Obeticholic Acid
Mechanism of Action: Obeticholic acid is an agonist for Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor expressed in the liver and intestine. FXR is a key regulator of bile acid, inflammatory, fibrotic and metabolic pathways. FXR activation decreases the intracellular hepatocyte concentrations of bile acids by suppressing de novo synthesis from cholesterol as well as by increased transport of bile acids out of the hepatocytes. These mechanisms limit the overall size of the circulating bile acid pool while promoting choleresis, thus reducing hepatic exposure to bile acids.Pharmacodynamics: Pharmacodynamic Markers: In the trial, administration of Obeticholic acid 10 mg once daily was associated with a 173% increase in concentrations of FGF-19 an FXR-inducible enterokine involved in bile acid homeostasis from baseline to Month 12. Concentrations of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were reduced 2.7 micromolar and 1.4 micromolar respectively from baseline to Month 12. The clinical relevance of these findings is unknown.Cardiac Electrophysiology: At a dose of 10 times the maximum recommended dose Obeticholic acid does not prolong the QT interval to any clinically relevant extent.
Important Dosage and Administration Instructions: Prior to the initiation of Obeticholic acid, healthcare providers should determine whether the patient has decompensated cirrhosis (e.g., Child-Pugh Class B or C) has had a prior decompensation event or has compensated cirrhosis with evidence of portal hypertension (e.g., ascites, gastroesophageal varices, persistent thrombocytopenia) because Obeticholic acid is contraindicated in these patients.Recommended Dosage Regimen: The recommended dosage of Obeticholic acid for PBC patients without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis who do not have evidence of portal hypertension, who have not achieved an adequate biochemical response to an appropriate dosage of UDCA for at least 1 year or are intolerant to UDCA follows below:Start with a dosage of 5 mg once daily for the first 3 months.After the first 3 months, for patients who have not achieved an adequate reduction in ALP and/or total bilirubin and who are tolerating Obeticholic acid increase to a maximum dosage of 10 mg once daily.Monitoring to Assess Safety, Need for Obeticholic acid Discontinuation: Routinely monitor patients during Obeticholic acid treatment for biochemical response, tolerability and progression of PBC. Closely monitor patients with compensated cirrhosis, concomitant hepatic disease (e.g., autoimmune hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease) and/or severe intercurrent illness for new evidence of portal hypertension (e.g., ascites, gastroesophageal varices, persistent thrombocytopenia) or increases above the upper limit of normal in total bilirubin, direct bilirubin or prothrombin time. Permanently discontinue Obeticholic acid in patients who develop laboratory or clinical evidence of hepatic decompensation, have compensated cirrhosis and develop evidence of portal hypertension, experience clinically significant hepatic adverse reactions, or develop complete biliary obstruction.Management of Patients with Intolerable Pruritus on Obeticholic acid: For patients with intolerable pruritus on Obeticholic acid consider one or more of the following management strategies. Add an antihistamine or bile acid-binding resin.Reduce the dosage of Obeticholic acid to:5 mg every other day, for patients intolerant to 5 mg once daily.5 mg once daily, for patients intolerant to 10 mg once daily.Temporarily interrupt Obeticholic acid dosing for up to 2 weeks. Restart at a reduced dosage. For patients whose dosage is reduced or interrupted, titrate the dosage based on biochemical response and tolerability. Consider discontinuing Obeticholic acid treatment in patients who continue to experience persistent, intolerable pruritus despite management strategies.
Bile Acid Binding Resins: Bile acid binding resins such as cholestyramine, colestipol or colesevelam adsorb and reduce bile acid absorption and may reduce the absorption, systemic exposure and efficacy of Livacol. If taking a bile acid binding resin, take Livacol at least 4 hours before or 4 hours after taking the bile acid binding resin or at as great an interval as possible.Warfarin: The International Normalized Ratio (INR) decreased following the coadministration of warfarin and Livacol. Monitor INR and adjust the dosage of warfarin as needed to maintain the target INR range when co-administering Livacol and warfarin.CYP1A2 Substrates with Narrow Therapeutic Index: Livacol may increase the exposure to concomitant drugs that are CYP1A2 substrates. Therapeutic monitoring of CYP1A2 substrates with a narrow therapeutic index (e.g., theophylline and tizanidine) is recommended when co-administered with Livacol.Inhibitors of Bile Salt Efflux Pump: Avoid concomitant use of inhibitors of the bile salt efflux pump (BSEP) such as cyclosporine. Concomitant medications that inhibit canalicular membrane bile acid transporters such as the BSEP may exacerbate accumulation of conjugated bile salts including taurine conjugate of Livacol in the liver and result in clinical symptoms. If concomitant use is deemed necessary, monitor serum transaminases and bilirubin.
Obeticholic acid is contraindicated in patients with:Decompensated cirrhosis (e.g., Child-Pugh Class B or C) or a prior decompensation eventCompensated cirrhosis who have evidence of portal hypertension (e.g., ascites, gastroesophageal varices, persistent thrombocytopenia)Complete biliary obstruction
The most common side effects of Livacol include: Pruritus, Fatigue & Stomach pain and discomfort. Other common side effects include rash, arthralgia (joint pain), oropharyngeal pain (pain in the middle part of the throat), dizziness, constipation, abnormal thyroid function, and eczema (inflammation of the skin).
Pregnancy: The limited available human data on the use of obeticholic acid during pregnancy are not sufficient to inform a drug-associated risk. In animal reproduction studies, no developmental abnormalities or fetal harm was observed when pregnant rats or rabbits were administered obeticholic acid during the period of organogenesis at exposures approximately 13-times and 6-times human exposures, respectively, at the  maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 10 mg.Lactation: There is no information on the presence of obeticholic acid in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant or the effects on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for Obeticholic acid and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from Obeticholic acid or from the underlying maternal condition.
Hepatic Decompensation and Failure in PBC Patients with Cirrhosis: Hepatic decompensation and failure, sometimes fatal or resulting in liver transplant have been reported with Livacol treatment in PBC patients with cirrhosis either compensated or decompensated. Among postmarketing cases reporting it, median time to hepatic decompensation (e.g., new onset ascites) was 4 months for patients with compensated cirrhosis; median time to a new decompensation event (e.g., hepatic encephalopathy) was 2.5 months for patients with decom- pensated cirrhosis. Some of these cases occurred in patients with decompensated cirrhosis when they were treated with higher than the recommended dosage for that patient population; however, case of hepatic decompensation and failure have continued to be reported in patients with decompensated cirrhosis even when they received the recommended dosage. Hepatotoxicity was observed in the Livacol clinical trials. A dose-response relationship was observed for the occurrence of hepatic adverse reactions including jaundice, worsening ascites and primary biliary cholangitis flare with dosages of Livacol of 10mg once daily to 50mg once daily (up to 5-times the highest recommended dosage) as early as one month after starting treatment with Livacol in two 3-month, placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients with primarily early stage PBC. In a pooled analysis of three placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients with primarily early-stage PBC the exposure-adjusted incidence rates for all serious and otherwise clinically significant hepatic adverse reactions and isolated elevations in liver biochemical tests per 100 patient exposure years (PEY) were: 5.2 in the Livacol 10mg group (highest recommended dosage) 19.8 in the Livacol 25mg group (2.5-times the highest recommended dosage) and 54.5 in the Livacol 50mg group (5-times the highest recommended dosage) compared to 2.4 in the placebo group.Severe Pruritus: Severe pruritus was reported in 23% of patients in the Livacol 10mg arm, 19% of patients in the Livacol titration arm and 7% of patients in the placebo arm in Trial 1, a 12-month double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial of 216 patients. Severe pruritus was defined as intense or widespread itching, interfering with activities of daily living or causing severe sleep disturbance or intolerable discomfort and typically requiring medical interventions. In the subgroup of patients in the Livacol titration arm who increased their dosage from 5mg once daily to 10mg once daily after 6 months of treatment (n=33), the incidence of severe pruritus was 0% from months 0 to 6 and 15% from months 6 to 12. The median time to onset of severe pruritus was 11, 158 and 75 days for patients in the Livacol 10 mg, Livacol titration and placebo arms respectively. Consider clinical evaluation of patients with new onset or worsening severe pruritus. Management strategies include the addition of bile acid binding resins or antihistamines, Livacol dosage reduction and/or temporary interruption of Livacol dosing.Reduction in HDL-C: Patients with PBC generally exhibit hyperlipidemia characterized by a significant elevation in total cholesterol primarily due to increased levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). In Trial, dose-dependent reductions from baseline in mean HDL-C levels were observed at 2 weeks in Livacol-treated patients, 20% and 9% in the 10 mg and titration arms respectively, compared to 2% in the placebo arm. At Month 12, the reduction from baseline in mean HDL-C level was 19% in the Livacol 10 mg arm, 12% in the Livacol titration arm and 2% in the placebo arm. Nine patients in the Livacol 10mg arm, 6 patients in the Livacol titration arm versus 3 patients in the placebo arm had reductions in HDL-C to less than 40 mg/dL. Monitor patients for changes in serum lipid levels during treatment. For patients who do not respond to Livacol after 1 year at the highest recommended dosage that can be tolerated (maximum of 10 mg once daily) and who experience a reduction in HDL-C, weigh the potential risks against the benefits of continuing treatment.
In the clinical trials, PBC patients who received Livacol 25mg once daily (2.5 times the highest recommended dosage) or 50mg once daily (5 times the highest recommended dosage) experienced a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of hepatic adverse reactions, including elevations in liver biochemical tests, ascites, jaundice, portal hypertension and primary biliary cholangitis flares. Serious hepatic adverse reactions have been reported postmarketing in PBC patients with decompensated cirrhosis when Livacol was dosed more frequently than the recommended dosage; these adverse reactions were also reported in some patients who received the recommended dosage. In the case of overdosage, patients should be carefully observed and supportive care administered as appropriate.
Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists
Store below 30°C in a dry place, and protect from light. Keep out of children’s reach.
Pediatric Use: The safety and effectiveness of Livacol in pediatric patients have not been established.Geriatric Use: Of the 201 patients in clinical trials of Livacol who received the recommended dosage (5mg or 10mg once daily), 41 (20%) were 65 years of age & older while 9 (4%) were 75 years of age & older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and subjects less than 65 years of age but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.Hepatic Impairment: Hepatic decompensation and failure, sometimes fatal or resulting in liver transplant have been reported with Livacol treatment in PBC patients with cirrhosis either compensated or decompensated. Livacol is contraindicated in patients with decompensated cirrhosis (e.g., Child-Pugh Class B or C) in those with a prior decompensation event or with compensated cirrhosis who have evidence of portal hypertension (e.g., ascites, gastroesophageal varices, persistent thrombocytopenia). In PBC clinical trials, a dose-response relationship was observed for the occurrence of hepatic adverse reactions with Livacol.
{'Indications': 'Choliva is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)without cirrhosis orwith compensated cirrhosis who do not have evidence of portal hypertensionEither in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) with an inadequate response to UDCA or as monotherapy in patients unable to tolerate UDCA.'}