Bayani - Yaya babban zaben Jamus ke gudana? | Siyasa | DW | 24.08.2017
Bayani - Yaya babban zaben Jamus ke gudana?
Jamus ta yi kaurin suna kan sarkakiyar zaben shiga majalisar dokoki ta Bundestag. Tsarin ya hada da zabe kai tsaye gami da samun wakilai gwargwadon yawan kuri'u yayin da ake kare sake samun kuskure da aka samu a baya, inda matsalolin suka janyo Yakin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu.
Waye zai yi zabe?
A shekara ta 2009 da 2013 zabukan 'yan majalisa a Jamus sun gamu da gagarumin karancin fitowar masu zabe zuwa kimanin 70 cikin 100, amma samun kungiyoyi masu matsanancin ra'ayi ya janyo masu kada kuri'a zakuwa a kasashen da ake tsarin dimokuradiyya, inda ake sa ran alkaluman za su karu a wannan shekara.
A wannan shekaru mutane miliyan 6.5 daga shekarun haihuwa 18 ya zuwa sama suka cancanci kada kuri'a, a cewar ofishin kula da kididdiga na Jamus.
A ciki miliyan 31.5 sun kasance mata, da maza miliyan 29.8 gami da miliyan uku na sabbin masu kada kuri'a. Kana masu zabe miliyan 22 da ke fiye da kashi daya cikin uku sun kasance wadanda suka haura shekaru 60, abin da ke nuna tsaffi suna da ta cewa bisa sakamakon zaben.
Jihar North Rhine-Westphalia take kan gaba wajen yawan masu zabe (miliyan 13.2), sai Jihar Bavariya (miliyan 9.5) yayin da Jihar Baden-Württemberg take da (miliyan 7.8).
Mai zabe yana da zabi biyu daga takardar kuri'ar da zai karba. Takardar kuri'a tana da layin da ya raba ta biyu. Na farko baki, na biyu kuma shudi, kowanne na zama zaben dan takara kai tsaye ko kuma zaben jam'iyyar siyasa.
Katin zaben ya kunshi kuir'u biyu: daya zaben dan takara, daya kuma zaben jam'iyya
Raba kuri'a
Yayin da Jamusawa suka nufi rumfunan zabe a ranar 24 ga watan Satumba, za su samu katin zabe mai dauke da zabi biyu, daya wakilin mazaba sannan daya jam'iyya.
Kuri'a ta farko da ake kira "Erststimme" ita ce ta wakilin mazaba, kamar a tsarin Amirka. Mai zabe zai zabi wanda ya kwanta masa a rai domin ya wakilci wannan mazaba. Duk dan takara da ya samu nasara daga cikin mazabun Jamus 299 da aka raba tsakanin yawan mazauna 250,000 yana da tabbacin samun kujera.
Merkel a matsayin 'yar takara kai tsaye
Daya bangaren kuri'ar ya kunshi rabin 'yan majalisar dokoki ta Bundestag 598. Masu zabe za su zabi bangare na biyu da ake kira "Zweitstimme." Wannan na jam'iyya ce maimakon dan takara daya. Haka yake tantance adadin kashi nawa kowace jam'iyya ta samu a majalisar diokokin ta Bundestag.
Jihohin Jamus da suke gaba wajen yawan mutane suna samun wakilai a majalisar ta Bundestag fiye da kananan jihohi. Abin da ya mayar da zaben mai armashi na zama yadda masu zabe ka iya raba kuri'u tsakanin jam'iyyu, inda sai a zabi dan takara na jam'iyyar CDU a matakin farko, amma kuma a zabi jam'iyyar FDP a mataki na biyu, domin taimakon karamar jam'iyyar mai kawance da CDU samun matakin shiga majalisar dokoki.
Kujerun da suke 'rataye'
Wani lokaci jam'iyya kan samu karin kujeru a zaben kai tsaye fiye da na kuri'un da ta samu. Saboda duk wanda ya samu nasarar lashe kujerarsa yana da tabbacin samu, sai jam'iyya ta samu wadannan kujeru da ke rataye.
Sauran jam'iyyu za su samu karin kujeru saboda haka ya janyo majalisar samun mambobi fiye da 598 da aka tsara.
Domin haka yanzu haka majalisar dokokin ta Bundestag tana da kujeru 630.
A Jamus wakilan da suka cike gurbin shudi suke zama a majalisar dokokin ta Bundestag, su nee kujerunsu ke kallon inda kakakin majalisa ke jawabi. 'Yan kallo suke mamaye kujerun da suke sama. Akwai katon shawo na azurfa da ke makale a bango na majalisar dokoki ta Bundestag.
Zauren majalisar dokokin Jamus ta Bundestag a birnin Berlin
'Tarnakin kashi 5 cikin 100'
Kafin jam'iyya ta samu shiga majalisar Bundestag, sai ta samu nasarar samun kashi biyar cikin 100 na kuri'un bangare na biyu da ke katin zabe. An tsara matakin saboda hana kananan jam'iyyu kawo cikas irin abin da ya faru a shekaru gommai na 1920 karkashin Jamhuriyar Weimar wato daga 1918 zuwa 1933.
'Tarnakin kashi 5 cikin 100' ya hana masu matsanancin ra'ayi na NPD da sauran masu wannan akida shiga majalisar Bundestag kawo yanzu.
Yanzu haka akwai jam'iyyu biyar da ke da wakilai a Bundestag: CDU mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Shugabar Gwamnati Angela Merkel da wadda suke kawance CSU a Jihar Bavariya, sai mai ra'ayin gaba-dai gaba-dai SPD, da Left Party da kuma masu rajin kare muhalli wato The Greens.
Akwai guda biyu da za a zuba ido bisa wannan kashi 5 cikin 100 a zaben Jamus na wannan shekara: A shekara ta 2013 jam'iyyar FDP, wadda take son sake mara ga harkokin kasuwanci ta gaza tsallake tarnakin kashi 5 cikin 100, amma akwai yiwuwar za ta samu shiga majalisa a wannan karo saboda sakamakon nasarar da ta samu a zaben wasu jihohi.
Wata jam'iyyar kuma ita ce AfD ta masu kyamar baki wadda da kadan ta gaza samun abin da ake bukata na kashi 5 cikin 100 a shekara ta 2013 domin shiga majalisar Bundestag, bisa yakin neman zaben nuna dari-dari ga manufofin kungiyar Tarayyar Turai. Tun lokacin jam'iyyar take samun karin goyon baya inda bayan shiga majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Turai ta kuma samu shiga majalisun dokokin jihohi 13 daga cikin jihohin Jamus 16.
Sakamakon zabe da AfD ta samu daga 2013 zuwa 2017
Taswirar ya nuna sakamakon zaben jam'iyyar AfD tsakanin 2013 zuwa 2017 daga jihohin Jamus. Ta samu mafi yawan kuri'u a Jihar Saxony-Anhalt a shekara ta 2016 da kashi 24.3 cikin 100. Jam'iyyar tana samun adadi daga kashi 4 zuwa 20 cikin 100 a kasa.
Wa ke zaben shugaban gwamnati?
Ba kamar tsarin shugaban kasa na Amirka ba, masu zabe a Jamus ba sa zaben shugaban gwamnati kai tsaye, wanda ke jagoranci harkokin kasa. Majalisa dole ta hadu a karon farko kai ya wuce tsawon wata guda bayan zabe.
Za a iya haduwa da wuri idan an samu nasarar hadaka cikin hanzari. Galibi dan takara daga jam'iyyar da ta fi samun kuri'u zai hada kawance. Shugaban kasa wanda yake zama na jeka na-yi-ka zai gabatar da shugaban jam'iyya a matsayin dan takara na shugabancin gwamnati, wanda 'yan majalisa za su zaba karkashin tsarin jefa kuri'a cikin sirri.
Idan kamar yadda aka samu a zabuka uku da suka gabata jam'iyyar CDU ta samu nasara, 'yar takararsu Angela Merkel za ta ci gaba da shugabancin gwamnati na karin shekaru hudu. A Jamus ba a takaita wa'adin da shugaban gwamnati kan yi a ofis ba. Amma kawo yanzu babu wanda ya wuce shekaru 16 yana mulki tun bayan tsohon shugaban gwamnati Helmut Kohl.
Mawallafi Rebecca Staudenmaier (SB)
Rahotanni masu dangantaka CDU, Christian Democratic Union, Christian Social Union (CSU), Jamus, FDP (Free Democratic Party, Free Democrats), SPD, Martin Schulz, Zaben Jamus na 2017, Jam'iyyar Die Linke, Jam'iyyar The Greens, AfD
Muhimman kalmomi Jamus, Bundestag, Angela Merkel, Martin Schulz, CDU, SPD, FDP, Jam'iyyar die Linke, Jam'iyyar The Greens
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