really 1063 01:06:24,170 --> 01:06:25,030 heartbreaking. 1064 01:06:29,070 --> 01:06:33,490 2014, when Israel waged its most horrific war in 1065 01:06:33,490 --> 01:06:36,290 decades against Palestinians, over 90% of Israeli 1066 01:06:36,290 --> 01:06:40,670 Jews supported the war against Palestinians. What 1067 01:06:40,670 --> 01:06:43,710 should we do? There's nothing wrong with us. We're 1068 01:06:43,710 --> 01:06:45,510 occupied, we're fighting back, we're resisting, 1069 01:06:45,670 --> 01:06:48,930 we're oppressed, we're brutalized. The problem is 1070 01:06:48,930 --> 01:06:52,300 with the occupier. The problem is with the 1071 01:06:52,300 --> 01:06:56,820 occupier. So that's why probably the grandmother 1072 01:06:56,820 --> 01:07:01,880 in Lina's poem didn't want the young lady to 1073 01:07:01,880 --> 01:07:06,200 overdo this kind of humanization, self 1074 01:07:06,200 --> 01:07:10,960 -humanization. Be yourself, fight back, resist in 1075 01:07:10,960 --> 01:07:15,290 your own way. and you're good to go. One last 1076 01:07:15,290 --> 01:07:18,250 point, and then I'll stop here. This poem could be 1077 01:07:18,250 --> 01:07:21,190 taken literally, but it also can be taken 1078 01:07:21,190 --> 01:07:24,490 allegorically. This whole poem could be an 1079 01:07:24,490 --> 01:07:28,210 allegory of Palestinians against the Israeli 1080 01:07:28,210 --> 01:07:31,030 occupation. Look at what Palestinians, like even 1081 01:07:31,030 --> 01:07:33,910 the Palestinian, okay, some kind of Palestinian 1082 01:07:33,910 --> 01:07:36,590 leadership, the Palestinian authority, they have 1083 01:07:36,590 --> 01:07:39,170 done everything for the sake of the peace process. 1084 01:07:41,360 --> 01:07:43,920 We've taken some privileges here and there to 1085 01:07:43,920 --> 01:07:46,220 protect Israel, to bring safety to Israel, to 1086 01:07:46,220 --> 01:07:48,120 prevent Palestinian resistance, to stop the 1087 01:07:48,120 --> 01:07:50,900 freedom fighters, right? And in return, what has 1088 01:07:50,900 --> 01:07:54,200 Israel given us back, given them back? Nothing. No 1089 01:07:54,200 --> 01:07:58,700 matter what you do, how much you try, you will 1090 01:07:58,700 --> 01:08:01,580 always be treated as a boy. You'll be kicked out, 1091 01:08:01,680 --> 01:08:05,410 you'll be humiliated, dismissed. Because this is 1092 01:08:05,410 --> 01:08:09,250 what occupiers do. And I like to take, I don't 1093 01:08:09,250 --> 01:08:11,590 want to say either or, this is a personal story, 1094 01:08:12,190 --> 01:08:14,510 but could be also allegorical, metaphorical of 1095 01:08:14,510 --> 01:08:18,410 Palestinians. So is this an invitation to stop 1096 01:08:18,410 --> 01:08:21,610 with the nonsense peace process? Fight back, 1097 01:08:21,710 --> 01:08:26,110 resist in your own way, bidias, boycott? Because 1098 01:08:26,110 --> 01:08:30,430 you did anyway. You humiliated anyway. Why not die 1099 01:08:30,430 --> 01:08:35,900 fighting? Is this a theme? Think about it. I'll be 1100 01:08:35,900 --> 01:08:38,700 stopping here. And if you have, stay back, please. 1101 01:08:38,780 --> 01:08:40,920 If you have any question, we can talk about it. 1102 01:08:40,940 --> 01:08:44,040 But there are probably pictures we can post on our 1103 01:08:44,040 --> 01:08:47,380 Facebook group. These pictures, we've seen them so 1104 01:08:47,380 --> 01:08:50,380 many times. These pictures, these pictures. Look 1105 01:08:50,380 --> 01:08:56,060 at this, cattle cage, right? So sad. So how is 1106 01:08:56,060 --> 01:09:00,700 Wala an allegorical poem? Also, Susan Abulhawa's 1107 01:09:00,700 --> 01:09:03,220 poem, Wala, is about every Palestinian, not only 1108 01:09:03,220 --> 01:09:05,500 every laborer. Actually, it's about every human 1109 01:09:05,500 --> 01:09:07,760 being that ever lived under occupation and 1110 01:09:07,760 --> 01:09:10,480 colonialism and imperialism. Thank you very much, 1111 01:09:10,800 --> 01:09:13,120 and we'll be seeing you tomorrow for our last 1112 01:09:13,120 --> 01:09:15,780 session, a review session, an optional review 1113 01:09:15,780 --> 01:09:16,180 session.