1 00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:25,070 Hello everyone, nice to have you yet again to 2 00:00:25,070 --> 00:00:28,530 continue our journey into this course, an 3 00:00:28,530 --> 00:00:32,650 introduction to English literature for Palestinian 4 00:00:32,650 --> 00:00:35,310 students at the English department at the Islamic 5 00:00:35,310 --> 00:00:40,060 University of Gaza. Again, the course introduces 6 00:00:40,060 --> 00:00:45,260 us to major literary movements, major literary 7 00:00:45,260 --> 00:00:48,260 events, major literary texts, and major literary 8 00:00:48,260 --> 00:00:52,460 figures in English. We understand these texts. We 9 00:00:52,460 --> 00:00:56,320 study them in their historical context. And again, 10 00:00:56,340 --> 00:01:00,620 I have to repeat this because this is a literature 11 00:01:00,620 --> 00:01:05,410 course. literature in its historical context 12 00:01:05,410 --> 00:01:07,590 because we need to understand the relationship 13 00:01:07,590 --> 00:01:10,810 between history and literature. And I said this 14 00:01:10,810 --> 00:01:15,010 before, it's not a one-way thing. It's not people 15 00:01:15,010 --> 00:01:18,630 only think that literature influences history, but 16 00:01:18,630 --> 00:01:22,990 we here also examine how literature influences 17 00:01:22,990 --> 00:01:27,580 life. So how this is a mutual relationship in a 18 00:01:27,580 --> 00:01:31,300 way or another. We finished last time talking 19 00:01:31,300 --> 00:01:34,000 about Middle English. We've seen how England 20 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:38,740 started to become the England we know now, how the 21 00:01:38,740 --> 00:01:41,420 English language was developing, how English 22 00:01:41,420 --> 00:01:45,220 literary figures, especially people like Geoffrey 23 00:01:45,220 --> 00:01:48,280 Chaucer, how they were looking for the English 24 00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:52,300 identity because they wanted to be special in a 25 00:01:52,300 --> 00:01:55,450 way different from other European countries. Today 26 00:01:55,450 --> 00:01:59,410 we move to speak about one of the major eras in 27 00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,210 the history of English literature. It's the 28 00:02:02,210 --> 00:02:05,620 Renaissance. In the Renaissance, we have so many 29 00:02:05,620 --> 00:02:08,540 things to speak about. But in general, the 30 00:02:08,540 --> 00:02:12,480 subtitle here reads as The Age of Shakespeare, The 31 00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:16,140 Age of Drama. So we'll have an introduction and 32 00:02:16,140 --> 00:02:19,700 see what the Renaissance means to England, to the 33 00:02:19,700 --> 00:02:22,440 United Kingdom, and to English literature. And 34 00:02:22,440 --> 00:02:25,380 then we'll talk about Shakespeare and take Hamlet 35 00:02:25,380 --> 00:02:31,190 as an example. Now, the Renaissance, as you can 36 00:02:31,190 --> 00:02:33,570 see, it is said that the Renaissance started 37 00:02:33,570 --> 00:02:36,810 earlier in Europe, and then, in a way, England 38 00:02:36,810 --> 00:02:43,070 followed up. Around 1485, that's the late 15th 39 00:02:43,070 --> 00:02:46,910 century to the mid-17th century is considered the 40 00:02:46,910 --> 00:02:50,270 Renaissance. The Renaissance means rebirth, means 41 00:02:50,270 --> 00:02:55,150 renewal. It's the rebirth. It's New England. It's 42 00:02:55,150 --> 00:03:00,810 New Britain. Now, in the book, And in most English 43 00:03:00,810 --> 00:03:06,570 texts, they usually introduce us to this era, the 44 00:03:06,570 --> 00:03:08,950 Renaissance. And they speak all, you know, they 45 00:03:08,950 --> 00:03:11,030 say all good things about England, about the 46 00:03:11,030 --> 00:03:14,930 United Kingdom, about the British Empire. We hear 47 00:03:14,930 --> 00:03:19,610 and read all these important, fascinating 48 00:03:19,610 --> 00:03:22,730 discoveries, inventions, and technological, 49 00:03:23,110 --> 00:03:27,340 scientific advances. which all these are in a way 50 00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:31,280 or another are true. But usually these books that 51 00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:34,680 speak about how England became England usually 52 00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:39,200 forget something very important. Remember, England 53 00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:42,980 became, you know, the British Empire, right? The 54 00:03:42,980 --> 00:03:47,940 British Empire that controlled large areas around 55 00:03:47,940 --> 00:03:50,800 the world. England became the most powerful 56 00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:54,300 country in the world. London became not only the 57 00:03:54,300 --> 00:03:57,800 capital of Britain, of England, but it became the 58 00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:02,380 most important city in the world. What does that 59 00:04:02,380 --> 00:04:05,380 mean? It means the English people in a way became 60 00:04:05,380 --> 00:04:10,460 richer. They discovered new areas. They reached 61 00:04:10,460 --> 00:04:15,990 different areas around the world. Again, however, 62 00:04:16,430 --> 00:04:19,110 when we speak about this, when English books speak 63 00:04:19,110 --> 00:04:21,450 about this, they usually forget two important 64 00:04:21,450 --> 00:04:25,150 things. And I will focus on these things. In a 65 00:04:25,150 --> 00:04:27,070 way, they are interchangeable. They are 66 00:04:27,070 --> 00:04:31,600 imperialism and colonialism. Imperialism and 67 00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:33,780 colonialism. What does it mean? What is 68 00:04:33,780 --> 00:04:37,120 imperialism? What is colonialism? Can you tell me 69 00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:40,280 someone? What is imperialism or colonialism? Have 70 00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:43,580 you ever heard about the term colonies, colonial, 71 00:04:43,820 --> 00:04:50,480 colonizer, colonizer? Yeah? Imperialism. Do you 72 00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:51,180 have any idea? 73 00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:55,120 Yes. 74 00:05:02,910 --> 00:05:07,470 OK. So again, I say in a way, colonialism is part 75 00:05:07,470 --> 00:05:13,410 of imperialism, the British Empire, where a 76 00:05:13,410 --> 00:05:17,030 country generally controls another country, 77 00:05:17,270 --> 00:05:20,090 politically, economically, et cetera, et cetera. 78 00:05:21,630 --> 00:05:26,630 Now colonialism is like an occupation, colonized 79 00:05:26,630 --> 00:05:29,660 to occupy. When we speak about the British 80 00:05:29,660 --> 00:05:34,300 colonies in Africa, in Asia, and even some parts 81 00:05:34,300 --> 00:05:40,620 of America, it becomes part of the British Empire, 82 00:05:41,060 --> 00:05:45,340 not by right, but by force. So what happens in 83 00:05:45,340 --> 00:05:48,480 colonialism is that the British Empire sends its 84 00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:52,580 armies, sends its soldiers to occupy areas of the 85 00:05:52,580 --> 00:05:55,560 world in Africa and in Asia. And when they occupy, 86 00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:57,420 what happens to this country? What happens to 87 00:05:57,420 --> 00:05:59,740 Asia? What happens to Australia? What happens to 88 00:05:59,740 --> 00:06:03,000 India, for example, or Pakistan? It's that the 89 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:06,520 British Empire takes all the good things, the raw 90 00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:10,380 materials, the treasures, the materials. It brings 91 00:06:10,380 --> 00:06:13,140 money. It brings riches to the English people in 92 00:06:13,140 --> 00:06:15,680 England. But what happens to the natives? What 93 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:18,420 happens to the colonizers? It's something that 94 00:06:18,420 --> 00:06:20,980 this book doesn't touch upon. And we need to pay 95 00:06:20,980 --> 00:06:24,120 attention to this. It means colonialism means if 96 00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:27,540 England was getting richer and richer, Africa and 97 00:06:27,540 --> 00:06:31,700 Asia were getting poorer and poorer. It means 98 00:06:31,700 --> 00:06:34,860 oppression. It means the destruction of these 99 00:06:34,860 --> 00:06:37,580 countries. It means that these countries are 100 00:06:37,580 --> 00:06:41,120 massacred. Because of the British Empire, millions 101 00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:44,360 and millions of people were massacred. Because of 102 00:06:44,360 --> 00:06:46,800 the British Empire, countries even today as 103 00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:49,780 Palestinians, we were for some time under the 104 00:06:49,780 --> 00:06:53,540 British mandate of colonialism. And because of the 105 00:06:53,540 --> 00:06:57,640 British Empire, we're still paying this heavy 106 00:06:57,640 --> 00:07:04,340 price. Israel gifted Palestine to the Zionists. 107 00:07:06,700 --> 00:07:09,320 And we're still suffering now. Most of the 108 00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:11,860 problems about borders in Pakistan, in India, and 109 00:07:11,860 --> 00:07:15,380 Kashmir, in Africa, are thanks to the British 110 00:07:15,380 --> 00:07:18,810 Empire. So don't forget, when you read an English 111 00:07:18,810 --> 00:07:22,690 book praising again the advancements, the 112 00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:25,450 achievements of the British Empire, don't always, 113 00:07:25,670 --> 00:07:28,490 don't forget, don't ever forget the fact that the 114 00:07:28,490 --> 00:07:30,610 other people that colonized paid the heaviest 115 00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:33,610 price. They're killed. They're destroyed. Their 116 00:07:33,610 --> 00:07:36,890 countries, their nations are destroyed for 117 00:07:36,890 --> 00:07:39,490 centuries and centuries. And as Palestinians, we 118 00:07:39,490 --> 00:07:42,750 still pay for this. So one interesting thing is 119 00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:45,270 that these new worlds that were discovered are not 120 00:07:45,270 --> 00:07:48,430 actually, in fact, new. Because look at America, 121 00:07:48,530 --> 00:07:51,310 for example, the Native Americans. There were 122 00:07:51,310 --> 00:07:54,610 Native Americans that the Europeans called Red 123 00:07:54,610 --> 00:07:56,310 Indians because they thought they were discovering 124 00:07:56,310 --> 00:08:04,430 India. Now Columbus discovering America in 1492 is 125 00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:06,750 mentioned here as an achievement, right? 126 00:08:07,410 --> 00:08:10,590 Something, wow, cool, because Europeans started 127 00:08:10,590 --> 00:08:15,530 migrating to America and made America. But this 128 00:08:15,530 --> 00:08:18,050 doesn't mention the fact that tens of millions 129 00:08:18,050 --> 00:08:21,610 were massacred, Native Americans, just brutally 130 00:08:21,610 --> 00:08:22,730 destroyed and massacred. 131 00:08:25,350 --> 00:08:27,750 their land and everything. They had their land, 132 00:08:27,850 --> 00:08:30,950 their life, their futures, and everything. So 133 00:08:30,950 --> 00:08:32,990 that's number one. So the Renaissance is 134 00:08:32,990 --> 00:08:36,350 characterized, yes, by new discoveries around the 135 00:08:36,350 --> 00:08:39,010 world. But we know these are not new, because 136 00:08:39,010 --> 00:08:41,670 there were people already there. The lands 137 00:08:41,670 --> 00:08:44,670 belonged to other people. And everything else 138 00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:47,950 belonged to those people. So that's number one. 139 00:08:48,350 --> 00:08:50,770 And then when we speak about religion during this 140 00:08:50,770 --> 00:08:54,800 era, we speak about Henry VIII. Now, generally in 141 00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:59,740 Europe, the king follows the Catholic church in 142 00:08:59,740 --> 00:09:03,240 Rome, the Pope. The Pope is the most important man 143 00:09:03,240 --> 00:09:09,700 in Europe. He was God's spokesperson on Earth. He 144 00:09:09,700 --> 00:09:13,160 gives blessings to the kings. The kings ask for 145 00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:16,300 things, ask for his permission sometimes, and he 146 00:09:16,300 --> 00:09:18,700 gives them his blessings, or he says no. And if he 147 00:09:18,700 --> 00:09:24,640 says no, it's no. Now, King Henry, Whose brother 148 00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:28,320 died, he succeeded him. He became the king of 149 00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:32,160 England. He married his brother's wife. And he 150 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:34,580 didn't love her. He didn't like her. And he said, 151 00:09:34,660 --> 00:09:38,340 OK, I want to divorce her. Divorce her. But can 152 00:09:38,340 --> 00:09:43,100 you divorce your wife in Catholicism? You can't. 153 00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:45,000 It's for eternity. 154 00:09:48,190 --> 00:09:52,910 Yeah? And this is, again, Catholicism. So what 155 00:09:52,910 --> 00:09:56,410 should the king do here? Should he listen to the 156 00:09:56,410 --> 00:09:58,670 Pope? Because England, again, remember England was 157 00:09:58,670 --> 00:10:01,910 working very hard to be different, to gain its own 158 00:10:01,910 --> 00:10:05,730 identity, to be its own master. He said, OK, thank 159 00:10:05,730 --> 00:10:10,150 you, Pope. We'll have our own church. And then we 160 00:10:10,150 --> 00:10:12,530 started something called the Church of England. 161 00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:17,100 And who's the head of this church? The king. The 162 00:10:17,100 --> 00:10:21,240 king became the most important man in England. He 163 00:10:21,240 --> 00:10:24,240 was God's person, God's representative on earth. 164 00:10:25,700 --> 00:10:29,820 Okay? But when we speak about this, we speak again 165 00:10:29,820 --> 00:10:33,260 about the Church of England. Religion was, in a 166 00:10:33,260 --> 00:10:36,280 way, becoming different. And here we have, we can 167 00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:38,540 speak about Catholicism, the Pope, and 168 00:10:38,540 --> 00:10:42,550 Protestantism. You know a Protestant? He's a 169 00:10:42,550 --> 00:10:45,010 Protestant or a Catholic. A Protestant from the 170 00:10:45,010 --> 00:10:47,310 word to protest because they were protesting some 171 00:10:47,310 --> 00:10:53,890 teachings of the Catholic Church. Now this is 172 00:10:53,890 --> 00:10:56,890 important to our understanding of literature and 173 00:10:56,890 --> 00:11:02,290 English history here because New ways of thinking 174 00:11:02,290 --> 00:11:04,650 in terms of religion and God and man means new 175 00:11:04,650 --> 00:11:08,150 thinking about life, about how to write, how you 176 00:11:08,150 --> 00:11:11,590 understand life. Now, a very important point here 177 00:11:11,590 --> 00:11:17,370 is what is called the great chain of being. Look 178 00:11:17,370 --> 00:11:17,770 at this. 179 00:11:20,730 --> 00:11:27,110 This pyramid shape, the triangle, is what we know 180 00:11:27,110 --> 00:11:29,730 as the great chain of people, where people were 181 00:11:29,730 --> 00:11:32,250 ranked according to their importance. God is the 182 00:11:32,250 --> 00:11:37,470 creator, but here we have, who's here? The king. 183 00:11:38,660 --> 00:11:41,620 The king of England. He became God's spokesperson, 184 00:11:41,940 --> 00:11:44,740 the most important person, which means everything 185 00:11:44,740 --> 00:11:47,960 the king says, you have to obey. You can't disobey 186 00:11:47,960 --> 00:11:50,640 the king. You can't hurt the king. You can't trash 187 00:11:50,640 --> 00:11:53,660 the king. And then probably the royal family, the 188 00:11:53,660 --> 00:11:56,780 church people, important people, rich people, et 189 00:11:56,780 --> 00:11:59,280 cetera. And then here we have the masses, the poor 190 00:11:59,280 --> 00:12:02,560 people. And at the end, we have insects, animals, 191 00:12:02,980 --> 00:12:06,970 and everything else. So man became important. But 192 00:12:06,970 --> 00:12:10,270 who's the most important man? The king. He became 193 00:12:10,270 --> 00:12:14,290 God's speaker, God's spokesperson on Earth. So 194 00:12:14,290 --> 00:12:17,530 this is in terms of religion. In terms of thought, 195 00:12:17,930 --> 00:12:23,570 three. Again, everything is advancing. New ideas, 196 00:12:23,690 --> 00:12:26,210 new thoughts about life, about man, about the 197 00:12:26,210 --> 00:12:28,430 relationship between man and God and man and man. 198 00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:32,530 Now, this person, his name is Erasmus. He's a 199 00:12:32,530 --> 00:12:36,540 Dutch. a thinker and philosopher, he came with 200 00:12:36,540 --> 00:12:40,880 this idea that is now known as humanism. Humanism 201 00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:44,880 is from human. It's a concept that focuses on man, 202 00:12:45,420 --> 00:12:48,400 man and woman, okay? Man as the center of the 203 00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:52,000 world. Man, not anything else, became the most 204 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:56,100 crucial person in the world. People started to 205 00:12:56,100 --> 00:12:59,140 realize that man is not only because of his 206 00:12:59,140 --> 00:13:02,860 intelligence, but also because of man's ability to 207 00:13:02,860 --> 00:13:06,760 distinguish bad from good, or good from bad, or 208 00:13:06,760 --> 00:13:11,040 evil from good. Man is intelligent. Man is smart. 209 00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:14,220 Man is the center of the world, can control his 210 00:13:14,220 --> 00:13:17,240 fate in a way, and can choose to do good and not 211 00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:21,700 to do bad. Now again, Erasmus and his statement, 212 00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:24,920 this is a paraphrase, that man is the center of 213 00:13:24,920 --> 00:13:30,860 the world. This is the concept of humanism, man as 214 00:13:30,860 --> 00:13:32,820 the center of the world, as the most important 215 00:13:32,820 --> 00:13:35,700 center figure in the world, more important than 216 00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:39,120 any other creatures. In addition, it talks about 217 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:43,480 man's ability to change. to the better, to choose 218 00:13:43,480 --> 00:13:47,840 the good rather than the bad or evil. Now if we 219 00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:51,160 speak about changes in politics, in economics, 220 00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:54,420 intellectualism and life and religion and God, 221 00:13:55,040 --> 00:14:00,380 necessarily there is what? Change in literature. 222 00:14:00,860 --> 00:14:05,260 So whether literature is adapting, to include more 223 00:14:05,260 --> 00:14:08,780 characters and more themes and more issues. Or 224 00:14:08,780 --> 00:14:13,820 life is influencing literature. Or literature 225 00:14:13,820 --> 00:14:15,800 influencing life is, again, a matter of 226 00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:18,520 discussion. Sometimes it's not easy to follow. But 227 00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:21,840 again, literature is so important that it also 228 00:14:21,840 --> 00:14:25,620 makes a difference. It also creates a difference 229 00:14:25,620 --> 00:14:28,840 and makes a difference. This is our major point. 230 00:14:29,160 --> 00:14:32,690 Literature during the Renaissance And when we 231 00:14:32,690 --> 00:14:34,390 speak about literature at that time, we speak 232 00:14:34,390 --> 00:14:37,330 about the most important genre. Remember, so far, 233 00:14:37,410 --> 00:14:43,310 we only have poetry and then some drama, the 234 00:14:43,310 --> 00:14:46,530 miracle drama, remember, from the Bible, okay, in 235 00:14:46,530 --> 00:14:50,970 the Middle Ages. And now drama became more 236 00:14:50,970 --> 00:14:54,210 important because there were theaters and people 237 00:14:54,210 --> 00:14:58,050 would go pay money to watch actors act on the 238 00:14:58,050 --> 00:15:01,680 stage, et cetera. But don't forget that drama was 239 00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:07,740 written also in verse. Here, it was written in 240 00:15:07,740 --> 00:15:11,200 poetry. Shakespeare's plays are mainly written in 241 00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,840 poetry. Don't forget this. So it's still poetry. 242 00:15:15,120 --> 00:15:17,480 But the major difference between poetry and drama 243 00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:23,440 is that poetry is written to be sung, like songs 244 00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:27,520 in a way. But drama was written to be acted on 245 00:15:27,520 --> 00:15:30,390 stage. Please don't forget this. When you think of 246 00:15:30,390 --> 00:15:33,850 Shakespeare and dramatists of that time, they 247 00:15:33,850 --> 00:15:37,450 wrote their plays to be acted, performed on stage. 248 00:15:37,550 --> 00:15:40,690 This is important. That's why sometimes you love 249 00:15:40,690 --> 00:15:44,770 the play more when you watch it. Because it comes 250 00:15:44,770 --> 00:15:47,870 to life. It wonderfully comes to life when it is 251 00:15:47,870 --> 00:15:55,110 performed on stage. So Shakespeare. Shakespeare, 252 00:15:55,410 --> 00:15:55,750 Shakespeare. 253 00:15:59,410 --> 00:16:02,330 What do you know about Shakespeare? He's a great 254 00:16:02,330 --> 00:16:09,030 writer. He wrote plays and poems. 255 00:16:10,370 --> 00:16:12,330 What do you know about Shakespeare? What is the 256 00:16:12,330 --> 00:16:14,810 impression you already have about Shakespeare? He 257 00:16:14,810 --> 00:16:18,130 wrote 37 plays. 258 00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:25,440 More than four, but tragedies, comedies, and 259 00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:27,980 histories. There are other divisions, but we'll 260 00:16:27,980 --> 00:16:30,340 come to this later on. What do you know about 261 00:16:30,340 --> 00:16:32,500 Shakespeare? Forget about the slides. Romeo and 262 00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:36,420 Juliet. Romeo and Juliet. Hamlet. King Lear. The 263 00:16:36,420 --> 00:16:41,280 most famous line in English history, in English 264 00:16:41,280 --> 00:16:44,800 literature, is to be or not to be from? Hamlet. 265 00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:47,340 From Hamlet. What else? What else do you know 266 00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:47,860 about Shakespeare? 267 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,240 He wrote the sonnets. He wrote more than 150 268 00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:59,240 sonnets. 154, some say 52 sonnets. What is a 269 00:16:59,240 --> 00:17:02,500 sonnet? We'll have one more, one whole class for 270 00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:08,560 the sonnet. 14 line poems, sonnets, please. Okay, 271 00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:13,720 good. So originally he wasn't born in London. But 272 00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:16,160 he moved to London because London... Remember, 273 00:17:16,340 --> 00:17:19,940 London was the most important city in the world. 274 00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:23,560 So he moved to London because London is the city 275 00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:26,640 of culture, of literature, of politics, of 276 00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:30,580 economics, of money, of literature, of art, of the 277 00:17:30,580 --> 00:17:33,920 theatre, of success. I like that in the Kamoa 278 00:17:33,920 --> 00:17:39,860 papers because when Queen Elizabeth saw one of his 279 00:17:39,860 --> 00:17:45,620 tragedies and then the people... Even the queen 280 00:17:45,620 --> 00:17:49,620 would watch some of his plays. He has his own 281 00:17:49,620 --> 00:17:54,640 theater later on called The Globe. So let's talk a 282 00:17:54,640 --> 00:17:57,120 little bit about Shakespeare. Listen, now 283 00:17:57,120 --> 00:18:00,100 Shakespeare was not born in London. But at the 284 00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:02,800 age, around the age of 20, 18, he moved. He got 285 00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:05,400 married to a woman older than him. He had some 286 00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:08,480 kids. Some of them died in their infancy. And then 287 00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:12,130 he moved to London because He wanted to act, he 288 00:18:12,130 --> 00:18:14,470 wanted to do something, to write literature, to be 289 00:18:14,470 --> 00:18:18,170 part of the important world. Now Shakespeare, it 290 00:18:18,170 --> 00:18:21,810 is said that he went to a grammar school where he 291 00:18:21,810 --> 00:18:25,850 learned some grammar, language, probably he read 292 00:18:25,850 --> 00:18:29,710 something, some Latin, Greek mythology, Greek 293 00:18:29,710 --> 00:18:35,160 literature probably. maybe some rhetoric, but he 294 00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:37,060 didn't go to university, he didn't go to college, 295 00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:40,760 so he wasn't a fancy rich boy whose parents sent 296 00:18:40,760 --> 00:18:44,000 him to university to learn. And this is something 297 00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,540 we'll talk about in a bit. Now Shakespeare, in his 298 00:18:47,540 --> 00:18:53,900 37 plays or so, is said to be one of the most 299 00:18:53,900 --> 00:18:58,430 important people throughout history. He's 300 00:18:58,430 --> 00:19:00,430 important. He's everywhere. His books were 301 00:19:00,430 --> 00:19:03,090 translated. His plays were translated into almost 302 00:19:03,090 --> 00:19:06,450 every language around the world. Everybody knows 303 00:19:06,450 --> 00:19:08,270 Shakespeare. Everybody hears about Shakespeare. 304 00:19:08,910 --> 00:19:10,710 Whatever you want to talk about, you find 305 00:19:10,710 --> 00:19:12,650 Shakespeare. Business people quote Shakespeare. 306 00:19:12,790 --> 00:19:14,650 Politicians quote Shakespeare. Teachers use 307 00:19:14,650 --> 00:19:17,970 Shakespeare. Shakespeare's everywhere. It's not 308 00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:20,250 only about... We'll talk about this also. Not only 309 00:19:20,250 --> 00:19:22,390 about his stories. His stories are amazing. 310 00:19:22,970 --> 00:19:25,010 Wonderful. The plot, the tragedies, the people, 311 00:19:25,230 --> 00:19:28,910 the character, the characters. Now in Shakespeare, 312 00:19:29,790 --> 00:19:33,370 the stories are usually taken from some book he 313 00:19:33,370 --> 00:19:36,070 read. But it's the language, it's the depiction, 314 00:19:36,270 --> 00:19:39,810 it's bringing the people and bringing the events 315 00:19:39,810 --> 00:19:44,010 alive to us. We watch Shakespeare now, almost 400 316 00:19:44,010 --> 00:19:48,490 years later, and we feel that he belongs to this 317 00:19:48,490 --> 00:19:54,910 age. We feel We feel that he is part of our life 318 00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:58,390 today, the way he talks to us, the way he 319 00:19:58,390 --> 00:20:00,430 discusses his issues, the concerns, his 320 00:20:00,430 --> 00:20:03,570 characters. He touches our hearts. We'll see 321 00:20:03,570 --> 00:20:07,730 Hamlet for example here. Now, the point about 322 00:20:07,730 --> 00:20:10,390 Shakespeare being one of the most, if not the most 323 00:20:10,390 --> 00:20:14,890 important figure in world literature is important 324 00:20:14,890 --> 00:20:17,790 because that's why we're studying Shakespeare 325 00:20:17,790 --> 00:20:20,750 here. He's a canonical writer. He belongs to all 326 00:20:20,750 --> 00:20:24,890 times and all places. As students of the English 327 00:20:24,890 --> 00:20:27,950 department here, we need to study Shakespeare. I 328 00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:30,310 know some of you might have a bad impression about 329 00:20:30,310 --> 00:20:32,590 Shakespeare for a reason or another. Please don't. 330 00:20:33,150 --> 00:20:37,190 Try to read quotes. If you love anything about any 331 00:20:37,190 --> 00:20:39,690 topic you have in mind, I don't know, friendship, 332 00:20:41,170 --> 00:20:44,290 sisters, brothers, mothers, life, teachers, 333 00:20:44,690 --> 00:20:49,750 writing, language, war, battles, heroes, just look 334 00:20:49,750 --> 00:20:53,430 up. Shakespeare quotes on war. And you'll enjoy, 335 00:20:53,570 --> 00:20:56,530 you'll be amazed. Shakespeare talks about 336 00:20:56,530 --> 00:21:01,330 everything in the world. Sometimes if you want to 337 00:21:01,330 --> 00:21:03,450 look for information about the relationships, 338 00:21:03,670 --> 00:21:05,710 Shakespeare is there. About kings, Shakespeare is 339 00:21:05,710 --> 00:21:08,870 there. If you want to quote a topic, I don't know. 340 00:21:08,930 --> 00:21:12,450 Like there are references to the planets, to the 341 00:21:12,450 --> 00:21:16,180 stars, to chemistry. to translation, to teaching, 342 00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:20,780 to thinking, to philosophy. People are amazed how 343 00:21:20,780 --> 00:21:24,580 learned Shakespeare was and is. That's why some 344 00:21:24,580 --> 00:21:29,000 people doubt. They say, can a boy from outside 345 00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:31,640 London who only went to a grammar school be this 346 00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:34,690 knowledgeable? And we'll talk about this 347 00:21:34,690 --> 00:21:37,310 conspiracy. People say, no, Shakespeare is not 348 00:21:37,310 --> 00:21:41,430 Shakespeare. We'll see this in a bit. So we have 349 00:21:41,430 --> 00:21:47,410 37 plays. We have more than 150 sonnets. He's 350 00:21:47,410 --> 00:21:50,830 translated to almost every main language around 351 00:21:50,830 --> 00:21:53,750 the world. He's quoted. Shakespeare was constantly 352 00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:56,690 experimenting. Because literature, for example, 353 00:21:56,750 --> 00:21:58,750 the sonnet, the sonnet came from Europe, from 354 00:21:58,750 --> 00:22:02,300 Italy. But he changed something. He added 355 00:22:02,300 --> 00:22:05,740 something. He doesn't only imitate. He takes and 356 00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:08,860 he adapts. Now talking about Shakespeare, the man 357 00:22:08,860 --> 00:22:11,800 himself, who is Shakespeare? This is, by the way, 358 00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:14,860 one of his famous pictures. Some people say, no, 359 00:22:14,940 --> 00:22:18,400 this is not Shakespeare. And I'll show you another 360 00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:24,020 picture later on. If you remember Muammar Gaddafi 361 00:22:24,020 --> 00:22:27,560 of Libya, he said Shakespeare is originally an 362 00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:32,480 Arab man. His name is Sheikh Zubair. Because 363 00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:41,020 Sheikh is the same as Sheikh. And Shakespeare is 364 00:22:41,020 --> 00:22:43,280 Shakespeare. Sheikh Zubair. 365 00:22:48,340 --> 00:22:54,660 Could an Arab man travel to England, learn the 366 00:22:54,660 --> 00:22:59,100 language and be this? efficient this professional 367 00:22:59,100 --> 00:23:03,810 this profound We don't know. It's very doubtable, 368 00:23:04,090 --> 00:23:08,270 unlikely. But it's interesting that people around 369 00:23:08,270 --> 00:23:10,270 the world want to claim Shakespeare for 370 00:23:10,270 --> 00:23:13,150 themselves. Now, some people say Shakespeare isn't 371 00:23:13,150 --> 00:23:14,670 Shakespeare. Shakespeare is just a name, because 372 00:23:14,670 --> 00:23:17,810 we don't know much about his life. Some claim that 373 00:23:17,810 --> 00:23:21,770 a guy named Francis Bacon. Others claim 374 00:23:21,770 --> 00:23:23,310 Christopher Marlowe. We study Christopher Marlowe. 375 00:23:24,030 --> 00:23:26,010 Shakespeare is Christopher Marlowe, because 376 00:23:26,010 --> 00:23:28,830 Christopher Marlowe died young, and he 377 00:23:28,830 --> 00:23:31,860 disappeared. So some people say, no, he didn't 378 00:23:31,860 --> 00:23:35,800 die. He just pretended to be someone else. Another 379 00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:40,100 people believe he is Edouard Devier of Oxford. 380 00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:44,360 This theory is interesting. Those people, it's 381 00:23:44,360 --> 00:23:47,960 called the Oxford School. The Oxford School. It's 382 00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:52,680 a very famous university. Of course. So they claim 383 00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:54,860 that Shakespeare is someone who went to Oxford. 384 00:23:56,150 --> 00:23:59,630 that there's no way only a grammar school boy 385 00:23:59,630 --> 00:24:02,790 could write this. It has to be someone who went to 386 00:24:02,790 --> 00:24:06,570 university like Oxford, knowledgeable, with a 387 00:24:06,570 --> 00:24:09,670 great background, a noble person with knowledge 388 00:24:09,670 --> 00:24:13,340 and experience. This is interesting. Some people 389 00:24:13,340 --> 00:24:16,720 support this wholeheartedly. But this theory has 390 00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:20,140 some kind of elitism, condescending. It shows 391 00:24:20,140 --> 00:24:23,400 arrogance because they believe that only important 392 00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:26,960 people, royal family, elite people, educated 393 00:24:26,960 --> 00:24:30,240 people can produce this amazing literature. See 394 00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:35,340 this? Okay? And some people even believe that 395 00:24:35,340 --> 00:24:37,160 Shakespeare could be one of the royal family if 396 00:24:37,160 --> 00:24:41,070 not the King James himself. I don't know. But some 397 00:24:41,070 --> 00:24:43,290 people in their reality did not want to be 398 00:24:43,290 --> 00:24:46,730 attached with producing plays because this, in a 399 00:24:46,730 --> 00:24:49,350 way, belongs to other people. And another 400 00:24:49,350 --> 00:24:52,690 interesting theory about who Shakespeare is, there 401 00:24:52,690 --> 00:24:56,210 was an article in Haaretz, probably seven years 402 00:24:56,210 --> 00:24:59,250 ago, wondering if Shakespeare is an Italian Jewish 403 00:24:59,250 --> 00:25:04,490 woman. So not only Italian, but also not only a 404 00:25:04,490 --> 00:25:07,820 Jew, but also a woman. Still interesting. Many 405 00:25:07,820 --> 00:25:11,220 people want to claim Shakespeare for them. 406 00:25:11,940 --> 00:25:14,380 Shakespeare for them. Some people, I had a 407 00:25:14,380 --> 00:25:16,300 discussion with this interesting guy who believed 408 00:25:16,300 --> 00:25:18,480 that Shakespeare could probably be a group of 409 00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:22,560 people. Because again, there is profound knowledge 410 00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:24,700 about the universe, the stars, the planets, 411 00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:28,180 peoples, histories, other cultures, language, 412 00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:34,290 chemistry, science, everything. So probably a 413 00:25:34,290 --> 00:25:36,970 group of people, in a way, and one with an amazing 414 00:25:36,970 --> 00:25:40,330 language skills put this together. We don't know. 415 00:25:41,610 --> 00:25:46,430 We don't know. This sounds silly, but for us here, 416 00:25:47,230 --> 00:25:52,410 we don't care who Shakespeare is. We'll take him 417 00:25:52,410 --> 00:25:56,780 as Shakespeare, the man, the person. But more 418 00:25:56,780 --> 00:25:58,740 important than Shakespeare and his life and what 419 00:25:58,740 --> 00:26:03,120 he did is the literature he's produced. Thank you 420 00:26:03,120 --> 00:26:06,840 very much. The text itself. Because sometimes it's 421 00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:11,790 funny. Every couple of decades, they say, ah, this 422 00:26:11,790 --> 00:26:15,370 play was half written by Marlow. This sonnet that 423 00:26:15,370 --> 00:26:17,710 we thought that Shakespeare wrote was written by 424 00:26:17,710 --> 00:26:20,670 someone other than Shakespeare, or vice versa. So 425 00:26:20,670 --> 00:26:23,550 if the author changes, if somebody realizes that 426 00:26:23,550 --> 00:26:26,890 Shakespeare is a guy from Shijia, is someone from 427 00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:29,630 Gaza, who wrote all these wonderful things, who 428 00:26:29,630 --> 00:26:33,030 left Gaza because of a siege back then, and went 429 00:26:33,030 --> 00:26:35,070 to England and became the most famous person in 430 00:26:35,070 --> 00:26:39,790 England, Still, the text is more important. It's 431 00:26:39,790 --> 00:26:42,970 interesting to know something about the life of 432 00:26:42,970 --> 00:26:48,770 this person. Now, let's study in brief again 433 00:26:48,770 --> 00:26:53,630 Shakespeare's major literary work. Most important 434 00:26:53,630 --> 00:27:00,890 play. It is Hamlet. The play is Hamlet. 435 00:27:04,930 --> 00:27:07,670 See the character map here. Or probably before we 436 00:27:07,670 --> 00:27:11,390 do the character map. Listen to me. So OK, we 437 00:27:11,390 --> 00:27:14,350 agree that Shakespeare is everywhere, all around 438 00:27:14,350 --> 00:27:18,370 the world. Now look at this interesting critic who 439 00:27:18,370 --> 00:27:21,770 said, talking about Hamlet. And this is again, 440 00:27:21,830 --> 00:27:27,770 this is only Hamlet. One of 37 plays and let alone 441 00:27:27,770 --> 00:27:32,610 the sonnets. He said, any time of the day, Again, 442 00:27:32,650 --> 00:27:35,290 indicating how important Hamlet is. Any time of 443 00:27:35,290 --> 00:27:39,370 the day, someone somewhere around the world is 444 00:27:39,370 --> 00:27:41,730 talking about Hamlet, reading Hamlet, studying 445 00:27:41,730 --> 00:27:43,930 Hamlet, watching Hamlet, researching Hamlet, 446 00:27:44,110 --> 00:27:47,010 quoting Hamlet, cursing Hamlet, adapting Hamlet, 447 00:27:47,650 --> 00:27:49,650 writing about Hamlet, answering questions about 448 00:27:49,650 --> 00:27:53,970 Hamlet, thinking of Hamlet, dreaming of Hamlet, I 449 00:27:53,970 --> 00:27:57,570 don't know, anything, like so many things. And 450 00:27:57,570 --> 00:28:01,030 here, at the end of the world, in Gaza, besieged 451 00:28:01,030 --> 00:28:04,250 and occupied, we're studying Hamlet. We're 452 00:28:04,250 --> 00:28:06,570 studying Shakespeare because of how significant 453 00:28:06,570 --> 00:28:10,570 this person is. Hamlet was a prince, but he 454 00:28:10,570 --> 00:28:12,730 belongs to every time and every place. 455 00:28:13,610 --> 00:28:16,170 Hamlet—we'll talk about this in a bit— Hamlet has 456 00:28:16,170 --> 00:28:20,370 modern thoughts 457 00:28:20,370 --> 00:28:25,810 and ideas that even today, in the 21st century, we 458 00:28:25,810 --> 00:28:29,430 can relate to. His problems are problems of today 459 00:28:29,430 --> 00:28:34,410 and every day. Hamlet is a prince, but he's also 460 00:28:34,410 --> 00:28:37,030 an individual. When we read Hamlet, the 461 00:28:37,030 --> 00:28:39,650 relationship between him and his dad, his uncle, 462 00:28:39,810 --> 00:28:45,610 his mom, his friend, his girlfriend, his enemies, 463 00:28:45,930 --> 00:28:50,090 everything, oh my God, it's like it's part of us. 464 00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:53,890 And that's why many people identify with Hamlet. 465 00:28:53,990 --> 00:28:56,670 Hamlet was performed all over the world. And it's 466 00:28:56,670 --> 00:28:59,010 interesting how many people might adapt Hamlet. 467 00:28:59,530 --> 00:29:01,750 Sometimes in Africa, for example, they would take 468 00:29:01,750 --> 00:29:05,830 Hamlet and make the character You know, like a 469 00:29:05,830 --> 00:29:09,670 black African or in China, Chinese man. And there 470 00:29:09,670 --> 00:29:11,390 is, I think, a movie, I can't remember the name, 471 00:29:12,030 --> 00:29:16,370 where Hamlet is a 21st century or 20th century 472 00:29:16,370 --> 00:29:19,510 businessman from New York. But again, he has to 473 00:29:19,510 --> 00:29:22,270 come face to face with all these problems of the 474 00:29:22,270 --> 00:29:27,470 modern life. Now, Hamlet is a modern person, a man 475 00:29:27,470 --> 00:29:29,530 who goes to university, University of Wittenberg. 476 00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:32,680 By the way, the play takes place in Denmark. The 477 00:29:32,680 --> 00:29:35,180 story could have happened in a way or another, but 478 00:29:35,180 --> 00:29:39,260 Shakespeare reproduced it. So again, Hamlet is a 479 00:29:39,260 --> 00:29:44,440 prince. He's a student. He's a son. He's supposed 480 00:29:44,440 --> 00:29:46,800 to succeed the throne. And then he gets the news 481 00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:50,560 that his father died, passed away. He comes back 482 00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:58,300 sad, mournful, sorrowful. And then his uncle 483 00:29:58,300 --> 00:30:02,070 becomes the king. Hamlet does not succeed his 484 00:30:02,070 --> 00:30:05,010 father. His uncle becomes the king. And his 485 00:30:05,010 --> 00:30:09,890 mother, Hamlet's mother, marries his uncle. It 486 00:30:09,890 --> 00:30:12,050 wasn't allowed at that time. But because this is 487 00:30:12,050 --> 00:30:14,150 the king, nobody can talk to the king. Nobody can 488 00:30:14,150 --> 00:30:17,310 say no to the king. Remember, he's the top of the 489 00:30:17,310 --> 00:30:21,950 pyramid. And Hamlet is so sad. And all of a 490 00:30:21,950 --> 00:30:24,390 sudden, someone tells Hamlet, hey, Hamlet, there's 491 00:30:24,390 --> 00:30:27,800 a ghost that looks like your dad. Hamlet is a 492 00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:30,680 university student. As we don't believe in ghosts, 493 00:30:31,020 --> 00:30:36,160 do you? We don't because they don't exist. But he, 494 00:30:36,460 --> 00:30:38,680 because he was desperate, he goes out with his 495 00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:42,080 friend Horatio and he sees he comes face to face 496 00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:47,640 with the ghost of his father. And he talks to him 497 00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:51,060 alone and he tells them, I was killed by your 498 00:30:51,060 --> 00:30:57,500 uncle and your mom kind of knew about this. And 499 00:30:57,500 --> 00:31:00,520 Hamlet was like, oh prophetic soul, I knew there's 500 00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:05,260 something wrong. What's the plan? Kill the king. 501 00:31:06,160 --> 00:31:11,780 To kill the king, revenge. But again, this is a 502 00:31:11,780 --> 00:31:15,160 modern person, a man of the world, a man who goes 503 00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:17,740 to university, seeking revenge belongs in a way 504 00:31:17,740 --> 00:31:19,820 belongs to the past. If you kill somebody who 505 00:31:19,820 --> 00:31:23,560 kills you, in modern life, you go to court now. 506 00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:28,340 You go to court. You go to the police or whatever 507 00:31:28,340 --> 00:31:32,640 represents the police here. So what happens is 508 00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:35,300 that after a long time of Hamlet thinking and 509 00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:38,600 hesitating and OK to do this or not to do this, he 510 00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:45,300 kills. OK. Hamlet, remember, falls in love with or 511 00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:51,600 is in love with Ophelia. Ophelia. OK? But 512 00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:56,310 Ophelia's father, Polonius, And brother Laertes 513 00:31:56,310 --> 00:31:59,170 tells Ophelia not to love Hamlet. They are in 514 00:31:59,170 --> 00:32:03,450 love. They're a really cool couple. But because 515 00:32:03,450 --> 00:32:07,670 the woman was weak, was controlled by the parents, 516 00:32:07,770 --> 00:32:10,630 by the society, she says, OK, I'll obey my father. 517 00:32:11,770 --> 00:32:15,150 So sad, so heartbreaking. We feel sorry for 518 00:32:15,150 --> 00:32:19,010 Hamlet, because people should stand by him. How 519 00:32:19,010 --> 00:32:21,170 much do we blame Ophelia? How much do we blame her 520 00:32:21,170 --> 00:32:25,670 parents? It's an issue of discussion here. And 521 00:32:25,670 --> 00:32:28,830 Hamlet, in an act of rash, accidentally kills 522 00:32:28,830 --> 00:32:35,150 Ophelia's father. Yeah. He thinks he was the king, 523 00:32:35,270 --> 00:32:38,050 was hiding behind some curtain, and he stabs him. 524 00:32:38,350 --> 00:32:42,550 Oh, and he dies. And after that, Laertes is out. 525 00:32:43,850 --> 00:32:47,290 Ophelia, after that, in a way, goes crazy. And 526 00:32:47,290 --> 00:32:49,710 then she kills herself or dies accidentally. 527 00:32:53,650 --> 00:32:58,270 Laertes comes back, and the king, Claudius, tries 528 00:32:58,270 --> 00:33:02,410 to get rid of Hamlet, and they agree on a duel. 529 00:33:03,390 --> 00:33:06,610 Now, before this, it was the moment of Hamlet to 530 00:33:06,610 --> 00:33:11,070 be or not to be. That is the question. Because 531 00:33:11,070 --> 00:33:13,270 Hamlet was hesitant. Should I belong to the old 532 00:33:13,270 --> 00:33:15,350 age, or should I belong to the modern age? What 533 00:33:15,350 --> 00:33:17,210 should I do? Should I kill the king? Can I kill 534 00:33:17,210 --> 00:33:19,930 the king? Can the king be killed? Even if the king 535 00:33:19,930 --> 00:33:22,690 is a murderer, it wasn't easy to think about this. 536 00:33:23,300 --> 00:33:26,620 To die? To sleep? Should I kill myself? Should I 537 00:33:26,620 --> 00:33:29,960 just commit suicide? What should I do? Hesitancy 538 00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:34,680 is a theme here. Deliberation. To be or not to be? 539 00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,700 That is the question. And then they agree on a 540 00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:42,820 duel. In the old ages, if people had a problem or 541 00:33:42,820 --> 00:33:46,040 dispute, they resolved this by a duel. So if I 542 00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:48,960 steal your land, and you say, hey, bring my land 543 00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:52,560 back. I say, OK, let's duel. So if I kill you, the 544 00:33:52,560 --> 00:33:58,380 land is mine, basically, in simplistic terms. If I 545 00:33:58,380 --> 00:34:01,540 kill you, it means the land belongs to me. Now, 546 00:34:02,180 --> 00:34:08,330 Laertes and Hamlet agree on a duel. Because the 547 00:34:08,330 --> 00:34:11,690 king, King Claudius, Hamlet's stepfather, Hamlet's 548 00:34:11,690 --> 00:34:14,610 uncle, Hamlet's king, wants to get rid of Hamlet. 549 00:34:15,010 --> 00:34:20,310 He soaks, with the help of Laertes, Laertes's 550 00:34:20,310 --> 00:34:26,050 sword with deadly poison. And he also brings a 551 00:34:26,050 --> 00:34:29,970 glass of wine for Hamlet, and he puts poison 552 00:34:29,970 --> 00:34:34,810 inside the cup. So they're fighting and fighting, 553 00:34:35,570 --> 00:34:38,670 heroically, both of them. And then Laertes cuts 554 00:34:38,670 --> 00:34:43,290 Hamlet. And Hamlet, in a way, takes the sword and 555 00:34:43,290 --> 00:34:48,350 stabs Laertes. And then Laertes probably realizes 556 00:34:48,350 --> 00:34:51,790 he's wrong in a way, tells Hamlet, you're dead. 557 00:34:52,470 --> 00:34:56,580 The sword is poisoned. Your uncle did this. During 558 00:34:56,580 --> 00:34:59,480 this, or before this a little bit, Hamlet's mother 559 00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:02,760 wants to drink the wine that her husband prepared 560 00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:06,320 for Hamlet. And he says, no, don't drink. And for 561 00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:09,380 the first time, she decides to disobey him. 562 00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,100 It's interesting how she proves herself, but when 563 00:35:15,100 --> 00:35:18,260 she does so, like Ophelia, she dies. She says, no, 564 00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:21,940 I am my own master in a way. And she drinks the 565 00:35:21,940 --> 00:35:26,030 poison. She dies. And Hamlet, when he knows that 566 00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:29,470 story, he takes the sword and he stabs his uncle. 567 00:35:29,550 --> 00:35:31,470 He doesn't think, he doesn't hesitate. There's no 568 00:35:31,470 --> 00:35:34,950 to be or not to be here. There is action. Hamlet 569 00:35:34,950 --> 00:35:41,030 dies. Laertes dies. Ophelia dies. Polonius dies. 570 00:35:41,690 --> 00:35:44,490 Gertrude, his mom, dies. Almost every, all main 571 00:35:44,490 --> 00:35:46,490 characters die. That's why Hamlet is a tragedy. 572 00:35:48,390 --> 00:35:51,730 It's a tragedy where all the main characters die. 573 00:35:52,290 --> 00:35:56,570 However, in Hamlet, there is hope for the future. 574 00:35:57,810 --> 00:36:03,850 His best friend Horatio is still alive, and Hamlet 575 00:36:03,850 --> 00:36:08,390 tells him, tell my story. In a way, if this is a 576 00:36:08,390 --> 00:36:12,670 novel, the narrator is Horatio. And then a new 577 00:36:12,670 --> 00:36:14,250 king is crowned. 578 00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:18,720 And that's the story of Hamlet. It's a tragedy. 579 00:36:19,160 --> 00:36:22,040 But if you think this is cool, the story, you need 580 00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:25,280 to read the language. Really beautiful. Really 581 00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:29,040 amazing. So many. I'll be posting some quotes on 582 00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:31,280 Facebook. They are optional. But all we need here 583 00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:35,380 is to be or not to be. So this is the character 584 00:36:35,380 --> 00:36:37,660 map. This is Hamlet. He's the center. And then the 585 00:36:37,660 --> 00:36:41,210 ghost and the skull. So many good things there. So 586 00:36:41,210 --> 00:36:44,010 why Hamlet? Hamlet, again, Hamlet's the person. 587 00:36:44,350 --> 00:36:47,570 When I don't use inverted commas, it means the 588 00:36:47,570 --> 00:36:51,470 character. Hamlet is a man of modern concerns, 589 00:36:51,650 --> 00:36:54,950 love, duty, revenge, relationships, brotherhood, 590 00:36:55,190 --> 00:36:58,870 friendship, et cetera. The struggle between the 591 00:36:58,870 --> 00:37:02,050 old and the young is there. Young Hamlet and the 592 00:37:02,050 --> 00:37:06,020 old system. Young Hamlet and old Hamlet. Many 593 00:37:06,020 --> 00:37:09,140 until this very day identify with him. When you 594 00:37:09,140 --> 00:37:11,660 read Hamlet, you'll find some of you in Hamlet. He 595 00:37:11,660 --> 00:37:15,380 looks like, I usually say, Hamlet in a way could 596 00:37:15,380 --> 00:37:18,500 be like a Palestinian young man living under 597 00:37:18,500 --> 00:37:22,080 occupation with the society, the rules, and the 598 00:37:22,080 --> 00:37:26,740 siege. We think about this. Hamlet is a tragedy 599 00:37:26,740 --> 00:37:30,580 because everybody, almost everybody dies there. So 600 00:37:30,580 --> 00:37:35,420 sad, but there's hope for the future. Now this is 601 00:37:35,420 --> 00:37:41,280 the to be or not to be quote. This is a soliloquy, 602 00:37:41,720 --> 00:37:46,380 basically it's a soliloquy. What is a soliloquy? 603 00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:51,660 You know solo, solo, when we say solo? Okay, solo, 604 00:37:53,140 --> 00:37:55,960 soliloquy. 605 00:37:56,660 --> 00:38:01,400 Soliloquy means solo, originally it means I talk 606 00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:01,980 to myself. 607 00:38:04,540 --> 00:38:07,360 Soliloquy is a literary device, a theatrical 608 00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:11,300 device from drama, dramatical device where one of 609 00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,040 the characters, mainly, sometimes or usually the 610 00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:17,400 main character is alone, alone, that's solo, on 611 00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:17,920 the stage. 612 00:38:20,900 --> 00:38:26,460 On the stage. What does he do? He talks to 613 00:38:26,460 --> 00:38:29,600 himself. Usually we do this all the time. Now I'm 614 00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:34,380 sure some of you are talking to But here, because 615 00:38:34,380 --> 00:38:38,220 this is supposed to be heard by the audience, the 616 00:38:38,220 --> 00:38:41,160 audience, the people in the audience are very 617 00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:43,920 important, they are part of the drama. So in a 618 00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:49,260 way, he speaks his mind out, shows us his inner 619 00:38:49,260 --> 00:38:51,480 conflict, what's going on in his mind. But he 620 00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:54,620 doesn't do it in movies and TV shows, sometimes 621 00:38:54,620 --> 00:38:57,660 it's done with a voiceover. The character doesn't 622 00:38:57,660 --> 00:39:00,840 move his or her lips. But we hear the voice, this 623 00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:06,000 is a voice over. But here, to be or not to be, 624 00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:11,300 that is the question. Whether it is nobler in the 625 00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,560 mind to suffer slings and arrows of outrageous 626 00:39:15,560 --> 00:39:19,920 fortune, or to take arms against a sea of trouble, 627 00:39:21,620 --> 00:39:26,780 and by opposing in them to die, to sleep, 628 00:39:30,620 --> 00:39:33,300 When Hamlet does this soliloquy and other six or 629 00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:36,040 seven major soliloquies, he talks to the audience 630 00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:38,160 directly. What does that indicate? What does that 631 00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:40,980 mean? How important is the soliloquy for the 632 00:39:40,980 --> 00:39:44,480 audience and for the play? Can you tell? Let's 633 00:39:44,480 --> 00:39:48,880 assume this is a stage. I'm all alone on the 634 00:39:48,880 --> 00:39:51,280 stage. And all of a sudden, instead of just 635 00:39:51,280 --> 00:39:56,600 talking with other people before, I come closer in 636 00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:58,680 a way to the audience and I speak to the people 637 00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:02,060 next to me. Look them in the eye like this. What 638 00:40:02,060 --> 00:40:05,320 does this make the people I come closer to feel? 639 00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:06,760 How does it feel to them? 640 00:40:09,720 --> 00:40:14,590 Very good. So they will know, try to understand 641 00:40:14,590 --> 00:40:17,850 the struggle and probably they will feel some of 642 00:40:17,850 --> 00:40:21,370 this, it's personal. Like he comes closer to you, 643 00:40:21,470 --> 00:40:23,130 he becomes your friend, it's like someone 644 00:40:23,130 --> 00:40:27,230 whispering in your ear, telling you his secrets, 645 00:40:27,390 --> 00:40:30,170 his conflicts. Don't we like people who tell us 646 00:40:30,170 --> 00:40:36,240 secrets more? In a way, we love them. They trust 647 00:40:36,240 --> 00:40:40,600 us. We have to share, to feel probably sorry for 648 00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:43,300 them. Now, the soliloquy is important because it 649 00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:46,120 makes the audience part of the play. It attracts 650 00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:49,960 the audience. And the audience, the people, they 651 00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:53,320 identify, identify. Like they feel, oh my God, 652 00:40:53,360 --> 00:40:56,960 this is like me. I have similar fears or concerns 653 00:40:56,960 --> 00:41:00,880 or emotions to express. In Shakespeare, we have 654 00:41:00,880 --> 00:41:03,920 soliloquies everywhere, mainly in tragedies. In 655 00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:06,960 Hamlet, we have like seven main soliloquies. 656 00:41:07,360 --> 00:41:10,060 There's another thing to talk about here. It's an 657 00:41:10,060 --> 00:41:10,620 aside. 658 00:41:13,220 --> 00:41:16,600 We'll talk about this just with a bit. Okay, so 659 00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:19,060 again, what is a soliloquy? It's a dramatic device 660 00:41:19,060 --> 00:41:23,260 when the actor is all alone on stage and directs, 661 00:41:23,280 --> 00:41:28,010 in a way, directs his or her speech to No, what is 662 00:41:28,010 --> 00:41:31,490 the importance of the soliloquy? To share 663 00:41:31,490 --> 00:41:36,110 feelings, to attract the audience, to make them 664 00:41:36,110 --> 00:41:40,010 grab attention, make them identify with you, feel, 665 00:41:40,190 --> 00:41:44,790 understand? Now the aside is also a literary 666 00:41:44,790 --> 00:41:50,870 device, a theatrical, dramatic device. An aside is 667 00:41:50,870 --> 00:41:55,980 usually short, one liner, one sentence. But the 668 00:41:55,980 --> 00:42:00,580 soliloquy is generally long. In a soliloquy, the 669 00:42:00,580 --> 00:42:06,380 actor is all alone, okay? But in Anasite, there 670 00:42:06,380 --> 00:42:11,260 are other actors. Again, in Anasite, there are 671 00:42:11,260 --> 00:42:14,100 other actors. What happens here is that in 672 00:42:14,100 --> 00:42:17,060 Anasite, there are other people here, and the 673 00:42:17,060 --> 00:42:19,280 character takes Anasite, like I'm talking to 674 00:42:19,280 --> 00:42:22,500 someone here, he does this, and he says something. 675 00:42:23,570 --> 00:42:27,690 Okay? So what happens? Let me say this again. In a 676 00:42:27,690 --> 00:42:30,630 soliloquy, it's usually a long speech. The actor 677 00:42:30,630 --> 00:42:35,070 is alone. In an aside, short, one sentence, and 678 00:42:35,070 --> 00:42:38,750 there are other actors on the stage who are not 679 00:42:38,750 --> 00:42:41,830 supposed to hear. Like you say something, okay, 680 00:42:41,970 --> 00:42:46,130 I'll do this, okay. I'll meet you outside, or 681 00:42:46,130 --> 00:42:48,750 something. Like directing, in a way, the talk to 682 00:42:48,750 --> 00:42:53,650 the audience, but not to the other characters. The 683 00:42:53,650 --> 00:42:56,550 significance is almost the same. But the soliloquy 684 00:42:56,550 --> 00:43:02,390 is deeper, more profound. To be or not to be, that 685 00:43:02,390 --> 00:43:05,650 is the question. Whether it is nobler in the mind 686 00:43:05,650 --> 00:43:08,070 to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous 687 00:43:08,070 --> 00:43:11,270 fortune, 688 00:43:11,670 --> 00:43:15,080 or to take arms against a sea of troubles. and 689 00:43:15,080 --> 00:43:19,940 bioposing in them. We're focusing on this, OK? The 690 00:43:19,940 --> 00:43:22,520 most important line or verse in English 691 00:43:22,520 --> 00:43:25,120 literature. This is the Soliloquy and the Aside. 692 00:43:26,840 --> 00:43:30,820 And finally, I'll stop here. This is Shakespeare's 693 00:43:30,820 --> 00:43:31,480 The Globe. 694 00:43:35,060 --> 00:43:37,740 I'm not sure if this is very clear there. Look 695 00:43:37,740 --> 00:43:43,930 here. This is the stage. This is the stage. And 696 00:43:43,930 --> 00:43:48,190 these are the people near the stage that can talk 697 00:43:48,190 --> 00:43:50,650 to them. If you are rich enough, you can pay more 698 00:43:50,650 --> 00:43:54,690 money, and you sit here above. Here, you're 699 00:43:54,690 --> 00:43:58,930 usually standing. This is not the globe itself, 700 00:43:58,990 --> 00:44:02,010 but something similar to it. So this is the stage. 701 00:44:02,090 --> 00:44:04,310 People are very close. So the soliloquy is 702 00:44:04,310 --> 00:44:08,110 significant. You pay one penny. I don't know. But 703 00:44:08,110 --> 00:44:11,690 if you are rich, you can sit above. and knocked 704 00:44:11,690 --> 00:44:16,310 down, VIP, if you are royalties or something. And 705 00:44:16,310 --> 00:44:19,090 finally, this is again Shakespeare, a famous 706 00:44:19,090 --> 00:44:23,910 picture. Look at the ring here, the earring. And 707 00:44:23,910 --> 00:44:27,310 this is the picture that recently has been 708 00:44:27,310 --> 00:44:29,770 recently discovered, where people say this is the 709 00:44:29,770 --> 00:44:31,950 real Shakespeare. Who is the real Shakespeare? 710 00:44:32,430 --> 00:44:35,730 Sheikh Zubair, Marlow, Bacon, an Italian Jewish 711 00:44:35,730 --> 00:44:40,600 woman, a guy from Gaza, We don't know. We're not 712 00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:43,980 sure. We don't care. It's good to know, but we 713 00:44:43,980 --> 00:44:47,280 don't care. All we care is about the texts, the 714 00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:50,020 plays and the sonnets. Thank you very much. We'll 715 00:44:50,020 --> 00:44:52,760 stop here. If you have questions, please do ask.