Psychosocial correlates of eating behavior in children and adolescents: a review Prospective associations between dietary patterns and cognitive performance during adolescence. Are differences in exposure to a multicomponent school-based intervention associated with varying dietary outcomes in adolescents? Creating action plans in a serious video game increases and maintains child fruit-vegetable intake: a randomized controlled trial The association between dietary patterns and mental health in early adolescence. Impact of an intervention through teachers to prevent consumption of low nutrition, energy-dense foods and beverages: a randomized trial. A School-Based, Peer-Led, Social Marketing Intervention To Engage Spanish Adolescents in a Healthy Lifestyle ("We Are Cool"-Som la Pera Study): A Parallel-Cluster Randomized Controlled Study. Cognitively challenging physical activity benefits executive function in overweight children The cumulative effect of small dietary changes may significantly improve nutritional intakes in free-living children and adults Impact of a Smarter Lunchroom intervention on food selection and consumption among adolescents and young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities in a residential school setting. Maternal dietary counseling reduces consumption of energy-dense foods among infants: a randomized controlled trial. Three-year maintenance of improved diet and physical activity: the CATCH cohort. Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health. Planning and self-efficacy interventions encouraging replacing energy-dense foods intake with fruit and vegetable: A longitudinal experimental study School-Based Approaches to Affect Adolescents’ Diets: Results From the TEENS Study Anthropometric, parental, and psychosocial correlates of dietary intake of African-American girls. Can gossip change nutrition behaviour? Results of a mass media and community-based intervention trial in East Java, Indonesia. Evaluation of a web-based program promoting healthy eating and physical activity for adolescents: teen choice: food and fitness.
Background Underst and ing the correlates of dietary intake is necessary in order to effectively promote healthy dietary behavior among children and adolescents . A literature review was conducted on the correlates of the following categories of dietary intake in children and adolescents :  Fruit , Juice and Vegetable Consumption , Fat in Diet , Total Energy Intake , Sugar Snacking , Sweetened Beverage Consumption , Dietary Fiber , Other Healthy Dietary Consumption , and Other Less Healthy Dietary Consumption in children and adolescents . Methods Cross-sectional and prospect i ve studies were identified from PubMed , PsycINFO and PsycArticles by using a combination of search terms . Quantitative research examining determinants of dietary intake among children and adolescents aged 3–18 years were included . The selection and review process yielded information on country , study design , population , instrument used for measuring intake , and quality of research study . Results Seventy-seven articles were included . Many potential correlates have been studied among children and adolescents . However , for many hypothesized correlates substantial evidence is lacking due to a dearth of research . The correlates best supported by the literature are : perceived modeling , dietary intentions , norms , liking and preferences . Perceived modeling and dietary intentions have the most consistent and positive associations with eating behavior . Norms , liking , and preferences were also consistently and positively related to eating behavior in children and adolescents . Availability , knowledge , outcome expectations , self-efficacy and social support did not show consistent relationships across dietary outcomes . Conclusion This review examined the correlates of various dietary intake ; Fruit , Juice and Vegetable Consumption , Fat in Diet , Total Energy Intake , Sugar Snacking , Sweetened Beverage Consumption , Dietary Fiber , Other Healthy Dietary Consumption , and Other Less Healthy Dietary Consumption in cross-sectional and prospect i ve studies for children and adolescents . The correlates most consistently supported by evidence were perceived modeling , dietary intentions , norms , liking and preferences . More prospect i ve studies on the psychosocial determinants of eating behavior using broader theoretical perspectives should be examined in future research BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to investigate prospect i ve associations between dietary patterns and cognitive performance during adolescence . METHODS Participants were source d from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort ( Raine ) Study that includes 2868 children born between 1989 and 1992 in Perth , Western Australia . When the children were 17 years old ( 2006 - 2009 ) , cognitive performance was assessed using a computerized cognitive battery of tests ( CogState ) that included six tasks . Using a food frequency question naire administered when the children were 14 years old ( 2003 - 2006 ) , ' Healthy ' and ' Western ' dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis . Associations between dietary patterns at 14 years of age and cognitive performance at 17 years of age were assessed prospect ively using multivariate regression models . RESULTS Dietary and cognitive performance data were available for 602 participants . Following adjustment for the ' Healthy ' dietary pattern , total energy intake , maternal education , family income , father 's presence in the family , family functioning and gender , we found that a longer reaction time in the detection task ( β = .016 ; 95 % CI : 0.004 ; 0.028 ; p = .009 ) and a higher number of total errors in the Groton Maze Learning Test - delayed recall task ( β = .060 ; 95 % CI : 0.006 ; 0.114 ; p = .029 ) were significantly associated with higher scores on the ' Western ' dietary pattern . The ' Western ' dietary pattern was characterized by high intakes of take-away food , red and processed meat , soft drink , fried and refined food . We also found that within the dietary patterns , high intake of fried potato , crisps and red meat had negative associations , while increased fruit and leafy green vegetable intake had positive associations with some aspects of cognitive performance . CONCLUSION Higher dietary intake of the ' Western ' dietary pattern at age 14 is associated with diminished cognitive performance 3 years later , at 17 years Multicomponent interventions are recommended for health behavior change among adolescents . However , it is difficult to disentangle the effects of multiple intervention components . This article reports outcomes associated with varying levels of exposure to a school-based nutrition intervention .  Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at School ( TEENS ) . Four incremental exposures were possible : ( 1 ) control group , ( 2 ) school environment interventions only , ( 3 ) classroom plus environment interventions , and ( 4 ) peer leaders plus classroom plus environment interventions . Pattems suggesting dose response were observed , with peer leaders reporting the largest increases in fruit , vegetable , and lower fat food consumption .  Students exposed to  classroom plus environment interventions also improved , whereas students exposed only to school environment interventions showed trends toward choosing lower fat foods and declining fruit intake and no change in vegetable intake . Control students ' choices remained stable . Future studies may investigate mechanisms for peer leaders ' changes , maximizing curriculum effectiveness , and improving environmental interventions Background Child fruit and vegetable intake is below recommended levels , increasing risk for chronic disease . Interventions to influence fruit and vegetable intake among youth have had mixed effects . Innovative , theory-driven interventions are needed . Goal setting , enhanced by implementation intentions ( i.e. , plans tightly connected to a behavioral goal ) , may offer a solution . Action plans state “ how ” a goal will be achieved , while coping plans identify a potential barrier and corresponding solution . The research reported here evaluated the short- and long-term effects of goal setting enhanced with implementation intentions on child fruit and vegetable intake in a 10-episode , theoretically-grounded serious videogame promoting fruit and vegetables . This is one of the first studies to test the efficacy of implementation intentions on the dietary intake of healthy children . Methods A four-group r and omized design with three data collection periods ( baseline , immediate post-intervention , 3 months post-intervention ) was employed . Groups varied on whether children created an implementation intention ( none , action , coping , both ) as part of goal setting . Participants were 4th and 5th grade children ( ~9 - 11 years old ) and one parent . An a priori power analysis indicated this would provide > 80 % power to detect a small effect ( Cohen ’s d = 0.17 ) . Children played a 10-episode online videogame ; parents received 10 electronic newsletters and access to a parent-only website . The primary outcome was child fruit and vegetable intake , assessed via three , dietitian-assisted telephone recalls at each data collection period . The primary analysis was conducted using a repeated measures analysis of covariance with a mixed model procedure . Secondary analyses examined intervention effects on fruit and vegetables separately . Results Four hundred parent/child dyads were recruited . A significant group-by-time interaction for fruit and vegetable intake ( p < 0.001 ) was found in only the Action group , which had significant increases in fruit and vegetable intake at post 1 ( p < 0.0001 ) and post 2 ( p < 0.0001 ) . No other significant interactions were observed ; however , there were significant time effects for fruit ( p < 0.0001 ) . Conclusions Action intentions may be an important component of successful interventions to increase and maintain fruit and vegetable intake in pre-adolescent children .  Videogames promoting healthy diets offer an effective vehicle for delivering behavior change interventions to children . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01004094 OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between dietary patterns and mental health in early adolescence . METHOD The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort ( Raine ) Study is a prospect i ve study of 2900 pregnancies recruited from 1989 - 1992 . At 14 years of age ( 2003 - 2006 ; n=1324 ) , the Child Behaviour Checklist ( CBCL ) was used to assess behaviour ( characterising mental health status ) , with higher scores representing poorer behaviour . Two dietary patterns ( Western and Healthy ) were identified using factor analysis and food group intakes estimated by a 212-item food frequency question naire . Relationships between dietary patterns , food group intakes and behaviour were examined using general linear modelling following adjustment for potential confounding factors at age 14 : total energy intake , body mass index , physical activity , screen use , family structure , income and functioning , gender and maternal education at pregnancy . RESULTS Higher total ( b=2.20 , 95 % CI=1.06 , 3.35 ) , internalizing ( withdrawn/depressed ) ( b=1.25 , 95 % CI=0.15 , 2.35 ) and externalizing ( delinquent/aggressive ) ( b=2.60 , 95 % CI=1.51 , 3.68 ) CBCL scores were significantly associated with the Western dietary pattern , with increased intakes of takeaway foods , confectionary and red meat . Improved behavioural scores were significantly associated with higher intakes of leafy green vegetables and fresh fruit ( components of the Healthy pattern ) . CONCLUSION These findings implicate a Western dietary pattern in poorer behavioural outcomes for adolescents . Better behavioural outcomes were associated with a higher intake of fresh fruit and leafy green vegetables OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of an intervention program held by teachers previously trained in nutrition , on the consumption of low nutrient , energy-dense ( LNED ) foods , of children attending elementary schools . METHOD 464 children ( 239 female , 6 to 12 years ) from seven elementary Portuguese schools participated in this r and omized trial . Three schools were allocated to the intervention , and four to the control group . The intervention program was based on the Health Promotion Model and social cognitive theory . Teachers previously trained by research ers in nutrition and healthy eating implemented the intervention in the classroom from November 2008 to March 2009 . Sociodemographic , anthropometric , physical activity , and dietary assessment s were performed before ( 2007/2008 ) and at the end of the intervention ( 2009 ) . Dietary intake was gathered by a 24-hour dietary recall and two groups of LNED foods were defined , namely SSBs and solid LNED foods . RESULTS Children from intervention group reported a reduction whereas the control group reported an increase in solid LNED foods consumption . The odds of increasing solid LNED foods consumption was 0.48 , 95%CI ( 0.24 , 0.95 ) in the intervention schools . CONCLUSION Our study provides further support for the success of intervention programs aim ed at limiting the consumption of solid LNED foods in children BACKGROUND Encouraging adolescents to adopt healthy lifestyles can be challenging . The aim of the " Som la Pera " study was to engage adolescents by applying new strategies to increase both their fruit and vegetable consumption and their  physical activity ( PA )  while reducing their sedentary behavior . METHODS In disadvantaged neighborhoods of Reus ( Spain ) , two high schools were r and omly assigned to the intervention ( n = 170 adolescents 13- to 16-year-olds ) and two were assigned to the control group ( n = 223 adolescents 13- to 16-year-olds ) . The intervention , which lasted 12 months and spanned 2 academic years ( 2013 - 2015 ) , used social marketing ( SM ) to improve healthy choices . The peer-led strategy involved 5 adolescents who design ed and implemented 10 activities as challenges for their 165 school-aged peers . The control group received no intervention . To assess self-reported lifestyles in both groups , the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Survey was used at baseline and end of study . RESULTS After 12 months , intervention adolescents showed an increase of 28.9 % in ≥1 fruit/day ( p < 0.01 ) and of 18.5 % in ≥6 hours/week of PA ( p < 0.01 ) compared with controls . Additionally , intervention group males had an increase of 28.8 % in ≥1 vegetable/day ( p < 0.01 ) and of 15.6 % in ≤2 hours/day of sedentary activity ( p = 0.01 ) compared with controls . CONCLUSIONS A school-based , peer-led , SM intervention developed by adolescents attending high schools in low-income neighborhoods effectively improved the healthy choices of their school-aged peers , leading to increased fruit consumption and PA in adolescents of both genders . Furthermore , adolescent males were more sensitive to improvements in healthy choices , showing increased vegetable consumption and decreased sedentary behavior Abstract This study tested the association between aerobic fitness and executive function and the impact of enhanced , cognitively challenging physical activity on executive function in overweight and lean children . Seventy children aged 9–10 years were assigned to either a 6-month enhanced physical education programme including cognitively dem and ing ( open skill ) activities or curricular physical education only . Pre- and post-intervention tests assessed aerobic capacity ( Leger test ) and two components of executive function : inhibition and working memory updating ( r and om number generation task ) . Indices of inhibition and memory updating were compared in higher- and lower-fit children and intervention effects were evaluated as a function of physical activity programme ( enhanced vs. curricular ) and weight status ( lean vs. overweight ) . Results showed better inhibition in higher- than lower-fit children , extending the existing evidence of the association between aerobic fitness and executive function to new aspects of children ’s inhibitory ability . Overweight children had more pronounced pre- to post-intervention improvements in inhibition than lean children only if involved in enhanced physical education . Such intervention effects were not mediated by aerobic fitness gains . Therefore , the cognitive and social interaction challenges inherent in open skill tasks , even though embedded in a low-dose physical activity programme , may represent an effective means to promote cognitive efficiency , especially in overweight children Background / Objectives : The ELPAS ( Etude Longitudinale Prospect i ve Alimentation et Santé ) study was an 8-month r and omized controlled dietary modification trial design ed to test the hypothesis that family dietary coaching would improve nutritional intakes and weight control in 2026 free-living children and parents . It result ed in significant nutritional changes , with beneficial effects on body mass index in adults . In these ancillary analyses , we investigated dietary changes throughout the intervention . Subjects/ Methods : Before the study , modeling analyses were carried out on the French Association Sucre Produits Sucrés Consommation et Communication ( ASPCC ) food-consumption data base to identify the most efficient dietary intervention strategy . During the study , all participants performed monthly three nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls : this allowed for measuring changes in the number of servings per day and serving size for each targeted food category throughout the intervention . Results : Modeling analyses showed that targeting only the 10 main foods contributing to fat and carbohydrate intakes did not allow for reaching the ELPAS nutritional goals . As a result , it was decided to target more foods and to propose several types of dietary advice ( such as change in serving size , change in cooking method , food substitution ) . This strategy led to many appropriate dietary changes during the intervention , but only a few of them reached significance . The mean number of servings per day was indeed significantly modified for only 7 % of the targeted food categories in children and 17 % in parents . The mean serving size was modified for only 12 % of targeted food categories in children and 9 % in parents . Conclusions : The cumulative effect of small dietary changes may induce significant nutritional improvements , with limited burden for population OBJECTIVE To assess whether a Smarter Lunchroom intervention based on behavioural economics and adapted for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities would increase the selection and consumption of fruits , vegetables and whole grains , and reduce the selection and consumption of refined grains . DESIGN The 3-month intervention took place at a residential school between March and June 2012 . The evaluation employed a quasi-experimental , pre-post design comparing five matched days of dietary data . Selection and plate waste of foods at lunch were assessed using digital photography . Consumption was estimated from plate waste . SETTING Massachusetts , USA . SUBJECTS Students ( n 43 ) aged 11 - 22 years with intellectual and developmental disabilities attending a residential school .  RESULTS Daily selection of whole grains increased by a mean of 0·44 servings ( baseline 1·62 servings , P = 0·005 ) and refined grains decreased by a mean of 0·33 servings ( baseline 0·82 servings , P = 0·005 ) . The daily consumption of fruits increased by a mean of 0·18 servings ( baseline 0·39 servings , P = 0·008 ) , whole grains increased by 0·38 servings ( baseline 1·44 servings , P = 0·008 ) and refined grains decreased by a mean of 0·31 servings ( baseline 0·68 servings , P = 0·004 ) . Total kilojoules and total gram weight of food selected and consumed were unchanged . Fruit ( P = 0·04 ) and vegetable ( P = 0·03 ) plate waste decreased . CONCLUSIONS A Smarter Lunchroom intervention significantly increased whole grain selection and consumption , reduced refined grain selection and consumption , increased fruit consumption , and reduced fruit and vegetable plate waste . Nudge approaches may be effective for improving the food selection and consumption habits of adolescents and young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of a dietary counseling in reducing the intake of energy-dense foods by infants . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial . SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS São Leopoldo , Brazil . Mothers and infants of a low-income-group population were r and omized into  intervention ( n = 163 ) and received dietary counseling during 10 home visits , or control  ( n = 234 ) groups . MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Child consumption of sugar-dense ( SD ) and lipid-dense ( LD ) foods at 12 to 16 months . ANALYSIS The effect of the intervention was expressed by relative risks and 95 % confidence intervals . Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the association between exclusive breastfeeding and the energy-dense foods intake . RESULTS A smaller proportion of infants from the intervention group consumed c and y , soft drinks , honey , cookies , chocolate , and salty snacks . In the intervention group , there was a reduction of 40 % and 50 % in the proportion of infants who consumed LD and SD foods , respectively . Being breastfed up to 6 months reduced the risk for consumption of LD and SD foods by 58 % and 67 % , respectively . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION S Dietary counseling to mothers may be effective in reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods among infants , and it is helpful in improving early dietary habits OBJECTIVE To assess differences through grade 8 in diet , physical activity , and related health indicators of students who participated in the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health ( CATCH ) school and family intervention from grade s 3 through 5 . DESIGN Follow-up of the 4-center , r and omized , controlled field trial with 56 intervention and 40 control elementary schools . PARTICIPANTS We studied 3714 ( 73 % ) of the initial CATCH cohort of 5106 students from ethnically diverse background s in California , Louisiana , Minnesota , and Texas at grade s 6 , 7 , and 8 . RESULTS Self-reported daily energy intake from fat at baseline was virtually identical in the control ( 32.7 % ) and intervention ( 32.6 % ) groups . At grade 5 , the intake for controls remained at 32.2 % , while the intake for the intervention group declined to 30.3 % ( P<.001 ) . At grade 8 , the between-group differential was maintained ( 31.6 % vs 30.6 % , P = .01 ) . Intervention students maintained significantly higher self-reported daily vigorous activity than control students ( P = .001 ) , although the difference declined from 13.6 minutes in grade 5 to 11.2 , 10.8 , and 8.8 minutes in grade s 6 , 7 , and 8 , respectively . Significant differences in favor of the intervention students also persisted at grade 8 for dietary knowledge and dietary intentions , but not for social support for physical activity . No impact on smoking behavior or stages of contemplating smoking was detected at grade 8 . No significant differences were noted among physiologic indicators of body mass index , blood pressure , or serum lipid and cholesterol levels . CONCLUSION The original CATCH results demonstrated that school-level interventions could modify school lunch and school physical education programs as well as influence student behaviors . This 3-year follow-up without further intervention suggests that the behavioral changes initiated during the elementary school years persisted to early adolescence for self-reported dietary and physical activity behaviors Objective : This longitudinal experimental study compared effects of self-efficacy , planning and education-based conditions , encouraging adolescents to eat fruit and vegetable in place of energy-dense foods . Design : Data were collected among 506 adolescents ( 13–18 years old ) who were r and omly assigned to control ( n = 181 ) , planning ( n = 153 ) or self-efficacy ( n = 172 ) conditions . Measurements were taken at baseline ( T1 ) , at a 2-month follow-up ( T2 ) , and at a 14-month follow-up ( T3 ) . Interventions /control group procedures were delivered at T1 and T2 . Outcome measures : Self-reports of fruit and vegetable intake ( FVI ) and energy-dense foods intake were collected at three times . Cognitive mediators ( self-efficacy and planning ) were assessed at T1 and T2 . Body weight and height were objective ly measured at T1 and T3 . Results and conclusions : Similar significant increases of FVI were found for  planning  and  self-efficacy  interventions ( T3 ) . The planning intervention did not influence energy-dense food intake ( T3 ) , but the self-efficacy intervention tended to result in stabilising intake ( compared to an increase found in the control group ) . There were no effects on body weight . Similar patterns were found for the total sample and for a sub sample of adolescents with overweight/obesity . The effects of interventions on FVI were mediated by respective cognitions This article reports on the outcomes of the Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at School ( TEENS ) study , a 2-year intervention study conducted in 16 middle schools with a goal of increasing students ’  intakes of fruits , vegetables , and lower fat foods . Despite positive interim results for students r and omized to intervention schools , the positive effects of the intervention were not seen for the primary outcomes at the end of the 2nd year . Positive effects were seen only for a food choice score ( suggesting that the students usually choose lower versus higher fat foods ) and not for measures of food intake . Future studies may need to take a step back toward more controlled efficacy studies in working with this age-group . In addition , future work may consider the use of peer leaders , more intensive teacher training , ongoing formative assessment , and the testing of more powerful environmental change intervention strategies OBJECTIVE This paper identifies the anthropometric , parental , and psychosocial characteristics and meal practice s ( e.g. , breakfast skipping and number of meals and snacks consumed ) associated with consumption of total energy , percent energy from fat , fruit , 100 % fruit juice , vegetables , sweetened beverages , and water among 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES This study included 114 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls and a parent or primary caregiver . Girls and a parent or primary caregiver completed several dietary question naires . Two 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted with each girl . Height and weight were measured . Separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for each dependent dietary variable ; potential field center differences were examined . RESULTS The number of meals and snacks consumed was correlated with energy intake . Lower BMI was related to higher vegetable consumption , and the number of snacks consumed was positively related to sweetened beverage consumption . Greater  low-fat food preparation practice  s reported by parents were related to lower consumption of fat as a percentage of total energy . DISCUSSION Dietary behavior differed across geographic areas . Low-fat food preparation practice s in the home seemed to be an important influence on the percentage of energy consumed from fat . Greater vegetable consumption was associated with lower BMI . Interventions to prevent excessive weight gain in African-American girls should encourage low-fat food preparation in the home and greater consumption of vegetables OBJECTIVE It is unclear how best to go about improving child feeding practice s. We studied the effect of a novel behaviour change intervention , Gerakan Rumpi Sehat ( the Healthy Gossip Movement ) , on infant and young child feeding practice s in peri-urban Indonesia . METHODS The pilot intervention was design ed based on the principles of a new behaviour change theory , Behaviour Centred Design ( BCD ) . It avoided educational messaging in favour of employing emotional drivers of behaviour change , such as affiliation , nurture and disgust and used television commercials , community activations and house-to-house visits as delivery channels . The evaluation took the form of a 2-arm cluster r and omised trial with a non-r and omised control arm . One intervention arm received TV only , while the other received TV plus community activations . The intervention components were delivered over a 3-month period in 12 villages in each arm , each containing an average of 1300 households . There were two primary outcomes : dietary diversity of complementary food and the provision of unhealthy snacks to children aged 6 - 24 months .  RESULTS Dietary diversity scores increased by 0.8 points in the arm exposed to TV adverts only ( 95 % CI : 0.4 - 1.2 ) and a further 0.2 points in the arm that received both intervention components ( 95 % CI : 0.6 - 1.4 ) . In both intervention arms , there were increases in the frequency of vegetable and fruit intake . We found inconsistent evidence of an effect on unhealthy snacking . CONCLUSION The study suggests that novel theory-driven approaches which employ emotional motivators are capable of having an effect on improving dietary diversity and the regularity of vegetable and fruit intake among children aged 6 - 24 months . Mass media can have a measurable effect on nutrition-related behaviour , but these effects are likely to be enhanced through complementary community activations . Changing several behaviours at once remains a challenge This r and omized clinical trial tested the impact of a website promoting nutrition and physical activity for adolescents ( Teen Choice : Food and Fitness ) . Participants , ( 408 ) 12- to 17-year-old adolescents in the Houston area , completed online surveys measuring diet , physical activity , sedentary behavior and diet/physical activity mediators at baseline . After r and omization , they were asked to log onto either the intervention or the control condition website weekly for 8 weeks to review web content and set goals to improve dietary and physical activity behaviors . Post-test occurred after 8 weeks . Logistic regression analyses and one-way analyses of covariance were used in the analyses . At post , more intervention group adolescents reported eating three or more daily vegetable servings in the past week compared with the control group ( P < 0.05 ) ; both groups reported significant increases in physical activity ( P < 0.001 ) and significant decreases in TV watching ( P < 0.01 ) . Average log on rate was 75 % over the 8 weeks ; there was no difference by condition . The website enabled adolescents to improve vegetable intake and daily physical activity , reduce sedentary behavior and had a high log on rate . Future research should identify effective methods for disseminating this website to wider audiences
Taken together , evidence suggests a positive association between healthy dietary consumption and executive functioning .
A systematic review was conducted to evaluate whether healthier dietary consumption  among children and adolescents impacts executive functioning .