1 00:00:14,460 --> 00:00:16,800 Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Today we are going to 2 00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:20,600 continue with explaining the definiteness and 3 00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:24,320 indefiniteness system of English and Arabic. Last 4 00:00:24,320 --> 00:00:26,640 time we spoke about the articles in English. 5 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:34,020 indefiniteness system represented in a and n and 6 00:00:34,020 --> 00:00:37,140 the definiteness system which is represented in 7 00:00:37,140 --> 00:00:42,380 the. We spoke about the use of these articles and 8 00:00:42,380 --> 00:00:50,960 we terminated on the zero article okay which is 9 00:00:50,960 --> 00:00:56,380 used before the names of diseases cardinal 10 00:00:56,380 --> 00:01:03,070 numbers and a list of A, B, C, D. These don't have 11 00:01:03,070 --> 00:01:07,730 any article, so it is zero. Could you read number 12 00:01:07,730 --> 00:01:12,330 one, please? Could you read number one, please? 13 00:01:12,670 --> 00:01:16,770 Number one. Okay, it's zero. 14 00:01:19,430 --> 00:01:24,730 Heart disease and cancer kill millions every year. 15 00:01:26,300 --> 00:01:31,180 heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, 16 00:01:32,260 --> 00:01:37,180 ulcer, constipation, et cetera. These diseases, 17 00:01:37,960 --> 00:01:41,640 the names of diseases don't have any article. They 18 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:43,700 are zero, okay? 19 00:01:48,820 --> 00:01:53,420 The zero article is also used generically to all 20 00:01:53,420 --> 00:01:57,890 members of a class. We spoke about the generic 21 00:01:57,890 --> 00:02:02,170 meaning and specific meaning last time. Okay. I 22 00:02:02,170 --> 00:02:09,030 mentioned that A and N plus the have generic 23 00:02:09,030 --> 00:02:13,930 meaning and have specific meaning. I read a book 24 00:02:13,930 --> 00:02:16,870 in linguistics. I read a book in linguistics. 25 00:02:18,090 --> 00:02:21,010 Specific. Okay. I'd like to buy a book in 26 00:02:21,010 --> 00:02:26,320 linguistics. Generic. Okay. Dogs are domestic 27 00:02:26,320 --> 00:02:29,460 animals. What do you say about this? Dogs is 28 00:02:29,460 --> 00:02:34,080 plural. It's preceded by zero article. Do we mean 29 00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:37,700 specific dogs? Specific category or species of 30 00:02:37,700 --> 00:02:42,280 dog? All dogs. So it is zero as you see and it 31 00:02:42,280 --> 00:02:44,220 refers to generic meaning. 32 00:02:47,180 --> 00:02:50,160 Once you distinguish one class from another, use 33 00:02:50,160 --> 00:02:56,040 zero article. She likes cats, not dogs. But don't 34 00:02:56,040 --> 00:03:00,200 say she likes the cats, not the dogs. Or a cat, 35 00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:05,840 not a dog. No, she likes cats, not dogs. But now 36 00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:09,700 if you look to the translation, dogs are domestic 37 00:03:09,700 --> 00:03:12,960 animals. Once you translate to Arabic, do you find 38 00:03:12,960 --> 00:03:18,630 the two languages are of the same system of zero 39 00:03:18,630 --> 00:03:21,170 articles or of definiteness and indefiniteness 40 00:03:21,170 --> 00:03:25,150 here could you translate dogs and domestic animals 41 00:03:25,150 --> 00:03:28,830 I 42 00:03:28,830 --> 00:03:33,070 say الكلاب حيوانات أليفة but if you look to the 43 00:03:33,070 --> 00:03:37,090 noun الكلاب it is of definite article أل التعريف 44 00:03:37,090 --> 00:03:40,830 but in English once you translate it it comes out 45 00:03:40,830 --> 00:03:48,940 with zero article I like cats I like cats. أنا أحب 46 00:03:48,940 --> 00:03:53,660 القطط. Okay. So again, it is ال التعريف, the 47 00:03:53,660 --> 00:03:57,760 definite article, which is translated here by the 48 00:03:57,760 --> 00:03:59,360 zero article. 49 00:04:02,500 --> 00:04:05,920 Cats, sorry, she likes cats, not dogs. 50 00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:15,600 So we have definite article for both nouns, but in 51 00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:24,980 English Yes It is zero in English now The 52 00:04:24,980 --> 00:04:27,740 modifiers the noun phrase which which comes as a 53 00:04:27,740 --> 00:04:34,720 modifier of a preposition mostly is of a zero 54 00:04:34,720 --> 00:04:43,810 article I say, for example, at 55 00:04:43,810 --> 00:04:48,310 war, and once you translate it into Arabic, the 56 00:04:48,310 --> 00:04:54,890 modifier in Arabic has التعريف at war في الحرب in 57 00:04:54,890 --> 00:04:59,550 danger في خطر أو في الخطر في الخطر both at peace 58 00:04:59,550 --> 00:05:09,290 في سلام أو في السلام in needon fire addressed 59 00:05:10,250 --> 00:05:16,130 In tears, on time, at sea, in love, on sail, at 60 00:05:16,130 --> 00:05:21,150 lunch, in difficulty, on love. Okay? So you have 61 00:05:21,150 --> 00:05:25,610 these modifiers of preposition phrases are 62 00:05:25,610 --> 00:05:29,330 altogether of zero article. However, in Arabic, it 63 00:05:29,330 --> 00:05:32,850 may be optional. It can be التعريف or can be also 64 00:05:32,850 --> 00:05:34,530 zero article. 65 00:05:38,610 --> 00:05:42,570 The zero article mostly comes with plural nouns. 66 00:05:43,370 --> 00:05:48,290 Okay? After B. Most of my friends are teachers. 67 00:05:50,110 --> 00:05:54,650 Most of my friends are teachers. Most of the 68 00:05:54,650 --> 00:05:59,230 Islamic university students are women students. 69 00:06:01,760 --> 00:06:07,080 Once you have where to be, the auxiliary B, then 70 00:06:07,080 --> 00:06:12,520 the noun following it is of zero article. 71 00:06:18,100 --> 00:06:25,720 Now, in headlines of magazines, newspapers, books, 72 00:06:26,420 --> 00:06:32,140 labels, etc. We have functional morphemes omitted 73 00:06:32,140 --> 00:06:39,020 because these are titles, the titles of papers, I 74 00:06:39,020 --> 00:06:44,480 mean of papers or dailies or say magazines or etc. 75 00:06:45,300 --> 00:06:48,440 We just want to write or writing the title of any 76 00:06:48,440 --> 00:06:55,430 article or any news item We try to omit all 77 00:06:55,430 --> 00:07:00,650 functional morphemes as much as we can. So the A 78 00:07:00,650 --> 00:07:05,610 and the R are functional morphemes. Okay, so they 79 00:07:05,610 --> 00:07:09,830 are omitted. I say captives freed last week. 80 00:07:12,190 --> 00:07:17,190 Captives freed last week. The Palestinian captives 81 00:07:17,190 --> 00:07:22,640 were freed last week. I say captives freed, 82 00:07:23,260 --> 00:07:29,860 captives freed only. Okay. So try to sum up the 83 00:07:29,860 --> 00:07:35,700 title as much as you can. Okay. Beware of dog. 84 00:07:37,760 --> 00:07:43,320 Okay. Beware of dog. I don't say beware of dogs. 85 00:07:44,660 --> 00:07:50,230 The S is plural. Dysfunctional morpheme. Okay. It 86 00:07:50,230 --> 00:07:54,310 is inflectional morphine. So we omit it. Okay. 87 00:07:56,850 --> 00:08:01,610 Entrance to parking. I can't say this is the 88 00:08:01,610 --> 00:08:07,710 entrance for parking or of parking. Okay. It's 89 00:08:07,710 --> 00:08:13,630 entrance to parking. as much as I can. I omit all 90 00:08:13,630 --> 00:08:16,330 functional morphemes as much as I can, including 91 00:08:16,330 --> 00:08:19,490 the preposition if necessary. But here the 92 00:08:19,490 --> 00:08:22,790 preposition in this title is obligatory. 93 00:08:25,190 --> 00:08:27,410 Entrance to parking. 94 00:08:30,570 --> 00:08:36,790 I say for example, the university 95 00:08:38,080 --> 00:08:43,120 prevents smoking in the university campus. I can 96 00:08:43,120 --> 00:08:49,940 write a notice stating no smoking, no parking. 97 00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:59,620 Okay, no parking. Instead of writing cars are not 98 00:08:59,620 --> 00:09:04,330 allowed to park here, for example. So the language 99 00:09:04,330 --> 00:09:08,290 of notices, language of titles of dailies, 100 00:09:08,430 --> 00:09:13,070 newspapers and magazines are always very very 101 00:09:13,070 --> 00:09:18,890 short. To have it like so, we omit most or all 102 00:09:18,890 --> 00:09:21,550 functional morphemes. You see? 103 00:09:25,490 --> 00:09:30,550 Now the 104 00:09:30,550 --> 00:09:31,090 title 105 00:09:34,710 --> 00:09:40,130 Okay, which refers to the rank. I say He was 106 00:09:40,130 --> 00:09:43,850 appointed prime minister It is zero. I can't say 107 00:09:43,850 --> 00:09:47,870 he was appointed a prime minister Or the prime 108 00:09:47,870 --> 00:09:52,250 minister. He was appointed prime minister. He was 109 00:09:52,250 --> 00:09:59,810 elected As president not a president Okay, he was 110 00:09:59,810 --> 00:10:05,380 appointed king Okay, she was appointed queen. He 111 00:10:05,380 --> 00:10:08,840 became prime minister. She was proclaimed queen 112 00:10:08,840 --> 00:10:18,260 Okay Come brother, let's go home Brother 113 00:10:18,260 --> 00:10:28,760 here is considered as a title. Okay The 114 00:10:28,760 --> 00:10:33,330 zero article is used generically with proper 115 00:10:33,330 --> 00:10:40,570 nouns, days, months, years, seasons, games, 116 00:10:41,150 --> 00:10:44,750 abstract nouns and materials. John attended the 117 00:10:44,750 --> 00:10:49,410 meeting last Monday. I say all weeks, all days of 118 00:10:49,410 --> 00:10:52,910 week are zero. Sunday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday, 119 00:10:53,070 --> 00:10:56,670 Tuesday, Wednesday, these are zero. Names of 120 00:10:56,670 --> 00:11:00,370 months, January, February, March, April, May, 121 00:11:00,510 --> 00:11:05,030 June, July, it is also zero. Zero article. Seasons 122 00:11:05,030 --> 00:11:12,450 are also zero. Autumn, summer, winter, fall. Okay, 123 00:11:12,970 --> 00:11:14,570 it is spring, it is zero. 124 00:11:21,770 --> 00:11:25,490 Okay, I like to watch rugby and football matches 125 00:11:25,490 --> 00:11:32,190 if you look to the Games here Names of games. They 126 00:11:32,190 --> 00:11:36,730 are also zero. Okay, so all games of sports are of 127 00:11:36,730 --> 00:11:44,010 zero article Meals 128 00:11:44,010 --> 00:11:50,270 I say lunch Breakfast dinner It's zero 129 00:11:53,180 --> 00:12:02,500 Materials, wood, iron, copper, zinc, tin, 130 00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:09,520 these are also zero. All materials are zero. 131 00:12:10,580 --> 00:12:19,240 Colors, black, white, metallic, pink, green, it is 132 00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:24,380 zero. However, the adjectives of these altogethers 133 00:12:24,380 --> 00:12:31,000 are with articles either a and it's that he she 134 00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:37,060 bought a golden ring a golden ring gold golden 135 00:12:37,060 --> 00:12:40,800 golden he 136 00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:48,700 made a wooden door a wooden door wood without 137 00:12:48,700 --> 00:12:59,490 wooden adjective Okay Paper is made of wood paper 138 00:12:59,490 --> 00:13:07,750 Generic الورق كل الورق is made of wood خشب كل 139 00:13:07,750 --> 00:13:14,830 الخشب Okay But here if you look to English and you 140 00:13:14,830 --> 00:13:20,050 see the function of the zero article you find that 141 00:13:22,910 --> 00:13:27,130 Zero article appears in these forms in English 142 00:13:27,130 --> 00:13:30,690 while in Arabic it is mostly translated with 143 00:13:30,690 --> 00:13:37,770 التعريف I like to watch rugby and football match 144 00:13:37,770 --> 00:13:41,070 Paper 145 00:13:41,070 --> 00:13:49,150 is made of wood يصنع الورق من الخشب الورق الخشب 146 00:13:49,150 --> 00:13:52,750 He's a man of principles He's a man. 147 00:13:58,350 --> 00:13:59,230 He's a man. 148 00:14:02,810 --> 00:14:04,810 He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 149 00:14:05,090 --> 00:14:06,990 He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 150 00:14:06,990 --> 00:14:07,690 He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 151 00:14:07,710 --> 00:14:10,630 He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 152 00:14:12,050 --> 00:14:17,250 He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 153 00:14:17,750 --> 00:14:19,750 He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 154 00:14:19,750 --> 00:14:19,770 He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 155 00:14:19,770 --> 00:14:23,060 He's a man. He's a man. He's a man Okay, these 156 00:14:23,060 --> 00:14:35,380 abstract nouns are always of zero article Okay We 157 00:14:35,380 --> 00:14:38,140 have also zero article before plural and 158 00:14:38,140 --> 00:14:41,360 uncountable nouns when talking about things in 159 00:14:41,360 --> 00:14:49,000 general I like tomato I like tomato Any type of 160 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:54,560 tomato is okay. So it is zero because tomato here 161 00:14:54,560 --> 00:14:58,840 refers to generic meaning or specific meaning? It 162 00:14:58,840 --> 00:15:02,240 refers to generic meaning. Okay. I like cakes. 163 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:09,600 Which cakes? It is generic. Okay. Milk is good for 164 00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:16,100 you. Which type of milk? So it is generic. Okay. 165 00:15:16,940 --> 00:15:19,480 In this case, it is zero article. 166 00:15:24,140 --> 00:15:28,160 Now names of countries, towns, streets, languages, 167 00:15:28,540 --> 00:15:33,960 magazines, airports, stations, and meals are of 168 00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:39,800 zero article. I had lunch with John. But in Arabic 169 00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:44,160 I say, تناولت طعام الغداء الغداء مع John. طعام 170 00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:51,110 الغداء. Okay, construct a statement. I had lunch 171 00:15:51,110 --> 00:15:56,150 with John. So lunch. I ate biscuits at King Cross 172 00:15:56,150 --> 00:16:00,690 station. This is railway station in London. Okay, 173 00:16:00,990 --> 00:16:04,970 I ate biscuits at King Cross station. I cannot say 174 00:16:04,970 --> 00:16:08,130 at the King Cross station. Okay. 175 00:16:11,140 --> 00:16:15,980 I ate biscuits at Cancro station while waiting the 176 00:16:15,980 --> 00:16:21,020 10 o'clock train to Colchester. She speaks Arabic. 177 00:16:22,820 --> 00:16:29,100 He lives at Duke Street. The name of street is 178 00:16:29,100 --> 00:16:35,260 zero. Language is zero. Now Arabic, English, 179 00:16:36,980 --> 00:16:42,550 Turkish. Russian Spanish it is zero. What's the 180 00:16:42,550 --> 00:16:44,930 difference between English and the English? 181 00:16:48,390 --> 00:16:54,810 English Yes, the two are nouns English and the 182 00:16:54,810 --> 00:16:56,830 English but here what's the meaning? 183 00:17:00,150 --> 00:17:03,590 Nationality English is a language while the 184 00:17:03,590 --> 00:17:09,030 English is nationality. I say the British Okay. 185 00:17:09,490 --> 00:17:15,130 The Portuguese, the Portuguese, this is the 186 00:17:15,130 --> 00:17:18,110 Portuguese people nationality, Portuguese 187 00:17:18,110 --> 00:17:28,770 language. Okay. The French, French language. Okay. 188 00:17:29,670 --> 00:17:32,550 So you have to take care about the translation. 189 00:17:32,710 --> 00:17:35,730 Now the use of that changed the whole meaning. 190 00:17:36,390 --> 00:17:41,990 Okay. Now you have all names are mostly with zero 191 00:17:41,990 --> 00:17:46,930 article except compound nouns. As we mentioned 192 00:17:46,930 --> 00:17:50,910 last time, I say the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, 193 00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:55,130 the United Nations, the Islamic University of 194 00:17:55,130 --> 00:18:00,470 Gaza, compound noun. But I say Palestine. Okay. 195 00:18:01,190 --> 00:18:07,630 Here, we can't say Palestinians, for example. For 196 00:18:07,630 --> 00:18:13,850 us, we are the Palestinians. Why? What's the 197 00:18:13,850 --> 00:18:15,830 difference between Palestinians and the 198 00:18:15,830 --> 00:18:16,310 Palestinians? 199 00:18:19,890 --> 00:18:24,010 Palestinians refer to you and the Palestinians 200 00:18:24,010 --> 00:18:28,470 refer to the same meaning. Is that true? So what's 201 00:18:28,470 --> 00:18:28,990 the difference? 202 00:18:35,100 --> 00:18:40,580 So once you have this name, Palestinians, in the 203 00:18:40,580 --> 00:18:46,600 CNN or BBC or any other European or American 204 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:51,060 broadcasting or channel or TV channel, this refers 205 00:18:51,060 --> 00:18:55,060 to Palestinians as, politically, as gangs, as 206 00:18:55,060 --> 00:18:59,780 illegal group of people. However, once you say the 207 00:18:59,780 --> 00:19:02,820 Palestinians, this means the Palestinian people. 208 00:19:03,640 --> 00:19:08,860 Okay? You have some dialects of Arabic have the 209 00:19:08,860 --> 00:19:13,880 same thing. If you look to the Gulf countries, the 210 00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:17,600 Arab Gulf countries, you have some dialects where 211 00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:21,960 they have the definite ال التعريف before the noun, 212 00:19:22,660 --> 00:19:26,820 the surname. Okay, اسم العائلة. If I teach in 213 00:19:26,820 --> 00:19:30,500 Qatar or in Saudi Arabia or whatever, they don't 214 00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:33,780 name me Walid Amir for example. They say Walid 215 00:19:33,780 --> 00:19:39,050 Amir. Okay. So your surname is always with ال 216 00:19:39,050 --> 00:19:45,250 التعريف. Okay. Now here it is for respect. Okay. 217 00:19:45,870 --> 00:19:48,970 And now once we say Palestinians or the 218 00:19:48,970 --> 00:19:52,890 Palestinians, we have political differences 219 00:19:52,890 --> 00:19:56,550 between the two terms. Okay. So you have to take 220 00:19:56,550 --> 00:20:00,950 care about this once you translate from Arabic to 221 00:20:00,950 --> 00:20:03,010 English. Okay. 222 00:20:11,180 --> 00:20:17,440 I say towns, countries are of zero articles, 223 00:20:17,660 --> 00:20:21,900 streets are of zero articles, railway stations, 224 00:20:22,680 --> 00:20:28,640 airports, I say Heathrow Airport. Names of lakes, 225 00:20:29,280 --> 00:20:36,280 when I say Tabaria Lake, Victoria Lake, okay? But 226 00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:40,120 you can say the lake. The lake here can be either 227 00:20:40,120 --> 00:20:44,480 generic or specific. Okay? But if you name it, 228 00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:52,160 then it is zero. Okay? Before some places with 229 00:20:52,160 --> 00:20:57,240 some forms of transport, I say at home, in bed or 230 00:20:57,240 --> 00:21:04,720 to bed, at work, to work, at school, to school, by 231 00:21:04,720 --> 00:21:12,350 bus, by plane, by car, by train, on foot. She goes 232 00:21:12,350 --> 00:21:18,070 to work by bus. Okay, I can't say by the bus. All 233 00:21:18,070 --> 00:21:23,190 means of transports preceded by the preposition by 234 00:21:23,190 --> 00:21:31,290 or mostly in or on, they are mostly with zero 235 00:21:31,290 --> 00:21:38,200 article. I was at home yesterday evening. Okay, I 236 00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:41,920 was at home. I can say in Arabic I say كنت في 237 00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:47,920 البيت. So once you translate using 238 00:21:47,920 --> 00:21:52,900 the system of literal translation, you may commit 239 00:21:52,900 --> 00:22:01,320 an error saying that أنا I am at the home. Okay. I 240 00:22:01,320 --> 00:22:04,180 was at the home. What do you call this error? 241 00:22:04,840 --> 00:22:07,140 Interlingual error or intralingual error? 242 00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:14,260 Interlingual because it is derived from Arabic. I 243 00:22:14,260 --> 00:22:20,980 say, what a beautiful class. What a beautiful 244 00:22:20,980 --> 00:22:26,720 class. Could I say what a beautiful weather? Why? 245 00:22:30,390 --> 00:22:34,470 Because weather is uncountable. Oh, what a 246 00:22:34,470 --> 00:22:38,110 beautiful day. Okay, but I can't say what a 247 00:22:38,110 --> 00:22:42,430 beautiful weather. What beautiful weather. Okay. 248 00:22:48,650 --> 00:22:55,690 I say have a nice day. A nice day. One day, two 249 00:22:55,690 --> 00:22:59,590 days, etc. It is countable. But have nice weather. 250 00:23:01,900 --> 00:23:02,680 Okay. 251 00:23:07,300 --> 00:23:11,720 So what beautiful weather. It is zero. Comes 252 00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:16,940 always with uncountable nouns. What loud music. 253 00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:22,660 Music is non-countable. Okay. What loud music. You 254 00:23:22,660 --> 00:23:24,040 can't say what a loud music. 255 00:23:27,280 --> 00:23:28,060 Yes. 256 00:23:31,310 --> 00:23:42,990 Now, we'd like to touch Arabic. You see that 257 00:23:42,990 --> 00:23:44,410 Arabic differs from English. 258 00:23:47,190 --> 00:23:53,110 The indefiniteness system is overt. However, it is 259 00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:58,230 covert in Arabic. We have an in English, but we 260 00:23:58,230 --> 00:24:02,800 don't have equivalence for either a or n it is 261 00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:06,740 zero okay it is not necessarily to have the same 262 00:24:06,740 --> 00:24:15,140 translation okay how 263 00:24:15,140 --> 00:24:18,760 could 264 00:24:18,760 --> 00:24:19,920 you translate it into English 265 00:24:24,480 --> 00:24:38,260 a kilo of apple okay I drove a 266 00:24:38,260 --> 00:24:42,520 yes 267 00:24:42,520 --> 00:24:50,370 it is 80 miles an hour 80 miles an hour But 80 268 00:24:50,370 --> 00:24:55,710 miles per hour it is definite in Arabic while it 269 00:24:55,710 --> 00:25:03,670 is indefinite I say 80 miles an hour an hour a 270 00:25:03,670 --> 00:25:13,930 minute a day Okay I say I'm a teacher 271 00:25:18,750 --> 00:25:25,450 I am a teacher. Okay. هو مهندس. So what is zero 272 00:25:25,450 --> 00:25:28,030 for the professions and handicrafts, they are zero 273 00:25:28,030 --> 00:25:34,510 in Arabic while indefinite in English. They are 274 00:25:34,510 --> 00:25:37,690 preceded by the indefinite article. I say أنا 275 00:25:37,690 --> 00:25:43,330 مسلم. I'm a Muslim. So you have to take care. 276 00:25:44,230 --> 00:25:48,950 about this. Otherwise, you commit interlingual 277 00:25:48,950 --> 00:25:52,210 errors. So if your students say, I am Muslim, what 278 00:25:52,210 --> 00:25:57,110 do you say? Where's the error? I am Muslim. 279 00:26:00,070 --> 00:26:07,210 There is an error in the noun Muslim. I have to 280 00:26:07,210 --> 00:26:11,290 say I am a Muslim. Okay, so this mistake is 281 00:26:11,290 --> 00:26:14,900 derived from Arabic. Okay. So what do you call it? 282 00:26:15,060 --> 00:26:18,660 Interlingual or intralingual? Interlingual error. 283 00:26:19,360 --> 00:26:24,740 Okay. I am a Muslim. So it can wrongly be 284 00:26:24,740 --> 00:26:30,800 translated into this. I'm a Muslim or I am Muslim. 285 00:26:30,940 --> 00:26:34,780 Sorry, I am Muslim. This is zero. This is zero, 286 00:26:34,920 --> 00:26:39,520 which is wrong. English has overt indefinite 287 00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:43,980 article with adjectives of religions and 288 00:26:43,980 --> 00:26:54,860 professions and handicrafts. My dad is 289 00:26:54,860 --> 00:26:59,380 a windscutter. Is a windscutter. Not windscatter. 290 00:27:00,160 --> 00:27:06,100 Okay, I say Topargy in Arabic or Banna. Okay. 291 00:27:06,620 --> 00:27:14,300 Mason then. Okay. So my dad is a Mason. In Arabic, 292 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:18,940 it is zero. In English, it is indefinite. Okay. 293 00:27:20,100 --> 00:27:24,500 You know, this is because Arabic indefiniteness is 294 00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:28,800 covert. The Arabic indefiniteness is zero. Okay. 295 00:27:29,260 --> 00:27:33,630 The nonation which we have in Arabic refers mostly 296 00:27:33,630 --> 00:27:39,710 to what is called emphasis, not indefiniteness. 297 00:27:40,110 --> 00:27:40,250 Okay. 298 00:27:48,770 --> 00:27:53,910 Now we've 299 00:27:53,910 --> 00:27:59,370 seen that Once you express about any any any sense 300 00:27:59,370 --> 00:28:02,530 or any meaning which refers to the sense of any 301 00:28:02,530 --> 00:28:07,310 Okay, or the name mentioned for the first time It 302 00:28:07,310 --> 00:28:10,190 is zero in English. It is sorry indefinite in 303 00:28:10,190 --> 00:28:16,830 English A or N However in Arabic it is zero في يوم 304 00:28:16,830 --> 00:28:22,250 من الأيام كان هناك ملك كان 305 00:28:22,250 --> 00:28:27,940 هناك ملك Okay so now once you translate this into 306 00:28:27,940 --> 00:28:31,820 English you say once upon a time there was a king 307 00:28:31,820 --> 00:28:38,420 you add the overt indefinite article a this comes 308 00:28:38,420 --> 00:28:42,100 out with positive interference or negative 309 00:28:42,100 --> 00:28:46,020 interference negative interference because your 310 00:28:46,020 --> 00:28:51,910 students mostly omit The indefinite article a they 311 00:28:51,910 --> 00:28:56,950 say they say once upon a time there was king Okay, 312 00:28:57,050 --> 00:29:01,730 so this derives from arabic it is Interlingual 313 00:29:01,730 --> 00:29:07,830 error interlingual error. Okay The earth is like 314 00:29:07,830 --> 00:29:12,990 It's like a bone. This is english Okay, the room 315 00:29:12,990 --> 00:29:13,910 is like a square 316 00:29:18,220 --> 00:29:22,680 Okay, so assequire in English While in Arabic 317 00:29:22,680 --> 00:29:26,840 المربع. So we don't have Because the two languages 318 00:29:26,840 --> 00:29:31,060 are different Arabic as you know is semantic 319 00:29:31,060 --> 00:29:35,700 language While English is Indo-European So we 320 00:29:35,700 --> 00:29:39,700 don't have parallel system Okay, what is 321 00:29:39,700 --> 00:29:42,800 indefinite here must be indefinite in the other 322 00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:47,580 language. No الغرفة 323 00:29:48,820 --> 00:29:53,220 The Rome is like a square. Okay. It is indefinite 324 00:29:53,220 --> 00:29:59,160 in English while definite in Arabic. So we don't 325 00:29:59,160 --> 00:30:02,460 have productive rules for translation here. You 326 00:30:02,460 --> 00:30:06,340 have to understand the structure of English and to 327 00:30:06,340 --> 00:30:09,840 be very, very aware of the structure of your 328 00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:13,810 Arabic. The translator must be aware of grammar, 329 00:30:14,630 --> 00:30:18,050 the grammar of the two languages which he or she 330 00:30:18,050 --> 00:30:24,570 translates to. Okay? It is not limited to a number 331 00:30:24,570 --> 00:30:26,990 of vocabulary you have in your mental dictionary. 332 00:30:27,830 --> 00:30:32,550 Okay? You have to be familiar with the structure 333 00:30:32,550 --> 00:30:35,930 of the two languages. Otherwise, you commit 334 00:30:35,930 --> 00:30:42,820 serious errors. Again, the syntax and the word 335 00:30:42,820 --> 00:30:47,400 order of language. Once you translate, you have to 336 00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:51,380 know that Arabic has more than four word orders, 337 00:30:51,980 --> 00:30:56,600 while in English we only have one word order okay 338 00:30:56,600 --> 00:31:00,920 subject verb object however in Arabic we use verb 339 00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:09,000 subject object or subject verb object or I say for 340 00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:17,460 example verb object subject we have I say كتب 341 00:31:17,460 --> 00:31:23,040 الولد الدرسة الولد كتب الدرسة الدرسة كتب الولد 342 00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:31,820 Okay. So we have nearly four word orders or maybe 343 00:31:31,820 --> 00:31:35,020 five if we add the cliticized system. 344 00:31:38,980 --> 00:31:44,960 This is a clitic. Okay. So we nearly have five 345 00:31:44,960 --> 00:31:47,180 word orders in Arabic while in English we have 346 00:31:47,180 --> 00:31:51,540 only one. Okay. So once you translate, which one 347 00:31:51,540 --> 00:31:56,440 of these word orders could you use? The one which 348 00:31:56,440 --> 00:32:00,880 must be used here is the canonical word order of 349 00:32:00,880 --> 00:32:06,220 Arabic, which is verb, subject, object. Once you 350 00:32:06,220 --> 00:32:10,260 translate into Arabic, you have to begin with the 351 00:32:10,260 --> 00:32:18,420 verb. This is more adequate than using the 352 00:32:18,420 --> 00:32:24,450 subject. Because according to some Arabic 353 00:32:24,450 --> 00:32:27,430 grammarian schools, they say the subject here is 354 00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:32,530 called, once I say, زيد كتب الدرسة. زيد كتب 355 00:32:32,530 --> 00:32:37,330 الدرسة. I say زيد is subject. But you say 356 00:32:37,330 --> 00:32:43,290 according to traditional Arab grammarians, 357 00:32:43,850 --> 00:32:46,870 you say that this is a topic. Topic يعني مبتدر. 358 00:32:51,540 --> 00:32:58,500 The most effective word order is the canonical one 359 00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:06,190 verb subject object okay, so you see Once you 360 00:33:06,190 --> 00:33:08,750 speak about the definiteness or indefiniteness 361 00:33:08,750 --> 00:33:11,370 system, you find differences between the two 362 00:33:11,370 --> 00:33:15,190 languages. If you look to word order, you find 363 00:33:15,190 --> 00:33:18,530 differences. If you look to any structure, like 364 00:33:18,530 --> 00:33:23,130 prepositions for example, like the structure of 365 00:33:23,130 --> 00:33:27,170 nouns, the plural of nouns, etc, you find the 366 00:33:27,170 --> 00:33:31,830 differences. Inflection system Arabic is different 367 00:33:31,830 --> 00:33:34,950 from English as we've seen. So once you translate, 368 00:33:35,130 --> 00:33:39,590 you have to be very careful and very cautious. in 369 00:33:39,590 --> 00:33:43,150 your translation because the structure in both 370 00:33:43,150 --> 00:33:45,970 languages are complete is completely different 371 00:33:45,970 --> 00:33:50,070 okay so you have to take care of the definite and 372 00:33:50,070 --> 00:33:52,830 indefinite articles what is available in English 373 00:33:52,830 --> 00:33:58,370 may not be available in Arabic so this is why your 374 00:33:58,370 --> 00:34:03,590 students commit serious errors once using the 375 00:34:03,590 --> 00:34:08,150 articles a or n or the most of the time you find 376 00:34:08,150 --> 00:34:15,240 them add or put the Okay, the definite article 377 00:34:15,240 --> 00:34:19,220 there before any noun before abstract nouns 378 00:34:19,220 --> 00:34:25,800 material nouns meals names of sports names of 379 00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:30,080 railway stations airports streets countries, why? 380 00:34:31,180 --> 00:34:35,600 Why is this? Because in Arabic they are definite 381 00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:40,300 So you find them translated into English using the 382 00:34:40,300 --> 00:34:44,960 definite article, the. Okay. So you have to be 383 00:34:44,960 --> 00:34:47,660 very careful. You have, once you teach English to 384 00:34:47,660 --> 00:34:50,240 the students, you have to let them be familiar 385 00:34:50,240 --> 00:34:56,520 with the use of the, using activities. Okay. Or 386 00:34:56,520 --> 00:35:04,030 games that are based on fun. You have to teach 387 00:35:04,030 --> 00:35:08,130 such articles contextually. You have to teach them 388 00:35:08,130 --> 00:35:14,530 inductively. Don't use formal teaching. Don't 389 00:35:14,530 --> 00:35:18,750 teach formally or deductively. Try to use games 390 00:35:18,750 --> 00:35:22,530 that make or that increase what's called 391 00:35:22,530 --> 00:35:27,050 motivation and competition inside the class. The 392 00:35:27,050 --> 00:35:31,350 more you develop motivation among your students, 393 00:35:32,140 --> 00:35:36,080 the more they understand, okay? The more you use 394 00:35:36,080 --> 00:35:40,080 competitions, the more they understand. The more 395 00:35:40,080 --> 00:35:45,140 you let them speak, they will understand in a very 396 00:35:45,140 --> 00:35:50,900 shortcut way. However, explaining the articles by 397 00:35:50,900 --> 00:35:54,120 you yourself without letting your students 398 00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:58,060 participate, this means that they may understand 399 00:35:58,060 --> 00:36:00,820 within the class and once they reach the gate of 400 00:36:00,820 --> 00:36:05,820 the school, they forget everything, okay? So try 401 00:36:05,820 --> 00:36:13,260 to explain such articles or such grammatical items 402 00:36:13,260 --> 00:36:18,820 communicatively, contextually, okay? And better to 403 00:36:18,820 --> 00:36:22,200 divide the class into groups, either large classes 404 00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:25,680 or small classes, just to have what is called 405 00:36:25,680 --> 00:36:29,560 competition inside the class. Use the system of 406 00:36:29,560 --> 00:36:34,150 rewording as well. Okay, just to encourage them 407 00:36:34,150 --> 00:36:39,970 speak, prepare, answer, compete with each other. 408 00:36:40,070 --> 00:36:44,290 Okay, so take care of that. Thank you. That's it 409 00:36:44,290 --> 00:36:44,710 for today.