1 00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:16,440 Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Today inshallah we are 2 00:00:16,440 --> 00:00:19,860 going to discuss just a new subject that is 3 00:00:19,860 --> 00:00:24,300 adjectives in English and Arabic. We are going to 4 00:00:24,300 --> 00:00:27,760 see the different types of adjectives in English 5 00:00:29,870 --> 00:00:35,890 the attributive and the predicative adjectives and 6 00:00:35,890 --> 00:00:40,430 their types in English, their order in English. 7 00:00:41,550 --> 00:00:44,610 You know, we have a specific order for the 8 00:00:44,610 --> 00:00:49,220 adjectives in English. You have to follow it once 9 00:00:49,220 --> 00:00:53,320 you translate it from Arabic to English or when 10 00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:57,240 you 11 00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:00,800 just write English. You have to follow a specific 12 00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:05,440 system just in using the adjectives. Sometimes the 13 00:01:05,440 --> 00:01:13,910 adjective can modify one noun which is always, you 14 00:01:13,910 --> 00:01:17,850 know, the adjectives modify a noun or pronoun, but 15 00:01:17,850 --> 00:01:21,070 you have one adjective modifying a noun, sometimes 16 00:01:21,070 --> 00:01:24,670 you have two adjectives modifying a noun, or more 17 00:01:24,670 --> 00:01:27,830 than two adjectives. How could you deal with these 18 00:01:27,830 --> 00:01:31,310 adjectives? How could you order them in the 19 00:01:31,310 --> 00:01:33,950 sentence? Okay, this is what we are going to 20 00:01:33,950 --> 00:01:37,260 discuss today. And we are going to see Arabic. Do 21 00:01:37,260 --> 00:01:40,840 we have a specific system for ordering the 22 00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:45,240 adjectives in Arabic? Is there a specific system 23 00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:49,720 or not? There's no specific system in Arabic. The 24 00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:55,660 specific system is available in English. Arabic is 25 00:01:55,660 --> 00:01:59,200 more liberal in the order of adjectives than 26 00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:02,740 English. So this causes what's called negative 27 00:02:02,740 --> 00:02:06,200 interference. Once you translate from Arabic to 28 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:09,820 English, you commit serious errors in the order of 29 00:02:09,820 --> 00:02:14,140 the adjectives. These may be interlingual errors 30 00:02:14,140 --> 00:02:17,120 or interlingual errors. We are going to see the 31 00:02:17,120 --> 00:02:22,360 subject today in detail to come out with the 32 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:25,760 results and to clarify the areas of difficulties 33 00:02:25,760 --> 00:02:27,440 in using adjectives. 34 00:02:30,980 --> 00:02:33,880 First of all, let's see the definition of 35 00:02:33,880 --> 00:02:34,700 adjectives. 36 00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:40,720 It can be modified. I mean, the adjective can be 37 00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:44,100 modified as a word that modifies or qualifies a 38 00:02:44,100 --> 00:02:45,520 noun or pronoun. 39 00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:52,840 In one of three forms, either comparative degree, 40 00:02:55,780 --> 00:03:02,210 positive degree, or superlative degree. We have 41 00:03:02,210 --> 00:03:05,710 three types of comparison in English. The positive 42 00:03:05,710 --> 00:03:10,810 degree as strong as comparative degree stronger 43 00:03:10,810 --> 00:03:14,010 than the superlative degree the strongest. 44 00:03:19,330 --> 00:03:24,090 So the main syntactic rule of adjectives is to 45 00:03:24,090 --> 00:03:27,210 modify a noun or pronoun. 46 00:03:37,650 --> 00:03:42,190 Here we see the 47 00:03:42,190 --> 00:03:48,050 adjectives and the modifying objects, I mean the 48 00:03:48,050 --> 00:03:52,090 nouns. Large towers could be seen from long 49 00:03:52,090 --> 00:03:57,470 distance. Long distance. Long is an adjective. 50 00:03:58,990 --> 00:04:02,970 It modifies the noun distance. This is called 51 00:04:02,970 --> 00:04:06,570 attributive adjective. Once the adjective precedes 52 00:04:06,570 --> 00:04:10,450 the noun or the pronoun, it is called attributive 53 00:04:10,450 --> 00:04:14,810 adjective. And once it follows or post modifies 54 00:04:14,810 --> 00:04:19,830 the noun, it is called predicative adjective. 55 00:04:23,190 --> 00:04:29,250 The fish-shaped balloon floated over the treetops. 56 00:04:31,300 --> 00:04:36,120 Fish-shaped balloon. Fish-shaped is an adjective 57 00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:40,500 modifying or demodifying balloon. Okay, in this 58 00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:44,080 sentence. The back room was filled with large 59 00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:49,100 yellow rain boats. We have two adjectives 60 00:04:49,100 --> 00:04:55,500 describing one noun or demodifying one noun, rain 61 00:04:55,500 --> 00:04:58,270 boats. Two adjectives. Once you have two 62 00:04:58,270 --> 00:05:01,310 adjectives, you separate between them by using a 63 00:05:01,310 --> 00:05:05,530 comma. Okay? Large yellow. These are called also 64 00:05:05,530 --> 00:05:10,530 attributive adjectives. The cool minds are dark 65 00:05:10,530 --> 00:05:19,350 and dank. The girls are happy. Okay? We have here 66 00:05:19,350 --> 00:05:26,500 the cool minds, which is the noun. to be modified 67 00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:30,100 in the sentence as you see the cool minds are dark 68 00:05:30,100 --> 00:05:34,060 and dank the girls are happy now all the 69 00:05:34,060 --> 00:05:38,700 adjectives dark dank happy are attribute are 70 00:05:38,700 --> 00:05:41,860 predicative adjectives because they post modify 71 00:05:41,860 --> 00:05:46,940 the noun okay so once the adjective comes after 72 00:05:46,940 --> 00:05:51,290 the noun it is called predicative adjective and 73 00:05:51,290 --> 00:05:55,270 once it precedes the noun it is called attributive 74 00:05:55,270 --> 00:05:55,910 adjective. 75 00:06:01,650 --> 00:06:07,130 Now we have also another type of adjective this is 76 00:06:07,130 --> 00:06:12,130 morphological type I mean The adjective which can 77 00:06:12,130 --> 00:06:15,870 be formed of two or more words combined by the use 78 00:06:15,870 --> 00:06:19,830 of hyphens. Once we explained compounding to you 79 00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:24,810 previously, we spoke about hyphenated compounding, 80 00:06:24,990 --> 00:06:28,590 space compounding, and solid compounding. You 81 00:06:28,590 --> 00:06:33,450 still recall that? Okay. The three-year-old child. 82 00:06:35,210 --> 00:06:41,270 Three-year-old, this is an adjective. It modifies 83 00:06:41,270 --> 00:06:45,470 a noun, which is, where is the noun here? Child. 84 00:06:45,990 --> 00:06:49,270 Is it called predicative or attributive? 85 00:06:50,030 --> 00:06:55,510 Attributive. Okay. A $60 sweater. 86 00:06:56,970 --> 00:07:02,430 Okay. So we have a $60 as attributive adjective, 87 00:07:02,790 --> 00:07:07,300 modifying the noun sweater. A two-week journey. 88 00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:11,400 We have journey modified by the adjective two 89 00:07:11,400 --> 00:07:15,860 -week. These are called attributive adjectives. 90 00:07:16,040 --> 00:07:21,520 Yes, here once you have a number preceding a noun 91 00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:25,760 this noun remains in its base generated position 92 00:07:25,760 --> 00:07:29,340 in its sorry in its base position in its stem 93 00:07:29,340 --> 00:07:33,300 position cannot accept any inflection so you can't 94 00:07:33,300 --> 00:07:37,520 for example say sixty dollars sweeter it's wrong 95 00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:41,700 three years old child it's wrong you have to say 96 00:07:41,700 --> 00:07:46,500 three three year sixty dollar two week okay 97 00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:53,380 once the noun is preceded by a number written 98 00:07:53,380 --> 00:07:59,300 number as you see then there must be no plural at 99 00:07:59,300 --> 00:08:05,960 all the noun remains in its singular status it 100 00:08:05,960 --> 00:08:12,140 stands as an adjective as 101 00:08:12,140 --> 00:08:16,790 we mentioned we have the adjectives appear in two 102 00:08:16,790 --> 00:08:21,070 main types either attributive modifying a noun 103 00:08:21,070 --> 00:08:27,410 or predicative post modifying the noun you see 104 00:08:27,410 --> 00:08:34,430 okay the new secretary is a bsc holder the new 105 00:08:34,430 --> 00:08:39,530 secretary new It's an adjective. Is it attributive 106 00:08:39,530 --> 00:08:44,030 or predicative? Attributive. The tall men are 107 00:08:44,030 --> 00:08:46,730 basketball players. 108 00:08:49,130 --> 00:08:53,150 Basketball players. So we have tall men. What do 109 00:08:53,150 --> 00:08:57,450 you call tall? Attributive adjective. We have 110 00:08:57,450 --> 00:09:03,300 predicative adjectives. When the adjective Post 111 00:09:03,300 --> 00:09:06,640 modifies the noun which when it comes after the 112 00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:12,440 noun okay this is when an adjective used after the 113 00:09:12,440 --> 00:09:16,920 verbs be seen look become and other link verbs and 114 00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:20,600 is a part of the predicate it's it's said to be 115 00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:25,680 predicative adjective she is afraid of ghosts what 116 00:09:25,680 --> 00:09:31,430 does afraid as an adjective modify it modifies she, 117 00:09:31,550 --> 00:09:34,790 this is the pronoun. Does it come after or before? 118 00:09:35,070 --> 00:09:38,950 After. So this is called predicative adjective. 119 00:09:39,590 --> 00:09:45,270 The address is new, isn't it? Okay, new is an 120 00:09:45,270 --> 00:09:51,890 adjective. Post modifying the address. Okay, so it 121 00:09:51,890 --> 00:09:56,410 is predicative adjective. She looks rich. I feel 122 00:09:56,410 --> 00:10:00,510 unhappy. What about rich and unhappy? They are 123 00:10:00,510 --> 00:10:05,750 adjectives. The first one, rich, post-modifies the 124 00:10:05,750 --> 00:10:09,590 pronoun she. It is called predicative. And unhappy 125 00:10:09,590 --> 00:10:15,390 also is predicative. It post-modifies the pronoun 126 00:10:15,390 --> 00:10:15,870 I. 127 00:10:20,650 --> 00:10:26,410 We have some fixed phrases where the adjective 128 00:10:26,410 --> 00:10:30,760 comes after the noun. We say, for example, 129 00:10:31,940 --> 00:10:39,120 secretary-general. The United Nations secretary 130 00:10:39,120 --> 00:10:39,720 -general. 131 00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:45,240 Attorney-general. 132 00:10:50,600 --> 00:10:54,900 President-elect. Court martial. 133 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:05,020 God Almighty, poet laureate, attorney general. So 134 00:11:05,020 --> 00:11:10,720 you have these nouns are always post modified by 135 00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:14,840 predicative adjective. Okay, we say for example, 136 00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:18,040 Mudir Aam. How could we translate it? 137 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:26,640 General director? It's wrong. Director general. 138 00:11:27,460 --> 00:11:28,060 Okay. 139 00:11:30,510 --> 00:11:33,050 Yes, it is the same as secretary general. Yeah. 140 00:11:40,850 --> 00:11:45,950 Most of the adjectives ending in A-P-L-E or I-P-L 141 00:11:45,950 --> 00:11:50,610 -E come after the noun. They post modify the noun. 142 00:11:50,730 --> 00:11:54,830 Most of them appear as a form of predicative 143 00:11:54,830 --> 00:12:00,340 adjectives. Okay? Send all the tickets available 144 00:12:00,340 --> 00:12:03,780 we 145 00:12:03,780 --> 00:12:07,620 say available tickets but here tickets available 146 00:12:07,620 --> 00:12:11,700 both and they alternate either pre-modifying or 147 00:12:11,700 --> 00:12:16,620 post-modifying once they end with ABLE or IBLE 148 00:12:16,620 --> 00:12:21,360 it's the only solution possible or possible 149 00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:23,740 solution okay 150 00:12:27,900 --> 00:12:31,480 Now we have adjectives come directly after the 151 00:12:31,480 --> 00:12:35,260 universal and partitive pronouns, something, 152 00:12:35,780 --> 00:12:40,580 everything, anything, nothing, somebody, anywhere, 153 00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:46,040 and similar words. You have, once we say everyone, 154 00:12:46,980 --> 00:12:52,860 anyone, everybody, these are called universal 155 00:12:52,860 --> 00:12:57,620 pronouns. Somebody, someone, these are called 156 00:12:57,620 --> 00:13:03,740 partitive pronouns, okay? Anywhere, etc. So once 157 00:13:03,740 --> 00:13:06,420 you have these pronouns, 158 00:13:07,840 --> 00:13:14,200 we have the adjectives come after them. Have you 159 00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:17,920 read anything interesting? We cannot say, have you 160 00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:22,300 read interesting things? Anything interesting 161 00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:27,160 lately? Let's go somewhere quiet. Let's go 162 00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:30,060 somewhere quiet. We cannot say let's go some 163 00:13:30,060 --> 00:13:34,700 quiet, okay? Somewhere quiet somewhere. It's 164 00:13:34,700 --> 00:13:37,180 wrong. Let's go somewhere quiet. 165 00:13:48,410 --> 00:13:51,910 Okay, once you have we have another sentence. Have 166 00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:55,690 you ever read anything interesting lately? So we 167 00:13:55,690 --> 00:13:59,270 have interesting as an adjective. What do you call 168 00:13:59,270 --> 00:14:02,990 it predicative or attributive? Predicative why? 169 00:14:03,990 --> 00:14:07,250 Because it is preceded by the pronoun anything 170 00:14:07,250 --> 00:14:14,110 Let's go somewhere quiet as you see Okay we have 171 00:14:14,110 --> 00:14:16,930 Adjectives 172 00:14:17,770 --> 00:14:20,250 called present proper. 173 00:14:23,290 --> 00:14:30,390 Which they refer to, which refer to time. They 174 00:14:30,390 --> 00:14:32,170 mean here or there. 175 00:14:35,730 --> 00:14:38,710 The present members, when I say the present 176 00:14:38,710 --> 00:14:44,530 members, those who are members now. Those who are 177 00:14:44,530 --> 00:14:49,600 actually members now. The members present, 178 00:14:54,640 --> 00:14:59,440 the students present, the students who are present 179 00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:03,820 now a moment in the class. The present students, 180 00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:07,760 okay, we speak about the students registered in 181 00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:08,260 the course. 182 00:15:16,670 --> 00:15:22,490 So once you have the word present followed by a 183 00:15:22,490 --> 00:15:26,590 noun, it can be attributive, it can be 184 00:15:26,590 --> 00:15:31,090 predicative, but the meaning differs. Once you 185 00:15:31,090 --> 00:15:34,450 translate, the meaning must be different. You have 186 00:15:34,450 --> 00:15:37,290 to take care of that. Absent. 187 00:15:41,270 --> 00:15:42,430 As I mentioned, 188 00:15:45,170 --> 00:15:51,790 the present members and members present. We have 189 00:15:51,790 --> 00:15:57,930 adjectives preceding the noun, such as proper, 190 00:15:58,650 --> 00:16:05,190 means real or genuine. Once it comes after the 191 00:16:05,190 --> 00:16:08,470 noun, it refers to the central or main part of 192 00:16:08,470 --> 00:16:13,840 something. Olive mountain, جبل الزيتون is a proper 193 00:16:13,840 --> 00:16:19,820 mountain, not a hill. Proper comes before. This is 194 00:16:19,820 --> 00:16:25,740 an attributive adjective. Olive Mountain is a 195 00:16:25,740 --> 00:16:30,060 proper mountain, not a hill. After two days 196 00:16:30,060 --> 00:16:35,260 crossing the foothills, they reached the mountain 197 00:16:35,260 --> 00:16:41,500 proper. So we have proper preceding the noun and 198 00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:44,640 proper following the noun. And the two sentences 199 00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:48,940 are completely different in meaning. Okay? Olive 200 00:16:48,940 --> 00:16:55,260 Mountain is a proper mountain, not a hill. After 201 00:16 223 00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:40,580 derived originally from a noun. We have what is 224 00:18:40,580 --> 00:18:44,320 called attributive adjectives. We agree that the 225 00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:46,740 attributive adjectives precede or follow the noun. 226 00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:53,200 Precede the noun. Heavy rain is expected in the 227 00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:57,710 island. Heavy. What do you call heavy? Attributive 228 00:18:57,710 --> 00:19:02,330 adjective, mainly because it precedes the noun. We 229 00:19:02,330 --> 00:19:07,690 saw savage animals on the zoo. Savage. Again, 230 00:19:07,810 --> 00:19:11,630 attributive because it precedes and pre-modifies 231 00:19:11,630 --> 00:19:12,770 the noun animals. 232 00:19:15,370 --> 00:19:18,110 Now, we have different types of attributive 233 00:19:18,110 --> 00:19:23,950 adjectives. We have adjectives of quality. They 234 00:19:23,950 --> 00:19:27,860 refer to a quality of the subject. Once we say, 235 00:19:27,940 --> 00:19:31,820 for example, Egypt is a beautiful country. Where's 236 00:19:31,820 --> 00:19:36,220 the adjective? It's beautiful. Does it post-modify 237 00:19:36,220 --> 00:19:39,640 or pre-modify the noun? Pre-modify the noun. This 238 00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:45,520 is why it is called attributive. She's a tall 239 00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:52,980 girl. Tall. The same. So we have adjectives of 240 00:19:52,980 --> 00:19:58,650 quality. which they qualify or they refer to the 241 00:19:58,650 --> 00:20:03,030 quality of the subject. We have adjectives of 242 00:20:03,030 --> 00:20:06,350 quantity or quantitative adjectives. 243 00:20:08,170 --> 00:20:12,250 They answer the question, how much? He's a little 244 00:20:12,250 --> 00:20:17,670 stupid. I had some tea. So they answer the 245 00:20:17,670 --> 00:20:19,110 question, how much? 246 00:20:24,090 --> 00:20:28,070 We've seen the adjectives of quality, the 247 00:20:28,070 --> 00:20:31,310 adjectives of quantity, and now the adjectives of 248 00:20:31,310 --> 00:20:31,670 number. 249 00:20:34,470 --> 00:20:38,150 The adjectives of number are attributive and they 250 00:20:38,150 --> 00:20:42,830 always denote numbers. They can be definitive 251 00:20:42,830 --> 00:20:47,710 numeral adjectives, which they denote exact 252 00:20:47,710 --> 00:20:53,720 number. Give me five pencils. Five pencils. Five 253 00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:56,720 is an adjective. This is a numerical adjective 254 00:20:56,720 --> 00:21:00,820 standing as attributive adjectives. Five pencils. 255 00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:07,180 I have one pencil with me. One. Okay? So it is 256 00:21:07,180 --> 00:21:11,160 definite because it is known. We have still 257 00:21:11,160 --> 00:21:13,240 indefinite numeral adjectives. 258 00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:20,200 They do not denote specific number. Give me some 259 00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:25,820 pins. Where's the adjective? Some. Okay. Several 260 00:21:25,820 --> 00:21:28,340 students attended the meeting. Where's the 261 00:21:28,340 --> 00:21:32,160 adjective? Several. So they are generic. They do 262 00:21:32,160 --> 00:21:36,340 not refer to a specific number. We have what is 263 00:21:36,340 --> 00:21:39,880 called distributive adjective. Distributive 264 00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:41,160 numeral adjectives. 265 00:21:43,590 --> 00:21:48,790 These refer to each one of a number. Words like 266 00:21:48,790 --> 00:21:53,490 each, every, either, neither fall in this 267 00:21:53,490 --> 00:21:57,390 category. Okay? So distributive numeral adjectives 268 00:21:57,390 --> 00:22:02,570 refer to words like each, every, either, neither. 269 00:22:04,910 --> 00:22:11,240 Each of the students is to pay a fine. Each of the 270 00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:15,080 students. Where's the adjective? Each. It is still 271 00:22:15,080 --> 00:22:18,920 attributive. Our country expects every man to do 272 00:22:18,920 --> 00:22:23,800 his duty. Where's the adjective? Every. Each 273 00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:28,580 student must take his turn. Each. Every boy, girl, 274 00:22:28,780 --> 00:22:32,600 man and woman was enjoying the fun with him. 275 00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:38,930 Every. Neither side was secured. Muhammad wanted 276 00:22:38,930 --> 00:22:42,970 everyone to do his duty honestly and efficiently. 277 00:22:43,090 --> 00:22:47,150 Everyone. Either reference will meet my need. 278 00:22:47,290 --> 00:22:47,730 Either. 279 00:22:50,590 --> 00:22:55,650 We still have demonstrative adjectives which they 280 00:22:55,650 --> 00:22:59,890 refer to attributive adjectives. This boy is my 281 00:22:59,890 --> 00:23:06,390 brother. This, that. Those, these. Okay, these 282 00:23:06,390 --> 00:23:12,010 fruits are spoiled. So this boy, what is the 283 00:23:12,010 --> 00:23:16,710 adjective here? The demonstrative pronoun stands 284 00:23:16,710 --> 00:23:21,190 as an adjective, attributive adjective. This, 285 00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:26,010 these fruits, these. Originally it is 286 00:23:26,010 --> 00:23:30,030 demonstrative adjective, it's a determiner, but it 287 00:23:30,030 --> 00:23:33,920 stands as an adjective. We have what is called 288 00:23:33,920 --> 00:23:35,620 interrogative adjectives. 289 00:23:38,860 --> 00:23:39,580 Okay? 290 00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:48,880 These refer to words like what, which, whose, etc. 291 00:23:49,940 --> 00:23:54,020 They are used with nouns to ask questions. Whose 292 00:23:54,020 --> 00:23:58,920 car is this? Where's the adjective here? Whose car 293 00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:02,780 is this? Whose is an adjective. What do you call 294 00:24:02,780 --> 00:24:06,960 it? Attributive or predicative? Attributive 295 00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:11,320 because it remodifies the noun car okay it is 296 00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:14,440 called demonstrative adjectives because it is 297 00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:18,960 originally a demonstrative pronoun. We have 298 00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:24,460 possessive adjectives like myself, my, your, his, 299 00:24:24,620 --> 00:24:30,060 her, it our it's our their okay possessive 300 00:24:30,060 --> 00:24:34,520 pronouns i mean possessive pronouns okay what's 301 00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:37,280 your aim where's the adjective here in the 302 00:24:37,280 --> 00:24:41,360 sentence your okay it stands as possessive 303 00:24:41,360 --> 00:24:41,860 adjective 304 00:24:44,540 --> 00:24:47,060 This means that the possessive pronouns are called 305 00:24:47,060 --> 00:24:49,700 possessive adjectives. They are always 306 00:24:49,700 --> 00:24:53,220 attributive, as you see. The interrogative 307 00:24:53,220 --> 00:24:56,060 adjectives, I mean the pronoun, the interrogative, 308 00:24:56,140 --> 00:25:00,780 the which questions, which, whose, what, etc. 309 00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:04,520 These are called attributive adjectives. The 310 00:25:04,520 --> 00:25:06,420 demonstrative adjectives are originally 311 00:25:06,420 --> 00:25:10,260 demonstrative pronouns. This, that, these, those, 312 00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:10,720 etc. 313 00:25:16,490 --> 00:25:20,070 Still, we have the types of attributive 314 00:25:20,070 --> 00:25:20,830 adjectives. 315 00:25:23,650 --> 00:25:29,330 Now, once you have multiple adjectives which they 316 00:25:29,330 --> 00:25:34,150 modify only one subject, we use commas to separate 317 00:25:34,150 --> 00:25:39,370 between these adjectives. The white hangry cat ate 318 00:25:39,370 --> 00:25:42,770 the cheese. The white hangry. We have two 319 00:25:42,770 --> 00:25:47,130 adjectives. They are separated by A comma. The 320 00:25:47,130 --> 00:25:53,730 bike is red, slow and very old. Bike is red, slow. 321 00:25:54,570 --> 00:25:57,910 The third one is simulated by or connected by and. 322 00:25:59,210 --> 00:25:59,510 Okay? 323 00:26:04,070 --> 00:26:07,630 If you have... Second example. The bike is red, 324 00:26:07,790 --> 00:26:11,230 slow and very old. This is attributable. The bike 325 00:26:11,230 --> 00:26:16,070 is red, slow and very old. It is not attributive, 326 00:26:16,690 --> 00:26:20,090 it's predicative. We mentioned that once the 327 00:26:20,090 --> 00:26:23,890 adjective follows the noun, it is predicative. 328 00:26:24,950 --> 00:26:30,200 Once it follows, but once it precedes the noun, it 329 00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:34,660 is attributive so we have post modification and 330 00:26:34,660 --> 00:26:38,700 pre modification post modification is related to 331 00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:42,380 predicative adjectives and pre modification is 332 00:26:42,380 --> 00:26:49,360 related to attributive adjectives now 333 00:26:49,360 --> 00:26:52,140 if you have two adjectives we speak about the 334 00:26:52,140 --> 00:26:55,050 predicative If you have two adjectives both 335 00:26:55,050 --> 00:26:58,610 modifying the noun, then they are connected to 336 00:26:58,610 --> 00:27:02,450 each other by using and without a comma. Mary is 337 00:27:02,450 --> 00:27:03,730 silly and annoying. 338 00:27:06,530 --> 00:27:11,670 Alistair is cool, funny, intelligent, and smart. 339 00:27:12,510 --> 00:27:17,050 Okay, so you have the first two adjectives 340 00:27:17,050 --> 00:27:21,270 separated by a comma, okay? And the last two 341 00:27:21,270 --> 00:27:26,950 adjectives are joined by N without comma, okay? If 342 00:27:26,950 --> 00:27:30,330 you have two adjectives post modifying a noun, 343 00:27:30,690 --> 00:27:35,190 they are connected with and without commas. 344 00:27:37,530 --> 00:27:42,750 We have what is called participial adjective. The 345 00:27:42,750 --> 00:27:47,550 one which has the form of a participle. An amusing 346 00:27:47,550 --> 00:27:54,010 story. What do you call this? Amusing. Adjective, 347 00:27:54,090 --> 00:27:57,330 yes. But what do you call it? Redicutive or 348 00:27:57,330 --> 00:28:00,850 attributive? Attributive. Attributive. A lying 349 00:28:00,850 --> 00:28:08,270 divination. A lying still attributive. We have 350 00:28:08,270 --> 00:28:09,630 compound adjectives. 351 00:28:11,850 --> 00:28:16,650 Okay? I mean, the one that consists of two or more 352 00:28:16,650 --> 00:28:20,740 words joined together. either by a hyphen or 353 00:28:20,740 --> 00:28:30,320 solid, okay, like not brown, laughter-loving, four 354 00:28:30,320 --> 00:28:36,840 -footed, threefold, lord-like, lovesick, okay. We 355 00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:40,300 have here hyphenated adjectives and we have solid 356 00:28:40,300 --> 00:28:44,040 adjectives. Still, all of them are compound 357 00:28:44,040 --> 00:28:46,740 adjectives, okay. 358 00:28:56,080 --> 00:29:01,140 We come to the most tricky area of adjectives now. 359 00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:04,740 The order of these adjectives. 360 00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:13,980 In most languages, adjectives are controlled or 361 00:29:13,980 --> 00:29:17,760 bound by a specific order. Still, some other 362 00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:22,380 languages like Arabic is very free, is liberal, 363 00:29:23,390 --> 00:29:27,030 The order of adjectives is highly dynamic. There 364 00:29:27,030 --> 00:29:30,130 is no rule for governing the adjectives in Arabic 365 00:29:30,130 --> 00:29:35,110 except their importance. We classify the 366 00:29:35,110 --> 00:29:38,350 adjectives in the Arabic sentence according to its 367 00:29:38,350 --> 00:29:42,650 importance. The most important one, then the 368 00:29:42,650 --> 00:29:45,870 important one, then the least important one, as we 369 00:29:45,870 --> 00:29:48,590 are going to explain later. However, this is not 370 00:29:48,590 --> 00:29:54,300 available in English. English has a specific and 371 00:29:54,300 --> 00:29:58,120 very strict rule for ordering the adjective in the 372 00:29:58,120 --> 00:30:03,820 sentence. This is very problematic for the Arab 373 00:30:03,820 --> 00:30:06,920 learners of English because once they translate 374 00:30:06,920 --> 00:30:09,440 from Arabic into English, they commit serious 375 00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:14,240 errors. They just write the adjectives or 376 00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:18,750 translate the adjectives very spontaneously. Okay, 377 00:30:19,290 --> 00:30:21,550 completely like Arabic by this they commit 378 00:30:21,550 --> 00:30:32,770 interlingual errors, you know Interlingual yes So 379 00:30:32,770 --> 00:30:35,750 adjective pertaining size for example generally 380 00:30:35,750 --> 00:30:40,670 precede adjective pertaining the age size Precedes 381 00:30:40,670 --> 00:30:46,590 age. So we say for example little old Little old 382 00:30:49,310 --> 00:30:56,170 Boy or child. Not old, little. Okay? So, size 383 00:30:56,170 --> 00:30:58,290 precedes age. 384 00:31:04,030 --> 00:31:08,790 These two precedes what is called color. We say, 385 00:31:08,890 --> 00:31:15,310 for example, old, green. Not green, old. The age 386 00:31:15,310 --> 00:31:18,070 precedes color. 387 00:31:21,900 --> 00:31:29,300 So this order, I mean size, all, age, then color 388 00:31:29,300 --> 00:31:36,240 is very systematic in English. However, it is not 389 00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:39,900 like so in Arabic or other languages. So it is 390 00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:44,700 more rigid. This means that the order is not like 391 00:31:44,700 --> 00:31:49,450 so. The order of adjectives in Arabic is quite 392 00:31:49,450 --> 00:31:54,130 elastic, quite free, liberal. It depends on their 393 00:31:54,130 --> 00:31:55,690 importance in the sentence. 394 00:32:03,170 --> 00:32:05,910 Now, the attributive adjectives and the 395 00:32:05,910 --> 00:32:10,210 predicative adjectives may have the same order in 396 00:32:10,210 --> 00:32:13,870 the sentence. This is in English. The package is 397 00:32:13,870 --> 00:32:18,510 small and light. The weather is clear, cold, and 398 00:32:18,510 --> 00:32:18,890 dry. 399 00:32:21,750 --> 00:32:25,990 Okay, this is English. We cannot say the weather 400 00:32:25,990 --> 00:32:33,170 is cold, clear, and dry. Or cold, dry, clear. It's 401 00:32:33,170 --> 00:32:37,250 wrong. You have to start with clear, then cold, 402 00:32:37,590 --> 00:32:43,410 then dry. We're going to give the exact rule for 403 00:32:43,410 --> 00:32:47,350 that. The photo stool is round and black. 404 00:32:51,230 --> 00:32:55,070 Now, in the first example, the adjective small 405 00:32:55,070 --> 00:33:00,910 indicates size. It precedes the adjective light, 406 00:33:01,670 --> 00:33:06,130 indicating weight. Light, the opposite is heavy. 407 00:33:06,950 --> 00:33:10,250 Okay? In the second example, the general 408 00:33:10,250 --> 00:33:13,550 descriptive adjective clear precedes the adjective 409 00:33:13,550 --> 00:33:18,750 cold indicating temperature cold temperature clear 410 00:33:18,750 --> 00:33:23,310 which precedes the adjective dry which indicating 411 00:33:23,310 --> 00:33:29,850 humidity in the 412 00:33:29,850 --> 00:33:32,050 third example, the adjective round indicating 413 00:33:32,050 --> 00:33:36,430 shape precedes the adjective black indicating 414 00:33:36,430 --> 00:33:40,640 color Okay? So shape precedes color. 415 00:33:45,580 --> 00:33:52,420 Okay? Now, if you have, as I mentioned, if you 416 00:33:52,420 --> 00:33:55,880 have more than one adjective, then you have to use 417 00:33:55,880 --> 00:34:00,120 punctuations. Okay? You have to use punctuations. 418 00:34:01,150 --> 00:34:03,430 If you have two adjectives, you separate between 419 00:34:03,430 --> 00:34:06,570 them by using a comma if they are attributive. But 445 00:36:02,830 --> 00:36:07,190 The frightened child. The sky is aglow. The 446 00:36:07,190 --> 00:36:12,910 glowing sky. The animal is alive. The live animal. 447 00:36:13,590 --> 00:36:17,330 The boy is asleep. The sleeping boy. Okay? 448 00:36:21,870 --> 00:36:28,310 We have also the demonstrative pronoun stands 449 00:36:29,180 --> 00:36:32,020 as predicative adjective as it stands as 450 00:36:32,020 --> 00:36:34,540 attributive as we mentioned previously the 451 00:36:34,540 --> 00:36:39,160 children are here the records were there I'm ready 452 00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:44,840 ready works as completely like the demonstrative 453 00:36:44,840 --> 00:36:49,180 pronoun in this regard it takes or it comes as 454 00:36:49,180 --> 00:36:58,320 predicative adjective okay now the adjective 455 00:37:00,780 --> 00:37:05,020 either attributive or predicative change the 456 00:37:05,020 --> 00:37:08,940 meaning once the adjective once the adjective 457 00:37:08,940 --> 00:37:13,620 comes after the noun it's predicative it changes 458 00:37:13,620 --> 00:37:17,280 the meaning if it stands before okay so you have 459 00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:20,220 what is called predicative adjectives and 460 00:37:20,220 --> 00:37:23,600 attributive adjectives you have the same the same 461 00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:27,300 adjective can take both both characteristics, 462 00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:31,780 either predicative or attributive. But here, the 463 00:37:31,780 --> 00:37:36,380 sentence completely changes. Okay? We have, the 464 00:37:36,380 --> 00:37:40,880 treasurer was prisoned. The prison treasurer. I 465 00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:44,280 need you to translate these sentences. Robin 466 00:37:44,280 --> 00:37:49,860 Harris was late. The late Robin Harris. My friend 467 00:37:49,860 --> 00:37:56,000 is poor. My poor friend. So what I need from you 468 00:37:56,000 --> 00:38:00,160 is just to translate these sentences and to come 469 00:38:00,160 --> 00:38:05,780 next time preparing the adjectives and their 470 00:38:05,780 --> 00:38:10,540 punctuations. If you have two adjectives preceding 471 00:38:10,540 --> 00:38:15,890 the noun, how could you order them? I need you to 472 00:38:15,890 --> 00:38:20,470 prepare or to come to me next time understanding 473 00:38:20,470 --> 00:38:24,350 or preparing the order of adjectives. We have 474 00:38:24,350 --> 00:38:29,170 adjectives of descriptive adjectives. We have 475 00:38:29,170 --> 00:38:33,810 size. We have color adjectives. We have 476 00:38:33,810 --> 00:38:38,230 temperature adjectives. We have humidity 477 00:38:38,230 --> 00:38:42,710 adjectives, age adjectives, shape adjectives. How 478 00:38:42,710 --> 00:38:47,100 could you order them in the sentence we need you 479 00:38:47,100 --> 00:38:51,760 to come next time with a timetable or an order of 480 00:38:51,760 --> 00:38:54,180 these sentences systematic order of the sentence 481 00:38:54,180 --> 00:38:59,820 and how to punctuate these adjectives okay next 482 00:38:59,820 --> 00:39:02,100 time we are going to speak about the rest of the 483 00:39:02,100 --> 00:39:05,300 adjectives and we are going to shift to Arabic 484 00:39:05,300 --> 00:39:08,440 adjectives okay that's it for today thank you