Bit By Bit - Gudun gwajen - 4.5.4 Abokin hulɗa tare da mai iko
} Awance zai iya rage halin kaka da kuma ƙara sikelin, amma za a iya canza iri mahalarta, jiyya, da kuma sakamakon da za ka iya amfani da.
Ƙaƙarin yin aikin da kanka kanka ne tare da ƙungiya mai ƙarfi kamar kamfani, gwamnati, ko NGO. Abinda ke aiki tare da abokin tarayya shine cewa zasu iya ba ka damar gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da ba za ka iya yin ba kadai. Alal misali, daya daga cikin gwaje-gwaje da zan gaya muku game da ƙasa ya ƙunshi masu halartar miliyan 61 - babu mai bincika mutum zai iya cimma wannan sikelin. A lokaci guda da haɗa kai yana ƙaruwa da abin da za ka iya yi, shi ma ya tilasta ka. Alal misali, yawancin kamfanoni ba za su bari ka gudanar da gwajin da zai iya cutar da kasuwancinsu ko suna ba. Yin aiki tare da abokan tarayya kuma yana nufin cewa lokacin da ya zo lokaci don bugawa, za ka iya shiga matsa lamba don "sake sakewa" sakamakonka, kuma wasu abokan tarayya zasu iya ƙoƙari su toshe aikin da kake yi idan ya sa ya zama mummunan aiki. A ƙarshe, haɗin kai ya zo tare da kima dangane da bunkasa da haɗin waɗannan haɗin gwiwa.
Babban mahimmancin kalubalantar da za a warware don tabbatar da wannan haɗin gwiwa shine neman hanyar daidaita batun bukatun bangarorin biyu, kuma hanya mai mahimmanci don tunani game da wannan ma'auni shine Pasteur's Quadrant (Stokes 1997) . Mutane da yawa masu bincike suna tunanin cewa idan suna aiki a kan wani abu mai amfani - wani abin da zai iya sha'awa ga abokin tarayya - to, ba za su iya yin kimiyya ba. Wannan tunani zai sa ya zama matukar wuya a kirkiro haɗin gwiwa, kuma hakan ma ya faru ba daidai ba ne. Matsalolin wannan hanyar tunani shine zane-zane da misalin binciken binciken masanin ilimin halitta Louis Pasteur. Yayinda yake aiki a kan aikin gine-gine na kasuwanci don canza ruwan 'ya'yan gwoza zuwa barasa, Pasteur ya gano sabon bangare na microorganism wanda ya haifar da tsarin ka'idar cutar. Wannan bincike ya warware wani matsala mai mahimmanci - ya taimaka wajen inganta ƙaddamarwar-kuma hakan ya haifar da babban cigaban kimiyya. Saboda haka, maimakon tunani game da bincike tare da aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da su kamar yadda suke rikici da binciken kimiyya na gaskiya, ya fi kyau a yi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwa biyu. Bincike za a iya motsawa ta hanyar amfani (ko a'a), kuma bincike na iya neman fahimta mai zurfi (ko a'a). Abin mahimmanci, wasu nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i ne na iya amfani da su da neman fahimta (siffa 4.17) Bincike a binciken Pasteur na Quadrant-bincike da ke ci gaba da ci gaba da raga biyu - shine manufa don haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu bincike da abokan tarayya. Idan aka ba wannan batu, zan bayyana nazarin gwaji guda biyu tare da haɗin gwiwa: ɗaya tare da kamfani da ɗaya tare da NGO.
Figure 4.17: Quadrant Pasteur (Stokes 1997) . Maimakon yin tunani game da bincike kamar yadda "mahimmanci" ko "amfani," ya fi kyau a yi la'akari da shi ta hanyar yin amfani (ko a'a) da kuma neman fahimta mai zurfi (ko a'a). Misali na bincike da ake amfani da shi duka ta hanyar amfani da kuma neman fahimtar fahimtar shine aikin Pasteur akan canza kwayar gwoza zuwa barasa wanda zai jagoranci ka'idar cutar. Wannan shine aikin da yafi dacewa don haɗin gwiwa da mai iko. Misalan aikin da ake amfani dashi amma wannan bai nemi fahimtar fahimta ba daga Thomas Edison, da kuma misalai na aikin da ba'a damu da amfani ba amma wanda ke neman fahimtar ya fito ne daga Niels Bohr. Dubi Stokes (1997) don tattaunawa mafi kyau game da wannan tsarin da kuma kowane shari'ar. An sauya daga Stokes (1997) , adadi 3.5.
Kamfanoni masu yawa, musamman kamfanoni masu fasaha, sun samar da kayan fasaha mai ban mamaki don yin gwagwarmaya masu gwagwarmaya. A cikin masana'antu, waɗannan gwaje-gwaje ana kiran su gwajin A / B saboda sun kwatanta tasirin maganin biyu: A da B. Irin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje ana yin amfani da su akai-akai don abubuwa kamar ƙuƙwalwar ƙara-ta hanyar kudaden tallace tallace, amma ɗayan gwaji na iya iya za a yi amfani dasu don bincike da ke ci gaba da fahimtar kimiyya. Misali wanda ya kwatanta yiwuwar irin wannan bincike shine binciken da aka yi tsakanin masu bincike a Facebook da Jami'ar California, San Diego, game da sakamakon saƙonnin daban-daban akan masu jefa kuri'a (Bond et al. 2012) .
Ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba, 2010-ranar za ~ en majalissar Amirka - dukan masu amfani da Facebook miliyan 61, dake zaune a {asar Amirka, da kuma shekarun 18 da haihuwa sun shiga cikin gwaji game da za ~ e. Bayan ziyartar Facebook, ana ba da izinin amfani da masu amfani a ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi uku, wanda ya ƙaddara abin da banner (idan wani) aka sanya a saman abincin su (Figures 4.18):
ƙungiyar kulawa
wani sako na bayanan game da jefa kuri'a tare da maballin "I ci gaba" da kuma counter (Info)
wani sako na bayanan game da za ~ e tare da maballin "An yi niyyar" da aka yi amfani da shi da kuma lissafi tare da sunaye da hotuna na abokansu da suka riga sun danna "Na Ƙaddara" (Bayanan Faɗakarwa)
Bond da abokan aiki sunyi binciken manyan manyan sakamako guda biyu: halayyar jefa kuri'un da aka ruwaito da halin da ake yi na jefa kuri'a. Na farko, sun gano cewa mutane a cikin Ƙungiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci + sun kasance game da kashi biyu na maki fiye da mutane a cikin Ƙungiyar Bayani don danna "Na Ƙaddara" (game da 20% zuwa 18%). Bugu da ari, bayan masu bincike suka haɓaka bayanan da suke da shi a rubuce game da kimanin mutane miliyan shida, sun gano cewa mutane a cikin Dandalin 'Yan Adam da Harkokin Kasuwanci sun kasance kashi 0.39 cikin kashi dari na kuri'un da za su jefa kuri'a fiye da wadanda ke cikin rukunin kulawa da kuma mutanen da ke cikin kungiyar sun kasance kamar yadda za su yi zabe kamar yadda suke a cikin rukunin kulawa (adadi na 4.18).
Figure 4.18: Sakamako daga binciken gwagwarmayar-zabe a kan Facebook (Bond et al. 2012) . Masu shiga cikin ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar ta zaɓa a daidai lokacin da suke cikin ƙungiyar kulawa, amma mutane a cikin Ƙungiyar Harkokin Siyasa + da aka zaɓa a wani ɗan ƙarami mafi girma. Bars na wakilci kimanin kashi 95 cikin dari. Sakamako a cikin jadawalin shine ga kimanin mutane miliyan shida wadanda suka dace da rikodin zabe. Ada daga Bond et al. (2012) , adadi 1.
Sakamakon wannan gwajin ya nuna cewa wasu shafukan yanar-gizon fita-da-gidanka sun fi tasiri fiye da sauran kuma cewa ƙididdigar mai bincike na tasiri zai iya dogara ne akan ko sakamakon da aka ruwaito ko jefa kuri'a. Wannan gwajin ba shi da wata damuwa ba tare da bayar da wani alamu ba game da hanyoyin da bayanin zamantakewa-wanda wasu masu bincike suka kira "da fuska" -a kara yin jefa kuri'a. Yana iya zama cewa bayanin zamantakewa ya kara yiwuwar cewa wani ya lura da banner ko kuma hakan ya kara yiwuwar cewa wani wanda ya lura da banner ya zaba ko duka biyu. Saboda haka, wannan gwaji yana samar da wani bincike mai ban sha'awa cewa wasu masu bincike zasu iya gano (duba, misali, Bakshy, Eckles, et al. (2012) ).
Bugu da ƙari, don inganta manufofin masu bincike, wannan gwaji ya ci gaba da burin kungiyar hadin gwiwa (Facebook). Idan ka canja halin da aka karanta daga zabe don sayen sabulu, to, zaku iya ganin cewa binciken yana da daidai wannan tsari kamar gwaji don auna tasirin talla na kan layi (duba misali, RA Lewis and Rao (2015) ). Wadannan nazarin karatun na yau da kullum suna ɗaukar tasiri na tasiri ga tallace-tallace na kan layi-jiyya a Bond et al. (2012) su ne tallace-tallace masu ban sha'awa don yin zabe-akan layi marar layi. Saboda haka, wannan bincike zai iya inganta ikon Facebook don nazarin tasiri na tallace-tallace na kan layi kuma zai iya taimakawa Facebook damar shawo kan tallan tallace-tallace na intanet da cewa tallan Facebook yana da tasiri a canza halin.
Kodayake bukatun masu bincike da abokan tarayya sun fi dacewa da wannan binciken, sun kasance cikin rikici. Musamman ma, an raba wa mahalarta taron uku-iko, Bayani, da Bayani + da zamantakewar al'umma - da yawa: 98% na samfurin da aka sanya wa Info + Social. Wannan rarrabawar rashin daidaituwa ba ta da tushe, kuma mafi kyawun rarraba ga masu bincike zasu sami kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mahalarta a kowane rukuni. Amma ƙaddamar da ƙetare ta faru ne saboda Facebook yana so kowa da kowa ya karbi Bayanan + Social treatment. Abin farin ciki, masu binciken sun yarda da su su riƙe kashi 1 cikin dari don maganin magancewa da kuma 1% na mahalarta don ƙungiyar kulawa. Ba tare da rukuni na rukuni ba, ba zai yiwu ba a auna sakamako na Dandalin + Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a domin zai kasance gwajin "tsinkaya" da tsayayyar gwaji maimakon jarabawar gwaji. Wannan misali ya ba da darasi na darasi don yin aiki tare da abokan tarayya: wani lokaci ka ƙirƙiri gwaji ta tabbatar da wani ya ba da magani kuma wani lokaci ka ƙirƙiri gwaji ta tabbatar da wani ba don ba da magani (watau, ƙirƙirar ƙungiya mai kula).
Abun hulɗa ba koyaushe yana buƙatar shigar da kamfanonin fasaha da gwajin A / B tare da miliyoyin mahalarta. Alal misali, Alexander Coppock, Andrew Guess, da John Ternovski (2016) haɗu da wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta NGO - ƙungiyar Masu Tsaro ta Tsaro - don gudanar da gwaje-gwajen gwada gwaje-gwajen daban-daban don inganta zamantakewar al'umma. Masu bincike sun yi amfani da asusun Twitter na NGO don aikawa da sakonnin jama'a da kuma saƙonnin kai tsaye masu zaman kansu da suka yi ƙoƙari su gabatar da nau'i daban-daban. Sai suka auna abin da ke cikin wadannan sakonnin da suka fi dacewa don ƙarfafa mutane su sa hannu kan takarda da takaddama game da takarda.
Tebur na 4.3: Misalan gwaje-gwajen da ke hada da haɗin kai tsakanin masu bincike da ƙungiyoyi
Hanyoyin Facebook News game da raba bayanai Bakshy, Rosenn, et al. (2012)
Hanyoyin rashin sani game da halayen yanar gizon intanet Bapna et al. (2016)
Hanyoyin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Kasuwanci a kan wutar lantarki Allcott (2011) ; Allcott and Rogers (2014) ; Allcott (2015) ; Costa and Kahn (2013) ; Ayres, Raseman, and Shih (2013)
Hanyoyin zane-zane na zane-zane akan yaduwar cutar Aral and Walker (2011)
Hanyoyin yadawa akan yadawa SJ Taylor, Bakshy, and Aral (2013)
Hanyoyin bayanin zaman jama'a a tallace-tallace Bakshy, Eckles, et al. (2012)
Halin tashar tallace-tallace a kan tallace-tallace ta hanyar samfurori da kuma layi na daban don abokan ciniki Simester et al. (2009)
Hanyoyin shahararrun bayanai game da aikace-aikacen aiki Gee (2015)
Fahimta na farko da aka ambata a kan shahara Muchnik, Aral, and Taylor (2013)
Hanyoyin saƙo a cikin ƙungiyoyin siyasa Coppock, Guess, and Ternovski (2016)
Hakanan, haɗi tare da mai iko ya ba ka damar yin aiki a sikelin da ke da wuya a yi, kuma tebur 4.3 yana bada wasu misalai na haɗin kai tsakanin masu bincike da kungiyoyi. Abun hulɗa zai iya zama da sauki fiye da gina gwajin ka. Amma waɗannan amfanin sun zo tare da rashin amfani: haɗin kai na iya ƙayyade nau'in mahalarta, jiyya, da kuma sakamakon da za ka iya karatu. Bugu da ari, wannan haɗin gwiwa zai iya haifar da ƙalubalen dabi'a. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa don gano damar samun haɗin gwiwa shi ne lura da ainihin matsala da za ka iya warware yayin da kake yin kimiyya mai ban sha'awa. Idan ba a yi amfani da wannan hanyar kallon duniya ba, yana da wuyar gane matsalolin da ke cikin Pasta ta Quadrant, amma, tare da yin aiki, za ku fara fara lura da su.