Bit By Bit - Gudun gwajen - 4.5.1.1 Amfani data kasance muhallin
Logistically, mafi sauki hanyar yi digital gwajen ne dalaye your gwaji a saman wani data kasance yanayi, kunna kai gudu a digital filin gwaji. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen da za a iya gudu a basira manyan sikelin kuma ba su bukatar haɗin gwiwa tare da wani kamfanin ko m software ci gaba.
Alal misali, Jennifer Doleac da Luka Stein (2013) ya yi amfani da wani online kasuwa (misali, craigslist) gudu da wani gwaji da auna launin fata nuna bambanci. Doleac da Stein talla dubban iPods, kuma ta tsare sãɓãwar launukansa da halaye na mai sayarwa, sun kasance iya nazarin sakamako na tseren a tattalin arziki ma'amaloli. Bugu da ari, Doleac da Stein amfani da sikelin da gwaji don kimanta lokacin da sakamako ne girma (heterogeneity magani effects) da kuma bayar da wasu ideas game dalilin da ya sa sakamako zai faru (sunadaran).
Kafin nazarin Doleac da Stein, ya kasance biyu main hanyoyin gwaje-gwaje da aunawa da nuna bambanci. A rubutu da karatu bincike halitta dawo daga almara mutane daban-daban jinsi da kuma amfani da wadannan dawo don, misali, nema domin daban-daban jobs. Bertrand da Mullainathan ta (2004) takarda tare da tunawa title "Shin Emily da Greg More Employable Than Lakisha kuma Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Nuna Bambanci "shi ne mai ban mamaki hoto na wani rubutu binciken. Gida karatu da mun gwada low cost da kallo, da sa guda bincike da tattara dubban lura a cikin wani hali binciken. Amma, rubutu da karatu na launin fata wariya da aka tambaye saboda sunayen yiwuwar sigina abubuwa da yawa ban da tseren da mai nema. Wannan ne, sunaye kamar Greg, Emily, Lakisha, kuma Jamal iya sigina zamantakewa aji ban da tsẽre. Saboda haka, duk wani bambanci a magani domin dawo da Greg ta kuma Jamal ta iya zama saboda fiye da kwarewarsa, tseren bambance-bambance da nema. Duba karatu, a daya hannun, unsa haya 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na daban-daban jinsi to tambaya a cikin mutum for jobs. Ko da yake duba karatu samar bayyananne sigina na nema tseren, su ne musamman tsada da kallo, wanda ke nufin cewa su yawanci kawai da daruruwan lura.
A cikin digital filin gwaji, Doleac da Stein sun iya ƙirƙirar wani m matasan. Sun kasance sũ ne iya tattara bayanai a gwada low cost da kallo-sakamakon dubban lura (kamar yadda a cikin wani rubutu binciken) -and sun kasance iya sigina tseren amfani hotunan-sakamakon a cikin wani fili uncounfounded sigina na tseren (kamar yadda a cikin wani duba binciken ). Saboda haka, online yanayi, wani lokacin sa masu bincike don ƙirƙirar sabon jiyya da cewa suna da kaddarorin da suke da wuya a yi haka ba.
The iPod tallace-tallace na Doleac da Stein bambanta tare uku main girma. Na farko, su bambanta da halaye na mai sayarwa, wanda aka yi ishãra zuwa hannun photographed rike da iPod [fari, black, da fari da tattoo] (Figure 4.12). Na biyu, sun bambanta da tambayar price [$ 90, $ 110, $ 130]. Na uku, da suka bambanta da ingancin da ad rubutu [high quality, kuma low-quality (misali, cApitalization kurakurai da spelin kurakurai)]. Saboda haka, marubuta da a 3 x 3 x 2 zane da aka tura a fadin fiye da 300 na gida kasuwanni jere daga garuruwa (misali, Kokomo, IN kuma Arewacin Platte, NE) to Mega-birane (misali, New York da kuma Los Angeles).
Adadi 4.12: Hands amfani a cikin gwaji na Doleac and Stein (2013) . iPods aka sayar da masu sayarwa da halaye daban-daban don auna da nuna bambanci a cikin wani online kasuwa.
Kaddarance fadin duk yanayi, da sakamakon kasance mafi alhẽri a gare farin sayarwa fiye da baki mai sayarwa, tare da tattooed sayarwa da ciwon matsakaici results. Alal misali, da fari masu sayarwa samu more tayi kuma yana da mafi girma karshe sale farashin. Beyond wadannan talakawan effects, Doleac da Stein kiyasta da heterogeneity na effects. Alal misali, daya Hasashen daga baya ka'idar shi ne cewa nuna bambanci zai zama kasa a kasuwanni da suke more m. Yin amfani da dama tayi samu a matsayin wani wakili na kasuwa gasar, marubuta gano cewa baki masu sayarwa Lalle ne sama mafi muni tayi a kasuwanni da low mataki na gasar. Bugu da ari, ta hanyar kwatanta sakamakon ga talla da high quality, kuma low-quality rubutu, Doleac da Stein gano cewa ad quality ba tasiri hasara fuskantar da baki da tattooed masu sayarwa. A karshe, shan amfani da gaskiyar cewa tallace-tallace da aka sanya a cikin fiye da 300 kasuwanni, marubuta ga cewa baki masu sayarwa sun fi disadvantaged a birane da high laifi rates kuma high zama fata. Babu wani daga cikin wadannan sakamakon ba mu da wani daidai fahimtar daidai dalilin da ya sa baki masu sayarwa da muni sakamakon, amma, a lokacin da a hade tare da sakamakon wasu karatu, za su iya fara sanar da theories game da Sanadin launin fata da nuna bambanci a cikin daban-daban na tattalin arziki ma'amaloli.
Wani misali da cewa ya nuna ikon da masu bincike za su gudanar digital filin gwaje-gwajen a data kasance tsarin shi ne bincike da Arnout van de Rijt da kuma abokan aiki (2014) a kan makullin don nasara. A da yawa al'amurran rayuwa, ga alama m mutane ƙarasa da daban sakamakon. Daya zai yiwu bayani ga wannan abin kwaikwaya ne cewa kananan-da gaske bazuwar-abũbuwan amfãni iya kulle-in kuma girma a kan lokaci, a tsari da masu bincike kira tarawa amfani. Domin sanin ko kananan farko nasarorin kulle-in ko Fade bãya, van de Rijt da kuma abokan aiki (2014) ta shãmakace a cikin hudu daban-daban tsarin bestowing nasara a kan da ka zaba mahalarta, sa'an nan kuma auna tsawon lokaci tasirin wannan sabani nasara.
More musamman, van de Rijt da kuma abokan aiki 1) alkawarin kudi da ka zaba ayyukan on kickstarter.com , a Cunkushewar website. 2) lallai rated da ka zaba reviews a kan website epinions . 3) ya ba awards to da ka zaba bayar da gudunmawa ga Wikipedia . da 4) ya sanya hannu da ka zaba ro on change.org . The masu bincike gano sosai kama sakamakon fadin duk hudu tsarin: a kowace harka, mahalarta da suka da ka ba wani wuri nasara tafi a kan a yi more m nasara fiye da in ba haka ba gaba daya fayyace takwarorina (Figure 4.13). Gaskiyar cewa wannan abin kwaikwaya bayyana da yawa a cikin tsarin qara external inganci na wadannan sakamakon domin rage damar cewa wannan abin kwaikwaya ne da mutum ke sanya wani musamman tsarin.
Adadi 4.13: Long-lokaci effects na da ka ni'imta nasara a hudu daban-daban na zamantakewa tsarin. Arnout van de Rijt da kuma abokan aiki (2014) 1) alkawarin kudi da ka zaba ayyukan on kickstarter.com , a Cunkushewar website. 2) lallai rated da ka zaba reviews a kan website epinions . 3) ya ba awards to da ka zaba bayar da gudunmawa ga Wikipedia . da 4) ya sanya hannu da ka zaba ro on change.org .
Tare, waɗannan misalai biyu ya nuna cewa masu bincike za su iya gudanar da digital filin gwaje-gwajen ba tare da bukatar da abokin tarayya tare da kamfanoni ko da bukatar gina hadaddun digital tsarin. Bugu da ari, Table 4.2 bayar fi misalai da nuna cikin kewayon abin da zai yiwu a lõkacin da bincike amfani da kayayyakin data kasance tsarin ya sadar magani da kuma / ko gwargwado sakamakon. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen ne in mun gwada cheap ga masu bincike kuma suna bayar da wani babban mataki na hakikanci. Amma, wadannan gwaje-gwajen da masu bincike bayar iyaka iko a kan mahalarta, jiyya, da kuma sakamakon da za a auna. Bugu da ari, ga gwaje-gwajen faruwa a daya kadai da tsarin, masu bincike bukatar damu cewa effects za a iya kore ta tsarin-takamaiman ƙarfafa (misali, hanyar da Kickstarter mukamansu ayyukan, ko hanyar da change.org mukamansu ro, don ƙarin bayani, ga shawarwari game algorithmic confounding a Babi na 2). A karshe, a lõkacin da bincike tsakani a aiki tsarin, tricky da'a tambayoyi fito fili game da m cutar da mahalarta, wadanda ba mahalarta, da kuma tsarin. Za mu yi la'akari da wadannan da'a tambaya a more daki-daki, a Babi na 6, da kuma a can ne mai kyau game da su a cikin appendix na van de Rijt (2014) . The cinikayya-offs da ya zo tare da aiki a cikin wani data kasance tsarin ba manufa domin kowane aikin, kuma dõmin wannan ne dalilin da wasu masu bincike gina nasu gwaji tsarin, da topic na gaba sashe.
Table 4.2: Misalan gwaje-gwajen a data kasance tsarin. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen ze fada cikin uku main Categories, kuma wannan categorization iya taimake ka lura da ƙarin damar for your own bincike. Na farko, akwai gwaje-gwajen da ya unsa sayar ko sayen wani abu (misali, Doleac and Stein (2013) ). Na biyu, akwai gwaje-gwajen da ya unsa haihuwa a magani zuwa takamaiman mahalarta (misali, Restivo and Rijt (2012) ). A karshe, akwai gwaje-gwajen da ya unsa haihuwa jiyya zuwa takamaiman abubuwa kamar ro (misali, Vaillant et al. (2015) ).
Effect of barnstars kan gudunmawar Wikipedia Restivo and Rijt (2012) . Restivo and Rijt (2014) . Rijt et al. (2014)
Effect of anti-dama a kan wariyar launin fata sako tweets Munger (2016)
Effect of gwanjo hanya sayarwa price Lucking-Reiley (1999)
Effect of suna a price in online auctions Resnick et al. (2006)
Effect of tseren na sayarwa a kan sayar da baseball cards on eBay Ayres, Banaji, and Jolls (2015)
Effect of tseren na sayarwa a kan sayar da iPods Doleac and Stein (2013)
Effect of tseren na bako a Airbnb Rentals Edelman, Luca, and Svirsky (2016)
Effect of gudunmawa a kan nasarar ayyukan on Kickstarter Rijt et al. (2014)
Effect kabilanci da kabilanci a gidaje Rentals Hogan and Berry (2011)
Effect tabbatacce rating a nan gaba ratings a epinions Rijt et al. (2014)
Effect of sa hannu a kan nasarar da ya roƙa Vaillant et al. (2015) , Rijt et al. (2014)