1 00:00:16,960 --> 00:00:22,380 Today we are going to see just a new chapter and 2 00:00:22,380 --> 00:00:25,760 this is about definiteness and indefiniteness in 3 00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:30,100 English and Arabic. We are going to see the 4 00:00:30,100 --> 00:00:36,660 definiteness system how nouns are defined in 5 00:00:36,660 --> 00:00:42,300 English and Arabic. Definiteness is available in 6 00:00:42,300 --> 00:00:47,120 all languages, but some languages have overt systems 7 00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:50,820 and some other languages have covert systems. 8 00:00:50,820 --> 00:00:57,540 Chinese, for example, does not have any overt system. 9 00:01:00,170 --> 00:01:06,930 There are no equivalents for "a" or "n" or "the" or any 10 00:01:06,930 --> 00:01:12,150 article of definiteness or indefiniteness in any 11 00:01:12,150 --> 00:01:16,430 in a language like English. So Chinese does not 12 00:01:16,430 --> 00:01:25,310 have articles. It has only zero articles, covert 13 00:01:25,310 --> 00:01:32,470 articles. Arabic has no articles, no indefinite 14 00:01:32,470 --> 00:01:37,990 articles, but it has the definite article "ال" however 15 00:01:37,990 --> 00:01:42,130 in English, we have the overt system, the 16 00:01:42,130 --> 00:01:48,590 indefiniteness and definiteness system "a" and "n", this is 17 00:01:48,590 --> 00:01:52,650 the indefinite article, and "the" plus the zero 18 00:01:52,650 --> 00:01:59,970 article. Today we are going to navigate on the 19 00:01:59,970 --> 00:02:03,470 definiteness and indefiniteness systems to 20 00:02:03,470 --> 00:02:09,470 discover its secrets, how definiteness and 21 00:02:09,470 --> 00:02:14,470 indefiniteness are constructed in English and 22 00:02:14,470 --> 00:02:18,930 Arabic. So we need to touch the indefiniteness 23 00:02:18,930 --> 00:02:26,740 system first. We mean, the morpheme "AN". This is 24 00:02:26,740 --> 00:02:31,160 one article. "A" and "N" are one article. It is 25 00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:36,400 indefinite article. However, "A" and "N" are 26 00:02:36,400 --> 00:02:40,840 allomorphs of the same morpheme, the indefinite 27 00:02:40,840 --> 00:02:50,770 article. Okay? This is used in English to single 28 00:02:50,770 --> 00:02:54,250 the ideas expressed by the noun directly following 29 00:02:54,250 --> 00:03:00,350 it. Once upon a time, there was a king. Once upon 30 00:03:00,350 --> 00:03:05,030 a time, once upon a time, there was a king. A king 31 00:03:05,030 --> 00:03:10,790 here is preceded by the indefinite article "A" 32 00:03:10,790 --> 00:03:15,970 because it refers to a single idea. Okay, once 33 00:03:15,970 --> 00:03:19,410 upon a time, there was a king, the king was named 34 00:03:19,410 --> 00:03:26,030 Shahrayar. So once you repeat the same thing, it 35 00:03:26,030 --> 00:03:28,530 must be preceded by the definite article "the". 36 00:03:29,350 --> 00:03:36,590 Okay? The indefinite "a" and "n" article semantically 37 00:03:36,590 --> 00:03:41,690 holds the sense of "any". The earth is like a ball. 38 00:03:42,690 --> 00:03:44,610 The room is like a sequoia. 39 00:03:47,470 --> 00:03:50,610 Any square, any ball. 40 00:03:56,910 --> 00:04:07,910 So, "A" and "N" are used to express a 41 00:04:07,910 --> 00:04:13,870 single idea that refers to one noun. And 42 00:04:13,870 --> 00:04:17,750 semantically, it holds the sense of "any" as well. 43 00:04:18,530 --> 00:04:23,670 So, the room is like a square, which square? Any 44 00:04:23,670 --> 00:04:23,990 square. 45 00:04:30,570 --> 00:04:35,690 Semantically, the indefinite article "A" and "N" has 46 00:04:35,690 --> 00:04:43,210 specific meaning and generic meaning. So we have 47 00:04:43,210 --> 00:04:51,830 generic or specific meaning. Once it refers to a 48 00:04:51,830 --> 00:04:57,490 certain idea or object, then it is specific. 49 00:04:58,410 --> 00:05:02,190 However, if you speak generically about 50 00:05:05,150 --> 00:05:09,350 anything, any idea, this means that you refer, or 51 00:05:09,350 --> 00:05:15,250 you have, or "A" and "N" have the function, the generic 52 00:05:15,250 --> 00:05:18,750 function. I'm looking for a book on computer 53 00:05:18,750 --> 00:05:23,470 technology. I'm looking for a book on computer 54 00:05:23,470 --> 00:05:28,710 technology. Which book? Any book. So it is 55 00:05:28,710 --> 00:05:35,330 generic. I need to read a story. Which story? Any 56 00:05:35,330 --> 00:05:43,790 story. Okay. It's generic. Okay. I need to buy a 57 00:05:43,790 --> 00:05:49,590 book in linguistics. Which book? Any book. So it 58 00:05:49,590 --> 00:05:56,230 is of generic meaning. Now, I bought a book in 59 00:05:56,230 --> 00:06:02,650 linguistics. I bought a book in linguistics. This 60 00:06:02,650 --> 00:06:09,490 is specific. A certain book. Okay. For example, it 61 00:06:09,490 --> 00:06:12,390 is "The Minimalist Program" by Noam Chomsky, for 62 00:06:12,390 --> 00:06:17,470 example. So one book. I know it. It is specific. 63 00:06:19,050 --> 00:06:24,350 Fine. I rented a flat. I rented a flat. 64 00:06:27,450 --> 00:06:33,230 Which flat? One flat. So is this specific or 65 00:06:33,230 --> 00:06:38,610 generic? It is specific. A guest came to visit us 66 00:06:38,610 --> 00:06:45,070 last night. What do you say? A guest. Specific 67 00:06:45,070 --> 00:06:47,710 guest. I know him. Okay. 68 00:06:56,810 --> 00:06:57,490 Okay. 69 00:07:00,090 --> 00:07:05,010 The indefinite article "A" and "N". It's also used with 70 00:07:05,010 --> 00:07:10,230 singular countable nouns to refer to countable 71 00:07:10,230 --> 00:07:13,730 nouns that have neither been mentioned in this 72 00:07:13,730 --> 00:07:18,830 course before nor 73 00:07:18,830 --> 00:07:21,270 situationally identified. 74 00:07:23,130 --> 00:07:28,790 There was a queen named Elizabeth. There was a 75 00:07:28,790 --> 00:07:34,780 queen named Elizabeth. Okay. A queen. Is it 76 00:07:34,780 --> 00:07:39,520 countable or uncountable? Countable. Okay. It 77 00:07:39,520 --> 00:07:44,040 refers to a certain person. Does it work here 78 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:50,000 specifically or generically? Specifically. So it 79 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,720 is of specific function semantically. 80 00:07:57,980 --> 00:08:01,990 Now, in the sentence "There was a queen." Is the 81 00:08:01,990 --> 00:08:06,430 noun mentioned before? No, this is the first time 82 00:08:06,430 --> 00:08:11,230 you hear it, okay? So any noun, any concrete, or 83 00:08:11,230 --> 00:08:14,890 any countable noun mentioned for the first time 84 00:08:14,890 --> 00:08:21,710 must be preceded by "a" or "n," okay? But if it is 85 00:08:21,710 --> 00:08:25,610 heard before, if it is mentioned before, then "a" 86 00:08:25,610 --> 00:08:31,330 and "n" must be replaced by "the." Okay. I have a son 87 00:08:31,330 --> 00:08:38,590 and a daughter. I have a son and a daughter. And 88 00:08:38,590 --> 00:08:41,850 the son and the daughter are students at the 89 00:08:41,850 --> 00:08:46,270 Islamic University of Gaza. Okay. For the first 90 00:08:46,270 --> 00:08:50,670 time, it is "a", "a". However, for the second time, it 91 00:08:50,670 --> 00:08:59,810 is "the," "the". Okay. We have a cat and a dog. A cat 92 00:08:59,810 --> 00:09:06,290 and a dog. The first time, the cat and the dog are 93 00:09:06,290 --> 00:09:12,410 very beautiful. Okay. Once I repeat, I replace the 94 00:09:12,410 --> 00:09:15,390 indefinite article with a definite article there. 95 00:09:15,810 --> 00:09:20,650 Okay. I'm reading a good book. I'm reading a good 96 00:09:20,650 --> 00:09:27,530 book. The book is on linguistics. So, for the first 97 00:09:27,530 --> 00:09:31,030 time, "a" book, for the second time, "the" book. 98 00:09:40,630 --> 00:09:43,930 Now, the indefinite article indicates a class 99 00:09:43,930 --> 00:09:49,470 relationship. Therefore, it precedes singular 100 00:09:49,470 --> 00:09:53,650 countable nouns used as representative members of 101 00:09:53,650 --> 00:09:57,510 the class. A cat can be beautiful, which cat? 102 00:10:00,190 --> 00:10:05,330 Any cat, so here is it specific or generic? It's 103 00:10:05,330 --> 00:10:13,110 generic. Okay, now, a cat is a representative. It 104 00:10:13,110 --> 00:10:20,850 is a representative member of the cat class, all cats. 105 00:10:20,850 --> 00:10:29,050 Plants are beautiful. I say, for example, "A tree is 106 00:10:29,050 --> 00:10:44,390 beautiful." Which tree? Any tree. Okay. Now 107 00:10:44,390 --> 00:10:48,170 once the noun is preceded or modified by 108 00:10:48,170 --> 00:10:53,660 attributive adjective, preceded by an adjective, it 109 00:10:53,660 --> 00:10:58,600 must be, or it can be preceded by "a" or "n." I say, 110 00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:05,000 Christine is becoming a nice girl. I 111 00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:08,860 can't say Christine is becoming "nice girl, a nice 112 00:11:08,860 --> 00:11:12,620 girl" because this is adjectival. Adjectival now. 113 00:11:12,620 --> 00:11:20,880 Okay. Hoda is becoming a clever girl, is becoming 114 00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:24,480 clever girl, a clever girl. So we have here an 115 00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:30,400 adjectival noun. Any adjectival noun accepts "A" or 116 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,740 "N" according to its morphological construction. 117 00:11:35,740 --> 00:11:39,560 Either preceded by beginning with a vowel, or 118 00:11:39,560 --> 00:11:44,000 consonant. In case of a vowel, it is "N." In case of 119 00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:48,780 consonant, it's "A." For example, I say "university." 120 00:11:50,130 --> 00:11:51,130 Is it "A" or "N"? 121 00:11:54,110 --> 00:11:59,550 It is "A," a university. I say, "It's a university." 122 00:11:59,770 --> 00:12:03,270 This is "Ya", consonant. Ah. 123 00:12:06,330 --> 00:12:13,530 Okay. However, "ice cream," an ice cream. "Engineer"? 124 00:12:14,930 --> 00:12:15,650 Okay. 125 00:12:18,620 --> 00:12:22,640 Now, all professions and adjectives denoting 126 00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:29,040 religions are preceded by "A" or "N". I say, "I am a 127 00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:35,220 professor." I am a professor. I am a professor. So, 128 00:12:35,220 --> 00:12:38,720 this is my profession. You are a student. 129 00:12:41,260 --> 00:12:46,940 He is a mason. He is a windscatter. 130 00:12:52,330 --> 00:12:57,590 He's a doctor. Okay. So all professions and 131 00:12:57,590 --> 00:13:06,450 handicrafts are preceded by "A" or "N." My father is a 132 00:13:06,450 --> 00:13:12,350 teacher. Your father is an engineer, for example. 133 00:13:13,050 --> 00:13:22,760 Your dad is a doctor, your dad, accountant. Okay. He 134 00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:28,580 is an accountant. Okay. He's an accountant. Okay. Your 135 00:13:28,580 --> 00:13:39,600 dad. Okay. He's also an accountant. Your dad, a lawyer, 136 00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:45,960 okay. He's a lawyer. He is an advocate. Okay. So we 137 00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:50,640 have all professions and handcrafts are preceded 138 00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:57,640 by the indefinite article "A" or "N". Okay, adjectives 139 00:13:57,640 --> 00:14:01,980 of religions. I say "أنا مسلم," how could you 140 00:14:01,980 --> 00:14:08,240 translate it? "I am a Muslim." She is, she is a 141 00:14:08,240 --> 00:14:14,580 Christian. He is a Jew. So religions are preceded by 142 00:14:14,580 --> 00:14:22,440 "A" or "N". Okay? Now, all expressions, or some 143 00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:25,820 expressions of quantity and measurements, are also 144 00:14:25,820 --> 00:14:29,480 preceded by "A" or "N". For example, a pair of shoes. 145 00:14:30,380 --> 00:14:38,460 A pair. A. A little. We have "little" and "a little." 146 00:14:39,460 --> 00:14:42,160 Which is larger than the other, "little" or "a 147 00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:48,180 little"? No, no. A little is larger than little. A 148 00:14:48,180 --> 00:14:55,860 few, a few, few, few. A few is larger than few. 149 00:14:56,640 --> 00:15:03,460 Okay. A couple of minutes, a few, a hundred, a 150 00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:09,250 thousand, three tablets a day. Now we speak about 151 00:15:09,250 --> 00:15:13,790 the duration. Three tablets a day. I drove 80 152 00:15:13,790 --> 00:15:21,510 miles an hour. So, day, hour, minute, are preceded 153 00:15:21,510 --> 00:15:27,710 by the indefinite article "A" or "N." So, three tablets 154 00:15:27,710 --> 00:15:35,910 a day. The child has to have the medicine by 155 00:15:35,910 --> 00:15:45,830 taking three teaspoonfuls a day. Okay. Three 156 00:15:45,830 --> 00:15:51,430 tablets a day, 80 kilometers an hour. The material 157 00:15:51,430 --> 00:16:03,310 is $10 a meter. $10 a meter. Okay. The apples 158 00:16:06,890 --> 00:16:16,090 cost two dollars a kilo, okay, a pound, so all means 159 00:16:16,090 --> 00:16:22,210 of quantity, okay, or measurements, units of 160 00:16:22,210 --> 00:16:32,730 measurements, are preceded by "a" or "n." Type 161 00:16:32,730 --> 00:16:38,440 now the proper nouns, which are used as adjectives 162 00:16:38,440 --> 00:16:42,260 in the sentence, in the singular proper noun used 163 00:16:42,260 --> 00:16:48,400 as an adjective, must be preceded by "a" or "n." He's a 164 00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:55,400 Napoleon. He's a Napoleon. She's 165 00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:59,980 a Shakespeare. And she is like Shakespeare, he and 166 00:16:59,980 --> 00:17:06,050 his courage is like Napoleon. Okay. So, if you use a 167 00:17:06,050 --> 00:17:13,170 noun in place, or if you have a noun functioning as 168 00:17:13,170 --> 00:17:17,770 an adjective, then it must be preceded by "A" or "N" 169 00:17:17,770 --> 00:17:18,690 if it is singular. 170 00:17:23,950 --> 00:17:27,290 Now, the adverbial expressions of time must be 171 00:17:27,290 --> 00:17:33,370 preceded by "A" or "N." He sat for a while. He sat for 172 00:17:33,370 --> 00:17:38,990 an hour. He sat for a day. He stayed for a month. 173 00:17:40,230 --> 00:17:47,810 He stayed with us for a year. Do you get that? Do 174 00:17:47,810 --> 00:17:54,990 you understand? Hold on for a minute. Hold on for 175 00:17:54,990 --> 00:18:02,750 a minute. Okay. Hold on for a moment. Hold on for 176 00:18:02,750 --> 00:18:05,650 a second. So, you have "A". 177 00:18:08,470 --> 00:18:13,850 Now, greetings must be preceded by, must be 178 00:18:13,850 --> 00:18:18,410 preceded by "A" or "N". I say, "have nice time," or, "have a 179 00:18:18,410 --> 00:18:24,450 nice time?" "Have a nice time." "Have a nice day." "Have 180 00:18:24,450 --> 00:18:29,070 a nice stay with us in Gaza." "Have a nice weekend." 181 00:18:30,730 --> 00:18:38,360 Okay. "Have a nice exam." "Have a good exam." Once 182 00:18:38,360 --> 00:18:41,400 you have greeting expressions, they are preceded 183 00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:49,440 by "A" or "N." Okay. Now 184 00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:52,480 "a" 185 00:18:52,480 --> 00:18:57,680 "Merry Christmas to you, and a Happy New Year." It's 186 00:18:57,680 --> 00:19:01,960 greeting. "Merry Christmas," it's preceded by "A." "Happy 187 00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:06,000 New Year." It's also preceded by "A" because this is 188 00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:11,360 part of greeting. "أتمنى لك عيدا سعيدا." Is this 189 00:19:11 223 00:22:15,310 --> 00:22:21,230 context of the sentence or the context where these 224 00:22:21,230 --> 00:22:29,090 indefinite or definite articles used, okay, I 225 00:22:29,090 --> 00:22:37,100 say, "For expressions of time, I sat for a while." It 226 00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:41,400 is zero in Arabic, while in English, it must be 227 00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:44,980 preceded by the indefinite article "A". Hold on for a 228 00:22:44,980 --> 00:22:51,580 minute. A minute. 229 00:22:51,580 --> 00:22:56,320 Okay. 230 00:22:58,550 --> 00:23:00,710 Hold on for a moment. 231 00:23:03,510 --> 00:23:08,410 With greetings and good wishes. I say, "Have a nice 232 00:23:08,410 --> 00:23:09,190 time." 233 00:23:12,070 --> 00:23:16,590 It is zero. However, in English, it must be 234 00:23:16,590 --> 00:23:19,750 translated by using the indefinite article "a". 235 00:23:20,350 --> 00:23:24,010 "Have a nice time. Have a nice day. Have a good 236 00:23:24,010 --> 00:23:28,020 exam. Have a nice stay here with us in Gaza. Have 237 00:23:28,020 --> 00:23:33,540 a nice return journey to your country. Okay?" 238 00:23:38,040 --> 00:23:47,960 Now, similes take "A" or "N" mainly after the particle 239 00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:53,800 "as" or "like." "He fought like a lion." He fought like 240 00:23:53,800 --> 00:24:00,700 a lion. I don't say "He fought like a lion." He 241 00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:10,560 vanished like a ghost. So 242 00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:17,540 I translate 243 00:24:17,540 --> 00:24:23,060 it using the definite article. I 244 00:24:23,060 --> 00:24:28,440 can say "اختفى كشبح." So it is not necessarily to 245 00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:33,320 translate "A" and "N" with what is called zero article 246 00:24:33,320 --> 00:24:34,640 in Arabic. 247 00:24:37,020 --> 00:24:37,320 Okay. 248 00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:51,420 But in English, you have to say, you can't say, "He 249 00:24:51,420 --> 00:24:59,190 fought fiercely like the lion." Like a lion, okay? So 250 00:24:59,190 --> 00:25:01,690 you have to take care about this once you 251 00:25:01,690 --> 00:25:08,750 translate. Okay? The cardinal numbers, or the 252 00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:12,990 cardinal number one replaces the indefinite 253 00:25:12,990 --> 00:25:21,590 article "a" or "n" for emphasis. I can cross out "a" or "n" 254 00:25:21,590 --> 00:25:26,960 and replace "one" instead, just for emphasis. "He 255 00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:31,540 bought one suit and two shirts." One suit. I can't 256 00:25:31,540 --> 00:25:35,200 say "a suit." I emphasize that he bought only one 257 00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:40,940 suit. One suit. Okay. He bought one suit. Okay. 258 00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:43,540 "One" here is for indefiniteness. 259 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:53,610 These, now, اشترى بدلة واحدة و قميصين, but it is 260 00:25:53,610 --> 00:25:59,730 zero. Okay? So now, we have overt indefiniteness 261 00:25:59,730 --> 00:26:03,410 system in English, represented, or translated, in an 262 00:26:03,410 --> 00:26:07,510 "a" or "n", while in Arabic, we have zero indefiniteness 263 00:26:07,510 --> 00:26:15,210 However, for translating, I cannot be bound to have 264 00:26:15,210 --> 00:26:19,050 equivalence, okay? Because in Arabic, we don't have 265 00:26:20,100 --> 00:26:24,020 indefiniteness system. It is covert. Some 266 00:26:24,020 --> 00:26:30,420 sentences, mainly in similes, in some sentences, 267 00:26:30,540 --> 00:26:38,360 we translate the "A" and "N" into in Arabic. So, if you 268 00:26:38,360 --> 00:26:40,480 have this sentence to be translated into English, 269 00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:45,040 you have to say, "He fought like a lion." We don't 270 00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,580 say "He fought like the lion." It's not accepted 271 00:26:48,580 --> 00:26:52,080 Okay? So, as you see, Arabic is different from 272 00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:56,400 English. The two languages are semantically and 273 00:26:56,400 --> 00:27:04,800 grammatically different from each other. Okay, now 274 00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:08,800 the definite article. We have the definite article 275 00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:14,440 "the" in English. It's equivalent to التعريف in 276 00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:20,070 Arabic. But semantically, they are not the same. You 277 00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:23,470 can't translate "the" التعريف by the in all the 278 00:27:23,470 --> 00:27:28,510 times. You can't translate the into التعريف in 279 00:27:28,510 --> 00:27:32,850 all times, mainly because the function of each one 280 00:27:32,850 --> 00:27:35,690 of these definite articles in the two languages 281 00:27:35,690 --> 00:27:41,930 differ from each other. Let's see the function of 282 00:27:41,930 --> 00:27:46,880 "the" in English. Okay. First, you know that that 283 00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:52,320 precedes the nouns, like "A" and "N." Okay, the noun 284 00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:52,700 phrase. 285 00:27:57,220 --> 00:28:01,440 It refers to the noun which refers to an entity 286 00:28:01,440 --> 00:28:05,620 known by the speaker and the listener, meaning the 287 00:28:05,620 --> 00:28:09,540 addresser and the addressee. If you, too, speak 288 00:28:09,540 --> 00:28:14,900 about a certain entity, or a certain thing, known by 289 00:28:14,900 --> 00:28:20,260 you all, then you must precede this noun by using 290 00:28:20,260 --> 00:28:27,370 "the." Okay? "The professor is absent today." The 291 00:28:27,370 --> 00:28:31,190 professor is absent today. You know, what do I 292 00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:35,750 mean? Okay? I mean your professor, whom you are 293 00:28:35,750 --> 00:28:39,750 familiar with. So I say "the professor." Okay. 294 00:28:44,850 --> 00:28:49,650 "The prime minister greeted 295 00:28:49,650 --> 00:28:56,630 the released prisoners yesterday." You know him. 296 00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:01,920 Okay? So you say "the prime minister." Okay, I say 297 00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:06,720 "the legislative council." You know what I, what do 298 00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:11,680 I mean? Okay? You know what I mean? The 299 00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:15,880 legislative council. How many legislative councils 300 00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:20,320 are there in Gaza? One. So, it is preceded by 301 00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,480 them. Okay. 302 00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:27,940 So I say "the prime minister, the legislative 303 00:29:27,940 --> 00:29:35,600 council, the parliament." Okay. The university. 304 00:29:38,820 --> 00:29:44,100 You know, you know it. Okay. So once you speak 305 00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:46,760 about an entity, or a noun phrase, known by the 306 00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:51,340 speaker and the listener, then you use "the." Okay. 307 00:29:54,670 --> 00:30:01,930 Now, if you have a noun, preceded by, or the 308 00:30:01,930 --> 00:30:07,850 noun is followed by relative clause, relative 309 00:30:07,850 --> 00:30:13,890 particle, complementizer, like "who, whom, whose, 310 00:30:14,410 --> 00:30:19,810 which, that," then this noun, which precedes the 311 00:30:19,810 --> 00:30:29,050 complementizer has "the." I say, for example, "the 312 00:30:29,050 --> 00:30:33,670 man who was standing there is my uncle." The man 313 00:30:33,670 --> 00:30:39,750 who was. I can say "man who was." Since you have "who" 314 00:30:39,750 --> 00:30:43,370 as a complementizer, or as a relative pronoun, as 315 00:30:43,370 --> 00:30:47,630 you name it, then it is preceded by the definite 316 00:30:47,630 --> 00:30:49,030 article, "the." 317 00:30:52,570 --> 00:30:55,610 "The car which I bought yesterday was very 318 00:30:55,610 --> 00:30:56,250 expensive." 319 00:30:59,470 --> 00:31:05,070 The car. I don't say "car which was." Since you have 320 00:31:05,070 --> 00:31:07,990 "which," then the noun preceding it must be preceded 321 00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:13,150 by the definite article there. Okay? Now, if you 322 00:31:13,150 --> 00:31:18,430 have also a noun followed by a preposition phrase 323 00:31:19,430 --> 00:31:22,250 Then it must be preceded by the definite article 324 00:31:22,250 --> 00:31:27,170 that I say "the 10th of April." Of April is a preposition 325 00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:31,910 phrase. The 10th of April. 10th is a noun. So, it 326 00:31:31,910 --> 00:31:35,270 must be preceded by "the." Okay. 327 00:31:42,510 --> 00:31:43,170 Okay. 328 00:31:50,130 --> 00:31:54,850 "Most of the food was consumed." Why do we have "the" 329 00:31:54,850 --> 00:31:56,890 here before the noun "food"? 330 00:32:00,950 --> 00:32:07,790 Why does the noun "food" have "the"? 331 00:32:10,150 --> 00:32:13,890 "Most of 332 00:32:13,890 --> 00:32:16,410 the food was consumed." Now, you enter your kitchen, 333 00:32:17,790 --> 00:32:22,650 and you find, you open the fridge, okay? And you 334 00:32:22,650 --> 00:32:25,710 say to your mom, "Most of the food was consumed." 335 00:32:27,570 --> 00:32:31,170 The food. The food is an entity known by the 336 00:32:31,170 --> 00:32:33,850 speaker and the listener. So, it is there. 337 00:32:40,150 --> 00:32:45,110 Now, proper names usually don't have any article. 338 00:32:46,410 --> 00:32:51,090 "Ahmed, Mohammed, John, Mary, Chris," don't have any 339 00:32:51,090 --> 00:32:54,410 article. Okay? However, some names of countries, 340 00:32:54,990 --> 00:32:58,390 cities, or localities, are preceded by the definite 341 00:32:58,390 --> 00:33:02,810 article "the." I say "the Sudan, the United States, 342 00:33:03,870 --> 00:33:08,390 the Congo." I say "the West Bank, the Gaza Strip." 343 00:33:09,140 --> 00:33:14,400 "The United Nations." The compound nouns are 344 00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:18,460 preceded by the definite article there. We cannot 345 00:33:18,460 --> 00:33:22,920 say "Gaza Strip." The Gaza Strip. I can't say "West 346 00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:30,200 Bank." The West Bank. Okay? "The Arab, the United 347 00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:38,550 Arab Emirates." Okay. Now, names of oceans, seas, 348 00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:42,850 rivers, deserts are always preceded by the 349 00:33:42,850 --> 00:33:47,470 definite article, "the." Okay? I say "the Atlantic, 350 00:33:48,770 --> 00:33:53,690 the Pacific, the Nile, the Red Sea, the Euphrates." 351 00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,530 Okay? So, once you speak about water, about seas 352 00:34:00,530 --> 00:34:05,170 and oceans, you must use a definite article. البحر 353 00:34:05,170 --> 00:34:11,730 الأبيض المتوسط. I say "the Mediterranean Sea." I 354 00:34:11,730 --> 00:34:13,710 can't say "Mediterranean Sea." The Mediterranean 355 00:34:13,710 --> 00:34:15,510 Sea. Okay. 356 00:34:20,970 --> 00:34:29,120 I say "بحر الشمال", the North Sea. Okay. 357 00:34:32,780 --> 00:34:36,180 Now, the definite article precedes the plural names 358 00:34:36,180 --> 00:34:40,320 and family names followed by a noun. "The Johnson's 359 00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:45,220 bought a new house last month." The family of 360 00:34:45,220 --> 00:34:51,020 Johnson's. Usernames can be preceded by the 361 00:34:51,020 --> 00:34:52,940 definite article there. Okay. 362 00:35:01,210 --> 00:35:05,070 "I met the Masturbator family when I visited Japan." 363 00:35:06,450 --> 00:35:10,330 The Masturbator family here, the surname is 364 00:35:10,330 --> 00:35:15,770 preceded by the definite article "the." You have 365 00:35:15,770 --> 00:35:23,530 this in the Arab Gulf countries. So, instead of 366 00:35:23,530 --> 00:35:28,930 saying "Walid Amir," if I teach just in Qatar, or in 367 00:35:28,930 --> 00:35:32,210 Saudi Arabia, or whatever, they must say "Dr. Walid 368 00:35:32,210 --> 00:35:37,430 Al Amir," as a sort of respect, it seems. So, their 369 00:35:37,430 --> 00:35:42,830 dialects do not accept zero article before the 370 00:35:42,830 --> 00:35:47,890 surname. They accept always the ال التعريف. So 371 00:35:47,890 --> 00:35:52,070 here we have this in English. The family name 372 00:35:54,720 --> 00:36:08,040 can have the definite article, okay? Once used, 373 00:36:08,340 --> 00:36:10,940 I mean, the plural name, the family name, the 374 00:36:10,940 --> 00:36:14,940 plural name has 375 00:36:14,940 --> 00:36:18,080 the definite article if followed by a noun. "The 376 00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:25,000 Johnsons bought a new house." Okay? The Mustapara 377 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:25,540 family. 378 00:36:29,380 --> 00:36:33,620 Mustapara plus family. A surname plus a noun. 379 00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:34,940 Okay. 380 00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:43,440 The definite article precedes things or entities 381 00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:49,520 which exist in the universe as unique as when I 382 00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:54,670 see the sun. The moon. How many moons are there? 383 00:36:56,350 --> 00:37:02,610 One. How many suns? One. So, "the sun, the moon, the 384 00:37:02,610 --> 00:37:05,570 Quran, the Holy Quran." 385 00:37:10,530 --> 00:37:16,110 The plural nationalities must be preceded by the 386 00:37:16,110 --> 00:37:20,250 definite article "the." I say "the Japanese, the 387 00:37:20,250 --> 00:37:26,650 French, the British." So what's the difference 388 00:37:26,650 --> 00:37:32,050 between "the English" and "English"? "English" refers to 389 00:37:32,050 --> 00:37:38,670 language. "The English" refers to nationality. Okay. 390 00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:48,370 So, we as Palestinians, is it available to say 391 00:37:48,370 --> 00:37:52,460 "Palestinians" or "the Palestinians?" What's the 392 00:37:52,460 --> 00:37:55,880 difference in translation? Once I say "the 393 00:37:55,880 --> 00:37:59,300 Palestinians," we mean that we are people, we are a 394 00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:04,000 nation confessed by all people. However, if we say 395 00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:09,680 "Palestinians," like the CNN, or our enemies call us, 396 00:38:10,240 --> 00:38:15,620 this means that we refer to gangs, or groups of people 397 00:38:15,620 --> 00:38:21,350 that cannot be identified as a nation. Okay? So, 398 00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:25,230 you as Palestinian translators must say about 399 00:38:25,230 --> 00:38:28,670 yourselves as "Palestinians" or "the Palestinians?" 400 00:38:28,970 --> 00:38:31,990 The Palestinians. Okay? 401 00:38:34,630 --> 00:38:37,930 So, this is taken once you translate from English 402 00:38:37,930 --> 00:38:41,690 to Arabic. From the BBC, you must use what is 403 00:38:41,690 --> 00:38:46,350 called "managing in translation." Okay, insert your 404 00:38:46,350 --> 00:38:48,250 own beliefs, your own ideas. 405 00:38:50,950 --> 00:38:56,450 Now, we have also the abstract adjectives, used as 406 00:38:56,450 --> 00:39:04,410 nouns. Abstract adjectives. The rich must 407 00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:18,600 give money, or give donations, to the poor, to the 408 00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:27,220 needy. You must be highly kind to the aged. 409 00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:36,640 The "poor" is an adjective. It stands here in place 410 00:39:36,640 --> 00:39:39,360 of a noun. So, it must be preceded by the definite 411 00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:40,140 article there. 412 00:39:42,870 --> 00:39:49,170 Okay. So "the 413 00:39:49, 445 00:43:35,340 --> 00:43:38,580 Now that precedes the object in the immediate 446 00:43:38,580 --> 00:43:39,740 situation use. 447 00:43:42,980 --> 00:43:47,560 That precedes the object in the immediate 448 00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:53,360 situation use. Now I need to cover my eyes and you 449 00:43:53,360 --> 00:44:00,200 need to warn me about the steps. Okay. You say 450 00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:06,620 mind the gap or mind the stairs. Mind the steps. 451 00:44:13,060 --> 00:44:22,180 Mind the gap. This is immediate situation use. So 452 00:44:22,180 --> 00:44:26,040 it precedes the object in the immediate situation 453 00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:32,880 use. Who's going to mind? Someone you this is a 454 00:44:32,880 --> 00:44:36,560 subject so we speak about the object mind the gap 455 00:44:36,560 --> 00:44:41,100 the gap is an object it is used here the in the 456 00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,780 immediate situation mind the gap mind the steps 457 00:44:44,780 --> 00:44:52,060 mind the stairs okay mind the cup okay 458 00:44:52,060 --> 00:44:55,620 mind the cup you see 459 00:45:05,360 --> 00:45:09,640 Now, don't go there. The police are looking for 460 00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:15,040 you. The police. The, because it is immediate 461 00:45:15,040 --> 00:45:20,920 situation. It's plural. You see? So, next time we 462 00:45:20,920 --> 00:45:23,180 are going, we need to terminate here and next time 463 00:45:23,180 --> 00:45:25,960 we are going to complete with a zero article and 464 00:45:25,960 --> 00:45:28,760 need to touch Arabic and make a comparison or 465 00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:32,540 contrast between the two languages. Okay, that's 466 00:45:32,540 --> 00:45:33,580 it for today. Thank you.