1 00:00:20,990 --> 00:00:23,990 Assalamualaikum everyone and as always nice to 2 00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:28,810 have you back. Today we'll do Augustan poetry and 3 00:00:28,810 --> 00:00:32,930 we have a surprise because there are two women 4 00:00:32,930 --> 00:00:36,610 poets today to talk about and at the same time we 5 00:00:36,610 --> 00:00:40,070 have two of your classmates here doing 6 00:00:40,070 --> 00:00:43,590 presentations which is always an amazing thing. So 7 00:00:43,590 --> 00:00:46,010 let's see the presentations and then go back to 8 00:00:46,010 --> 00:00:48,550 the Augustan age. You can start now, Hind. 9 00:00:52,610 --> 00:00:55,490 Hello everyone, my name is Hind Dagmosh. Today, 10 00:00:55,610 --> 00:00:57,850 inshallah, I will be talking about a metaphysical 11 00:00:57,850 --> 00:01:01,370 poetry tree. We can describe metaphysical poetry tree as 12 00:01:01,370 --> 00:01:07,720 a fruit of the Renaissance tree. So, what is the 13 00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:11,280 metaphysical poetry? Metaphysical poetry is a 14 00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:13,860 group of poetry emerged in the beginning of the 15 00:01:13,860 --> 00:01:18,260 17th century whose poetry comes to be known as the 16 00:01:18,260 --> 00:01:22,100 metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical literally, meta 17 00:01:22,100 --> 00:01:26,580 means beyond and physics means physical nature. 18 00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:30,340 Metaphysical concerned with the fundamental 19 00:01:30,340 --> 00:01:33,420 problems of the nature or replacing life. 20 00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:39,360 John Donne was the founder of the metaphysical 21 00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:42,280 poetry. He tried to write poetry in a different 22 00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:46,280 way, but the name of metaphysical poetry is given 23 00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:50,300 by Dr. Samuel Johnson for the first time when he 24 00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:54,340 wrote The Life of Abraham Cowley in his book The 25 00:01:54,340 --> 00:01:57,840 Lives of the Poets, but he used it in a negative sense 26 00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:00,900 to criticize the poetry of Donne. 27 00:02:03,940 --> 00:02:10,260 Unusual images. Unusual images makes the poetry 28 00:02:10,260 --> 00:02:15,100 difficult. Images taken from fields of knowledge, 29 00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:18,280 science, architecture, geography, history, 30 00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,480 astronomy, chemistry, architecture, geometry, 31 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,360 mathematics and biology, medical, etc. For 32 00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:32,050 example, today, The Flea by John Donne. The flea 33 00:02:32,050 --> 00:02:36,190 marked by this flea and marking this how little 34 00:02:36,190 --> 00:02:40,690 that which that denies to me is. It sucked me 35 00:02:40,690 --> 00:02:44,690 first and now sucks thee. And in this flea our two 36 00:02:44,690 --> 00:02:49,790 blood mingled be. Thou knowest that this cannot be 37 00:02:49,790 --> 00:02:58,350 said a sin nor shame nor loss of maidenhead. 38 00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:04,880 This is taken from the field of biology. 39 00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:14,340 This poetry is taken from the field of biology and the 40 00:03:14,340 --> 00:03:20,500 flea is a small insect. The small insect sucks 41 00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:25,520 blood from the human body. This insect used here as a 42 00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:31,780 theme of the exhibition of love. Oh yeah. To 43 00:03:31,780 --> 00:03:36,980 conclude on the flea, the flea uses a conceit as 44 00:03:36,980 --> 00:03:42,220 a means of flirtation and sexual coercion too. The 45 00:03:42,220 --> 00:03:46,300 flea metaphor represents denied sensual pleasure. 46 00:03:46,860 --> 00:03:50,820 Its tiny scale reflects the insignificance of the 47 00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:53,840 woman's chastity. Its body containing the blood of 48 00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,660 the speaker and mistress symbolizes the union between 49 00:03:57,660 --> 00:03:58,300 the couple. 50 00:04:01,910 --> 00:04:07,370 of the reason, they perhaps to see how one image 51 00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:11,690 can be stretched to accommodate a range of 52 00:04:11,690 --> 00:04:16,590 meanings and association. They show the thrilling 53 00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:20,610 possibilities of language, but to political use. 54 00:04:21,390 --> 00:04:22,790 Thank you, this is my presentation. 55 00:04:27,370 --> 00:04:29,550 Some of you find the metaphysical poetry 56 00:04:29,550 --> 00:04:31,970 interesting and intriguing in a way. Maybe I 57 00:04:31,970 --> 00:04:34,190 disagreed in the description that metaphysical 58 00:04:34,190 --> 00:04:36,630 poetry is difficult rather than metaphysical 59 00:04:36,630 --> 00:04:39,250 poetry or even speaking analyzing the word 60 00:04:39,250 --> 00:04:41,870 metaphysical itself because in our discussion we 61 00:04:41,870 --> 00:04:44,390 came to the conclusion that metaphysical doesn't 62 00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:47,390 necessarily mean nothing. It was used just to say 63 00:04:47,390 --> 00:04:50,320 that those people are bad. The poetry is not about 64 00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:53,820 metaphysicality generally, it's different. They 65 00:04:53,820 --> 00:05:00,150 were writing against the current. I was also 66 00:05:00,150 --> 00:05:04,330 hoping for some commentary on the woman here in 67 00:05:04,330 --> 00:05:07,830 the text. Generally, we said so far, the society has 68 00:05:07,830 --> 00:05:11,190 been anti-feminist where women are presented as 69 00:05:11,190 --> 00:05:15,430 less weak, less intelligent, unintellectual 70 00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:19,410 compared to men. Men have more freedom. Is John 71 00:05:19,410 --> 00:05:23,430 Donne treating the woman in the poem the same? 72 00:05:24,250 --> 00:05:26,050 That is an interesting question. Someone else can 73 00:05:26,050 --> 00:05:30,290 probably do a presentation on this. But maybe I 74 00:05:30,290 --> 00:05:34,430 can tell you that the 20th century's greatest 75 00:05:34,430 --> 00:05:39,170 feminist, Virginia Woolf, she praised John Donne. 76 00:05:40,870 --> 00:05:45,070 She's the same critic who praised Aphra Behn. So, if 77 00:05:45,070 --> 00:05:47,990 a feminist praises John Donne, probably he's doing 78 00:05:47,990 --> 00:05:51,670 something to empower women, to give them a voice. 79 00:05:52,130 --> 00:05:54,830 Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, please. Maybe he's 80 00:05:54,830 --> 00:05:59,070 trying to be different and be with women, not to 81 00:05:59,070 --> 00:06:01,890 be against women like other poets. And this is 82 00:06:01,890 --> 00:06:04,330 something new. This is something experimental. 83 00:06:04,670 --> 00:06:06,970 People were not used to women having a voice. 84 00:06:07,830 --> 00:06:10,570 Because in this poem, when the poet is telling his 85 00:06:10,570 --> 00:06:16,150 beloved that you and me and the flea are one in 86 00:06:16,150 --> 00:06:19,830 this crazy, it's in a way similar to the guy who 87 00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:22,990 told, actually, we'll study this someone who wants 88 00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:25,370 to deceive the woman to trick her to take her 89 00:06:25,370 --> 00:06:27,830 money here, in a way, he wants to take something 90 00:06:27,830 --> 00:06:33,090 else but the poet is saying, we are the same and 91 00:06:33,090 --> 00:06:36,210 the woman is not tricked, he doesn't deceive her 92 00:06:36,210 --> 00:06:40,550 because what does she do? She kills the flea, he 93 00:06:40,550 --> 00:06:44,030 acts, he takes action exactly. So, he's telling her 94 00:06:44,030 --> 00:06:46,730 because, listen when we speak about three, we speak 95 00:06:46,730 --> 00:06:49,890 about trinity, you know, in Christianity so he's 96 00:06:49,890 --> 00:06:53,350 telling her, this is a sacred creature now because 97 00:06:53,350 --> 00:06:56,290 it has the blood of three, it's like Jesus Christ, 98 00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,280 God, and everything, she's like, she kills the flea. 99 00:07:00,900 --> 00:07:04,060 This, simply, an act of action. The woman might not 100 00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:07,440 speak here, but she takes action. She does the 101 00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:09,840 most significant thing in the poem. And this is 102 00:07:09,840 --> 00:07:14,440 generally what a woman does in Donne. Next, we 103 00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:17,540 have Hanin with another presentation. Hello 104 00:07:17,540 --> 00:07:20,480 everyone. My name is Hanin. Today, I will talk 105 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,480 about satire. So, firstly, what is satire? 106 00:07:29,210 --> 00:07:33,210 Satire is a technique employed by writers to 107 00:07:33,210 --> 00:07:38,170 criticize corruption, to satirize corruption of an 108 00:07:38,170 --> 00:07:39,790 individual or a society. 109 00:07:42,370 --> 00:07:46,730 Satirical writing is usually funny. So, the main 110 00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:53,750 purpose of satire is not to humor, but to 111 00:07:53,750 --> 00:07:59,270 criticize corruption. There are four techniques to 112 00:07:59,270 --> 00:08:04,950 produce satire. The first one is reversal. When 113 00:08:04,950 --> 00:08:09,690 normal rules or order are reversed. The second one 114 00:08:09,690 --> 00:08:16,850 is parody. Parody is humorous and exaggerated 115 00:08:16,850 --> 00:08:22,790 imitation. The third one is incongruity. It is 116 00:08:22,790 --> 00:08:26,570 something that seems out of place or out of 117 00:08:26,570 --> 00:08:31,690 character. The last one is exaggeration. It's 118 00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:36,290 giving an impression that something is greater or 119 00:08:36,290 --> 00:08:42,160 larger than it really is. So using humor is more 120 00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:46,600 effective than if you want to say this is wrong. 121 00:08:46,900 --> 00:08:50,560 But if you use humor, this is something that will be 122 00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:54,600 more effective than if you say this is wrong. 123 00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:04,060 So this is an extract by John Wilmot. Who can read 124 00:09:04,060 --> 00:09:08,790 it? "I'd be a dog, a monkey, a bear, or anything 125 00:09:08,790 --> 00:09:11,730 but that vain animal who is so proud of being 126 00:09:11,730 --> 00:09:19,550 rational." Yes. This is satire in general. Satire 127 00:09:19,550 --> 00:09:23,850 in general by John Wilmot. And the second one 128 00:09:23,850 --> 00:09:30,450 is... Who can read it? Yes. "Lots true or false are 129 00:09:30,450 --> 00:09:33,010 necessary things to raise up commonwealth's 130 00:09:33,010 --> 00:09:37,530 enduring kings." This is an extract by Dryden and 131 00:09:37,530 --> 00:09:40,310 this one is more specific than the first one. 132 00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:46,760 The last one is, but who can read? 133 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:57,520 This extract 134 00:09:57,520 --> 00:10:03,070 is to satirize someone who is called Shadwell. Shadwell, 135 00:10:03,650 --> 00:10:08,310 Dryden describes Shadwell as the master, as the 136 00:10:08,310 --> 00:10:12,590 master of dullness, as the master of dullness. And 137 00:10:12,590 --> 00:10:16,750 this is an extract, this is satire, personal satire. 138 00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:21,190 This is personal satire. And this was our lesson 139 00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:22,970 about satire. Thank you. 140 00:10:33,110 --> 00:10:38,030 Thank you. When you do presentations, can you try 141 00:10:38,030 --> 00:10:43,510 to bring texts from outside the course so we can 142 00:10:43,510 --> 00:10:46,690 learn extra things? This is the one significant 143 00:10:46,690 --> 00:10:49,890 thing about the presentation. So, we want to see 144 00:10:49,890 --> 00:10:52,910 what you do with extra texts, with texts from 145 00:10:52,910 --> 00:10:57,580 outside the course. Okay, so, it would be a lot 146 00:10:57,580 --> 00:10:59,640 better, but this is really interesting. I like 147 00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:03,080 that you like satire, and you also mentioned parody 148 00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:06,520 and stuff we talked about in a bit. So let's go 149 00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:11,820 back to our class, the 150 00:11:11,820 --> 00:11:16,620 Augustan Age is actually generally named the 151 00:11:16,620 --> 00:11:22,350 Augustan Age because it was followed by major critics 152 00:11:22,350 --> 00:11:27,510 like Samuel Johnson and Alexander Pope. But, before 153 00:11:27,510 --> 00:11:31,310 I speak about Augustan poetry, Alexander Pope, Mary 154 00:11:31,310 --> 00:11:34,490 Montague, and Mary Leapor, I want to say something 155 00:11:34,490 --> 00:11:36,590 about parody. We spoke about 156 00:11:40,680 --> 00:11:43,960 And, most, even when Hanin mentioned parodies, she 157 00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:48,180 said some humorous exaggerated imitation. When you 158 00:11:48,180 --> 00:11:50,820 open most dictionaries, they will always mention 159 00:11:50,820 --> 00:11:55,020 the word comic or humorous or funny, a funny 160 00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:59,740 imitation of something, a funny representation of 161 00:11:59,740 --> 00:12:01,820 something that already existed, whether it is a 162 00:12:01,820 --> 00:12:02,640 person or a book. 163 00:12:06,370 --> 00:12:08,610 I believe that this is not accurate. This is not 164 00:12:08,610 --> 00:12:15,170 100% what parody does. Again, look at me. Why are 165 00:12:15,170 --> 00:12:18,590 you turning the pages? Is there something? Okay, 166 00:12:18,950 --> 00:12:22,830 so today, again, before I go to Augustan Poetry, 167 00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:25,870 I want to say something about parody. And I have 168 00:12:25,870 --> 00:12:28,430 to say it again, pay attention to this. Generally, 169 00:12:28,630 --> 00:12:32,890 most books tell you that parody is funny, comic, 170 00:12:34,290 --> 00:12:37,450 humorous imitation of something. Yes, parody 171 00:12:37,450 --> 00:12:40,370 imitates, because the word parody means to copy or 172 00:12:40,370 --> 00:12:45,980 to imitate. Now, is it always funny? Is it always 173 00:12:45,980 --> 00:12:49,900 humorous? Is it always less serious? This is my 174 00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:53,160 point now. I think, no, it's not, because sometimes 175 00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,100 it can hurt people's feelings if you're making fun 176 00:12:57,100 --> 00:13:00,580 of them. Is it only about hurting feelings? No, I 177 00:13:00,580 --> 00:13:02,160 could say that. But there is one thing. It's about 178 00:13:02,160 --> 00:13:05,080 criticism. In my opinion, parody is about change. 179 00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:08,500 Why would I parody somebody? Because, yes, I want 180 00:13:08,500 --> 00:13:12,540 to make fun of them. But, sometimes, I don't want to 181 00:13:12,540 --> 00:13:15,200 make fun of them. It's not funny. Sometimes, it's 182 00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:18,340 tragic. So I want to criticize them to show their 183 00:13:18,340 --> 00:13:21,760 weaknesses, to show their vices, to show their 184 00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:26,560 corruption, by imitating them in a way that makes 185 00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:29,300 people pay attention. My point is, 186 00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:35,280 If this is like the English canon, you know, the 187 00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:37,820 English canon, the bulk of the most important, 188 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:40,600 most anthologized literary works, where the 189 00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:45,960 mainstream critics and writers reside most of the 190 00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:50,930 time. So, if this is the canon. This is the bubble, 191 00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:54,530 this is the core. Some people live here in the 192 00:13:54,530 --> 00:13:58,570 margin, you know, the margin. Some people are 193 00:13:58,570 --> 00:14:02,350 marginalized. They are known, they're famous, but 194 00:14:02,350 --> 00:14:05,030 they're usually not mentioned and studied and 195 00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:08,110 researched. They're pushed by critics to the 196 223 00:15:42,970 --> 00:15:44,810 parody him, it's like you're telling people that 224 00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:47,710 he's an ordinary person. He's a human being. I can 225 00:15:47,710 --> 00:15:51,170 talk about him in a particular way. In order to do 226 00:15:51,170 --> 00:15:56,030 this, those people outside the canon, they usually 227 00:15:56,030 --> 00:16:00,320 resort to parody. parody, metafiction, 228 00:16:00,940 --> 00:16:02,860 metatextuality sometimes. And we've seen this in 229 00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:06,740 John Donne. Come live with me and be my love. And 230 00:16:06,740 --> 00:16:10,340 we will some new pleasures grow. So if ordinary 231 00:16:10,340 --> 00:16:12,440 people would be, you know, the idealism of the 232 00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:15,600 Elizabethan age, all the pleasures, and we have a 233 00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:18,900 new poet who says some new pleasure. Okay, why 234 00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:23,240 some? Because all is wrong, not realistic. And 235 00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:26,640 you, I want to see what. So he's shaking the world 236 00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:29,790 of the Elizabethan courtly love. This is what John 237 00:16:29,790 --> 00:16:32,090 Donne is doing. So when those people use parody, 238 00:16:32,930 --> 00:16:38,050 who usually does the criticism? The male critics, 239 00:16:38,310 --> 00:16:41,490 people in the canon, people who create the canon. 240 00:16:42,350 --> 00:16:44,210 So are they going to be happy with the parody? 241 00:16:44,830 --> 00:16:48,050 They're not. Are they going to be happy with the 242 00:16:48,050 --> 00:16:51,690 parody? They are not. So for them, for Samuel 243 00:16:51,690 --> 00:16:55,670 Johnson, parody is not serious. It's called, I 244 00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:57,530 think, I'm not sure what exactly he says, but he 245 00:16:57,530 --> 00:17:02,570 says that parody is less serious, less important 246 00:17:02,570 --> 00:17:05,430 art than the original text. And it's interesting 247 00:17:05,430 --> 00:17:08,930 how Johnson also hates puns. Remember we spoke 248 00:17:08,930 --> 00:17:14,210 about puns? A word with two meanings or sounds. A 249 00:17:14,210 --> 00:17:17,070 pun is a play on words, when you play with words. 250 00:17:17,730 --> 00:17:20,490 So those people even don't want us to play with 251 00:17:20,490 --> 00:17:23,510 words because they want us to follow the 252 00:17:23,510 --> 00:17:26,430 definitions in the dictionary. But always there 253 00:17:26,430 --> 00:17:28,990 have always been poets who wanted to do things 254 00:17:28,990 --> 00:17:31,890 differently. Samuel Johnson, by the way, didn't 255 00:17:31,890 --> 00:17:35,450 like Tristram Shandy. And he also didn't like John 256 00:17:35,450 --> 00:17:38,770 Donne. And he also didn't like... So why? Because 257 00:17:38,770 --> 00:17:40,810 they believed in the rules of the Quran. In 258 00:17:40,810 --> 00:17:44,030 following particular rules in order to write what 259 00:17:44,030 --> 00:17:47,370 they call a great book. So you mean that the 260 00:17:47,370 --> 00:17:51,670 people who are kicked out of the canon are turning 261 00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:57,300 to As a tool to criticize these people. So how are 262 00:17:57,300 --> 00:18:00,500 these people going to define parody? Favorably or 263 00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:03,760 unfavorably? Unfavorably. Unfavorably. So even the 264 00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:05,980 dictionary said, yeah, there is fun, there is 265 00:18:05,980 --> 00:18:08,860 humor in parody. But not always. When you read, 266 00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:11,160 come live with me and be my love, and we will some 267 00:18:11,160 --> 00:18:15,120 new pleasures. We don't laugh. It's not funny. We 268 00:18:15,120 --> 00:18:18,670 don't kick it. There's no joke here. But Jonathan 269 00:18:18,670 --> 00:18:22,090 attracts our attention, grabs our attention to the 270 00:18:22,090 --> 00:18:24,710 fact that there is another world different from 271 00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:27,710 the world, the idealistic world of Christopher 272 00:18:27,710 --> 00:18:31,970 Marlowe, another more realistic world, so to 273 00:18:31,970 --> 00:18:36,370 speak. So going back here today to Augustine 274 00:18:36,370 --> 00:18:42,990 poetry, we have again three poets. Alexander Pope, 275 00:18:43,350 --> 00:18:47,470 Mary Montague, and Mary Liver. One man, two women. 276 00:18:47,570 --> 00:18:51,790 And these are the first women poets to study. And 277 00:18:51,790 --> 00:18:54,870 this is the 18th century. And that's very 278 00:18:54,870 --> 00:18:57,450 interesting. Because in Arabic tradition and 279 00:18:57,450 --> 00:19:01,430 culture, we have poets as far as I think 2,000, 1 280 00:19:01,430 --> 00:19:08,350 ,500 years ago. Khan Sawa was a famous Arab 281 00:19:08,350 --> 00:19:12,950 poet. Female Arab poet. Is there something wrong 282 00:19:12,950 --> 00:19:16,370 with women? Are women unable to write poetry or to 283 00:19:16,370 --> 00:19:21,310 write? No. Definitely not. Definitely not. There's 284 00:19:21,310 --> 00:19:24,870 something wrong with the way the society deals 285 00:19:24,870 --> 00:19:30,010 with women, frames women, and marginalizes women. 286 00:19:30,150 --> 00:19:34,210 So Alexander Poe is one of the neoclassicist 287 00:19:34,210 --> 00:19:37,650 critics and poets. Before I speak a little bit 288 00:19:37,650 --> 00:19:42,800 about him, Here is one of his famous heroic 289 00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,260 couplets, couplets from, I think, an essay on 290 00:19:46,260 --> 00:19:48,860 criticism. He's speaking about poetry, about 291 00:19:48,860 --> 00:19:51,900 criticism, about poetry writing. And he says, 292 00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:55,100 those rules, the rules of writing, classification, 293 00:19:56,780 --> 00:20:02,140 of all discovered, not devised. So he's defending 294 00:20:02,140 --> 00:20:06,440 the rules of Decora. You know Horus and Custas are 295 00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:07,600 nature, so those 296 00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:15,380 They are nature still, but nature methodized, 297 00:20:15,540 --> 00:20:20,540 systematized, organized. This is something like 298 00:20:20,540 --> 00:20:23,240 the likes of John Donne would disagree with 299 00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:27,280 because he's saying, this is strange, the rules of 300 00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:32,280 poetry were not invented by anybody. We found them 301 00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:35,980 out there in nature exactly like we find a planet 302 00:20:35,980 --> 00:20:39,860 or some stars or some galaxies out there or some 303 00:20:39,860 --> 00:20:43,740 new species or birds or some type of fish. 304 00:20:47,150 --> 00:20:50,410 And this is, again, very interesting, because for 305 00:20:50,410 --> 00:20:53,130 them, they actually have a point here. It doesn't 306 00:20:53,130 --> 00:20:55,690 mean their poetry sucks, or they're bad, or no, 307 00:20:55,870 --> 00:20:59,530 no. According to those people, the greatest poetry 308 00:20:59,530 --> 00:21:03,370 was written centuries ago, when man was not 309 00:21:03,370 --> 00:21:05,910 corrupted, when man didn't go even to university, 310 00:21:06,050 --> 00:21:09,110 was not taught to write poetry. Some people now go 311 00:21:09,110 --> 00:21:11,290 to study Arabic or English to be able to write 312 00:21:11,290 --> 00:21:15,350 poetry, right? But those people didn't learn 313 00:21:15,350 --> 00:21:19,040 poetry from anybody. In a way, they were inspired. 314 00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:23,140 For those critics, this inspiration could be from 315 00:21:23,140 --> 00:21:26,800 nature or from God. So God teaches you how to 316 00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,840 write poetry, and nature teaches you how to write 317 00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:31,360 poetry. When you look at nature, you find 318 00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:34,500 everything symmetrical, everything organized. Look 319 00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,560 at the palm tree, for example. Look at the trees 320 00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:40,020 or things of the birds. Look at them, how they are 321 00:21:40,020 --> 00:21:42,600 shaped and will, in a way, symmetrical. You know 322 00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:44,960 what's symmetrical? Everything is balanced. 323 00:21:45,060 --> 00:21:48,380 Everything is organized. So the rules of writing, 324 00:21:48,780 --> 00:21:53,160 like a particular line, some feet, some syllabus, 325 00:21:53,260 --> 00:21:54,660 like 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus, 326 00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,160 they're generally taken from where? Inspired from 327 00:21:58,160 --> 00:22:01,760 nature. So they are not devised by anybody. They 328 00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:06,550 were discovered from If you count the syllables 329 00:22:06,550 --> 00:22:09,530 here, you'll find it. I think I can bring you a 330 00:22:09,530 --> 00:22:13,590 thousand lines by Alexander Papanol. Will be five 331 00:22:13,590 --> 00:22:15,850 feet, five feet, five feet, five feet. Strict 332 00:22:15,850 --> 00:22:19,310 about following. And this is a couplet. Why is 333 00:22:19,310 --> 00:22:24,650 this a couplet? When we speak about Alexander 334 00:22:24,650 --> 00:22:27,510 Pope, we usually speak about the heroic couplet. 335 00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:31,450 And a heroic couplet is basically a couplet. Like 336 00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:34,050 when you define a paragraph, you're studying 337 00:22:34,050 --> 00:22:38,990 writing now. A paragraph is a group of related 338 00:22:38,990 --> 00:22:44,550 sentences about one idea. So a couplet is two 339 00:22:44,550 --> 00:22:48,910 rhyming lines, ten syllables, one idea. Ten 340 00:22:48,910 --> 00:22:53,410 syllables or five feet. One idea. So Alexander 341 00:22:53,410 --> 00:22:55,690 Pope was one of the major poets who followed the 342 00:22:55,690 --> 00:22:57,970 rules of the Quran. They were adopted 343 00:23:02,450 --> 00:23:08,310 whose name is Horus. Also Horus did not invent the 344 00:23:08,310 --> 00:23:14,020 rules. studied poetry and came up with the rules 345 00:23:14,020 --> 00:23:17,580 of poetry, poetry writing. Were the rules 346 00:23:17,580 --> 00:23:21,440 different from the other rules? The old rules? You 347 00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:24,240 know, we took that the other, the old rules of the 348 00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:29,100 Qur'an were similar. Dryden, Samuel Johnson, 349 00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:33,540 Alexander Pomondosov were inspired by Horace, who 350 00:23:33,540 --> 00:23:38,500 was those poems, so they were imitating. Many of 351 00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:41,280 us people believe good poetry is good imitation, 352 00:23:41,580 --> 00:23:44,240 to imitate nature, because nature has everything 353 00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:47,620 there for us. Something that John Donne, for 354 00:23:47,620 --> 00:23:50,100 example, didn't like, and he wanted to change it. 355 00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:54,040 And he wrote several poems, you'll see two or 356 00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:57,740 three of them. One interesting poem by Alexander 357 00:23:57,740 --> 00:24:01,550 Pov is called And he say on man, you know he say, 358 00:24:01,930 --> 00:24:04,750 you write an essay, yeah an article, and he say 359 00:24:04,750 --> 00:24:08,090 it's generally prose. But he was fascinated with 360 00:24:08,090 --> 00:24:10,370 poetry, obsessed with poetry, that this is not 361 00:24:10,370 --> 00:24:14,450 prose, this is poetry, this is verse. Be careful. 362 00:24:14,590 --> 00:24:18,530 This could be a new exam. So if I tell you, a 363 00:24:18,530 --> 00:24:21,290 little learning is a dangerous thing, drink deep 364 00:24:21,290 --> 00:24:25,270 or taste not, the Pyrenean spring is a couplet, a 365 00:24:25,270 --> 00:24:28,850 heroic couplet by Alexander Pope from his article 366 00:24:28,850 --> 00:24:33,890 and essay on criticism. Everything is fine with 367 00:24:33,890 --> 00:24:38,210 the sentence, except the fact that this is not an 368 00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:43,050 article. It's a poem. So don't be tricked by the 369 00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:47,030 name. So what does he say here? He teaches poets. 370 00:24:47,190 --> 00:24:51,730 He preaches his ideology and what poetry should be 371 00:24:51,730 --> 00:24:55,390 about. Remember, for the rules of the Quran, 372 00:24:55,630 --> 00:24:58,710 literature has to teach and delight. When you read 373 00:24:58,710 --> 00:25:01,730 a poem, you have to learn something new, a wisdom, 374 00:25:02,270 --> 00:25:07,260 a moral lesson. So a little learning It's a 375 00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,200 dangerous thing. Have you ever heard of this 376 00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,820 before? Yeah. It's an English proverb, by the way. 377 00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:15,420 Yes. It's a wisdom. A little knowledge is a 378 00:25:15,420 --> 00:25:18,500 dangerous thing. Yes. If you know a little thing, 379 00:25:18,580 --> 00:25:21,300 if you read only, you know, we have this type of 380 00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:23,720 people all the time. People who read two books and 381 00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:27,280 they think they are knowledgeable and will read. 382 00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:31,840 Or people who read, like, the introductions to a 383 00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:35,230 hundred pages and hope they will be So he's 384 00:25:35,230 --> 00:25:38,490 criticizing those people. He's saying a little 385 00:25:38,490 --> 00:25:42,350 learning is a dangerous thing. You either learn a 386 00:25:42,350 --> 00:25:44,770 lot or better not to learn. Because if you don't 387 00:25:44,770 --> 00:25:48,290 learn, generally you might admit that you are 388 00:25:48,290 --> 00:25:52,030 uneducated, illiterate. But if you read two books 389 00:25:52,030 --> 00:25:56,070 and you think you are a poet or a writer or a 390 00:25:56,070 --> 00:26:00,170 political analyst, your analysis and everything 391 00:26:00,170 --> 00:26:04,090 might not be good or something. So what is his 392 00:26:04,090 --> 00:26:08,930 advice? Drink deep or taste not the Pyrene spring. 393 00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:11,450 You know what does spring mean? 394 00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:17,550 Pyrene is, I'll explain it, but what does spring 395 00:26:17,550 --> 00:26:21,490 mean? The full knowledge? No, don't read what is 396 00:26:21,490 --> 00:26:23,910 written in the book. It's not correct. Maybe the 397 00:26:23,910 --> 00:26:28,500 full knowledge? Spring, the word spring. Like 398 00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:30,380 spring, like summer and spring? 399 00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:40,020 Taste not. Drink deep or taste not. That's spring. 400 00:26:41,020 --> 00:26:44,620 Spring is a place where water flows. 401 00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:50,220 No. Spring. 402 00:26:52,660 --> 00:26:55,480 There's something called hot springs where hot 403 00:26:55,480 --> 00:27:00,690 water springs from the spring. So either you, the 404 00:27:00,690 --> 00:27:05,030 Perian spring is a metaphor for the spring of 405 00:27:05,030 --> 00:27:09,770 knowledge, education and everything. So you have 406 00:27:09,770 --> 00:27:13,450 two choices. You either drink deep, study hard, 407 00:27:14,850 --> 00:27:18,770 become an expert, or don't try. This is the idea. 408 00:27:18,930 --> 00:27:22,760 This is the advice. It's like I usually say this 409 00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:24,640 to my students. When you study English, you have 410 00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:26,820 to work very hard. If you finish four years of 411 00:27:26,820 --> 00:27:28,800 studying English and your English is still bad, 412 00:27:29,260 --> 00:27:33,560 it's really sad. So study 445 00:29:47,370 --> 00:29:50,210 Beowulf, always very long, about serious issues in 446 00:29:50,210 --> 00:29:53,850 the community. But in this poem, very long poem, 447 00:29:54,030 --> 00:29:55,830 I'm not sure how many lines, but it's very long, 448 00:29:56,970 --> 00:30:00,330 Alexander Pope is criticizing the trivial things 449 00:30:00,330 --> 00:30:04,200 of the society. In which like in Arabic culture we 450 00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,440 have Dahis or Ghabrar where there was like a 40 451 00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:12,160 year battle over you know two camels, was it two 452 00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:15,500 camels or two horses or something. In this story 453 00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:20,640 someone cuts a little girl's lock of hair and then 454 00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:24,060 all hell breaks loose. They start fighting and 455 00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:27,990 fighting and fighting. So what is he criticizing 456 00:30:27,990 --> 00:30:31,450 in the reign of the log? He's criticizing the 457 00:30:31,450 --> 00:30:35,350 trivial things in the society, this fake self 458 00:30:35,350 --> 00:30:40,020 -importance. how people pretend to be brave, but 459 00:30:40,020 --> 00:30:43,560 in reality, they are all only fighting about 460 00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:46,080 trivial things. There are no heroes in this age. 461 00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,860 There are no battles in this age. It's all fake, 462 00:30:49,420 --> 00:30:55,000 like Dryden said some probably 50 years or 60, 70 463 00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,900 years earlier. Okay? That's the name of the book. 464 00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:03,780 So what is a mock epic? What is an epic? A long 465 00:31:03,780 --> 00:31:05,760 poem about heroism. 466 00:31:11,180 --> 00:31:15,280 An epic about a trivial thing. It's an epic, it's 467 00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:18,300 a long poem that mocks, mocks means to mock 468 00:31:18,300 --> 00:31:21,300 something, to make fun of something. But there's 469 00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,220 also this when you do an exam, when you don't do 470 00:31:24,220 --> 00:31:27,460 the original, like sometimes you have to do a 471 00:31:27,460 --> 00:31:31,860 trial exam. It's called mock exam. Yes, mock test. 472 00:31:34,130 --> 00:31:36,990 So a mock epic, it's epic, but it's not an epic. 473 00:31:37,370 --> 00:31:40,330 Because you have like 1,000 lines, but what is it 474 00:31:40,330 --> 00:31:46,610 about? It's someone praising his mouse device. Or 475 00:31:46,610 --> 00:31:50,710 someone fighting, killing many people because they 476 00:31:50,710 --> 00:31:55,090 stole his marker, or about a trivial thing. We 477 00:31:55,090 --> 00:31:58,010 have this. In Gaza here, we have a lot of people 478 00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,350 who would fight and do horrible things only 479 00:32:01,350 --> 00:32:05,600 because someone It's something trivial and stupid. 480 00:32:06,220 --> 00:32:10,160 And that's a talent. This is an interesting poem 481 00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:13,880 to read about. Let's move to the more interesting 482 00:32:13,880 --> 00:32:17,780 poems, or poets of today. Number one is Mary 483 00:32:17,780 --> 00:32:21,760 Lacey. Actually, she's a lady. She was the wife 484 00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:24,660 of, I think, the British ambassador to Germany. 485 00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:28,100 Her name is Mary Montagu. 486 00:32:37,620 --> 00:32:42,900 So we have Aphra Behn, very manly, and now very 487 00:32:42,900 --> 00:32:46,940 muhtakim. She was also a satirist. She was also a 488 00:32:46,940 --> 00:32:49,580 poet. It is said here, it says in the book that 489 00:32:49,580 --> 00:32:52,040 she was a friend of Pope, but later on she became 490 00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:54,080 his enemy. I don't know why. It sounds 491 00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:58,010 interesting. But it's also interesting that 492 00:32:58,010 --> 00:33:02,690 Alexander Pope is a friend of the wife of the 493 00:33:02,690 --> 00:33:05,910 ambassador. So this is generally what poets did in 494 00:33:05,910 --> 00:33:08,990 this age. They wanted to be close to the 495 00:33:08,990 --> 00:33:12,770 royalties, to the court, to the people in power. 496 00:33:15,450 --> 00:33:19,950 In one of her poems in Aladdin, she told of that 497 00:33:19,950 --> 00:33:26,080 satire should like a polished razor keen. What's a 498 00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:30,340 razor? When men shave their beard, so they use 499 00:33:30,340 --> 00:33:34,260 razors, like razor, like very sharp, like a sharp 500 00:33:34,260 --> 00:33:40,100 knife. Like a razor keen, like sharp. Satire 501 00:33:40,100 --> 00:33:42,960 should be sharp like a razor. This is called a 502 00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,540 simile. Using as or like. It's a metaphor, but it 503 00:33:47,540 --> 00:33:56,870 uses like or as. Satire is like a razor. Want is a 504 00:33:56,870 --> 00:34:01,990 verb here. It wants, it should want. It wants with 505 00:34:01,990 --> 00:34:06,190 a touch that is scarcely felt or seen. That is 506 00:34:06,190 --> 00:34:08,510 scarce. It's barely. You don't feel it. You 507 00:34:08,510 --> 00:34:12,270 shouldn't feel it. In a way, she is saying that 508 00:34:12,270 --> 00:34:17,050 satire has to be subtle and indirect. Implicit. If 509 00:34:17,050 --> 00:34:19,950 you read it, you don't think, is she criticizing 510 00:34:19,950 --> 00:34:23,930 me or what is she saying here? And this is 511 00:34:23,930 --> 00:34:26,990 something that comes from a woman. In a way, if 512 00:34:26,990 --> 00:34:30,950 you read this text, if I didn't tell you this was 513 00:34:30,950 --> 00:34:34,570 written by a woman, you can't tell. Can you tell 514 00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:37,330 this was written by a woman? No. She didn't use 515 00:34:37,330 --> 00:34:41,730 words. No. Which proves the idea that women can 516 00:34:41,730 --> 00:34:46,760 write poetry like men exactly. There was this 517 00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:49,660 novelist 10 years ago who said, I read the first 518 00:34:49,660 --> 00:34:51,840 paragraph in a novel and I can't tell whether the 519 00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:54,500 writer is a woman or a man. And there was an 520 00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:58,140 uproar. Everyone's like, what? Come on. There are 521 00:34:58,140 --> 00:35:00,980 similarities. There are differences. But if you 522 00:35:00,980 --> 00:35:04,700 say women don't write as good as well as women, 523 00:35:05,120 --> 00:35:10,980 that's not true. Everyone has his or her own way 524 00:35:10,980 --> 00:35:16,560 and style. And finally today, Another Mary. So 525 00:35:16,560 --> 00:35:22,260 three Marys and one apple. Mary, leper or leaper. 526 00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:29,020 Was also a famous poet who sadly sadly died at the 527 00:35:29,020 --> 00:35:33,800 age of 24. How did she become famous? Because yeah 528 00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,800 she still became famous for some time. Maybe she 529 00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:39,060 became famous after her death? Generally yes. 530 00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:43,340 Generally yes. Her poems were published post 531 00:35:43,340 --> 00:35:46,280 -humously. This is a good word to know. You know 532 00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:53,340 post means after, post exam, post test, after. Pre 533 00:35:53,340 --> 00:35:56,980 -reading, post-reading. Posthumously, like John 534 00:35:56,980 --> 00:36:00,700 Donne. His poetry was mostly published after his 535 00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:04,080 death. You can say after his death or her death. 536 00:36:04,160 --> 00:36:06,360 But when you use the word posthumously, you sound 537 00:36:06,360 --> 00:36:09,560 like a sophisticated person who knows big words. 538 00:36:09,580 --> 00:36:10,700 I'm knowledgeable. Yeah? 539 00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:18,020 Listen, the book says she was influenced by Pope. 540 00:36:18,860 --> 00:36:21,620 And my question is, do you agree or do you 541 00:36:21,620 --> 00:36:25,360 disagree? She was influenced by, the book says, 542 00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:30,040 Mary Lippard was influenced by Alexander Pope. I 543 00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:34,720 want you to read this stanza extracted from a poem 544 00:36:34,720 --> 00:36:39,220 by Mary Lippard and tell me whether you see 545 00:36:39,220 --> 00:36:43,740 similarities or see influence by Alexander Pope or 546 00:36:43,740 --> 00:36:46,780 not. I'll give you one minute. 547 00:36:57,630 --> 00:36:58,970 a form, a theme. 548 00:37:03,110 --> 00:37:07,030 The speaker is a man by the way, but the author, 549 00:37:07,190 --> 00:37:09,290 the poet is a woman. 550 00:37:15,810 --> 00:37:20,310 Can you 551 00:37:20,310 --> 00:37:20,670 read someone? 552 00:37:23,580 --> 00:37:30,520 Now, ma'am, as the chat goes round, 553 00:37:30,960 --> 00:37:35,060 I hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I 554 00:37:35,060 --> 00:37:40,220 try to hold, give me your person, then you go, yet 555 00:37:40,220 --> 00:37:48,420 for your own sake, secured, 556 00:37:53,090 --> 00:37:56,590 I hope your house is too insured. Insured. 557 00:37:57,530 --> 00:38:01,750 Insured. Yeah. Someone else? Back, at the back. 558 00:38:02,150 --> 00:38:05,970 Okay. Now, madam, as a ... Can you raise your 559 00:38:05,970 --> 00:38:10,930 voice? Speak up. Now, madam, as a child goes back, 560 00:38:11,430 --> 00:38:14,350 I dream you have three thousand pounds, but then 561 00:38:14,350 --> 00:38:17,570 as I step on your house, give me your best and 562 00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:21,590 then you will go home. Is this for your sake? Safe 563 00:38:21,590 --> 00:38:25,910 and secured? Secured. I hope your house is secure. 564 00:38:25,930 --> 00:38:29,290 Houses to insure. Someone here, loudly, raise your 565 00:38:29,290 --> 00:38:32,490 voice please. Now madam, as the chat goes round, I 566 00:38:32,490 --> 00:38:37,770 hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I 567 00:38:37,770 --> 00:38:42,970 truffle gold, give me your person, then your gold, 568 00:38:43,450 --> 00:38:47,710 yet for your own sake it is secured, I hope your 569 00:38:47,710 --> 00:38:53,280 house is to insure. What do you think? The speaker 570 00:38:53,280 --> 00:38:56,600 is a man talking to a woman. What is he telling 571 00:38:56,600 --> 00:39:01,600 her? I think he's trying to deceive her. He's 572 00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,280 saying in the second line, I hear you have 10,000 573 00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:07,820 pounds, and then he's saying to her, give me your 574 00:39:07,820 --> 00:39:10,800 person. He's trying to own her. To own her. Oh, 575 00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,770 what an interesting reading. Very good reading. So 576 00:39:15,770 --> 00:39:19,130 there is a man trying to trick a woman to tell 577 00:39:19,130 --> 00:39:22,910 her, give me your money. And he's blunt, he's 578 00:39:22,910 --> 00:39:26,730 vulgar. He's not even trying to hide his deceit. 579 00:39:26,950 --> 00:39:29,470 He's openly talking to her thinking that a woman 580 00:39:29,470 --> 00:39:34,170 is not smart. So, now madam, as the chat goes 581 00:39:34,170 --> 00:39:37,530 around, I hear you have two thousand now. Meaning, 582 00:39:37,770 --> 00:39:39,950 figures, huh? Like a lot of money. You're hiding a 583 00:39:39,950 --> 00:39:43,870 lot of money. You're rich. But I as a trifle hold, 584 00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:46,670 give me your person because a woman generally was 585 00:39:46,670 --> 00:39:50,990 treated as an object, something to own. Give me 586 00:39:50,990 --> 00:39:54,810 your person, then you're gone. Yet for you, it's 587 00:39:54,810 --> 00:39:58,050 not for me. I don't want the money. I want you 588 00:39:58,050 --> 00:40:00,430 weak. You can't protect yourself. Maybe people 589 00:40:00,430 --> 00:40:02,810 will deceive you, trick you. Give me the money. 590 00:40:03,230 --> 00:40:06,850 I'll hide it for you. It's like mothers when they 591 00:40:06,850 --> 00:40:12,620 give you the idea. How much money have you given 592 00:40:12,620 --> 00:40:18,920 your mom so far? A lot. Where is this money? It's 593 00:40:18,920 --> 00:40:23,040 gone. So it's for your sake. It's secured. I'll 594 00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:25,440 secure it for you. I don't want it. I want to 595 00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:28,220 protect you. A woman can't live without a man's 596 00:40:28,220 --> 00:40:33,380 protection. I hold your houses to ensure you have 597 00:40:33,380 --> 00:40:35,740 houses and that they are insured or I can take 598 00:40:35,740 --> 00:40:38,400 them to make sure that they are safe. This is 599 00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,500 again satire from a woman to not only to one man 600 00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:45,060 but also to men in general and how they treat 601 00:40:45,060 --> 00:40:47,520 women, how they think women are not smart, are not 602 00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:49,680 intelligent, but that they always need a man to 603 00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:53,400 protect them, to save them, to make that 604 00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:58,500 everything they have is secure. The theme is women 605 00:40:58,500 --> 00:41:01,700 being smart and powerful. She's giving voice to 606 00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:04,260 women like Aphra Behn. She's empowering women like 607 00:41:04,260 --> 00:41:09,240 Mary Manley. She's insisting that women are as 608 00:41:09,240 --> 00:41:13,200 smart as men and even smarter. So the theme is 609 00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:17,040 different from Alexander Pope. So this is a woman 610 00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:21,840 writing for women about women issues. Do we have 611 00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:26,620 the heroic couplet here? Grammatically speaking, 612 00:41:26,780 --> 00:41:30,840 this is pounds. Thousand pounds. A poetic license 613 00:41:30,840 --> 00:41:31,580 for the rhyme. 614 00:41:34,620 --> 00:41:39,200 Is it 615 00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:45,160 a heroic couplet? Do we have five feet? Four? 616 00:41:51,690 --> 00:41:54,610 not following, if she is influenced by Alexander 617 00:41:54,610 --> 00:41:58,330 Pope, she's not following him one hundred percent. 618 00:41:59,330 --> 00:42:05,950 What is the conclusion here? Women have always 619 00:42:05,950 --> 00:42:12,170 written excellent literature. If they were 620 00:42:12,170 --> 00:42:16,490 published later on, it wasn't their fault. There 621 00:42:16,490 --> 00:42:18,630 must have been poets earlier, probably during 622 00:42:18,630 --> 00:42:20,810 Shakespeare, after, even before, a thousand years. 623 00:42:21,170 --> 00:42:24,430 But usually, the society would ignore them, would 624 00:42:24,430 --> 00:42:27,790 neglect them. One, because they are women. Two, 625 00:42:27,850 --> 00:42:30,650 because generally women, like we've seen here, are 626 00:42:30,650 --> 00:42:37,030 harsh critics of male superiority. So here, 627 00:42:38,410 --> 00:42:41,850 generally when you speak about the woman, how they 628 00:42:41,850 --> 00:42:44,850 explore new ideas, how they centralize and 629 00:42:44,850 --> 00:42:50,010 criticize and attack men all the time, and most 630 00:42:50,010 --> 00:42:53,370 importantly, how they would usually be critical of 631 00:42:53,370 --> 00:42:57,350 male superiority, fake male superiority in the 632 00:42:57,350 --> 00:43:00,430 society. And perhaps that's