Effect of surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of luting cement to ceramics. The effect of ceramic surface treatment on bonding to densely sintered alumina ceramic. Improved bonding of zirconia substructures to resin using a "glaze-on" technique. Bonding to alumina ceramic in restorative dentistry: clinical results over up to 5 years. Effect of surface pre-treatments on the zirconia ceramic-resin cement microtensile bond strength. Effect of different surface treatments on adhesion of In-Ceram Zirconia to enamel and dentin substrates. Bond strength between different bonding systems and densely sintered alumina with sandblasted surfaces or as produced. Tensile bond strength to and SEM evaluation of ground and intact enamel surfaces. Adhesion mechanisms at the interface between Y-TZP and veneering ceramic with and without modifier. Clinical trials with crystal growth conditioning as an alternative to acid-etch enamel pretreatment. Post-surface conditioning improves interfacial adhesion in post/core restorations. Bond strength of different veneering ceramics to zirconia and their susceptibility to thermocycling. Influence of silanization on early bond strength to sandblasted densely sintered alumina. The Effect of Laser Treatment on Bonding Between Zirconia Ceramic Surface and Resin Cement Inlays made from a hybrid material: adaptation and bond strengths. The effect of nano-structured alumina coating on resin-bond strength to zirconia ceramics. Effects of different surface treatments on bond strength between resin cements and zirconia ceramics.
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of three different surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of a Bis-GMA based luting cement to six commercial dental ceramics . METHODS Six disc shaped ceramic specimens ( glass ceramics , glass infiltrated alumina , glass infiltrated zirconium dioxide reinforced alumina ) were used for each test group yielding a total number of 216 specimens . The specimens in each group were r and omly assigned to one of the each following treatment conditions : ( 1 ) hydrofluoric acid etching , ( 2 ) airborne particle abrasion , ( 3 ) tribochemical silica coating . The resin composite luting cement was bonded to the conditioned and silanized ceramics using polyethylene molds . All specimens were tested at dry and thermocycled ( 6.000 , 5 - 55 degrees C , 30 s ) conditions . The shear bond strength of luting cement to ceramics was measured in a universal testing machine ( 1 mm/min ) . RESULTS In dry conditions , acid etched glass ceramics exhibited significantly higher results ( 26.4 - 29.4 MPa ) than those of glass infiltrated alumina ceramics ( 5.3 - 18.1 MPa ) or zirconium dioxide ( 8.1 MPa ) ( ANOVA , P<0.001 ) . Silica coating with silanization increased the bond strength significantly for high-alumina ceramics ( 8.5 - 21.8 MPa ) and glass infiltrated zirconium dioxide ceramic ( 17.4 MPa ) compared to that of airborne particle abrasion ( ANOVA , P<0.001 ) . Thermocycling decreased the bond strengths significantly after all of the conditioning methods tested . SIGNIFICANCE Bond strengths of the luting cement tested on the dental ceramics following surface conditioning methods varied in accordance with the ceramic types . Hydrofluoric acid gel was effective mostly on the ceramics having glassy matrix in their structures . Roughening the ceramic surfaces with air particle abrasion provided higher bond strengths for high-alumina ceramics and the values increased more significantly after silica coating/silanization STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Ceramic surface treatment is crucial for bonding to resin . High crystalline ceramics are poorly conditioned using traditional procedures . PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of silica coating on a densely sintered alumina ceramic relative to its bond strength to composite , using a resin luting agent . Material and methods Blocks ( 6 x 6 x 5 mm ) of ceramic and composite were made . The ceramic ( Procera AllCeram ) surfaces were polished , and the blocks were divided into 3 groups ( n = 5 ) : SB , airborne-particle abrasion with 110-microm Al 2 O 3 ; RS , silica coating using Rocatec System ; and CS , silica coating using CoJet System . The treated ceramic blocks were luted to the composite ( W3D Master ) blocks using a resin luting agent ( Panavia F ) . Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 7 days and then cut in 2 axes , x and y , to obtain specimens with a bonding area of approximately 0.6 mm 2 ( n = 30 ) . The specimens were loaded to failure in tension in a universal testing machine , and data were statistically analyzed using a r and omized complete block design analysis of variance and Tukey 's test ( alpha=.05 ) . Fractured surfaces were examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to determine the type of failure . Energy-dispersive spectroscopy was used for surface compositional analysis . RESULTS Mean bond strength values ( MPa ) of Groups RS ( 17.1 + /- 3.9 ) ( P = .00015 ) and CS ( 18.5 + /- 4.7 ) ( P = .00012 ) were significantly higher than the values of Group SB ( 12.7 + /- 2.6 ) . There was no statistical difference between Groups RS and CS . All failures occurred at the adhesive zone . CONCLUSION Tribochemical silica coating systems increased the tensile bond strength values between Panavia F and Procera AllCeram ceramic OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of applying thin intermediary coatings of acid-etchable glasses on the shear bond strength between a methacrylate resin based cement and an yttria-stabilized zirconia dental ceramic substrate . METHODS The upper and lower surfaces of 110 sintered yttria-stabilised tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline disc-shaped specimens were polished using sequential grade s of Silicon Carbide , then air-abraded with 25 μm diameter alumina particles . Specimens were r and omly allocated to 11 groups ( A-K ) ( n=10 ) , group A acting as control . The upper surface of Group A specimens was subjected to a tribochemical coating regime ( CoJet , 3 M ESPE ) . Five glazing ceramics were applied and fired according to the manufacturer 's recommended firing regime . The glaze was etched with 10 % HF acid and all specimens coated with a silane primer . Two differing storage regimes were employed ( wet storage vs thermocycling ) . Shear bond strength testing specimens were created by cementing resin-based composite cylinders to the centre of the prepared ceramic surface using Rely-X Unicem ( 3 M ESPE ) resin based cement . Shear bond strength testing was performed and load at failure recorded . RESULTS A factorial analysis of variance at a 95 % significance level demonstrated that all glazing techniques result ed in a significant increase in the shear bond strength compared with using the resin based cement alone ( P<0.01 ) , with the different glazing ceramics result ing in significant differences in mean shear bond strength ( P=0.008 ) . The differences were a function of the storage state ( wet storage vs thermocycling ( P=0.013 ) ) . CONCLUSION The glazing techniques used in the current investigation result ed in a significantly enhanced shear bond stress to the resin based cement when compared with the current ' gold st and ard ' - tribochemical coating OBJECTIVES The purpose of this clinical pilot study was to evaluate the resin bond to alumina ceramic in vivo when using a bonding method which had been shown to be successful in laboratory testing . METHODS Seventeen resin-bonded all-ceramic bridges and splints fabricated from a glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic  were tribochemically silica coated and resin bonded to their abutment teeth . The patients were recalled every 6 months to evaluate the restorations with regard to function and possible failures . RESULTS Over a mean observation time of 3.8 + /- 1.6 years some ceramic fractures occurred . However , the resin bond between the teeth and the alumina ceramic always remained stable . CONCLUSIONS Silica coating of alumina ceramic result ed in a durable resin bond over up to 5 years OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twelve cylinder-shaped ( ∅ 12 × 5.25 mm high ) blocks of a commercial zirconium-oxide ceramic ( Cercon ® Zirconia , DENTSPLY ) were r and omly divided into 4 groups ( n=3 ) , based on the surface treatment to be performed : ( 1 ) airborne particle abrasion with 125 μm Al₂O₃ particles ( S ) ; ( 2 ) selective infiltration etching ( SIE ) ; ( 3 ) experimental hot etching solution applied for 30 min ( ST ) and ( 4 ) no treatment ( C ) . Paradigm MZ100 blocks ( 3 M ESPE ) were cut into twelve cylinders of 4 mm in thickness . Composite cylinders were bonded to conditioned ceramics using a resin cement ( Calibra ® , DENTSPLY ) , in combination with the proprietary adhesive system . After 24h bonded specimens were cut into microtensile sticks and loaded in tension until failure . Bond strength data were analyzed with Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn 's Multiple Range test for multiple comparisons ( p < 0.05 ) . Failure mode distribution was recorded and the interfacial morphology of debonded specimens was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . RESULTS Bond strength values achieved after SIE and ST treatment were significantly higher than after S treatment and without any treatment ( p < 0.05 ) . Premature failures were mostly recorded in the S group . SIGNIFICANCE Conditioning the high-strength ceramic surface with SIE and ST treatments yielded higher bond strengths of the resin cement than when zirconia ceramic was treated with airborne particle abrasion or left untreated PURPOSE Resin bonding of In-Ceram Zirconia ( ICZ ) ceramics is still a challenge , especially for minimally invasive applications . This study evaluated the adhesion of ICZ to enamel and dentin after different surface treatments of the ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS ICZ ceramic specimens ( diameter : 6 mm ; thickness : 2 mm ) ( N = 100 ) were fabricated following the manufacturer 's instructions and r and omly assigned to 5 groups ( n = 20 ) , according to the surface treatment methods applied . The groups were as follows : group C : no treatment ; group SB : s and blasting ; group SCS-S : CoJet+silane ; group SCS-P : CoJet+Alloy Primer ; group GE-S : glaze+ hydrofluoric acid etching ( 9.6 % ) for 60 s+silane . Each group was r and omly divided into two subgroups to be bonded to either enamel or dentin ( n = 10 per group ) using MDP-based resin cement ( Panavia F2.0 ) . All the specimens were subjected to thermocycling ( 5000x , 5 ° C-55 ° C ) . The specimens were mounted in a universal testing machine and tensile force was applied to the ceramic/cement interface until failure occurred ( 1 mm/min ) . After evaluating all the debonded specimens under SEM , the failure types were defined as either " adhesive " with no cement left on the ceramic surface ( score 0 ) or " mixed " with less than 1/2 of the cement left adhered to the surface with no cohesive failure of the substrate ( score 1 ) . The data were statistically evaluated using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The highest tensile bond strength for the enamel surfaces was obtained in group GE-S ( 18.1 ± 2 MPa ) and the lowest in group SB ( 7.1 ± 1.4 MPa ) . Regarding dentin , group CSC-P showed the highest ( 12 ± 1.3 MPa ) and SB the lowest tensile bond strength ( 5.7 ± 0.4 MPa ) . Groups SB , CSC-S , CSC-P , and GE-S did not show significant differences between the different surface treatments on either enamel or dentin surfaces ( p < 0.05 , p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Groups CSC-P and GE-S presented similar bond strength for both the enamel and dentin substrates ( p < 0.8 and p < 0.9 ) , respectively . While on enamel substrates , exclusively adhesive failures from ICZ ( score 0 ) were found , on dentin exclusively mixed failures were observed ( score 1 ) . CONCLUSION Adhesion of ICZ to both enamel and dentin can be improved when ceramics are glazed , etched , and silanized , or s and blasted , primed , and cemented with an MDP-based cement The traditional zinc phosphate cementation technique for crowns and fixed partial dentures ( FPDs ) is based on mechanical retention where the geometry of the prepared tooth provides retention for the restoration . In clinical situations where mechanical retention is compromised or regarded insufficient , a bonding system can be used to provide retention . This study investigates whether bond strengths of different bonding systems to densely sintered high-strength alumina ceramics are sufficient . One hundred twenty pairs of industrially manufactured specimens -- one block and one cylinder-shaped disc of densely sintered alumina -- were used . The cementation surfaces of the blocks were s and blasted with 110-microm aluminium oxide while the cementation surfaces of the discs were left untreated , as produced . The pairs were then bonded with one of six different bonding systems . Each bonding group of 20 sample s was r and omly divided into thermocycled and non-thermocycled subgroups ( n=10 ) . Both subgroups were stored 1 week in distilled water ( 37 degrees C ) . During this week , the thermocycled subgroup underwent 5000 thermocycles ( 5 degrees C-55 degrees C ) . Following pre-treatment , the specimens were loaded until fracture in a universal testing machine to determine shear bond strength . Data were analysed using student 's t-test and a one-way ANOVA . Fractured interfaces were examined under a light microscope to classify the failure mode of the debonded area as adhesive , cohesive , or a combination of the two . The highest bond strengths , achieved with two of the bonding systems , were significantly higher than the remaining bonding systems , irrespective of pretreatment--(p>0.001 ) . The predominant failure mode for both treated and untreated surfaces was adhesive . Two of the six tested bonding systems achieved sufficient shear bond strength to densely sintered alumina . Furthermore , recommendations on whether to use surface-treated or as produced densely sintered alumina must be based on which bonding system is being used OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the bonding of four commercially available adhesive systems to ground and intact enamel surfaces . METHODS Extracted human teeth were used to measure the microtensile bond strength to enamel and a field-emission scanning electron microscopy ( FE-SEM ) was used to observe the bonded interface and the effect of the surface conditioning of each material . Intact buccal enamel surfaces were cleansed with tooth paste using a rotary dental brush , and the ground enamel surfaces were prepared by reducing approximately 0.5 mm from the buccal enamel surfaces using a high-speed diamond bur . One-Step ( OS , Bisco ) , Single Bond ( SB , 3 M ) , Clearfil Liner Bond II ( LBII , Kuraray ) , and Tokuso Mac Bond II ( MBII , Tokuso ) were evaluated for their ability to bond to enamel . RESULTS There was no significant difference in bond strengths between the material s when they were applied to ground enamel surfaces ( p > 0.05 ) . However , the bond strengths of the self-etching systems , LBII and MBII , had significantly lower bond strengths to intact enamel than the bonding systems OS and SB using phosphoric acid etching ( p < 0.05 ) . FE-SEM revealed that the etching pattern of self-etching primers was not deep enough to obtain good penetration of bonding resin when applied to intact enamel surfaces . CONCLUSIONS Phosphoric acid etching produced good resin adhesion to ground and intact enamel . The self-etching/self-priming systems also produced good adhesion to ground enamel , but had lower bond strengths to intact enamel OBJECTIVE This study investigated the mechanism of action at the interface between a commercially available Y-TZP  and its veneering ceramic after final firing . Particular attention was paid , from a microstructural point of view , to evaluating the effects of different surface treatments carried out on the zirconia . METHODS In total , 32 specimens of presintered zirconia Y-TZP ( LavaFrame , 3 M ESPE , Germany ) were cut with a low-speed diamond blade . The specimens were divided in two major groups , for testing after fracture or after mirror finishing , and were sintered following the manufacturer 's instructions . Each major group was then r and omly divided into four subgroups , according to using or not using the dedicated framework modifier , with or without a preliminary silica coating ( CoJet , 3 M ESPE ) . A suitable veneering ceramic was used for each group ( Lava Ceram Overlay Porcelain , 3 M ESPE ) . A detailed microstructural study of the interfaces of the zirconia-veneering ceramic was performed using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer to evaluate chemical variation at the interfaces . RESULTS When the framework modifier was not applied on the Y-TZP surface , microdetachments , porosities , and openings in the ceramic layer were observed at the interlayers . A degree of diffusion of different elements through the interfaces from both the zirconia and veneering layers was detected . CONCLUSIONS Application of the framework modifier can increase the wettability of the zirconia surfaces , allowing a continuous contact with the veneering layer . The micro- analysis performed showed the presence of a reaction area at the interface between the different material s. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE the increase of the wettability of the zirconia surface could improve the adhesion at interface with the veneering ceramic and reduce the clinical failure as chipping or delamination It has been cl aim ed that different ion solutions containing sulfate induce crystal growth and might be a better alternative than conventional acid etching for enamel pretreatment in bracket bonding . It should thus combine optimal bond strength with easy and quick debonding . Two clinical experiments were performed to test this hypothesis . The first experiment dealt with the debonding procedure . Following conditioning with dilute sulfuric acid which contained sodium sulfate ( to be termed solution A ) on one side of the mouth and etching with 37 % phosphoric acid on the other , brackets were bonded on the maxillary and m and ibular incisors of twenty dental nurse students . Debracketing and a subsequent cleanup procedure were performed after 2 days . The mode of loosening was mainly between the enamel surface and adhesive on the crystal-growth-conditioned teeth and between the bracket mesh and adhesive on the teeth etched with phosphoric acid . This difference in mode of loosening was statistically significant ( P less than 0.001 ) . In the second experiment , which dealt with the clinical bond strength , 250 brackets were bonded in forty patients . One side served as a control and was conventionally acid etched . On the experimental side conditioning was done with solution A in thirty patients . In ten patients , 10 % phosphoric acid was added to the dilute sulfuric acid used ( to be termed solution B ) . Failure rates and modes of failure were recorded for a 6-month period . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS OBJECTIVES To verify the influence of different etching procedures of the post-surface on microtensile bond strength values between fiber posts and composite core material s. METHODS 60 DT Light Posts were divided into 10 subgroups using five different chemical surface treatments and two composite material s to build-up the abutment . Chemical surface treatments including etching with potassium permanganate ; treatment with 10 % hydrogen peroxide ; treatment with 21 % sodium ethoxide ; etching with potassium permanganate and 10 vol.% HCl ; silanization ( control group ) were performed on the post 's surface . The build-up was performed using ( A ) Core Paste XP ( Dent Mat ) and ( B ) Unifil Flow ( GC ) . Two sample s of each group were r and omly selected to investigate the morphologic aspect of the post/core interface with a scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . The remaining specimens were cut so as to obtain microtensile sticks that were loaded in tension at a cross-head speed of 1mm/min until failure . The statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and the Tukey 's test for post-hoc comparisons ( alpha=0.05 ) . RESULTS SEM examination showed an interpenetrating adhesion network between the treated fiber post-surface and the composite material in all the groups tested . The results achieved with potassium permanganate had a significant influence on microtensile interfacial bond strength values with both the tested material s. Post-superficial treatments enhanced the bond strength particularly of Core Paste XP . SIGNIFICANCE Etching procedures showed a similar effect on the post-surface and enhanced the adhesion of composite core build-ups as a result of micromechanical and chemical retention PURPOSE To evaluate the bond strength of recently developed feldspathic veneering ceramics to zirconium-oxide ceramic core material ( Y-TZP ) . In addition , the effect of thermocycling on the bond strength was investigated . METHODS 90 square Lava framework Y-TZP specimens were r and omly assigned to three groups ( n = 30 ) and veneered with one of the three zirconia veneering ceramics Cerabien ZR ( CZR ) , GC Initial ( GCI ) , or Lava Ceram ( LC ) . 30 additional metal-ceramic specimens served as the control ( VO ) . 15 specimens per group were stored in a saline solution for 3 days . To test the durability of the bond , 15 specimens per group were thermocycled for 10,000 cycles between 5 degrees to 60 degrees C with a 15-second dwell time . Shear strength was tested with an Instron universal testing system . A two-way ANOVA model and Tukey 's HSD were applied for statistical analyses ( alpha = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The different material combinations revealed significantly different shear bond strength values ( CZR > GCI > LC > VO ) . All veneering ceramic/zirconia combinations showed significantly higher bond strength than the metal-ceramic control VO . Bond strength values were not affected by thermocycling , except for CZR , which had significantly higher bond strength after thermocycling . Microscopic evaluation of failure modes revealed 100 % cohesive failures in the veneering ceramic for all specimens OBJECTIVE The increased popularity of alumina-based restorations has result ed in an interest in proper adhesive techniques to assure a strong and predictable bond to these restorations . This study investigated the early bond strength of three different resin-cement systems to densely sintered alumina ( aluminum-oxide ceramic ) with and without the use of their corresponding silane coupling agent ( silanization ) . METHOD AND MATERIAL S Ninety sample s of densely sintered high-purity aluminum-oxide ceramic were r and omly divided into three groups . Composite cylinders were bonded to the ceramic sample s with three resin-cement/bonding-agent systems : Noribond DC ( NOR ) , Panavia 21 EX ( PAN ) , and Variolink II ( VAR ) . Each resin-cement/bonding-agent system was used with and without their corresponding silane ( SIL ) coupling agent ( n = 15 ) . After fabrication , the specimens were stored in distilled water for 3 days at room temperature , and shear bond strength was tested . RESULTS Application of the silane-coupling agent on s and blasted densely sintered alumina did not significantly influence bond strengths with PAN . Silanization significantly improved shear bond strengths with NOR and VAR . NOR-SIL and VAR-SIL revealed the statistically highest values , with NOR-SIL showing the highest mean bond strength of all groups . CONCLUSIONS Silanization of s and blasted densely sintered alumina had mixed effects on the applied resin cements : It had no effect on the performance of the phosphate-modified resin cement PAN , but significantly improved shear bond strength of the Bis-GMA composite resin cements VAR and NOR . NOR-SIL revealed the highest overall mean bond strength Abstract Objective . The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects of different surface treatments and laser irradiation on the shear bond strength of resin cement to zirconia-based ceramic . Material and methods . Forty zirconia core specimens ( 10-mm diameter , 2-mm thickness ) were produced and embedded in the centers of autopolymerizing acrylic resin blocks . Subsequently , specimens were r and omly divided into four groups , each containing 10 specimens , for different surface treatment methods . The details of the groups are as follows : Group C , no treatment applied ( control ) ; Group SB , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were airborne particle-abraded with 110-μm alumina oxide particles ; Group HF , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were etched with 9.6 % hydrofluoric acid ; and Group L , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were irradiated by a CO2 laser . A total of 40 composite resin disks were fabricated and cemented with an adhesive resin cement to the specimen surfaces . A universal test machine was used for the shear bond strength test at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . Results . The highest shear bond strength values were obtained with Group L ( 20.99 ± 3.77 MPa ) and the lowest values with Group C ( 13.39 ± 3.10 MPa ) . Although there was no significant difference between Groups C , HF and SB ( P > 0.05 ) , Group L showed a significant difference from all other groups ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion . All surface treatment methods improved the bond strength between resin cement and the zirconium oxide ceramic surface . CO2 laser etching may represent an effective method for conditioning zirconia surfaces , enhancing micromechanical retention and improving the bond strength of resin cement on zirconia ceramic The aim of this study was to evaluate the internal fit , marginal adaptation , and bond strengths of inlays made of computer-aided design /computer-aided manufacturing feldspathic ceramic and polymer-infiltrated ceramic . Twenty molars were r and omly selected and prepared to receive  inlays that were milled from both material s. Before cementation , internal fit was achieved using the replica technique by molding the internal surface with addition silicone and measuring the cement thicknesses of the pulpal and axial walls . Marginal adaptation was measured on the occlusal and proximal margins of the replica . The inlays were then cemented using resin cement ( Panavia F2.0 ) and subjected to two million thermomechanical cycles in water ( 200 N load and 3.8-Hz frequency ) . The restored teeth were then cut into beams , using a lathe , for microtensile testing . The contact angles , marginal integrity , and surface patterns after etching were also observed . Statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance ( p<0.05 ) , the Tukey test for internal fit and marginal adaptation , and the Student t-test for bond strength . The failure types ( adhesive or cohesive ) were classified on each fractured beam . The results showed that the misfit of the pulpal walls ( p=0.0002 ) and the marginal adaptation ( p=0.0001 ) of the feldspathic ceramic were significantly higher when compared to those of the polymer-infiltrated ceramic , while the bond strength values of the former were higher when compared to those of the latter . The contact angle of the polymer-infiltrated ceramic was also higher . In the present study , the hybrid ceramic presented improved internal and marginal adaptation , but the bond strengths were higher for the feldspathic ceramic OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to functionalize the surface of yttria partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia ceramics ( Y-TZP ) with a nano-structured alumina coating to improve resin bonding . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 120 densely sintered disc-shaped specimens ( 15.5+/-0.03 mm in diameter and 2.6+/-0.03 mm thick ) were produced from biomedical- grade TZ-3YB-E zirconia powder ( Tosoh , Tokyo , Japan ) , r and omly divided into three groups of 40 and subjected to the following surface treatments : AS - as-sintered ; APA - airborne-particle abraded ; POL - polished . Half of the discs in each group received an alumina coating that was fabricated by exploiting the hydrolysis of aluminium nitride ( AlN ) powder ( groups AS-C , APA-C , POL-C ) . The coating was characterized using scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) , atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) , and transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) . The shear-bond strength of the self-etching composite resin ( RelyX Unicem , 3 M ESPE , USA ) was then studied for the coated and uncoated surfaces of the as-sintered , polished and airborne-particle abraded specimens before and after thermocycling ( TC ) . RESULTS The SEM/TEM analyses revealed that the application of an alumina coating to Y-TZP ceramics created a highly retentive surface for resin penetration . The coating showed good surface coverage and a uniform thickness of 240 nm . The resin-bond strength to the groups AS-C , APA-C , POL-C was significantly higher than to the groups AS , APA and POL , both before and after TC ( p < or = 0.05 ) . During TC all the specimens in the POL and AS groups debonded spontaneously . In contrast , the TC did not affect the bond strength of the AS-C , POL-C and APA-C groups . SIGNIFICANCE A non-invasive method has been developed that significantly improves resin-bond strength to Y-TZP ceramics . After surface functionalization the bond survives thermocycling without reduction in strength . The method is relatively simple and has the potential to become an effective conditioning method for zirconia ceramics This study compares the bond strength of resin cement and yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline ( Y-TZP ) ceramic with different surface conditioning methods . Two hundred presintered Y-TZP ceramic specimens were prepared , sintered ( 4 × 4 × 4 mm ) , and r and omly assigned to four equal groups as control ( C , no conditioning ) ; airborne particle abraded ( APA , air abrasion with 11 μm Al2O3 ) ; tribochemical silica coating/silane coupling system ( TSC , Rocatec , air abrasion with 110 μm Al2O3 , 30 μm silica-coated Al2O3 and silane ) ; and laser ( L , Er : YAG laser irradiation treated at a power setting of 200 mJ ) . After specimen preparation , composite resin cylinders were prepared and cemented with resin cements ( Clearfil Esthetic , Panavia F 2.0 , Rely X-U100 , Super Bond C&B , and Multilink Automix ) on the ceramic surfaces and kept in an incubator at 37 ° C for 60 days . All specimens were tested for shear bond strength with a universal testing machine , and fractured surfaces were evaluated by environmental scanning electron microscopy . Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests ( α=0.05 ) . The bond strengths for C and L groups were not significantly different according to adhesive resin cement . APA and TSC result ed in increased bond strength for Panavia F 2.0 and Rely X-U100 resin cements . Additionally , TSC presented higher bond strength with Multilink Automix . Adhesive fracture between the ceramic and resin cement was the most common failure . Complete cohesive fracture at the ceramic or composite cylinders was not observed . Regardless of the adhesive resin cement used , laser treatment did not improve resin bond strength
An as-produced surface of oxide ceramic needs to be surface treated to achieve durable bond strength .
Abrasive surface treatment and /or silica-coating treatment with the use of primer treatment can provide sufficient bond strength for bonding oxide ceramics .
The following aims were set for this systematic literature review : ( a ) to make an inventory of existing methods to achieve bondable surfaces on oxide ceramics and ( b ) to evaluate which methods might provide sufficient bond strength .