[ ] A cikin jayayya da gwajin Contagion na Motsa jiki, Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) ya rubuta:
"Ko da yake gaskiya ne cewa ƙalubalen gwaje-gwajen Facebook ba su da ƙananan kuma ko da idan, a ƙarshe, ana ganin sakamakon yana da amfani, akwai muhimmin mahimmanci a kan gungumomi a nan wanda dole ne a riƙe. Kamar yadda sata yake sata ko ta yaya aka tara, saboda haka muna da hakki kada a gwada mu ba tare da saninmu da yarda ba, duk irin yanayin bincike. "
Wanne daga cikin siffofi na biyu waɗanda aka tattauna a cikin wannan babi-sakamakon da ke tattare da labaru-ne wannan hujjar da aka fi sani da ita?
Yanzu, kuyi tunanin kuna son yin jayayya da wannan matsayi. Yaya zaku iya jayayya da wannan shari'ar zuwa mai labaru ga New York Times ?
Yaya, idan koda yake, shin jayayyar ku zata zama daban idan kuna tattauna wannan tare da abokin aiki?
[ ] Maddock, Mason, and Starbird (2015) sunyi la'akari da ko masu bincike su yi amfani da tweets da aka share su. Karanta takardun su don koyo game da bango.
Yi nazarin wannan shawarar daga hangen nesa.
Yi nazarin daidai wannan shawarar daga hangen nesa.
Wanne kake samun karin tabbacin a wannan yanayin?
[ ] A wata kasida game da ka'idoji na gwaje-gwaje, Humphreys (2015) gabatar da wannan gwagwarmayar gwaji don nuna muhimmancin kalubalantar kalubale na ayyukan da aka yi ba tare da izini daga dukkan bangarorin da ke fuskantar tasiri ba kuma hakan ya cutar da wasu kuma taimakawa wasu.
"Wani mai bincike ne ya tuntubi wani mai bincike wanda yake so ya gano ko sanya fitilun tituna a wuraren da za su rage laifin aikata laifuka. A cikin wannan bincike, batutuwa su ne masu aikata laifi: neman yardawar masu laifi na iya jaddada bincike kuma ba zai yiwu ba (rashin biyayya ga mutane); masu laifi za su iya ɗaukar nauyin bincike ba tare da amfani (cin zarafin adalci ba); kuma za a sami jituwa game da amfani da bincike-idan yana da tasiri, masu laifi ba za su amfana da shi ba (samar da matsala don tantance alheri) ... Batutuwa na musamman a nan ba kawai a kan batutuwan ba. A nan kuma akwai hadari cewa samuwa ga wadanda ba zato ba, idan misali masu aikata laifuka suna cin zarafin kungiyoyin da ke sa fitilu a wuri. Ƙungiyar zata iya kasancewa da ƙwarewa game da waɗannan matsalolin amma suna son ɗaukar su saboda suna kuskuren sunyi imani da burin basirar masu bincike daga jami'o'i masu arziki waɗanda suke da kansu a cikin wani ɓangare don bugawa. "
Rubuta adireshin imel ga ƙungiyar al'umma wanda ke ba da kimar ku na gwaji kamar yadda aka tsara? Za ku taimake su suyi gwaji kamar yadda aka tsara? Wadanne abubuwa zasu iya tasiri ku yanke shawara?
Shin akwai wasu canje-canjen da zasu inganta kwarewar ku game da ka'idoji na wannan gwaji.
[ ] A shekarun 1970s 60 mutane sun halarci gwajin gwaje-gwajen da suka faru a cikin gidan wanka na maza a wata jami'a a tsakiyar yammaci na Amurka (masu bincike ba sa suna jami'ar) (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter 1976) . Masu bincike sun kasance da sha'awar yadda mutane suka amsa laifuffuka na sararin samaniya, wanda Sommer (1969) bayyana a matsayin "yanki da iyakokin da ke kewaye da jikin mutum wanda ba a iya shiga ba." Ƙari musamman, masu bincike sun zaɓi suyi nazarin yadda Yayin da wasu mutane ke kusa, halayyar mutum ta tasiri. Bayan gudanar da bincike mai tsabta, masu bincike sun gudanar da gwaje-gwajen filin. An tilasta masu shiga su yi amfani da hagu na mafi hagu a cikin gidan wanka na dakuna uku (masu bincike basu bayyana yadda aka yi haka) ba. Daga baya, an sanya mahalarta zuwa ɗaya daga cikin matakan uku na nesa tsakanin masu juna biyu. Ga wasu mazauna, wani rikici ya yi amfani da takalmin gaggawa kusa da su; ga wasu mutane, wani rikici ya yi amfani da wani wuri na gaggawa daga gare su; kuma ga wasu mutane, babu mai shiga cikin gidan wanka. Masu bincike sun gwada sakamakon su-canjin lokaci da kuma juriya-ta hanyar kafa wani mai bincike a cikin ɗakin ajiyar gidan bayanan da ke kusa da aikin gaggawa. Ga yadda masu bincike suka bayyana yadda za a auna:
"Wani mai lura da shi an dakatar da shi a cikin ɗakin bayan gida a tsaye kusa da batun jigilar. A yayin gwaje-gwaje na matukin jirgi na wannan hanya sai ya zama bayyananne cewa ba za a iya amfani da bayanan da aka yi amfani da su don nuna alamar farawa da cessation of [urination] ... Maimakon haka, ana amfani da alamun gani. Mai lura ya yi amfani da pisciscicic prism wanda ba a saka shi a cikin ɗakunan littattafan kwance a ƙasa na ɗakin bayan gida. Tsakanin 11-inch (28 cm) tsakanin bene da bango na ɗakin ajiyar bayan gida yana ba da ra'ayi, ta hanyar kwaskwarima, na ƙwaƙwalwar mai amfani kuma ya yiwu ya yiwu a gani yadda ya kamata na ramin fitsari. Amma mai lura da ido bai iya ganin fuskar ta ba. Mai kallo ya fara jiragen dakatarwa biyu lokacin da batun ya tashi har zuwa cikin asibiti, ya tsaya daya lokacin da urination ya fara, kuma ya dakatar da sauran lokacin da aka kammala urination. "
Masu bincike sun gano cewa raguwar jiki ta ragu yana haifar da jinkirta ƙarawa na farko da kuma rage juriya (adadi 6.7).
Kuna ganin mahalarta sun cutar da wannan gwaji?
Kuna tsammanin cewa masu bincike sunyi wannan gwaji?
Waɗanne canje-canje, idan akwai, za ku bada shawara don inganta daidaitattun daidaito?
Figure 6.7: Sakamako daga Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) . Mutanen da suka shiga gidan wanka an sanya su a cikin ɗaya daga cikin ka'idodi guda uku: kusa da nisa (an sanya wani ƙwararren a cikin gaggawa na gaba), matsakaicin matsakaici (an sanya wani kwakwalwa daya daga cikin gaggawa), ko sarrafawa (ba tare da rikici ba). Wani mai lura da aka ajiye a cikin ɗakin ajiyar gida yana amfani da kullun da aka gina ta al'ada don lura da lokaci da jinkirin da kuma jurewa na urination. Ba a samo kuskuren kurakurai a kusa da kimantawa ba. An sauke daga Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) , adadi 1.
[ , ] A cikin watan Agustan 2006, kimanin kwanaki 10 kafin zaben farko, mutane 20,000 da ke zaune a Michigan sun karbi wasikun da ya nuna yadda za su yi zabe da kuma yadda za su yi zabe da maƙwabtansu (adadin 6.8). (Kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin wannan babi, a Amurka, gwamnatocin jihohi suna riƙe da bayanan masu jefa kuri'a a kowane za ~ en kuma ana samun wannan bayani ga jama'a.) Wani sakonni na yawanci ya karu da yawan masu jefa kuri'a ta kimanin kashi daya bisa dari, amma wannan ya karu da juyawa ta hanyar maki 8.1, yawanci mafi girma da aka gani har zuwa wancan (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Hakan ya faru da yawa cewa wani jami'in siyasa mai suna Hal Malchow ya baiwa Donald Green $ 100,000 don kada ya buga sakamakon gwajin (watakila zai iya amfani da wannan bayanan Malkow) (Issenberg 2012, p 304) . Amma, Alan Gerber, Donald Green, da kuma Christopher Larimer sun wallafa takardun a 2008 a cikin Harkokin Kimiyyar Siyasa na Amirka .
Lokacin da ka duba da mai hankali a mai lamba a cikin adadi na 6.8 zaka iya lura cewa sunayen masu binciken ba su bayyana a kai ba. Maimakon haka, adireshin da za a dawo shi ne Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki. A cikin sanarwa ga takarda, marubuta sun bayyana cewa: "Na gode wa Mark Grebner na Harkokin Siyasa na Siyasa, wanda ya tsara da kuma gudanar da wasikun da aka karanta a nan."
Yi la'akari da yin amfani da wannan magani bisa ga ka'idodin ka'idodi guda huɗu da aka bayyana a wannan babi.
Yi la'akari da maganin game da ra'ayin na mutunci.
Waɗanne canje-canje, idan akwai, za ku bada shawara ga wannan gwaji?
Shin za ta tasiri amsarku ga tambayoyin da ke sama idan Mark Grebner ya riga ya aika da wasikun irin wannan a wannan lokaci? Yawanci, yaya ya kamata masu bincike suyi tunani game da kimanta abubuwan da ake aiwatar da su na yau da kullum?
Ka yi la'akari da cewa ka yanke shawara don ƙoƙarin samun izini mai haske daga mutanen da ke cikin ƙungiyar kula amma ba wadanda ke cikin rukunin kula ba. Mene ne wannan shawarar zai iya kasancewa a kan ikon ku na fahimtar dalilin rashin bambanci a tsakanin masu tsinkayen magunguna da kungiyoyin kulawa?
Rubuta rubutattun ka'ida wanda zai iya bayyana tare da wannan takarda lokacin da aka buga shi.
Figure 6.8: Mailer mai baƙo daga Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) . Wannan mai aikawa ya karu yawan tarin yawa ta kashi 8.1 points, mafi girman tasiri wanda aka taɓa kiyayewa don mailer mai ɗayan. An sake buga ta izini daga Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) , shafuka A.
[ ] Wannan yana gina kan tambaya ta baya. Da zarar an aiko da manema labarai 20,000 (adadi 6.8), tare da 60,000 wasu masu karfin gaske, wadanda ba su da karfin gaske, akwai matsala daga masu halartar taron. A gaskiya, Issenberg (2012) (shafi na 198) ya ruwaito cewa "Grebner [Daraktan Cibiyar Siyasa Harkokin Siyasa] ba ya iya lissafin yawan mutane da yawa suka dauki matsala don yin tawaye da wayar, saboda injin mai ofis din ya cika da sauri cewa sabon masu kira ba su iya barin sakon ba. "A gaskiya ma, Grebner ya lura cewa ƙushin baya na iya girma ko sun kasance sun karu da magani. Ya ce wa Alan Gerber, daya daga cikin masu bincike, "Alan idan muka kashe dala dubu biyar kuma mun rufe dukan jihar da kai da zan zauna tare da Salman Rushdie." (Issenberg 2012, 200)
Shin wannan bayanin ya canza amsoshin tambayarku na baya?
Wadanne hanyoyin da za a yi game da yanke shawara a fuskar rashin tabbas za ku bada shawara don irin wannan binciken a nan gaba?
[ , ] A aikace, yawancin mu'amala na al'ada na faruwa ne game da nazarin inda masu bincike basu da izini na ainihi daga mahalarta (misali, waɗannan batutuwan uku da aka bayyana a cikin wannan sura). Duk da haka, halayyar kirki na iya tasowa don nazarin da suka yarda da izini. Yi nazari akan tunani inda za ku sami izini na gaskiya daga masu halartar taron, amma abin da kuke tunanin zai zama maras kyau. (Abinda ke ciki: Idan kuna gwagwarmaya, za ku iya gwada karanta Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady (2000) .)
[ , ] Masu bincike suna gwagwarmaya don bayyana ra'ayinsu na dabi'un juna da kuma jama'a. Bayan da aka gano cewa an gano Tastes, Ties, da Time, Jason Kauffman, jagoran kungiyar bincike, ya gabatar da wasu ra'ayoyin jama'a kan ka'idodin aikin. Karanta Zimmer (2010) sa'an nan kuma sake rubuta kalmomi na Kauffman ta yin amfani da ka'idodi da tsarin zamantakewar da aka bayyana a wannan babi.
[ ] Banksy yana daya daga cikin shahararrun masanin fasahar zamani a kasar Ingila kuma an san shi ne don jigilar gandun daji ta hanyar siyasa (adadi na 6.9). Ya ainihin ainihi, duk da haka, wani asiri ne. Banksy yana da shafin yanar gizon kansa, saboda haka zai iya nuna ainihin shaidarsa idan ya so, amma ya zaba kada. A shekara ta 2008, jaridar Daily Mail ta wallafa wata kasida da ta yi ikirarin gano sunan ainihin Banksy. Sa'an nan, a shekarar 2016, Michelle Hauge, Mark Stevenson, D. Kim Rossmo da Steven C. Le Comber (2016) sunyi ƙoƙari don tabbatar da wannan da'awar ta hanyar amfani da tsarin Dirichlet tsari na labarun gefe. Fiye da haka, sun tattara wuraren da aka yi amfani da shi a bankin na Banksy a Bristol da London. Bayan haka, ta hanyar bincike ta hanyar litattafai na jarida da wallafe-wallafen jama'a, sun gano adireshin da aka ba da sunan mai suna, matarsa, da kuma kwallon kafa (watau ƙwallon ƙafa). Marubucin ya taƙaita binciken da aka rubuta a cikin takarda kamar haka:
"Ba tare da wani mai tsanani" wanda ake zargi ba "don bincika, yana da wuyar yin bayani game da asusun Banksy bisa ga bincike da aka gabatar a nan, ban da fadin kullun da ke cikin Bristol da London sun haɗa da adiresoshin da aka sani da zasu hade tare da [suna sake rubutawa]. "
Bayan Metcalf and Crawford (2016) , waɗanda suka yi la'akari da wannan shari'ar a cikin cikakken bayani, na yanke shawarar kada in haɗa sunan mutum yayin tattaunawar wannan binciken.
Yi nazarin wannan binciken ta amfani da ka'idodi da tsarin zamantakewa a wannan babi.
Shin za ku yi wannan binciken?
Masu marubuta sun tabbatar da wannan binciken a cikin rubutun da suka rubuta tare da jumla mai zuwa: "Ƙari da yawa, waɗannan sakamakon sun goyi bayan shawarwarin da suka gabata da za a iya amfani da ƙididdigar ayyukan ta'addancin kananan yara (misali, graffiti) don taimakawa wajen gano wuraren ta'addanci kafin ya fi tsanani abubuwan da ke faruwa sun faru, kuma suna bayar da misali mai ban sha'awa game da aikace-aikacen samfurin zuwa gagarumar matsala, matsalar duniya. "Shin wannan ya canza ra'ayinku game da takarda? Idan haka, ta yaya?
Mawallafa sun haɗa da bayanin martaba na ƙarshe a ƙarshen takardunsu: "Masu marubuta sun san, kuma sun mutunta, bayanin sirrin [suna da aka sake tsara] da danginsa kuma sunyi amfani da bayanai kawai a cikin yankin. Mun yi kuskuren ƙidaya adiresoshin da ya dace. "Wannan yana canza ra'ayi naka na takarda? Idan haka, ta yaya? Kuna tsammanin dichotomy na jama'a / masu zaman kansu ya zama ma'ana a wannan yanayin?
Hoto na 6.9: Hotuna na Tafarkin Wuta ta Banksy a Cheltenham, Ingila ta Kathryn Yengel, 2014. Source: Kathryn Yengel / Flickr .
[ ] Metcalf (2016) ya haifar da hujjar cewa "abubuwan da ke cikin labaran da ke dauke da bayanan sirri sune mafi ban sha'awa ga masu bincike da kuma mafi haɗari ga batutuwa."
Mene ne misalan misalai guda biyu da suka goyi bayan wannan da'awar?
A cikin wannan labarin, Metcalf ma ya yi iƙirarin cewa anachronistic ya ɗauka cewa "an riga an riga an riga an riga an yi wani lahani ta hanyar dattijai na jama'a." Ka ba da misalin daya daga inda wannan zai yiwu.
[ , ] A cikin wannan babin, na kawo shawara kan tsarin yatsa cewa dukkanin bayanai suna iya ganewa kuma dukkanin bayanai suna da damuwa. Tebur 6.5 yana bada jerin misalai na bayanan da ba su da bayanin bayanan mutum na ainihi amma har yanzu za'a iya danganta su ga mutane.
Nuna wasu misalai guda biyu da kuma kwatanta irin yadda aka sake ganowa a cikin waɗannan lokuta yana da irin wannan tsari.
Ga kowane misalai guda biyu a sashi (a), bayyana yadda bayanai zasu iya bayyana bayanai masu mahimmanci game da mutane a cikin dataset.
Yanzu karbi dataset ta uku daga teburin. Rubuta imel zuwa ga wani yayi la'akari da sakewa. Bayyana musu yadda wannan bayanai zai iya kasancewa mai yiwuwa a iya ganewa kuma yana iya zama mai hankali.
Siffar 6.5: Misalan Bayanan Lafiya na Jama'a wanda Ba Yayi Dukkan Kwarewa da Neman Bayanin Bayanai ba Duk da haka Za a Yi Magana da Mutanen Dama
Asusun kiwon lafiya na asibiti Sweeney (2002)
Bayanan ma'amala katin bashi Montjoye et al. (2015)
Netflix bayanin bayanai na fim Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008)
Kira na waya meta-bayanai Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016)
Binciken bayanan bincike Barbaro and Zeller (2006)
Tarihin mutum, gudanarwa, da zamantakewa game da dalibai Zimmer (2010)
[ ] Yarda kanka a cikin takalmin kowa yana hada da mahalarta da kuma jama'a, ba kawai 'yan uwanku ba. Wannan bambanci an kwatanta shi ne a game da asibitin Yahudawa na cututtukan cututtuka (Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, chap. 1; Lerner 2004; Arras 2008) .
Dokta Chester M. Southam wani likita ne kuma mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon Kankara da Sloan-Kettering da kuma Farfesa Farfesa na Kwalejin Medicine a Cornell University College. Ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1963, Southam da abokan aiki biyu sun yi wa kwayar cutar ciwon daji kwayar cutar a cikin gawawwakin marasa lafiya 22 da suka kamu da cutar a asibitin Yahudawa na asibiti na New York. Wadannan injections sun kasance wani ɓangare na bincike na Southam don fahimtar tsarin marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya. A cikin bincike na baya, Southam ya gano cewa masu aikin sa kai na lafiya sun karyata kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji a cikin makonni hudu zuwa shida, yayin da wadanda ke da ciwon daji sun fi tsayi. Southam ya yi mamaki ko jinkirin mayar da martani ga marasa lafiyar marasa lafiya ne saboda suna da ciwon daji ko kuma saboda sun tsofaffi kuma sun riga sun kasance da lalata. Don magance wadannan hanyoyi, Southam ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da kwayoyin cutar Kanada ta hanyar zama a cikin rukuni na mutanen da suka tsufa kuma suka lalace amma wadanda basu da ciwon daji. Lokacin da aka yi nazarin binciken, a cikin bangare ne ta hanyar murabus daga likitoci uku da aka nemi su shiga, wasu sun kwatanta da gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya na Nazi, amma wasu suna cikin asusun da Southam ya samu na bincike ba tare da wani aiki ba. Daga bisani, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Jihar New York ta sake nazarin lamarin don yanke shawara idan Southam zai iya ci gaba da yin magani. Southam yayi ikirarin cewa yana aiki a "mafi kyawun al'ada na aikin kulawa da kullun." Ya kare shi ne bisa wasu ƙidaya, wanda duk da dama masu fasaha da suka yarda da su sun shaida shi: (1) bincikensa shine na manyan kimiyya da zamantakewa; (2) babu wata hadari ga masu mahalarta; da'awar da ke cikin ɓangare na shekaru 10 na Southam na kwarewa ta gaba da fiye da 600; (3) Ya kamata a gyara matakin ƙaddamarwa bisa ga yanayin hadarin da mai bincike ya gabatar; (4) binciken ya kasance daidai da daidaito na aikin likita a wannan lokacin. Daga ƙarshe, hukumar Regent ta sami Southam na cin hanci da rashawa, da rashin bin doka, kuma ta dakatar da lasisin likita har shekara guda. Duk da haka, bayan 'yan shekaru baya, an zabi Southam a matsayin shugaban kungiyar' yan bincike na kankara ta Amurka.
Bada nazarin binciken Southam ta amfani da ka'idodi guda hudu a wannan babi.
Ya bayyana cewa Southam ya ɗauki matsayin abokan aikinsa kuma yayi tsammanin yadda zasu iya amsa aikinsa; a gaskiya, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi shaida a madadinsa. Amma bai iya ko bai yarda ya fahimci yadda bincike zai iya zama damuwa ga jama'a ba. Wace rawa kake tsammanin ra'ayin jama'a - wanda zai iya bambanta daga ra'ayoyin mahalarta ko abokan adawa - ya kamata a gudanar da bincike? Mene ne ya kamata ya faru idan ra'ayi mai mahimmanci da ra'ayoyin mutane ya bambanta?
[ ] A cikin takarda da ake kira "Crowdseeding a Gabashin Gabas: Ta amfani da wayar salula don tattara rikice-rikice Events bayanai a Real Time", Van der Windt da Humphreys (2016) bayyana tsarin rarraba bayanai (duba sura ta 5) da suka kirkiro a Gabashin Gabashin. Bayyana yadda masu bincike suka magance rashin tabbas game da yiwuwar cutar da mahalarta.
[ ] A watan Oktobar 2014, masanan kimiyyar siyasa sun aika masu aikawa zuwa 102,780 masu jefa kuri'a a Montana-kimanin kashi 15% na masu jefa kuri'a a jihar (Willis 2014) - wani ɓangare na gwaji don auna ko masu jefa kuri'a da aka ba da karin bayani zasu iya jefa kuri'a . Masu zanga-zangar da ake kira "2014 Montana General Electoral Voter Information Guide" - sun gabatar da 'yan takara masu adalci a Montana, a cikin abin da ba a ba da izinin ba, wanda ya hada da Barack Obama da Mitt Romney a matsayin kwatanta. Mai aikawa ya haɗa da haifa mai girma na Ƙasar Montana (adadi na 6.10).
Masu sauraro sun gabatar da sanarwa daga Montana masu jefa kuri'a, kuma sun sa Linda McCulloch, Sakataren Majalisar Montana, ta gabatar da wata takarda ta kara da gwamnatin jihar Montana. Jami'o'in da suka yi amfani da masu bincike-Dartmouth da Stanford-sun aika da wasikar zuwa ga duk wanda ya karbi mai baƙo, ya nemi gafara ga duk wani rikici da kuma bayyana cewa mai mai "ba shi da alaƙa da kowane ɓangare na siyasa, dan takarar ko kungiyar, kuma ba a nufin don yin tasiri ga kowane tseren. "Har ila yau wasikar ta bayyana cewa matsayin" ya dogara ne akan bayanan jama'a game da wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga kowace ƙungiyar "(adadi na 6.11).
A watan Mayu 2015, kwamishinan harkokin siyasa na jihar Montana, Jonathan Motl, ya tabbatar da cewa masu binciken sun keta dokokin Montana: "Kwamishinan ya tabbatar da cewa akwai cikakkun bayanai don nuna cewa Stanford, Dartmouth da / ko masu binciken sun karya Montana yin dokoki da ake buƙatar rajista, bayar da rahoto da bayyanawa kudaden kuɗi na zaman kanta "(Ya isa samun Nemi 3 a Motl (2015) ). Kwamishinan kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa Mai Shari'a ta Tarayya ta bincika ko amfani mara izini na babban hatimin Montana ya karya dokokin jihar Montana (Motl 2015) .
Stanford da Dartmouth ba su amince da hukuncin Motl ba. Wani mai magana da yawun Stanford da ake kira Lisa Lapin ya ce "Stanford ... ba ya amince da duk wata doka ta za ~ e" da kuma cewa wasiƙar "ba ta da wani goyon baya da ke tallafawa ko kuma ta tsayayya da kowane dan takarar." Ta nuna cewa Mailer ya bayyana cewa " ba ya amince da kowane dan takara ko jam'iyyar " (Richman 2015) .
Yi nazarin wannan binciken ta amfani da ka'idodin guda hudu da ginshiƙai biyu waɗanda aka bayyana a wannan babi.
Yayin da ake aikawa da masu sauraro zuwa samfurin masu jefa kuri'a (amma fiye da haka a cikin wani lokaci), a wace yanayi ne wannan aikawar ta iya canza sakamakon zaben Kotun Koli na Kotu?
A gaskiya ma, ba a aika masu ba da izinin samfurin masu jefa kuri'a ba. A cewar rahotanni da Jeremy Johnson (masanan kimiyyar siyasa suka taimaka a gudanar da binciken), an aika su ne zuwa 64,265 masu jefa kuri'a wanda aka gano sun kasance masu sassaucin ra'ayi ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a yankunan Democrat da 39,515 masu jefa kuri'a wanda aka gano a matsayin masu ra'ayin rikon kwarya a Jamhuriyar Republican. Masu binciken sun tabbatar da rashin bambanci tsakanin 'yan Democrat da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar saboda sun yi tsammanin za su kasance masu raguwa a tsakanin masu jefa kuri'a. "Shin wannan ya canza kima naka game da zane-zane? Idan haka, ta yaya?
Dangane da bincike, masu binciken sun ce sun dauki wannan zabe a wani bangare saboda "ba a yi jigilar kotu a cikin firamare ba. Dangane da bincike kan sakamakon zaben na farko a shekarar 2014 a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a gaban zabukan Montana, masu binciken sun yanke shawarar cewa binciken da aka tsara ba zai canza sakamakon zaben ba " (Motl 2015) . Wannan yana canza kima naka na bincike? Idan haka, ta yaya?
A gaskiya ma, za ~ u ~~ uka ya kasance ba kusa ba (tebur 6.6). Wannan yana canza kima naka na bincike? Idan haka, ta yaya?
Ya bayyana cewa an gabatar da wani bincike a Dartmouth IRB ta daya daga cikin masu bincike, amma bayanan da suka bambanta daga ainihin binciken na Montana. Mai amfani da aka yi amfani da shi a Montana ba a sallama shi zuwa IRB ba. Binciken bai taba mika shi ga Stanford IRB ba. Wannan yana canza kima naka na bincike? Idan haka, ta yaya?
Har ila yau, ya bayyana cewa, masu bincike sun aika irin wa] annan abubuwan za ~ en zuwa 143,000 masu jefa} uri'a a California da 66,000 a New Hampshire. Kamar dai yadda na sani, babu wasu gunaguni da wadannan kimanin kusan 200,000 suka karu. Wannan yana canza kima naka na bincike? Idan haka, ta yaya?
Mene ne, idan akwai wani abu, za ka yi daban idan kai ne babban masu binciken? Yaya za ku tsara wannan binciken idan kuna sha'awar bincika ko ƙarin bayani yana kara yawan yawan masu jefa kuri'a a cikin rassan nonpartisan?
Tebur 6.6: Sakamako daga Zaben Kotun Koli na Kotun Amurka na Montana na 2014 2014 (Source: Shafin yanar gizon Montana Sakataren Gwamnati)
'Yan takara
An samu lambobin
Kotun Koli ta Kotu # 1
Kotun Koli ta Kotu # 2
Figure 6.10: Mailer ya aiko da masana kimiyyar siyasa uku zuwa 102,780 masu jefa kuri'a a Montana a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwaji don auna ko masu jefa kuri'a da aka ba da karin bayani zasu iya zabar. Samfurin samfurin a wannan gwajin ya kasance kusan 15% na masu jefa ƙuri'a a cikin jihar (Willis 2014) . An sake buga shi daga Motl (2015) .
Figure 6.11: Harafin wasikar da aka tura wa masu kada kuri'a 102,780 a Montana wadanda suka karbi mailer da aka nuna a cikin adadi na 6.10. Harafin ya aika da shugabannin Dartmouth da Stanford, jami'o'i waɗanda ke aiki da masu bincike wadanda suka aika da mai aikawa. An sake buga shi daga Motl (2015) .
[ ] Ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 2016, masu bincike biyu-Emil Kirkegaard da Julius Bjerrekaer suka kori bayanai daga shafin intanet ta Intanet ta OkCupid kuma sun ba da bayanai game da kimanin mutane 70,000, ciki har da masu rikitarwa irin su sunan mai amfani, shekaru, jinsi, wuri, ra'ayoyin addini , ra'ayoyin da suka shafi astrology, shafukan sha'awa, yawan hotuna, da dai sauransu, da kuma amsoshin da aka ba su akan tambayoyi 2,600 akan shafin. A cikin takarda takarda tare da bayanan da aka saki, masu marubuta sun bayyana cewa "Wasu na iya ƙin yarda da bin ka'idodin tattarawa da sake sakin wannan bayanai. Duk da haka, dukkanin bayanan da aka samo a cikin dataset sun kasance ko an riga an samo su, don haka saki wannan dataset kawai ya gabatar da shi a cikin takarda mafi amfani. "
Dangane da sakin bayanai, an tambayi ɗaya daga cikin mawallafa a kan Twitter: "Wannan dataset yana da cikakken sake ganewa. Ko da ya hada da sunayen masu amfani? An yi wani aikin da aka yi don ba da sunan shi ba? "Ya amsa ya ce" A'a. Bayanai sun riga sun kasance. " (Zimmer 2016; Resnick 2016) .
Yi nazari akan wannan bayanan bayanan ta amfani da ka'idodin da tsarin al'adu da aka tattauna a cikin wannan babi.
Kuna amfani da waɗannan bayanan don bincikenku?
Mene ne idan kun shafe kanku?
[ ] A shekara ta 2010, mai bincike na bincike tare da rundunar sojan Amurka ta ba da sassan diflomasiyya 250,000 zuwa WikiLeaks, kuma an sake su a kan layi. Gill and Spirling (2015) suna jayayya cewa "watsar da WikiLeaks tana iya wakiltar wani bayani wanda za'a iya kwashe don jarraba ka'idoji a cikin dangantakar kasashen duniya" sa'an nan kuma ya danganta samfurin samfurori. Alal misali, marubutan sun yi la'akari da cewa suna wakiltar kimanin kashi 5 cikin 100 na dukkanin tashar diplomasiyya a lokacin wannan lokacin, amma wannan rukunin ya bambanta daga ofishin jakadancin zuwa ofishin jakadancin (duba Figure 1 na takarda).
Karanta takarda, sa'an nan kuma rubuta rubutattun ka'idoji zuwa gare shi.
Masu marubuta ba su bincikar abubuwan da ke cikin duk takardun da aka yi ba. Shin akwai wani aiki ta amfani da waɗannan igiyoyin da za ku yi? Shin akwai wani aiki ta amfani da waɗannan igiyoyin da ba za kuyi ba?
[ ] Don nazarin yadda kamfanonin ke amsa tambayoyin, wani mai bincike ya aika da wasika zuwa gidajen cin abinci 240 a birnin New York. Ga wani samfurin daga wasika na yaudara.
"Ina rubuta wannan wasiƙar zuwa gare ku domin ina fushi game da kwarewar da na samu yanzu a gidan ku. Ba da daɗewa ba, ni da matata na bikin bikin tunawa da mu. ... Da yamma ya zama dabara lokacin da bayyanar cututtuka ta fara bayyana game da sa'o'i hudu bayan cin abinci. Rawan jini mai tsanani, zubar da jini, cututtuka, da ƙananan ciki na ciki duk sun nuna abu daya: guba abinci. Yana sa ni fushi kawai tunanin cewa mu na musamman maraice maraice ya zama rage wa matata kallon ni curl sama a cikin wani tayi matsayi a kan tayoyin bene na gidan wanka a tsakanin zagaye na jefa a sama. ... Ko da yake ba ni da niyya in aika da rahoto tare da Ofishin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci ko Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya, ina so ku, [sunan mai gidan rediyo], don fahimtar abin da na shiga ta hanyar tsammanin za ku amsa daidai. "
Yi nazarin wannan binciken ta amfani da ka'idojin da tsarin zamantakewa da aka bayyana a cikin wannan babi. Bada kima, za ku yi binciken?
A nan ne yadda gidajen cin abinci da suka karbi wasiƙar sun amsa (Kifner 2001) : " (Kifner 2001) ne kamar yadda masu mallaka, manajoji da mashahuran da aka nema ta hanyar kwakwalwa don sunaye na [sunaye] ko katunan katin bashi, sake duba manus kuma suna samar da isarwa don yiwuwar cin abinci, kuma tambayoyin ma'aikatan kullun game da yiwuwar lalacewa, dukkanin abin da jami'a da farfesa suka samu yanzu shine binciken karatun kasuwanci daga jahannama. "Shin wannan bayanin ya canza yadda za ku tantance binciken?
Kamar yadda na sani, IRB ko wani ɓangare na uku ba a duba wannan binciken ba. Wannan yana canza yadda za ku tantance binciken? Me ya sa ko me yasa ba?
[ ] Gina kan tambaya ta baya, Ina so ku kwatanta wannan binciken tare da binciken daban daban wanda ya hada da gidajen cin abinci. A cikin wannan binciken, Neumark da abokan aiki (1996) aika da daliban koleji maza biyu da biyu da suka kirkirar da su don neman aiki a matsayin masu jira da kuma jira a gidajen cin abinci 65 a Philadelphia, don bincika nuna bambancin jima'i a cinikin gidan cin abinci. Sannan aikace-aikacen 130 suka jagorantar hira da 54 da kuma ayyuka na 39. Binciken ya samo asali game da nuna bambancin jima'i da mata a gidajen cin abinci mai tsada.
Rubuta shafuka masu dacewa don wannan binciken.
Kuna tsammanin wannan binciken ya bambanta da wanda aka bayyana a cikin tambaya ta baya. Idan haka, ta yaya?
[ , ] Wani lokaci a shekara ta 2010, malaman 6,548 a Amurka sun karbi imel kamar wannan.
"Masanin Farfesa Salganik,
Ina rubuta ku domin ni mai yiwuwa Ph.D. dalibi da yawa sha'awa a cikin bincike. My shirin shi ne ya shafi Ph.D. shirye-shiryen wannan fall, kuma ina marmarin koya kamar yadda na iya game da damar bincike a halin yanzu.
Zan kasance a sansanin a yau, kuma ko da yake na sani yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, na yi mamaki idan za ku iya samun minti 10 idan kun yarda ku sadu da ni don yin magana a taƙaice game da aikinku da kowane damar da nake da shi don shiga cikin bincikenku. Duk lokacin da zai dace da ku zai zama lafiya tare da ni, yayin ganawa tare da ku shine na farko na farko a lokacin wannan ziyara.
Na gode a gaba don nazarinku.
Gaskiya, Carlos Lopez "
Wadannan imel sun kasance karya ne; sun kasance ɓangare na gwaji don gwada ko masu farfadowa sun fi dacewa su amsa imel ɗin dangane da (1) yanayin lokaci (yau da mako mai zuwa) da kuma (2) sunan mai aikawa, wanda ya bambanta don sigina kabilanci da jinsi (Carlos Lopez, Meredith Roberts, Raj Singh, da sauransu). Masu binciken sun gano cewa lokacin da ake buƙatar da su a cikin mako guda, an baiwa mazauna Caucasian dama ga mambobi kimanin kashi 25 cikin dari fiye da mata da 'yan tsiraru. Amma a lokacin da daliban da suka yi tawaye suka nemi tarurruka a wannan rana, an kawar da wadannan alamu (Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh 2012) .
Yi nazarin wannan gwaji bisa ga ka'idodin da shafuka a wannan babi.
Bayan binciken ya gama, masu bincike suka aika wa dukkan masu halartar adireshin imel ɗin nan.
"Kwanan nan, kun karbi imel daga ɗalibin da ake buƙatar minti 10 na lokaci don tattaunawa akan Ph.D. shirin (jiki na imel ya bayyana a kasa). Muna yin imel ɗinka a yau don bambance ku game da ainihin manufar wannan imel ɗin, domin yana cikin ɓangaren bincike. Muna fatan fatan bincikenmu ba ya haifar da wani rushewa ba kuma mun yi hakuri idan kun kasance a cikin rashin lafiya. Bamu fatan cewa wasika za ta samar da cikakkun bayani game da manufar da zane na binciken mu don kawar da damuwa da kuke da shi game da aikin ku. Muna so mu gode maka lokacinka kuma don karantawa idan kuna sha'awar fahimtar dalilin da yasa kuka karbi wannan sakon. Muna fatan za ku ga darajar ilimin da muke fatan samarwa tare da wannan karatun ilimi. "
Bayan bayani game da manufar wannan binciken, sun kara cewa:
"Da zarar sakamakon bincikenmu yana samuwa, za mu saka su a shafukan mu. Da fatan a tabbatar da cewa babu wani bayanan da za a iya ganowa daga wannan binciken, kuma tsakaninmu na zane-zane yana tabbatar da cewa kawai za mu iya gano adreshin imel na imel-ba a matakin mutum ba. Babu wani mutum ko jami'a da za a iya ganewa a kowane bincike ko bayanan da muka buga. Tabbas, duk wani imel na imel ba yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda akwai dalilai masu yawa da ya sa wani mutum memba zai iya karɓa ko ya ƙi aikace-aikacen taro. An riga an gano bayanan da aka gano kuma an share adiresoshin imel wanda aka samo daga asusunmu da kuma uwar garken da suka shafi. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin da aka gano bayanan, ana kiyaye shi tareda kalmomin sirri mai ƙarfi da amintacce. Kuma kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance lokacin da malaman kimiyya ke gudanar da bincike da suka shafi shafukan ɗan adam, an yarda da ka'idodin bincikenmu na Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kasuwancin Jami'o'i (Jami'ar Columbia University Morningside IRB da Jami'ar Pennsylvania IRB).
Idan kana da wasu tambayoyi game da 'yancinka a matsayin batun bincike, za ka iya tuntuɓar Hukumar Aikin Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Columbia a [redacted] ko ta imel a [redacted] da / ko Jami'ar Pennsylvania na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrawa ta Ƙungiya.
Na gode kuma don lokacinku da fahimtar aikin da muke yi. "
Mene ne muhawarar muhawara a wannan yanayin? Mene ne gardama? Kuna tsammanin cewa masu binciken sun kamata su yanke shawara ga masu halartar wannan batu?
A cikin goyon bayan kayan yanar gizon, masu bincike suna da wani ɓangaren da ake kira "Masarrafan Mutum na Tsaro." Karanta wannan sashe. Akwai wani abu da za ku ƙara ko cire?
Menene kudin wannan gwaji ga masu bincike? Menene kudin wannan gwaji ga mahalarta? Andrew Gelman (2010) ya yi jayayya cewa mahalarta a cikin wannan binciken ana iya biya su don lokaci bayan gwajin ya kare. Kun yarda? Yi ƙoƙarin yin hujjarka ta yin amfani da ka'idodin da ka'idoji a cikin wannan babi.