Effect of glycemic index on obesity control. The consumption of low glycemic meals reduces abdominal obesity in subjects with excess body weight. High glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity. The effect of dietary glycemic index on weight maintenance in overweight subjects: a pilot study. Beneficial Effect of Low-Glycemic Index Diet in Overweight NIDDM Subjects 
The effect of consumption of low-glycemic-index and low-glycemic-load desserts on anthropometric parameters and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Long-term effects of provided low and high glycemic load low energy diets on mood and cognition Reduced glycemic index and glycemic load diets do not increase the effects of energy restriction on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in obese men and women. Continuous glucose monitoring to assess the ecologic validity of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load. Comparison of a low-glycemic index vs standard diabetic diet. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and cancer risk: results from the EPIC-Italy study A low-glycemic load diet facilitates greater weight loss in overweight adults with high insulin secretion but not in overweight adults with low insulin secretion in the CALERIE Trial. Preliminary report: the effect of a 6-month dietary glycemic index manipulation in addition to healthy eating advice and weight loss on arterial compliance and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in men: a pilot study. Four-week low-glycemic index breakfast with a modest amount of soluble fibers in type 2 diabetic men. Effect of a low glycemic load on body composition and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) in overweight and obese subjects. Glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with some cardiovascular risk factors among the PREMIER study participants The influence of a low glycemic index dietary intervention on maternal dietary intake, glycemic index and gestational weight gain during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of glycemic index ( GI ) on biochemical parameters , food intake , energy metabolism , anthropometric measures and body composition in overweight subjects . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Simple blind study , in which nineteen subjects were r and omly assigned to consume in the laboratory two daily low GI ( n = 10 ) or high GI ( n = 9 ) meals , for forty-five consecutive days . Habitual food intake was assessed at baseline . Food intake , anthropometric measures and body composition were assessed at each 15 days . Energy metabolism and biochemical parameters were evaluated at baseline and the end of the study . RESULTS Low GI meals increased fat oxidation , and reduced waist circumference and HOMA-IR , while high GI meals increased daily dietary fiber and energy intake compared to baseline . There was a higher reduction on waist circumference and body fat , and a higher increase on postpr and ial fat oxidation in response to the LGI meals than after high GI meals . High GI meals increased fasting respiratory coefficient compared to baseline and low GI meals . CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that the consumption of two daily low GI meals for forty-five consecutive days has a positive effect on obesity control , whereas , the consumption of high GI meals result has the opposite effect OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the glycemic index ( GI ) on food intake , anthropometric measurements and body composition in subjects with excess body weight . METHODS Crossover study , in which 17 subjects participated in two study sessions ( high GI or low GI ) .  Two daily meals were consumed in laboratory for 30 consecutive days in each session . Subjects also consumed under free living conditions 3 daily isocaloric servings of fruits , presenting the same GI as the session in which they were participating . At each 15 days , subjects were su bmi tted to body composition ( lean mass and fatty mass ) and anthropometric indexes ( weight , height , body mass index , waist circumference ( WC ) , hip circumference , hip-waist relation ( WHC ) ) assessment . Habitual food intake was assessed before and at the end of each session . Subjects were instructed to maintain the same level of physical activity during the study . RESULTS There was a significant reduction on WC and WHC after the low GI session . The other parameters did not differ between the treatments applied in this study . CONCLUSION These results suggest that the consumption of low GI foods may favor the prevention and control abdominal obesity and the associated metabolic diseases OBJECTIVE The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in recent years . However , the role of dietary composition in body weight regulation remains unclear . The purpose of this work was to investigate the acute effects of dietary glycemic index ( GI ) on energy metabolism and voluntary food intake in obese subjects . METHODS Twelve obese teenage boys were evaluated on three separate occasions using a crossover study protocol . During each evaluation , subjects consumed identical test meals at breakfast and lunch that had a low , medium , or high GI . The high- and medium-GI meals were design ed to have similar macronutrient composition , fiber content , and palatability , and all meals for each subject had equal energy content . After breakfast , plasma and serum concentrations of metabolic fuels and hormones were measured . Ad libitum food intake was determined in the 5-hour period after lunch . RESULTS Voluntary energy intake after the high-GI meal ( 5.8 megajoule [ mJ ] ) was 53 % greater than after the medium-GI meal ( 3.8 mJ ) , and 81 % greater than after the low-GI meal ( 3.2 mJ ) . In addition , compared with the low-GI meal , the high-GI meal result ed in higher serum insulin levels , lower plasma glucagon levels , lower postabsorptive plasma glucose and serum fatty acids levels , and elevation in plasma epinephrine . The area under the glycemic response curve for each test meal accounted for 53 % of the variance in food intake within subjects . CONCLUSIONS The rapid absorption of glucose after consumption of high-GI meals induces a sequence of hormonal and metabolic changes that promote excessive food intake in obese subjects . Additional studies are needed to examine the relationship between dietary GI and long-term body weight regulation Evidence suggests that a low-glycemic index ( LGI ) diet has a satiating effect and thus may enhance weight maintenance following weight loss . This study was conducted at Hammersmith Hospital , London , UK , and assessed the effect of altering diet GI on weight-loss maintenance . It consisted of a weight-loss phase and a 4-month r and omized weight maintenance phase . Subjects were seen monthly to assess dietary compliance and anthropometrics . Appetite was assessed bimonthly by  visual analogue scales while meal challenge postpr and  ial insulin and glucose concentrations  were assessed before and after the intervention . Following a median weight loss of 6.1 ( interquartile range : 5.2 - 7.1 ) % body weight , subjects were r and omized to a high-glycemic index ( HGI ) ( n = 19 ) or LGI ( n = 23 ) diet . Dietary composition differed only in GI ( HGI group : 63.7 + /- 9.4 ; LGI group : 49.7 + /- 5.7 , P < 0.001 ) and glycemic load ( HGI group : 136.8 + /- 56.3 ; LGI group : 89.7 + /- 27.5 , P < 0.001 ) . Groups did not differ in body weight ( weight change over 4 months , HGI group : 0.3 + /- 1.9 kg ; LGI group : -0.7 + /- 2.9 kg , P = 0.3 ) or other anthropometric measurements . This pilot study suggests that in the setting of healthy eating , changing the diet GI does not appear to significantly affect weight maintenance Objectives To determine whether low-glycemic index ( GI ) diets have clinical utility in overweight patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) . Research Design and Methods Six patients with NIDDM were studied on both high- and low-GI diets of 6-wk duration with metabolic diets with a r and omized crossover design . Both diets were of similar composition ( 57 % carbohydrate , 23 % fat , and 34 g/day dietary fiber ) , but the low-GI diet had a GI of 58 compared with 86 for the high-GI diet . Results Small and similar amounts of weight were lost on both diets : 2.5 kg on high-GI diet and 1.8 kg on low-GI diet . On the low-GI diet , the mean level of serum fructosamine , as an index of overall blood glucose control , was lower than on the high-GI diet by 8 % ( P < 0.05 ) , and total serum cholesterol was lower by 7 % ( P < 0.01 ) . Conclusions In overweight patients with NIDDM , reducing diet GI improves overall blood glucose and lipid control Abstract Purpose The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of consumption of desserts with low glycemic index ( GI ) and low glycemic load ( GL ) , as part of a balanced hypo-caloric diet , on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Methods A total of 61 subjects with T2DM were r and omly assigned to the intervention ( n = 30 ) or to the control group ( n = 31 ) . Both groups followed the same hypo-caloric ( −500 kcal ) diet for 12 weeks . Consumption of four portions of low-GI/low-GL desserts/week was included in the diet in the intervention group while one portion of a favorite usual sweet/week was allowed to be consumed in the control group . Results Thirty subjects in the control and 28 subjects in the intervention group completed the trial . Body weight , body mass index , and waist circumference were reduced significantly in both groups . Arterial blood pressure , fasting blood glucose , glycosylated hemoglobin , insulin , and γ-GT were reduced significantly only in the intervention group ; however , there were no significant differences between the two groups at endpoint . C-reactive protein was reduced in the intervention , and HDL cholesterol was also reduced in the control group ; the reductions were significantly different at the end of the trial . No significant changes were observed in the other plasma lipids , uric acid , leptin , adiponectin , and interleukin-6 in either study group . Conclusions Consumption of desserts with low GI/GL in a balanced hypo-caloric diet has a positive impact on anthropometric and metabolic parameters of patients with T2DM Energy-restricted low glycemic load diets are being used increasingly for weight loss . However , the long-term effects of such regimens on mood and cognitive performance are not known . We assessed the effects of low glycemic load ( LG ) and high glycemic load ( HG ) energy-restricted diets on mood and cognitive performance during 6 months of a r and omized controlled trial when all food was provided . Subjects were 42 healthy overweight adults ( age 35+/-5 years ; BMI 27.8+/-1.6 kg/m(2 ) ) with a mean weight loss of 8.7+/-5.0 % that did not differ significantly by diet r and omization .  Mood was assessed by using the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) question naire . Cognitive performance was assessed by using computerized tests of simple reaction time , vigilance , learning , short-term memory and attention , and language -based logical reasoning . Worsening mood outcome over time was observed in the HG diet group compared to the LG for the depression subscale of POMS ( p=0.009 after including hunger as a covariate ) . There was no significant change over time in any cognitive performance values . These findings suggest a negative effect of an HG weight loss diet on sub- clinical depression but , in contrast to a previous suggestion , provide no support for differential effects of LG versus HD diets on cognitive performance Reducing the dietary glycemic load and the glycemic index was proposed as a novel approach to weight reduction . A parallel- design , r and omized 12-wk controlled feeding trial with a 24-wk follow-up phase was conducted to test the hypothesis that a hypocaloric diet design ed to reduce the glycemic load and the glycemic index would result in greater sustained weight loss than other hypocaloric diets . Obese subjects ( n = 29 ) were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 diets providing 3138 kJ less than estimated energy needs : high glycemic index ( HGI ) , low glycemic index ( LGI ) , or high fat ( HF ) . For the first 12 wk , all food was provided to subjects ( feeding phase ) . Subjects ( n = 22 ) were instructed to follow the assigned diet for 24 additional weeks ( free-living phase ) . Total body weight was obtained and body composition was assessed by skinfold measurements . Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the homeostasis model ( HOMA ) . At 12 wk , weight changes from baseline were significant in all groups but not different among groups ( -9.3 + /- 1.3 kg for the HGI diet , -9.9 + /- 1.4 kg for the LGI diet , and -8.4 + /- 1.5 kg for the HF diet ) . All groups improved in insulin sensitivity at the end of the feeding phase of the study . During the free-living phase , all groups maintained their initial weight loss and their improved insulin sensitivity . Weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity scores were independent of diet composition . In summary , lowering the glycemic load and glycemic index of weight reduction diets does not provide any added benefit to energy restriction in promoting weight loss in obese subjects BACKGROUND The circumstances under which the glycemic index ( GI ) and glycemic load ( GL ) are derived do not reflect real-world eating behavior . Thus , the ecologic validity of these constructs is incompletely known . OBJECTIVE This study examined the relation of  dietary intake to glycemic response when foods are consumed under free-living conditions . DESIGN Participants were 26 overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes who participated in a r and omized trial of lifestyle modification . The current study includes baseline data , before initiation of the intervention . Participants wore a continuous glucose monitor and simultaneously kept a food diary for 3 d. The dietary  variables  included  GI , GL , and intakes of energy , fat , protein , carbohydrate , sugars , and fiber .  The glycemic response variables included AUC , mean and SD of continuous glucose monitoring ( CGM ) values , percentage of CGM values in euglycemic and hyperglycemic ranges , and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions . Relations between daily dietary intake and glycemic outcomes were examined . RESULTS Data were available from 41 d of monitoring . Partial correlations , controlled for energy intake , indicated that GI or GL was significantly associated with each glycemic response outcome . In multivariate analyses , dietary GI accounted for 10 % to 18 % of the variance in each glycemic variable , independent of energy and carbohydrate intakes ( P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS The data support the ecologic validity of the GI and GL constructs in free-living obese adults with type 2 diabetes . GI was the strongest and most consistent independent predictor of glycemic stability and variability AIM There is insufficient evidence for the efficacy of a low-glycemic index ( GI ) diet in the management of diabetes . The goal of this study was to measure the effect of a low GI versus a st and ard diabetic diet in adults with diabetes type 2 . METHODS This was an open label , r and omized , crossover study . Twenty persons with type 2 diabetes were r and omized to two groups . Each group followed a st and ard diabetic diet or a low glycemic index diet for 3 months . The effectiveness of the two diets was evaluated using a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp with endogenous glucose production measurement , indirect calorimetry and bioimpedance analysis . Outcome measures were body mass , BMI , body fat , glycosylated hemoglobin , fasting glucose , lipid profile , insulin sensitivity and hepatic glucose production . RESULTS Body mass after 3 months following the diabetic diet was 93 kg ( 83 - 104 ) vs. low glycemic index diet 92 kg ( 85 - 104 ) P<0.05 , BMI 31.3 kg/m(2 ) ( 27.5 - 35.9 ) vs. 30.7 kg/m(2 ) ( 27 - 35.3 ) P<0.05 , body fat 28 % ( 25.5 - 43 ) vs. 27 % ( 23 - 43 ) P<0.05 ( median and interquartile range ) . There was no statistically significant difference between diets for glycosylated hemoglobin , fasting glucose , lipid profile , insulin sensitivity or hepatic glucose production . CONCLUSIONS The results are comparable with other studies showing a modest effect of a low GI diet in the management of diabetes . We found a modestly greater weight loss , body fat and BMI reduction on the low GI diet Factors linked to glucose metabolism are involved in the etiology of several cancers . High glycemic index ( GI ) or high glycemic load ( GL ) diets , which chronically raise postpr and ial blood glucose , may increase cancer risk by affecting insulin-like growth factor . We prospect ively investigated cancer risk and dietary GI/GL in the EPIC-Italy cohort . After a median 14.9 years , 5112 incident cancers and 2460 deaths were identified among 45,148 recruited adults . High GI was associated with increased risk of colon and bladder cancer . High GL was associated with : increased risk of colon cancer ; increased risk of diabetes-related cancers ; and decreased risk of rectal cancer . High intake of carbohydrate from high GI foods was significantly associated with increased risk of colon and diabetes-related cancers , but decreased risk of stomach cancer ; whereas high intake of carbohydrates from low GI foods was associated with reduced colon cancer risk . In a Mediterranean population with high and varied carbohydrate intake , carbohydrates that strongly raise postpr and ial blood glucose may increase colon and bladder cancer risk , while the quantity of carbohydrate consumed may be involved in diabetes-related cancers . Further studies are needed to confirm the opposing effects of high dietary GL on risks of colon and rectal cancers Lifestyle changes , in particular reducing energy intake , are the cornerstone of current approaches to weight loss and prevention of type 2 diabetes .  However , there is currently no consensus that one dietary regimen is more effective than another for weight loss ( 1 ) or whether particular diets work better for identifiable groups of individuals . There is evidence , however , to suggest that both insulin resistance and insulin secretion play a role in body weight regulation ( 2–12 ) . Therefore , dietary factors such as the dietary glycemic load ( glycemic load = glycemic index [ GI ] × available carbohydrate amount ) that influence these parameters may theoretically interact with subject-specific characteristics of glucose-insulin dynamics to influence the effect of different hypocaloric diets on weight loss or maintenance ( 13,14 ) . Weight loss studies using the concept of the dietary glycemic index or glycemic load have shown conflicting results for heterogeneous groups of individuals ( 15–21 ) . In a 6-month controlled feeding trial in healthy overweight adults with normal glucose tolerance , we tested the hypothesis that individuals with higher insulin secretion lose more weight when r and omized to a low – glycemic load diet compared with a high – glycemic load diet . This study was performed as part of the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy ( CALERIE ) trial at the Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University with approval from the Tufts-New Engl and Medical Center Human Investigation Review Committee . Written informed consent was obtained from all participants . Healthy women and men aged 24–42 We aim ed to determine whether altering dietary glycemic index ( GI ) in addition to healthy eating and weight loss advice affects arterial compliance and 24-hour blood pressure ( BP ) , both coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk factors . Middle-aged men with at least 1 CHD risk were r and omized to a  6-month low-GI ( LGI ) or high-GI ( HGI ) diet . All were advised on healthy eating and weight loss . They were seen monthly to assess dietary compliance and anthropometrics . Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) , fasting blood lipid profile , and glucose and insulin concentrations were measured at baseline and at months 3 and 6 . Six-hour postpr and ial glucose and insulin responses and 24-hour ambulatory BP were also assessed at baseline and month 6 . Thirty-eight subjects ( HGI group , n = 16 ; LGI group , n = 22 ) completed the study . At month 6 , groups differed in dietary GI , glycemic load , and carbohydrate intake ( P < .001 ) . Fasting insulin concentration and insulin resistance ( calculated by homeostatic model assessment ) were lower in the LGI than the HGI group ( P < .01 ) . The reduction in total cholesterol and 24-hour BP was bigger in the LGI than the HGI group ( P < .05 ) ; and only the LGI group had significant reductions ( P < .05 ) in PWV , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triacylglycerol concentration . There were no differences in postpr and ial glucose or insulin responses between the groups . The results suggest that an LGI diet may be more beneficial in reducing CHD risk , including PWV and 24-hour BP , even in the setting of healthy eating and weight loss ; and thus , further study is warranted Low-glycemic index diets are associated with a wide range of benefits when followed on a chronic basis . The chronic effects , however , of the substitution of 1 meal per day are not well known in diabetic subjects . Therefore , we aim ed to evaluate whether the chronic use of a low-glycemic index breakfast ( low-GIB ) rich in low-GI carbohydrates and a modest amount of soluble fibers could have an effect on lipemia at a subsequent lunch , and improve glucose and lipid metabolism in men with type 2 diabetes . A total of 13 men with type 2 diabetes were r and omly allocated in a double-blind cross-over design to a 4-week daily intake of a low-GI versus a high-GI breakfast separated by a 15-day washout interval . The low-GI breakfast was composed of whole grain bread and muesli containing 3 g beta-glucan from oats . Low-GIB induced lower postpr and ial plasma glucose peaks than the high-GIB at the beginning ( baseline , P < .001 ) and after the 4-week intake ( P < .001 ) . The incremental area under the plasma glucose curve was also lower ( P < .001 , P < .01 , baseline , and 4 weeks , respectively ) . There was no effect on fasting plasma glucose , insulin , fructosamine , or glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA(1c ) ) . Fasting plasma cholesterol , as well as the incremental area under the cholesterol curve , were lower ( P < .03 , P < .02 ) after the 4-week low-GIB period than after the high-GIB period . Apolipoprotein B ( apo B ) was also decreased by the 4-week low-GIB . There was no effect of the low-GI breakfast on triacylglycerol excursions or glucose and insulin responses at the second meal . The high-GIB , however , tended to decrease the amount of mRNA of leptin in abdominal adipose tissue , but had no effect on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPARgamma ) and cholesterylester transfer protein ( CETP ) mRNA amounts . In conclusion , the intake of a low-GI breakfast containing a modest amount ( 3 g ) of beta-glucan for 4 weeks allowed good glycemic control and induced low plasma cholesterol levels in men with type 2 diabetes . The decrease in plasma cholesterol associated with low-GI breakfast intake may reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular complications in subjects with type 2 diabetes OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different glycemic load diets on biochemical data and body composition , in overweight and obese subjects , during a 6-month period . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study was an experimental , r and omized , parallel design . Anthropometric measurements and biochemical data were measured at baseline at 3 and at 6 months . All subjects completed 3-day dietary intake diaries at the baseline period and during the third and the sixth months . At the sixth month , LGL group had a mean intake of 1,360 ± 300 kcal/day and the high glycemic load group ( HGL ) had a mean intake of 1,544 ± 595 kcal/day . RESULTS LGL group obtained a weight reduction of 4.5 % ( p = 0.006 ) and the HGL group of 3.0 % ( p = 0.18 ) . Significant reductions in waist circumference ( 5 % , p = 0.001 ) of the LGL group were observed , 10 % of body fat percentage ( p = 0.001 ) , 4.3 kg ( 13 % ) of body fat ( p = 0.001 ) , 14 % of total cholesterol ( p=0.007 ) , 35 % of high-density lipoproteins ( HDL ) ( p = 0.001 ) , and 10 % of HOMA ( p = 0.009 ) . In the HGL group , reductions of 4.5 % of waist circumference ( p = 0.02 ) , 37 % of HDL ( p = 0.002 ) , and an increase of 8 % of LDL ( p = 0.04 ) were observed . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that long term LGL diets are more effective for reducing body mass index , body fat , waist circumference and HOMA and , therefore , may contribute in the prevention of diabetes Background The clinical significance of glycemic index ( GI ) and glycemic load ( GL ) is inconclusive . Objective This study was conducted to examine the association of GI and GL with clinical cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors including body weight , blood pressure ( BP ) , serum lipids , fasting glucose , insulin and homocysteine over time among the PREMIER participants . Design PREMIER was an 18-month r and omized lifestyle intervention trial , conducted from 2000 to 2002 , design ed to help participants reduce BP by following the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension ( DASH ) dietary pattern , losing weight , reducing sodium and increasing physical activity . GI and GL were estimated from 24 h diet recall data at baseline , 6 and 18 months after intervention . PROC MIXED model was used to examine the association of changes in GI or GL with changes in CVD risk factors . Results A total of 756 r and omized participants , 62 % females and 34 % African Americans and who averaged 50.0±0.3 years old and 95.3±0.7 kg , were included in this report . Neither GI nor GL changes was associated with changes in any risk factors at 6 months . At 18 months , however , the GI change was significantly and positively associated with total cholesterol ( TC ) change only ( p<0.05 , β=23.80±12.11 mg/dL or 0.62±0.31 mmol/L ) with a significant age interaction . The GL change was significantly associated with TC ( p=0.02 , β=0.28±0.15 mg/dL or 0.01±0.00 mmol/L ) positively and with low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) changes negatively ( p=0.03 , β=−0.01±0.00 mg/dL or −0.00±0.00 mmol/L ) , and significant age interactions were observed for both . Conclusions GI and GL was associated with TC and LDL-C after controlling for energy , fat and fiber intake and other potential confounders and the associations were modified by age . Further investigation into this relationship is important because of its potential clinical impact Background Maternal diet is known to impact pregnancy outcome . Following a low glycemic index ( GI ) diet during pregnancy has been shown to improve maternal glycemia and reduce infant birthweight and may be associated with a higher fibre intake . We assessed the impact of a low GI dietary intervention on maternal GI , nutritional intake and gestational weight gain ( GWG ) during pregnancy . Compliance and acceptability of the low GI diet was also examined . Method Eight hundred women were r and omised in early pregnancy to receive low GI and healthy eating dietary advice or to receive st and ard maternity care .  The intervention group received dietary advice at a group education session before 22 weeks gestation . All women completed a 3 day food diary during each trimester of pregnancy . Two hundred and thirty five women from the intervention arm and 285 women from the control arm returned complete 3x3d FDs and were included in the present analysis . Results Maternal GI was significantly reduced in the intervention group at trimester 2 and 3 . The numbers of women within the lowest quartile of GI increased from 37 % in trimester 1 to 52 % in trimester 3 ( P < 0.001 ) among the intervention group . The intervention group had significantly lower energy intake ( P < 0.05 ) , higher protein ( % TE ) ( P < 0.01 ) and higher dietary fibre intake ( P < 0.01 ) post intervention . Consumption of food groups with known high GI values were significantly reduced among the intervention group . Women in the intervention low GI group were less likely to exceed the Institute of Medicine ’s GWG goals . Conclusion A dietary intervention in early pregnancy had a positive influence on maternal GI , food and nutrient intakes and GWG . Following a low GI diet may be particularly beneficial for women at risk of exceeding the GWG goals for pregnancy . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials Registration Number : IS RCT N54392969
No significant changes were observed for blood lipids , anthropometric measures , HbA1c and fasting glucose .
The present systematic review provides evidence for beneficial effects of long-term interventions administering a low glycemic index/load diet with respect to fasting insulin and pro-inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein which might prove to be helpful in the primary prevention of obesity-associated diseases
AIM The aim of the present meta- analysis was to investigate the long-term effects of glycemic index-related diets in the management of obesity with a special emphasis on the potential benefits of low glycemic index/load ( GI/GL ) in the prevention of obesity-associated risks .