Associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and weight gain in elderly women. Effect of adiposity on vitamin D status and the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to supplementation in healthy young and older Irish adults. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not result in weight reduction in overweight and obese subjects. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and body mass index: the Tromsø study Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in vitamin D-insufficient hip fracture patients after supplementation with ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol. The Change in Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Did Not Differ between Breast-Fed Infants That Received a Daily Supplement of Ergocalciferol or Cholecalciferol for 3 Months1234 A 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese women The Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Calciotropic Hormones and Bone Mineral Density in Obese Subjects with Low Levels of Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: Results from a Randomized Controlled Study Effects of vitamin D supplementation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and other cardiovascular disease risk markers in subjects with elevated waist circumference Relationship between the effect of eldecalcitol and serum 25(OH)D level Rising serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels after weight loss in obese women correlate with improvement in insulin resistance. Effects of weight loss on serum vitamin D in postmenopausal women. Short and long-term variations in serum calciotropic hormones after a single very large dose of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in the elderly. Insulin-like growth factor I, growth hormone, and insulin sensitivity: the effects of a one-year cholecalciferol supplementation in middle-aged overweight and obese subjects Large Doses of Vitamin D Fail to Increase 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels or to Alter Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Adolescents: A Pilot Study. Effects of cholecalciferol on functional, biochemical, vascular, and quality of life outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Cholecalciferol supplementation does not influence β-cell function and insulin action in obese adolescents: a prospective double-blind randomized trial.
BACKGROUND 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] levels are lower in obese individuals . Determining whether low vitamin D status can predispose weight gain requires a longitudinal study . METHODS From a community-based multicenter U.S. prospect i ve cohort of 9704 ( Study of Osteoporotic Fractures [ SOF ] ) , 4659 women aged ≥65 with baseline 25(OH)D measurement were followed for 4.5 years . They were weighed at baseline and follow-up visits , and a subset ( n=1054 ) had 25(OH)D levels remeasured at follow-up . RESULTS Women with 25(OH)D levels ≥30 ng/mL had lower baseline weight ( 141.6 pounds ) compared to women with 25(OH)D levels < 30 ng/mL ( 148.6 pounds ) ( p<0.001 ) . Overall , 25(OH)D status was not associated with weight change over 4.5 years , although there was a significant interaction between 25(OH)D status and weight change category ( loss , gain , stable ) ( p<0.0001 ) . In women who gained ≥5 % weight , those with baseline 25(OH)D levels ≥30 ng/mL gained 16.4 pounds ( 12.2 % of baseline weight ) over 4.5 years compared to 18.5 pounds ( 13.9 % of baseline weight ) in women with levels < 30 ng/mL ( p=0.04 ) . In women who lost ≥5 % weight or remained stable ( < 5 % weight change ) , there was no association between 25(OH)D status at baseline and weight change . Among women who gained weight and had 25(OH)D measured at both visits , having sustained or developing 25(OH)D levels ≥30 ng/mL was associated with less weight gain between visits ( 14.81 vs. 16.34 pounds , p=0.04 ) . CONCLUSIONS Higher 25(OH)D levels are associated with lower weight gains , suggesting low vitamin D status may predispose to fat accumulation There is increasing epidemiological evidence linking sub-optimal vitamin D status with overweight and obesity . Although increasing BMI and adiposity have also been negatively associated with the change in vitamin D status following supplementation , results have been equivocal . The aim of this r and omised , placebo-controlled study was to investigate the associations between anthropometric measures of adiposity and the wintertime serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ( 25(OH)D ) response to 15 μg cholecalciferol per d in healthy young and older Irish adults . A total of 110 young adults ( 20 - 40 years ) and 102 older adults ( ≥ 64 years ) completed the 22-week intervention with > 85 % compliance . The change in 25(OH)D from baseline was calculated . Anthropometric measures of adiposity taken at baseline included height , weight and waist circumference ( WC ) , along with skinfold thickness measurements to estimate fat mass ( FM ) . FM was subsequently expressed as FM ( kg ) , FM ( % ) , FM index ( FMI ( FM kg/height m2 ) ) and as a percentage ratio to fat-free mass ( FFM ) . In older adults , vitamin D status was inversely associated with BMI ( kg/m2 ) , WC ( cm ) , FM ( kg and % ) , FMI ( kg/m2 ) and FM : FFM ( % ) at baseline ( r - 0·33 , - 0·36 , - 0·33 , - 0·30 , - 0·33 and - 0·27 , respectively , all P values < 0·01 ) . BMI in older adults was also negatively associated with the change in 25(OH)D  following supplementation ( β - 1·27 , CI - 2·37 , - 0·16 , P = 0·026 ) ; however , no such associations were apparent in younger adults . Results suggest that adiposity may need to be taken into account when determining an adequate wintertime dietary vitamin D intake for healthy older adults residing at higher latitudes OBJECTIVE Investigate whether cholecalciferol supplementation leads to weight loss in overweight and obese adults . DESIGN R and omized double blind clinical trial with 20,000 IU cholecalciferol twice a week , or 20,000 IU once a week plus placebo , or placebo twice a week , for 12 months . All subjects were given 500 mg calcium supplementation . METHODS Four hundred and forty five healthy , overweight , and obese men and women ( age 21 - 70 years , body mass index ( BMI ) 28.0 - 47.0 kg/m(2 ) ) .  Body weight , fatness , and fat distribution parameters were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometry , blood sample s and 24-h urinary sample s were collected . RESULTS At baseline , there were no significant differences between the groups , but there was a significant inverse relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) levels and BMI , and a significant positive association between calorie intake and BMI .  Three hundred and thirty four subjects completed the study . During the study , there was no significant change in weight , waist-to-hip ratio ( WHR ) or percentage body fat in any of the groups , nor between them . Parathyroid hormone decreased and 25(OH)D increased significantly in both groups receiving cholecalciferol , and serum levels of 25(OH)D stabilized after 3 months . Serum calcium was unchanged in all groups . Urinary calcium excretion increased in all groups , but there was no significant difference between the groups . Weekly dosage of 20,000 - 40,000 IU cholecalciferol for 12 months was associated with a low risk of adverse effects , at least in overweight and obese adults living at latitude 70 degrees N. CONCLUSION Significant weight reduction in overweight and obese subjects is unlikely to occur with cholecalciferol supplementation Purpose The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) levels are lower in obese than lean subjects . The present study examines the cross-sectional and longitudinal relations between body mass index ( BMI ) and serum 25(OH)D , and the serum 25(OH)D response to vitamin D supplementation  in relation to BMI . Methods The Tromsø study is a longitudinal population -based multi purpose study . The fourth survey was conducted in 1994 and the sixth in 2008 . The intervention study was a 1-year placebo-controlled r and omized intervention trial , where the results from the 93 subjects given 40,000 IU per week are presented . Results A total of 10,229 subjects were included in the 2008 cross-sectional study . There was a significant negative association between serum 25(OH)D levels and BMI which was also present during the winter months . Serum 25(OH)D levels varied through seasons , but not BMI . In the longitudinal study from 1994 to 2008 which included 2,656 subjects , change in BMI was a significant negative predictor of change in 25(OH)D. In the intervention study , there was a significant and negative correlation between BMI and serum 25(OH)D both at baseline and at the end of the study . The increase in serum 25(OH)D after 1 year was significantly and inversely related to baseline BMI . Conclusions We have confirmed the strong association between serum 25(OH)D and BMI . The very obese need higher vitamin D doses than lean subjects to achieve the same serum 25(OH)D levels Vitamin D insufficiency is commonly associated with hip fracture . However , the equipotency of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol supplementation in this patient group has not been studied in a r and omized trial using high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25OHD ) . The objective of this study was to determine if ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol are equipotent therapies in vitamin D-insufficient hip fracture patients . Ninety five hip fracture in patients with vitamin D insufficiency ( 25OHD<50 nmol/L ) were r and omized , double-blind , to treatment with ergocalciferol 1000 IU/day ( n=48 ) or cholecalciferol 1000 IU/day ( n=47 ) for three months . All participants were also given a placebo matching the alternative treatment to maintain blinding of treatment allocation . The primary endpoint was total serum 25OHD measured by HPLC . Secondary endpoints included 25OHD measured by radioimmunoassay ( RIA ) , intact parathyroid hormone ( iPTH ) , and bioactive ( 1 - 84 ) whole PTH ( wPTH ) .  Seventy patients ( 74 % ) completed the study with paired sample s for analysis . Cholecalciferol supplementation result ed in a 31 % greater increase in total HPLC-measured 25OHD ( p=0.010 ) and 52 % greater rise in RIA-measured 25OHD ( p<0.001 ) than supplementation with an equivalent dose of ergocalciferol . Changes in iPTH and wPTH were not significantly different between calciferol treatments ( p>0.05 ) . In vitamin D-insufficient hip fracture patients , supplementation with cholecalciferol 1000 IU/day for three months was more effective in increasing serum 25OHD than an equivalent dose of ergocalciferol . However , the lack of difference in PTH lowering between calciferol treatments raises questions about the biological importance of this observation The biological equivalency of ergocalciferol ( D2 ) and cholecalciferol ( D3 ) has been debated ; several comparisons have appeared in the adult literature but are scarce in pediatrics . The objective of this study was to compare increases in plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] concentrations and attainment of 50 and 75 mol/L status cutoffs following 3 mo of daily supplementation with D2 compared with D3 .  Healthy , breast-fed , 1-mo-old infants ( n = 52 ) received 10 μg ( 400 ic ) of either D2 or D3 daily . At 1 and 4 mo of age , plasma 25-hydroxyergocalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography t and em MS ( LC-MS/MS ) and total 25(OH)D by chemiluminescent immunoassay ( DiaSorin Liaison ) . Data were analyzed using t tests and χ2 by intent to treat . A total of 23 % of infants were deficient ( ≤24.9 nmol/L ) at baseline and 2 % at follow-up on the basis of LC-MS/MS . At 4 mo , 96 % were breastfed and there were no differences in compliance , breastfeeding rates , or sun exposure among groups . The change in total 25(OH)D measured by LC-MS/MS did not differ between the D2 ( 17.6 ± 26.7 nmol/L ) and D3 ( 22.2 ± 20.2 nmol/L ) groups . In the combined groups , the baseline plasma 25(OH)D concentration was inversely related to the change in total 25(OH)D ( r = −0.52 ; P < 0.001 ) . Overall , 86 % of infants met the 50 nmol/L cutoff at follow-up ; however , fewer infants in the D2 group ( 75 % ) met this level compared with the D3 group ( 96 % ) ( P < 0.05 ) . Similar results were obtained by immunoassay . In conclusion , the increase in the 25(OH)D concentration among the D2 and D3 groups did not differ , suggesting daily intake of either isoform is acceptable for infants < 4 mo Background Vitamin D concentrations are linked to body composition indices , particularly body fat mass . Relationships between hypovitaminosis D and obesity , described by both BMI and waist circumference , have been mentioned . We have investigated the effect of a 12-week vitamin D3 supplementation on anthropometric indices in healthy overweight and obese women . Methods In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled , parallel-group trial , seventy-seven participants ( age 38±8.1 years , BMI 29.8±4.1 kg/m2 ) were r and omly allocated into two groups : vitamin D ( 25 μg per day as cholecalciferol ) and placebo ( 25 μg per day as lactose ) for 12 weeks . Body weight , height , waist , hip , fat mass , 25(OH ) D , iPTH , and dietary intakes were measured before and after the intervention . Results Serum 25(OH)D significantly increased in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group ( 38.2±32.7 nmol/L vs. 4.6±14.8 nmol/L ; P<0.001 ) and serum iPTH concentrations were decreased by vitamin D3 supplementation ( -0.26±0.57 pmol/L vs. 0.27±0.56 pmol/L ; P<0.001 ) . Supplementation with vitamin D3 caused a statistically significant decrease in body fat mass in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group ( -2.7±2.1 kg vs. -0.47±2.1 kg ; P<0.001 ) . However , body weight and waist circumference did not change significantly in both groups . A significant reverse correlation between changes in serum 25(OH ) D concentrations and body fat mass was observed ( r = -0.319 , P = 0.005 ) . Conclusion Among healthy overweight and obese women , increasing 25(OH ) D concentrations by vitamin D3 supplementation led to body fat mass reduction . This trial is registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01344161 Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25OHD ) are associated with increased bone turnover and risk of fractures . Plasma 25OHD is inversely related to body mass index , and vitamin D deficiency is common in obesity . We aim ed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation affects bone turnover and bone mineral density ( BMD ) in obese subjects . Fifty-two healthy obese men and women aged 18–50 years with plasma 25OHD levels below 50 nmol/L were r and omized to 7,000 IU of cholecalciferol daily or placebo for 26 weeks . We measured plasma levels of 25OHD , parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) , and markers of bone turnover , as well as BMD at the hip , spine , forearm , and whole body . Compared with placebo , treatment with cholecalciferol  increased mean plasma 25OHD from 35 to 110 nmol/L ( p < 0.00001 ) and significantly decreased PTH ( p < 0.05 ) . BMD increased significantly at the forearm by 1.6 ± 0.7 % ( p = 0.03 ) . The bone resorption marker C-terminal telopetide of type 1 collagen ( CTX ) decreased borderline significantly in the cholecalciferol group compared with the placebo group ( p = 0.07 ) . Changes in plasma 25OHD correlated inversely with changes in plasma levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase ( r = −0.38 , p = 0.01 ) and CTX ( r = −0.33 , p = 0.03 ) . Changes in CTX correlated inversely with changes in spine BMD ( r = −0.45 , p = 0.04 ) . Increasing circulating 25OHD levels by cholecalciferol treatment is of importance to bone health in young obese subjects as increased levels of 25OHD are associated with a decrease in both PTH and bone turnover and with an increase in BMD at the forearm The objective of the present trial was to assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) in subjects with high waist circumference . Subjects were r and omly assigned a daily multivitamin and mineral ( MVM ) supplement or a MVM supplement plus vitamin D 1,200 IU/day ( MVM+D ) for 8 weeks . There was a significant difference in mean change for 25(OH)D between the MVM and MVM+D treatment groups ( − 1.2 ± 2.5 nmol/l vs. 11.7 ± 3.0 nmol/l , respectively ; P = 0.003 ) . Vitamin D 1,200 IU/day did not increase 25(OH)D to a desirable level ( ≥ 75 nmol/l ) in 61 % of participants . There were no significant changes in cardiovascular disease risk markers . Thus , vitamin D supplementation with 1,200 IU/day was insufficient to achieve desirable serum 25(OH)D in most participants and did not affect cardiovascular disease risk markers In previous studies , we demonstrated that 12-month treatment with 0.75μg/day eldecalcitol increased bone mineral density in osteoporotic patients regardless of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) level , and in a 3-year r and omized double-blind clinical trial , eldecalcitol significantly reduced the incidences of vertebral and wrist fractures compared to alfacalcidol . However , it remains unclear whether the fracture risk reduction by eldecalcitol is affected by serum 25(OH)D. In the fracture prevention trial , patients with low 25(OH)D level at baseline were supplemented with 400IU/day native vitamin D3 . In the current study , patients from that trial were divided according to the tertiles of serum 25(OH)D level at 6 months after treatment initiation . The increases in lumbar and hip BMD by eldecalcitol were significantly higher in all tertiles than those by alfacalcidol .  The incidences of vertebral and osteoporotic fractures tended to be lower in each tertile of the eldecalcitol-treated group than in the corresponding tertile of the alfacalcidol-treated group , with the exception of vertebral fractures in the low tertile . We also investigated whether eldecalcitol treatment affected levels of serum 25(OH)D , serum 1,25(OH)2D , and parathyroid hormone in patients without vitamin D supplementation .  With eldecalcitol treatment , serum 1,25(OH)2D concentration was reduced by approximately 50 % , whereas serum levels of parathyroid hormone and 25(OH)D were not affected . The major findings of the present study were that eldecalcitol did not affect serum 25(OH)D levels , and that it reduced the incidence of osteoporotic fractures and increased BMD in comparison with alfacalcidol regardless of serum 25(OH)D level within the range of serum 25(OH)D concentrations at or higher than 20ng/mL. Whether eldecalcitol is similarly effective at vitamin D deficient serum 25(OH)D levels remains to be clarified . This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ' Vitamin D Workshop ' OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine changes of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D ( 25OHD ) and PTH blood levels 4 and 20 wk after low-calorie diet-induced weight loss . METHODS Forty-four obese women [ aged 40.6 + /- 11.4 yr , body mass index ( BMI ) 36.7 + /- 4.9 kg/m(2 ) ] and 25 controls ( BMI 22.9 + /- 1.5 kg/m(2 ) ) were examined .  Anthropometric and cardiometabolic parameters and 25OHD and PTH levels  were determined at baseline and 4 and 20 wk after a low-calorie diet . RESULTS At baseline , 25OHD levels were lower in obese compared with control subjects ( 17 + /- 6.0 vs. 23.8 + /- 8.7 ng/ml , P < 0.001 ) , whereas no differences were found in PTH levels . In all women , a negative correlation was found between 25OHD levels and body weight ( BW ) ( r -0.32 , P < 0.001 ) , BMI ( r -0.37 , P < 0.001 ) , waist circumference ( r -0.26 , P < 0.05 ) , and percent fat mass ( r -0.38 , P = 0.001 ) as determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis . The 4-wk low-calorie diet ( n = 37 ) reduced BW and led to significant improvements in the homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA ) index and lipid levels . The 20-wk low-calorie diet ( n = 26 ) result ed in reduction of BW and BMI by 10 % , HOMA index ( 4.7 + /- 3.8 vs. 3.10 + /- 1.7 , P < 0.01 ) , and lipids levels ( except high density lipoprotein cholesterol ) and increase in 25OHD ( 15.4 + /- 6.0 vs. 18.3 + /- 5.1 ng/ml , P < 0.05 ) , compared with baseline . PTH levels were unchanged . The increase of 25OHD levels was associated with the reduction of insulin levels and HOMA index ( r -0.43 , P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Blood 25OHD levels were low in obese women and correlated inversely with severity measures of obesity . Weight loss of 10 % after low-calorie diet increased 25OHD levels , and this increase was mainly associated with improvement of insulin resistance BACKGROUND Low concentrations of circulating vitamin D are common with obesity and may represent a potential mechanism explaining the elevated risk of certain cancers and cardiovascular outcomes observed in individuals who are overweight or obese . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 mo of weight loss through caloric restriction , exercise intervention , or both on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] concentrations . DESIGN Overweight and obese postmenopausal women ( n = 439 ) were r and omly assigned to 1 of 4 groups : 1 ) diet modification ( n = 118 ) , 2 ) exercise ( n = 117 ) , 3 ) diet + exercise ( n = 117 ) , or 4 ) control ( n = 87 ) . The diet intervention was a group-based reduced-calorie program with a 10 % weight-loss goal . The exercise intervention consisted of 45 min of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic activity daily for 5 d/wk . Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured by using a competitive chemiluminescent immunoassay at baseline and 12 mo . RESULTS No significant change in serum 25(OH)D was found between the intervention and control groups . Women who lost < 5 % , 5 - 9.9 % , 10 - 14.9 % , or ≥15 % of baseline weight had mean increases in 25(OH)D of 2.1 , 2.7 , 3.3 , and 7.7 ng/mL , respectively ( P for trend = 0.002 ) . Baseline vitamin D status did not modify the effect of the interventions on weight loss or body-composition changes at the 12-mo follow-up . CONCLUSION A greater degree of weight loss , achieved through either a reduced-calorie diet or increased exercise , is associated with increased circulating 25(OH)D concentrations . This trial is registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00470119 CONTEXT In humans , few studies have compared the potencies of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol in improving and maintaining vitamin D status . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a single very large dose of both calciferols on serum changes of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] , 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [ 1,25(OH)(2)D ] , ionized calcium , and parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) at baseline , and at 3 , 7 , 30 , and 60 d. DESIGN This was a prospect i ve r and omized intervention study . SETTING The study was performed in a nursing home residence . PARTICIPANTS A total of 32 elderly female patients ( age range 66 - 97 yr ) , with vitamin D deficiency was included in the study . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omized into four groups of eight to receive a single dose of 300,000 IU ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol by oral ( os ) or i m route . RESULTS 25(OH)D levels sharply increased at d 3 only when vitamins were given os . The 30-d basal difference in serum 25(OH)D was significantly greater after cholecalciferol os administration ( 47.8 + /- 7.3 ng/ml ) compared with other forms ( D(3 ) i m : 15.9 + /- 11.3 ; D(2 ) os : 17.3 + /- 4.7 ; D(2 ) i m : 5 + /- 4.4 ; all P < 0.001 ) . The area under the curve ( AUC ) of the serum 25(OH)D against time ( AUC(60 ) ) was : D(3 ) os , 3193 + /- 759 ng x d/ml vs. D(2 ) os , 1820 + /- 512 , P < 0.001 ; and D(3 ) i m , 1361 + /- 492 vs. D(2 ) i m , 728 + /- 195 , P < 0.01 . 25(OH)D significantly influences PTH levels at 3 ( P < 0.03 ) , 7 ( P < 0.01 ) , 30 ( P < 0.01 ) , and 60 d ( P < 0.05 ) . At 60 d , the form of vitamin ( cholecalciferol ) significantly lowers PTH levels ( P = 0.037 ) . CONCLUSIONS Cholecalciferol is almost twice as potent as ergocalciferol in increasing serum 25(OH)D , when administered either by mouth or i m . 25(OH)D plays a role in modulating serum PTH Both altered GH-IGF-I axis and low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) are linked to measures of metabolic syndrome . Our hypothesis was that there is a relation between GH , IGF-I , and 25(OH)D ; and that vitamin D supplementation may have an effect on the levels of GH , IGF-I , and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio . 318 overweight and obese subjects completed a one-year r and omized intervention with either 40,000 or 20,000 IU cholecalciferol per week or placebo .  GH , IGF-I , IGFBP-3 and measures of insulin resistance were evaluated at baseline and at the end of study . There was a significant relation between entities of GH-IGF-I axis and insulin resistance .  Subjects with severe obesity had significantly lower serum 25(OH)D and had a significant linear decline in IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio with increasing serum 25(OH)D quartiles . Vitamin D status was an independent predictor of GH-IGF-I axis and supplementation with vitamin D decreased IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio in subjects without severe obesity . No corresponding effect of vitamin D supplementation on BMI or insulin resistance was observed . Adverse effects of GH-IGF-I axis on glucose metabolism and the development of metabolic syndrome may be in part associated with the changes in vitamin D status PURPOSE Vitamin D deficiency and cardiometabolic risk factors are common in obese adolescents . Observational studies demonstrate an inverse relationship among serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25OHD ) and obesity , insulin resistance , and inflammatory cytokines . This pilot study explores if vitamin D supplementation could reduce serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines ( interleukin [ IL ] 6 , IL-10 , tumor necrosis factor α ) , adiponectin , lipids , hemoglobin A1C , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) . A secondary aim was to determine the associations between baseline serum 25OHD concentrations and body mass index ( BMI ) , hs-CRP , inflammatory cytokines , and lipids . METHODS Overweight and obese adolescents enrolled in this 24-week , r and omized , double-blind study were given 150,000 IU ergocalciferol or placebo at baseline and 12 weeks . Outcome measurements included serum 25OHD , inflammatory cytokines , adiponectin , hs-CRP , lipids , hemoglobin A1C , and BMI at baseline , 12 , and 24 weeks . RESULTS Of 40 participants , 31 ( 78 % ) completed the study . Mean ± st and ard error 25OHD levels were similar in vitamin D and placebo groups at baseline ( 19.6 ± 5.3 vs. 25.8 ± 10.8 ng/mL ) and 24 weeks ( 20.1 ± 3.4 vs. 24.6 ± 8.4 ng/mL ) . Inflammatory and cardiovascular markers were not significantly different between groups at 24 weeks . Serum 25OHD at baseline was associated with BMI ( r = -.44 [ 95 % confidence interval , -.66 to -.15 ] ) but not with other outcome measures . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D at 150,000 IU every 3 months failed to increase serum 25OHD or alter inflammatory markers and lipids in overweight and obese youth . Further studies are needed to establish the dose of vitamin D required to increase 25OHD and determine potential effects on metabolic risk factors in obese teens BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Observational studies suggest that calciferol supplementation may improve laboratory and patient-level outcomes of hemodialysis patients with reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] levels . This r and omized controlled trial examined effects of cholecalciferol supplementation in patients on hemodialysis . DESIGN , SETTING , PARTICIPANTS , & MEASUREMENTS Sixty patients with 25(OH)D levels ≤24 ng/ml ( ≤60 nmol/L ) were r and omized to receive 50,000 IU oral cholecalciferol or placebo , once weekly for 8 weeks and then monthly for 4 months . At baseline ( autumn 2011 ) and 6 months , testing evaluated muscle strength , functional capacity , laboratory parameters , pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) , and health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 survey . RESULTS Patients were well matched by treatment allocation . Median age was 62 years ( range , 20 - 86 ) , 52 % were women , 55 % had a history of diabetes , and mean serum 25(OH)D was 17±5 ng/ml ( 43±13 nmol/L ) . Patients were assessed over 6 months by repeated- measures ANOVA . Patients allocated to cholecalciferol had significantly higher values of 25(OH)D ( P<0.001 ) , 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D ( P=0.04 ) , and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b ) ( P=0.04 ) and a greater reduction in phosphorus values ( P=0.03 ) than placebo-treated  patients Values of serum calcium , intact parathyroid hormone , and episodes of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia did not differ significantly between the groups . No significant differences were detected in muscle strength , functional capacity , PWV , or HRQOL . CONCLUSIONS In this r and omized controlled trial , patients supplemented with cholecalciferol  had higher 25(OH)D , 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D , and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b levels , without increased calcium or phosphorus values . However , no effects were detected in muscle strength , functional capacity , PWV , or HRQOL BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D , particularly in the obese state with regard to the development of insulin resistance and diabetes . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the effect of 2 doses of cholecalciferol ( vitamin D3 ) supplementation on insulin action ( Si ) and pancreatic β-cell function in obese adolescents . METHODS We performed a 12-wk double-blind , r and omized comparison of the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on Si and β-cell function in obese Caucasian adolescents ( body mass index > 95(th ) percentile ) . The subjects were r and omly assigned to receive either 400 IU/d ( n = 25 ) or 2000 IU/d ( n = 26 ) of vitamin D3 . Each subject underwent a 7- sample 75 g oral glucose tolerance test , with glucose , insulin , and C-peptide measurements , to calculate Si and β-cell function as assessed by the disposition index ( DI ) , with use of the oral minimal model before and after supplementation . A total of 51 subjects aged 15.0 ± 1.9 y were enrolled . Included for analysis at follow-up were a total of 46 subjects ( 20 male and 26 female adolescents ) , 23 in each group .  RESULTS Initial serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] was 24.0 ± 8.1 μg/L. There was no correlation between 25(OH)D concentrations and Si or DI . There was a modest but significant increase in 25(OH)D concentration in the 2000 IU/d group ( 3.1 ± 6.5 μg/L , P = 0.04 ) but not in the 400 IU/d group ( P = 0.39 ) . There was no change in Si or DI  following vitamin D3 supplementation in either of the treatment groups ( all P > 0.10 ) . CONCLUSIONS The current study shows no effect from vitamin D3 supplementation , irrespective of its dose , on β-cell function or insulin action in obese nondiabetic adolescents with relatively good vitamin D status . Whether obese adolescents with vitamin D deficiency and impaired glucose metabolism would respond differently to vitamin D3 supplementation remains unclear and warrants further studies . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00858247
Meta- analysis of BMI values at end of trial showed no statistically significant difference in BMI change by use of 25[OH]D supplementation .
Based on existing published trials , oral 25[OH]D supplementation does not significantly impact BMI change
The impact of 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25[OH]D ) supplementation on weight change remains controversial .
The objective of this study was to summarize the effects of 25[OH]D supplementation ( cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol ) on BMI change through a meta- analysis of published clinical trials .