1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:00,800 You. 2 00:00:34,780 --> 00:00:38,200 Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Today we are going 3 00:00:38,200 --> 00:00:42,360 to continue with infinitive and gerund in English 4 00:00:42,360 --> 00:00:47,800 versus overt and covert derived nominal in Arabic. 5 00:00:52,260 --> 00:00:55,860 Last time we saw the function, we've seen the 6 00:00:55,860 --> 00:00:59,820 function of the syntactic function of infinitive 7 00:00:59,820 --> 00:01:03,120 in English. We mentioned that the syntactic 8 00:01:03,120 --> 00:01:09,390 function covers four points. The infinitive can be 9 00:01:09,390 --> 00:01:10,510 a subject. 10 00:01:13,950 --> 00:01:19,710 Yes. Can stand as a subject, as object, as subject 11 00:01:19,710 --> 00:01:25,710 complement, and object complement. Okay? This is 12 00:01:25,710 --> 00:01:30,870 in English. It is also the same in Arabic. We have 13 00:01:30,870 --> 00:01:36,370 the derived nominal, derived nominal stands as a 14 00:01:36,370 --> 00:01:41,610 subject, as object, as subject complement, or 15 00:01:41,610 --> 00:01:42,490 object complement. 16 00:01:53,450 --> 00:01:56,690 Then we shifted to what is called sensation verbs. 17 00:01:58,510 --> 00:02:03,160 We've seen that the sensation verbs like see, hear, 18 00:02:03,900 --> 00:02:12,620 touch, notice. Look, these only accept bare 19 00:02:12,620 --> 00:02:16,720 infinitive. Bare infinitive. Yani infinitive 20 00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:20,500 without to. Okay? I heard them talk about the 21 00:02:20,500 --> 00:02:25,340 plan. I heard them talk about the plan. I saw Ali 22 00:02:25,340 --> 00:02:29,420 stand at the gate. I noticed her pick a flower. 23 00:02:30,380 --> 00:02:34,970 Okay? However, in Arabic, we don't have bare 24 00:02:34,970 --> 00:02:41,030 infinitive. We have the present imperfect 25 00:02:41,030 --> 00:02:44,990 indicative form of the verb. This means that the 26 00:02:44,990 --> 00:02:49,030 verb stands with inflections. We have persons 27 00:02:49,030 --> 00:02:54,330 added to the verb. Samaatuhu yatakellamu 3an 28 00:02:54,330 --> 00:02:59,730 alkhatta. Samaatuhu yatakellam. Okay, so 29 00:02:59,730 --> 00:03:04,500 yatakellam, this is present. Verb present in 30 00:03:04,500 --> 00:03:10,300 perfect indicative form. Yeah this is third person 31 00:03:10,300 --> 00:03:18,720 inflection in Arabic يتكلم تكلم أتكلم sorry يتكلم 32 00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:22,880 أتكلم نتكلم تتكلم so we have four inflections 33 00:03:22,880 --> 00:03:27,930 representing persons in Arabic okay it's different 34 00:03:27,930 --> 00:03:31,810 from English which has only one inflection that is 35 00:03:31,810 --> 00:03:39,870 the subject verb agreement us okay 36 00:03:39,870 --> 00:03:44,530 still we have three verbs in English which are 37 00:03:44,530 --> 00:03:50,090 related to sensation verbs these are like help let 38 00:03:50,090 --> 00:03:56,180 and and make yes let help and make these accept 39 00:03:56,180 --> 00:04:03,860 both their infinitive and to infinitive now this 40 00:04:03,860 --> 00:04:07,380 cannot be corresponded to Arabic since Arabic has 41 00:04:07,380 --> 00:04:12,640 the inflections added to the verb okay دعه يتكلم 42 00:04:12,640 --> 00:04:13,460 عن الخطة 43 00:04:18,340 --> 00:04:25,160 present in perfect indicative form of the verb now 44 00:04:25,160 --> 00:04:30,340 we have a problem with infinitives and gerunds 45 00:04:30,340 --> 00:04:33,760 verbs which accept infinitives infinitive or 46 00:04:33,760 --> 00:04:40,040 gerund we just have 47 00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:44,370 this point Very tricky just for it appears very 48 00:04:44,370 --> 00:04:48,970 tricky for our students since they confuse just in 49 00:04:48,970 --> 00:04:52,630 using either infinitive or gerund. So they commit 50 00:04:52,630 --> 00:04:57,050 serious mistakes in this side. Most of them are 51 00:04:57,050 --> 00:05:02,090 interlingual or interlingual? Interlingual. These 52 00:05:02,090 --> 00:05:05,230 are interlingual. Interlingual. 53 00:05:14,340 --> 00:05:20,440 Most of them are intralingual. So we try to solve 54 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:29,250 this problem by having a new account. a theory 55 00:05:29,250 --> 00:05:33,750 that accounts for the use of infinitive or gerund. 56 00:05:34,330 --> 00:05:37,250 But before introducing this theory, we need to 57 00:05:37,250 --> 00:05:40,770 introduce the previous theories in this or the 58 00:05:40,770 --> 00:05:44,030 previous principles in this regard. We have 59 00:05:44,030 --> 00:05:50,350 Bollinger's principle, okay, in which the choice 60 00:05:50,350 --> 00:05:53,750 of infinitive correlates in some degree with 61 00:05:53,750 --> 00:05:58,160 events that are theoretical or hypothetical. Okay, 62 00:05:58,580 --> 00:06:02,680 or hypothetical, all hypothetical actions are in, 63 00:06:03,620 --> 00:06:08,320 they take infinitive. However, the vivid or actual 64 00:06:08,320 --> 00:06:14,760 or already fulfilled actions are gerund. Okay, so 65 00:06:14,760 --> 00:06:18,460 speak about real actions that take gerund. We have 66 00:06:18,460 --> 00:06:23,080 hypothetical actions which only take infinitive. 67 00:06:23,500 --> 00:06:26,620 Speak about things which will happen. This is 68 00:06:26,620 --> 00:06:30,940 infinitive. Things which have already happened or 69 00:06:30,940 --> 00:06:36,020 are in progress, they take gerund as well. Okay? 70 00:06:36,500 --> 00:06:39,800 But applying this principle on the verb, for 71 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:44,700 example, start, comes out with negative results. 72 00:06:45,840 --> 00:06:49,360 It stands to rain. Sorry, it's start. It starts to 73 00:06:49,360 --> 00:06:53,240 rain. It starts raining. Is there any difference 74 00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:57,450 in translation? There's no difference. Okay? 75 00:06:57,570 --> 00:07:01,190 There's no difference. Richard continued to work. 76 00:07:01,690 --> 00:07:06,050 Richard continued working. Okay? We don't have 77 00:07:06,050 --> 00:07:10,010 dissimilarities or any difference just in 78 00:07:10,010 --> 00:07:13,210 translating these two sentences. I prefer to eat 79 00:07:13,210 --> 00:07:18,730 sandwiches. I prefer eating sandwiches. So, these 80 00:07:18,730 --> 00:07:22,890 verbs start, prefer, continue 81 00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:32,440 cannot accept Bollinger's principle. This 82 00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:37,960 necessitates thinking of a new principle that can 83 00:07:37,960 --> 00:07:42,020 be applied on all the verbs of English which 84 00:07:42,020 --> 00:07:46,780 accept either infinitive or gerund or both we are 85 00:07:46,780 --> 00:07:49,820 in front of some verbs which accept both the 86 00:07:49,820 --> 00:07:53,640 alternate between infinitive and gerund and some 87 00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:58,780 other verbs only accept gerund we have verbs only 88 00:07:58,780 --> 00:08:02,840 accept infinitive so 89 00:08:05,510 --> 00:08:12,910 I came with a new account which divides the verbs 90 00:08:12,910 --> 00:08:17,510 accepting infinitive and gerund or either one of 91 00:08:17,510 --> 00:08:22,910 them. I divided them into four categories. Okay. 92 00:08:23,310 --> 00:08:29,110 First of all, the emotive verbs, aspectual verbs, 93 00:08:30,450 --> 00:08:35,480 reactive verbs and forward oriented verbs. Okay? 94 00:08:36,040 --> 00:08:41,960 So for emotive verbs, these 95 00:08:41,960 --> 00:08:50,600 verbs are not associated with time. Okay? They are 96 00:08:50,600 --> 00:08:55,320 like dread, hate, like, love, lose, prefer, and 97 00:08:55,320 --> 00:09:01,040 rejoice. These verbs are not connected to time. 98 00:09:01,680 --> 00:09:07,810 Okay? So they accept both infinitive and gerund. I 99 00:09:07,810 --> 00:09:11,290 hated to meet the boss. I hated meeting the boss. 100 00:09:12,390 --> 00:09:16,690 We have difference in translation here. The first 101 00:09:16,690 --> 00:09:21,150 sentence refers to an action that has not 102 00:09:21,150 --> 00:09:26,010 happened. Okay? Future action. Okay? The second 103 00:09:26,010 --> 00:09:30,330 one refers to an action which happened. Okay? 104 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:35,460 Would you like to see my dad? Would you like 105 00:09:35,460 --> 00:09:36,260 seeing my dad? 106 00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:43,280 Here we have also some sort of difference between 107 00:09:43,280 --> 00:09:46,760 the two sentences. The first one, the verb see, 108 00:09:47,300 --> 00:09:51,660 refers to, I mean, the infinitive to see refers to 109 00:09:51,660 --> 00:09:56,280 future action, hypothetical action. However, the 110 00:09:56,280 --> 00:10:02,960 second one refers to real action, okay? Do you 111 00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:07,100 prefer to read the daily or watch the TV? Or to 112 00:10:07,100 --> 00:10:10,480 watch the TV? Do you prefer reading the daily or 113 00:10:10,480 --> 00:10:14,060 watching the TV? Again, the first sentence is 114 00:10:14,060 --> 00:10:17,160 hypothetical. It is theoretical, refers to an 115 00:10:17,160 --> 00:10:20,800 action that is to happen. However, the second one 116 00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:25,280 refers to a habit which actually happens every 117 00:10:25,280 --> 00:10:28,360 day. I mean action which already happened. We 118 00:10:28,360 --> 00:10:31,180 speak about vivid or real action which is 119 00:10:31,180 --> 00:10:31,700 fulfilled. 120 00:10:37,380 --> 00:10:40,780 Do we have emotive verbs in Arabic? What about 121 00:10:40,780 --> 00:10:45,120 their structure? Yes, we have emotive verbs in 122 00:10:45,120 --> 00:11:00,440 Arabic like يفضل يخاف يبغض يكره يحب يخشى يعجب يعشق 123 00:11:00,440 --> 00:11:06,380 etc These are emotive verbs They touch the feeling 124 00:11:08,060 --> 00:11:13,920 They are not related to time influence. Okay? We 125 00:11:13,920 --> 00:11:20,680 have يحب زيد قراءة القرآن. يحب زيد أن يقرأ القرآن. 126 00:11:21,360 --> 00:11:25,100 So they accept both. So the emotive verbs of 127 00:11:25,100 --> 00:11:28,300 Arabic are the same like the emotive verbs of 128 00:11:28,300 --> 00:11:28,700 English. 129 00:11:36,040 --> 00:11:44,460 Yes. We have يكره الولد اللعب في الشارع يكره الولد 130 00:11:44,460 --> 00:11:49,900 اللعب في الشارع So we have the first sentence it 131 00:11:49,900 --> 00:11:53,840 is of overt derived nominal while the second one 132 00:11:53,840 --> 00:12:02,620 is of a modified derived nominal يفضل 133 00:12:02,620 --> 00:12:07,380 زيدن شرب الشاي Overt, derived nominal, as you see. 134 00:12:07,720 --> 00:12:09,860 يفضل زيد أن يشرب الشاي. 135 00:12:14,740 --> 00:12:20,620 يخاف المؤمن ارتكاب الكبار. يخاف المؤمن أن يرتكب 136 00:12:20,620 --> 00:12:24,840 الكبار. So we have overt derived nominal and 137 00:12:24,840 --> 00:12:27,760 covert derived nominal within the same time. So 138 00:12:27,760 --> 00:12:31,540 this, I mean the emotive verbs, the emotive verbs 139 00:12:33,380 --> 00:12:37,360 are alternating between infinitive and gerund. 140 00:12:39,720 --> 00:12:41,940 What about aspectual verbs? 141 00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:52,380 They are associated with time. Yes. The aspectual 142 00:12:52,380 --> 00:12:55,620 verbs are associated to time. They refer to a 143 00:12:55,620 --> 00:13:02,670 variety of time. Okay? So these refer to a variety 144 00:13:02,670 --> 00:13:08,910 of time aspects like initiation, continuation, 145 00:13:09,670 --> 00:13:14,090 repetition, termination. So we have verbs like 146 00:13:14,090 --> 00:13:16,650 begin. 147 00:13:17,150 --> 00:13:20,730 This is initiation. Resume. 148 00:13:23,870 --> 00:13:27,870 Resume. This is repetition. Okay. 149 00:13:34,950 --> 00:13:40,690 It is more related to repetition. You repeat the 150 00:13:40,690 --> 00:13:48,830 action. Okay? Remain. Continuation. Commence. 151 00:13:50,030 --> 00:13:55,570 Initiation. Finish. Continue. Discontinue. 152 00:13:59,630 --> 00:14:11,050 Termination. End up. Seize. Repeat. Complete. Give 153 00:14:11,050 --> 00:14:20,290 up. Postpone. Proceed. Continuation. Quit. Keep. 154 00:14:20,550 --> 00:14:27,610 Keep on. Start. Initiation. Stay. Continuation. 155 00:14:27,690 --> 00:14:34,240 Stop. Termination. Okay, so we have these verbs 156 00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:40,380 refer to refer to a variety of time aspects okay 157 00:14:40,380 --> 00:14:44,320 so we have either initiation continuation 158 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:49,420 repetition or termination these verbs in English 159 00:14:49,420 --> 00:14:54,260 almost accept both infinitive and gerund except 160 00:14:54,260 --> 00:15:00,190 only in termination we have some words related to 161 00:15:00,190 --> 00:15:04,770 this matter. Okay? Mostly they accept only gerund. 162 00:15:05,350 --> 00:15:08,410 Okay? He began to answer the question. He began 163 00:15:08,410 --> 00:15:11,470 answering the question. We have a slight 164 00:15:11,470 --> 00:15:14,610 difference between the two sentences. The first is 165 00:15:14,610 --> 00:15:18,550 hypothetical. It is to happen. It's about to 166 00:15:18,550 --> 00:15:22,150 happen. Okay? However, the second one already 167 00:15:22,150 --> 00:15:26,710 happened or in progress. Okay? 168 00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:41,520 The emotive verb does not refer to time. 169 00:15:42,380 --> 00:15:44,600 Semantically, there is some sort of difference 170 00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:49,720 between them. Okay. But it's the same meaning. I 171 00:15:49,720 --> 00:15:52,660 know that the first one is not related to time and 172 00:15:52,660 --> 00:15:55,000 the second one is not related to time. But we can 173 00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:59,380 mingle between them or mix between them and have 174 00:15:59,380 --> 00:16:02,220 the same meaning. The first category is a special 175 00:16:02,220 --> 00:16:04,040 category. No, no. They are similar. They are 176 00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:07,280 similar in their syntactic function. But 177 00:16:07,280 --> 00:16:11,340 semantically they differ. Okay. And here we have a 178 00:16:11,340 --> 00:16:17,880 big question that appears in this point why does 179 00:16:17,880 --> 00:16:26,260 this verb accept infinitive or gerund and that 180 00:16:26,260 --> 00:16:30,260 verb does not accept infinitive or does not accept 181 00:16:30,260 --> 00:16:35,300 gerund okay so this is semantic question it needs 182 00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:39,940 semantic interpretation that will be available 183 00:16:39,940 --> 00:16:45,200 just later Okay? He began to answer the question. 184 00:16:45,660 --> 00:16:49,260 He began answering the question. Having said that 185 00:16:49,260 --> 00:16:52,760 he would be frank, we all commenced to listen to 186 00:16:52,760 --> 00:16:52,960 him. 187 00:16:57,320 --> 00:17:00,860 We all commenced to listen to him. Having said 188 00:17:00,860 --> 00:17:03,760 that he would be frank, we all commenced listening 189 00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:07,140 to him. Okay? So we speak about theoretical 190 00:17:07,140 --> 00:17:11,880 actions and vivid or real actions. Okay? 191 00:17:17,420 --> 00:17:20,600 So we have some verbs which refer to duration of 192 00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:25,980 time, okay? That end with what is called 193 00:17:25,980 --> 00:17:30,380 termination. These verbs which have this meaning 194 00:17:30,380 --> 00:17:35,040 only accept gerund. John finished doing his 195 00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:39,180 homework at midnight. We cannot say John finished 196 00:17:39,180 --> 00:17:46,100 to do his homework. He quit smoking cigarettes. He 197 00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:47,140 quit smoking. 198 00:17:50,240 --> 00:17:54,960 The committee postponed making the decision on the 199 00:17:5 223 00:20:17,120 --> 00:20:19,320 from Arabic to English. 224 00:20:22,120 --> 00:20:24,360 Okay, or from English to Arabic. 225 00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:29,920 Now, semantically, 226 00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:40,210 the emotive verbs and aspectual verbs have 227 00:20:40,210 --> 00:20:42,870 difference in meaning just in the use of 228 00:20:42,870 --> 00:20:48,650 infinitive and gerund. So a sentence like, I love 229 00:20:48,650 --> 00:20:55,090 to eat sandwiches. I love eating sandwiches. The 230 00:20:55,090 --> 00:20:58,110 two sentences are different in meaning. The first 231 00:20:58,110 --> 00:21:02,110 one is hypothetical. The second one is not fulfilled, 232 00:21:02,290 --> 00:21:07,290 yes. And the second one is actual, achieved. Okay, 233 00:21:07,730 --> 00:21:11,900 it's real. He stopped to smoke. He stopped 234 00:21:11,900 --> 00:21:13,540 smoking. Could you translate? 235 00:21:16,220 --> 00:21:17,840 He stopped to smoke. 236 00:21:21,500 --> 00:21:24,500 Hard luck. Yes. 237 00:21:28,120 --> 00:21:28,780 Yes. 238 00:21:39,660 --> 00:21:44,740 The first sentence, Mary stopped to eat. I stopped 239 00:21:44,740 --> 00:21:48,520 to smoke. He stopped doing an activity to smoke. 240 00:21:48,700 --> 00:21:53,120 Yes. So he stopped to smoke. This means that he 241 00:21:53,120 --> 00:21:56,660 stopped some action. He terminated, he quit some 242 00:21:56,660 --> 00:22:00,180 action in order to have another action to smoke. 243 00:22:01,260 --> 00:22:08,210 He stopped smoking. This means that he quit. So 244 00:22:08,210 --> 00:22:12,110 you have difference in meaning you have to take 245 00:22:12,110 --> 00:22:17,170 care of that John forgot to buy the linguistics 246 00:22:17,170 --> 00:22:25,210 book John forgot to buy Sorry if John forgot 247 00:22:25,210 --> 00:22:27,990 buying the linguistics book. Is there any 248 00:22:27,990 --> 00:22:31,950 difference? No, no difference at all. 249 00:22:34,940 --> 00:22:39,180 So how can you interpret the two sentences? John 250 00:22:39,180 --> 00:22:43,660 forgot to buy the linguistics book. John forgot 251 00:22:43,660 --> 00:22:48,700 buying the linguistics book. Yes. He forgot to buy 252 00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:57,680 this 253 00:22:57,680 --> 00:23:01,880 means that he forgot to buy this book, he has He 254 00:23:01,880 --> 00:23:05,540 hasn't bought it. However, the second one, he 255 00:23:05,540 --> 00:23:09,080 bought the book, but he forgot that he bought it. 256 00:23:09,660 --> 00:23:09,920 Okay? 257 00:23:16,460 --> 00:23:23,200 Mary quit to cook. Mary quit cooking. Mary quit 258 00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:27,800 cooking. Is there any difference? Yes. What about 259 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:32,910 this group? Yes? that means Mary's stopped 260 00:23:32,910 --> 00:23:35,610 activities but doing now in order to go and cook. 261 00:23:36,030 --> 00:23:39,410 While Mary quit cooking, that Mary doesn't cook 262 00:23:39,410 --> 00:23:45,870 anymore. Very good. Excellent. John remembered to 263 00:23:45,870 --> 00:23:50,690 wash the plates. John remembered washing the 264 00:23:50,690 --> 00:23:54,930 plates. Still, we have difference between the two 265 00:23:54,930 --> 00:23:58,940 sentences semantically. So in translation, the two 266 00:23:58,940 --> 00:24:01,780 sentences are different, are divergent. Who could 267 00:24:01,780 --> 00:24:07,420 translate them? John stopped to wash the plates. 268 00:24:08,260 --> 00:24:13,100 John stopped washing the plates. It is the same. 269 00:24:13,380 --> 00:24:13,420 Marco. 270 00:24:16,780 --> 00:24:22,340 Iman? Yes, number two, that he, in the action 271 00:24:22,340 --> 00:24:26,550 order two, The first action is hypothetical, is 272 00:24:26,550 --> 00:24:30,710 theoretical, that has not happened. Okay? He 273 00:24:30,710 --> 00:24:34,990 remembered to wash. He did not wash. But the 274 00:24:34,990 --> 00:24:39,570 second one, he has already washed them, but he 275 00:24:39,570 --> 00:24:41,370 forgot. Good. 276 00:24:46,530 --> 00:24:52,070 Mary stopped to eat. Mary stopped eating. Mary 277 00:24:52,070 --> 00:24:55,130 stopped to eat or Mary stopped eating? The second 278 00:24:55,130 --> 00:25:01,710 one is that Mary stopped to eat. Mary stopped in 279 00:25:01,710 --> 00:25:08,910 order to eat. However, the second one, she 280 00:25:08,910 --> 00:25:13,430 finished or quit eating. Okay. 281 00:25:17,350 --> 00:25:20,850 Do we have semantic distinction between the 282 00:25:20,850 --> 00:25:24,070 emotive verbs and aspectual verbs in Arabic? Do 283 00:25:24,070 --> 00:25:26,450 you have this semantic distinction in Arabic? Is 284 00:25:26,450 --> 00:25:30,830 this applicable to Arabic or not? Let's see. Okay, 285 00:25:30,830 --> 00:25:35,790 I think that it corresponds to Arabic. The first 286 00:25:35,790 --> 00:25:36,470 one 287 00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:51,060 refers to an action that has not happened. The 288 00:25:51,060 --> 00:25:54,380 second one refers to an action that happened but 289 00:25:54,380 --> 00:25:58,240 forgotten. Okay? It's like English. 290 00:26:01,300 --> 00:26:06,140 Now we come to the third category that is reactive 291 00:26:06,140 --> 00:26:11,840 verbs. It refers to actions that are in progress. 292 00:26:13,710 --> 00:26:20,030 The verbs which refer to reactive meaning only 293 00:26:20,030 --> 00:26:25,390 accept gerund. They only accept gerund. Okay? 294 00:26:31,390 --> 00:26:32,350 Yes. 295 00:26:37,710 --> 00:26:40,210 These verbs only accept gerund. 296 00:26:44,270 --> 00:26:51,770 These are like resist, resent, repent, remember, 297 00:26:52,590 --> 00:26:58,570 reject, regret, recommend, recall, abhor, enjoy, 298 00:26:59,210 --> 00:27:05,950 dislike, detest, deny, consider, confess, okay? 299 00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:09,470 Imagine, mind, and propose. 300 00:27:13,430 --> 00:27:16,430 These verbs refer to what's called continuity, 301 00:27:17,370 --> 00:27:21,970 okay? Continuity of action or continuity in 302 00:27:21,970 --> 00:27:27,670 meaning. These only accept gerund. We discussed 303 00:27:27,670 --> 00:27:29,850 going to the zoo in the weekend. 304 00:27:32,390 --> 00:27:37,210 We can say we discussed to go to the zoo. The 305 00:27:37,210 --> 00:27:39,990 family has seriously considered selling the house. 306 00:27:42,220 --> 00:27:45,280 is not available to say the family has seriously 307 00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:49,100 considered to sell the house. The suspect denies 308 00:27:49,100 --> 00:27:54,980 ever committing the crime. The suspect denies ever 309 00:27:54,980 --> 00:28:00,980 to commit? No. He repented having shot the dog. He 310 00:28:00,980 --> 00:28:05,380 repented having shot it, not to have. Okay, 311 00:28:05,380 --> 00:28:09,300 because the action happened. So reactive verbs 312 00:28:09,300 --> 00:28:14,040 refer to real actions, to vivid actions, to 313 00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:20,140 actions which have been already done. Okay? Or at 314 00:28:20,140 --> 00:28:25,980 least in progress. So they only accept gerund. 315 00:28:26,860 --> 00:28:29,860 Okay? Yes. 316 00:28:37,540 --> 00:28:46,980 Yes. These emotive verbs, you see, they are in the 317 00:28:46,980 --> 00:28:50,820 process of continuity. We speak about habitual 318 00:28:50,820 --> 00:28:56,040 actions. Yes. We speak about habitual actions or 319 00:28:56,040 --> 00:28:59,740 actions which are more or less related to habits 320 00:28:59,740 --> 00:29:05,960 and customs. Okay? Actions which are associated 321 00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:11,640 with daily work. I mean, the action already or 322 00:29:11,640 --> 00:29:15,680 always happens every day as accustomed by the 323 00:29:15,680 --> 00:29:19,320 subject or the doer of the action. Okay? So in 324 00:29:19,320 --> 00:29:22,960 that sense, we consider them reactive verbs. But 325 00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:26,120 if you speak hypothetically or theoretically about 326 00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:33,370 the verb as emotive verb, it takes both. Okay? He 327 00:29:33,370 --> 00:29:38,530 detests socializing with students at school. He 328 00:29:38,530 --> 00:29:42,310 detests to socialize. This is a custom, permanent 329 00:29:42,310 --> 00:29:45,510 custom with the speaker. I mean, his mood is like 330 00:29:45,510 --> 00:29:53,570 this. The suspect confessed murdering the man. We 331 00:29:53,570 --> 00:29:56,430 can't say that the subject confessed to murder the 332 00:29:56,430 --> 00:29:59,230 man because the action happened. 333 00:30:02,820 --> 00:30:08,460 We have Arabic, the Arabic reactive verbs. These 334 00:30:08,460 --> 00:30:26,700 are like يثمن يناقش يقدر يقيم يقاوم يتذكر ينسى 335 00:30:26,700 --> 00:30:32,660 يتخيل And these verbs, as you see, accept both. 336 00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:36,980 Overt derived nominal and covert derived nominal. 337 00:30:37,580 --> 00:30:40,700 They accept both. However, in English, they only 338 00:30:40,700 --> 00:30:48,180 accept gerund. قَدَّرَ اللَّهُ أَن يَتِمَّ ذَلِكَ 339 00:30:48,180 --> 00:30:54,280 We can say also, قَدَّرَ اللَّهُ أَتْمَامَ ذَلِكَ 340 00:30:54,280 --> 00:30:57,400 لَنَ 341 00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:04,550 تَسَوَّر أن نقبل الظلم لا نتصور قبول الظلم so we 342 00:31:04,550 --> 00:31:13,650 accept here we both are accepted يفضل 343 00:31:13,650 --> 00:31:18,810 عليهم أن يرفض 344 00:31:18,810 --> 00:31:23,390 عليهم أن يظلم الناس يرفض عليهم ظلم الناس 345 00:31:29,050 --> 00:31:35,730 يفترض زيدن أن يجيء عمرن يفترض زيدن ماجيء عمرن 346 00:31:35,730 --> 00:31:39,170 يتطلب 347 00:31:39,170 --> 00:31:48,350 النجاح الاشتهاد أو أن أشتهد يتطلب النجاح الاشتهاد 348 00:31:48,350 --> 00:31:51,530 okay, now the derived nominal in Arabic 349 00:31:51,530 --> 00:31:56,370 syntactically works as a verb, it assigns case 350 00:31:57,790 --> 00:32:02,890 Mostly it assigns genitive case. It has the 351 00:32:02,890 --> 00:32:05,870 requirements of a verb. You know, the verb assigns 352 00:32:05,870 --> 00:32:12,710 accusative case. كتب زيدن الدرسة. الدرسة is an 353 00:32:12,710 --> 00:32:16,330 object. John wrote the lesson. The lesson is an 354 00:32:16,330 --> 00:32:23,430 object assigned accusative case. Okay? Now يفضل 355 00:32:23,430 --> 00:32:32,260 زيدن كتابة الدرسي. الدرسي is an object, but here it 356 00:32:32,260 --> 00:32:35,940 is we have the genitive case assigned to this noun, 357 00:32:35,940 --> 00:32:40,120 this directly comes from the derived nominal, the 358 00:32:40,120 --> 00:32:48,820 overt derived nominal. Okay, we 359 00:32:48,820 --> 00:32:51,360 have some reactive verbs in Arabic only accept 360 00:32:51,360 --> 00:32:57,760 nouns, not derived nominal like لا يثمن تعب 361 00:32:57,760 --> 00:33:04,900 الوالدين بالنقود. Ta'ab is referred to as a noun 362 00:33:04,900 --> 00:33:13,080 in Arabic. لا يثمن أن يتعب الوالدين بالنقود. This 363 00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:16,660 is not accepted. In case of having a noun coming 364 00:33:16,660 --> 00:33:22,880 after the reactive verb, then we have only the 365 00:33:22,880 --> 00:33:24,580 overt derived nominal accepted. 366 00:33:30,650 --> 00:33:39,410 Okay? يقاوم الجنود هجوم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم 367 00:33:39,410 --> 00:33:39,870 العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن 368 00:33:39,870 --> 00:33:44,370 يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود 369 00:33:44,370 --> 00:33:45,370 أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم 370 00:33:45,370 --> 00:33:48,090 الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو 371 00:33:48,090 --> 00:33:48,490 يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم 372 00:33:48,490 --> 00:33:50,850 يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود 373 00:33:50,850 --> 00:33:56,150 أن يهجم العد not a noun following the reactive 374 00:33:56,150 --> 00:34:00,890 verb, then we have both derived nominal overt and 375 00:34:00,890 --> 00:34:03,170 covert or modified derived nominal. 376 00:34:05,850 --> 00:34:10,710 We have the last category that is forward oriented 377 00:34:10,710 --> 00:34:11,190 verbs. 378 00:34:14,020 --> 00:34:17,200 These verbs refer to theoretical actions, to 379 00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:22,060 hypothetical actions, to actions that will be 380 00:34:22,060 --> 00:34:29,860 fulfilled in future. Okay. So 381 00:34:29,860 --> 00:34:34,780 all the verbs here are hypothetical, and they 382 00:34:34,780 --> 00:34:41,280 accept only infinitive. Okay, 383 00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:47,860 we expected to stop the security disorder soon. 384 00:34:48,660 --> 00:34:56,700 Expect, hope, imagine. Okay? These verbs refer to 385 00:34:56,700 --> 00:35:03,320 action that is to happen. Okay? We expect to stop 386 00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:06,080 the security disorder. We cannot say we expect 387 00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:12,320 stopping. We hope to submit the paper soon. We 388 00:35:12,320 --> 00:35:16,880 cannot say, we hope submitting. Okay? Because it 389 00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:21,200 refers to action that has not happened. Okay? They 390 00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:25,140 planned to spend the vacation in London. We cannot 391 00:35:25,140 --> 00:35:29,340 say they planned spending because the action has 392 00:35:29,340 --> 00:35:30,160 not happened yet. 393 00:35:35,860 --> 00:35:39,900 Mary aspired to be a famous advocate. 394 00:35:42,350 --> 00:35:46,110 تتصور أنها ستكون. We speak about things which have 395 00:35:46,110 --> 00:35:49,890 not been happened. So, the verbs like these are 396 00:35:49,890 --> 00:35:57,890 like Britain, persuade, urge, tend, tell, order, 397 00:35:58,490 --> 00:36:04,750 learn, aspire, ask, force, fear, decline, agree, 398 00:36:05,770 --> 00:36:12,230 we have managed, long seek, remind, refuse, swear, 399 00:36:13,670 --> 00:36:19,850 mean, offer, strive, and vow. Okay? Of course, we 400 00:36:19,850 --> 00:36:29,070 have hope as well. Own, and expect. Okay? Ahmed was 401 00:36:29,070 --> 00:36:34,730 obliged to attend the 402 00:36:34,730 --> 00:36:35,050 meeting. 403 00:36:43,200 --> 00:36:47,880 The suspect abstained to answer the detective's 404 00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:52,480 questions. The action has not happened. 405 00:36:56,220 --> 00:37:00,200 Now, if you look to Arabic, we also have forward 406 00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:06,460 -oriented verbs. Okay? They accept both modified 407 00:37:06,460 --> 00:37:15,040 and overt derived nominal. يتوقع يعني expect يخطط 408 00:37:15,040 --> 00:37:24,200 يريد ينوي يصمم These verbs are forward oriental 409 00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:28,400 verbs. They still have the meaning that has not 410 00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:30,420 been fulfilled. 411 00:37:33,660 --> 00:37:43,040 So يتوقع زيدن أن يصل أخاه من السفر اليوم أن يصل 412 00:37:44,570 --> 00:37:48,030 يتوقع زيدون وصول أخيه من السفر اليوم يتوقع زيدون 413 00:37:48,030 --> 00:37:51,510 وصول أخيه من السفر اليوم So they have both forward 414 00:37:51,510 --> 00:37:5 445 00:40:39,850 --> 00:40:46,010 other times we have only infinitive. This relies 446 00:40:46,010 --> 00:40:51,200 on the lexical entry of the verb. The lexical 447 00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:53,860 entry of the verb, the lexical capacity of the 448 00:40:53,860 --> 00:40:59,480 verb. Okay? So it either accepts infinitive, it 449 00:40:59,480 --> 00:41:04,380 either accepts gerund, it may accept both. Okay? 450 00:41:04,840 --> 00:41:09,960 So it depends on the lexical capacity. Completely 451 00:41:09,960 --> 00:41:12,900 like the verbs of giving, once accepting double 452 00:41:12,900 --> 00:41:18,990 object construction. John gave Mary a book. John 453 00:41:18,990 --> 00:41:21,430 gave a book to Mary. So we have double object 454 00:41:21,430 --> 00:41:29,350 construction and we have dative construction. Okay. 455 00:41:29,350 --> 00:41:32,750 Still 456 00:41:32,750 --> 00:41:36,090 we have one object, the direct object plus the 457 00:41:36,090 --> 00:41:41,220 dative object. John gave a book to Mary. Okay, so we 458 00:41:41,220 --> 00:41:44,280 have this verb, the verbs of giving alternate 459 00:41:44,280 --> 00:41:47,900 between double object construction and dative here. 460 00:41:47,900 --> 00:41:51,580 We have these verbs. Some of them alternate between 461 00:41:51,580 --> 00:41:55,160 accepting overt derived nominal in Arabic or 462 00:41:55,160 --> 00:42:00,620 covert derived nominal, or gerund, or infinitive, or 463 00:42:00,620 --> 00:42:07,360 both. This is attributed to the lexical entry of 464 00:42:07,360 --> 00:42:11,490 the verb. Okay. The semantic capacity as well can 465 00:42:11,490 --> 00:42:14,990 be considered. Okay. That's it for today. Thank 466 00:42:14,990 --> 00:42:15,130 you.