The effect of non-caloric sweeteners on cognition, choice, and post-consumption satisfaction Effects of aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia- and sucrose-sweetened beverages on postprandial glucose, insulin and energy intake The effects of water and non‐nutritive sweetened beverages on weight loss and weight maintenance: A randomized clinical trial Hormonal responses to non-nutritive sweeteners in water and diet soda A randomized controlled trial contrasting the effects of 4 low-calorie sweeteners and sucrose on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity. The effects of water and non-nutritive sweetened beverages on weight loss during a 12-week weight loss treatment program. Short-term consumption of sucralose, a nonnutritive sweetener, is similar to water with regard to select markers of hunger signaling and short-term glucose homeostasis in women. Toward improved management of NIDDM: A randomized, controlled, pilot intervention using a lowfat, vegetarian diet. Effect of adding the novel fiber, PGX®, to commonly consumed foods on glycemic response, glycemic index and GRIP: a simple and effective strategy for reducing post prandial blood glucose levels - a randomized, controlled trial Effect of Replacing Sugar with Non-Caloric Sweeteners in Beverages on the Reward Value after Repeated Exposure Fat-sugar see-saw in school lunches: impact of a low fat intervention. 
The effect of consumption of low-glycemic-index and low-glycemic-load desserts on anthropometric parameters and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Reduction in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with weight loss: the PREMIER trial. A randomized control trial for reduction of caloric and non-caloric sweetened beverages in young adults: effects in weight, body composition and blood pressure. Sugar-sweetened product consumption alters glucose homeostasis compared with dairy product consumption in men and women at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Use of artificial sweeteners and fat-modified foods in weight loss maintainers and always normal weight individuals Effect of high milk and sugar-sweetened and non-caloric soft drink intake on insulin sensitivity after 6 months in overweight and obese adults: a randomized controlled trial
Consumers often turn to non-caloric sweeteners ( NCS ) as a means of promoting a healthy body weight . However , several studies have now linked their long-term use to increased weight gain , raising the question of whether these products produce unintended psychological , physiological , or behavioral changes that have implication s for weight management goals . In the following , we present the results of three experiments bearing on this issue , testing whether NCS-consumption influences how  individuals think about and respond to food .  Participants in each of our three experiments were r and omly assigned to consume a sugar-sweetened beverage , an unsweetened beverage , or a beverage sweetened with NCS . We then measured their cognition ( Experiment 1 ) , product choice ( Experiment 2 ) , and subjective responses to a sugar-sweetened food ( Experiment 3 ) . Results revealed that consuming NCS-sweetened beverages influences psychological processes in ways that - over time - may increase calorie intake Background : Substituting sweeteners with non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNS ) may aid in glycaemic control and body weight management . Limited studies have investigated energy compensation , glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to artificial and natural NNS . Objectives : This study compared the effects of consuming NNS ( artificial versus natural ) and sucrose ( 65 g ) on energy intake , blood glucose and insulin responses . Methods : Thirty healthy male subjects took part in this r and omised , crossover study with four treatments : aspartame- , monk fruit- , stevia- and sucrose-sweetened beverages . On each test day , participants were asked to consume a st and ardised breakfast in the morning , and they were provided with test beverage as a preload in mid-morning and ad libitum lunch was provided an hour after test beverage consumption . Blood glucose and insulin concentrations were measured every 15 min within the first hour of preload consumption and every 30 min for the subsequent 2 h. Participants left the study site 3 h after preload consumption and completed a food diary for the rest of the day . Results : Ad libitum lunch intake was significantly higher for the NNS treatments compared with sucrose ( P=0.010 ) . The energy ' saved ' from replacing sucrose with NNS was fully compensated for at subsequent meals ; hence , no difference in total daily energy intake was found between the treatments ( P=0.831 ) . The sucrose-sweetened beverage led to large spikes in blood glucose and insulin responses within the first hour , whereas these responses were higher for all three NNS beverages following the test lunch . Thus , there were no differences in total area under the curve ( AUC ) for glucose ( P=0.960 ) and insulin ( P=0.216 ) over 3 h between the four test beverages . Conclusions : The consumption of calorie-free beverages sweetened with artificial and natural NNS have minimal influences on total daily energy intake , postpr and ial glucose and insulin compared with a sucrose-sweetened beverage Objective To evaluate the effects of water versus beverages sweetened with non‐nutritive sweeteners ( NNS ) on body weight in subjects enrolled in a year‐long behavioral weight loss treatment program . Methods The study used a r and omized equivalence design with NNS or water beverages as the main factor in a trial among 303 weight‐stable people with overweight and obesity . All participants participated in a weight loss program plus assignment to consume 24 ounces ( 710 ml ) of water or NNS beverages daily for 1 year . Results NNS and water treatments were non‐equivalent , with NNS treatment  showing greater weight loss at the end of 1 year . At 1 year subjects receiving water had maintained a 2.45 ± 5.59 kg weight loss while those receiving NNS beverages maintained a loss of 6.21 ± 7.65 kg ( P < 0.001 for difference ) . Conclusions Water and NNS beverages were not equivalent for weight loss and maintenance during a 1‐year behavioral treatment program . NNS beverages were superior for weight loss and weight maintenance in a population consisting of regular users  of NNS beverages who either maintained or discontinued consumption of these beverages and consumed water during a structured weight loss program . These results suggest that NNS beverages can be an effective tool for weight loss and maintenance within the context of a weight management program Background Non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNS ) , especially in form of diet soda , have been linked to metabolic derangements ( e.g. obesity and diabetes ) in epidemiologic studies . We aim ed to test acute metabolic effects of NNS in isolation ( water or seltzer ) and in diet sodas . Methods We conducted a four-period , cross-over study at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center ( Bethesda , Maryl and ) . Thirty healthy adults consumed 355 mL water with 0 mg , 68 mg , 170 mg , and 250 mg sucralose , and 31 individuals consumed 355 mL caffeine-free Diet Rite Cola ™ , Diet Mountain Dew ™ ( 18 mg sucralose , 18 mg acesulfame-potassium , 57 mg aspartame ) , and seltzer water with NNS ( 68 mg sucralose and 41 mg acesulfame-potassium , equivalent to Diet Rite Cola ™ ) in r and omized order , prior to oral glucose tolerance tests . Blood sample s were collected serially for 130 min . Measures included GLP-1 , GIP , glucose , insulin , C-peptide , glucose absorption , gastric emptying , and subjective hunger and satiety ratings . Results Diet sodas  augmented active GLP-1 ( Diet Rite Cola ™ vs. seltzer water , AUC , p = 0.039 ; Diet Mountain Dew ™ vs. seltzer water , AUC , p = 0.07 ) , but gastric emptying and satiety were unaffected . Insulin concentrations were nominally higher following all NNS conditions without altering glycemia . Sucralose alone ( at any concentration ) did not affect metabolic outcomes . Conclusions Diet sodas but not NNS in water augmented GLP-1 responses to oral glucose . Whether the trends toward higher insulin concentrations after NNS are of clinical importance remains to be determined . Our findings emphasize the need to test metabolic effects of NNS after chronic consumption . Trial registration The data for this manuscript were gathered from clinical trial # NCT01200940 BACKGROUND Low-calorie sweeteners ( LCSs ) provide sweetness with little or no energy . However , each LCS 's unique chemical structure has potential to elicit different sensory , physiological , and behavioral responses that affect body weight . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this trial was to compare the effects of consumption of 4 LCSs and sucrose on body weight , ingestive behaviors , and glucose tolerance over a 12-wk intervention in adults ( 18 - 60 y old ) with overweight or obesity ( body mass index 25 - 40 kg/m2 ) . METHODS In a parallel-arm design , 154 participants were r and omly assigned to consume 1.25 - 1.75 L of beverage sweetened with sucrose ( n = 39 ) , aspartame ( n = 30 ) , saccharin ( n = 29 ) , sucralose ( n = 28 ) , or rebaudioside A ( rebA ) ( n = 28 ) daily for 12 wk . The beverages contained 400 - 560 kcal/d ( sucrose treatments ) or < 5 kcal/d ( LCS treatments ) . Anthropometric indexes , energy intake , energy expenditure , appetite , and glucose tolerance were measured at baseline . Body weight was measured every 2 wk with energy intake , expenditure , and appetite assessed every 4 wk . Twenty-four-hour urine collection s were completed every 4 wk to determine study compliance via para-aminobenzoic acid excretion . RESULTS Of the participants enrolled in the trial , 123 completed the 12-wk intervention . Sucrose and saccharin consumption led to increased body weight across the 12-wk intervention ( Δweight = + 1.85 ± 0.36 kg and + 1.18 ± 0.36 kg , respectively ; P ≤ 0.02 ) and did not differ from each other . There was no significant change in body weight with consumption of the other LCS treatments compared with baseline , but change in body weight for sucralose was negative and significantly lower compared with all other LCSs at week 12 ( weight difference ≥ 1.37 ± 0.52 kg , P ≤ 0.008 ) . Energy intake decreased with sucralose consumption ( P = 0.02 ) and ingestive frequency was lower for sucralose than for saccharin ( P = 0.045 ) . Glucose tolerance was not significantly affected by any of the sweetener treatments . CONCLUSIONS Sucrose and saccharin consumption significantly increase body weight compared with aspartame , rebA , and sucralose , whereas weight change was directionally negative and lower for sucralose compared with saccharin , aspartame , and rebA consumption . LCSs should be categorized as distinct entities because of their differing effects on body weight . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT02928653 OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of non-nutritive sweetened beverages ( NNS ) or water for weight loss during a 12-week behavioral weight loss treatment program . METHODS An equivalence trial design with water or NNS beverages as the main factor in a prospect i ve r and omized trial among 303 men and women was employed . All participants participated in a behavioral weight loss treatment program . The results of the weight loss phase ( 12 weeks ) of an ongoing trial ( 1 year ) that is also evaluating the effects of these two treatments on weight loss maintenance were reported . RESULTS The two treatments were not equivalent with the NNS beverage treatment group losing significantly more weight compared to the water group ( 5.95 kg versus 4.09 kg ; P < 0.0001 ) after 12 weeks . Participants in the NNS beverage group reported significantly greater reductions in subjective feelings of hunger than those in the water group during 12 weeks . CONCLUSION These results show that water is not superior to NNS beverages for weight loss during a comprehensive behavioral weight loss program Nonnutritive sweeteners have been used to lower the energy density of foods with the intention of affecting weight loss or weight maintenance . However , some epidemiological and animal evidence indicates an association between weight gain or insulin resistance and artificial sweetener consumption . In the present study , we hypothesized that the nonnutritive sweetener sucralose , a trichlorinated sucrose molecule , would elicit responses similar to water but different from sucrose and sucrose combined with sucralose on subjective and hormonal indications of hunger and short-term glucose homeostasis . Eight female volunteers ( body mass index , 22.16 ± 1.71 kg/m(2 ) ; age , 21.75 ± 2.25 years )  consumed sucrose and /or sucralose in water in a factorial design . Blood sample s were taken at fasting and 30 and 60 minutes after treatment followed by a st and ardized breakfast across treatments , and blood sample s were taken 30 , 60 , 90 , and 120 minutes after breakfast . Plasma was analyzed for glucose , insulin , glucagon , triacylglycerols ( TAG ) , and acylated ghrelin . Perceptions of hunger and other subjective measurements were assessed before each blood sample . No differences were detected in subjective responses , circulating triacylglycerol , or glucagon concentrations among treatments over time . Significant differences were observed in insulin , glucose , and acylated ghrelin concentrations over time only between sucrose-containing treatments and non-sucrose-containing treatments regardless of sucralose consumption . Therefore , sucralose may be a relatively inert nonnutritive sweetener with regard to hunger signaling and short-term glucose homeostasis OBJECTIVE To investigate whether glycemic and lipid control in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes ( NIDDM ) can be significantly improved using a low-fat , vegetarian ( vegan ) diet in the absence of recommendations regarding exercise or other lifestyle changes . METHODS Eleven subjects with NIDDM recruited from the Georgetown University Medical Center or the local community were r and omly assigned to a low-fat vegan diet ( seven subjects ) or a conventional low-fat diet ( four subjects ) . Two additional subjects assigned to the control group failed to complete the study . The diets were not design ed to be isocaloric . Fasting serum glucose , body weight , medication use , and blood pressure were assessed at baseline and biweekly thereafter for 12 weeks . Serum lipids , glycosylated hemoglobin , urinary albumin , and dietary macronutrients were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks . RESULTS Although the sample was intentionally small in accordance with the pilot study design , the 28 % mean reduction in fasting serum glucose of the experimental group , from 10.7 to 7.75 mmol/L ( 195 to 141 mg/dl ) , was significantly greater than the 12 % decrease , from 9.86 to 8.64 mmol/L ( 179 to 157 mg/dl ) , for the control group ( P < 0.05 ) . The mean weight loss was 7.2 kg in the experimental group , compared to 3 . 8 kg for the control group ( P < 0.005 ) . Of six experimental group subjects on oral hypoglycemic agents , medication use was discontinued in one and reduced in three . Insulin was reduced in both experimental group patients on insulin . No patient in the control group reduced medication use . Differences between the diet groups in the reductions of serum cholesterol and 24-h microalbuminuria did not reach statistical significance ; however , high-density lipoprotein concentration fell more sharply ( 0.20 mmol/L ) in the experimental group than in the control group ( 0.02 mmol/L ) ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The use of a low-fat , vegetarian diet in patients with NIDDM was associated with significant reductions in fasting serum glucose concentration and body weight in the absence of recommendations for exercise . A larger study is needed for confirmation Background Reductions in postpr and ial glycemia have been demonstrated previously with the addition of the novel viscous polysaccharide ( NVP ) , PolyGlycopleX ® ( PGX ® ) , to an OGTT or white bread . This study explores whether these reductions are sustained when NVP is added to a range of commonly consumed foods or incorporated into a breakfast cereal . Methods Ten healthy subjects ( 4 M , 6F ; age 37.3 ± 3.6 y ; BMI 23.8 ± 1.3 kg/m2 ) , participated in an acute , r and omized controlled trial . The glycemic response to cornflakes , rice , yogurt , and a frozen dinner with and without 5 g of NVP sprinkled onto the food was determined . In addition , 3 granolas with different levels of NVP and 3 control white breads and one white bread and milk were also consumed . All meals contained 50 g of available carbohydrate . Capillary blood sample s were taken fasting and at 15 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 90 and 120 min after the start of the meal . The glycemic index ( GI ) and the glycemic reduction index potential ( GRIP ) were calculated . The blood glucose concentrations at each time and the iAUC values were subjected to repeated- measures analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) examining for the effect of test meal . After demonstration of significant heterogeneity , differences between individual means was assessed using GLM ANOVA with Tukey test to adjust for multiple comparisons . Results Addition of NVP  reduced blood glucose response irrespective of food or dose ( p < 0.01 ) . The GI of cornflakes , cornflakes+NVP , rice , rice+NVP , yogurt , yogurt+NVP , turkey dinner , and turkey dinner+NVP were 83 ± 8 , 58 ± 7 , 82 ± 8 , 45 ± 4 , 44 ± 4 , 38 ± 3 , 55 ± 5 and 41 ± 4 , respectively . The GI of the control granola , and granolas with 2.5 and 5 g of NVP were 64 ± 6 , 33 ± 5 , and 22 ± 3 respectively . GRIP was 6.8 ± 0.9 units per/g of NVP . ConclusionS prinkling or incorporation of NVP into a variety of different foods is highly effective in reducing postpr and ial glycemia and lowering the GI of a food . Clinical Trial registration NCT00935350 Background The reward value of food is partly dependent on learned associations . It is not yet known whether replacing sugar with non-caloric sweeteners in food is affecting long-term acceptance . Objective To determine the effect of replacing sugar with non-caloric sweeteners in a nutrient-empty drink ( soft drink ) versus nutrient-rich drink ( yoghurt drink ) on reward value after repeated exposure . Design We used a r and omized crossover design whereby forty subjects ( 15 men , 25 women ) with a mean±SD age of 21±2 y and BMI of 21.5±1.7 kg/m2 consumed a fixed portion of a non-caloric sweetened ( NS ) and sugar sweetened ( SS ) versions of either a soft drink or a yoghurt drink ( counterbalanced ) for breakfast which were distinguishable by means of colored labels . Each version of a drink was offered 10 times in semi-r and om order . Before and after conditioning the reward value of the drinks was assessed using behavioral tasks on wanting , liking , and expected satiety . In a subgroup ( n=18 ) fMRI was performed to assess brain reward responses to the drinks . Results Outcomes of both the behavioral tasks and fMRI showed that conditioning did not affect the reward value of the NS and SS versions of the drinks significantly . Overall , subjects preferred the yoghurt drinks to the soft drinks and the ss drinks to the NS drinks . In addition , they expected the yoghurt drinks to be more satiating , they reduced hunger more , and delayed the first eating episode more . Conditioning did not influence these effects . Conclusion Our study showed that repeated consumption of a non-caloric sweetened beverage , instead of a sugar sweetened version , appears not to result in changes in the reward value . It can not be ruled out that learned associations between sensory attributes and food satiating capacity which developed preceding the conditioning period , during lifetime , affected the reward value of the drinks PURPOSE To determine the long-term effects of a low fat intervention on sugar content in school lunches METHODS We calculated contributions of total sugars , 6 specific sugars , and selected nutrients in National School Lunch Program meals served in 56 former intervention , 20 r and omly selected control schools that had participated 3 years before in a low fat intervention , and 12 additional schools from neighboring school districts that had never been exposed to the intervention , whose goal was the lowering of total fat to under 30 % of calories and saturated fat to under 10 % calories . Analysis of variance adjusted for region was used to compare treatment groups . Pearson partial correlations controlling for the effects of region and treatment group were used to assess the strength of sugar and fat relationships . RESULTS Three years after the low fat intervention , former intervention , control and unexposed schools lunches were similar in mean total sugars ( 25 % of calories ) , and " added " sugars ( e.g. sucrose , glucose , galactose , and maltose ) at 15 % of calories ; and differed only in their lactose content . As percent of calories from fat or saturated fat in lunches decreased , that from sugars increased . Lunches that met reduced saturated fat goals were significantly higher than those not meeting goals in percent of calories from sugars both in meals as offered ( 27.6 + /- 0.3 % vs. 26.2 + /- 0.3 SE p = .004 ) and as served ( 26.5 + /- 0.4 vs. 23.9 + /- 0.4 p = .009 ) . Lunches meeting reduced total fat goals were significantly higher only in percent of calories from sugars as served . Seventy-five percent of total sugar in lunches offered was from chocolate milk , fruit/fruit juices , and white milk . More " added " sugar came from high micronutrient foods , such as fruit , fruit juices , and chocolate milk than from desserts and entrees . CONCLUSIONS The existence of a fat-sugar " see-saw " makes it important to emphasize substitutions of fat and saturated fat with starches and fiber in school lunches Abstract Purpose The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of consumption of desserts with low glycemic index ( GI ) and low glycemic load ( GL ) , as part of a balanced hypo-caloric diet , on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Methods A total of 61 subjects with T2DM were r and omly assigned to the intervention ( n = 30 ) or to the control group ( n = 31 ) . Both groups followed the same hypo-caloric ( −500 kcal ) diet for 12 weeks . Consumption of four portions of low-GI/low-GL desserts/week was included in the diet in the intervention group while one portion of a favorite usual sweet/week was allowed to be consumed in the control group . Results Thirty subjects in the control and 28 subjects in the intervention group completed the trial . Body weight , body mass index , and waist circumference were reduced significantly in both groups . Arterial blood pressure , fasting blood glucose , glycosylated hemoglobin , insulin , and γ-GT were reduced significantly only in the intervention group ; however , there were no significant differences between the two groups at endpoint . C-reactive protein was reduced in the intervention , and HDL cholesterol was also reduced in the control group ; the reductions were significantly different at the end of the trial . No significant changes were observed in the other plasma lipids , uric acid , leptin , adiponectin , and interleukin-6 in either study group . Conclusions Consumption of desserts with low GI/GL in a balanced hypo-caloric diet has a positive impact on anthropometric and metabolic parameters of patients with T2DM BACKGROUND Consumption of liquid calories from beverages has increased in parallel with the obesity epidemic in the US population , but their causal relation remains unclear . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine how changes in beverage consumption affect  weight change among adults . DESIGN This was a prospect i ve study of 810 adults participating in the PREMIER trial , an 18-mo r and omized , controlled , behavioral intervention trial .  Measurements ( weight , height , and 24-h dietary recall ) were made at baseline , 6 mo , and 18 mo . RESULTS Baseline mean intake of liquid calories was 356 kcal/d ( 19 % of total energy intake ) . After potential confounders and intervention assignment were controlled for , a reduction in liquid calorie intake of 100 kcal/d was associated with a weight loss of 0.25 kg ( 95 % CI : 0.11 , 0.39 ; P < 0.001 ) at 6 mo and of 0.24 kg ( 95 % CI : 0.06 , 0.41 ; P = 0.008 ) at 18 mo . A reduction in liquid calorie intake had a stronger effect than did a reduction in solid calorie intake on weight loss . Of the individual beverages , only intake of sugar-sweetened beverages ( SSBs ) was significantly associated with weight change . A reduction in SSB intake of 1 serving/d was associated with a weight loss of 0.49 kg ( 95 % CI : 0.11 , 0.82 ; P = 0.006 ) at 6 mo and of 0.65 kg ( 95 % CI : 0.22 , 1.09 ; P = 0.003 ) at 18 mo . CONCLUSIONS These data support recommendations to limit liquid calorie intake among adults and to reduce SSB consumption as a means to accomplish weight loss or avoid excess weight gain . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00000616 INTRODUCTION Recently has been documented that the consumption of sweetened non-caloric beverages has increased as an option to weight control , however r and omized control trials have demonstrated a modest weight loss . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of reducing consumption of beverage with caloric and non-caloric sweeteners on weight , body composition and blood pressure  in young Mexican adults . METHODS In an experimental study 148 nursing students were r and omly assigned to one of 3 groups : 1 ) no sweetened beverages were permitted , only plain water , tea or coffee without sugar ; 2 ) consumption of beverages with non-caloric sweeteners was allowed ; and 3 ) no restriction of sweetened beverages was imposed . All groups were given individualized isocaloric diets monitored by a 24-hour record of consumption and food frequency question naire and blood pressure , weight , waist circumference and body composition by tetrapolar bioelectric impedance were taken at the beginning of the study and three and six months later . RESULTS Differences between groups were found in body mass index at 3 months that decrease in group 1 and 2 and increase in group 3 ( -1.75 vs.-0.61 vs.0.54 % of change , p < 0.001 ) . At six months there were also statistical differences in waist circumference ( -4.07 vs.-1.23 vs. 0.62 % of change , p < 0.001 ) and sugar consumption ( -62.0 vs.-54.61 vs.11.08 % of change , p < 0.001 ) in groups 1 , 2 and 3 respectively . CONCLUSIONS The reduction in consumption of both caloric and non-caloric sweetened beverages contributes to signifi ca nt body mass index loss and waist circumference BACKGROUND Dietary patterns characterized by high intakes of fruits and vegetables , whole grains , low-fat dairy products , and low glycemic load have been associated with lower type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) risk . In contrast , dietary patterns that include high intakes of refined grains , processed meats , and high amounts of added sugars have been associated with increased T2DM risk . OBJECTIVE This r and omized , 2-period crossover trial compared the effects of dairy and sugar-sweetened product ( SSP ) consumption on insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function in men and women at risk of the development of T2DM who habitually consume sugar-sweetened beverages . METHODS In a r and omized , controlled crossover trial , participants consumed dairy products ( 474 mL/d 2 % milk and 170 g/d low-fat yogurt ) and SSPs ( 710 mL/d nondiet soda and 108 g/d nondairy pudding ) , each for 6 wk , with a 2-wk washout between treatments . A liquid meal tolerance test ( LMTT ) was administered at baseline and the end of each period . RESULTS Participants were 50 % female with a mean age and body mass index of 53.8 y and 32.2 kg/m(2 ) , respectively . Changes from baseline were significantly different between dairy product and SSP conditions for median homeostasis model assessment 2-insulin sensitivity ( HOMA2-%S ) ( 1.3 vs. -21.3 % , respectively , P = 0.009 ; baseline = 118 % ) , mean LMTT disposition index ( -0.03 vs. -0.36 , respectively , P = 0.011 ; baseline = 2.59 ) , mean HDL cholesterol ( 0.8 vs. -4.2 % , respectively , P = 0.015 ; baseline = 44.3 mg/dL ) , and mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] ( 11.7 vs. -3.3 , respectively , P = 0.022 ; baseline = 24.5 μg/L ) . Changes from baseline in LMTT Matsuda insulin sensitivity index ( -0.10 vs. -0.49 , respectively ; baseline = 4.16 ) and mean HOMA2-β-cell function ( -2.0 vs. 5.3 % , respectively ; baseline = 72.6 % ) did not differ significantly between treatments . CONCLUSION These results suggest that SSP consumption is associated with less favorable values for HOMA2-%S , LMTT disposition index , HDL cholesterol , and serum 25(OH)D in men and women at risk of T2DM vs. baseline values and values during dairy product consumption . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01936935 Objective : The purpose of this study was to compare the dietary strategies , and use of fat- and sugar-modified foods and beverages in a  weight loss maintainer group ( WLM ) and an always-normal weight group (NW).Subjects : WLM ( N=172 ) had maintained ⩾10 % weight loss for 11.5 years , and had a body mass index ( BMI ) of 22.0 kg m−2 . NW ( N=131 ) had a BMI of 21.3 kg m−2 and no history of being overweight . Three , 24-h recalls on r and om , non-consecutive days were used to assess dietary intake . Results : WLM reported consuming a diet that was lower in fat ( 28.7 vs 32.6 % , P<0.0001 ) and used more fat-modification strategies than NW . WLM also consumed a significantly greater percentage of modified dairy ( 60 vs 49 % ; P=0.002 ) and  modified dressings and sauces  ( 55 vs 44 % ; P=0.006 ) than NW . WLM reported consuming three times more daily servings of artificially sweetened soft drinks ( 0.91 vs 0.37 ; P=0.003 ) , significantly fewer daily servings of sugar-sweetened soft drinks ( 0.07 vs 0.16 ; P=0.03 ) and more daily servings of water ( 4.72 vs 3.48 ; P=0.002 ) than NW . Conclusions : These findings suggest that WLM use more dietary strategies to accomplish their weight loss maintenance , including greater restriction on fat intake , use of fat- and sugar-modified foods , reduced consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and increased consumption of artificially sweetened beverages . Ways to promote the use of fat-modified foods and artificial sweeteners merits further research in both prevention- and treatment-controlled trials Background / objectives Milk contributes with saturated fat , but r and omized controlled trials ( RCT ) on the effects of dairy on the risk of type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) where dairy is given as whole foods are scarce . The objective of our study was to investigate the long-term effects of semi-skimmed milk on insulin sensitivity and further to compare milk with sugar-sweetened soft drinks (SSSD).Subjects/ methods A secondary analysis of a 6-month RCT with 60 overweight and obese subjects r and omly assigned to 1 L/d of either milk ( 1.5 g fat/100 mL ) , SSSD , non-calorie soft drink ( NCSD ) , or water was conducted . Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) and plasma free fatty acids . Second , fasting blood lipids , blood pressure , and concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were assessed . Results There were no differences between milk , SSSD , NCSD , and water on insulin sensitivity assessed by OGTT ( Matsuda Index , fasting , and area under the curve glucose , insulin and homeostasis model assessment values ) . SSSD increased total cholesterol compared to NCSD ( P = 0.007 ) , and triacylglycerol compared to NCSD and water ( P = 0.045 and 0.045 , respectively ) . None of the other parameters differed significantly between the groups . Conclusions In conclusion , there were no differences in effect between intake of milk , SSSD , NCSD , and water ( 1 L/d ) for 6-month on risk markers of T2D in overweight and obese adults . As a secondary analysis , these results need confirmation in future studies
In comparison with the baseline , NNS consumption was not found to increase blood glucose level , and its concentration gradually declined over the course of observation following NNS consumption .
The glycemic impact of NNS consumption did not differ by type of NNS but to some extent varied by participants ’ age , body weight , and diabetic status .
Conclusions NNS consumption was not found to elevate blood glucose level .
Background / objectives Nonnutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) are zero- or low-calorie alternatives to nutritive sweeteners , such as table sugars .
A systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials was conducted to quantitatively synthesize existing scientific evidence on the glycemic impact of NNSs .