1 00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:17,640 Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today, inshallah, we are 2 00:00:17,640 --> 00:00:20,020 going to continue with definiteness and 3 00:00:20,020 --> 00:00:23,400 indefiniteness in English and Arabic. Last time, 4 00:00:23,420 --> 00:00:25,980 we spoke about definiteness and indefiniteness in 5 00:00:25,980 --> 00:00:31,300 English, and we just touched Arabic a little bit. 6 00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:34,420 Today, we are going to go deeply on Arabic 7 00:00:34,420 --> 00:00:37,640 definiteness and indefiniteness. And we are going 8 00:00:37,640 --> 00:00:40,480 to start with the use of indefinite article in 9 00:00:40,480 --> 00:00:41,440 standard Arabic. 10 00:00:46,510 --> 00:00:49,070 The indefinite article or the definite article 11 00:00:49,070 --> 00:00:52,430 precedes the nouns in Arabic completely like 12 00:00:52,430 --> 00:00:54,030 English, okay? 13 00:00:58,070 --> 00:01:04,610 The indefinite article, first of all, is zero in 14 00:01:04,610 --> 00:01:08,590 Arabic according to some grammarians. Still some 15 00:01:08,590 --> 00:01:13,510 others believe that the nonation is indefinite 16 00:01:13,510 --> 00:01:19,980 article. رأيت ولدًا يمشي في الشارع I saw a boy 17 00:01:19,980 --> 00:01:28,660 walking at the street okay a boy ولدًا so the 18 00:01:28,660 --> 00:01:34,560 notation n is considered as indefinite article in 19 00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:37,540 Arabic according to some grammarians still some 20 00:01:37,540 --> 00:01:40,720 others believe that the indefiniteness in Arabic 21 00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:44,540 is zero anyway 22 00:01:47,390 --> 00:01:49,830 To introduce indefinite nouns which refer to 23 00:01:49,830 --> 00:01:52,770 objects mentioned for the first time in this 24 00:01:52,770 --> 00:01:56,910 course The object in the sentence which are 25 00:01:56,910 --> 00:01:59,010 mentioned which is mentioned for the first time in 26 00:01:59,010 --> 00:02:02,330 the sentence Must be preceded by the indefinite 27 00:02:02,330 --> 00:02:10,730 article كان هناك ملك يدعى شهريار Okay 28 00:02:17,590 --> 00:02:22,630 Malikun. It is indefinite because it is mentioned 29 00:02:22,630 --> 00:02:27,290 for the first time. Once upon a time there was a 30 00:02:27,290 --> 00:02:31,570 king called Shahrayar. A king. It is the same like 31 00:02:31,570 --> 00:02:32,050 English. 32 00:02:41,810 --> 00:02:46,290 Now the indefinite noun Standing as a predicate in 33 00:02:46,290 --> 00:02:49,930 the sentence must be preceded by also by 34 00:02:49,930 --> 00:02:59,010 indefinite article البيت كبير كبير is a noun okay 35 00:02:59,010 --> 00:03:04,410 it's a predicate and 36 00:03:04,410 --> 00:03:06,870 is preceded by the indefinite article 37 00:03:10,130 --> 00:03:14,030 The nouns here are mainly verbal nouns used as 38 00:03:14,030 --> 00:03:21,870 adjectives It 39 00:03:21,870 --> 00:03:26,550 is 40 00:03:26,550 --> 00:03:33,470 predicate عالم comes from يعلم this is verb okay 41 00:03:35,420 --> 00:03:39,180 and works here as a predicate it is preceded by 42 00:03:39,180 --> 00:03:42,820 the indefinite article it's preceded by the 43 00:03:42,820 --> 00:03:47,660 indefinite article a which is zero or you can 44 00:03:47,660 --> 00:03:56,340 consider it the donation on names of 45 00:03:56,340 --> 00:04:01,250 professions as we mentioned previously okay I say, 46 00:04:01,390 --> 00:04:04,250 for example, once I translate the sentence, the 47 00:04:04,250 --> 00:04:07,510 previous sentence, البيت كبير. How could I 48 00:04:07,510 --> 00:04:11,790 translate it into English? The house is big. Okay. 49 00:04:11,870 --> 00:04:18,010 It's different from English. البيت كبير. Okay. Big 50 00:04:18,010 --> 00:04:22,330 is an adjective in English. كبير is a predicate in 51 00:04:22,330 --> 00:04:26,230 Arabic preceded by the indefinite article or it 52 00:04:26,230 --> 00:04:32,940 has the indefinite article. Zayd is a scientist 53 00:04:32,940 --> 00:04:36,700 because this is a profession. I told you that 54 00:04:36,700 --> 00:04:40,060 professions and handicrafts are preceded by the 55 00:04:40,060 --> 00:04:43,260 indefinite article in English. It is the same in 56 00:04:43,260 --> 00:04:43,780 Arabic. 57 00:04:50,940 --> 00:04:52,920 We mentioned that in English, we have the 58 00:04:52,920 --> 00:04:56,360 professions, the handicrafts and religions are 59 00:04:56,360 --> 00:05:00,260 preceded by A or N. In Arabic, we have the same 60 00:05:00,260 --> 00:05:04,480 thing. We have zero indefinite article or the 61 00:05:04,480 --> 00:05:11,640 nonation on. Zaydun najjarun. Hindun tabibatun. 62 00:05:13,680 --> 00:05:20,070 Hind is a lady doctor. Zayd is a junior. A joiner, 63 00:05:20,170 --> 00:05:22,030 sorry. Zaid is a joiner. 64 00:05:28,350 --> 00:05:33,230 Now, you have the nouns preceded directly by a 65 00:05:33,230 --> 00:05:38,990 particle A, the question particle A or A, okay? 66 00:05:40,230 --> 00:05:44,130 And the negative particle Ma. The noun following 67 00:05:44,130 --> 00:05:52,690 them is always Indefinite أي كتاب قرأت؟ What book 68 00:05:52,690 --> 00:05:57,430 did you study? What book did you study? We can't 69 00:05:57,430 --> 00:06:01,910 say What a book did you study? What book did you 70 00:06:01,910 --> 00:06:06,490 study? This is English however in Arabic أي or أ 71 00:06:06,490 --> 00:06:09,670 أقرأت؟ 72 00:06:09,670 --> 00:06:13,250 Okay Or 73 00:06:13,250 --> 00:06:17,940 ما these question particles are followed by nouns 74 00:06:17,940 --> 00:06:20,980 if followed by nouns they must these nouns must be 75 00:06:20,980 --> 00:06:29,620 indefinite أي كتاب قرأت؟ now 76 00:06:29,620 --> 00:06:34,420 once you have nouns expressing wishes they must be 77 00:06:34,420 --> 00:06:35,100 indefinite 78 00:06:45,420 --> 00:06:50,280 Iqamatun jameelatun Okay, I say in English have a 79 00:06:50,280 --> 00:06:55,180 nice day Have a nice day. We mentioned that we 80 00:06:55,180 --> 00:07:00,300 have the indefiniteness A or N preceding Wishing 81 00:07:00,300 --> 00:07:03,700 or greeting have a nice day. Have a good day. Have 82 00:07:03,700 --> 00:07:09,080 a good quiz Okay It is the same in Arabic Iqamatun 83 00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:09,880 jameelatun 84 00:07:15,260 --> 00:07:19,340 We have also adverbs of circumstances الحال in 85 00:07:19,340 --> 00:07:24,600 Arabic and cognate objects المفعول لأجله which are 86 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:28,520 always assigned accusative case along with noun 87 00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:34,560 specification تميز الحال 88 00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:41,280 and المفعول لأجله in Arabic have indefiniteness 89 00:07:41,280 --> 00:07:53,890 جاء الرجل مبتسمًا مبتسما The man came smiling ضرب 90 00:07:53,890 --> 00:08:02,450 المعلم الولد ضرب مبرح ضرب 91 00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:08,070 مبرح ضرب المعلم الولد ضرب 92 00:08:21,590 --> 00:08:22,590 Okay. 93 00:08:25,370 --> 00:08:30,850 The teacher hit the boy severely. So you have 94 00:08:30,850 --> 00:08:34,450 three 95 00:08:34,450 --> 00:08:38,750 elements, adverbs of circumstances, الحال, cognate 96 00:08:38,750 --> 00:08:42,750 object, مفعول لأجله and 97 00:08:44,090 --> 00:08:48,630 Tamiz, nouns of specification, are always preceded 98 00:08:48,630 --> 00:08:51,670 by the indefinite article which is either zero or 99 00:08:51,670 --> 00:08:52,210 nonational. 100 00:08:57,830 --> 00:09:02,590 We have the indefinite article in Arabic is used 101 00:09:02,590 --> 00:09:07,050 directly after ربّة 102 00:09:14,060 --> 00:09:17,680 These here are assigned genitive case because you 103 00:09:17,680 --> 00:09:22,440 know we have three cases in Arabic Nominative 104 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:26,480 accusative and genitive and the nomination can be 105 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:31,060 nominative can be accusative can be genitive ولد 106 00:09:31,060 --> 00:09:44,030 ولد ولد okay رب ضارة نافع رب ضارة نافع ربّة the 107 00:09:44,030 --> 00:09:49,450 noun following it is indefinite here ضارة okay 108 00:09:49,450 --> 00:09:56,350 perhaps a disaster is useful also the 109 00:09:56,350 --> 00:10:00,590 indefiniteness is used with some idiomatic terms 110 00:10:00,590 --> 00:10:05,590 in Arabic now 111 00:10:05,590 --> 00:10:09,690 we have the definite article in standard Arabic it 112 00:10:09,690 --> 00:10:13,010 refers to part Whole relationship. 113 00:10:19,530 --> 00:10:23,810 Part-whole relationship. When a part of entity 114 00:10:23,810 --> 00:10:26,710 becomes definite in the speaker's mind due to the 115 00:10:26,710 --> 00:10:31,950 effect of situational setting. Okay, an example 116 00:10:31,950 --> 00:10:36,370 for convenience is represented below. Look, افتح 117 00:10:36,370 --> 00:10:42,190 الراديو من فضلك. Radio here is part, whole 118 00:10:42,190 --> 00:10:46,870 relationship. It represents an entity. It is seen, 119 00:10:46,970 --> 00:10:50,230 it is known by the speaker and the listener. So it 120 00:10:50,230 --> 00:10:54,550 is preceded by the indefinite article. Okay? Open 121 00:10:54,550 --> 00:10:57,410 the radio please. It is the same like English. We 122 00:10:57,410 --> 00:11:00,170 don't say open radio please. Open the radio 123 00:11:00,170 --> 00:11:04,570 because you see it is visible. Okay? افتح الراديو 124 00:11:04,570 --> 00:11:05,250 من فضلك. 125 00:11:11,270 --> 00:11:14,990 Any noun previously mentioned in the paragraph or 126 00:11:14,990 --> 00:11:17,250 in this course must be preceded by the definite 127 00:11:17,250 --> 00:11:30,710 article Okay, 128 00:11:32,290 --> 00:11:35,090 first of all, it is indefinite now once I repeat 129 00:11:35,090 --> 00:11:41,530 it becomes الفلم كان الفيلم شيقا جدا I watched a 130 00:11:41,530 --> 00:11:47,570 film in the TV. The film was very interesting It's 131 00:11:47,570 --> 00:11:56,470 like English a film then the film The 132 00:11:56,470 --> 00:12:01,250 noun preceding the relative pronoun or adjectival 133 00:12:01,250 --> 00:12:07,710 clauses are always definite in Arabic عاد 134 00:12:07,710 --> 00:12:16,690 الرجل الذي سافر إلى لندن I can't say عاد الرجل عاد 135 00:12:16,690 --> 00:12:22,190 الرجل الذي الذي is complementizer is relative 136 00:12:22,190 --> 00:12:26,530 clause it is like English the man who traveled to 137 00:12:26,530 --> 00:12:36,850 London came back the 138 00:12:36,850 --> 00:12:43,100 physical stimulus cases have the definite article 139 00:12:43,100 --> 00:12:50,400 هذا 140 00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:54,840 الرجل جاء لزيارة يعني if you have the 141 00:12:54,840 --> 00:13:01,020 demonstrative pronoun هذا الرجل جاء لزيارة this is 142 00:13:01,020 --> 00:13:06,320 physical stimulus يعني you see a رجل it is seen I 143 00:13:06,320 --> 00:13:10,410 mean the object is seen here هذا الرجل any seen 144 00:13:10,410 --> 00:13:14,510 object must have the definite article هذا الرجل 145 00:13:14,510 --> 00:13:18,570 جاء لزيارتي. The man came to visit us. This man 146 00:13:18,570 --> 00:13:20,970 came to visit us and we have a difference here 147 00:13:20,970 --> 00:13:26,290 between Arabic and English هذا الرجل what do you 148 00:13:26,290 --> 00:13:30,230 call about what do you call هذا this that these 149 00:13:30,230 --> 00:13:33,990 those what do you call this demonstrative pronoun 150 00:13:33,990 --> 00:13:38,290 okay it is followed by the definite article how 151 00:13:38,290 --> 00:13:41,010 could you translate it into Arabic into English 152 00:13:41,010 --> 00:13:46,200 this the man or this man so this means that in 153 00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:51,060 English we have a determiner phrase this man this 154 00:13:51,060 --> 00:13:54,960 is a determiner demonstrative pronoun however in 155 00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:59,800 Arabic we have هذا الرجل هذا is determiner 156 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:05,660 demonstrative pronoun الرجل is another phrase okay 157 00:14:05,660 --> 00:14:10,740 we call it article phrase So in Arabic, we have 158 00:14:10,740 --> 00:14:14,120 the DB or the terminal phrase followed by an 159 00:14:14,120 --> 00:14:17,680 article phrase. Okay, once you have the sentence 160 00:14:17,680 --> 00:14:21,880 beginning with a demonstrative pronoun. However, 161 00:14:21,900 --> 00:14:25,260 in English, once you translate, you only have the 162 00:14:25,260 --> 00:14:29,260 terminal phrase, this man, I can't say this, the 163 00:14:29,260 --> 00:14:32,320 man, this man. Okay. 164 00:14:35,470 --> 00:14:38,770 So we have here an article, a phrase that is not 165 00:14:38,770 --> 00:14:42,290 available in English. It is called article phrase. 166 00:14:42,850 --> 00:14:44,950 However, in English, we have what is called 167 00:14:44,950 --> 00:14:48,690 determinal phrases, which include the definite and 168 00:14:48,690 --> 00:14:52,670 indefinite articles a and the. Okay. 169 00:15:00,050 --> 00:15:04,090 So this 170 00:15:04,090 --> 00:15:04,390 is 171 00:15:07,220 --> 00:15:10,520 the indefinite and definite articles in Arabic. 172 00:15:10,940 --> 00:15:15,780 They are the same or nearly similar to English 173 00:15:15,780 --> 00:15:20,000 except the zero article which is translated, which 174 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:24,200 is, so any sentence is zero in English must be, 175 00:15:24,360 --> 00:15:27,040 any zero article in English is translated to 176 00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:35,660 mostly the التعريف in Arabic, okay? We speak about 177 00:15:35,660 --> 00:15:40,520 diseases. They are zero. Days. Months. Sports. 178 00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:45,360 They are zero in English. Meals. The three times 179 00:15:45,360 --> 00:15:51,140 of the day. Morning. Noon. Sunset. Night. I say at 180 00:15:51,140 --> 00:15:57,040 night. So these are translated into Alit Ta'rif in 181 00:15:57,040 --> 00:16:02,160 Arabic. Now how could you teach articles to your 182 00:16:02,160 --> 00:16:06,220 students? They are tricky. And you can see that 183 00:16:06,220 --> 00:16:09,040 they are very tricky for the Arab learners because 184 00:16:09,040 --> 00:16:12,040 we have differences that may cause negative 185 00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:15,820 interference resulting into interlingual errors or 186 00:16:15,820 --> 00:16:16,840 interlingual errors. 187 00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:23,460 Interlingual errors. 188 00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:32,500 Now we 189 00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:35,490 come to teaching articles. Okay. 190 00:16:39,150 --> 00:16:46,050 Teaching must be contextual. Okay. Because giving 191 00:16:46,050 --> 00:16:52,570 your students such a subject with its very overt 192 00:16:52,570 --> 00:16:55,390 name, very clear name, definiteness and 193 00:16:55,390 --> 00:16:58,230 indefiniteness is very difficult for the junior 194 00:16:58,230 --> 00:17:03,470 classes or intermediate or even advanced. Okay. if 195 00:17:03,470 --> 00:17:06,390 you teach them in a formal way becomes very 196 00:17:06,390 --> 00:17:08,790 complicated however you have to teach them 197 00:17:08,790 --> 00:17:12,370 contextually okay connecting between the context 198 00:17:12,370 --> 00:17:17,230 and the discourse so teaching pay attention please 199 00:17:17,230 --> 00:17:22,490 teaching must be inductive or deductive must be 200 00:17:22,490 --> 00:17:26,010 inductive so you have to teach inductively instead 201 00:17:26,010 --> 00:17:32,300 of deductively making use of the situation and the 202 00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:39 223 00:19:10,110 --> 00:19:14,270 linguistics. A book. Is this specific or generic? 224 00:19:16,550 --> 00:19:20,750 Specific. I'd like to read a book in linguistics. 225 00:19:22,090 --> 00:19:29,430 Generic. Okay. We have Language Log Activity Test. 226 00:19:31,370 --> 00:19:36,110 The Language Log Activity Test. Here, you have to 227 00:19:36,110 --> 00:19:42,330 give homework, and you are not to give everything 228 00:19:42,330 --> 00:19:46,170 to your students in the class. You have to let 229 00:19:46,170 --> 00:19:51,570 them deduce the rules of articles, either A or the 230 00:19:51,570 --> 00:20:00,480 or whatever. Okay? Here, you can introduce the 231 00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:05,940 language log this language log exercise is given 232 00:20:05,940 --> 00:20:10,100 as assignment to your students it is to be given 233 00:20:10,100 --> 00:20:16,840 at home as homework you introduce wrong sentences 234 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:22,460 either the wrong sentences which the students 235 00:20:22,460 --> 00:20:26,800 commit during the class, or you can just write 236 00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:31,560 sentences with wrong articles, for example. Okay? 237 00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:37,200 Then you ask your students to discover the error. 238 00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:44,800 Okay? Say, the research, for example. Research is 239 00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:49,680 without the. Okay, so they underline that this is 240 00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:55,400 the error then the rule Okay, why does research? 241 00:20:56,620 --> 00:21:03,180 Cannot cannot take article Okay, so because it is 242 00:21:03,180 --> 00:21:10,250 uncountable now Okay Here we have it with zero 243 00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:14,290 article. Now you have another space for 244 00:21:14,290 --> 00:21:18,810 correction. You say research. Okay. Then you write 245 00:21:18,810 --> 00:21:22,570 the sentence, the correct sentence, the correct 246 00:21:22,570 --> 00:21:32,050 sentence. I have a son and the daughter. Okay. I 247 00:21:32,050 --> 00:21:36,690 have to say, so the mistake is in the. You give 248 00:21:36,690 --> 00:21:39,690 the rule. The noun mentioned for the first time is 249 00:21:39,690 --> 00:21:45,050 always indefinite. Okay? Once repeated, it is 250 00:21:45,050 --> 00:21:49,930 preceded by the. Okay? So I have a son and a 251 00:21:49,930 --> 00:21:54,410 daughter. This is done at home. So your students 252 00:21:54,410 --> 00:21:58,730 can rely on their parents at home, can rely on 253 00:21:58,730 --> 00:22:05,170 anyone. Okay? The family to help them or even 254 00:22:05,170 --> 00:22:10,110 their friends. So they can pay sufficient efforts 255 00:22:10,110 --> 00:22:13,290 at home for understanding the rules because you 256 00:22:13,290 --> 00:22:17,790 are not allowed to give rules in the class. Okay? 257 00:22:18,090 --> 00:22:21,470 Because you teach communicatively and the focus is 258 00:22:21,470 --> 00:22:27,130 on address rather than giving rules. Okay? So you 259 00:22:27,130 --> 00:22:30,170 ask your student to deduce rules at home. 260 00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:39,680 Okay. Fine. 261 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:48,240 So we have the 262 00:22:48,240 --> 00:22:52,440 articles. Now I'd like to introduce some sentences 263 00:22:52,440 --> 00:22:56,320 for you to answer to check your understanding. 264 00:23:00,120 --> 00:23:05,600 Can you pass sugar, please? The sugar. Why? 265 00:23:05,740 --> 00:23:12,100 Because this is visible. Okay? He's sailing up 266 00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:19,260 the Nile for holidays. Nile. He's sailing up the Nile for 267 00:23:19,260 --> 00:23:24,570 holidays. The Nile. Why? Because we told you that 268 00:23:24,570 --> 00:23:28,890 seas, oceans, and rivers are preceded by the 269 00:23:28,890 --> 00:23:34,130 definite article, the. My favorite sea is 270 00:23:34,130 --> 00:23:37,770 the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea. 271 00:23:40,910 --> 00:23:46,630 I'd love to visit Jerusalem. Jerusalem. Country, 272 00:23:46,790 --> 00:23:52,400 country. So proper nouns, proper nouns, 273 00:23:52,500 --> 00:23:56,340 geographical names are always zero except, except 274 00:23:56,340 --> 00:24:00,280 we say the Sudan or any compound noun. 275 00:24:04,440 --> 00:24:13,140 He is the man who lives next door. He is the man who 276 00:24:13,140 --> 00:24:23,510 lives next door. okay because he is known yes we 277 00:24:23,510 --> 00:24:27,530 have the relative clause who then we have a man 278 00:24:27,530 --> 00:24:31,390 preceding it so we have either the it can be a or 279 00:24:31,390 --> 00:24:37,710 n but mostly the okay i have been looking for work 280 00:24:37,710 --> 00:24:46,520 for a long time i have been looking for work Or a 281 00:24:46,520 --> 00:24:51,800 work or the work. A work. Or work or the work. 282 00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:53,980 Work. It is zero. 283 00:24:57,080 --> 00:25:06,840 I say work. 284 00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:12,580 This is uncountable. This is abstract now. Okay? 285 00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:20,000 It is generic. I am looking for any work. Okay. I 286 00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:23,300 say London Zoo. Do they say the London Zoo or 287 00:25:23,300 --> 00:25:28,060 London Zoo? London Zoo. It is zero. Lake Victoria. 288 00:25:28,780 --> 00:25:36,680 The lake Victoria. Lake is very large. The lake is 289 00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:42,380 very large. I say London Zoo. It is zero. British 290 00:25:42,380 --> 00:25:48,210 Museum. The British Museum. The British Museum, 291 00:25:48,350 --> 00:25:48,590 why? 292 00:25:51,450 --> 00:25:57,950 Because it is very famous and known for both the 293 00:25:57,950 --> 00:26:00,610 speaker and the listener. Like once I say, for 294 00:26:00,610 --> 00:26:04,570 example, the Parliament. The White House. The 295 00:26:04,570 --> 00:26:07,210 White House. The Prime Minister. The Prime 296 00:26:07,210 --> 00:26:15,350 Minister. Okay. Professor is absent today. The 297 00:26:15,350 --> 00:26:17,950 professor is absent today because it is known for 298 00:26:17,950 --> 00:26:20,710 both the speaker and the listener. 299 00:26:23,890 --> 00:26:24,650 Okay. 300 00:26:32,790 --> 00:26:37,210 I need you to answer the following quiz.