By . | Publish Date: May 11 2018 3:00AM
Ta hanyar fannin gadon dabi’u da siffofin halitta an tantance al’ummomi da dama, an kuma gano asalin wasu da dama. Sannan an fahimci dalilan da suka sa ake samun wasu launukan jiki masu sabanin na jama’a, ga wadanda suke zaune a wuri daya. Misali, akwai wasu kabilu a kasar Amurka da ake kira “Hopi,” can wajen jihar Arizona. Mutane ne masu bakin gashin kai, da bakin fatar jiki, da bakin gudan idanu. Suna cikin rayuwa sai kawai suka fara haifar wasu ‘ya’ya masu fararen fatan jiki sal, masu fararen gashin kai sal, masu launin idanu sabanin irin na iyayensu. Masu irin wannan nau’in halitta su ake kira “Zabya” ko kuma “Albinos” a turance. Ana fara haka sai masana tarihin kasar Amurka suka ce ai wata al’umma ce daban. Amma da fannin ilimin gadon dabi’u da siffofin halitta ya bayyana, sai aka gano cewa ba wai wata al’umma ba ce daban, tangardar dabi’un halitta aka samu (Genetic Disorder) tsakaninsu da iyayensu wajen halitta. Abin da ke faruwa shi ne, daga cikin sinadaran halitta da ke samar da dan adam akwai sindarin da ake kira “Melanin,” wanda ke samar da launin fatar jiki, da launin idanu, da launin gashin kai da na jiki, da duk inda wani launi yake a jiki.
To amma idan aka samu matsala wajen halitta ya zama akwai rashin dacewa tsakanin dabi’un halittar uba da na uwa a bangaren wannan sinadarin Melanin, sai a haifi yaro fari sal, komai na jikinsa fari, babu wani launi da zai danganta shi da mahaifinsa ko mahaifiyarsa. Wannan sakamakon bincike ya samu ne ta hanyar bunkasar fannin gadon dabi’u da siffofin halitta.
Fahimtar Gamewa da Karfin Kudurar Ubangiji
A karshe, bayyanar wannan fanni da irin tasirinsa wajen bunkasa bincike don fahimtar tsarin halitta ya dada taimaka wa musulmi musamman wajen fahimtar gamewa da karfin kudurar Allah Madaukakin Sarki. Domin idan aka nuna maka kwayar halitta za ka yi mamakin yadda za a ce maka ta haka ne dan adam ke samuwa. Daga launin idanunsa, zuwa tsawon yatsunsa, da gajartar jikinsa, da kaurin hancinsa, da laushin fatar jikinsa, da tsawon gashin jikinsa, da tsarin hakoransa, da tsarin lebbansa, da yanayin tafiyarsa, da yanayin fahimtarsa, da yanayin natsuwarsa, da kimar hankalinsa, da fadin iliminsa, da fahimtar muhallinsa, da nau’in farin cikinsa, da saurin fushinsa, da jinkirin fahimtarsa, da dai sauransu. Wannan duk yana nuna mana iya girma da fadin kudurar Allah ne, wajen kwarewa da halitta, da hikima, da kuma tasarrafi cikin halittarsa baki daya. Albarkokin Allah sun yawaita, wanda shi ne mafi kyawon masu halitta.
Tallafi Daga Fannin Kwamfuta da Sadarwa
Kamar yadda mai karatu ya karanta a baya, wannan fanni na Tsarin Gadon dabi’u da Siffofin Halitta, wato Genetics, fanni ne da ke saurin habaka, duk da tsauri da tsananin tsadar bincike da fannin ya siffantu da su. Daga cikin dalilan da suka haddasa wannan ci gaba a cikin shekarun da ba su wuce 25 ba, akwai ci gaba a fannin sadarwa da kwamfuta, ko kuma fannin sarrafa bayanai dai a takaice, wato Information Technology kenan. Wannan a fili yake. Domin duk wanda ya dubi tsarin gudanar da bincike a wannan fanni, ya san kwarin idanu, da kaifin gani kadai ba su isa su taimaka wa fannin ci gaba ba, sai da tallafin ci gaban kimiyyar sadarwa da kere-kere. Domin dukkan sinadaran da ake gudanar da bincike a kansu ba abubuwa ba ne da ake iya gani da kwayar idanu, nan take. Galibinsu sai ta hanyar na’urar kambama abubuwa (Microscope) ake iya hangarsu, a fahimci yanayinsu, a yi nazarin tsarinsu da abin da suka kunsa, kafin a gano duk abin da ake son ganowa don taskance su a rubuce ko a zane.
Wannan sashe zai yi dubi ne zuwa ga wasu daga cikin shahararrun masarrafai ko manhajojin kwamfuta da kwararru kan wannan fanni suke amfani da su wajen tantance tsarin bincike a wannan fanni na Tsarin Gadon dabi’u da Siffofin Halitta (Genetics). Akwai bangarori shahararru da wadannan masarrafai suka shafa, kuma za mu dubi nau’ukan manhajojin kwamfuta da aka gina a cikinsu, masu amfani a babbar manhajar Windows na kamfanin Microsoft Inc. Na farko, akwai manhajoji na musamman a bangaren nazari da tantance yanayin Madarar dabi’un Halitta, wato: “Deodyribonucleic Acid” ko “DNA” a takaice.
A bangare na biyu kuma, akwai manhajoji ko masarrafan kwamfuta da aka gina don nazarin mahallin DNA, da sauran sinadaran da suka dangance shi, wajen fahimtar tsarinsu da gudanar da bincike kansu. Na uku akwai manhajoji na musamman kan nazarin sinadaran kara kuzari da ke cikin kwayar halitta, wato: Cell Protein Analysis. Na hudu kuma sai manhajoji da aka gina kan nazarin fannin alakar da ke tsakanin kwayoyin halitta wajen bunkasa da habaka, ba bangaren kamanceceniya wajen dabi’u ba kadai. Wannan fanni kuwa shi ake kira Phylogenetics. Duk da cewa a farko ba mu tabo wannan fanni ba, amma ganin cewa muna nazarin manhajojin ne a jumlace, shi yasa na kawo mana. Bayan wadannan akwai wasu fannonin dai daban.
Kafin mu ci gaba, zai dace mai karatu ya fahimci cewa, su wadannan manhajoji na kwamfuta aikin su shi ne tantance bayanan da aka shigar musu a rubuce, ko a tsarin hotuna, ko kuma a tsari ko yanayin zane. Sannan bayanan na iya kasancewa ta hanyar tsarin shigar da bayanai ne, wato a rubuta da hannu ta hanyar allon shigar da bayanai na kwamfuta, wato: Keyboard, ko kuma ta tsarin wasu manhajoji ko na’urorin sadarwa, irin su na’urar daukan hotuna, wato Scanning Machine, ko na’urarorin tantance zafi ko adadin sinadarai da ake amfani da su irin su: PCR Machine (wato Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis) da aka saba amfani da su a dakunan binciken kimiyyar sinadarai tun sama da shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Ta wadanan hanyoyi ne ake samun bayanan da wadannan manhajojin kwamfuta da za mu yi magana a kansu yanzu ke sarrafawa, don taimaka wa likitoci ko masu bincike a wannan fanni fahimtar alaka, da kamanceceniya, ko bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin nau’ukan kwayoyin halitta da siiffofi da kuma dabi’unsu.
Manhajojin
A fannin nazarin Madarar Bayanan dabi’ar Halitta, wato DNA, akwai manhajar MyRAST wacce ke taimakawa wajen tantance nau’ukan kwayoyin halittar dabbobin da kwayar halittarsu ba ta kai ta dan adam ba wajen bunkasa. A baya abu ne mai wahala a iya tantace wadannan kwayoyin halitta a bangare daya, tare da sanya musu rubutacciyar alama, cikin tsibin bayanan da ake da su kan nau’ukan kwayoyin halitta. Amma samuwar wannan manhaja ta taimaka matuka, inda a rana daya, bayan tara dukkan bayanan da ake da su kan kwayoyin halitta, da wannan manhaja sai a tantance kowane irin kwayar halitta daban, tare da alamar kowanne, don saukake ayyuka da tsarin bincke. Sai manhaja mai suna Gene Designer, wadda ke taimakawa wajen tattaro bayanan sinadaran Amino Acid da ke kwayar halitta, da kuma sinadaran Madarar dabi’ar Halitta a daya bangaren, don fahimtar yadda wadannan sinadarai ke haduwa wajen samar da kamanceceniya tsakanin halittu ko zuri’o’i.
Sai manhajar CLC Free Workbench, wadda ke taimakawa wajen hado bayanan da suka shafi Madarar dabi’ar Halitta (DNA) da sinadaran kara kuzari na kwayar halitta (Cell Protein), tare da tsara su a reshe daya, don taimaka wa masu bincike yin fashin-baki kan alakokin da ke tsakaninsu. Mai nazari na iya samun wadannan bayanai cikin shafi guda, ta hanyar wannan masarrafa. Sai masarrafa mai suna Geneious, wadda kamfanin Aledei Drummond Biomatters Ltd da ke birnin Auckland na kasar New Zealand ya gina. Amfanin wannan masarrafa dai shi ne taskance bayanan da suka shafi dukkan Taswirar dabi’ar Halittar dan adam baki daya, wato Human Genome, a cikin kwamfuta, tare da saukake hanyoyin mu’amala da bayanan cikin sauki. A takaice dai wannan masarrafa ko manhaja kamar “Rumbun Bayanan kwayoyin Halitta” ne, mai dauke da kafofin kara wa, ko rage wa, ko nemowa, ko adana wa, ko kuma tasarrafi da su baki daya.
Akwai kuma manhajar ganin taswira da hotuna da bayanan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta da dukkan abin da ya dangance su, cikin sauki. Wannan manhaja kuwa ita ce: Genome2D, wacce aikinta shi ne budo bayanan kawai, a kowane irin siffa ko yanayi suke. Sannan kana iya aikawa da bayanan da kake bukata cikin sauki, zuwa wani mahallin don sarrafa su. Sai manhajar PHIRE, wanda aka gina da tsarin gina manhajar kwamfuta mai suna bisual Bacic na kamfanin Microsoft. Wannan manhaja dai aikinta shi ne taimakawa wajen binciko (ta hanyar tambaya - search) nau’ukan kwayoyin halitta masu dauke da cututtuka (Bacteriophage) da ke jerin bayanan Taswirar dabi’ar Halitta, tare da tantance su ta yanayi da tsari mai kayatarwa ga masu bincike ko nazari. Su wadannan kwayoyin dabi’un halitta da suka harbu da cututtuka, ana amfani ne da su wajen yin kwaskwarimar wasu kwayoyin halittar, don haka ake taskance bayanansu don amfanin gaba.