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Today we are going to see just a new area of

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pronunciation in English and Arabic.

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We are going to touch the stress system of English

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and Arabic to see the areas of difficulties of the

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stress system in both languages. You know, the

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stress is the high pitch where

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the sound is quite high or is high.

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Here, We have two types of stresses, of stress.

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The primary stress and the secondary stress. Then

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we have the zero stress or weak form. Our focus

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will be on primary stress. How could we pronounce

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words which are stressed in English, either words

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in isolation or words in connected speech. First

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of all, the stress is meaningful. It gives

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meaning.

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And also, it's grammatical. So, grammatically, We

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can distinguish between verbs and nouns by using

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the stress. I say, for example, subject. It's a

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noun. Subject. Verb. Object. Object. Report.

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Report. Verb. Okay? So we have, we can distinguish

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between the verbal noun by using the stress if the

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morphological system of this word is the same in

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both the noun structure and the verb structure.

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Now, semantically, the location of the stress

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differentiates the meaning of a word and of the

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sentence as a whole. So, we mentioned subject and

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we mentioned that this is a noun and then subject

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and this is a verb and both are different

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semantically.

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In a sentence, we have what is called contrastive

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stress, which is placed wherever you like, just to

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convey a certain meaning.

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Today, today, I want to show you the sound system

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of English. This means this day, not any other

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day. Today, I want to show you the sound system of

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English. This means I, not anyone else. Today I

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want to show you the sound system of English. This

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means that we are going to explain the sound

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system, not any subject else. So wherever you put

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the stress, you change the meaning of the

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sentence. So we need to tackle the stress system

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and see the areas of difficulties facing our

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students while learning English. The English

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stress.

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So, the stress is one of the suprasegmental

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features along with the pitch, the intonation, and

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length. And it's very important in language since

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it has grammatical and semantic functions.

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The location of the stress differs from one word

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to another. We have what is called estimate rules

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for the stress, but cannot cover all words of

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English, mainly because these words are derived

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from different origins. You know, English relies

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on borrowing. So, this language has lots of

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borrowing words. In the 20th century only, English

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borrowed from more than 100 languages just in the

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20th century. So what about going deep in history?

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You find English borrowed from Portuguese, from

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Latin, from Greek, from Arabic, from even Hebrew,

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from different languages. So the system of these

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words differ either in pronunciation or even in

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grammar, mainly the plural system or the

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pluralization system. Okay? So you have to take

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care when pronouncing these words. I'll try to

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facilitate the case by introducing just estimate

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rules as much as I can.

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So, the stress is prominent in a word. So, once I

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say subject, it's in the first syllable at the

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beginning, and this comes out with a noun. Once I

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say subject, this is a verb. Okay? And this is

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available at the second part of the word. Okay?

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So, it is prominent.

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Now, we have some words that will indicate the

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manner of the stress system and how it is located

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or pronounced.

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Now, the location of the stress, as I mentioned,

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is responsible for changing the meaning. I thought

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you would eat, I thought you would eat it. I

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thought you would eat it. This means that he

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intended,

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the meaning is intended, I mean, you have eaten

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it. I thought that, I thought you eat, you would

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eat it. But in the second one, I thought you would

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eat it. This means that you haven't eaten it. So,

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the meaning is changed according to the different

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location of the stress. Now, we have what is

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called rhythm in English and Arabic. The rhythm

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system is based on the stress. Okay?

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So,

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The rhythm in the sentence depends on the number

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of stressed syllables. Okay? In English, the

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sentence or the rhythm, or say the stress, is of

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time intervals. This means that not every single

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word in the sentence is stressed in English.

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However, in Arabic, The situation is different.

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Arabic is a syllable-time language. It is syllabic

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language, syllable-stressed language. Sorry,

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syllable-stressed language. So, this means that

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every single word is almost stressed in Arabic. In

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English, the situation is different. In connected

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speech, we have weak forms. These weak forms are

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not stressed. For example, the preposition, the

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pronoun, the determinants, the conjunctions, the

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one-word syllable is not stressed. These

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altogether are not stressed in the sentence.

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However, the rest of the words may be stressed,

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mainly the topic of the sentence or the topic of

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the phrase. It is definitely stressed.

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So this, I mean, the number of stresses in the

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sentence comprise what is called the rhythm of the

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sentence.

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As I mentioned, we have two main types of stress,

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the primary stress and the secondary stress. The

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location of these two stresses differs from one

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word to another or one group of words to another

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mainly because of the difference in the origin of

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these words. I told you that we have different

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borrowed words in English. So, the system differs

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from one group to another. Okay? This is one phase

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of the difficulty of pronouncing English.

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However, in Arabic, the situation is rule-based.

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Arabic is a productive language. English is not.

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Okay? So you find some sort of difficulty in

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pronouncing certain words. Now, generally, the

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word stress is not always in the first syllable in

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English.

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So we have, for example, computer, computer, pew,

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language. Pronunciation. So three words of

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different stress locations. Okay? So we don't have

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exact rules for the position of stress. Still, we

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have estimate rules that can be applicable to a

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certain group of words rather than others.

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As I mentioned, we have what is called word

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stress. Still, we have phrase stress. And we have

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what is called contrastive stress. It is optional.

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The contrastive stress can be put wherever you

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like, even in Arabic.

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I say, for example, أنا سأشرح لكم الدرس أنا سأشرح

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لكم الدرس اليوم. اليوم.

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سأشرح لكم الدرس اليوم. So it is the high pitch.

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Now, even the three sentences of Arabic differ one

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from another semantically according to the

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position of what is called the contrastive stress.

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This situation is applicable to the contrastive

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stress in English, as we are going to see.

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Now, the shape of a word itself decides the

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position of the word stress. Whether the word is

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morphologically simple or complex. The grammatical

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category of a word itself can decide the position

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of the stress. I told you that functional

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morphemes, grammatical morphemes, don't have

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stress. They are weak forms. Lexical words are

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stressed, but the stress differs in position from

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one word to another. The number of syllables in a

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word also decides the location of the stress.

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So we have stress in two-syllable words. We have,

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for example, assessed. This is a verb. This is in

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the second syllable. Assist. Okay. Apply. Apply.

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Apply. Okay. So it is apply. The second syllable.

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I say object. The second syllable. Subject. The

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second syllable. Report. The second syllable.

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However, it can be in the first syllable. Report.

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Subject, object. Okay?

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Now, if the final syllable contains a short vowel

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and one final consonant, the final syllable of a

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word, if it contains a short vowel and the final

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sound is consonant, Okay, then the stress must be

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in the first syllable. I say open, open, equal,

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equal. I don't say equal, I say open, open, equal.

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So the stress is in the first syllable. Mainly

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because the final part is consonant and it is

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preceded by a short vowel.

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For the nouns, you have this list maybe or mostly

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in the first syllable. I say money, money.

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Product, product. It is the first syllable.

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We have adjectives which also have their stress in

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the first syllable, as lovely, even, willing,

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honest, perfect, but not necessarily having

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this rule be applied on all types of animals. So,

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we need to see the stress in most of the English

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words, I mean the word types. Now, we reach the

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stress in the three-syllable words.

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We have the verb.

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So if the last syllable contains a short vowel and

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ends with not more than one consonant, The

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syllable will be unstressed and the stress will be

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placed on the preceding syllable. So we say, for

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example, encounter, encounter. Cow, this is

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encounter. This is the stress in the middle.

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Determine, determine, deter, tear. This is the

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stress. Determine.

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If the final syllable contains a long vowel or a

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diphthong or ends with more than one consonant,

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then the final syllable will be stressed. I say,

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for example, entertain, entertain, this is

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diphthong. So it is stressed.

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Now, if the syllable preceding the final syllable

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contains a vowel or a diphthong, or it ends with

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But if the word ends in IC or SION or TION, then

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the stress is in the second syllable. So we have

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solution, solution,

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terrific, terrific,

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terrific. You have your students mix between or

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misunderstand, mispronounce the stress, so they

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say terrific. This is not acceptable in English.

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Terrific.

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Still, we have different types of locations of

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stress. I'm giving you the chance to have these

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introduced by native speakers now.

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Here are some more suffixes that have the stress

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immediately before the suffix. This time though,

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the suffixes have two syllables.

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Listen and repeat Ability

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Second Diameter Second Medical First Biography

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Second Simplify First Biology Second Here are some

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more examples Listen and repeat

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nationality thermometer electrical

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photography unify

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psychology

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In English, any syllable can have the stress. For

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example, enjoy, document, banana, afternoon.

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However, there are some rules. Words that end in

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the suffixes ear,

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ease,

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eek and ee have the stress on the suffix. Listen

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and repeat.

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volunteer suffix e Japanese unique

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employee

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here are some more examples listen and repeat

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boutique

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antique technique

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Engineer,

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career, mountaineer,

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refugee, trainee, referee,

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Chinese,

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Portuguese, Vietnamese.

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Careful, not all words ending in E have the

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suffix, which one here has the suffix and the

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stress?

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We have only one word which is stressed here.

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Honeybee, coffee, devotee, committee.

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Do you understand?

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Here are some rules about stress and suffixes.

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Words that end in the suffixes –il,

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you, in, shun with an s or shun with a t,

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shunt, shus with a c or with a T and IK. All have

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the stress immediately before the suffix. Listen

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and repeat.

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Official Visual

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Politician

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Addition

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Ancient Spacious Organic

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Here

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are some more examples. Listen and repeat.

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Commercial Annual Indian

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Television

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efficient, delicious,

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fantastic.

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As you see, once you have these suffixes, the

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stress is in the second syllable from the end.

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Okay? Before the suffix, you have to stress on the

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pitch to produce high pitch or say, primary

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stress. I say terrific. Television. Television. V.

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Okay?

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Fantastic.

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Here are some more suffixes that have the stress

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immediately before the suffix. This time though,

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the suffixes have two syllables.

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and repeat.

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Ability.

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Diameter. Medical.

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Biography.

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Simplify. Biology. Here's some more examples.

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Listen and repeat.

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nationality thermometer electrical photography

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unify

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psychology

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The final one.

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Finally, to clear suffixes, they have to stress on

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the second syllable before the suffix. Eight,

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eyes, us, and the double syllable uri. Listen and

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repeat.

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Operate.

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apologize dangerous necessary Here are some more

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examples listen and repeat dominate exaggerate

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integrate certificate socialize

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Criticize. Emphasize. Recognize.

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Marvelous. Mysterious. Obvious. Miscellaneous.

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Secretary. Dictionary. Ordinary. Vocabulary.

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So, as you see, the word stress has different

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rules. All these rules which I mentioned are

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estimate rules. So, it's very difficult for the

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Arab learners to understand such systems unless

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they imitate the speakers. The more you expose

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yourself to English, the more you master the

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suprasegmental phonemes. Okay? So you have to be

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very cautious in teaching your students the sound

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system. And it depends on their levels, either the

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junior, the intermediate, or the advanced. You

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have to introduce certain activities that suit

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their level in pronunciation, in speaking, in

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communication. The junior pupils or the junior

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graders can imitate you. This means that the

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teacher himself must master the subrasegmental

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phonemes very, very perfectly. If you follow, If

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you just pronounce wrongly, this means that your

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students will follow you and commit mistakes which

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can be fossilized by the run of time. So, You know

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that the reasons for committing errors are of

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different types. You have the types of errors.

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Some errors result from over-generalization or

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faulty teaching, fossilization or simplification.

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You've taken this in your methodology, I think,

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classes. So, we need to continue. with a system of

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stress.

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We spoke about these points, and now we mentioned

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the different types of word stress, and I think

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that we terminated on the phrase stress.

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It's very important Stress, it comprises the

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rhythm of the sentence and it is bound with time

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intervals in English. However, in Arabic, it is

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syllabic or syllable intervals. This means that

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every single word may be stressed in Arabic, but

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not necessarily to have every single word stressed

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in English. Okay. I say, Dahabto ila almadrassa.

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Translate it, please.

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This is

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Arabic. Again Arabic.

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Okay,

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good. Quite good. Out.

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Excellent.

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I went to school. I say that the preposition is

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zero. It is weak form. So it is not necessarily

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every single word stressed. Okay? Today I want to

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explain the sound system of English. Today I want

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to explain the stress system of English. of

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English. I don't say today I want to explain the

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sound system of English. This is Arabic. Cannot be

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understood by native speakers. This is heavy

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accent. Today I want to explain the sound system

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of English.

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Okay? So this means that we have weak forms and

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strong forms. The strong forms and the phrase are

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stressed. They represent words which are stressed.

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Okay? We have also what's called a stress shift.

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The stress in isolation, in words, differs from

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the stress in a sentence. So, for example, we have

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princess. Princess. Where's the stress? In the

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second syllable. Now, Princess Diana. Princess

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Diana. The stress moves to the beginning. So, this

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means that the stress does not locate in a certain

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position even on the same word. It depends on

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utterance. So, connected utterance Speaking

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English in connected utterance is different from

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pronouncing words in isolation. The position of

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stress differs.

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So,

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Now, you hear now two sentences read slowly and

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deliberately as if they were said in presentation.

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The noisy cars being parked in the garage.

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Many people often read the business section of the

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newspaper.

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This is in slow tune. But we can read them

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differently.

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The noisy cars being parked in the garage.

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The noisy cars being parked in the garage. So, we

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have The stress, the first stress is the final

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syllable of a word. This gives exclamation. Okay?

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Many people often read the business section of the

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newspaper. The newspaper. Just the business

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section is read. Okay? So the focus is on one

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word.

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Now we have some

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affixes, I mean prefixes, also fixes that control

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the position of stress in the sentence. It seems

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that we are out of time now. I leave these

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PowerPoints on my page And this includes the films

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about stress which you have already heard. So,

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you'll see the whole lecture in my webpage. Okay?

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Next time, we are going to continue with the

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stress system in both English and Arabic as well.

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Thank you.