1 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:26,740 Assalamualaikum and good day everyone. Today we 2 00:00:26,740 --> 00:00:33,540 move to the 20th century. We'll speak about major 3 00:00:33,540 --> 00:00:37,320 issues in the 20th century, major names and major 4 00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:43,060 literary texts. We are about to close this course. 5 00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:46,570 And I want you always to imagine how the journey 6 00:00:46,570 --> 00:00:49,930 of English literature moved from the oral Old 7 00:00:49,930 --> 00:00:53,130 English tradition and then to Middle English, and 8 00:00:53,130 --> 00:00:55,070 then to drama, Shakespeare, and poetry, and novel, 9 00:00:55,170 --> 00:00:57,490 and prose, and then the 20th century. This has 10 00:00:57,490 --> 00:01:02,250 been a fascinating journey. It's not easy, again, 11 00:01:02,430 --> 00:01:05,390 to speak about everything in English literature in 12 00:01:05,390 --> 00:01:10,370 just 30 or 40 classes. In the future, hopefully, 13 00:01:10,450 --> 00:01:12,450 you will be studying more literature courses, and 14 00:01:12,450 --> 00:01:17,430 you will go in-depth into more issues than we 15 00:01:17,430 --> 00:01:22,350 discussed here. My aim was to give you an idea to 16 00:01:22,350 --> 00:01:25,430 show you how literature and life interact, how 17 00:01:25,430 --> 00:01:27,830 life influences literature, and how literature 18 00:01:27,830 --> 00:01:32,170 also creates particular things in life in the 19 00:01:32,170 --> 00:01:35,690 sense that it empowers people. It suggests new 20 00:01:35,690 --> 00:01:40,030 ideas. It makes us grow in a way or another. And 21 00:01:40,030 --> 00:01:42,830 how literature has always been used by the 22 00:01:42,830 --> 00:01:45,730 marginalized, by the subclass, by women, by the 23 00:01:45,730 --> 00:01:49,210 outsiders as a tool of resistance, of speaking 24 00:01:49,210 --> 00:01:53,370 truth to power of expressing themselves in the 25 00:01:53,370 --> 00:01:56,730 sense that literature is revolution and can cause 26 00:01:56,730 --> 00:02:01,910 revolutions. Now, the 20th century is a 27 00:02:01,910 --> 00:02:05,550 fascinating era to speak about in all issues, 28 00:02:05,730 --> 00:02:10,170 whether we speak about technology, technological 29 00:02:10,170 --> 00:02:15,850 advancements, industry, society, philosophy, 30 00:02:16,190 --> 00:02:21,830 literature, arts, relationships, how the world has 31 00:02:21,830 --> 00:02:25,650 become a really tiny village, especially with the 32 00:02:25,650 --> 00:02:30,380 internet in the late 20th century. Now when we 33 00:02:30,380 --> 00:02:33,000 speak about, before we speak about the literature, 34 00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:36,100 I want just to mention the major issues here. I 35 00:02:36,100 --> 00:02:40,040 can't cover everything again, but we'll have an 36 00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:45,760 idea. So remember how people were lamenting the 37 00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:48,620 loss of faith in the late Victorian Age. They were 38 00:02:48,620 --> 00:02:52,380 sad, expressing their sadness because people were 39 00:02:52,380 --> 00:02:56,040 no longer the people who used to be close, who 40 00:02:56,040 --> 00:02:59,840 loved each other, who were, you know, in a way or 41 00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:03,420 another living in a society in harmony. And how 42 00:03:03,420 --> 00:03:05,660 this society, because of the city and the 43 00:03:05,660 --> 00:03:09,100 Industrial Revolution, how everything was changing 44 00:03:09,100 --> 00:03:13,140 and moving too. to the worst. Some people lamented 45 00:03:13,140 --> 00:03:15,840 this in literature, especially in the poetry of 46 00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:19,200 the late Victorian period. And we've seen the 47 00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:23,400 crisis of faith in Matthew Arnold's famous poem 48 00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:29,520 Dover Beach. And now when Arnold gave us a little 49 00:03:29,520 --> 00:03:32,000 tiny ray of hope when he said, let us be true to 50 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:37,200 one another, suggesting that be honesty and truth. 51 00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:40,700 and beauty are all important things that can at 52 00:03:40,700 --> 00:03:44,680 least unite us despite the differences. Now, when 53 00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:48,840 people had a little tiny hope, the Great War or 54 00:03:48,840 --> 00:03:53,100 the First World War broke out. And millions and 55 00:03:53,100 --> 00:03:55,060 millions of people were killed. I'm not sure how 56 00:03:55,060 --> 00:03:58,040 many, but I think like over 20 million people were 57 00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:00,700 killed. And most of them were white European 58 00:04:00,700 --> 00:04:05,300 Christians. So I remember in literature we have 59 00:04:05,300 --> 00:04:08,880 always this idea of the Western man being more 60 00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:11,860 superior than the native Africans or Asians, being 61 00:04:11,860 --> 00:04:15,180 smarter, more civilized. And now all of a sudden, 62 00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:18,820 The Europeans among themselves, the Christians, 63 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:22,060 the white people are massacring each other for 64 00:04:22,060 --> 00:04:24,780 more or less trivial things. Could be political 65 00:04:24,780 --> 00:04:28,720 issues, but sometimes you go back to the origin of 66 00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:35,220 how it all started, and it's a stupid thing. And 67 00:04:35,220 --> 00:04:38,380 this was the final blow that people lost hope. So 68 00:04:38,380 --> 00:04:42,800 many people lost hope. So the period between the 69 00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:44,380 First World War and the Second World War, 70 00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:46,540 especially in the 30s, is called the lost 71 00:04:46,540 --> 00:04:48,980 generation, where people lost not only hope, but 72 00:04:48,980 --> 00:04:52,140 everything. Even the tiny little spark of hope 73 00:04:52,140 --> 00:04:54,140 they had of maybe this is the Western 74 00:04:54,140 --> 00:04:57,460 civilization. It's going to be the best. history 75 00:04:57,460 --> 00:05:00,720 has ever known. But then all of a sudden, one war 76 00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:04,040 and another war, and tens of millions of people, 77 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:07,200 over 50, around 60 million people were massacred. 78 00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:12,960 Because in a way or another, there's no hope. 79 00:05:13,240 --> 00:05:16,960 Humanity is doomed to fail. Remember the 80 00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:20,180 positivism of George Eliot that humanity is 81 00:05:20,180 --> 00:05:23,940 advancing, progressing, the good is yet to come. 82 00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:29,490 This proved that Many things were not true. Now, 83 00:05:29,670 --> 00:05:33,610 the British Empire started to fall apart, to be 84 00:05:33,610 --> 00:05:37,270 torn into pieces because of the liberation 85 00:05:37,270 --> 00:05:41,190 movements and the resistance by the colonized 86 00:05:41,190 --> 00:05:44,650 around the world. So England was shrinking. The 87 00:05:44,650 --> 00:05:49,670 British Empire itself was shrinking until it's now 88 00:05:49,670 --> 00:05:54,140 only a little tiny island. some symbolic authority 89 00:05:54,140 --> 00:05:57,600 here and there. In the 20th century, we speak 90 00:05:57,600 --> 00:06:01,180 about the rise of fascism, the rise of Nazism. 91 00:06:02,170 --> 00:06:05,630 like, as too brutal, like, the worst of what 92 00:06:05,630 --> 00:06:08,470 humanity has given, especially in modern history, 93 00:06:08,690 --> 00:06:12,490 is fascism and Nazism, when people considered 94 00:06:12,490 --> 00:06:14,590 themselves to be bitter just because of the color 95 00:06:14,590 --> 00:06:17,050 of their skin, to be more superior, and to give 96 00:06:17,050 --> 00:06:19,590 themselves the right to kill, massacre millions of 97 00:06:19,590 --> 00:06:23,290 people just because they believe that we are the 98 00:06:23,290 --> 00:06:28,030 chosen people more, more or less. Fascism or 99 00:06:28,030 --> 00:06:31,300 Nazism could have ended with the fall or the 100 00:06:31,300 --> 00:06:35,440 defeat of Hitler and Germany, but neo-Nazism and 101 00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:37,960 Nazis are still alive and kicking around the 102 00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:41,300 world. And fascists are also still alive and 103 00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:42,800 kicking around the world. There are still many 104 00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:45,300 people who believe that, for example, the white 105 00:06:45,300 --> 00:06:48,980 people are the best, the most superior, and this 106 00:06:48,980 --> 00:06:51,960 is called white supremacy. So no matter what 107 00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:54,600 people do, like sometimes you say, why are people 108 00:06:54,600 --> 00:06:57,940 like this? Why is it that this person hate me 109 00:06:57,940 --> 00:07:01,580 because of... what I believe, what I wear, or what 110 00:07:01,580 --> 00:07:04,560 I think, or how I look. Horrible people will 111 00:07:04,560 --> 00:07:07,400 always be around, no matter what we do, no matter 112 00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:11,260 how good we are, okay? So when we speak about 113 00:07:11,260 --> 00:07:13,320 literature, because this is a literature course, 114 00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:17,440 we speak about modernism. And when I spoke about 115 00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:19,120 John Donne and the metaphysical poets, and I said 116 00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:22,680 these were, in a way or another, modernist poets. 117 00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:27,860 When I spoke about, what's his name, Lawrence 118 00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:31,650 Stern, I said, His text Tristram Shandy is also a 119 00:07:31,650 --> 00:07:34,710 modernist text. And when we spoke about Mary 120 00:07:34,710 --> 00:07:36,950 Shelley's Frankenstein, we said there are 121 00:07:36,950 --> 00:07:39,970 modernist elements. Some people think that 122 00:07:39,970 --> 00:07:43,030 modernism started in the 20th century. It's not 123 00:07:43,030 --> 00:07:45,990 accurate. Modernism is not related to a particular 124 00:07:45,990 --> 00:07:50,100 time. But the majority of modernist artistic 125 00:07:50,100 --> 00:07:54,500 creation took place in the 20th century. So I 126 00:07:54,500 --> 00:07:57,020 always give this funny example of, I say if 127 00:07:57,020 --> 00:08:00,220 modernism is a pizza, at least two slices of it 128 00:08:00,220 --> 00:08:04,260 happened before the 20th century. Examples, John 129 00:08:04,260 --> 00:08:08,020 Donne, Herbert, Lawrence Stern, Mary Shelley have 130 00:08:09,560 --> 00:08:12,700 generally experimental issues. When we speak about 131 00:08:12,700 --> 00:08:15,800 modernism, it's basically how you try to bring new 132 00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:18,200 forms of expression, new literary forms, how you 133 00:08:18,200 --> 00:08:20,880 try to break the rules and the barriers of what 134 00:08:20,880 --> 00:08:23,080 you have to do and you just do something new. 135 00:08:23,420 --> 00:08:27,000 That's basically what it is. When we speak also 136 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:29,380 about literature, we speak about literary theory. 137 00:08:29,480 --> 00:08:33,020 So we have literature. In the past 2,000 years ago 138 00:08:33,020 --> 00:08:36,460 or more, we speak about Aristotle and Plato, you 139 00:08:36,460 --> 00:08:40,930 know, Plato. Platon, Aristotle, those people spoke 140 00:08:40,930 --> 00:08:45,220 about literature and they tried to give an idea to 141 00:08:45,220 --> 00:08:48,180 help us understand literature. So it was 142 00:08:48,180 --> 00:08:50,580 basically, if you follow these particular rules, 143 00:08:50,640 --> 00:08:52,680 you're going to write great literature. And great 144 00:08:52,680 --> 00:08:54,620 literature is great because of one, two, three, 145 00:08:54,740 --> 00:08:58,860 four. And it helps us to appreciate and understand 146 00:08:58,860 --> 00:09:01,300 a poem. So you look at the poem, you look at the 147 00:09:01,300 --> 00:09:03,560 criteria they said, and say, oh, this is a great 148 00:09:03,560 --> 00:09:06,640 text because one, two, one, two, three. And we 149 00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:08,980 spoke about Shelley, who wrote an essay on 150 00:09:08,980 --> 00:09:13,130 criticism. And also, what's his name? Alexander 151 00:09:13,130 --> 00:09:16,330 Pope also wrote another essay on criticism and 152 00:09:16,330 --> 00:09:19,630 literary criticism. So what is literary theory? I 153 00:09:19,630 --> 00:09:22,610 don't want you to be bothered a lot here, but just 154 00:09:22,610 --> 00:09:25,670 to have an idea. Basically, literary criticism or 155 00:09:25,670 --> 00:09:29,050 literary theories, they are a set of theories to 156 00:09:29,050 --> 00:09:31,950 help us, to guide us how to understand literature. 157 00:09:32,630 --> 00:09:37,090 I'll speak about two examples here. Feminism, we 158 00:09:37,090 --> 00:09:39,970 mentioned feminism before. Feminism is the 159 00:09:39,970 --> 00:09:43,610 movement, the literary theory that locks a text 160 00:09:43,610 --> 00:09:46,190 from the perspective of a woman, how women are 161 00:09:46,190 --> 00:09:49,450 treated. It's basically a movement that says women 162 00:09:49,450 --> 00:09:52,250 are equal to men or are different in their own 163 00:09:52,250 --> 00:09:55,470 way, not worse. Some people say they are better 164 00:09:55,470 --> 00:10:00,570 than men. It depends on how you take it. So 165 00:10:00,570 --> 00:10:03,070 feminism goes to the literary text and tries to 166 00:10:03,070 --> 00:10:06,510 see, OK, why are you depicting the woman in this 167 00:10:06,510 --> 00:10:08,630 way? Why are you representing this woman in this 168 00:10:08,630 --> 00:10:11,890 way? Why do most women die in their literatics? 169 00:10:12,030 --> 00:10:15,110 This is anti-feminism. Why aren't you allowing the 170 00:10:15,110 --> 00:10:17,110 woman to express herself? This is anti-feminism. 171 00:10:17,230 --> 00:10:20,170 And women should have their own rights to speak, 172 00:10:20,330 --> 00:10:23,850 to express themselves, to love, to hate, to do, to 173 00:10:23,850 --> 00:10:27,150 act. This was a significant thing that empowered 174 00:10:27,150 --> 00:10:29,390 women. The other thing is post-colonialism. And we 175 00:10:29,390 --> 00:10:31,710 also... I'll just go through it in a bit. And also 176 00:10:31,710 --> 00:10:34,090 post-colonialism, we spoke about it when we 177 00:10:34,090 --> 00:10:39,530 mentioned Who's the founder, more or less, of post 178 00:10:39,530 --> 00:10:42,430 -colonialism we mentioned before? What's his name? 179 00:10:43,610 --> 00:10:47,170 Palestinian? Edward Said. Edward Said. Edward Said 180 00:10:47,170 --> 00:10:50,130 is said to be, although he's quoted by some people 181 00:10:50,130 --> 00:10:52,370 that say, like, no, I didn't invent post 182 00:10:52,370 --> 00:10:55,230 -colonialism. But it is generally attributed to 183 00:10:55,230 --> 00:10:58,270 Edward Said, post-colonialism. Now, post 184 00:10:58,270 --> 00:11:01,470 -colonialism says, OK. It focuses mainly on the 185 00:11:01,470 --> 00:11:03,770 relationship between the East and the West, the 186 00:11:03,770 --> 00:11:08,950 imperial powers of Europe and the colonized 187 00:11:08,950 --> 00:11:13,830 oppressed people in Asia and Africa and around the 188 00:11:13,830 --> 00:11:17,390 world. So both of these theories invite us to 189 00:11:17,390 --> 00:11:21,550 question, to challenge, to reread the canon. So 190 00:11:21,550 --> 00:11:25,190 remember the canon? What is the canon? The set of 191 00:11:25,190 --> 00:11:28,450 the most important... Writings, literary works, 192 00:11:28,570 --> 00:11:32,070 whether poetry, novel, or drama. When we check 193 00:11:32,070 --> 00:11:34,830 this again, thanks to these theories, they say, 194 00:11:34,950 --> 00:11:38,390 okay, wait a minute. Why are all the writers men? 195 00:11:38,750 --> 00:11:42,110 White. Europeans. Christians. No women, basically. 196 00:11:42,250 --> 00:11:44,650 No people of color. Ah, there's something wrong 197 00:11:44,650 --> 00:11:48,610 with this. So we reread the canon in a way or 198 00:11:48,610 --> 00:11:53,140 whatever. So today, I'll speak about Edward Said, 199 00:11:53,680 --> 00:11:56,080 Virginia Woolf. Edward Said is a post-colonialism 200 00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:00,400 figure. Virginia Woolf is a feminist figure and 201 00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:04,020 critic. I'll give you examples from three major 202 00:12:04,020 --> 00:12:06,660 literatics, I guess. We'll have T.S. Eliot as a 203 00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:11,480 poet, James Joyce as a novelist, and some will 204 00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:14,740 break it as a playwright or a dramatist, just to 205 00:12:14,740 --> 00:12:18,180 show you an idea about the 20th century, mainly 206 00:12:18,180 --> 00:12:24,270 and briefly. T.S. Eliot. T.S. Eliot is said to be 207 00:12:24,270 --> 00:12:30,490 the greatest 20th century poet and critic. His 208 00:12:30,490 --> 00:12:34,970 famous poem is The Wasteland. And it's generally 209 00:12:34,970 --> 00:12:39,650 translated into Arabic as... Okay, 210 00:12:41,610 --> 00:12:46,270 so notice it's two words here, not one word. So 211 00:12:46,270 --> 00:12:47,170 The Wasteland, 212 00:12:50,380 --> 00:12:57,120 So The Wasteland, written around 1922 by T.S. 213 00:12:57,240 --> 00:13:02,000 Eliot, is considered to be the most important poem 214 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,920 in the 20th century. It is one of the most really 215 00:13:05,920 --> 00:13:11,260 fascinating poems of all time. And when you read 216 00:13:11,260 --> 00:13:15,690 it, it's very interesting. Until you try to read 217 00:13:15,690 --> 00:13:18,490 it, I understand you're still, you know, taking 218 00:13:18,490 --> 00:13:20,610 the first steps into English literature and 219 00:13:20,610 --> 00:13:23,030 English language. But give it a shot. At least 220 00:13:23,030 --> 00:13:25,510 listen to poetry. The most significant thing about 221 00:13:25,510 --> 00:13:27,150 poetry is to listen to it because poetry is meant 222 00:13:27,150 --> 00:13:29,850 to be recited. Listen to the recitation on 223 00:13:29,850 --> 00:13:34,590 YouTube. So this poem, tears in it begins, the 224 00:13:34,590 --> 00:13:37,110 title, The Wasteland, is taken from the Bible. So 225 00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:42,750 it's not his. And then he uses a myth, an ancient 226 00:13:42,750 --> 00:13:47,970 myth about a woman named Sibel. This woman, you 227 00:13:47,970 --> 00:13:50,190 know, an ancient mythology, mythology like the 228 00:13:50,190 --> 00:13:53,710 stories from 2,000, 3,000 years ago with the gods 229 00:13:53,710 --> 00:13:56,950 and goddesses, like unbelievable fictional stories 230 00:13:56,950 --> 00:14:01,630 similar to Beowulf in a way. So Sibel was asked by 231 00:14:01,630 --> 00:14:06,310 someone, like, 232 00:14:07,410 --> 00:14:12,230 You have one wish. What do you want to wish? And 233 00:14:12,230 --> 00:14:14,290 anything you wish, you will be granted. 234 00:14:15,170 --> 00:14:17,370 Interesting, right? So what would you ask for? 235 00:14:17,410 --> 00:14:20,610 What would you ask for now here? To read people's 236 00:14:20,610 --> 00:14:25,850 minds. Oh, wow. That's spooky. To go back in time. 237 00:14:25,950 --> 00:14:29,690 Back, not forward. Back in time. What else? What 238 00:14:29,690 --> 00:14:34,470 else would you do? Get a full mark? Come on. 239 00:14:34,530 --> 00:14:39,620 That's very simplistic. But yeah, it depends. So 240 00:14:39,620 --> 00:14:44,700 what did she ask for? She asked for eternal life. 241 00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:48,960 She wanted to live very ambitious, very everyone 242 00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:51,980 wants to live forever. However, and this is where 243 00:14:51,980 --> 00:14:54,400 the famous saying comes from. In English, they 244 00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,580 say, careful what you wish for. So, sir, we want 245 00:14:57,580 --> 00:15:01,900 the final exam to be all true or false. And I tell 246 00:15:01,900 --> 00:15:04,020 you, careful what you wish for, because it could 247 00:15:04,020 --> 00:15:07,490 be tough. OK? I tell you, like, it's better for 248 00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:09,430 you if you write paragraphs, because you're 249 00:15:09,430 --> 00:15:11,550 trained to write and express yourself. But true or 250 00:15:11,550 --> 00:15:14,870 false, it's like true or false. OK? Black and 251 00:15:14,870 --> 00:15:18,450 white, right? She forgot. She should have asked 252 00:15:18,450 --> 00:15:23,210 for eternal health or eternal youth. Happiness, 253 00:15:23,850 --> 00:15:28,350 but means death eventually. So she asked for 254 00:15:28,350 --> 00:15:34,210 eternal life, and she was given eternal life. And 255 00:15:34,210 --> 00:15:36,910 what happens here is that she grew very old and 256 00:15:36,910 --> 00:15:39,610 very tiny. She kept shrinking and shrinking and 257 00:15:39,610 --> 00:15:41,870 shrinking to the extent that she became like a 258 00:15:41,870 --> 00:15:46,230 tiny little creature, like a little bird. And 259 00:15:46,230 --> 00:15:49,330 people put her in a cage. And like after hundreds 260 00:15:49,330 --> 00:15:51,910 of years later, the kids would be teasing her and 261 00:15:51,910 --> 00:15:54,470 making fun of her. Hey, Sibel, what do you want? 262 00:15:54,810 --> 00:15:56,650 So I remember at the beginning, she said, I want 263 00:15:56,650 --> 00:16:01,780 eternal life. Now she's saying, I want to die. He 264 00:16:01,780 --> 00:16:04,740 wants to die, and he can't even die. And this is 265 00:16:04,740 --> 00:16:07,280 40 years earlier. This is something in the 20th 266 00:16:07,280 --> 00:16:09,120 century. People wanted to die, but they couldn't 267 00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:13,260 even die. Even death was difficult. So he goes 268 00:16:13,260 --> 00:16:16,340 from the Bible to Greek and Latin language. He 269 00:16:16,340 --> 00:16:18,640 doesn't write in English this. And then he 270 00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:22,380 dedicates this poem to his friend, the famous poet 271 00:16:22,380 --> 00:16:27,280 and critic Ezra Pound. Also, he uses Italian. So 272 00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:33,820 Bible. Latin and Greek, Italian. And there is a 273 00:16:33,820 --> 00:16:36,640 subheading for this section of the poem called, 274 00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:38,320 The Burial of the Dead. And I think it's also 275 00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:40,060 taken from the Bible. So what is he writing? 276 00:16:40,180 --> 00:16:43,320 There's nothing by T.S. Eliot. And finally, when 277 00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:45,760 we read, April is the cruelest month, we say, 278 00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:51,340 finally, we come to the poem. And if you're smart 279 00:16:51,340 --> 00:16:54,920 enough, I think you are, you will remember that. 280 00:16:55,820 --> 00:17:02,090 Yeah, thank you. When we discussed Chaucer's 281 00:17:02,090 --> 00:17:05,870 Canterbury Tales, he started this by opening the 282 00:17:05,870 --> 00:17:08,510 poem praising April. What does April generally 283 00:17:08,510 --> 00:17:14,170 symbolize? Life, spring, rebirth, resurrection, 284 00:17:14,450 --> 00:17:17,430 new beginning, new world, new experiences, new 285 00:17:17,430 --> 00:17:20,710 ambitions, life, beauty, happiness. And this has 286 00:17:20,710 --> 00:17:22,710 been the case in English literature. So spring 287 00:17:22,710 --> 00:17:26,710 always represents new life, rebirth. But here, 288 00:17:27,690 --> 00:17:30,350 what is bringing to England, to the West, to 289 00:17:30,350 --> 00:17:33,770 Europe? Death and destruction. Millions of people 290 00:17:33,770 --> 00:17:37,150 dying in the First World War. So it's like, in my 291 00:17:37,150 --> 00:17:41,720 understanding, T.S. Eliot, this is called 292 00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:45,400 allusion. You know allusion when you allude to a 293 00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:49,520 text outside your own text, okay? So he's as if 294 00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:51,360 he's going back in history. Remember we said 295 00:17:51,360 --> 00:17:53,540 Chaucer is the father of English poetry? So it's 296 00:17:53,540 --> 00:17:56,960 like he's going to Chaucer, dragging him by the 297 00:17:56,960 --> 00:17:59,680 hand, dragging him by the hand, dragging him by 298 00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:02,460 the hand, maybe by the collar, bringing him to the 299 00:18:02,460 --> 00:18:06,260 20th century, and telling us all it's all been a 300 00:18:06,260 --> 00:18:10,530 lie. It's a lie. Don't believe this. We are all 301 00:18:10,530 --> 00:18:13,790 going to die. And even when we want to die, we 302 00:18:13,790 --> 00:18:18,390 can't. Because April is not a beautiful month. 303 00:18:19,650 --> 00:18:26,350 April is a cruelest month. Breeding lilacs out of 304 00:18:26,350 --> 00:18:31,110 the dead. Because when the flowers and the trees 305 00:18:31,110 --> 00:18:35,810 and the plants spring beneath this millions of 306 00:18:35,810 --> 00:18:40,370 dead, bodies and land and mixing memory and 307 00:18:40,370 --> 00:18:43,630 desire, stirring dull roots with spring rain. 308 00:18:43,770 --> 00:18:46,530 Winter kept us warm, at least like you don't go 309 00:18:46,530 --> 00:18:50,230 out in winter, just try to forget. Covering earth 310 00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:53,030 in forgetful snow, feeding a little life with 311 00:18:53,030 --> 00:18:59,030 dried tubers. Summer surprised us. Now, in this 312 00:18:59,030 --> 00:19:02,430 text, he uses so many languages. Like, after some 313 00:19:02,430 --> 00:19:05,890 ten lines, he uses, for example, Latin, Greek, 314 00:19:06,330 --> 00:19:10,330 Italian, German language, French language. He uses 315 00:19:10,330 --> 00:19:13,450 Egyptian mythologies. He uses Chinese mythologies, 316 00:19:13,610 --> 00:19:15,830 ancient mythologies. Like, when people first read 317 00:19:15,830 --> 00:19:17,970 this poem, like, what's going on here? We don't 318 00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:22,460 understand basically Everything. So later on, he 319 00:19:22,460 --> 00:19:25,460 published something, and he added notes. He says, 320 00:19:25,580 --> 00:19:27,800 OK, here I mean this, and here I mean that, and 321 00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:31,360 here I mean this and that. But all just we need 322 00:19:31,360 --> 00:19:33,920 here for the class is this, like April is the 323 00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:36,180 cruelest month, and how literature in the 20th 324 00:19:36,180 --> 00:19:39,020 century became more self-aware about itself. There 325 00:19:39,020 --> 00:19:41,240 is a lot of metafictional elements here, like 326 00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:44,680 always taking you outside of the text. If you look 327 00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:48,500 at the structure here, you'll see that it's not 328 00:19:48,500 --> 00:19:51,100 like the classical poetry. This is experimental. 329 00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:53,060 This is modernist poetry. This is poetry that 330 00:19:53,060 --> 00:19:55,640 doesn't follow the rules of decorum. And no 331 00:19:55,640 --> 00:19:57,940 surprise, it was T.S. Eliot who praised John Donne 332 00:19:57,940 --> 00:20:01,580 and showed how important he is. In a way, he 333 00:20:01,580 --> 00:20:04,000 followed, he learned something from John Donne. 334 00:20:04,380 --> 00:20:07,960 Like many other poets of the 20th century. Look at 335 00:20:07,960 --> 00:20:11,640 even the rhyme scheme. Breeding, mixing, stirring, 336 00:20:11,940 --> 00:20:14,880 grain like. It's almost the same in a way or 337 00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:17,780 another. Does this make it less poetic than any 338 00:20:17,780 --> 00:20:19,940 other poetry? This is the greatest poem of the 339 00:20:19,940 --> 00:20:24,220 20th century. But I'm sure Johnson, Samuel Johnson 340 00:20:24,220 --> 00:20:26,920 and Bob and Dryden would be pulling their hair 341 00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:32,100 right now. Because for them, You have to follow 342 00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:34,200 the rules, the rules of decorum in a way or 343 00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:36,840 another. So this is basically what we need to know 344 00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:40,980 about the wasteland. April is the cruelest month. 345 00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:46,380 And then I'll give you an example from the novel. 346 00:20:46,620 --> 00:20:49,080 Listen, it doesn't mean every single literary work 347 00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:53,740 in the 20th century is a modernist text. But the 348 00:20:53,740 --> 00:20:55,660 major trend, the most important famous trend, 349 00:20:56,140 --> 00:20:57,900 modernist literature, although many people were 350 00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:00,860 writing ordinary classical traditional poetry and 351 00:21:00,860 --> 00:21:05,280 stuff. So James Joyce's Ulysses. Remember Ulysses? 352 00:21:05,360 --> 00:21:08,160 I mentioned Ulysses. Homer, character from Homer, 353 00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:11,280 from The Odyssey. And it was mentioned by other 354 00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:16,040 poet, Tennyson, I guess. Anyway. So this text, 355 00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:20,860 Ulysses, refers to the ancient mythology about 356 00:21:20,860 --> 00:21:26,840 someone named Ulysses. Yeah, of course. There is 357 00:21:26,840 --> 00:21:29,020 usually this allusion and metafictional element. 358 00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:32,260 Sometimes even intertextuality if you use texts 359 00:21:32,260 --> 00:21:39,480 from the past. So in this novel, James Joyce uses 360 00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:43,320 the famous stream of consciousness technique of 361 00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:48,000 narrative. Remember Lawrence Stern? So he was one 362 00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:50,630 of the first people to use this. where you get 363 00:21:50,630 --> 00:21:54,450 inside the mind, the thoughts of the character, 364 00:21:55,070 --> 00:21:58,850 and you expose them, reveals as they develop, as 365 00:21:58,850 --> 00:22:02,330 they come, how the ideas develop. But here, he 366 00:22:02,330 --> 00:22:05,450 also mixes between first person and third person 367 00:22:05,450 --> 00:22:08,960 narrators. Very experimental power. The text 368 00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:12,500 covers only 18 hours in the life of the author. 369 00:22:13,100 --> 00:22:16,380 And the novel, how long is it? Like three pages, 370 00:22:16,580 --> 00:22:20,600 30 pages, 10 pages? If you go back home today and 371 00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,620 write your own diaries, you write everything that 372 00:22:23,620 --> 00:22:27,500 happened with you and even every thought that you 373 00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:32,770 thought of or imagined. Maybe you write 100 pages, 374 00:22:33,050 --> 00:22:35,830 50 pages, 70 pages, three pages, depends on how 375 00:22:35,830 --> 00:22:42,710 imaginative you are. But 18 hours, almost 1,000 376 00:22:42,710 --> 00:22:46,130 pages, that's a lot of pages. Why? Because of the 377 00:22:46,130 --> 00:22:50,110 stream of consciousness technique. This novel is 378 00:22:50,110 --> 00:22:52,370 considered... Many people hated this poem, by the 379 00:22:52,370 --> 00:22:55,170 way, this novel. Like, what are you doing? Why are 380 00:22:55,170 --> 00:22:57,250 you jumping from one... Sometimes you don't know 381 00:22:57,250 --> 00:23:00,170 who the narrator is. But in a way, this reflects 382 00:23:00,170 --> 00:23:01,910 something about the 20th century, the 383 00:23:01,910 --> 00:23:04,730 difficulties, the new experimentations, the new 384 00:23:04,730 --> 00:23:07,110 intellectualism, how people wanted to change, to 385 00:23:07,110 --> 00:23:11,750 break all sorts of barriers. Someone not sure here 386 00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:14,530 in this class or another class mentioned Kafka. Go 387 00:23:14,530 --> 00:23:18,510 read something about Kafka. Also amazing stuff. 388 00:23:19,260 --> 00:23:22,320 For example, in one of his novels, the main 389 00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:24,880 character wakes up and finds himself to be a 390 00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:29,440 beetle, I guess, or a small insect. Just he goes 391 00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:33,160 out to work to the outside world as a small 392 00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:36,300 insect, a small animal. Beautiful stuff. But yeah, 393 00:23:36,360 --> 00:23:39,620 you have to have this idea about what modernism 394 00:23:39,620 --> 00:23:44,460 and postmodernism is. Okay? One interesting fact 395 00:23:44,460 --> 00:23:48,360 about this novel is that the last 50 pages have no 396 00:23:48,360 --> 00:23:53,800 punctuation marks. Nothing. It's like 50 pages, no 397 00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:57,620 punctuation marks at all. Why would he do this? 398 00:23:57,660 --> 00:24:00,640 Yeah, why? Remember, if there is something, there 399 00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,360 is a reason. If it's there, it's there for a 400 00:24:03,360 --> 00:24:05,280 reason. If it's not there, it's not there for a 401 00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:09,800 reason. That's basically literature. Yeah. that 402 00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:13,260 he's a good writer and he has a different type of 403 00:24:13,260 --> 00:24:17,320 style than other authors. Okay. But it's not about 404 00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:20,040 only being a good writer. But yeah, he's being 405 00:24:20,040 --> 00:24:23,480 different. But why would you write a whole page 406 00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:25,880 sometimes or two or three pages without 407 00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:30,940 punctuation marks? Maybe to reflect a case of 408 00:24:30,940 --> 00:24:36,620 chaos. Okay, interesting also. reflect some chaos, 409 00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:39,560 some lawlessness. I'm not following the rules of 410 00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:42,940 grammar and punctuation. I'm not doing this. But 411 00:24:42,940 --> 00:24:48,500 there's something else. Yes. That's okay. This is 412 00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:50,020 his new way of writing. 413 00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:53,500 Like what? 414 00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:04,470 It's like just It's like they say, no matter how 415 00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:08,330 big the dream is, it's only like seconds. So this 416 00:25:08,330 --> 00:25:11,170 is just something that crosses your mind. No time 417 00:25:11,170 --> 00:25:13,750 for punctuation. Good. But remember, what is the 418 00:25:13,750 --> 00:25:18,610 narrative style? What is dream of consciousness? 419 00:25:18,990 --> 00:25:25,660 Again, technique where We get inside the mind, and 420 00:25:25,660 --> 00:25:29,560 we see the ideas and how they develop, how they 421 00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:33,160 go, how they move, how they become, how they come 422 00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:36,300 out. When you think, you don't think with 423 00:25:36,300 --> 00:25:40,760 punctuation marks, do you? Now you hear maybe 424 00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:45,500 daydreaming say, oh, I want this class to finish, 425 00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:49,140 exclamation point. I wonder what my mom is cooking 426 00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:53,420 for us today. Full stop. I hope she's not doing 427 00:25:53,420 --> 00:25:58,180 Molokhia again. Exclamation mark. Please mom, do 428 00:25:58,180 --> 00:26:00,440 something I love. Exclamation mark. You don't do 429 00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:04,640 this. When we think, we don't even we don't pay 430 00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:09,060 attention to grammar, right? Okay, I won. Oh, wait 431 00:26:09,060 --> 00:26:12,020 a minute. I thought using the past simple, I 432 00:26:12,020 --> 00:26:14,260 should be using the present perfect. We don't do 433 00:26:14,260 --> 00:26:17,020 this. So this is reflecting the stream of 434 00:26:17,020 --> 00:26:20,820 consciousness technique. Unless you want to think 435 00:26:20,820 --> 00:26:24,960 using grammar, it's up to you. Another example 436 00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:28,440 from the 20th century. This time it's a play. 437 00:26:29,740 --> 00:26:35,960 Play. The name of the play is Waiting For. Godot, 438 00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:39,960 and the T is silent, waiting for silent T, not 439 00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,920 Godot, Godot. And it's half of God, right? It's 440 00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:49,300 like an extra syllable on God here, playing. But 441 00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:51,360 does it mean God? We don't know. Some people say 442 00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:55,260 yes, some people say no. Remember Shakespeare? And 443 00:26:55,260 --> 00:27:01,010 the plays consisted of basically five acts. Each 444 00:27:01,010 --> 00:27:04,390 act has scenes, sometimes two, three, four, five, 445 00:27:04,590 --> 00:27:08,490 seven, nine, more. And generally, scene act number 446 00:27:08,490 --> 00:27:12,110 three has the climax and the top, the peak. And 447 00:27:12,110 --> 00:27:16,070 after that, things go down for the resolution. So 448 00:27:16,070 --> 00:27:19,130 the complication, the plot moves this way. So this 449 00:27:19,130 --> 00:27:24,570 is the plot for a traditional Shakespearean play, 450 00:27:24,990 --> 00:27:28,650 Greek ancient drama basically was like this. But 451 00:27:28,650 --> 00:27:31,550 let's see Samuel Bickett. Samuel Bickett, famous 452 00:27:31,550 --> 00:27:35,650 playwright, wonderful playwright. In Waiting for 453 00:27:35,650 --> 00:27:39,570 Godot, it's basically two acts. And basically the 454 00:27:39,570 --> 00:27:42,550 two acts mirror each other. What happens in the 455 00:27:42,550 --> 00:27:45,350 first one basically happens in the second one. The 456 00:27:45,350 --> 00:27:49,860 story of the play is that two people are Two 457 00:27:49,860 --> 00:27:52,920 people were just waiting for someone named Godo. 458 00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:59,120 Who's Godo? Nobody knows. Has anybody met him 459 00:27:59,120 --> 00:28:02,140 before? Nobody knows. Does he come? He doesn't 460 00:28:02,140 --> 00:28:08,340 come. They just don't. And that's why now it's a 461 00:28:08,340 --> 00:28:10,800 famous expression. What are you doing here? You 462 00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:12,260 could be waiting for the teacher, for the head of 463 00:28:12,260 --> 00:28:14,280 the department, waiting for something, for the 464 00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:16,720 electricity. What are you doing? Oh, I'm waiting 465 00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:19,060 for Godo. Like, I'm waiting for something that is 466 00:28:19,990 --> 00:28:25,090 not going to come, generally. Okay? So one of the 467 00:28:25,090 --> 00:28:28,090 characters describes, summarizes even the whole, 468 00:28:28,350 --> 00:28:31,170 in a way or another, the whole play saying, 469 00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:35,670 nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes. So the 470 00:28:35,670 --> 00:28:40,030 first act or seen, they're just waiting and 471 00:28:40,030 --> 00:28:42,150 spending their time chatting about trivial, stupid 472 00:28:42,150 --> 00:28:45,230 things. He finds a carrot somewhere, he eats the 473 00:28:45,230 --> 00:28:48,550 carrot, he ties the, does the shoelace and unties 474 00:28:48,550 --> 00:28:51,190 it and they want to hang themselves. Just doing 475 00:28:52,660 --> 00:28:55,700 They're just gossiping about the most trivial, 476 00:28:55,940 --> 00:28:58,920 unimportant things in life. And then at the end, a 477 00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:01,680 boy comes, a messenger says, oh, sorry, God is not 478 00:29:01,680 --> 00:29:05,040 coming today. God is going to come next day, 479 00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:08,880 tomorrow. They say, OK, let's go. They don't move. 480 00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:11,520 The curtains are closed. The second act, same 481 00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:14,870 people again, and they speak about Like, we 482 00:29:14,870 --> 00:29:17,510 realize that there's trouble with their memories 483 00:29:17,510 --> 00:29:19,830 in a way or another. They can't remember basically 484 00:29:19,830 --> 00:29:21,810 everything. And we don't know whether this is the 485 00:29:21,810 --> 00:29:25,250 second day or like 50 years or 30 or 10 years, 486 00:29:25,850 --> 00:29:28,370 basically like a couple of months or years later 487 00:29:28,370 --> 00:29:31,030 on. And then they're still also waiting for Godot. 488 00:29:31,090 --> 00:29:33,590 We have new extra characters, also minor 489 00:29:33,590 --> 00:29:36,130 characters. But basically at the end, the boy 490 00:29:36,130 --> 00:29:38,890 shows up. The messenger shows up. And he says, Mr. 491 00:29:38,950 --> 00:29:41,910 Godot told me to tell you he won't come this 492 00:29:41,910 --> 00:29:45,640 evening, but surely tomorrow. And again, they say, 493 00:29:46,660 --> 00:29:50,580 OK, let's go. And they don't move. The curtains 494 00:29:50,580 --> 00:29:57,180 are closed again. So un-Shakespearean, right? What 495 00:29:57,180 --> 00:29:59,220 is it? What is the theme? Yeah. What is it about? 496 00:29:59,900 --> 00:30:02,120 Many people were like, come on. This is absurd. 497 00:30:02,860 --> 00:30:06,320 Ridiculous. And it was named, this type of theater 498 00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:09,200 was named Theater of the Absurd, Masrah Al Abath. 499 00:30:09,740 --> 00:30:15,550 Some people consider it Yeah? Absurd, ridiculous. 500 00:30:15,750 --> 00:30:17,730 But some people believe that this is the most 501 00:30:17,730 --> 00:30:21,450 significant drama after Shakespeare. Because this 502 00:30:21,450 --> 00:30:26,110 is a modernist literature. Like how Ulysses is a 503 00:30:26,110 --> 00:30:29,010 significant work. Like how T.S. Eliot's poem is 504 00:30:29,010 --> 00:30:33,590 different and insignificant. The text could be 505 00:30:33,590 --> 00:30:37,590 about nothing. But because... Yeah? It symbolizes 506 00:30:37,590 --> 00:30:41,090 our... Our life. We wait. We always wait for 507 00:30:41,090 --> 00:30:43,940 something. Look at us Palestinians here. We've 508 00:30:43,940 --> 00:30:46,880 been waiting for freedom, independence. We've been 509 00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:50,180 waiting for Israel to understand that we need our 510 00:30:50,180 --> 00:30:52,900 rights, human rights, basic human rights. We're 511 00:30:52,900 --> 00:30:56,080 waiting for the electricity to come. Four hours a 512 00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:58,940 day of electricity is so unfair. We're waiting for 513 00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:01,140 the siege to be lifted. We're waiting for the 514 00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,480 occupation to end. We're waiting for the Rafah 515 00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:06,940 crossing to open, to travel, to finish. We spend 516 00:31:06,940 --> 00:31:09,640 all our lives waiting. We're waiting for the good 517 00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:13,220 things to come, for hope, for a better life. But 518 00:31:13,220 --> 00:31:16,800 nothing is improving. So what are we waiting for? 519 00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:19,620 We're waiting for Godot. You could write an 520 00:31:19,620 --> 00:31:22,000 article like, Palestinians are waiting for Godot. 521 00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:24,540 Are Palestinians waiting for Godot? Meaning like, 522 00:31:24,580 --> 00:31:27,000 we have no hope. So in a way, this is how in the 523 00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:29,800 20th century, if the Victorian Age some people had 524 00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:33,000 a tiny little shred of hope, here there's nothing. 525 00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:37,200 God doesn't even come to tell them, I'm sorry, I 526 00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:40,240 don't have time. Maybe tomorrow. He sends a little 527 00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:44,440 boy, oh, sorry, he's not coming. Maybe surely 528 00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:48,220 tomorrow. And he never keeps his promise. So this 529 00:31:48,220 --> 00:31:51,220 is about the loss of faith, the loss of hope, the 530 00:31:51,220 --> 00:31:54,580 loss of even the sense of direction, the sense of 531 00:31:54,580 --> 00:31:57,980 purpose. Why are we here? It's about the very 532 00:31:57,980 --> 00:32:04,220 existence of us, of humanity. Maybe, yeah. He has 533 00:32:04,220 --> 00:32:08,480 other crazy plays, like one of his plays, I guess, 534 00:32:08,620 --> 00:32:11,200 as far as I can remember, the main characters, 535 00:32:11,380 --> 00:32:13,440 there are four characters, all dead, all in the 536 00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:18,380 grave, and they're just chatting. What? And many 537 00:32:18,380 --> 00:32:21,660 other plays. But again, remember this. 538 00:32:23,340 --> 00:32:25,020 The fact that this is different from Shakespeare 539 00:32:25,020 --> 00:32:27,520 and other playwrights doesn't mean this is bad 540 00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:29,620 literature. Many people love this experimental 541 00:32:29,620 --> 00:32:33,220 literature. I know many people like movies with, 542 00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:36,200 you know, clear plot, the beginning and the middle 543 00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:39,340 and ending, and it ends happily and you love the 544 00:32:39,340 --> 00:32:43,660 movie. But many people love movies and texts that 545 00:32:43,660 --> 00:32:48,660 shake us, texts that make us ask questions and ask 546 00:32:48,660 --> 00:32:50,800 questions about ourselves, about life. What are we 547 00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:55,050 doing here? What's going on? So this is another 548 00:32:55,050 --> 00:32:58,170 example from 20th-century literature, Waiting for 549 00:32:58,170 --> 00:33:03,470 Godot. Hopefully, whatever Godot is, he will show 550 00:33:03,470 --> 00:33:08,570 up. So this is basically the three texts for 20th 551 00:33:08,570 --> 00:33:11,270 -century literature examples. I'll give you an 552 00:33:11,270 --> 00:33:14,050 idea about Virginia Woolf as a feminist writer and 553 00:33:14,050 --> 00:33:17,030 critic, and I'll give you an idea about our friend 554 00:33:17,030 --> 00:33:21,690 and fellow Palestinian, our cousin and our 555 00:33:21,690 --> 00:33:26,190 neighbor, The one and only Palestinian Christian 556 00:33:26,190 --> 00:33:29,570 intellectual and critic Edward Said in 557 00:33:29,570 --> 00:33:32,650 Orientalism. We should be proud that Edward Said 558 00:33:32,650 --> 00:33:34,890 is Palestinian, by the way. He's famous all over 559 00:33:34,890 --> 00:33:41,990 the world. So now Virginia Woolf is a feminist, 560 00:33:42,310 --> 00:33:46,270 one of the early 20th century feminists. She 561 00:33:46,270 --> 00:33:50,510 lived, I think, until the 1950s, 40s, 78s, 562 00:33:50,530 --> 00:33:52,950 something. I don't care. But she was one of the 563 00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:56,930 leaders of the feminist movement who called for 564 00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,110 not only human, but political, intellectual, and 565 00:34:00,110 --> 00:34:02,870 all rights for women. She said women are even 566 00:34:02,870 --> 00:34:08,130 better than men in many ways. Why? Because if 567 00:34:08,130 --> 00:34:10,450 everything, all the odds are against you, your 568 00:34:10,450 --> 00:34:12,570 parents are against you, your brothers are against 569 00:34:12,570 --> 00:34:15,470 you, your society is against you, everything is 570 00:34:15,470 --> 00:34:17,830 against you, if you manage despite all these 571 00:34:17,830 --> 00:34:20,110 difficulties to write, to produce, to do 572 00:34:20,110 --> 00:34:23,370 something, then you are amazing. Because 573 00:34:23,370 --> 00:34:25,490 everything is against you. Like us, we are 574 00:34:25,490 --> 00:34:27,330 Palestinians. Israel doesn't want us to do 575 00:34:27,330 --> 00:34:31,650 anything, to study, to grow, to build, to invest, 576 00:34:31,890 --> 00:34:35,560 right? So when you manage to succeed and become a 577 00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:38,820 success story, that's an amazing thing because 578 00:34:38,820 --> 00:34:42,020 people around the world don't have, like have so 579 00:34:42,020 --> 00:34:45,080 many things. We don't have 1% of what they have. 580 00:34:46,380 --> 00:34:48,540 So in here, famous article, a collection of 581 00:34:48,540 --> 00:34:52,610 articles called A Room of One's Own, She basically 582 00:34:52,610 --> 00:34:56,390 discusses not only literary figures like Aphra 583 00:34:56,390 --> 00:35:00,110 Behn and George Eliot and other women writers. She 584 00:35:00,110 --> 00:35:03,670 also discusses fictional women, like how women 585 00:35:03,670 --> 00:35:05,910 were portrayed, for example, Chaucer, Shakespeare, 586 00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,380 and later on. So the idea is that you can't 587 00:35:10,380 --> 00:35:13,260 separate fact from fiction, because literature 588 00:35:13,260 --> 00:35:15,720 also empowers us. I said this before. When you 589 00:35:15,720 --> 00:35:18,200 read a text about a particular person who 590 00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:20,980 struggles in a particular way, it influences you. 591 00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:24,100 It shows you an example. It tells you how to do it 592 00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:28,520 in your own way. So basically, she explores both 593 00:35:28,520 --> 00:35:31,900 women as writers and characters. The most 594 00:35:31,900 --> 00:35:36,980 interesting thing is that she discusses Many 595 00:35:36,980 --> 00:35:41,180 people, many male critics, many men generally 596 00:35:41,180 --> 00:35:44,500 would believe that it would have been impossible 597 00:35:44,500 --> 00:35:49,100 for any woman to have written the plays that 598 00:35:49,100 --> 00:35:53,920 Shakespeare wrote. Impossible. Why? For men, they 599 00:35:53,920 --> 00:35:56,260 would be saying, because they are women, because 600 00:35:56,260 --> 00:35:58,780 women can't write, can't express, can't explore 601 00:35:58,780 --> 00:36:02,400 what Shakespeare and other men poets or writers 602 00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:05,100 can explore. That's simple. And this is anti 603 00:36:05,100 --> 00:36:10,760 -feminist. OK? Now, Virginia Woolf says, yeah, OK, 604 00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:15,360 I agree. Yes. It would have been impossible 605 00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:20,570 completely and entirely for any woman to have 606 00:36:20,570 --> 00:36:23,110 written the plays of Shakespeare in the age of 607 00:36:23,110 --> 00:36:26,930 Shakespeare, and she gives us reasons why. She 608 00:36:26,930 --> 00:36:31,010 imagines a sister for Shakespeare, and she gives 609 00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:35,190 him the name, the hair, the name of Judith. So, 610 00:36:35,310 --> 00:36:41,230 Judith is Shakespeare's fictional sister, invented 611 00:36:41,230 --> 00:36:47,420 by... Regina Watt. Does he have a sister? So why 612 00:36:47,420 --> 00:36:50,600 does she invent her, create her? She doesn't have 613 00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,500 a sister. But she says, okay, let's assume that 614 00:36:53,500 --> 00:36:55,960 Shakespeare had a sister. She was as genius as 615 00:36:55,960 --> 00:36:57,580 Shakespeare, as smart as Shakespeare, as 616 00:36:57,580 --> 00:36:59,520 interested in art and literature and writing and 617 00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:01,980 studying and reading as Shakespeare. Let's take 618 00:37:01,980 --> 00:37:05,280 the journey together and see what her father would 619 00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:07,280 do to her, what her mother would do to her, what 620 00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:10,440 the society would do to her. So if she fails, it's 621 00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:14,120 not because she didn't even try, or wasn't good, 622 00:37:14,240 --> 00:37:17,360 or as smart as, as intellectual as. It's because 623 00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,360 the society wasn't doing her. Someone read here? 624 00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:23,960 Okay, raise your voice, please. Meanwhile, his 625 00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:27,240 extraordinarily gifted sister, let us suppose, 626 00:37:27,820 --> 00:37:31,740 remained at home. She was as adventurous, as 627 00:37:31,740 --> 00:37:35,460 imaginative, as a dog to see the world as he was. 628 00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:38,260 But she was not sent to school. Shakespeare goes 629 00:37:38,260 --> 00:37:41,560 to school, she doesn't. She had no chance of 630 00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:44,540 learning grammar and logic. So he went to grammar 631 00:37:44,540 --> 00:37:48,780 school, learned logic, she doesn't. That's a lot 632 00:37:48,780 --> 00:37:51,520 of reading Horace and Virgil. Horace and Virgil. 633 00:37:53,420 --> 00:37:56,000 Okay, but Shakespeare, you know how boys are 634 00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:59,460 generally careless and they throw, toss their 635 00:37:59,460 --> 00:38:02,080 books around here. So she finds a book by 636 00:38:02,080 --> 00:38:06,490 Shakespeare. Leaving it alone to the dust to study 637 00:38:06,490 --> 00:38:09,410 the night before the exam. So she's like, oh, 638 00:38:09,810 --> 00:38:12,170 maybe I can. I don't have to go to school. I can 639 00:38:12,170 --> 00:38:14,870 learn by myself. And then the mother-in-law is 640 00:38:14,870 --> 00:38:18,090 like, go make sandwiches. Go clean the dishes or 641 00:38:18,090 --> 00:38:22,350 something. now and then, one of her brothers 642 00:38:22,350 --> 00:38:25,690 perhaps, and read a few pages. But then her 643 00:38:25,690 --> 00:38:29,790 parents came in and told her to mend the stockings 644 00:38:29,790 --> 00:38:34,750 or mine the stew and not moon about with the book. 645 00:38:35,320 --> 00:38:38,060 You don't say anything. Don't mention books. This 646 00:38:38,060 --> 00:38:41,520 is not for you. Women are supposed to help around 647 00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:43,680 at the house, to get married, have kids, spend 648 00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:46,480 their time at home taking care of the husband and 649 00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,920 the kids and making food. And that's it. This is 650 00:38:48,920 --> 00:38:54,000 the mentality. Again, more extracts here. So she, 651 00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:57,320 here referring to Judith, the fictional character, 652 00:38:57,820 --> 00:38:59,840 fictional sister of Shakespeare, invented by 653 00:38:59,840 --> 00:39:03,220 Virginia Woolf. So even if she, and then later on, 654 00:39:03,420 --> 00:39:06,640 what happens? She's forced, Shakespeare, because 655 00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:08,940 he's the boy, he gets married, but he leaves and 656 00:39:08,940 --> 00:39:12,560 goes to London to pursue his dreams. She's forced 657 00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:17,140 into a marriage that she doesn't like. And she's 658 00:39:17,140 --> 00:39:21,440 beaten. And then her father begs her, tells her, 659 00:39:21,780 --> 00:39:25,980 if you don't get married to this man I picked for 660 00:39:25,980 --> 00:39:28,220 you, you're going to hurt me. Because I already 661 00:39:28,220 --> 00:39:31,940 said yes to the family or to the father or to the 662 00:39:31,940 --> 00:39:36,000 person himself. So this is what would happen. So 663 00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:38,480 if she runs away, she imagines that, OK, she runs 664 00:39:38,480 --> 00:39:41,760 away. She leaves the country. She would stand, for 665 00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:45,410 example, at the door of the stage. Telling people, 666 00:39:45,650 --> 00:39:48,730 I can perform, I am an actor, I have a talent, I 667 00:39:48,730 --> 00:39:51,930 can act. Again, the men would be laughing at her 668 00:39:51,930 --> 00:39:57,150 and would be like, oh, women acting. No woman, he 669 00:39:57,150 --> 00:39:59,790 said, could possibly be an actress. It's 670 00:39:59,790 --> 00:40:03,090 impossible. We've never seen a woman, not because 671 00:40:03,090 --> 00:40:06,270 women didn't want to, but because they weren't 672 00:40:06,270 --> 00:40:08,390 allowed. And again, at the end of the day, she 673 00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:12,510 would find herself raped, maybe tricked, pregnant 674 00:40:12,510 --> 00:40:15,330 with a baby, with a child, and then dies somewhere 675 00:40:15,330 --> 00:40:19,300 in London. And this is how it ends for a woman. So 676 00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:22,080 basically, she says, yeah, OK, women can try it 677 00:40:22,080 --> 00:40:25,690 like Shakespeare. But not because... And you know 678 00:40:25,690 --> 00:40:28,750 what she says? Very simple. She says, that's the 679 00:40:28,750 --> 00:40:32,470 title of the article, A Room of One's Own. She 680 00:40:32,470 --> 00:40:34,730 says, a woman has to have financial independence. 681 00:40:35,430 --> 00:40:38,570 If you have your own house or your own room, you 682 00:40:38,570 --> 00:40:40,750 can be independent, you can express yourself, you 683 00:40:40,750 --> 00:40:44,810 can write. But as long as you're living in a house 684 00:40:44,810 --> 00:40:48,410 that nobody respects you or your privacy, you will 685 00:40:48,410 --> 00:40:51,830 not be able to... In the other class, I told the 686 00:40:51,830 --> 00:40:55,050 students, at least if you have so many family 687 00:40:55,050 --> 00:40:58,210 members here in Gaza, like houses would be having 688 00:40:58,210 --> 00:41:02,110 10 and 12 brothers and sisters, at least have your 689 00:41:02,110 --> 00:41:05,690 own drawer where you keep your own talent, your 690 00:41:05,690 --> 00:41:07,970 own productions, if you write poetry, if you draw. 691 00:41:08,630 --> 00:41:10,550 And it's very easy because of social media. Now 692 00:41:10,550 --> 00:41:12,610 you can have your own account. You can use a pin 693 00:41:12,610 --> 00:41:15,630 name, a pseudonym. You can have your own Facebook 694 00:41:15,630 --> 00:41:19,470 page under a pin name where you can write. whether 695 00:41:19,470 --> 00:41:24,570 in English or in Arabic. Now, remember, she 696 00:41:24,570 --> 00:41:26,590 praises John Donne, and she also praises Aphra 697 00:41:26,590 --> 00:41:29,650 Behn, considers her to be one of the leaders, one 698 00:41:29,650 --> 00:41:32,270 of the pioneers. She started this. She showed the 699 00:41:32,270 --> 00:41:36,610 women how? To speak their minds. That's why all 700 00:41:36,610 --> 00:41:40,870 women all together ought to let flowers fall upon 701 00:41:40,870 --> 00:41:44,410 the grave of Aphra Behn. She started this in a way 702 00:41:44,410 --> 00:41:49,900 or another. Finally, Edward Said. And Orientalism. 703 00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:54,360 This is his book. Orientalism. It's... You know 704 00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:57,160 Orientalism? How it's translated into Arabic? 705 00:41:57,360 --> 00:42:02,060 Orientalism? The orient is the east. Orientalism. 706 00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:02,860 Orientalism. 707 00:42:06,200 --> 00:42:09,660 Generally, what Western people, the studies 708 00:42:09,660 --> 00:42:12,440 they're involved in, in order to understand the 709 00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:13,760 east. It's called Orientalism. 710 00:42:16,210 --> 00:42:19,390 So he again exposes how the West controls the 711 00:42:19,390 --> 00:42:22,590 East, abuses, exploits the East, and how the West 712 00:42:22,590 --> 00:42:25,970 always misinterprets the East, how generally, 713 00:42:26,110 --> 00:42:28,390 especially Europe, for example, looks down upon 714 00:42:28,390 --> 00:42:32,030 the natives, occupies them, controls them, abuses 715 00:42:32,030 --> 00:42:38,450 them, steals their raw materials, their resources, 716 00:42:38,750 --> 00:42:42,730 and then they leave us with nothing. And they, you 717 00:42:42,730 --> 00:42:45,810 know, the divide and rule thing, principle, divide 718 00:42:45,810 --> 00:42:49,490 and rule. So even when England, the British Empire 719 00:42:49,490 --> 00:42:53,770 withdraws, we are fighting among ourselves because 720 00:42:53,770 --> 00:42:58,170 of the division it created. So according to the 721 00:42:58,170 --> 00:43:00,890 faith, Orientalism is part of imperialism and 722 00:43:00,890 --> 00:43:04,430 colonialism. Like he says, English and Western 723 00:43:04,430 --> 00:43:08,570 literature, in a way, helped prepare the minds of 724 00:43:08,570 --> 00:43:12,190 the Western people to invade the world, colonize 725 00:43:12,190 --> 00:43:13,950 the world, and occupy the world. We've seen this 726 00:43:13,950 --> 00:43:16,430 in Shakespeare. We've seen this in Robinson 727 00:43:16,430 --> 00:43:19,850 Crusoe, for example. He says this famous quote 728 00:43:19,850 --> 00:43:21,990 from Edward Sayed, The Beginning of Orientalism. 729 00:43:22,570 --> 00:43:30,170 The Orient, the East, us, has helped define Europe 730 00:43:30,170 --> 00:43:34,860 or the West. That's good, right? But not in its 731 00:43:34,860 --> 00:43:40,590 good sense here, as it's contrasting image. So if 732 00:43:40,590 --> 00:43:44,290 the West is superior, the East is inferior. 733 00:43:44,970 --> 00:43:48,190 Civilized, uncivilized. Developed, backward. 734 00:43:48,750 --> 00:43:53,810 Scientific, sentimental and emotional. Scientific, 735 00:43:54,210 --> 00:43:57,550 intellectual, superstitious. So the East has 736 00:43:57,550 --> 00:44:02,310 always been looked at as a contrasting image. We 737 00:44:02,310 --> 00:44:05,790 are always the negative opposite. The other side 738 00:44:05,790 --> 00:44:12,500 of the coin. What does Edward Said say? Edward 739 00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:15,640 Said brings the text and he tries to examine the 740 00:44:15,640 --> 00:44:17,320 relationship between the East and the West. Like 741 00:44:17,320 --> 00:44:21,020 we said this in The Tempest, remember? In Othello. 742 00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:24,200 In Othello, for example, Edward Said would say 743 00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:27,550 that Basically, there's a lot of racism here. 744 00:44:27,910 --> 00:44:30,570 Basically, because the European white Christian 745 00:44:30,570 --> 00:44:35,230 people there are racist, they consider themselves 746 00:44:35,230 --> 00:44:37,630 to be more superior to Othello, not because they 747 00:44:37,630 --> 00:44:40,250 are smarter or better or more powerful, but 748 00:44:40,250 --> 00:44:43,670 because he's black, because he's originally an 749 00:44:43,670 --> 00:44:47,840 African, a Muslim, an Arab. And that's racism. So 750 00:44:47,840 --> 00:44:50,020 he tries to understand this unique relationship. 751 00:44:50,320 --> 00:44:53,360 You know, Friday and Robinson Crusoe, the 752 00:44:53,360 --> 00:44:57,060 relationship, why is Friday always there to be 753 00:44:57,060 --> 00:45:00,440 cured, to be civilized, misrepresented to us? 754 00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:03,660 Because of his origin and his color. He will 755 00:45:03,660 --> 00:45:07,080 never, no matter what happens, be considered to be 756 00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:11,400 a smart person compared to the Europeans. So this 757 00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:15,560 is an example from The book, Kipling Kim. In the 758 00:45:15,560 --> 00:45:19,580 book, the last example, just one minute. I want 759 00:45:19,580 --> 00:45:24,300 you all to go to page 154. This is an example of 760 00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:26,420 how Edward Said would be, for example, studying 761 00:45:26,420 --> 00:45:30,920 this text. Kipling is an English novelist, 762 00:45:31,340 --> 00:45:34,420 Victorian novelist, 20th century novelist. He 763 00:45:34,420 --> 00:45:36,660 wrote this text. The text is called Kim. It's a 764 00:45:36,660 --> 00:45:36,880 novel. 765 00:45:41,360 --> 00:45:44,580 According to Edward Said, According to Dotsaid, 766 00:45:45,480 --> 00:45:52,920 Kim is an imperialist novel, a colonialist novel. 767 00:45:53,620 --> 00:45:56,080 When I say, remember when I said an allegory of 768 00:45:56,080 --> 00:46:00,200 imperialism? In a way, basically, it teaches, it 769 00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:04,200 shows the West that they are better, superior, 770 00:46:05,040 --> 00:46:08,850 more civilized. And the East? It's a very 771 00:46:08,850 --> 00:46:13,470 contrasting image. So this is Orientalism. This is 772 00:46:13,470 --> 00:46:16,670 Edward Said's theory of post-colonialism to study 773 00:46:16,670 --> 00:46:20,770 the colonial interaction between the colonized and 774 00:46:20,770 --> 00:46:24,950 the colonizers. Now in this book, sadly, I love 775 00:46:24,950 --> 00:46:28,170 this book. I say this many times. But this is an 776 00:46:28,170 --> 00:46:31,910 example of the worst whitewashing I have read in 777 00:46:31,910 --> 00:46:38,940 my life. Number one, the book says, Kipling shows 778 00:46:38,940 --> 00:46:42,420 in Kim that he's sympathetic with the Indians. The 779 00:46:42,420 --> 00:46:45,120 story is about an English boy who grows up in 780 00:46:45,120 --> 00:46:48,320 India, and he works for the Secret Service, for 781 00:46:48,320 --> 00:46:50,760 the British Secret Service, to gather information 782 00:46:50,760 --> 00:46:53,260 and intelligence to help empower the British 783 00:46:53,260 --> 00:46:56,760 Empire. That's basically it. So here he says, 784 00:46:57,480 --> 00:47:02,080 Kipling shows that he has sympathy to whom? To the 785 00:47:02,080 --> 00:47:04,620 Indian people. Okay, this is an opinion. I 786 00:47:04,620 --> 00:47:08,260 understand. But then the text quotes this, Kipling 787 00:47:08,260 --> 00:47:10,460 saying, not from the book, from a poem, the east 788 00:47:10,460 --> 00:47:13,060 is the east, and the west is the west, and never 789 00:47:13,060 --> 00:47:16,900 the two or the twin shall meet. And I think this 790 00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:17,420 is racism. 791 00:47:20,240 --> 00:47:22,140 He's saying the east is the east, the west is the 792 00:47:22,140 --> 00:47:26,000 west, they will never meet. Because the east is 793 00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:27,540 the east, and because the west is the west. 794 00:47:28,460 --> 00:47:33,100 Because the east is civilization, modernity, what 795 00:47:33,100 --> 00:47:36,920 else? Superior, smart, intellectual, scientific, 796 00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:39,560 all the technological and industrial advancement. 797 00:47:40,580 --> 00:47:43,240 And the East is what? 798 00:47:44,660 --> 00:47:48,040 Backward. Uncivilized. Savages in a way or 799 00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:51,200 another. So the book comments here, and this is 800 00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:54,280 infuriating. I'm sure Edward Said is pulling his 801 00:47:54,280 --> 00:47:57,430 hair right now. I'm sure he's spinning and 802 00:47:57,430 --> 00:47:59,990 fretting in his grave because of this explanation. 803 00:48:00,350 --> 00:48:05,250 So the book says the British Empire had tried to 804 00:48:05,250 --> 00:48:12,690 make them meet, to make them east and west. and 805 00:48:12,690 --> 00:48:16,130 become part of one whole. But in the new century, 806 00:48:16,410 --> 00:48:19,430 a new process started, and things began to fall to 807 00:48:19,430 --> 00:48:23,310 pieces. What? Are you describing hundreds of years 808 00:48:23,310 --> 00:48:26,370 of slavery, of colonialism, of occupation, of 809 00:48:26,370 --> 00:48:29,870 massacres, of ethnic cleansing, of pogroms? You're 810 00:48:29,870 --> 00:48:32,370 describing this as England trying to make the East 811 00:48:32,370 --> 00:48:35,650 and the West meet? This is horrible. I'm sure, 812 00:48:35,910 --> 00:48:40,320 again, Edward Said is pulling his hair. This is 813 00:48:40,320 --> 00:48:42,920 whitewashing. This is in the book. Yeah, it says 814 00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:45,820 here in the book that the British Empire tried to 815 00:48:45,820 --> 00:48:50,200 bring India and Africa and Europe together. This 816 00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:53,220 is not true. The British Empire is about 817 00:48:53,220 --> 00:48:55,900 occupation and imperialism. It's about control. 818 00:48:56,060 --> 00:49:00,410 It's about supremacy. And it describes here the 819 00:49:00,410 --> 00:49:02,910 new process. This is the movements of liberation 820 00:49:02,910 --> 00:49:04,950 and independence. This is fighting back. This is 821 00:49:04,950 --> 00:49:08,850 the natives trying to end the oppression. But it's 822 00:49:08,850 --> 00:49:13,590 described as something like a process. And began 823 00:49:13,590 --> 00:49:16,370 to fall. What began to fall into pieces? 824 00:49:16,670 --> 00:49:21,650 Oppression, imperialism, colonialism, injustice. 825 00:49:23,300 --> 00:49:27,100 Do you mean that they used this line to show that 826 00:49:27,100 --> 00:49:30,320 they were great and they wanted to... Yeah, the 827 00:49:30,320 --> 00:49:34,200 book here interprets, like, comments on Kipling's 828 00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:36,000 line that the East is the East and the West is the 829 00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:38,680 West and they will never meet again, saying that 830 00:49:38,680 --> 00:49:41,340 the British Empire tried to make the East and the 831 00:49:41,340 --> 00:49:44,320 West meet. They didn't. They went for control. 832 00:49:45,080 --> 00:49:49,500 They went for control, to take, to assume 833 00:49:49,500 --> 00:49:54,910 everything as theirs. And this is an example of 834 00:49:54,910 --> 00:49:59,310 how a critic like Edward Said is inviting us to 835 00:49:59,310 --> 00:50:02,270 reread literature, and Virginia Woolf inviting us 836 00:50:02,270 --> 00:50:06,670 to reread literature in a particular way. I'll 837 00:50:06,670 --> 00:50:11,990 stop here. Thank you very much. We have one more 838 00:50:11,990 --> 00:50:14,670 class, and then we will do a review class on 839 00:50:14,670 --> 00:50:17,930 Wednesday. Okay? Thank you very much.