Desk-based workers’ perspectives on using sit-stand workstations: a qualitative analysis of the Stand@Work study Breaking up workplace sitting time with intermittent standing bouts improves fatigue and musculoskeletal discomfort in overweight/obese office workers Comparisons of Musculoskeletal Complaints and Data Entry Between a Sitting and a Sit-Stand Workstation Paradigm Evaluation of sit-stand workstations in an office setting: a randomised controlled trial Using Sit-Stand Workstations to Decrease Sedentary Time in Office Workers: A Randomized Crossover Trial A randomised control trial of the cognitive effects of working in a seated as opposed to a standing position in office workers The effectiveness of sit-stand workstations for changing office workers’ sitting time: results from the Stand@Work randomized controlled trial pilot Medium-term effects of a two-desk sit/stand workstation on cognitive performance and workload for healthy people performing sedentary work: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial Impact of a Sit-Stand Workstation on Chronic Low Back Pain: Results of a Randomized Trial Sit-Stand Desks To Reduce Workplace Sitting Time In Office Workers With Abdominal Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The effect of a sit-stand workstation intervention on daily sitting, standing and physical activity: protocol for a 12 month workplace randomised control trial Long-term effects of sit-stand workstations on workplace sitting: A natural experiment. Effect of a novel two-desk sit-to-stand workplace (ACTIVE OFFICE) on sitting time, performance and physiological parameters: protocol for a randomized control trial Office ergonomics training and a sit-stand workstation: effects on musculoskeletal and visual symptoms and performance of office workers. Reducing office workers’ sitting time: rationale and study design for the Stand Up Victoria cluster randomized trial An intervention to reduce sitting and increase light-intensity physical activity at work: Design and rationale of the 'Stand & Move at Work' group randomized trial. What strategies do desk-based workers choose to reduce sitting time and how well do they work? Findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial
Background Prolonged sitting time has been identified as a health risk factor . Sit-st and workstations allow desk workers to alternate between sitting and st and ing throughout the working day , but not much is known about their acceptability and feasibility . Hence , the aim of this study was to qualitatively evaluate the acceptability , feasibility and perceptions of using sit-st and workstations in a group of desk-based office workers . Methods This article describes the qualitative evaluation of the r and omized controlled cross-over St and @Work pilot trial . Participants were adult employees recruited from a non-government health agency in Sydney , Australia . The intervention involved using an Ergotron Workfit S sit-st and workstation for four weeks . After the four week intervention , participants shared their perceptions and experiences of using the sit-st and workstation in focus group interviews with 4–5 participants . Topics covered in the focus groups included patterns of workstation use , barriers and facilitators to st and ing while working , effects on work performance , physical impacts , and feasibility in the office . Focus group field notes and transcripts were analysed in an iterative process during and after the data collection period to identify the main concepts and themes . Results During nine 45-min focus groups , a total of 42 participants were interviewed . Participants were largely intrinsically motivated to try the sit-st and workstation , mostly because of curiosity to try something new , interest in potential health benefits , and the relevance to the participant ’s own and organisation ’s work . Most participants used the sit-st and workstation and three common usage patterns were identified : task-based routine , time-based routine , and no particular routine . Common barriers to sit-st and workstation use were working in an open plan office , and issues with sit-st and workstation design . Common facilitators of sit-st and workstation use were a supportive work environment conducive to st and ing , perceived physical health benefits , and perceived work benefits . When prompted , most participants indicated they were interested in using a sit-st and workstation in the future . Conclusions The use of a sit-st and workstation in this group of desk-based office workers was generally perceived as acceptable and feasible . Future studies are needed to explore this in different desk-based work population s and setting Objectives To examine whether the introduction of intermittent st and ing bouts during the workday using a height-adjustable workstation can improve subjective levels of fatigue , musculoskeletal discomfort and work productivity relative to seated work . Methods Overweight/obese office workers ( n=23 ; age 48.2±7.9 years , body mass index 29.6±4 kg/m2 ) undertook two , 5-day experimental conditions in an equal , r and omised ( 1:1 ) order . In a simulated office environment , participants performed their usual occupational tasks for 8 h/day in a : seated work posture ( SIT condition ) ; or interchanging between a st and ing and seated work posture every 30 min using an electric , height-adjustable workstation ( ST AND -SIT condition ) . Self-administered question naires measuring fatigue , musculoskeletal discomfort and work productivity were performed on day 5 of each experimental condition . Results Participants ’ total fatigue score was significantly higher during the SIT condition ( mean 67.8 ( 95 % CI 58.8 to 76.7 ) ) compared with the ST AND -SIT condition ( 52.7 ( 43.8 to 61.5 ) ; p<0.001 ) . Lower back musculoskeletal discomfort was significantly reduced during the ST AND -SIT condition compared with the SIT condition ( 31.8 % reduction ; p=0.03 ) . Despite concentration/focus being significantly higher during the SIT condition ( p=0.006 ) , there was a trend towards improved overall work productivity in favour of the ST AND -SIT condition ( p=0.053 ) . Conclusions Transitioning from a seated to a st and ing work posture every 30 min across the workday , relative to seated work , led to a significant reduction in fatigue levels and lower back discomfort in overweight/obese office workers , while maintaining work productivity . Future investigations should be directed at underst and ing whether sustained use of height-adjustable workstations promote concentration and productivity at work . Trial Registration Number ACTRN12611000632998 Background : Seated working positions are often regarded as a cause for discomfort in the musculoskeletal system . Performing work in different working positions — that is , alternating between sitting and st and ing ( sit-st and workstation paradigm)—could help reduce physical complaints . Objective : The questions were whether performing office work partly in a st and ing position leads to reduced complaints and whether st and ing would change the efficiency of data entry office work . Method : We investigated the effect of a sit-st and workstation paradigmd during experimental data entry office work on physical and psychological complaints and data entry efficiency by conducting a r and omized controlled trial with 60 male participants ages 18 to 35 years . Results : In this experiment , musculoskeletal complaints were reduced by a sit-st and workstation paradigm . A trend could be identified indicating a small but nonsignificant loss of efficiency in data entry while st and ing . Conclusion : A sit-st and workstation paradigm reduces musculoskeletal complaints without considerably affecting data entry efficiency under the presented study conditions ( young male participants , short duration , fixed and controlled sit-st and workstation paradigm , simulated experimental working condition ) . Application : According to the present data , implementing a sit-st and workstation paradigm can be an effective workplace health intervention to reduce musculoskeletal complaints . This experiment encourages further studies on the effectiveness of a sit-st and workstation paradigm . Experimental research and field studies that prove the reduction of complaints when introducing a sit-st and workstation paradigm in the workplace could be the basis for evidence -based recommendations regarding such interventions Background Excessive sitting time is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity independent of physical activity . This aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a sit-st and workstation on sitting time , and vascular , metabolic and musculoskeletal outcomes in office workers , and to investigate workstation acceptability and feasibility . Methods A two-arm , parallel-group , individually r and omised controlled trial was conducted in one organisation . Participants were asymptomatic full-time office workers aged ≥18 years . Each participant in the intervention arm had a sit-st and workstation installed on their workplace desk for 8 weeks . Participants in the control arm received no intervention . The primary outcome was workplace sitting time , assessed at 0 , 4 and 8 weeks by an ecological momentary assessment diary . Secondary behavioural , cardiometabolic and musculoskeletal outcomes were assessed . Acceptability and feasibility were assessed via question naire and interview . ANCOVA and magnitude-based inferences examined intervention effects relative to controls at 4 and 8 weeks . Participants and research ers were not blind to group allocation . Results Forty-seven participants were r and omised ( intervention n = 26 ; control n = 21 ) . Relative to the control group at 8 weeks , the intervention group had a beneficial decrease in sitting time ( −80.2 min/8-h workday ( 95 % CI = −129.0 , −31.4 ) ; p = 0.002 ) , increase in st and ing time ( 72.9 min/8-h workday ( 21.2 , 124.6 ) ; p = 0.007 ) and decrease in total cholesterol ( −0.40 mmol/L ( −0.79 , −0.003 ) ; p = 0.049 ) . No harmful changes in musculoskeletal discomfort/pain were observed relative to controls , and beneficial changes in flow-mediated dilation and diastolic blood pressure were observed . Most participants self-reported that the workstation was easy to use and their work-related productivity did not decrease when using the device . Factors that negatively influenced workstation use were workstation design , the social environment , work tasks and habits . ConclusionS hort-term use of a feasible sit-st and workstation reduced daily sitting time and led to beneficial improvements in cardiometabolic risk parameters in asymptomatic office workers . These findings imply that if the observed use of the sit-st and workstations continued over a longer duration , sit-st and workstations may have important ramifications for the prevention and reduction of cardiometabolic risk in a large proportion of the working population .Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT02496507 Objective : This study was conducted to determine whether installation of sit-st and desks ( SSDs ) could lead to decreased sitting time during the workday among sedentary office workers . Methods : A r and omized cross-over trial was conducted from January to April , 2012 at a business in Minneapolis . 28 ( nine men , 26 full-time ) sedentary office workers took part in a 4 week intervention period which included the use of SSDs to gradually replace 50 % of sitting time with st and ing during the workday .  Physical activity was the primary outcome . Mood , energy level , fatigue , appetite , dietary intake , and productivity were explored as secondary outcomes . Results : The intervention reduced sitting time at work by 21 % ( 95 % CI 18%–25 % ) and sedentary time by 4.8 min/work-hr ( 95 % CI 4.1–5.4 min/work-hr ) . For a 40 h work-week , this translates into replacement of 8 h of sitting time with st and ing and sedentary time being reduced by 3.2 h. Activity level during non-work hours did not change . The intervention also increased overall sense of well-being , energy , decreased fatigue , had no impact on productivity , and reduced appetite and dietary intake . The workstations were popular with the participants . Conclusion : The SSD intervention was successful in increasing work-time activity level , without changing activity level during non-work hours Abstract Sedentary behaviour is increasing and has been identified as a potential significant health risk , particularly for desk-based employees . The development of sit-st and workstations in the workplace is one approach to reduce sedentary behaviour . However , there is uncertainty about the effects of sit-st and workstations on cognitive functioning .  A sample of 36 university staff participated in a within-subjects r and omised control trial examining the effect of sitting vs. st and ing for one hour per day for five consecutive days on attention , information processing speed , short-term memory , working memory and task efficiency . The results of the study showed no statistically significant difference in cognitive performance or work efficiency between the sitting and st and ing conditions , with all effect sizes being small to very small ( all ds < .2 ) . This result suggests that the use of sit-st and workstations is not associated with a reduction in cognitive performance . Practitioner Summary : Although it has been reported that the use of sit-st and desks may help offset adverse health effects of prolonged sitting , there is scant evidence about changes in productivity . This r and omised control study showed that there was no difference between sitting and st and ing for one hour on cognitive function or task efficiency in university staff Background Prolonged sitting time is detrimental for health . Individuals with desk-based occupations tend to sit a great deal and sit-st and workstations have been identified as a potential strategy to reduce sitting time . Hence , the objective of the current study was to examine the effects of using sit-st and workstations on office workers ’ sitting time at work and over the whole day . Methods We conducted a r and omized controlled trial pilot with crossover design and waiting list control in Sydney , Australia from September 2011 to July 2012 ( n = 42 ; 86 % female ; mean age 38 ± 11 years ) . Participants used a sit-st and workstation for four weeks in the intervention condition . In the time-matched control condition , participants received nothing and crossed over to the intervention condition after four weeks . The primary outcomes , sitting , st and ing and walking time at work , were assessed before and after using the workstations with ActivPALs and self-report question naires . Secondary outcomes , domain-specific sitting over the whole day , were assessed by self-report . Linear mixed models estimated changes in outcomes adjusting for measurement time , study grouping and covariates . Results Intervention participants significantly reduced objective ly assessed time spent sitting at work by 73 min/workday ( 95 % CI : -106,-39 ) and increased st and ing time at work by 65 min/workday ( 95 % CI : 47 , 83 ) ; these changes were significant relative to controls ( p = 0.004 and p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Total sitting time significantly declined in intervention participants ( -80 min/workday ; 95 % CI : -155 , -4 ) . Conclusions This study shows that introducing sit-st and workstations in the office can reduce desk-based workers ’ sitting time at work in the short term . Larger scale studies on more representative sample s are needed to determine the public health impact of sit-st and workstations . Trial registration Abstract Implementing sit/st and workstations in sedentary work environments is a common way to reduce sedentary time , but their medium-term effect on cognitive performance is unclear . To address this circumstance , eighteen office workers participated in a two-arm , r and omised controlled cross-over trial ( Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT02825303 ) , either working at a traditional ( sit ) or an interventional ( sit/st and ) workplace for 23 weeks . Cognitive performance ( working speed , reaction time , concentration performance , accuracy ) , workload and relevant covariates ( salivary cortisol level , heart rate , physical activity , sitting time ) were measured pre- and post-intervention under laboratory conditions . MANOVA and RMANOVA results did not show differences in performance parameters and workload , respectively , between sit/st and and traditional workplace users . Differences in text editing accuracy and cortisol levels for sit/st and workstation users indicate potential connectivity to cognitive parameters which should be further examined with large-scale studies . Practitioner summary : Medium-term effects of working at sit/st and workstations on cognitive performance and workload are unexplored . This r and omised controlled trial suggests that cognitive performance and workload are unaffected for sit/st and workstation users after 23 weeks of use . However , accuracy appeared to improve and physiological stress appeared to be altered . Abbreviations : BMI : body mass index ; IPAQ : International physical activity question naire ; MET : metabolic equivalent of task ; MANOVA : multivariate ANOVA ; NASA TLX : NASA task load index ; RMANOVA : repeated measures ANOVA GRAPHICAL Objective : The aim of the study was to determine whether  chronic low back pain ( LBP ) might be attenuated through the introduction of a sit-st and workstation ( SSW ) in office employees . Methods : Participants were r and omized to receive a SSW at the beginning or at the end of a 3-month study period . Participants responded to a short survey at the end of each workday and a comprehensive survey at weeks 1 , 6 , and 12 . Surveys consisted of a modified brief pain inventory and the Rol and Morris Disability Question naire . Results : Forty-six university employees with self-reported chronic LBP were enrolled . Participants who were given access to a SSW reported a significant reduction in current ( P = 0.02 ) and worst ( P = 0.04 ) LBP over time . Conclusions : Our findings support the hypothesis that chronic LBP might be improved by the introduction of a SSW in an office environment BACKGROUND Sit-st and desks reduce workplace sitting time among healthy office workers ; however , their metabolic and behavioral impact in higher risk population s remains unknown . METHODS 25 office workers with abdominal obesity were r and omized to an intervention ( sit-st and workstation ) or control group ( seated desk ) for 12 weeks . Physical activity , sedentary behavior , and cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed before and after the intervention period in both groups . RESULTS In comparison with the control group , which did not change , the intervention group experienced significant reductions in workday ( 344 ± 107 to 186 ± 101 min/day ) and total ( 645 ± 140 to 528 ± 91 min/day ) sitting time , as well as increases in workday st and ing time ( 154 ± 108 to 301 ± 101 min/day , P < .05 ) . There were no changes in sitting or st and ing time outside of work hours , steps taken each day , or any marker of cardiometabolic risk in either group ( all P > .05 ) . CONCLUSION Sit-st and desks were effective in reducing workplace sedentary behavior in an at-risk population , with no change in sedentary behavior or physical activity outside of work hours . However , these changes were not sufficient to improve markers of cardiometabolic risk in this population Background A lack of physical activity and excessive sitting can contribute to poor physical health and wellbeing . The high percentage of the UK adult population in employment , and the prolonged sitting associated with desk-based office-work , make these workplaces an appropriate setting for interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour and increase physical activity . This pilot study aims to determine the effect of an office-based sit-st and workstation intervention , compared with usual desk use , on daily sitting , st and ing and physical activity , and to examine the factors that underlie sitting , st and ing and physical activity , within and outside , the workplace . Methods / Design A r and omised control trial ( RCT ) comparing the effects of a sit-st and workstation only and a multi-component sit-st and workstation intervention , with usual desk-based working practice ( no sit-st and workstation ) will be conducted with office workers across two organisations , over a 12 month period ( N = 30 ) . The multicomponent intervention will comprise organisational , environmental and individual elements . Objective data will be collected at baseline , and after 2-weeks , 3-months , 6-months and 12-months of the intervention . Objective measures of sitting , st and ing , and physical activity will be made concurrently ( ActivPAL3 ™ and ActiGraph ( GT3X+ ) ) . Activity diaries , ethnographic participant observation , and interviews with participants and key organisational personnel will be used to elicit underst and ing of the influence of organisational culture on sitting , st and ing and physical activity behaviour in the workplace . Discussion This study will be the first long-term sit-st and workstation intervention study utilising an RCT design , and incorporating a comprehensive process evaluation . The study will generate an underst and ing of the factors that encourage and restrict successful implementation of sit-st and workstation interventions , and will help inform future occupational wellbeing policy and practice . Other strengths include the objective measurement of physical activity during both work and non-work hours . Trail registration Clinical trials.gov identifier NCT02172599 , 22nd June 2014 OBJECTIVE Sit-st and workstations may result in significant reductions in workplace sitting . However , few studies have examined long-term maintenance under real-world conditions . The purpose of this study was to evaluate workplace sitting time , cardio-metabolic biomarkers , and work productivity during a workplace re- design which included the installation of sit-st and workstations . DESIGN Natural experiment with appropriately matched comparison . METHODS Office workers from distinct worksites in the same unit were recruited ( Intervention , n=24 ; Comparison , n=12 ) . Intervention arm participants received a sit-st and workstation and 4 months of sitting-specific motivational support . The comparison arm received 4 months of ergonomic focused motivational support .  Time spent in sitting , st and ing , and other physical activity were measured by activPAL3c for a week . Cardio-metabolic biomarkers and work productivity were also measured . Assessment s occurred at baseline , 4 months , and 18 months . RESULTS At 4 months , work sitting time was reduced by 56.7±89.1min/8h workday ( d=-0.64 ) , relative to comparison . St and ing time ( 37.4±69.2min/8h workday ; d=0.54 ) and sit-to-st and transitions ( 3.3±0.4min/8h workday , d=0.44 ) were also improved relative to comparison . At 18 months , work sitting time reductions ( 52.6±68.3min/8h workday ; d=-0.77 ) and st and ing time improvements ( 17.7±54.8min/8h workday , d=0.32 ) were maintained in the intervention group relative to comparison . Cardio-metabolic and work productivity changes were mixed ; however , strongest effects favoring the intervention group were observed at 18 months . CONCLUSIONS Sit-st and workstations , accompanied with behavioral support , were effective in reducing workplace and overall daily sitting and increasing st and ing time in a real-world setting . The effect appears to have been sustained for 18 months , with mixed results in cardio-metabolic and productivity outcomes Background Prolonged sitting is ubiquitous in modern society and linked to several diseases . Height-adjustable desks are being used to decrease worksite based sitting time ( ST ) . Single-desk sit-to-st and workplaces exhibit small ST reduction potential and short-term loss in performance . The aim of this paper is to report the study design and methodology of an ACTIVE OFFICE trial . Design The study was a 1-year three-arm , r and omized controlled trial in 18 healthy Austrian office workers . Allocation was done via a regional health insurance , with data collection during Jan 2014 – March 2015 . Participants were allocated to either an intervention or control group . Intervention group subjects were provided with traditional or two-desk sit-to-st and workstations in either the first or the second half of the study , while control subjects did not experience any changes during the whole study duration .Sitting time and physical activity ( IPAQ-long ) , cognitive performance ( text editing task , Stroop-test , d2R test of attention ) , workload perception ( NASA-TLX ) and physiological parameters ( salivary cortisol , heartrate variability and body weight ) were measured pre- and post-intervention ( 23 weeks after baseline ) for intervention and control periods . Postural changes and sitting/st and ing time ( software logger ) were recorded at the workplace for the whole intervention period . Discussion This study evaluates the effects of a novel two-desk sit-to-st and workplace on sitting time , physical parameters and work performance of healthy office based workers . If the intervention proves effective , it has a great potential to be implemented in regular workplaces to reduce diseases related to prolonged sitting . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT02825303 , July 2016 ( retrospectively registered ) Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders ( WMSDs ) among office workers with intensive computer use is widespread and the prevalence of symptoms is growing . This r and omized controlled trial investigated the effects of an office ergonomics training combined with a sit-st and workstation on musculoskeletal and visual discomfort , behaviors and performance .  Participants performed a lab-based customer service job for 8 h per day , over 15 days and were assigned to :  Ergonomics Trained ( n = 11 ) or Minimally Trained ( n = 11 ) . The training consisted of : a 1.5-h interactive instruction , a sit/st and practice period , and ergonomic reminders . Ergonomics Trained participants experienced minimal musculoskeletal and visual discomfort across the 15 days , varied their postures , with significantly higher performance compared to the Minimally Trained group who had a significantly higher number of symptoms , suggesting that training plays a critical role . The ability to mitigate symptoms , change behaviors and enhance performance through training combined with a sit-st and workstation has implication s for preventing discomforts in office workers Background Excessive time spent in sedentary behaviours ( sitting or lying with low energy expenditure ) is associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease and some cancers . Desk-based office workers typically accumulate high amounts of daily sitting time , often in prolonged unbroken bouts . The St and Up Victoria study aims to determine whether a 3-month multi-component intervention in the office setting reduces workplace sitting , particularly prolonged , unbroken sitting time , and results in improvements in cardio-metabolic biomarkers and work-related outcomes , compared to usual practice . Methods / Design A two-arm cluster-r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) , with worksites as the unit of r and omization , will be conducted in 16 worksites located in Victoria , Australia . Work units from one organisation ( Department of Human Services , Australian Government ) will be allocated to either the multi-component intervention ( organisational , environmental [ height-adjustable workstations ] , and individual behavioural strategies ) or to a usual practice control group . The recruitment target is 160 participants ( office-based workers aged 18–65 years and working at least 0.6 full time equivalent ) per arm . At each assessment ( 0- [ baseline ] , 3- [ post intervention ] , and 12-months [ follow-up ] ) , objective measurement via the activPAL3 activity monitor will be used to assess workplace : sitting time ( primary outcome ) ; prolonged sitting time ( sitting time accrued in bouts of ≥30 minutes ) ; st and ing time ; sit-to-st and transitions ; and , moving time . Additional outcomes assessed will include : non-workplace activity ; cardio-metabolic biomarkers and health indicators ( including fasting glucose , lipids and insulin ; anthropometric measures ; blood pressure ; and , musculoskeletal symptoms ) ; and , work-related outcomes ( presenteeism , absenteeism , productivity , work performance ) . Incremental cost-effectiveness and identification of both workplace and individual-level mediators and moderators of change will also be evaluated . Discussion St and Up Victoria will be the first cluster- RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-component intervention aim ed at reducing prolonged workplace sitting in office workers . Strengths include the objective measurement of activity and assessment of the intervention on markers of cardio-metabolic health . Health- and work-related benefits , as well as the cost-effectiveness of the intervention , will help to inform future occupational practice .Trial registration BACKGROUND American workers spend 70 - 80 % of their time at work being sedentary . Traditional approaches to increase moderate-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) may be perceived to be harmful to productivity . Approaches that target reductions in sedentary behavior and /or increases in st and ing or light-intensity physical activity [ LPA ] may not interfere with productivity and may be more feasible to achieve through small changes accumulated throughout the workday METHODS / DESIGN : This group r and omized trial ( i.e. , cluster r and omized trial ) will test the relative efficacy of two sedentary behavior focused interventions in 24 worksites across two states ( N=720 workers ) . The MOVE+ intervention is a multilevel individual , social , environmental , and organizational intervention targeting increases in light-intensity physical activity in the workplace . The ST AND + intervention is the MOVE+ intervention with the addition of the installation and use of sit-st and workstations to reduce sedentary behavior and enhance light-intensity physical activity opportunities . Our primary outcome will be objective ly-measured changes in sedentary behavior and light-intensity physical activity over 12months , with additional process measures at 3months and longer-term sustainability outcomes at 24months . Our secondary outcomes will be a clustered cardiometabolic risk score ( comprised of fasting glucose , insulin , triglycerides , HDL-cholesterol , and blood pressure ) , workplace productivity , and job satisfaction DISCUSSION : This study will determine the efficacy of a multi-level workplace intervention ( including the use of a sit-st and workstation ) to reduce sedentary behavior and increase LPA and concomitant impact on cardiometabolic health , workplace productivity , and satisfaction . TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT02566317 ( date of registration : 10/1/2015 ) Background Large amounts of sitting at work have been identified as an emerging occupational health risk , and findings from intervention trials have been reported . However , few such reports have examined participant-selected strategies and their relationships with behaviour change . Methods The St and Up Victoria cluster-r and omised controlled trial was a workplace-delivered intervention comprising organisational , environmental and individual level behaviour change strategies aim ed at reducing sitting time in desk-based workers .  Sit-st and workstations were provided , and participants ( n = 134 ; intervention group only ) were guided by health coaches to identify strategies for the ‘ St and Up ’ , ‘ Sit Less ’ , and ‘ Move More ’ intervention targets , including how long they would st and using the workstation . Three-month workplace sitting and activity changes ( activPAL3-assessed total sitting , prolonged sitting ( i.e. , sitting ≥30 min continuously ) and purpose ful walking ) were evaluated in relation to the number ( regression analysis ) and types of strategies ( decision-tree analysis ) . Results Over 80 different strategies were nominated by participants . Each additional strategy nominated for the ‘ St and Up ’ intervention target ( i.e. number of strategies ) was associated with a reduction in prolonged sitting of 27.6 min/8-h workday ( 95 % CI : -53.1 , − 2.1 , p = 0.034 ) . Types of strategies were categorised into 13 distinct categories . Strategies that were task-based and phone-based were common across all three targets . The decision tree models did not select any specific strategy category as predicting changes in prolonged sitting ( ‘ St and Up ’ ) , however four strategy categories were identified as important for total sitting time ( ‘ Sit Less ’ ) and three strategy categories for purpose ful walking ( ‘ Moving More ’ ) . The uppermost nodes ( foremost predictors ) were nominating > 3 h/day of workstation st and ing ( reducing total workplace sitting ) and choosing a ‘ Move More ’ task-based strategy ( purpose ful walking ) . Conclusions Workers chose a wide range of strategies , with both strategy choice and strategy quantity appearing relevant to behavioural improvement . Findings support a tailored and pragmatic approach to encourage a change in sitting and activity in the workplace . Evaluating participant-selected strategies in the context of a successful intervention serves to highlight options that may prove feasible and effective in other desk-based workplace environments . Trial registration This trial was prospect ively registered with the Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials register ( ACTRN12611000742976 ) on 15 July 2011
Conclusion : sit-st and workstations may reduce low back pain  among workers .
Practitioner Summary : In a sedentary population , changing posture may reduce the chance of developing low back pain .
Abstract Background : Sit-st and workstations are proposed solutions to reduce sedentary time at work .
Numerous companies are using them to mitigate health concerns such as musculoskeletal discomfort .
Objective : To review the literature on sit-st and workstations and low back discomfort .