Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and n-3 fatty acids on blood pressure in healthy subjects. Replacement of saturated with unsaturated fats had no impact on vascular function but beneficial effects on lipid biomarkers, E-selectin, and blood pressure: results from the randomized, controlled Dietary Intervention and VAScular function (DIVAS) study. Intake of a Diet High in Trans Monounsaturated Fatty Acids or Saturated Fatty Acids: Effects on postprandial insulinemia and glycemia in obese patients with NIDDM Intake of dietary saturated fatty acids and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands cohort: associations by types, sources of fatty acids and substitution by macronutrients Substitution of saturated with monounsaturated fat in a 4-week diet affects body weight and composition of overweight and obese men. SFAs do not impair endothelial function and arterial stiffness123 Intake of carbohydrates compared with intake of saturated fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: importance of the glycemic index. Effect of energy restriction, weight loss, and diet composition on plasma lipids and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes. Long-term monounsaturated fatty acid diets reduce platelet aggregation in healthy young subjects. Dietary Fatty Acids and Changes in Blood Lipids during Adolescence: The Role of Substituting Nutrient Intakes A diet rich in high-oleic-acid sunflower oil favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and factor VII coagulant activity. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. Dietary intake of saturated fat by food source and incident cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Effects of diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins--the Jerusalem Nutrition Study. II. Monounsaturated fatty acids vs carbohydrates. Dietary Monounsaturated Fatty Acids but not Saturated Fatty Acids Preserve the Insulin Signaling Pathway via IRS-1/PI3K in Rat Skeletal Muscle Lack of effect on blood pressure by low fat diets with different fatty acid compositions High-monounsaturated fatty acid diets lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations.
BACKGROUND The quantity and quality of fats consumed in the diet influence the risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Although the effect of diet on plasma lipids and lipoproteins is well documented , less information exists on the role of fats on blood pressure ( BP ) . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effects of different types of dietary fat on BP in healthy subjects . DESIGN Healthy subjects ( n = 162 ) were r and omly assigned for 3 mo to follow 1 of 2 isoenergetic diets : 1 rich in monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA diet ) and the other rich in saturated fatty acids ( SFA diet ) . Each group was further r and omly assigned to receive supplementation with fish oil ( 3.6 g n-3 fatty acids/d ) or placebo . RESULTS Systolic BP ( SBP ) and diastolic BP ( DBP ) decreased with the MUFA diet [ -2.2 % ( P = 0.009 ) and -3.8 % ( P = 0.0001 ) , respectively ] but did not change with the SFA diet [ -1.0 % ( P = 0.2084 ) and -1.1 % ( P = 0.2116 ) ] . The MUFA diet caused a significantly lower DBP than did the SFA diet ( P = 0.0475 ) . Interestingly , the favorable effects of MUFA on DBP disappeared at a total fat intake above the median ( > 37 % of energy ) . The addition of n-3 fatty acids influenced neither SBP nor DBP . CONCLUSIONS Changing the proportions of dietary fat by decreasing SFAs and increasing MUFAs decreased diastolic BP . Interestingly , the beneficial effect on BP induced by fat quality was negated by the consumption of a high total fat intake . The addition of n-3 fatty acids to the diet had no significant effect on BP BACKGROUND Public health strategies to lower cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk involve reducing dietary saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) intake to ≤10 % of total energy ( % TE ) . However , the optimal type of replacement fat is unclear . OBJECTIVE We investigated the substitution of 9.5 - 9.6%TE dietary SFAs with either monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) or n-6 ( ω-6 ) polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) on vascular function and other CVD risk factors . DESIGN In a r and omized , controlled , single-blind , parallel-group dietary intervention , 195 men and women aged 21 - 60 y from the United Kingdom with moderate CVD risk ( ≥50 % above the population mean ) followed one of three 16-wk isoenergetic diets ( % TE target compositions , total fat : SFA : MUFA : n-6 PUFA ) that were rich in SFAs ( 36:17:11:4 , n = 65 ) , MUFAs ( 36:9:19:4 , n = 64 ) , or n-6 PUFAs ( 36:9:13:10 , n = 66 ) . The primary outcome measure was flow-mediated dilatation ; secondary outcome measures included fasting serum lipids , microvascular reactivity , arterial stiffness , ambulatory blood pressure , and markers of insulin resistance , inflammation , and endothelial activation . RESULTS Replacing SFAs with MUFAs or n-6 PUFAs did not affect the percentage of flow-mediated dilatation ( primary endpoint ) or other measures of vascular reactivity . Of the secondary outcome measures , substitution of SFAs with MUFAs attenuated the increase in night systolic blood pressure ( -4.9 mm Hg , P = 0.019 ) and reduced E-selectin ( -7.8 % , P = 0.012 ) . Replacement with MUFAs or n-6 PUFAs lowered fasting serum total cholesterol ( -8.4 % and -9.2 % , respectively ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( -11.3 % and -13.6 % ) , and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio ( -5.6 % and -8.5 % ) ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . These changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol equate to an estimated 17 - 20 % reduction in CVD mortality . CONCLUSIONS Substitution of 9.5 - 9.6%TE dietary SFAs with either MUFAs or n-6 PUFAs did not significantly affect the percentage of flow-mediated dilatation or other measures of vascular function . However , the beneficial effects on serum lipid biomarkers , blood pressure , and E-selectin offer a potential public health strategy for CVD risk reduction . This trial was registered at www . clinical trials.gov as NCT01478958 OBJECTIVE High intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) is known to increase the risk of coronary heart disease . We studied the effects of diets enriched in various fatty acids on postpr and ial insulinemia and fasting serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins in obese patients with NIDDM . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen obese NIDDM patients were studied in a free-living outpatient regimen . After a run-in period , the patients received three different isocaloric diets for 6 weeks using a r and omized crossover design . The patients were instructed to keep the energy intake from carbohydrate and protein constant at 50 and 20 E% ( percent of energy intake ) , respectively , on all three diets . The fat composition of the diets differed : saturated fat ( SAT ) diet ( 20 E% SFAs , 5 E% polyunsaturated fatty acids [ PUFAs ] , and 5 E% monounsaturated fatty acids [ MUFAs ] ) versus cis monounsaturated fatty acid ( CMUFA ) diet ( 20 E% cis-MUFAs , 5 E% PUFAs , and 5 E% SFAs ) versus trans monounsaturated fatty acid ( TMUFA ) diet ( 20 E% trans-MUFAs , 5 E% PUFAs , and 5 E% SFAs ) . Fasting serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins were measured at baseline and in the fasting state before meal tolerance tests at the end of each study period . Insulin secretion was assessed from incremental serum insulin and C-peptide responses during the meal tests . RESULTS BMI , waist-to-hip ratio , and glycemic control remained stable throughout the study . After meal stimulation , postpr and ial glycemic responses were similar on all diets ; however , serum insulin and C-peptide responses were greater following the TMUFA and SAT diets than following the baseline or CMUFA diets ( P < 0.05 ) . No statistical difference was found in fasting levels of serum lipids ( total cholesterol , triglyceride , phospholipid , and nonesterified fatty acids ) or lipoproteins of HDL cholesterol , VLDL cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , and apolipoprotein B between diets . CONCLUSIONS In the presence of unchanged glycemia , both dietary trans fatty acids and SFAs induce an increase in postpr and ial insulinemia in obese patients with NIDDM Purpose The association between dietary saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) intake and  type 2 diabetes ( T2D )  remains unclear . This study aim ed at investigating the association between SFA intake and T2D risk based on ( 1 ) individual SFA ( differing in carbon chain length ) , ( 2 ) food sources of SFA and ( 3 ) the substituting macronutrients . Methods 37,421 participants from the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherl and s ( EPIC-NL ) cohort were included in this study . Baseline dietary intake was assessed by a vali date d food frequency question naire . T2D risks were estimated by Cox regression models adjusted for non-dietary and dietary covariates . Results 893 incident T2D cases were documented during 10.1-year follow-up . We observed no association between total SFA and T2D risk . Marginally inverse associations were found for lauric acid ( HR per 1 SD of energy% , 95 % CI 0.92 , 0.85–0.99 ) , myristic acid ( 0.89 , 0.79–0.99 ) , margaric acid ( 0.84 , 0.73–0.97 ) , odd-chain SFA ( pentadecylic plus margaric acids ; 0.88 , 0.79–0.99 ) , and cheese derived SFA ( 0.90 , 0.83–0.98 ) . Soft and liquid fats derived SFA was found related to higher T2D risk ( 1.08 , 1.01–1.17 ) . When substituting SFA by proteins , carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids , significantly higher risks of T2D were observed ( HRs per 1 energy% ranging from 1.05 to 1.15 ) . Conclusion In this Dutch population , total SFA does not relate to T2D risk . Rather , the association may depend on the types and food sources of SFA . Cheese-derived SFA and individual SFA that are commonly found in cheese , were significantly related to lower T2D risks . We can not exclude the higher T2D risks found for soft and liquid fats derived SFA and for substituting SFA with other macronutrients are influenced by residual confounding by trans fatty acids or limited intake variation in polyunsaturated fatty acids and vegetable protein A r and omised crossover study of eight overweight or obese men ( aged 24 - 49 years , BMI 25.5 - 31.3 kg/m(2 ) ) , who followed two diets for 4 weeks each , was performed to determine whether substitution of saturated fat with monounsaturated fat affects body weight and composition . Subjects were provided with all food and beverages as modules ( selected ad libitum ) of constant macronutrient composition , but differing energy content . The % total energy from saturated fat , monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat was 24 , 13 and 3 % respectively on the saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich diet and 11 , 22 and 7 % respectively on the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet . MUFA accounted for about 80 % of the unsaturated fats consumed on both diets . Body composition , blood pressure , energy expenditure ( resting and postpr and ial metabolic rates , substrate oxidation rate , physical activity ) , serum lipids , the fatty acid profile of serum cholesteryl esters and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured before and after each diet period . Significant ( P < or = 0.05 ) differences in total cholesterol and the fatty acid composition of serum cholesteryl esters provided evidence of dietary adherence . The men had a lower weight ( -2.1 ( SE 0.4 ) kg , P=0.0015 ) and fat mass ( -2.6 ( SE 0.6 ) kg , P=0.0034 ) at the end of the MUFA-rich diet as compared with values at the end of the SFA-rich diet . No significant differences were detected in energy or fat intake , energy expenditure , substrate oxidation rates or self-reported physical activity . Substituting dietary saturated with unsaturated fat , predominantly MUFA , can induce a small but significant loss of body weight and fat mass without a significant change in total energy or fat intake Background : It is uncertain whether saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) impair endothelial function and contribute to arterial stiffening . Objective : We tested the effects of replacing SFAs with monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) or carbohydrates on endothelial function and arterial stiffness . Design : With the use of a parallel- design ed r and omized controlled trial in 121 insulin-resistant men and women , we measured vascular function after 1 mo of consumption of a high-SFA ( HS ) diet and after 24 wk after r and om assignment to the HS diet or diets that contained < 10 % SFAs and were high in either MUFAs or carbohydrates . The primary outcome was a change in flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) , and secondary outcomes were changes in carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) and plasma 8-isoprostane F2α-III concentrations . Results : For 112 participants with data available for analysis on the specified outcomes , no significant differences were shown . FMD with the HS reference diet was 6.7 ± 2.2 % , and changes ( 95 % CIs ) after 6 mo of intervention were + 0.3 ( −0.4 , 1.1 ) , −0.2 ( −0.8 , 0.5 ) , and −0.1 ( −0.6 , 0.7 ) with HS , high-MUFA ( HM ) , and high-carbohydrate ( HC ) diets , respectively . After consumption of the HS reference diet , the geometric mean ( ±SD ) PWV was 7.67 ± 1.62 m/s , and mean percentages of changes ( 95 % CIs ) were −1.0 ( −6.2 , 4.3 ) with the HS diet , 2.7 ( −1.4 , 6.9 ) with the HM diet , and −1.0 ( −5.5 , 3.4 ) with the HC diet . With the HS reference diet , the geometric mean ( ±SD ) plasma 8-isoprostane F2α-III concentration was 176 ± 85 pmol/L , and mean percentage of changes ( 95 % CIs ) were 1 ( −12 , 14 ) with the HS diet , 6 ( −5 , 16 ) with the HM diet , and 4 ( −7 , 16 ) with the HC diet . Conclusion : The replacement of SFAs with MUFAs or carbohydrates in healthy subjects does not affect vascular function . This trial was registered at Current Controlled Trials ( http://www.controlled-trials.com/IS RCT N ) as IS RCT N 29111298 BACKGROUND Studies have suggested that replacing saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) with carbohydrates is modestly associated with a higher risk of ischemic heart disease , whereas replacing SFAs with polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a lower risk of ischemic heart disease . The effect of carbohydrates , however , may depend on the type consumed . OBJECTIVES By using substitution models , we aim ed to investigate the risk of myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) associated with a higher energy intake from carbohydrates and a concomitant lower energy intake from SFAs . Carbohydrates with different glycemic index ( GI ) values were also investigated . DESIGN Our prospect i ve cohort study included 53,644 women and men free of MI at baseline . RESULTS During a median of 12 y of follow-up , 1943 incident MI  cases occurred . There was a nonsignificant inverse association between substitution of carbohydrates with low-GI values for SFAs and risk of MI [ hazard ratio ( HR ) for MI per 5 % increment of energy intake from carbohydrates : 0.88 ; 95 % CI : 0.72 , 1.07 ) . In contrast , there was a statistically significant positive association between substitution of carbohydrates with high-GI values for SFAs and risk of MI ( HR : 1.33 ; 95 % CI : 1.08 , 1.64 ) . There was no association for carbohydrates with medium-GI values ( HR : 0.98 ; 95 % CI : 0.80 , 1.21 ) . No effect modification by sex was observed . CONCLUSION This study suggests that replacing SFAs with carbohydrates with low-GI values is associated with a lower risk of MI , whereas replacing SFAs with carbohydrates with high-GI values is associated with a higher risk of MI OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal diet for improving glucose and lipid profiles in obese patients with type 2 diabetes during moderate energy restriction . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 35 free-living obese patients with type 2 diabetes were assigned to one of three 1,600 kcal/day diets for 12 weeks . The diets were high carbohydrate ( 10 % fat , 4 % saturated ) , high monounsaturated fat ( MUFA ) ( 32 % fat , 7 % saturated ) , or high saturated fat ( SFA ) ( 32 % fat , 17 % saturated ) . RESULTS Diet composition did not affect the magnitude of weight loss , with subjects losing an average of 6.6 + /- 0.9 kg . Energy restriction and weight loss result ed in reductions in fasting plasma glucose ( -14 % ) , insulin ( -27 % ) , GHb ( -14 % ) , and systolic ( -7 % ) and diastolic blood pressure ( -10 % ) levels and the glucose response area ( -17 % ) independent of diet composition . Diet composition did affect the lipoprotein profile . LDL was 10 % and 17 % lower with the high-carbohydrate and high-MUFA diets , respectively , whereas no change was observed with the high-SFA diet ( P < 0.001 for effect of diet ) . HDL was transiently reduced on the high-carbohydrate diet at weeks 1 , 4 , and 8 , whereas higher fat consumption maintained these levels . The total cholesterol : HDL ratio , although significantly reduced on the high-MUFA diet ( P < 0.01 ) , was not different from the other two diets after adjustment for baseline differences . CONCLUSIONS Energy restriction , independent of diet composition , improves glycemic control ; however , reducing SFA intake by replacing SFA with carbohydrate or MUFA reduces LDL maximally during weight loss and to a greater degree than has been shown in weight-stable studies The aim of the present study was to compare the response of a range of atherogenic and thrombogenic risk markers to two dietary levels of saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) substitution with monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA ) in students living in a university hall of residence . Although the benefits of such diets have been reported for plasma lipoproteins in high-risk groups , more needs to be known about effects of more modest SFA-MUFA substitutions over the long term and in young healthy adults . In a parallel design over 16 weeks , fifty-one healthy young subjects were r and omised to one of two diets : ( 1 ) a moderate-MUFA diet in which 16 g dietary SFA/100 g total fatty acids were substituted with MUFA ( n 25 ) ; ( 2 ) a high-MUFA diet in which 33 g dietary SFA/100 g total fatty acids were substituted with MUFA ( n 26 ) . All subjects followed an 8-week run-in diet ( reference diet ) , with a fatty acid composition close to the UK average values . There were no differences in plasma lipid responses between the two diets over 16 weeks of the study with similar reductions in total cholesterol ( P<0.001 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( P<0.01 ) in both groups ; a small but significant reduction in HDL-cholesterol was also observed in both groups ( P<0.01 ) . Platelet responses to ADP ( P<0.01 ) and arachidonic acid ( P<0.05 ) differed with time on the two diets ; at 16 weeks , platelet aggregatory response to ADP was significantly lower on the high-MUFA than the moderate-MUFA ( P<0.01 ) diet ; ADP responses were also significantly lower within this group at 8 ( P<0.05 ) and 16 ( P<0.01 ) weeks compared with baseline . There were no differences in fasting factor VII activity ( factors VIIc and VIIag ) , fibrinogen concentration or tissue-type plasminogen activator activity between the diets . There were no differences in postpr and ial factor VIIc responses to a st and ard meal ( area under the curve ) between the diets after 16 weeks , but postpr and ial factor VIIc response was lower than on the high-MUFA diet compared with baseline ( P<0.01 ) . In conclusion , a high-MUFA diet sustains potentially beneficial effects on platelet aggregation and postpr and ial activation of factor VII . Moderate or high substitution of MUFA for SFA achieves similar reductions in fasting blood lipids in young healthy subjects The relevance of dietary fatty acids ( FA ) for blood lipids should be assessed in the context of substituting nutrients . Such evidence is lacking for adolescents . This study describes prospect i ve associations of dietary FA with changes in serum lipids during adolescence , and considers the theoretical isocaloric replacements of saturated FA ( SFA ) with other FA or carbohydrates ( CHO ) .  Children from the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts , with data on FA intakes ( at age 10 years ) and serum lipids ( at age 10 and 15 years ) , were included ( n = 1398 ) . Associations of SFA , monounsaturated FA ( MUFA ) , n-3 polyunsaturated FA ( n-3 PUFA ) and n-6 PUFA , with changes in low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , triglycerides ( TAG ) , and total cholesterol to HDL ratio ( TOTAL : HDL ) , were assessed by linear regression . Substitution models assessed isocaloric replacements of SFA with MUFA , n-3 PUFA , n-6 PUFA or CHO . Higher SFA intakes were associated with decreasing TAG . No associations were observed for fatty acid intakes with LDL , HDL or TOTAL : HDL . In females , replacing SFA with CHO was associated with increasing LDL , TAG and TOTAL : HDL . Our findings confirm observations in adults , although sex-specific determinants seem relevant in our adolescent population . Overlooking the nutrient context when limiting SFA intakes might have detrimental consequences appreciable as early as adolescence OBJECTIVE To compare concentrations of factor VII coagulant activity ( factor VIIc ) , fibrinogen , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , and blood lipids on a saturated fat-rich diet with one rich in monounsaturated fat . DESIGN Subjects were r and omly allocated to two groups . The study design was an ABB/BAA extra-period crossover . One group consumed a diet rich in saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) with fat making up 20.8 % of total energy , for 5 weeks and then one rich in monounsaturated fatty acid ( MUFA ) , with fat making up 20.3 % of total energy for 10 weeks . The other group consumed the MUFA diet for 5 weeks followed by the SFA diet for 10 weeks . SUBJECTS/ SETTING Men and women aged 35 to 69 years who were nonsmokers with no chronic illness and not on any medication were recruited to participate . Eighteen subjects were recruited and 15 ( 5 men , 10 women ) completed the community-based study . INTERVENTION Blood was sample d at the beginning and end point of each 5-week diet period for analysis of coagulation and fibrinolysis factors and blood lipids . Subjects kept 3-day food diaries twice during each of the three diet periods and were weighed on each visit for blood collection . Analysis of plasma fatty acids was used to indicate dietary compliance . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differences in fasting factor VIIc , fibrinogen , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , insulin , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triglycerides , apolipoproteins A-1 and B , and plasma oleic acid levels while receiving the SFA diet vs MUFA diet . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS A general linear model allowing for the ABB/BAA extra-period crossover , was used for each of the outcome measures . RESULTS Factor VIIc was lower on the MUFA diet ( P < .05 ) but fibrinogen and insulin concentrations and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity did not differ between diets . Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P < .001 ) and triglyceride ( P < .01 ) levels were lower on the MUFA diet compared with the SFA diet . A significant increase in both plasma phospholipid and neutral lipid oleic acid ( P < .0001 ) occurred on the MUFA diet . CONCLUSIONS Substitution of foods rich in saturated fat with foods rich in high-oleic-acid sunflower oil and margarine has favorable outcomes on blood lipids and factor VIIc . This oil presents another useful source of MUFA for diets aim ed at prevention of heart disease CONTEXT Reduced intake of saturated fat is widely recommended for prevention of cardiovascular disease . The type of macronutrient that should replace saturated fat remains uncertain . OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of 3 healthful diets , each with reduced saturated fat intake , on blood pressure and serum lipids . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS R and omized , 3-period , crossover feeding study ( April 2003 to June 2005 ) conducted in Baltimore , Md , and Boston , Mass. Participants were 164 adults with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension . Each feeding period lasted 6 weeks and body weight was kept constant . INTERVENTIONS A diet rich in carbohydrates ; a diet rich in protein , about half from plant sources ; and a diet rich in unsaturated fat , predominantly monounsaturated fat . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Systolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol . RESULTS Blood pressure , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and estimated coronary heart disease risk were lower on each diet compared with baseline . Compared with the carbohydrate diet , the protein diet further decreased mean systolic blood pressure by 1.4 mm Hg ( P = .002 ) and by 3.5 mm Hg ( P = .006 ) among those with hypertension and decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 3.3 mg/dL ( 0.09 mmol/L ; P = .01 ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 1.3 mg/dL ( 0.03 mmol/L ; P = .02 ) , and triglycerides by 15.7 mg/dL ( 0.18 mmol/L ; P<.001 ) . Compared with the carbohydrate diet , the unsaturated fat diet decreased systolic blood pressure by 1.3 mm Hg ( P = .005 ) and by 2.9 mm Hg among those with hypertension ( P = .02 ) , had no significant effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 1.1 mg/dL ( 0.03 mmol/L ; P = .03 ) , and lowered triglycerides by 9.6 mg/dL ( 0.11 mmol/L ; P = .02 ) . Compared with the carbohydrate diet , estimated 10-year coronary heart disease risk was lower and similar on the protein and unsaturated fat diets . CONCLUSION In the setting of a healthful diet , partial substitution of carbohydrate with either protein or monounsaturated fat can further lower blood pressure , improve lipid levels , and reduce estimated cardiovascular risk . Clinical Trials Registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT00051350 BACKGROUND Although dietary recommendations have focused on restricting saturated fat ( SF ) consumption to reduce cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk , evidence from prospect i ve studies has not supported a strong link between total SF intake and CVD events . An underst and ing of whether food sources of SF influence these relations may provide new insights . OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of SF consumption from different food sources and the incidence of CVD events in a multiethnic population . DESIGN Participants who were 45 - 84 y old at baseline ( n = 5209 ) were followed from 2000 to 2010 . Diet was assessed by using a 120-item food-frequency question naire .  CVD incidence ( 316 cases ) was assessed during follow-up visits . RESULTS After adjustment for demographics , lifestyle , and dietary confounders , a higher intake of dairy SF was associated with lower CVD risk [ HR ( 95 % CI ) for + 5 g/d and + 5 % of energy from dairy SF : 0.79 ( 0.68 , 0.92 ) and 0.62 ( 0.47 , 0.82 ) , respectively ] . In contrast , a higher intake of meat SF was associated with greater CVD risk [ HR ( 95 % CI ) for + 5 g/d and a + 5 % of energy from meat SF : 1.26 ( 1.02 , 1.54 ) and 1.48 ( 0.98 , 2.23 ) , respectively ] . The substitution of 2 % of energy from meat SF with energy from dairy SF was associated with a 25 % lower CVD risk [ HR ( 95 % CI ) : 0.75 ( 0.63 , 0.91 ) ] . No associations were observed between plant or butter SF and CVD risk , but ranges of intakes were narrow . CONCLUSION Associations of SF with health may depend on food-specific fatty acids or other nutrient constituents in foods that contain SF , in addition to SF Seventeen male Yeshiva students were r and omly allocated to a crossover study with two 12-wk dietary periods of monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) vs a carbohydrate (CHO)-rich diet while concentrations of saturated ( SFAs ) and polyunsaturated ( PUFAs ) fatty acids were kept similar . Total plasma cholesterol ( TC ) decreased significantly by approximately 7.7 % and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) by 14.4 % on the MUFA diet , whereas on the CHO diet no significant change in cholesterol concentrations occurred , in contrast to that predicted by the equations of Keys and Hegsted . Concentrations of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) did not change significantly on either diet . On the MUFA diet there was a significantly lower proneness to peroxidation of plasma and LDL lipids and less extensive metabolism of conditioned LDL by peritoneal macrophages . We conclude that dietary MUFAs lower TC and LDL-C concentrations , independently of other dietary fatty acids and in addition may reduce the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative stress Saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) and monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA ) show different effects on the development of insulin resistance . In this study , we compared the effect of dietary SFA and MUFA on the insulin signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle of a type 2 diabetic animal model . Twenty-nine-week-old male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty ( OLETF ) rats were r and omly divided into three groups and fed one of the following diets for 3 weeks ; a normal chow diet , an SFA ( lard oil ) enriched or a MUFA ( olive oil ) enriched high-fat diet . The vastus lateralis muscle was used for analyses . Insulin tolerance test showed improved insulin sensitivity in rats fed the MUFA diet , as compared to those fed the SFA diet ( p < 0.001 ) . The SFA diet reduced IRS-1 expression and phosphorylated PI3 K levels in skeletal muscle , as compared with a chow diet ( p < 0.001 , respectively ) . On the contrary , muscle IRS-2 expression and phosphorylated ERK1/2 was significantly increased in rats fed the SFA diet ( p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Membrane translocation of glucose transporter type 4 decreased in the skeletal muscle of rats fed the SFA diet , as compared to those fed a chow diet ( p < 0.001 ) . These changes in insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle were not observed in rats fed the MUFA diet . In conclusion , the beneficial effect of dietary MUFA on insulin sensitivity is associated with a conserved IRS-1/PI3 K insulin signaling pathway which was altered by dietary SFA We compared the effects on blood pressure ( BP ) of three isocaloric diets with reduced total fat and saturated fatty acid ( SAFA ) contents but with different proportions of monounsaturated ( MUFA ) and polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) . Diet LF ( low fat ) provided 20 en% fat ( 7.9 % SAFA , 7.8 % MUFA , 3.0 % PUFA ) ; diet HP ( high PUFA ) 26 en% fat ( 7.5 % SAFA , 8.2 % MUFA , 8.1 % PUFA ) , and diet HM ( high MUFA ) 26 en% fat ( 7.3 % SAFA , 14.1 % MUFA , 3.2 % PUFA ) . The diets were consumed for 8 weeks ( intervention ) preceded by 2 weeks and followed by 8 weeks on a habitual diet ( baseline/ switchback ) with 33–34 en% fat ( 13–14 % SAFA , 12 % MUFA , 6 % PUFA ) . Forty-five free-living couples were r and omly allocated into the three diet groups , and 43 men and 44 women completed the study .  BP was measured weekly with an automatic device . Compliance to diet was monitored by repeated food records , serum fatty acid compositions , and weekly visits to a nutritionist . Both systolic BP ( SBP ) and diastolic BP ( DBP ) remained unchanged throughout the study in all three groups . The weight-adjusted mean ( s.e.m . ) BP values showed changes in SBP of + 1.7 ( 1.8 ) , −0.4 ( 1.7 ) , and + 1.9 ( 1.9 ) mm Hg on the LF , HP , and HM diets , respectively ( difference NS ) , and DBP of + 0.1 ( 1.0 ) , + 0.6 ( 1.0 ) , and −0.3 ( 1.0 ) mm Hg , respectively ( difference NS ) between the last 2 weeks of the baseline and intervention periods . The expected fatty acid intakes were achieved , and there were no between-group differences in change of body weight , intake of dietary fibre and potassium , and 24-h sodium excretion . A reduction in total fat and SAFA intake and changes in the proportions of dietary MUFA and PUFA did not affect the BP levels of this normotensive population with an adequate intake of PUFA at baseline BACKGROUND Low-fat diets increase plasma triacylglycerol and decrease HDL-cholesterol concentrations , thereby potentially adversely affecting cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk . High-monounsaturated fatty acid ( MUFA ) , cholesterol-lowering diets do not raise triacylglycerol or lower HDL cholesterol , but little is known about how peanut products , a rich source of MUFAs , affect CVD risk . OBJECTIVE The present study compared the CVD risk profile of an Average American diet ( AAD ) with those of 4 cholesterol-lowering diets : an American Heart Association/National Cholesterol Education Program Step II diet and 3 high-MUFA diets [ olive oil ( OO ) , peanut oil ( PO ) , and peanuts and peanut butter ( PPB ) ] . DESIGN A r and omized , double-blind , 5-period crossover study design ( n = 22 ) was used to examine the effects of the diets on serum lipids and lipoproteins  : AAD [ 34 % fat ; 16 % saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) , 11 % MUFAs ] , Step II ( 25 % fat ; 7 % SFAs , 12 % MUFAs ) , OO ( 34 % fat ; 7 % SFAs , 21 % MUFAs ) , PO ( 34 % fat ; 7 % SFAs , 17 % MUFAs ) , and PPB ( 36 % fat ; 8 % SFAs , 18 % MUFAs ) . RESULTS The high-MUFA diets lowered total cholesterol by 10 % and LDL cholesterol by 14 % . This response was comparable with that observed for the Step II diet . Triacylglycerol concentrations were 13 % lower in subjects consuming the high-MUFA diets and were 11 % higher with the Step II diet than with the AAD . The high-MUFA diets did not lower HDL cholesterol whereas the Step II diet lowered it by 4 % compared with the AAD . The OO , PO , and PPB diets decreased CVD risk by an estimated 25 % , 16 % , and 21 % , respectively , whereas the Step II diet lowered CVD risk by 12 % . CONCLUSION A high-MUFA , cholesterol-lowering diet may be preferable to a low-fat diet because of more favorable effects on the CVD risk profile
Conclusions In the context of low SFAs , high-MUFA diets in isocaloric substitution for high-CHO diets did not affect blood pressure in individuals with and without hypertension .
Context Current dietary guidelines for cardiovascular disease risk management recommend restricting intake of saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) .
However , the optimal macronutrient profile , in the context of a low-SFA diet , remains controversial .
The blood-pressure effect of replacing SFAs in diets with monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) compared with carbohydrate has not been quantified to date .