Bit By Bit - Ethics - 6.6.3 Privacy
Privacy ne hakkin da ya dace ya kwarara da bayanai.
Yanki na uku inda masu bincike zasu iya gwagwarmaya shine sirri . Kamar yadda Lowrance (2012) ya ba da mahimmanci: "ya kamata a girmama mutuncin sirri saboda mutane ya kamata a girmama su." Duk da haka, asirin, wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa (Nissenbaum 2010, chap. 4) , kuma, saboda haka, yana da wuya don amfani lokacin ƙoƙari na yin yanke shawara game da bincike.
Hanyar da ta dace don yin tunani game da sirri yana tare da dichotomy na jama'a / masu zaman kansu. Ta wannan hanyar tunani, idan bayani ya kasance mai sauƙi a fili, to, ana iya amfani da shi ta hanyar masu bincike ba tare da damuwa ba game da ɓatar da sirrin mutane. Amma wannan tsarin zai iya shiga cikin matsaloli. Alal misali, a cikin watan Nuwamba 2007, Costas Panagopoulos ya aika da wasiƙai game da za ~ e mai zuwa, ga kowa a cikin garuruwa uku. A cikin garuruwa guda biyu-Monticello, Iowa da Holland, Michigan-Panagopoulos sun yi alkawarin / barazanar buga jerin sunayen mutanen da suka zabe a jaridar. A wani gari-Ely, Iowa-Panagopoulos ya yi alkawarin / barazanar buga jerin mutanen da ba su yi zabe ba a jarida. Wadannan jiyya sun tsara su don yin girman kai da kunya (Panagopoulos 2010) saboda an gano wadannan motsin zuciyar su a cikin binciken farko (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Bayani game da wadanda suka yi kuri'un da ba su da jama'a a Amurka; kowa zai iya shiga shi. Don haka, wanda zai iya jayayya cewa saboda wannan bayanan jefa kuri'a ya riga ya zama jama'a, babu matsala tare da mai bincike da wallafa shi a jaridar. A gefe guda, wani abu game da wannan gardama yana jin dadi ga wasu mutane.
Kamar yadda wannan misali ya kwatanta, dichotomy na jama'a / masu zaman kansu yana da muni (boyd and Crawford 2012; Markham and Buchanan 2012) . Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta yin tunani game da sirri-wanda aka tsara musamman don magance al'amura da (Nissenbaum 2010) - shine ra'ayin mutuncin mutuntaka (Nissenbaum 2010) . Maimakon yin la'akari da bayanin a matsayin jama'a ko masu zaman kansu, mutuncin mutunci yana maida hankali ne game da gudanawar bayanai. A cewar Nissenbaum (2010) , "haƙƙin mallaka ba shi da hakkin ya ɓoyewa ko kuma hakkin ya mallaki amma haƙƙin damaccen bayanan sirri."
Babban mahimman ra'ayi mai haɗakarwa ta mutunci shi ne halayen bayanan da ke cikin mahallin (Nissenbaum 2010) . Waɗannan su ne al'ada da suke jagorantar kwafin bayanai a wasu saitunan, kuma an ƙaddara su ta hanyar sigogi guda uku:
'yan wasan kwaikwayo (magana, aikawa, magaji)
halayen (iri bayanai)
watsa ka'idojin (constraints a karkashin abin da bayanai gudana)
Saboda haka, lokacin da kai a matsayin mai bincike yana yin la'akari da yin amfani da bayanai ba tare da izni ba, yana da taimako a tambayi, "Shin wannan amfani ya saba wa ka'idoji na bayanin dangi?" Komawa ga batun Panagopoulos (2010) , a wannan yanayin, yana da waje mai bincike ya wallafa jerin sunayen masu jefa ƙuri'a ko masu ba da alaƙa a cikin jarida alama na iya karya ka'idojin bayanai. Wannan ba wataƙila ba yadda mutane suke tsammani bayanin zai gudana. A gaskiya ma, Panagopoulos bai biyo bayan alkawarinsa da barazanarsa saboda jami'an zabe a cikin gida sun gano wasiƙun zuwa gare shi kuma suka sanya shi ba shi da kyau (Issenberg 2012, 307) .
Hanyoyin mahallin da ke cikin halayen dangi na iya taimakawa wajen daidaita batun da na tattauna a farkon babi game da yin amfani da akwatunan kira na wayar tafiye-tafiye don biye da motsi yayin cutar Ebola a Yammacin Afirka a shekarar 2014 (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . A wannan wuri, mutum zai iya tunanin yanayi biyu:
Halin da ake ciki 1: aika complete kira log data [halaye]. to gwamnatocin bai cika halaccinta [ 'yan wasan kwaikwayo]. ga wani yiwu nan gaba amfani da [watsa ka'idojin]
Halin da ake ciki 2: aika partially anonymized records [halaye]. to mutunta jami'a masu bincike [ 'yan wasan kwaikwayo]. don amfani a mayar da martani ga Ebola fashewa da batun da dubawa na jami'a da'a allon [watsa ka'idojin]
Kodayake a cikin wadannan lokuta suna kira bayanai suna gudana daga kamfanin, ka'idodin bayanan game da waɗannan yanayi biyu ba iri ɗaya ba saboda bambance-bambance a tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, halaye, da kuma ka'ida. Yin mayar da hankali kan kawai ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sigogi na iya haifar da ƙaddarar ƙaddarawa mai sauƙi. A gaskiya ma, Nissenbaum (2015) jaddada cewa babu wani daga cikin waɗannan sigogi uku da za'a iya ragewa ga sauran, kuma kowane ɗayan su ba zai iya bayyana ka'idojin bayanai ba. Wannan nau'i na uku na ka'idoji na bayanin ya bayyana dalilin da yasa kokarin da suka gabata-wanda ya mayar da hankalin akan kowane hali ko ka'idodin watsawa-sun kasance masu tasiri a wajen samo ra'ayi na sirri na sirri.
Ɗaya daga cikin kalubale tare da yin amfani da ra'ayin mahallin-ka'idodin bayanan dangi don jagorancin yanke shawara shi ne cewa masu bincike ba su san su ba kafin lokaci kuma suna da matukar wuya su auna (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) . Bugu da ƙari, koda wasu bincike za su karya ka'idodin yanayi-ka'idodin bayanin dangi wanda ba ya nufin cewa bincike ba zai faru ba. A gaskiya ma, babi na 8 na Nissenbaum (2010) ya shafi "Breaking Rules for Good." Duk da waɗannan matsalolin, ka'idodin da ke cikin mahallin na yau da kullum har yanzu suna da amfani don yin la'akari da tambayoyi game da tsare sirri.
A ƙarshe, sirri shine yanki inda na ga rashin fahimtar juna tsakanin masu bincike waɗanda suka fi mayar da hankali ga Mutunta da waɗanda suka keɓance muhimmancin Aminci. Ka yi la'akari da batun wani mai bincike na lafiyar jama'a, wanda, a kokarin ƙoƙarin hana watsa kwayar cuta, a ɓoye ke kallon mutane suna shan ruwan sama. Masu bincike da ke mayar da hankali kan Aminci zasu mayar da hankali kan amfanin ga jama'a daga wannan bincike kuma zai iya jayayya cewa babu wata damuwa ga mahalarta idan mai bincike ya yi nazari ba tare da ganowa ba. A wani bangare kuma, masu bincike da suka gabatar da girmamawa ga Mutum zasu mayar da hankali ga gaskiyar cewa mai bincike ba yana kulawa da mutane da mutuntawa kuma zai iya jayayya cewa cutar ta haifar da keta sirrin mahalarta, koda ma masu halartar ba su san sakon leƙo asiri ba. A wasu kalmomi, ga wasu, cin zarafin sirrin mutane shine cutar da kanta.
A ƙarshe, lokacin da zance game da sirrin sirri, yana taimakawa wajen motsawa a kan yanayin zamantakewa na sirri / masu zaman kansu da kuma yin tunani a game da al'amuran bayani na al'ada, wadanda suka kunshi abubuwa uku: 'yan wasan kwaikwayo (batun, mai aikawa, mai karɓa), halaye (nau'o'in bayanin), da kuma ka'idodin watsawa (matsalolin da ke gudana daga bayanan) (Nissenbaum 2010) . Wasu masu bincike sunyi bayanin tsare-tsare game da lalacewar da zai iya haifar da saɓin, yayin da wasu masu bincike sunyi la'akari da cin zarafin sirri kamar yadda ake cutar da kanta. Saboda manufofin tsare sirri a tsarin da dama na zamani suna canzawa a tsawon lokaci, sun bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum, kuma sun bambanta daga yanayin zuwa halin da ake ciki (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) , sirri na iya zama tushen tushen yanke shawara mai wuya don masu bincike ga wasu lokaci zuwa.