Ilimi a Jamus - Wikipedia
Ilimi a Jamus
Alamar kebabbun nau'ikan nau'ikan makaranta a kan hadaddiyar makarantar a Jamus
Taro na Ikklesiyoyin bishara na Maulbronn da Blaubeuren (hoto yana nuna coci da farfajiyar) sun haɗu da makarantar Gymnasium da makarantar shiga jirgi.
Ilimi a Jamus shine aikin da ke faruwa na kasashen Jamusawa gaba daya, tare da gwamnatin tarayya tana taka rawa kadan. Zabi na yara na kindergarten (makarantar fara'a) ana ba da ilimi ga dukkan yara tsakanin shekara daya zuwa shida, bayan wannan halartar makaranta wajibi ne. Tsarin ya bambanta a duk fadin Jamus saboda kowace kasa tana yanke hukunchi game fa manufofin ilimi. Ywancin yara, koyaya, sun fara zuwa Grundchule (ma'ana ma'anar 'Ground School') na shekaru 4 daga 6 zuwa 9.
An raba ilimin sakandare na Jamus zuwa sassa biyu, kananan da babba. Ilimin sakandare a cikin Jamus an yi shi ne don koyar da mutane manya-manyan makarantun gaba-gaba kuma ya basu damar shiga karatun sakandare. A matakin sakandare na Jamus yana da dimbin shirye-shirye na koyarwa.
Ilimin sakandare na Jamusawa ya haɗa da nau'ikan makarantu guda biyar. Gymnasium an tsara shi don shirya ɗalibai don babban ilimi kuma yana gamawa tare da kammalawa ta ƙarshe Abitur, bayan aji 13. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018 sake fasalin makaranta wanda aka fi sani da G8 yana samar da Abitur a cikin shekaru 8 na makaranta. Gyarawar ya gaza saboda manyan buƙatu a matakan koyon yara ga yara kuma an juya su zuwa G9 a cikin 2019. Yman Gymnasiums kawai suna tare da samfurin G8. Yara suna halartar yawanci Gymnasium daga shekara 10 zuwa 18. Realschule yana da babban fifikon girmamawa ga ɗaliban matsakaici kuma ya ƙare da gwaji na ƙarshe Mittlere Reife, bayan aji 10; Hauptschule tana shirya ɗalibai don koyar da sana'a sannan ta gama da karatun ƙarshe Hauptschulabschluss, bayan aji 9 da Realschulabschluss bayan aji 10. Akwai nau'i biyu na aji 10: ɗaya shine mafi girman matakin da ake kira type 10b kuma ƙananan matakin ana kiranta type 10a; kawai mafi girman nau'in 10b na iya haifar da Realschule kuma wannan ya gama tare da jarabawar karshe Mittlere Reife bayan aji 10b. Wannan sabuwar hanyar cimma Realschulabschluss a makarantar sakandire wacce ke da aikin koyarwa an canza ta ne ta hanyar dokokin makarantar a shekarar 1981 - tare da cancantar shekara guda. A cikin lokacin canjin shekara guda na canji zuwa sababbin ka'idodi, ɗalibai na iya ci gaba tare da aji na 10 don cika ka'idar karatun. Bayan 1982, sabon hanyar ya kasance tilas, kamar yadda aka yi bayani a sama.
Tsarin karatun sakandare na zamani an sanya shi ne ta wata hanya don samun mutane su koyi manyan ƙwarewa don takamaiman sana'a. "Mafi yawan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Ma'aikata sun wuce tsarin koyarwa na sana'a da kuma horo wanda kuma ake kira VET". Jamusawa da yawa suna cikin shirye-shiryen VET. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen VET suna haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni kusan 430,000, kuma kusan kashi 80 na waɗannan kamfanoni suna hayar da mutane daga waɗannan shirye-shiryen koyon sana'o'in don samun aiki na cikakken lokaci. Wannan tsarin ilimin yana da matukar karfafa gwiwa ga matasa saboda sun iya karfin gwiwar ganin 'yayansu. Tsarin ilimin yana karfafa gwiwa ne ga mutane domin sun san cewa wataƙila aiki zai jira su idan aka gama su da makaranta. Ba za a iya musayar ƙwarewar da aka samu ta hanyar waɗannan shirye-shiryen VET ba kuma sau ɗaya a kamfanin da ya yi wa wani ma'aikaci da ya fito daga waɗannan makarantun ƙwararru, suna da sadaukarwa ga juna. Shirye-shiryen VET na Jamus sun tabbatar da cewa matakin koleji ba lallai ba ne ga kyakkyawan aiki kuma horar da mutane ga takamaiman ayyuka na iya zama mai nasara kamar yadda ya kamata
Ban da wannan, akwai Gesamtschule, wanda ya hadu da Hauptschule, Realschule da Gymnasium. Hakanan akwai Forder- or Sonderschulen. Inaya daga cikin dalibai 21 suna zuwa Forderschule. Ko ta yaya, Forder- or Sonderschulen na iya jagorantar na musamman ga Hauptschulabschluss na nau'in 10a ko nau'in 10b, karshen wanda shine Realschulabschluss. Adadin aikin wuce gona da iri ana kayyade shi daban-daban kowace makaranta kuma ya bambanta kwarai. Tare da sake fasalin makaranta na 2015 gwamnatin Jamus tayi kokarin tura yawancin daliban zuwa wasu makarantun, wanda aka fi sani da Inklusion.
Yawancin cibiyoyin daruruwan ko na sama na Jamus suna karbar karamar karatu ko kwatankwacin karatun kasashen duniya. Dalibai yawanci dole ne su tabbatar da gwajin cewa sun cancanta.
Don shiga jami'a, dalibai, a matsayin doka, ana bukatar su wuce jarabawar Abitur; tun daga 2009, duk da haka, wadanda ke ba Meisterbrief (mashin din difloma) ma sun sami damar yin amfani. Wadanda suke da sha'awar shiga "jami'a na ilimin kimiyya" dole ne, a matsayin doka, suna da Abitur, Fachhochschulreife, ko Meisterbrief. Idan ba su da wadancan ilimin, dalibai sun cancanci shiga jami'a ko jami'a na ilimin kimiyya idan zasu iya gabatar da karin tabbaci cewa za su iya ci gaba da takwarorinsu da dalibai ta hanyar Begabtenprufung ko Hochbegabtenstudium (wanda jarabawa ce mai tabbatar da inganci da sama da matsakaita karfin hankali)
Wani tsarin musamman na horarwa mai suna Duale Ausbildung ya ba da damar dalibai kan koyon sana'o'in hannu su yi horo a cikin kamfani da kuma a makarantun gwamnati.
1.1 Prussika
1.2 Masarautar Jamus
1.3 Weimar Jamhuriyar
1.4 Nazi Jamus
1.5 Gabashin Jamus
1.6 Yammacin Jamus
1.7 Tarayyar Jamus
2 Babbar Jagora
2.1 Rubuce-rubuce
3 Makarantar nasare
3.1 Makaranta na gida
4 Ilimin firamare
5 Ilimin sakandare
5.1 Kungiyar makaranta
Prussika[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Tarihi, Lutheranism yana da tasiri sosai a al'adun Jamusawa, gami da ilimin sa. Martin Luther ya ba da shawarar yin makaranta ta tilastawa kowa ya sami damar karanta da fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Wannan ra'ayin ya zama abin koyi ga makarantu a duk fadin Jamus. Makarantu gwamnati a Jamus gabadaya suna da ilimin addini wanda majami'u ke bayarwa tare da hadin gwirar jihar tun daga lokacin.
A ƙarni na 18, Daular Prussia tana cikin ƙasashe na farko a duniya da suka fara gabatar da karatun gabaɗaya kyauta, gabaɗaya, ya ƙunshi tsarin shekaru 8 na ilimin firamari, Volksschule . Ba ta samar da kwarewar da ake buƙata kawai a farkon duniyar masana'antu ba (karatu, rubutu, da lissafi) amma har ma da tsayayyen ilimi a ɗabi'a, aiki, horo da biyayya. Yara na iyayen da ke da galihu suna zuwa makarantun masu zaman kansu na ƙarin shekaru huɗu, amma galibi ba su sami damar shiga makarantun sakandare da jami'o'i ba.
A cikin 1810, bayan yaƙe-yaƙe Napoleonic, Prussia ta gabatar da bukatun takaddun shaida na jihohi don malamai, wanda ya ƙara darajar matsayin koyarwa. An gabatar da jarrabawar karshe, Abitur a cikin 1788, an aiwatar da shi a cikin dukkanin makarantun sakandare na Prussi ta 1812 kuma an kara shi zuwa duk Jamus a 1871. Har ila yau, jihar ta kafa kwalejin horar da malamai don masu koyar da masu zuwa makarantun gaba da firamare.
Masarautar Jamus[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Daliban kwaroron yara a cikin 1904
Lokacin da aka kafa Daular ta Jamus a shekara ta 1871, tsarin makarantar ya samu karbuwa sosai. A shekara ta 1872, Prussia ta fara buɗe makarantun sakandare na farko na mata. Kamar yadda ƙwararrun ƙwararru suka buƙaci matasa masu ilimi sosai, an kafa ƙarin makarantun sakandare, kuma jihar ta ce ita ce kaɗai ke da haƙƙin daidaita ka'idoji da kuma kula da sabbin makarantun.
Makarantu guda huɗu na makarantar sakandare sun ɓullo:
Gymnasium na shekaru tara (wanda ya haɗa da nazarin Latin da Hellenanci na gargajiya ko Ibrananci, da harshe na zamani);
Shekaru tara na Realgymnasium (yana mai da hankali ga Latin, harsunan zamani, kimiyya da lissafi);
Realschule na shekaru shida (ba tare da cancantar shiga jami'a ba, amma tare da zaɓi na zama mai koyo a ɗayan masana'antu na zamani, ofis ko ayyukan fasaha); da
Shekaru tara na Oberrealschule (mai da hankali kan harshe na zamani, kimiyya da lissafi).
A farkon karni na 20, nau'ikan makarantu guda hudu sun sami matsayi daidai da gata, duk da cewa ba su da matsayi daidai.
Weimar Jamhuriyar[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Kayan koyarwa na aji daga 1900 (hagu) zuwa 1985 (dama)
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Weimar Jamhuriyar kafa makarantar share fagen shekaru huɗu kyauta ( Grundschule ). Yawancin ɗaliban sun ci gaba a waɗannan makarantu don wani aji na shekaru huɗu. Waɗanda suka sami damar biyan ƙaramin kuɗi sun ci gaba zuwa wani Mittelschule wanda ya samar da ƙarin dabaru don ƙarin ƙarin shekara ɗaya ko biyu. Bayan sun tsaurara ƙarancin ƙofar shiga bayan shekara huɗu, ɗalibai na iya shiga ɗayan nau'ikan hudu na sakandare.
Nazi Jamus[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
A zamanin mulkin Nazi (1933-1945), tsarin ilimin bai ci gaba da canzawa ba.
Gabashin Jamus[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Jamhuriyar Dimukradiyyar Jamusawa ta Gabas (Gabashin Jamus) ta fara tsarinta na ilimi a cikin 1960s. Yankin Gabashin Jamusanci daidai da na makarantun gaba da sakandare shine Makarantar Sakandare ta Kimiyya da Fasaha ( Polytechnische Oberschule ), wanda duk ɗalibai suka halarci na shekaru 10, daga shekaru 6 zuwa 16. A ƙarshen shekara ta 10, an saita jarrabawar fita. Ya danganta da sakamakon, ɗalibi na iya zaɓar ya fito daga karatu ko kuma ya ɗauki horo na ƙarin shekaru biyu, kuma Abitur ya biyo baya. Wadanda suka yi aiki sosai kuma suka nuna biyayya ga jam’iyya mai mulki na iya canzawa zuwa Erweiterte Oberschule ( tsawan sakandare), inda za su iya cin jarabawarsu na Abitur bayan shekaru 12 na makaranta. Kodayake an kawar da wannan tsarin a farkon shekarun 1990 bayan haduwa, amma ya ci gaba da yin tasiri a rayuwar makaranta a gabashin Jamhuriyar ta Jamus. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> ]
Yammacin Jamus[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Dalibai na Gymnasium Nonnenwerth, makarantar Katolika 'yan mata duka a 1960
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, liedungiyoyin Islama (Soviet Union, Faransa, Burtaniya, da Amurka) sun tabbatar da cewa an kawar da akidar Nazi daga cikin tsarin karatun. Sun shigar da tsarin ilimi a bangarorin da suke aiki wanda ke nuna ra'ayin nasu. Lokacin da Yammacin Jamus ta sami independenceancin kai a cikin 1949, sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ta ( Grundgesetz ) ya ba gwamnatocin jihohi (Länder) yancin cin gashin kansu. Wannan shine ya haifar da tsarin makarantu daban-daban, wanda yasa yakan zama da wahala yara su ci gaba da karatu yayin da suke motsawa tsakanin jihohi.
Yarjejeniyar jihohi da yawa sun tabbatar da cewa bukatun makarantu na duniya sun cika dukkan tsarin makarantun jihar. Don haka, ana buƙatar duk yara su halarci irin makarantar guda ɗaya (kwana biyar ko shida a mako) daga shekara 6 zuwa shekaru 16. Dalibi na iya canza makarantun cikin yanayin kyautata yanayin (ko a raye sosai). Takaddun shaida na karatun digiri daga wannan jihohi duk sauran jihohin sun yarda da su. Kwararrun malamai sun sami damar yin rajistar mukamai a kowane ɗayan jihohi.
Tarayyar Jamus[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Tun daga shekarun 1990, 'yan canje-canje ke gudana a cikin makarantu da yawa:
Gabatarwar ilimin yare a cikin wasu fannoni
Gwaji tare da salon koyarwa daban-daban
Hada dukkan makarantu tare da kwamfutoci da kuma hanyar yanar gizo
Hal falsafar makarantar gida da makasudin koyarwa ("Schulprogramm"), don kimantawa akai-akai
Rage shekarun makarantu na Gymnasium ( Abitur bayan aji na 12) da kuma gabatarwar lokutan yamma kamar yadda ake yi a sauran ƙasashen yamma (sun shude a shekarar 2019)
Bayan muhawara da yawa da jama'a suka yi game da matsayin Jamus a matsayin kasa ta kasa-da-kasa a cikin Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) an sami ci gaba wajen tattaunawa kan karancin akida kan yadda ake bunkasa makarantu. Waɗannan su ne wasu sabbin abubuwa:
Kafa matakan tarayya akan ingancin koyarwa
Oriarin fa'idar aiki a cikin horar da malamai
Canza wasu nauyin daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi zuwa makarantar gida
Karin Sakamako
Ilimin bokanci yanzu shine darussan harshen turanci a cikin Grundchule
Dokar ilimi (Bildungspakt) a shekarar 2019 yakamata ta tashi yanar gizo da matakin fasaha na makarantu
Babbar Jagora[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Bayani kan tsarin makarantun Jamusawa
A cikin Jamus, ilimi shine alhakin jihohin ( Länder ) kuma wani ɓangare na ikon mallakar kundin tsarin mulki ( Kulturhoheit der Länder ). Ma'aikatar Ilimi tana aiki da malami kuma galibi suna da aikin yi don rayuwa bayan wani lokaci ( verbeamtet ) (wanda, amma, ba a daidaita a cikin lokaci ba ko kuma gasa da yanayin aikin yau da kullun, misali a jami'o'i a Amurka) . Wannan aikin ya dogara da jihar kuma a halin yanzu yana canzawa. Ana zaɓar majalisar iyaye don yin ra'ayoyin iyayen ga hukumomin makarantar. Kowane aji na zaɓar ɗaya ko biyu "Klassensprecher" (shugabanni na aji; idan an zaɓi biyu yawanci ɗayan ne kuma ɗayan), waɗanda suke haɗuwa sau da yawa a shekara a matsayin "Schülerrat" (majalisar ɗalibai).
Hakanan pupilsalibai suna zaɓar ofungiyar shugabannin makarantu kowace shekara, wacce babbar manufarta ita ce shirya ƙungiyoyin makaranta, gasa wasannin motsa jiki da makamantansu ga ɗaliban fellowan uwansu. Garin garin yana da alhakin ginin makarantar tare da daukar ma'aikatan janitorial da kuma sakatariya. Ga matsakaicin makaranta na ɗalibai 600 - 800, za'a iya samun masu kula biyu da sakatare ɗaya. Gudanar da makaranta ita ce ɗaukar nauyin malamai, waɗanda suke karɓar ragi a cikin lokutan koyarwa idan suka shiga.
Coci da jihohi sun rabu a Jamus. Sallolin makarantu na tilastawa da halartar aikin addini a makarantun jihar sun saba wa tsarin mulki. (Ana tsammanin, ya tsaya da mutunci ga addu'ar makarantar koda kuwa mutum baya yin addu'a tare. ) A 1995, an yanke hukunci cewa ba a yarda da gicciyen Kirista a cikin aji ba, saboda hakan ya tauye 'yancin addini na ɗaliban da ba Krista ba. An yarda da gicciye idan babu ɗayan objectan makaranta da ya ƙi yarda, amma dole ne a cire shi idan akwai ƙin yarda. Wasu jihohin Jamus sun haramtawa malamai sanya sutura.
Rubuce-rubuce[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Fiye da kashi 99% na Jamusawa masu shekaru 15 da sama da aka kiyasta za su iya karatu da rubutu.
Makarantar nasare[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Wani makaranta na daji a Düsseldorf
Makarantar jariri ta Jamusanci ana kiranta da Kindergarten (yawancin Kindergärten ) ko Kita, gajera ga Kindertagesstätte (ma'ana "cibiyar kula da yara)". Yara tsakanin shekaru 2 zuwa 6 suna halartar Kindergärten, wanda baya cikin tsarin makarantar. Yawancin lokaci ana gudanar da su ta hanyar kula da birni ko birni, majami'u, ko ƙungiyoyi masu rajista, yawancinsu suna bin tsarin ilimin kamar yadda aka wakilta, misali, ta Montessori ko Reggio Emilia ko "Berliner Bildungsprogramm", da sauransu. An kafa ingantattun makarantu na daji Kasancewar halartar makarantar Kindergarten ba lallai bane kuma ba kyauta bane, amma ana iya samun ɗan ɗaya ko gabaɗaya, gwargwadon iko na gida da na iyayen. Dukkanin masu kulawa a cikin Kita ko Kindergarten dole ne su sami ilimin digiri na shekaru uku, ko kuma a ƙarƙashin kulawa ta musamman yayin horo.
Kindergärten na iya buɗewa daga ƙarfe 7 na safe zuwa 5 na yamma ko kuma ya fi tsayi kuma yana iya ɗaukar Kinderkrippe, ma'ana crèche, ga yara tsakanin shekarun takwas zuwa shekaru uku, kuma wataƙila maraice Hort ( galibi yana da alaƙa da makarantar firamare) don makaranta- yaran da shekarunsu suka kama daga 6 zuwa 10 wadanda suke ciyar da lokacin bayan darasinsu a wurin. Kusa da wuraren aikin jinya, akwai masu aikin jin-da-kai (wanda ake kira Tagesmutter, mai tara Tagesmütter - tsari na al'ada, tsaka-tsakin jinsi shine Tagespflegeperson (en) ) yana aiki da kansa ba tare da kowace makarantar yara ba a gidajen kowa da kuma kula da yara uku zuwa biyar kawai. zuwa shekara uku. Hukumomin karkara suna da goyon baya da kuma kula da su.
Ana amfani da kalmar Vorschule, ma'anar 'pre-school', don ƙoƙarin ilimi a Kindergärten da kuma ga aji mai mahimmanci wanda yawanci yana da alaƙa da makarantar firamare. Dukkan tsarin biyu ana amfani da su daban-daban a cikin kowace ƙasar Jamusawa. Schulkindergarten wani nau'in Vorschule ne.
A lokacin daular Jamusawa, yara sun sami damar wucewa kai tsaye zuwa makarantar sakandare bayan sun halarci wani shiri na masu zaman kansu, ana tuhumar su da "Vorschule" wanda a lokacin hakan wata makarantar farko ce. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Weimar ya haramta wadannan, yana jin su wani gata ne mara tushe, kuma Dokar Kare har yanzu tana kunshe da dokar tsarin mulki (Art. 7 Sect). VI) cewa: Za a rushe makarantun gaba da gaba.
Makaranta na gida[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Tsarin gida shine - tsakanin Schulpflicht fara daga makarantar firamare har zuwa shekaru 18 - ba bisa doka ba a Jamus. Haramtacciyar doka ta danganta da fifita hakkin yara akan hakkin iyaye: yara suna da hakkin kasancewa tare da wasu yara da manya wadanda ba iyayensu ba, suma iyaye ba za su iya ficewa da yaransu daga azuzuwan ilimin jima'i ba saboda jihar tana la'akari da hakan. hakkin child'sa informationan yaro don bayanai don zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da sha'awar iyaye su hana shi.
Ilimin firamare[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Tsarin ilimi a Jamus
Iyaye da ke neman makarantar da ta dace don yaransu suna da dabi'un makarantun firamare.
Makarantar jihar. Makarantun jihohi basa biyan kuɗaɗen koyarwa. Mafi yawan ɗalibai suna zuwa makarantun gwamnati a ƙauyensu. Makarantu a yankunan mawadata suna da kyau su fi waɗanda ke yankunan talauci. Da zarar yara sun kai shekarun makaranta, yawancin aji-aji da iyalai masu aiki suna ƙaura daga wuraren da ke fama da talauci.
ko, a madadin haka
Makarantar Waldorf (makarantu 2,006 a 2007)
Makarantar Montessori (272)
Freie Alternativschule ( makarantar madadin kyauta) (85 )
Furotesta (63) ko Katolika (114) makarantun kashe-kashe
Shekarar shigarwa na iya bambanta tsakanin 5 zuwa 7, yayin da koma baya ko tsallake aji ma hakanan zai yiwu.
Ilimin sakandare[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Bayan yara sun kammala karatunsu na firamare (tun yana ɗan shekara 10, 12 a cikin Berlin da Brandenburg), akwai zaɓuɓɓuka guda biyar don zuwa makarantar sakandare:
Gymnasium (makarantar nahawu) har zuwa aji na 12 ko 13 (tare da Abitur a matsayin jarrabawar fita, cancantar shiga jami'a); da
Fachoberschule shiga bayan aji goma har zuwa aji na goma sha biyu (tare da Fachhochschulreife (tsakanin Abitur da Realschulabschluss ) a matsayin jarrabawar fita) yana iya yiwuwa barin bayan aji goma sha uku da samun ″ fachgebundene Abitur if (idan baku koyan yare banda Ingilishi) ko samun ″ Abitur ″ (tare da yare na biyu akan matakin Turai B1);
Realschule har zuwa aji goma (tare da Mittlere Reife (Realschulabschluss) a matsayin jarrabawar fita);
Mittelschule (ƙarancin ilimi, kamar Volksschule na zamani (makarantar firamare)) har zuwa aji tara (tare da Hauptschulabschluss kuma a wasu halayen Mittlere Reife = Realschulabschuss a matsayin gwajin fita); A wasu jihohin tarayya babu Hauptschule kuma yaran ana samun mafitar zuwa Mittelschule ko Schlein Schule a maimakon.
Gesamtschule (makarantar sakandare)
Matsakaicin aji a makarantar firamare a Jamus
Mawaka na Carl-von-Ossietzky-Gymnasium acikin Bonn
Bayan wucewa ɗaya daga cikin makarantun da ke sama, ɗalibai na iya fara aiki tare da koyan aiki a Berufsschule (makarantar sana'a). Ana iya halartar Berufsschule ne sau biyu a mako yayin horon shekara biyu, uku, ko uku-da-rabi; sauran ranaku ana amfani dasu a kamfanin. An yi nufin wannan ne don samar da ilimin ka'ida da aiki. Kamfanin ya zama tilas ya yarda da mai horarwa a kan tsarin horarwarsa. Bayan wannan, da almajiri da aka rajista a kan wani jerin a Industrie- und Handelskammer IHK (jam'iyya na masana'antu da kuma kasuwanci). A lokacin koyan sana'a, mai horarwa ma'aikaci ne na ma'aikaci a cikin lokaci-lokaci. Bayan wucewa Berufsschule da kuma gwaje-gwaje na fita daga IHK, ana ba da takardar shaida kuma matashin yana shirye don yin aiki har zuwa matakin gudanarwa mai ƙarancin aiki. A wasu yankuna, dabarun suna koyar da wasu ƙwarewa waɗanda ke da buƙatun doka (matsayi na musamman a banki, mataimakan doka).
Wasu wurare na musamman suna ba da hanyoyi daban-daban. Bayan halartar ɗaya daga cikin makarantun da ke sama da kuma samun takardar barin aiki kamar Hauptschulabschluss, Mittlere Reife (ko Realschulabschuss, daga Realschule) ko Abitur daga Gymnasium ko Gesamtschule, waɗanda ke yin karatun makarantu na iya fara aiki tare da horo kan aiki a makarantar Berufsschule (makarantar ƙwararru). . A nan an yi wa ɗalibin rajista tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi, misali ƙungiyoyi kamar Barungiyar Barungiyar Ba da Jamusanci Deutsche Rechtsanwaltskammer GBA (kwamitin gudanarwa). A lokacin koyan sana'ar, matashin ma'aikaci ne na ma'aikaci, na banki, likita ko ofishin lauya. Bayan barin Berufsfachschule da kuma ƙaddamar da jarrabawar fita daga Barungiyar Barikin Jamus ko wasu ƙungiyoyi masu dacewa, mai horarwar ya sami takardar sheda kuma yana shirye don aiki a kowane matakai ban da a wurare waɗanda ke buƙatar takamaiman matakin digiri, kamar digiri na uku. A wasu yankuna, tsarin koyan aiki na koyar da kwarewar da doka ta bukata, gami da wasu mukamai a banki ko kuma wadanda ke a matsayin mataimakan doka. Jihohi 16 suna da cikakken alhaki a fagen ilimi da ƙwararrun masu sana'a. Majalisar tarayya da gwamnatin tarayya za su iya yin tasiri a tsarin ilimin kawai ta hanyar tallafin kudi ga jihohi. Akwai tsarin makarantu da yawa daban-daban, amma a kowace jiha farkon farawa koyaushe shine Grundchule (makarantar firamare) na tsawon shekaru hudu; ko shekaru shida a cikin yanayin Berlin da Brandenburg.
Kashi dari na masurike da mukamai Hauptschulabschluss, Realschulabschluss ko Abitur cikin Germany
Fasali na 5 da na 6 suna tsara yanayin koyarwar ( Orientierungs- ko Erprobungsstufe ) a lokacin da ɗalibai, iyayensu da malamai za su yanke shawarar waɗancan hanyoyin da muka ambata a sama waɗanda ɗalibai ya kamata su bi. A duk jihohi ban da Berlin da Brandenburg, wannan tsarin yana kunshe cikin shirin makarantun sakandare. Yanke shawara na makarantar sakandare yana tasiri kan makomar ɗalibi, amma a wannan lokacin za'a iya samun sauƙin sauƙin. A aikace wannan ba kasafai ake iya jurewa ba saboda malamai suna tsoron tura ɗalibai zuwa ƙarin makarantun ilimi yayin da iyaye suna tsoron tura yaransu zuwa makarantun ƙarami. A Berlin da Brandenburg, an gabatar da manufar zuwa cikin makarantun firamare. Malamai suna ba da shawarar da ake kira ilimi (hanya) ( Bildungs (ƙungiya) empfehlung ) dangane da nasarorin malanta a cikin manyan fannoni (lissafi, Jamusanci, kimiyyar dabi'a, yaren kasashen waje) da halayyar aji tare da cikakkun bayanai da kuma abubuwan da suka danganci shari'a daga bambancin jihar zuwa jihar. : a wasu jihohin na Jamusanci, waɗanda ke son yin karatu na makarantar motsa jiki ko Realschule suna buƙatar irin wannan shawarar da ke nuna cewa mai yiwuwa ɗalibin zai yi nasarar yin nasara zuwa wannan makarantar; a wasu halayen kowa na iya aikawa. A cikin Berlin kashi 30% - 35% na wuraren wasan motsa jiki suna da caca. Ayyukan ɗalibi a makarantar firamare ba shi da mahimmanci..Yayin da shekarar shigarwa ta dogara da shekarar da ta gabata a cikin ƙarancin Grundschule yana tsallakewa ko tsallake matakin da ya dace yana yiwuwa tsakanin aji na 7 da na 10 kuma kawai komawa baya tsakanin aji na 5 zuwa na 6 (wanda ake kira Erprobungsstufe, ma'ana darasi na gwaji) da 11th da aji na 12.
Jihohin gabashin Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt da Thuringia sun hada Hauptschule da Realschule kamar Sekundarschule, Mittelschule da Regelschule bi da bi. Duk jihohin na Jamus suna da Gymnasium a matsayin damar guda ɗaya ga yara masu ƙarfin, kuma dukkan jihohi - ban da Saxony - suna da wasu Gesamtschulen, amma a cikin nau'ikan daban-daban. Jihohin Berlin da Hamburg suna da nau'ikan makarantu guda biyu kacal: ingantattun makarantu da Gymnasium.
Koyan yare na waje wajibi ne a duk faɗin Jamusawa a makarantun sakandare kuma Ingilishi yana ɗaya daga cikin zaɓukan da aka fi so. Ana buƙatar ɗalibai a wasu Gymnasium su koyi Latin a matsayin harshen farko na asalinsu kuma zaɓi yare na biyu. Jerin wadatattun harsunan kasashen waje da kuma lokutan lokutan koyon harshen waje na yau da kullun ya bambanta daga jihar zuwa jihohi, amma mafi yawan zabuka, ban da Latin, Ingilishi ne, Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya, tsohuwar Greek. Yawancin makarantu suna ba da rukunin nazarin son rai don dalilan koyan wasu yarukan. A wane mataki ne ɗaliban za su fara koyan yaren dabam suka bambanta daga jihar zuwa jihohi kuma an daidaita shi gwargwadon al'adu da tattalin arziƙin kowace jiha. A cikin wasu jihohi, ilimin harshe na kasashen waje yana farawa a cikin Grundschule (makarantar firamare). Misali, a North Rhine-Westphalia da Lower Saxony, Ingilishi ya fara a shekara ta uku na makarantar firamare. Baden-Württemberg yana farawa da Ingilishi ko Faransanci a farkon shekara. Saarland, wacce ke iyaka da Faransa, tana farawa da Faransanci a shekara ta uku na makarantar firamare kuma ana koyar da Faransanci a makarantar sakandare a matsayin babban harshen kasashen waje.
Yana iya haifar da matsaloli dangane da ilimi ga iyalai waɗanda ke shirin ƙaura daga wannan ƙasar ta Jamus zuwa waccan, saboda akwai wasu dabaru daban daban na kusan kowane fanni.
Alibai na Realschule suna samun damar yin Abitur akan Gymnasium tare da kyakkyawan digiri a cikin Realschulabschluss . Matsawa koyaushe shine tsarin makarantar yake bayarwa. Tsofaffi waɗanda basu sami aikin Realschulabschluss ko Abitur ba, ko suka yi daidai, suna da zaɓi na halartar azuzuwan yamma a cikin Abendgymnasium ko Abendrealschule .
Kungiyar makaranta[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]
Witten-Annen Freiligrathschule, mai Hauptschule
Kolleg St. Blasien yana zaune a wani tsohon gidan sufi na Benedictine
Stella Matutina a Feldkirch
Cadets na sojojin ruwan Jamusanci suna daukar darasi a gaban daya daga cikin abubuwan motsa jiki na makarantar hafsoshin sojojin ruwan Jamus, Marinesschule Murwik
Bayani a takaice dai akwai maudu'in ka'idodin tsarin kungiya. Yakamata a lura cewa saboda yanayin tsarin ilimi akwai ƙarin ƙarin bambance-bambance a ɗaukacin jihohin 16 na Jamus.
Kowace jiha tana da tsarin makaranta.
Kowane rukuni na dalibai (wadanda aka haife shi a daidai shekara daya) suna samar da maki daya ko sama da aji ("Klassen") kowace makaranta wacce ta kasance iri daya a makarantar firamare (shekaru , zuwa ko 6)orientation school (if there are orientation schools in the state), tsarin daidaituwa (a Gymnasium shekaru 5 zuwa 6), da makarantar sakandare (shekaru 5 ko 7 zuwa 10 a "Realschule" da "Hauptschule"; shekaru 5 ko 7 zuwa 10 (bambance-bambance tsakanin jihodi) a cikin "Gymnasien") bi da bi. Canje-canje na yiwuna, ko da yake, lokacin da aka sami zabin batutuwa, misali. Karin harsuna; Bayan haka za a rarraba azuzuwan (da sabon hade) ko dai na dan lokaci ko na dindindin don wannan musamman batun.
Dalibai yawanci zauna a tebur, ba desks (mafi yawa biyu a tebur guda), wani lokacin shirya a cikin semi da'ira ko wani lissafi ko siffar aiki.Yayin jarabawa a cikin aji, a wasu lokutan ana shirya allunan a cikin ginshikai tare da dalibi daya a kowane tebur (idan karfin dakin ya ba da izinin) don hana magudi; a makarantu da yawa, wannan shine kawai ga wasu jarabawa a cikin shekaru biyu na karshe na makaranta, shine wasu daga cikin jarabawar suna kirgawa don kammala karatun digiri na biyu a makarantar sakandar.
Yawancin lokaci babu kayan makaranta ko kuma suturar rigakafi da ta kasance. Yawancin makarantu masu zaman kansu suna da madaidaicin lambar sutura, alal misali, "ba gajeran wando, babu sandal, ba tufafi da ramuka. Wasu makarantu suna gwada suturar makaranta, amma wadancan ba su da tsari kamar yadda aka gani a Burtaniya. Yawancinsu sun kunshi sutura / riga da wando na launin launi, wani lokacin tare da alamar makarantar a kanta. Yana da al'ada al'ada ne don tsara rigunan aji na karatun digiri a Gymnasium, Realschule da Hauptschule.
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Anyi gyaran ƙarshe na wannan shafi a ranar 14 Disamba 2019, da ƙarfe 12:28.