A controlled trial of protein enrichment of meal replacements for weight reduction with retention of lean body mass A randomized trial of energy-restricted high-protein versus high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in morbid obesity. Carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein are equally effective at promoting fat loss and improving blood lipids. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. Effects of protein vs. carbohydrate-rich diets on fuel utilisation in obese women during weight loss. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on weight loss and energy expenditure after weight stabilization in hyperinsulinemic subjects High protein weight loss diets in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Long-term effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk markers in obese hyperinsulinemic subjects Effects of increased dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratios in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Effects of energy-restricted diets containing increased protein on weight loss, resting energy expenditure, and the thermic effect of feeding in type 2 diabetes. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. Reduced Body Weight and Adiposity With a High-Protein Diet Improves Functional Status, Lipid Profiles, Glycemic Control, and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure: A Feasibility Study Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no-intervention control. Effect of a high-protein, high-monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes. Effect of Low-Energy-Dense Diet Rich in Multiple Functional Foods on Weight-Loss Maintenance, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Randomized Controlled Trial A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations.
Background While high protein diets have been shown to improve satiety and retention of lean body mass ( LBM ) , this study was design ed to determine effects of a protein-enriched meal replacement ( MR ) on weight loss and LBM retention by comparison to an isocaloric carbohydrate-enriched MR within customized diet plans utilizing MR to achieve high protein or st and ard protein intakes . Methods Single blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized outpatient weight loss trial in 100 obese men and women comparing two isocaloric meal plans utilizing a st and ard MR to which was added supplementary protein or carbohydrate powder . MR was used twice daily ( one meal , one snack ) . One additional meal was included in the meal plan design ed to achieve individualized protein intakes of either 1 ) 2.2 g protein/kg of LBM per day [ high protein diet ( HP ) ] or 2 ) 1.1 g protein/kg LBM/day st and ard protein diet ( SP ) . LBM was determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis ( BIA ) . Body weight , body composition , and lipid profiles were measured at baseline and 12 weeks . Results Eighty-five subjects completed the study . Both HP and SP MR were well tolerated , with no adverse effects . There were no differences in weight loss at 12 weeks ( -4.19 ± 0.5 kg for HP group and -3.72 ± 0.7 kg for SP group , p > 0.1 ) . Subjects in the HP group lost significantly more fat weight than the SP group ( HP = -1.65 ± 0.63 kg ; SP = -0.64 ± 0.79 kg , P = 0.05 ) as estimated by BIA . There were no significant differences in lipids nor fasting blood glucose between groups , but within the HP group a significant decrease in cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was noted at 12 weeks . This was not seen in the SP group . Conclusion Higher protein MR within a higher protein diet result ed in similar overall weight loss as the st and ard protein MR plan over 12 weeks . However , there was significantly more fat loss in the HP group but no significant difference in lean body mass . In this trial , subject compliance with both the st and ard and protein-enriched MR strategy for weight loss may have obscured any effect of increased protein on weight loss demonstrated in prior weight loss studies using whole food diets OBJECTIVE Conflicting evidence exists as to weight loss produced by diets with different carbohydrate/protein ratio . The aim was to compare the long-term effects of high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate diet ( HPD , HCD ) , combined with cognitive behavior therapy ( CBT ) . DESIGN AND METHODS In a r and omized trial , 88 obese participants ( mean age , 46.7 ; mean BMI , 45.6 kg m(-2 ) ) were enrolled in a 3-week inpatient and 48-week outpatient treatment , with continuous CBT during the study period . All subjects consumed a restricted diet ( 1,200 kcal day(-1 ) for women , 1,500 for men ; 20 % energy from fat , < 10 % saturated fat ) . HPD derived 34 % energy from proteins , 46 % from carbohydrates ; HCD 17 % from proteins , 64 % from carbohydrates . The primary outcome was 1-year percent weight loss . Secondary outcomes were attrition rates and changes in cardiovascular risk factors and psychological profile . RESULTS Attrition rates were similar between groups ( 25.6 % ) . In the intention-to-treat analysis , weight loss averaged 15.0 % in HPD and 13.3 % in HCD at 1 year , without any difference throughout the study period . Both diets produced a similar improvement in secondary outcomes . CONCLUSIONS The relative carbohydrate and protein content of the diet , when combined with intensive CBT , does not significantly affect attrition rate , weight loss and psychosocial outcome in patients with severe obesity BACKGROUND When substituted for carbohydrate in an energy-reduced diet , dietary protein enhances fat loss in women . It is unknown whether the effect is due to increased protein or reduced carbohydrate . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of 2 isocaloric diets that differed in protein and fat content on weight loss , lipids , appetite regulation , and energy expenditure after test meals . DESIGN This was a parallel , r and omized study in which subjects received either a low-fat , high-protein ( LF-HP ) diet ( 29 + /- 1 % fat , 34 + /- 0.8 % protein ) or a high-fat , st and ard-protein ( HF-SP ) diet ( 45 + /- 0.6 % fat , 18 + /- 0.3 % protein ) during 12 wk of energy restriction ( 6 + /- 0.1 MJ/d ) and 4 wk of energy balance ( 7.4 + /- 0.3 MJ/d ) . Fifty-seven overweight and obese [ mean body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) : 33.8 + /- 0.9 ] volunteers with insulin concentrations > 12 mU/L completed the study . RESULTS Weight loss ( LF-HP group , 9.7 + /- 1.1 kg ; HF-SP group , 10.2 + /- 1.4 kg ; P = 0.78 ) and fat loss were not significantly different between diet groups even though the subjects desired less to eat after the LF-HP meal ( P = 0.02 ) . The decrease in resting energy expenditure was not significantly different between diet groups ( LF-HP , -342 + /- 185 kJ/d ; HF-SP , -349 + /- 220 kJ/d ) . The decrease in the thermic effect of feeding with weight loss was smaller in the LF-HP group than in the HF-SP group ( -0.3 + /- 1.0 % compared with -3.6 + /- 0.7 % ; P = 0.014 ) . Glucose and insulin responses to test meals improved after weight loss ( P < 0.001 ) with no significant diet effect . Bone turnover , inflammation , and calcium excretion did not change significantly . CONCLUSION The magnitude of weight loss and the improvements in insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk factors did not differ significantly between the 2 diets , and neither diet had any detrimental effects on bone turnover or renal function BACKGROUND It is not clear whether varying the protein-to-carbohydrate ratio of weight-loss diets benefits body composition or metabolism . OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the effects of 2 weight-loss diets differing in protein-to-carbohydrate ratio on body composition , glucose and lipid metabolism , and markers of bone turnover . DESIGN A parallel design included either a high-protein diet of meat , poultry , and dairy foods ( HP diet : 27 % of energy as protein , 44 % as carbohydrate , and 29 % as fat ) or a st and ard-protein diet low in those foods ( SP diet : 16 % of energy as protein , 57 % as carbohydrate , and 27 % as fat ) during 12 wk of energy restriction ( 6 - 6.3 MJ/d ) and 4 wk of energy balance ( approximately 8.2 MJ/d ) . Fifty-seven overweight volunteers with fasting insulin concentrations > 12 mU/L completed the study . RESULTS Weight loss ( 7.9 + /- 0.5 kg ) and total fat loss ( 6.9 + /- 0.4 kg ) did not differ between diet groups . In women , total lean mass was significantly ( P = 0.02 ) better preserved with the HP diet ( -0.1 + /- 0.3 kg ) than with the SP diet ( -1.5 + /- 0.3 kg ) . Those fed the HP diet had significantly ( P < 0.03 ) less glycemic response at weeks 0 and 16 than did those fed the SP diet . After weight loss , the glycemic response decreased significantly ( P < 0.05 ) more in the HP diet group . The reduction in serum triacylglycerol concentrations was significantly ( P < 0.05 ) greater in the HP diet group ( 23 % ) than in the SP diet group ( 10 % ) . Markers of bone turnover , calcium excretion , and systolic blood pressure were unchanged . CONCLUSION Replacing carbohydrate with protein from meat , poultry , and dairy foods has beneficial metabolic effects and no adverse effects on markers of bone turnover or calcium excretion BACKGROUND Energy restriction is a common therapeutic approach for weight reduction , but the most effective macronutrient distribution of the hypoenergetic diet as well as the role of the metabolic processes involved require further investigations . OBJECTIVE To study the effect of a high protein ( HP ) hypoenergetic diet compared with a high carbohydrate ( HC ) hypoenergetic diet on fuel utilisation changes during the weight loss process in obese women . DESIGN Eleven obese ( BMI > 30 ) women were r and omly assigned to a 10w dietary intervention study comparing HP ( 30 % protein ) or HC ( 55 % carbohydrate ) energy restricted diets providing 30 % energy fat content . Substrate utilisation was evaluated by indirect calorimetry . Body weight and composition ( Bod Pod ) and blood measurements were performed before and after weight loss . RESULTS On average , the individuals on the HP dietary group lost 4.4 kg more than those in the HC program ( p<0.50 ) , which was mainly due to a fat mass loss ( 3.7 kg , p<0.05 ) with no statistical differences in lean body mass reduction . These losses were accompanied by a significant decrease in fasting leptin in the HP group ( -52 % ; P<0.05 ) . On the other h and post-absorptive lipid oxidation decreased in the HC group ( -48 % ) and remained unchanged in the HP groups . CONCLUSIONS The replacement of some dietary carbohydrate by protein in energy restricted diets , improves weight and fat losses and specifically promotes lipid oxidation in the fasting state , without major different in lean body mass depletion OBJECTIVE : To determine the effect of replacing some dietary carbohydrate with protein , during energy restriction , on weight loss , total energy expenditure ( TEE ) , resting energy expenditure ( REE ) , respiratory quotient ( RQ ) , and the thermic effect of feeding ( TEF ) in subjects with hyperinsulinemia . DESIGN : Parallel , clinical intervention study of 12 weeks energy restriction ( 6.5 MJ/day ) and 4 weeks energy balance ( 8.2 MJ/day ) in two groups of subjects r and omly assigned to either a high-protein ( HP ) diet ( 27 % of energy ( % E ) as protein , 45%E as carbohydrate ) or a lower-protein ( LP ) diet ( 16%E as protein , 57%E as carbohydrate).SUBJECTS : A total of 36 obese nondiabetic volunteers with hyperinsulinemia ( 10 males/26 females , aged 34–65 y , BMI 28–43 kg/m2 , fasting insulin 12–45 mU/l ) . MEASUREMENTS : Body weight and composition , TEE , REE , and RQ were measured at baseline and at week 16 . In addition , the TEF to an HP or LP meal was determined for 3 h , at baseline and at week 16 . RESULTS : After 16 weeks , weight loss was similar in response to each diet ; the overall decrease was 7.9±0.6 kg ( P<0.001 ) , of which 6.8±0.5 kg was fat ( P<0.001 ) . REE fell similarly with each diet ; the overall decrease was 719±106 kJ/day ( P<0.001 ) . The TEF was 2 % greater after the HP than after the LP meal at baseline ( P<0.01 ) and 0.8 % greater at week 16 ( P=0.35 ) . After 16 weeks , the TEF was not reduced in either dietary group . There was no change in TEE after 16 weeks . CONCLUSION : In subjects with hyperinsulinemia an energy-restrictive diet containing an increased protein-to-carbohydrate ratio does not enhance weight loss or significantly affect energy expenditure . Caloric restriction , rather than the macronutrient composition of the diet , is the most important determinant of weight loss BACKGROUND AND AIM Diets where carbohydrate has been partially exchanged for protein have shown beneficial changes in persons with type 2 diabetes but no studies have enrolled people with albuminuria . We aim to determine if a high protein to carbohydrate ratio ( HPD ) in an energy reduced diet has a beneficial effect on metabolic control and cardiovascular risk factors without negatively affecting renal function . METHOD AND RESULTS Adult , overweight participants with type 2 diabetes , with albuminuria ( 30 - 600 mg/24 h or an albumin-to-creatinine ratio of 3.0 - 60 mg/mmol ) , and estimated GFR of > 40 ml/min/1.73 m(2 ) were enrolled . Participants were r and omized to an HPD or an SPD . Protein : fat : carbohydrate ratio was 30:30:40 % of energy for the HPD and 20:30:50 % for the SPD . Main outcomes were renal function , weight loss , blood pressure , serum lipids and glycaemic control . We recruited 76 volunteers and 45 ( 35 men and 10 women ) finished . There were no overall changes in renal function at 12 months and no significant differences in weight loss between groups ( 9.7 ± 2.9 kg and 6.6 ± 1.4 kg HPD and SPD group respectively ; p = 0.32 ) . Fasting blood glucose decreased significantly with no treatment effect . The decrease in HbA1c differed between treatments at 6 months ( HPD -0.9 vs. SPD -0.3 % ; p = 0.039 ) but not at 12 months . HDL increased significantly with no treatment effects . There were no changes in LDL or blood pressure overall but DBP was lower in the HPD group ( p = 0.024 ) at 12 months . CONCLUSION Weight loss improved overall metabolic control in this group of well controlled participants with type 2 diabetes regardless of diet composition OBJECTIVE : To compare the long-term compliance and effects of two low-fat diets differing in carbohydrate to protein ratio on body composition and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in obese subjects with hyperinsulinemia . DESIGN : Outpatient , parallel , clinical intervention study of two groups of subjects r and omly assigned to either a st and ard protein ( SP ; 15 % protein , 55 % carbohydrate ) or high-protein ( HP ; 30 % protein , 40 % carbohydrate ) diet , during 12 weeks of energy restriction ( ∼6.5 MJ/day ) and 4 weeks of energy balance ( ∼8.3 MJ/day ) . Subsequently , subjects were asked to maintain the same dietary pattern for the succeeding 52 weeks with minimal professional support . SUBJECTS : A total of 58 obese , nondietetic subjects with hyperinsulinemia ( 13 males/45 females , mean age 50.2 y , mean body mass index ( BMI ) 34.0 kg/m2 , mean fasting insulin 17.8 mU/l ) participated in the study .  MEASUREMENTS : Body composition , blood pressure , blood lipids , fasting glucose , insulin , CRP and sICAM-1 were measured at baseline and at weeks 16 and 68 . Urinary urea/creatinine ratio was measured at baseline , week 16 and at 3 monthly intervals thereafter . RESULTS : In total , 43 subjects completed the study with similar dropouts in each group ( P=0.76 ) . At week 68 , there was net weight loss ( SP −2.9±3.6 % , HP −4.1±5.8 % ; P<0.01 ) due entirely to fat loss ( P<0.001 ) with no diet effect . Both diets significantly increased HDL cholesterol concentrations ( P<0.001 ) and decreased fasting insulin , insulin resistance , sICAM-1 and CRP levels ( P<0.05 ) . Protein intake was significantly greater in HP during the initial 16 weeks ( P<0.001 ) , but decreased in HP and increased in SP during 52-week follow-up , with no difference between groups at week 68 , indicating poor long-term dietary adherence behaviour to both dietary patterns . CONCLUSION : Without active ongoing dietary advice , adherence to dietary intervention is poor . Nonetheless , both dietary patterns achieved net weight loss and improvements in cardiovascular risk factors BACKGROUND Some evidence has suggested that a diet with a higher ratio of protein to carbohydrates has metabolic advantages in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the effect of a high-protein ( HP ) diet to a st and ard-protein ( SP ) diet in women with PCOS . DESIGN A controlled , 6-mo trial was conducted in 57 PCOS women . The women were assigned through rank minimization to one of the following 2 diets without caloric restriction : an HP diet ( > 40 % of energy from protein and 30 % of energy from fat ) or an SP diet ( < 15 % of energy from protein and 30 % of energy from fat ) . The women received monthly dietary counseling . At baseline and 3 and 6 mo , anthropometric measurements were performed , and blood sample s were collected . RESULTS Seven women dropped out because of pregnancy , 23 women dropped out because of other reasons , and 27 women completed the study . The HP diet produced a greater weight loss ( mean : 4.4 kg ; 95 % CI : 0.3 , 8.6 kg ) and body fat loss ( mean : 4.3 kg ; 95 % CI : 0.9 , 7.6 kg ) than the SP diet after 6 mo . Waist circumference was reduced more by the HP diet than by the SP diet . The HP diet produced greater decreases in glucose than did the SP diet , which persisted after adjustment for weight changes . There were no differences in testosterone , sex hormone-binding globulin , and blood lipids between the groups after 6 mo . However , adjustment for weight changes led to significantly lower testosterone concentrations in the SP-diet group than in the HP-diet group . CONCLUSION Replacement of carbohydrates with protein in ad libitum diets improves weight loss and improves glucose metabolism by an effect that seems to be independent of the weight loss and , thus , seems to offer an improved dietary treatment of PCOS women OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a high-protein ( HP ) diet compared with a low-protein ( LP ) diet on weight loss , resting energy expenditure ( REE ) , and the thermic effect of food ( TEF ) in subjects with type 2 diabetes during moderate energy restriction . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this study , 26 obese subjects with type 2 diabetes consumed a HP ( 28 % protein , 42 % carbohydrate ) or LP diet ( 16 % protein , 55 % carbohydrate ) during 8 weeks of energy restriction ( 1,600 kcal/day ) and 4 weeks of energy balance . Body weight and composition and REE were measured , and the TEF in response to a HP or LP meal was determined for 2 h , at weeks 0 and 12 . RESULTS The mean weight loss was 4.6 + /- 0.4 kg ( P < 0.001 ) , of which 4.5 + /- 0.4 kg was fat ( P < 0.001 ) , with no effect of diet ( P = 0.6 ) . At both weeks 0 and 12 , TEF was greater after the HP than after the LP meal ( 0.064 vs. 0.050 kcal x kcal(-1 ) energy consumed x 2 h(-1 ) , respectively ; overall diet effect , P = 0.003 ) . REE and TEF were reduced similarly with each of the diets ( time effects , P = 0.02 and P < 0.001 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes , a low-fat diet with an increased protein-to-carbohydrate ratio does not significantly increase weight loss or blunt the fall in REE OBJECTIVE : To study the effect on weight loss in obese subjects by replacement of carbohydrate by protein in ad libitum consumed fat-reduced diets . DESIGN : R and omized dietary intervention study over six months comparing two ad libitum fat reduced diets ( 30 % of total energy ) strictly controlled in composition : High-carbohydrate ( HC , protein 12 % of total energy ) or high-protein ( HP , protein 25 % of total energy ) . SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS : Subjects were 65 healthy , overweight and obese subjects ( 50 women , 15 men , aged 18–55 y ) r and omly assigned to HC ( n=25 ) , HP ( n=25 ) or a control group ( C , n=15 ) . All food was provided by self- selection in a shop at the department , and compliance to the diet composition was evaluated by urinary nitrogen excretion . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE : Change in body weight , body composition and blood lipids . RESULTS : More than 90 % completed the trial . Weight loss after six months was 5.1 kg in the HC group and 8.9 kg in the HP group ( difference 3.7 kg , 95 % confidence interval (CI)(1.3–6.2 kg ) P<0.001 ) , and fat loss was 4.3 kg and 7.6 kg , respectively ( difference 3.3 kg ( 1.1–5.5 kg ) P<0.0001 ) , whereas no changes occurred in the control group . More subjects lost > 10 kg in the HP group ( 35 % ) than in the HC group ( 9 % ) . The HP diet only decreased fasting plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids significantly . CONCLUSIONS : Replacement of some dietary carbohydrate by protein in an ad libitum fat-reduced diet , improves weight loss and increases the proportion of subjects achieving a clinical ly relevant weight loss . More freedom to choose between protein-rich and complex carbohydrate-rich foods may allow obese subjects to choose more lean meat and dairy products , and hence improve adherence to low-fat diets in weight reduction programs BACKGROUND Limited evidence suggests that a higher ratio of protein to carbohydrate during weight loss has metabolic advantages . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effects of a diet with a high ratio of protein to carbohydrate during weight loss on body composition , cardiovascular disease risk , nutritional status , and markers of bone turnover and renal function in overweight women . DESIGN The subjects were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 isocaloric 5600-kJ dietary interventions for 12 wk according to a parallel design : a high-protein ( HP ) or a high-carbohydrate ( HC ) diet . RESULTS One hundred women with a mean ( + /-SD ) body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) of 32 + /- 6 and age of 49 + /- 9 y completed the study .  Weight loss was 7.3 + /- 0.3 kg with both diets . Subjects with high serum triacylglycerol ( > 1.5 mmol/L ) lost more fat mass with the HP than with the HC diet ( x + /- SEM : 6.4 + /- 0.7 and 3.4 + /- 0.7 kg , respectively ; P = 0.035 ) and had a greater decrease in triacylglycerol concentrations with the HP ( -0.59 + /- 0.19 mmol/L ) than with the HC ( -0.03 + /- 0.04 mmol/L ) diet ( P = 0.023 for diet x triacylglycerol interaction ) . Triacylglycerol concentrations decreased more with the HP ( 0.30 + /- 0.10 mmol/L ) than with the HC ( 0.10 + /- 0.06 mmol/L ) diet ( P = 0.007 ) . Fasting LDL-cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , glucose , insulin , free fatty acid , and C-reactive protein concentrations decreased with weight loss . Serum vitamin B-12 increased 9 % with the HP diet and decreased 13 % with the HC diet ( P < 0.0001 between diets ) . Folate and vitamin B-6 increased with both diets ; homocysteine did not change significantly . Bone turnover markers increased 8 - 12 % and calcium excretion decreased by 0.8 mmol/d ( P < 0.01 ) . Creatinine clearance decreased from 82 + /- 3.3 to 75 + /- 3.0 mL/min ( P = 0.002 ) . CONCLUSION An energy-restricted , high-protein , low-fat diet provides nutritional and metabolic benefits that are equal to and sometimes greater than those observed with a high-carbohydrate diet Background : The effectiveness of high-protein ( HP ) diets in reducing body weight and adiposity and potentially improving clinical outcomes in heart failure ( HF ) is not known . Objective : This feasibility study was conducted to evaluate the impact of 3 dietary interventions on body weight and adiposity , functional status , lipid profiles , glycemic control , and quality of life ( QOL ) in overweight and obese patients with HF and type 2 diabetes mellitus . Design : Fourteen patients with HF with a body mass index greater than 27 kg/m2 were r and omized to an HP diet , a st and ard protein diet , or a conventional diet . Data were obtained at baseline and 12 weeks . Results : There were no significant differences in age ( 59 ± 10 years ) , sex ( 78 % male ) , New York Heart Association class ( 43 % class II , 57 % class III ) , and HF etiology or left ventricular ejection fraction ( 26 ± 7 ) between the groups at baseline . Patients on the HP diet demonstrated significantly greater reductions in weight ( P = .005 ) , percent body fat ( P = .036 ) , total cholesterol ( P = .016 ) , triglyceride concentrations ( P = .034 ) , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P = .041 ) and greater improvements in functional status ( 6-minute walk [ P = .010 ] and VO2 peak [ P = .003 ] ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P = .006 ) , and physical QOL scores ( P = .022 ) compared with those on st and ard protein and conventional diets . Conclusion : A 12-week HP diet result ed in moderate weight loss and reduced adiposity in a small sample of overweight and obese patients with HF that were associated with improvements in functional status , lipid profiles , glycemic control , and QOL . However , these preliminary findings must be confirmed in studies with more participants and long-term follow-up BACKGROUND AND AIM Very low carbohydrate ad libitum diets have been shown to enhance weight loss without increasing cardiometabolic risk factors but no kilojoule-controlled trials have been conducted relative to no intervention . The aim of this study was to compare the changes in weight and other cardiovascular risk factors in 3 isocaloric energy-restricted diets to no-intervention control after 1 year . METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and thirteen subjects ( age 47 ± 10 years , BMI 32 ± 6 kg/m(2 ) with one additional cardiovascular risk factor ) were r and omly allocated to one of three isocaloric diets ( VLC-very low carbohydrate , 60 % fat , 4 % carbohydrate , n=30 ; VLF-very low fat , 10 % fat , n = 30 ; HUF-high unsaturated fat , 30 % fat , n = 30 ) with intensive support for 3 months followed by minimal support for 12 months compared to a control group ( no intervention , n = 23 ) . The estimated weight change was -3.0 ± 0.2 kg for VLC , -2.0 ± 0.1 kg for VLF , -3.7 ± 0.01 kg for HUF and 0.8 ± 0.5 kg for controls ( P=0.065 ) . After correcting for baseline values , decreases in body weight and diastolic blood pressure in the diet groups ( -2.9 ± 5.2 ) were significantly different to the increase in the control group ( 0.8 ± 5.0 ) ( P<0.05 ) . No differences in cardiovascular risk factors were observed between the diet groups . CONCLUSION Significant cardiometabolic risk factor reduction was observed equally with VLC , VLF and HUF diets after 15 months , compared to an exacerbation of risk factors in the control group . At a modest level of adherence , 3 months of intensive support on these dietary patterns confer an improvement in cardiometabolic profile compared to no dietary intervention after 15 months OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a high-protein ( HP ) weight loss diet compared with a lower-protein ( LP ) diet on fat and lean tissue and fasting and postpr and ial glucose and insulin concentrations . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Replacing dietary protein for carbohydrate ( CHO ) during energy restriction and weight loss has been effective in sparing lean mass and improving insulin sensitivity in obese subjects but has not been tested in subjects with type 2 diabetes . We compared an HP diet ( 28 % protein , 42 % CHO , 28 % fat [ 8 % saturated fatty acids , 12 % monounsaturated fatty acids , 5 % polyunsaturated fatty acids ] ) with an LP diet ( 16 % protein , 55 % CHO , 26 % fat [ 8 % saturated fatty acids , 11 % monounsaturated fatty acids , 5 % polyunsaturated fatty acids ] ) in 54 obese men and women with type 2 diabetes during 8 weeks of energy restriction ( 1,600 kcal ) and 4 weeks of energy balance . Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at weeks 0 and 12 . RESULTS Overall , weight loss of 5.2 + /- 1.8 kg was achieved independently of diet composition . However , women on the HP diet lost significantly more total ( 5.3 vs. 2.8 kg , P=0.009 ) and abdominal ( 1.3 vs. 0.7 kg , P=0.006 ) fat compared with the women on the LP diet , whereas , in men , there was no difference in fat loss between diets ( 3.9 vs. 5.1 kg ) . Total lean mass decreased in all subjects independently of diet composition . LDL cholesterol reduction was significantly greater on the HP diet ( 5.7 % ) than on the LP diet ( 2.7 % ) ( P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Both dietary patterns result ed in improvements in the cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk profile as a consequence of weight loss . However , the greater reductions in total and abdominal fat mass in women and greater LDL cholesterol reduction observed in both sexes on the HP diet suggest that it is a valid diet choice for reducing CVD risk in type 2 diabetes ABSTRACT Background : There are no investigations regarding the effects of consuming low-energy-dense diets rich in multiple functional foods on weight-loss maintenance , inflammatory markers , and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors simultaneously . Method : This r and omized controlled trial design was conducted on 90 men and women who were under a previous weight loss diet . Three months of intervention with recruitment at Allzahra Hospital , Isfahan , Iran , was done . Intervention was conducted following achieving 7–11 kg weight loss . Participants were encouraged to consumed these three : an isocaloric control diet ( 50 % of energy from carbohydrate , 35 % from fat , 15 % from protein ) , a low-glycemic-index diet ( LE ) ( 60 % from carbohydrate , 25 % from fat , and 15 % from protein ) , and a low-glycemic-index diet rich in multiple functional foods ( LE + FF ) ( 60 % from carbohydrate , 25 % from fat , and 15 % from protein ) . Fasting blood glucose , serum insulin level , lipid profiles , inflammatory markers , adiponectin , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , and anthropometric measurements were assessed using st and ard guidelines . Results : The percent changes of weight , waist , and body mass index ( BMI ) , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) α , total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , triglyceride , and fasting blood glucose ( FBS ) were substantially more decreased in the LE + FF group compared to the LE and control groups ( p ≤ 0.03 ) . Percent change of adiponectin among the LE + FF group was significantly more enhanced ( 7.29 ± 0.10 ) compared with the LE group ( 1.28 ± 0.20 ) ( p = 0.001 ) . Significantly more increment in the percent change of total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) ( 6.91 ± 0.10 ) was obtained among the LE + FF group compared to the LE group ( 1.79 ± 0.04 ) . Conclusions : This study provides established evidence supporting the beneficial effects of a low-energy-dense diet rich in multiple functional foods diet on improving weight-loss maintenance , inflammation , and cardiovascular risk factors BACKGROUND Ad libitum , low-carbohydrate diets decrease caloric intake and cause weight loss . It is unclear whether these effects are due to the reduced carbohydrate content of such diets or to their associated increase in protein intake . OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that increasing the protein content while maintaining the carbohydrate content of the diet lowers body weight by decreasing appetite and spontaneous caloric intake . DESIGN Appetite , caloric intake , body weight , and fat mass were measured in 19 subjects placed sequentially on the following diets : a weight-maintaining diet ( 15 % protein , 35 % fat , and 50 % carbohydrate ) for 2 wk , an isocaloric diet ( 30 % protein , 20 % fat , and 50 % carbohydrate ) for 2 wk , and an ad libitum diet ( 30 % protein , 20 % fat , and 50 % carbohydrate ) for 12 wk .  Blood was sample d frequently at the end of each diet phase to measure the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve ( AUC ) for insulin , leptin , and ghrelin . RESULTS Satiety was markedly increased with the isocaloric high-protein diet despite an unchanged leptin AUC . Mean ( + /-SE ) spontaneous energy intake decreased by 441 + /- 63 kcal/d , body weight decreased by 4.9 + /- 0.5 kg , and fat mass decreased by 3.7 + /- 0.4 kg with the ad libitum , high-protein diet , despite a significantly decreased leptin AUC and increased ghrelin AUC . CONCLUSIONS An increase in dietary protein from 15 % to 30 % of energy at a constant carbohydrate intake produces a sustained decrease in ad libitum caloric intake that may be mediated by increased central nervous system leptin sensitivity and results in significant weight loss . This anorexic effect of protein may contribute to the weight loss produced by low-carbohydrate diets
Compared with an energy-restricted SP diet , an isocalorically prescribed HP diet provides modest benefits for reductions in body weight , FM , and triglycerides and for mitigating reductions in FFM and REE
BACKGROUND It is currently unclear whether altering the carbohydrate-to-protein ratio of low-fat , energy-restricted diets augments weight loss and cardiometabolic risk markers .
OBJECTIVE The objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta- analysis of studies that compared energy-restricted , isocaloric , high-protein , low-fat ( HP ) diets with st and ard-protein , low-fat ( SP ) diets on weight loss , body composition , resting energy expenditure ( REE ) , satiety and appetite , and cardiometabolic risk factors .