Using treatment process data to predict maintained smoking abstinence. Predictive Validity of a Cigarette Purchase Task in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Contingent Vouchers for Smoking in Individuals With Substance Use Disorders. Multilevel logistic regression modelling with correlated random effects: application to the Smoking Cessation for Youth study. Smoking Cessation Apps for Smartphones: Content Analysis With the Self-Determination Theory Study protocol of a Dutch smoking cessation e-health program A Discrete-Event Simulation of Smoking-Cessation Strategies Based on Varenicline Pivotal Trial Data Evidence-based new service package vs. routine service package for smoking cessation to prevent high risk patients from cardiovascular diseases (CVD): study protocol for randomized controlled trial Modeling smoking cessation: exploring the use of a videotape to help pregnant women quit smoking. Identifying effective behavioural components of Intervention and Comparison group support provided in SMOKing cEssation (IC-SMOKE) interventions: a systematic review protocol Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for smoking cessation. Simultaneous evaluation of abstinence and relapse using a Markov chain model in smokers enrolled in a two-year randomized trial Are Electronic Cigarettes an Effective Aid to Smoking Cessation or Reduction Among Vulnerable Groups? A Systematic Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. Economic evaluation of a telephone- and face-to-face-delivered counseling intervention for smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease Evaluating the effect of smoking cessation treatment on a complex dynamical system. How do we determine the impact of e‐cigarettes on cigarette smoking cessation or reduction? Review and recommendations for answering the research question with scientific rigor Behavioral Economic Purchase Tasks to Estimate Demand for Novel Nicotine/tobacco Products and Prospectively Predict Future Use: Evidence From The Netherlands. Sociodemographic predictors of success in smoking intervention
OBJECTIVES To identify distinct subgroups of treatment responders and nonresponders to aid in the development of tailored smoking-cessation interventions for long-term maintenance using signal detection analysis ( SDA ) . METHODS The secondary analyses ( n = 301 ) are based on data obtained in our r and omized clinical trial design ed to assess the efficacy of extended cognitive behavior therapy for cigarette smoking  cessation . Model 1 included only pretreatment factors , demographic characteristics , and treatment assignment . Model 2 included all Model 1 variables , as well as clinical data measured during treatment . RESULTS SDA was successfully able to identify smokers with varying probabilities of maintaining abstinence from end-of-treatment to 52-week follow-up ; however , the inclusion of clinical data obtained over the course of treatment in Model 2 yielded very different partitioning parameters . CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study may enable research ers to target underlying factors that may interact to promote maintenance of long-term smoking behavior change INTRODUCTION A cigarette purchase task ( CPT ) is a behavioral economic measure of the reinforcing value of smoking in monetary terms ( ie , cigarette dem and ) . This study investigated whether cigarette dem and predicted response to contingent monetary rewards for abstinence among individuals with substance use disorders . It also sought to replicate evidence for greater price sensitivity at whole-dollar pack price transitions ( ie , left-digit effects ) . METHODS Participants ( N = 338 ) were individuals in residential substance use disorder treatment who participated in a r and omized controlled trial that compared contingent vouchers to noncontingent vouchers for smoking abstinence . Baseline dem and indices were used to predict number of abstinent days during the 14-day voucher period ( after the reduction lead-in ) and at 1 and 3 months afterward . RESULTS Dem and indices correlated with measures of smoking and nicotine dependence . As measured by elasticity , intensity and O max , higher dem and significantly predicted fewer abstinent exhaled carbon monoxide readings during voucher period for individuals in the noncontingent vouchers condition . Breakpoint exhibited a trend-level association with abstinent exhaled carbon monoxide readings . Dem and indices did not predict abstinence in the contingent vouchers group , and did not predict abstinence at 1- and 3-month follow-ups . Left-digit price transitions were associated with significantly greater reductions in consumption . CONCLUSIONS The association of cigarette dem and with smoking behavior only in the group for whom abstinence was not incentivized indicates that CPT assesses the value of smoking more than the value of money per se and that vouchers counteract the effects of the intrinsic reinforcing value of cigarettes . Results provide initial short-term evidence of predictive validity for the CPT indices . IMPLICATION S This study provides the first evidence of the validity of the CPT for predicting early response to brief advice for smoking cessation plus nicotine replacement in smokers with substance dependence . However , dem and for cigarettes did not predict voucher-based treatment response , indicating that incentives serve as a powerful motivator not to smoke that acts in opposition to the intrinsic reinforcing value of cigarettes and that the indices reflect the value of smoking more than the value of money per se A multilevel logistic regression model is presented for the analysis of clustered and repeated binary response data . At the subject level , serial dependence is expected between repeated measures recorded on the same individual . At the cluster level , correlations of observations within the same subgroup are present due to the inherent hierarchical setting . Two r and om components are therefore incorporated explicitly within the linear predictor to account for the simultaneous heterogeneity and autoregressive structure . Application to analyse a set of longitudinal data from an adolescent smoking cessation intervention that motivated this study is illustrated Background Smartphones are increasingly receiving attention from public health scholars and practitioners as a means to assist individuals ’ health management . A number of smartphone apps for smoking cessation are also available ; however , little effort has been made to evaluate the content and functions of these apps employing a theoretical framework . Objective The present study aims to analyze and evaluate the contents of smoking cessation apps available in South Korea employing the self-determination theory ( SDT ) as a theoretical framework for analysis . This study analyzes the extent to which smoking cessation apps have features that satisfy the basic needs identified in the SDT , which stimulate autonomous motivation . The type of motivational goal content manifested in the apps and how the goal content was framed are also explored . By assessing the features of smoking cessation apps based on the SDT , this study aims to offer direction for improvement for these apps . Methods Out of 309 apps identified from the iTunes store and Google Play ( excluding 27 duplications ) , 175 apps were r and omly drawn and analyzed . The coding scheme was drafted by the authors based on the SDT and gain/loss framing theory and was further finely tuned through the process of coder training and by establishing intercoder reliability . Once the intercoder reliability was established , the coders divided up the rest of the sample and coded them independently . Results The analysis revealed that most apps ( 94.3 % , 165/175 ) had at least one feature that tapped at least 1 of the 3 basic needs . Only 18 of 175 apps ( 10.3 % ) addressed all 3 basic needs . For goal content , money ( 53.7 % , 94/175 ) showed the highest frequency , followed by health ( 32.0 % , 56/175 ) , time ( 7.4 % , 13/175 ) , and appearance ( 1.1 % , 2/175 ) , suggesting that extrinsic goals are more dominantly presented in smoking cessation apps . For the framing of goal content , gain framing appeared more frequently ( 41.7 % , 73/175 ) . Conclusions The results suggest that these smoking cessation apps may not sufficiently stimulate autonomous motivation ; a small number of apps addressed all 3 basic needs suggested by the SDT ( ie , autonomy , competence , and relatedness ) . The apps also tended to present extrinsic goal content ( primarily in terms of money ) over intrinsic ones ( ie , health ) by primarily adopting gain framing . Implication s of these findings for public health practitioners and consumers are discussed Background The study aims to test the differential effects of a web-based text and a web-based video-driven computer-tailored approach for lower socio-economic status ( LSES ) and higher socio-economic status ( HSES ) smokers which incorporate multiple computer-tailored feedback moments . The two programs differ only in the mode of delivery ( video- versus text-based messages ) . The paper aims to describe the development and design of the two computer-tailored programs . Methods / design Respondents who smoked at the time of the study inclusion , who were motivated to quit within the following six months and who were aged 18 or older were included in the program . The study is a r and omized control trial with a 2 ( video/text ) * 2(LSES/HSES ) design . Respondents were assigned either to one of the intervention groups ( text versus video tailored feedback ) or to the control group ( non-tailored generic advice ) . In all three conditions participants were asked to fill in the baseline question naire based on the I-Change model . The question naire assessed socio-demographics , attitude towards smoking , knowledge , self-efficacy , social influence , depression , level of addiction , action planning , goal actions , intention to quit smoking , seven-day point prevalence and continued abstinence . Follow-up measurements were conducted at six and twelve months after baseline . Discussion The present paper describes the development of the two computer-tailored smoking cessation programs , their components and the design of the study . The study results reveal different working mechanisms of multiple tailored smoking cessation interventions and will help us to gain more insight into effective strategies to target different subgroups , especially smokers with a lower socio-economic status . Trial registration Dutch Trial Register Background Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the US . While one in five individuals smoke , and 70 % of these indicate a desire to quit , < 5 % of unaided quit attempts succeed . Cessation aids can double or triple the odds of successfully quitting . Models of smoking-cessation behaviour can eluci date the implication s of individual abstinence patterns to allow better tailoring of quit attempts to an individual ’s characteristics . Objective The objectives of this study were to develop and vali date a discrete-event simulation ( DES ) to evaluate the benefits of smoking abstinence using data from the pooled pivotal clinical trials of varenicline versus bupropion or placebo for smoking cessation and to provide a foundation for the development of a lifetime smoking-cessation model . Methods The DES model simulated the outcome of a single smoking-cessation attempt over 1 year , in accordance with the clinical trial timeframes . Pharmaceutical costs were assessed from the perspective of a healthcare payer . The model r and omly sample d patient profiles from the pooled varenicline clinical trials . All patients were physically and mentally healthy adult smokers who were motivated to quit abruptly . The model allowed for comparisons of up to five distinct treatment approaches for smoking cessation . In the current analyses , three interventions corresponding to the clinical trials were evaluated , which included brief counselling plus varenicline 1.0 mg twice daily ( bid ) or bupropion SR 150 mg bid versus placebo ( i.e. brief counselling only ) . The treatment periods in the clinical trials were 12 weeks ( target quit date : day 8) , with a 40-week non-treatment follow-up , and counselling continuing over the entire 52-week period in all treatment groups . The main outcome modelled was the continuous abstinence rate ( CAR ; defined as complete abstinence from smoking and confirmed by exhaled carbon monoxide ≤10 ppm ) at end of treatment ( weeks 9–12 ) and long-term follow-up ( weeks 9–52 ) , and total time abstinent from smoking over the course of 52 weeks . The model also evaluated costs and cost-effectiveness outcomes . Results For the varenicline , bupropion and placebo cohorts , respectively , the model predicted CARs for weeks 9–12 of 44.3 % , 30.4 % and 18.6 % compared with observed rates of 44.0 % , 29.7 % and 17.7 % ; over weeks 9–52 , predicted CARs in the model compared with observed rates in the pooled clinical studies were 22.9 % , 16.4 % and 9.4 % versus 22.4 % , 15.4 % and 9.3 % , respectively . Total mean abstinence times accrued in the model varenicline , bupropion and placebo groups , respectively , were 3.6 , 2.6 and 1.5 months and total pharmaceutical treatment costs were $ US261 , $ US442 and $ US0 ( year 2008 values ) over the 1-year model period . Using cost per abstinent-month achieved as a measure of cost effectiveness , varenicline dominated bupropion and yielded an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $ US124 compared with placebo . Conclusion The model accurately replicated abstinence patterns observed in the clinical trial data using individualized predictions and indicated that varenicline was more effective and may be less costly than bupropion . This simulation incorporated individual predictions of abstinence and relapse , and provides a framework for lifetime modelling that considers multiple quit attempts over time in diverse patient population s using a variety of quit attempt strategies Background Smoking cessation is a high-priority intervention to prevent CVD events and deaths in developing countries . While several interventions to stop smoking have been proved successful , the question of how to increase their effectiveness and practicality in developing countries remains . In this study , a newly devised evidence -based smoking cessation service package will be compared with the existing service in a r and omized controlled trial within the community setting of Thail and . Method / Design This r and omized control trial will recruit 440 current smokers at CVD risk because of being diabetic and /or hypertensive . Informed , consented participants will be r and omly allocated into the new service-package arm and the routine service arm . The study will take place in the non-communicable disease clinics of the Maetha District Hospital , Lampang , northern Thail and . The new smoking-cessation service-package comprises ( 1 ) regular patient motivation and coaching from the same primary care nurse over a 3-month period ; ( 2 ) monthly application of piCO + smokerlyzer to sustain motivation of smoker ’s quitting attempt and provide positive feedback over a 3-month period ; ( 3 ) assistance by an assigned family member ; ( 4 ) nicotine replacement chewing gum to relieve withdrawal symptoms . This new service will be compared with the traditional routine service comprising the 5A approach in a 1-year follow-up . Participants who consent to participate in the study but refuse to attempt quitting smoking will be allocated to the non-r and omized arm , where they will be just followed up and monitored . Primary outcome of the study is smoking cessation rate at 1-year follow-up proven by breath analysis measuring carbomonoxide in parts per million in expired air . Secondary outcomes are smoking cessation rate at the 6-month follow-up , blood pressure and heart rate , CVD risk according to the Framingham general cardiovascular risk score , CVD events and deaths at the 12-month follow-up , and the cost-effectiveness of the health service packages . Intention-to-treat analysis will be followed . Factors influencing smoking cessation will be analyzed by the structure equation model . Discussion This multicomponent intervention , accessible at primary healthcare clinics , and focusing on the individual as well as the family and social environment , is unique and expected to work effectively . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT This exploratory study examined the acceptability and efficacy of a videotape modeling smoking cessation as an adjunct to smoking cessation advice delivered during prenatal care . In a r and omized controlled trial involving 60 women , we compared the delivery of brief smoking cessation advice and a tipsheet to the same advice and tipsheet plus provision of the videotape . Outcomes included opinions about content and acceptability of the videotape , and smoking behavior change during pregnancy . The most highly endorsed features of the videotape were seeing other women quitting smoking ( 77 % ) , dealing with stress and bad feelings ( 69 % ) , talking about what to do with urges to smoke ( 69 % ) , and discussing ways to get support from families and friends ( 54 % ) . The reported quit rate in the last month of pregnancy , vali date d by exhaled carbon monoxide levels , and including women lost to follow-up as smokers , was 19.2 % in the intervention group and 0 % in the comparison group ( p = .02 ) . This study suggests that the use of videotapes modeling smoking behavior change may increase the effectiveness of the assistance in quitting smoking that is generally available in obstetric and family practice s or public maternity clinics Background Systematic review s of behaviour change interventions for  smoking cessation  vary in scope , quality , and applicability . The current review aims to generate more accurate and useful findings by ( 1 ) a detailed analysis of intervention elements that change behaviour ( i.e. behaviour change techniques ( BCTs ) ) and potential moderators of behaviour change ( i.e. other intervention and sample characteristics ) and ( 2 ) assessing and controlling for variability in support provided to comparison groups in smoking cessation trials . Methods A systematic review will be conducted of r and omized controlled trials of behaviour change interventions for smoking cessation in adults ( with or without pharmacological support ) , with a minimum follow-up of 6 months , published after 1995 . Eligible articles will be identified through the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register . Study authors will be asked for detailed descriptions of smoking cessation support provided to intervention and comparison groups . All data will be independently coded by two research ers . The BCT taxonomy v1 ( tailored to smoking cessation interventions ) and template for intervention description and replication criteria will be used to code intervention characteristics . Data collection will further include sample and trial characteristics and outcome data ( smoking cessation rates ) . Multilevel mixed-effects meta-regression models will be used to examine which BCTs and /or BCT clusters delivered to intervention and comparison groups explain smoking cessation rates in treatment arms ( and effect sizes ) and what key moderators of behaviour change are . Predicted effect sizes of each intervention will be computed assuming all interventions are compared against comparison groups receiving the same levels of behavioural support ( i.e. low , medium , and high levels ) . Multi-disciplinary advisory board members ( policymakers , health care providers , and (ex-)smokers ) will provide strategic input throughout the project to ensure the review ’s applicability to policy and practice . Discussion By capturing BCTs in intervention and comparison groups , this systematic review will provide more accurate estimates of the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions , the most promising BCTs and /or BCT clusters associated with smoking cessation rates in intervention and comparison arms , and important moderators of behaviour change . The results could set new st and ards for conducting meta-analyses of behaviour change interventions and improve research , service delivery , and training in the area of smoking cessation . Systematic review registration PROSPERO An intrinsic-extrinsic model of motivation for smoking cessation was evaluated with 2 sample s ( ns = 1.217 and 151 ) of smokers who requested self-help material s for smoking cessation . Exploratory and confirmatory principal components analysis on a 36-item  Reasons for Quitting ( RFQ ) scale supported the intrinsic-extrinsic motivation distinction . A 4-factor model , with 2 intrinsic dimensions ( concerns about health and desire for self-control ) and 2 extrinsic dimensions ( immediate reinforcement and social influence ) , was defined by 20 of the 36 RFQ items . The 20-item measure demonstrated moderate to high levels of internal consistency and convergent and discriminant validity . Logistic regression analyses indicated that smokers with higher levels of intrinsic relative to extrinsic motivation were more likely to achieve abstinence from smoking Background GEE and mixed models are powerful tools to compare treatment effects in longitudinal smoking cessation trials . However , they are not capable of assessing the relapse ( from abstinent back to smoking ) simultaneously with cessation , which can be studied by transition models . Methods We apply a first-order Markov chain model to analyze the transition of smoking status measured every 6 months in a 2-year r and omized smoking cessation trial , and to identify what factors are associated with the transition from smoking to abstinent and from abstinent to smoking . Missing values due to non-response are assumed non-ignorable and h and led by the selection modeling approach . Results Smokers receiving high-intensity disease management ( HDM ) , of male gender , lower daily cigarette consumption , higher motivation and confidence to quit , and having serious attempts to quit were more likely to become abstinent ( OR = 1.48 , 1.66 , 1.03 , 1.15 , 1.09 and 1.34 , respectively ) in the next 6 months . Among those who were abstinent , lower income and stronger nicotine dependence ( OR = 1.72 for ≤ vs. > 40 K and OR = 1.75 for first cigarette ≤ vs. > 5 min ) were more likely to have relapse in the next 6 months . Conclusions Markov chain models allow investigation of dynamic smoking-abstinence behavior and suggest that relapse is influenced by different factors than cessation . The knowledge of treatments and covariates in transitions in both directions may provide guidance for design ing more effective interventions on smoking cessation and relapse prevention . Trial Registration clinical trials.gov identifier : INTRODUCTION Smoking prevalence remains high in some vulnerable groups , including those who misuse substances , have a mental illness , are homeless , or are involved with the criminal justice system .  E-cigarette use is increasing and may support smoking cessation/reduction . METHODS Systematic review of quantitative and qualitative data on the effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation/reduction among vulnerable groups . Data bases search ed were MEDLINE , EMBASE , PsychINFO , CINAHL , ASSIA , ProQuest Dissertations and Theses , and Open Grey . Narrative synthesis of quantitative data and thematic synthesis of qualitative data . RESULTS 2628 records and 46 full texts were screened ; 9 studies were identified for inclusion . Due to low quality of evidence , it is uncertain whether e-cigarettes are effective for smoking cessation in vulnerable population s. A moderate quality study suggested that e-cigarettes were as effective as nicotine replacement therapy . Four studies suggested significant smoking reduction ; however , three were uncontrolled and had sample sizes below 30 . A prospect i ve cohort study found no differences between e-cigarette users and nonusers . No significant adverse events and minimal side effects were identified . Qualitative thematic synthesis revealed barriers and facilitators associated with each component of the COM-B ( capability , opportunity , motivation , and behavior ) model , including practical barriers ; perceptions of effectiveness for cessation/reduction ; design features contributing to automatic and reflective motivation ; smoking bans facilitating practical opportunity ; and social connectedness increasing social opportunity . CONCLUSION Further research is needed to identify the most appropriate device types for practicality and safety , level of support required in e-cigarette interventions , and to compare e-cigarettes with current best practice smoking cessation support among vulnerable groups . IMPLICATION S Smoking prevalence among people with mental illness , substance misuse , homelessness , or criminal justice system involvement remains high . E-cigarettes could support cessation . This systematic review found limited quantitative evidence assessing effectiveness . No serious adverse events were identified . Qualitative thematic synthesis revealed barriers and facilitators mapping to each component of the COM-B ( capability , opportunity , motivation , and behavior ) model , including practical barriers ; perceived effectiveness ; design features contributing to automatic and reflective motivation ; smoking bans facilitating practical opportunity ; and social connectedness increasing social opportunity . Further research should consider appropriate devices for practicality and safety , concurrent support , and comparison with best practice smoking cessation support Objective This study examined the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of two smoking cessation counseling interventions differing in their modality for patients diagnosed with coronary heart disease from a societal perspective . Methods In a r and omized controlled trial conducted in Dutch hospital wards , cardiac patients who smoked prior to admission were allocated to  usual care ( n = 245 ) ,  telephone counseling ( n = 223 ) or face-to-face counseling ( n = 157 ) . The counseling interventions lasted for 3 months and were complemented by nicotine patches . Baseline histories were obtained , and interviews took place 6 months after hospitalization to assess self-reported smoking status and quality adjusted life years ( QALYs ) . Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios per quitter and cost-utility ratios per QALY were calculated and presented in acceptability curves . Uncertainty was accounted for by sensitivity analysis . Results Using continued abstinence as the outcome measure showed that telephone counseling had the highest probability of being cost-effective . Face-to-to-face counseling was also more cost-effective than usual care . No significant improvements and differences in QALYs between the three conditions were found . Varying costs and effect estimations revealed that the results of the primary analyses were robust . Conclusions Assuming a willingness-to-pay of € 20,000 per abstinent patient , telephone counseling would be a highly cost-effective smoking cessation intervention assisting cardiac patients to quit . However , the lack of consensus concerning the willingness-to-pay per quitter impedes drawing firm conclusions . Moreover , studies with extended follow-up periods are needed to capture late relapses and possible differences in QALYs OBJECTIVE To underst and the dynamic relations among tobacco withdrawal symptoms to inform the development of effective smoking cessation treatments . Dynamical system models from control engineering are introduced and utilized to evaluate complex treatment effects . We demonstrate how dynamical models can be used to examine how distinct withdrawal-related processes are related over time and how treatment influences these relations . METHOD Intensive longitudinal data from a r and omized placebo-controlled smoking cessation trial ( N=1504 ) are used to estimate a dynamical model of withdrawal-related processes including momentary craving , negative affect , quitting self-efficacy , and cessation fatigue for each of six treatment conditions ( nicotine patch , nicotine lozenge , bupropion , patch + lozenge , bupropion + lozenge , and placebo ) . RESULTS Estimation and simulation results show that ( 1 ) withdrawal measurements are interrelated over time , ( 2 ) nicotine patch + nicotine lozenge showed reduced cessation fatigue and enhanced self-efficacy in the long-term while bupropion + nicotine lozenge was more effective at reducing negative affect and craving , and ( 3 ) although nicotine patch + nicotine lozenge had a better initial effect on cessation fatigue and self-efficacy , nicotine lozenge had a stronger effect on negative affect and nicotine patch had a stronger impact on craving . CONCLUSIONS This approach can be used to provide new evidence illustrating ( a ) the total impact of treatment conditions ( via steady state values ) and ( b ) the total initial impact ( via rate of initial change values ) on smoking-related outcomes for separate treatment conditions , noting that the conditions that produce the largest change may be different than the conditions that produce the fastest change AIMS To propose a hierarchy of method ological criteria to consider when determining whether a study provides sufficient information to answer the question of whether e-cigarettes can facilitate cigarette smoking cessation or reduction . DESIGN A PubMed search to 1 February 2017 was conducted of all studies related to e-cigarettes and smoking cessation or reduction . SETTING S Australia , Europe , Iran , Korea , New Zeal and and the United States . PARTICIPANTS AND STUDIES 91 articles . MEASUREMENTS Coders organized studies according to six proposed method ological criteria : ( 1 ) examines outcome of interest ( cigarette abstinence or reduction ) , ( 2 ) assesses e-cigarette use for cessation as exposure of interest , ( 3 ) employs appropriate control/comparison groups , ( 4 ) ensures that measurement of exposure precedes the outcome , ( 5 ) evaluates dose and duration of the exposure and ( 6 ) evaluates the type and quality of the e-cigarette used . FINDINGS Twenty-four papers did not examine the outcomes of interest . Forty did not assess the specific reason for e-cigarette use as an exposure of interest . Twenty papers did not employ prospect i ve study design s with appropriate comparison groups . The few observational studies meeting some of the criteria ( duration , type , use for cessation ) triangulated with findings from three r and omized trials to suggest that e-cigarettes can help  adult smokers quit or reduce cigarette smoking . CONCLUSIONS Only a small proportion of studies seeking to address the effect of  e-cigarettes  on smoking cessation or reduction meet a set of proposed quality st and ards . Those that do are consistent with r and omized controlled trial evidence in suggesting that e-cigarettes can help with smoking cessation or reduction INTRODUCTION The dem and for alternative nicotine/tobacco products is not well established . This paper uses a behavioral economic approach to test whether smokers have differential dem and for conventional factory-made , electronic , and very low nicotine content cigarettes ( FMCs/ECs/VLNCs ) and uses the prospect i ve cohort design to test the predictive validity of dem and indices on subsequent use of commercially available FMCs and ECs . METHODS Daily smokers ( ≥16 years ) from the Netherl and s completed an online survey in April 2014 ( N = 1215 ) . Purchase tasks were completed for FMCs , ECs , and VLNCs . Participants indicated the number of cigarettes they would consume in 24 h , across a range of prices ( 0 - 30 euro ) . The relationship between consumption and price was quantified into four indices of dem and ( intensity , Pmax , breakpoint , and essential value ) . A follow-up survey in July 2015 measured  FMC and EC use . RESULTS At baseline , greater dem and was observed for FMCs relative to ECs and VLNCs across all dem and indices , with no difference between ECs and VLNCs . At follow-up , greater baseline FMC dem and ( intensity , essential value ) was associated with lower quit rates and higher relapse . EC dem and ( Pmax , breakpoint , essential value ) was positively associated with any  EC  use between survey waves , past 30 day EC use , and EC purchase between waves . CONCLUSIONS Smokers valued FMCs more than ECs or VLNCs , and FMCs were less sensitive to price increases . Dem and indices predicted use of commercially available products over a 15 month period . To serve as viable substitutes for FMCs , ECs and VLNCs will need to be priced lower than FMCs . IMPLICATION S Purchase tasks can be adapted for novel nicotine/tobacco products as a means to efficiently quantify dem and and predict use . Among current daily smokers , the dem and for ECs and VLNCs is lower than FMCs AIM To examine the role of sociodemographic factors as predictors of sustained smoking cessation for the population who volunteer to participate in intervention programmes . METHOD Data for the 3575 smokers who participated in the CEASE ( collaborative European anti-smoking evaluation ) trial , a European multicentred study that used transdermal nicotine patches as an adjunct to smoking cessation in the chest clinic , were analysed . The effects of age , sex , smoking habit , socioeconomic status ( housing conditions , education , and employment ) , disease , smoking habits of relatives , and baseline markers of tobacco use on sustained smoking cessation ( self-reported abstinence and expired carbon monoxide < 10 parts per million ) were assessed using logistic regression modelling ( odds ratio ( OR ) , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) ) . RESULTS 477/3575 smokers were sustained abstainers one year after the intervention ( overall success rate 13.3 % ) . In the univariable logistic regression models an effect of active treatment on smoking cessation was observed ( OR 1.50 , 95 % CI 1.15 to 1.96 ) , and additional effects on outcome were found for age ( OR 1.02 , 95 % CI 1.01 to 1.03 ) , sex ( menv women : OR 1.38 , 95 % CI 1.14 to 1.68 ) , housing conditions ( OR 1.43 , 95 % CI 1.25 to 1.65 ) , current respiratory ( OR 0.79 , 95 % CI 0.67 to 0.92 ) or cardiac disease ( OR 0.46 , 95 % CI 0.28 to 0.75 ) , and markers of tobacco use ( cigarettes per day : OR 0.79 , 95 % CI 0.69 to 0.90 ; expired carbon monoxide : OR 0.98 , 95 % CI 0.97 to 0.99 ) . Education and employment did not have a significant effect on the outcome . The effect of the variables associated with success in smoking cessation persisted after adjustment for covariates . CONCLUSION Age , sex , and housing conditions have a major effect on smoking cessation in European smokers participating in smoking cessation programmes
All existing economic evaluations in smoking cessation lack in one or more key study attributes necessary to be fully transferable to a new context
AIMS To identify different types of models used in economic evaluations of smoking cessation , analyse the quality of the included models examining their attributes and ascertain their transferability to a new context .