Concomitant abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids and human chorionic gonadotrophin impairs spermatogenesis in power athletes. The effects of an anabolic steroid on the strength, body composition, and endurance of college males when accompanied by a weight training program. The effects of supraphysiological doses of testosterone on angry behavior in healthy eugonadal men--a clinical research center study. Anabolic steroid: effects on strength, body weight, oxygen uptake and spermatogenesis upon mature males. Androgens as adjuvant treatment in postmenopausal female patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Short-term recombinant human growth hormone administration improves respiratory function in abstinent anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Effect of oral androstenedione on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men: a randomized controlled trial. Sex steroids and affect in the surgical menopause: a double-blind, cross-over study Effects of two combined hormonal contraceptives with the same composition and different doses on female sexual function and plasma androgen levels. The influence of 6 months of oral anabolic steroids on body mass and respiratory muscles in undernourished COPD patients. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of androgen effects on muscle and bone in men requiring long-term systemic glucocorticoid treatment. Testosterone enhances estradiol's effects on postmenopausal bone density and sexuality. Testosterone enhances estradiol's effects on postmenopausal bone density and sexuality. ANDROGENS AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IN WOMEN USING ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES Effect of short-term treatment with an anabolic steroid (methandienone) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate on plasma hormones, red cell volume and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in athletes. Androgen enhances sexual motivation in females: a prospective, crossover study of sex steroid administration in the surgical menopause. Oral anabolic steroid treatment, but not parenteral androgen treatment, decreases abdominal fat in obese, older men.
Abuse of anabolic and rogenic steroids ( AASs ) may be an aetiological factor in male infertility among recreational power athletes . They try to avoid AAS-induced deterioration in spermatogenesis by combining doses of human chorionic gonadotrophin ( HCG ) and /or antiestrogens with their AAS abuse . Eighteen healthy male power athletes using massive doses of AASs were recruited for the study . Semen sample s were collected during AAS abuse and 1.5 and 6 months after cessation of the abuse . They were also asked about their reproductive activity six years after the study . At the end of the AAS cycle , the sperm count was 33 + /- 49 x 10 ( 6 ) /ml ( mean + /- SD ) , and only one subject had azoospermia . At 1.5 months after cessation of the AAS cycles , the mean sperm concentration was 30 + /- 42 x 10 ( 6 ) /ml , and after six months 77 + /- 70 x 10 ( 6 ) /ml . There were significant differences between the sample drawn six months after cessation of AAS abuse and both sample s drawn during and 1.5 months after the abuse ( p < /= 0.05 , repeated measures of ANOVA ) . There was a significant positive correlation between  HCG dose during the cycle and the relative amount of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa ( r = 0.60 , p < 0.01 ) . The concomitant abuse of HCG and supraphysiological AAS dose cause transient impairment on semen quality in males , although spermatogenesis is maintained with this regimen despite prolonged abuse of massive doses of AAS ABSTRACT The purpose of the investigation was to determine the effects of administering an anabolic steroid to weight lifters of limited experience on strength , body composition , and endurance .  Twenty-eight healthy males were assigned to matched treatment or control groups based upon lean body UNLABELLED Anecdotal reports of " roid rage " and violent crimes by and rogenic steroid users have brought attention to the relationship between anabolic steroid use and angry outbursts . However , testosterone effects on human aggression remain controversial . Previous studies have been criticized because of the low and rogen doses , lack of placebo control or blinding , and inclusion of competitive athletes and those with preexisting psychopathology . To overcome these pitfalls , we used a double-blind , placebo-controlled design , excluded competitive athletes and those with psychiatric disorders , and used 600 mg testosterone enanthate (TE)/week . Forty-three eugonadal men , 19 - 40 yr , were r and omized to 1 of 4 groups : Group I , placebo , no exercise ; Group II , TE , no exercise ; Group III , placebo , exercise ; Group IV , TE plus exercise . Exercise consisted of thrice weekly strength training sessions . The Multi-Dimensional Anger Inventory ( MAI ) , which includes 5 different dimensions of anger ( inward anger , outward anger , anger arousal , hostile outlook , and anger eliciting situations ) , and a Mood Inventory ( MI ) , which includes items related to mood and behavior , were administered to subjects before , during , and after the 10 week intervention . The subject 's significant other ( spouse , live-in partner , or parent ) also answered the same questions about the subject 's mood and behavior ( Observer Mood Inventory , OMI ) . No differences were observed between exercising and nonexercising and between placebo and TE treated subjects for any of the 5 subdomains of MAI . Overall there were no significant changes in MI or OMI during the treatment period in any group . CONCLUSION Supraphysiological doses of testosterone , when administered to normal men in a controlled setting , do not increase angry behavior . These data do not exclude the possibility that still higher doses of multiple steroids might provoke angry behavior in men with preexisting psychopathology The effects of an anabolic steroid on male physical education students at Brigham Young University were studied . 31 subjects were trained with weights for 7 weeks . At the end of week 4 24 subjects were r and omly placed in a treatment-placebo group which took 2 capsules daily from 24 numbered bottles for 21 days . 12 of the bottles contained 5 mg of meth and rostenolone ( Dianabol ) per capsule . All subjects supplemented their diets with 20 gm of 93 % protein powder daily . 6 pretests were given before the subjects were placed into groups . Oxygen uptake sperm count maximum weight lifting and thickness of skinfolds were determined . Also used were cable tensiometry and anthropometric measurements . At the end of the study period it was determined that there was no significant change in maximal oxygen uptake and no significant changes occurred in sperm count . The dynamic and static strength increases of the treatment group were significant over the placebo and control groups for all measures . There was a significant increase in the circumference measurements at 5 of the 8 sites measured . The mean weight gain of the treatment group was 2.37 kg . There was no significant change in skinfold thickness . When interviewed the subjects noted that there was a very rapid weight gain during the first 5 - 8 days followed by a loss of 1 - 2 pounds within 5 days after the end of the treatment . There was also a noticeable increase in urine production the first 5 - 8 days but not noticeable thereafter . A majority of the subjects felt some degree of nervous tension during the treatment . 1 subject noticed an increase in sexual drive and 1 a decrease . There was a general increase in appetite and a surplus of energy and all subjects noted that they felt bigger and stronger . It was concluded that anabolic steroid treatment does accelerate the acquistion of muscular strength and size if accompanied by a higher protein diet and serve muscular stress OBJECTIVE : To examine the possible beneficial effect of and rogens in postmenopausal women with active rheumatoid arthritis . METHODS : 107 women participated in a double blind placebo controlled trial to evaluate the effect of 50 mg testosterone propionate intramuscularly every two weeks for one year . RESULTS : An improvement in ESR , Dutch health assessment question naire , and pain was noted . In addition , 21 % of patients treated with testosterone fulfilled the ACR improvement criteria after one year , versus only 4 % of the placebo group . The treatment was well tolerated . CONCLUSIONS : Testosterone may improve the general wellbeing of postmenopausal women with active rheumatoid arthritis OBJECTIVES To determine whether 6 days recombinant human growth hormone ( rhGH ) administration , in an abstinent anabolic- and rogenic steroid ( AAS ) using group had any respiratory , endurance exercise and biochemical effects compared with an abstinent AAS control group . METHODS Male subjects ( n=48 ) were r and omly divided , using a single blind procedure into two groups : ( 1 )  control group ( C ) n=24 , means+/-SD , age 32+/-11 years ; height 1.8+/-0.06 m ; ( 2 ) rhGH using group ( 0.019 mg kg(-1 ) day(-1 ) ) ( GH ) n=24 , means+/-SD , age 32+/-9 years ; height 1.8+/-0.07 m.  Anthropometry , respiratory muscle function and endurance exercise were investigated . Respiratory measurements examined , were forced expiratory volume in one second , forced vital capacity , maximum inspiratory pressure and maximum expiratory pressure . Endurance exercise was assessed by measuring peak oxygen uptake ( VO(2)peak ) . Biochemical analysis included ; haemoglobin , packed cell volume , glucose , sodium , urea , creatinine , total protein , albumin , testosterone and insulin like growth factor-I ( IGF-I ) . RESULTS Forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity , maximum inspiratory pressure , maximum expiratory pressure , and IGF-I significantly increased compared with the control group ( all P<0.05 ) . Body mass index , fat free mass index , peak oxygen uptake , maximum inspiratory pressure , maximum expiratory pressure , IGF-I and serum sodium significantly increased , whilst body fat , total protein and albumin , significantly decreased within the GH group ( all P<0.017 ) . CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicated that short-term high dose rhGH increased aerobic performance and respiratory muscle strength in former AAS users CONTEXT And rostenedione , a precursor to testosterone , is marketed to increase blood testosterone concentrations as a natural alternative to anabolic steroid use . However , whether and rostenedione actually increases blood testosterone levels or produces anabolic and rogenic effects is not known . OBJECTIVES To determine if short- and long-term oral and rostenedione supplementation in men increases serum testosterone levels and skeletal muscle fiber size and strength and to examine its effect on blood lipids and markers of liver function . DESIGN AND SETTING Eight-week r and omized controlled trial conducted between February and June 1998 . PARTICIPANTS Thirty healthy , normotestosterogenic men ( aged 19 - 29 years ) not taking any nutritional supplements or and rogenic-anabolic steroids or engaged in resistance training . INTERVENTIONS Twenty subjects performed 8 weeks of whole-body resistance training . During weeks 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , and 8 , the men were r and omized to either and rostenedione , 300 mg/d ( n = 10 ) , or placebo ( n = 10 ) . The effect of a single 100-mg and rostenedione dose on serum testosterone and estrogen concentrations was determined in 10 men . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in serum testosterone and estrogen concentrations , muscle strength , muscle fiber cross-sectional area , body composition , blood lipids , and liver transaminase activities based on assessment s before and after short- and long-term and rostenedione administration . RESULTS Serum free and total testosterone concentrations were not affected by short- or long-term and rostenedione administration . Serum estradiol concentration ( mean [ SEM ] ) was higher ( P<.05 ) in the and rostenedione group after 2 ( 310 [ 20 ] pmol/L ) , 5 ( 300 [ 30 ] pmol/L ) , and 8 ( 280 [ 20 ] pmol/L ) weeks compared with presupplementation values ( 220 [ 20 ] pmol/L ) . The serum estrone concentration was significantly higher ( P<.05 ) after 2 ( 153 [ 12 ] pmol/L ) and 5 ( 142 [ 15 ] pmol/L ) weeks of and rostenedione supplementation compared with baseline ( 106 [ 11 ] pmol/L ) . Knee extension strength increased significantly ( P<.05 ) and similarly in the placebo ( 770 [ 55 ] N vs 1095 [ 52 ] N ) and and rostenedione ( 717 [ 46 ] N vs 1024 [ 57 ] N ) groups . The increase of the mean cross-sectional area of type 2 muscle fibers was also similar in and rostenedione ( 4703 [ 471 ] vs 5307 [ 604 ] mm2 ; P<.05 ) and placebo ( 5271 [ 485 ] vs 5728 [ 451 ] mm2 ; P<.05 ) groups . The significant ( P<.05 ) increases in lean body mass and decreases in fat mass were also not different in the and rostenedione and placebo groups . In the and rostenedione group , the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was reduced after 2 weeks ( 1.09 [ 0.08 ] mmol/L [ 42 ( 3 ) mg/dL ] vs 0.96 [ 0.08 ] mmol/L [ 37 ( 3 ) mg/dL ] ; P<.05 ) and remained low after 5 and 8 weeks of training and supplementation . CONCLUSIONS And rostenedione supplementation does not increase serum testosterone concentrations or enhance skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance training in normotestosterogenic young men and may result in adverse health consequences The effect of estrogen and /or and rogen on mood in surgically menopausal women was investigated with a prospect i ve , double-blind , cross-over design . Oophorectomized women who received either estrogen ( E ) , and rogen ( A ) , or a combined estrogen- and rogen preparation ( E-A ) parenterally attained lower depression scores during both treatment phases compared to a placebo group ( PL ) , coincident with their higher plasma estrogen and testosterone levels . When steroids were withdrawn , depression scores of all oophorectomized women were significantly higher than those of a hysterectomized control group with intact ovaries ( CON ) . The A group also had higher hostility scores than the E , PL , and CON groups . These data provide evidence of a covariation between circulating levels of estrogen and testosterone and certain affects in healthy women BACKGROUND This study was conducted to compare the effects of two contraceptive pills with different doses of the same components , on plasma and rogen levels and female sexual function among women without previous sexual dysfunction .  STUDY DESIGN The participants were r and omized into two groups , to receive pills containing ethynylestradiol ( EE ) 30 mcg and levonorgestrel ( LNG ) 150 mcg or EE 20 mcg and LNG 100 mcg , for six cycles . Sexual function was assessed using a st and ardized question naire [ Female Sexual Function Index ( FSFI ) ] . Hormone assays were performed at baseline and after the sixth cycle . RESULTS Forty-nine women were included in the EE30/LNG150 group and 48 in the EE20/LNG100 group .  EE30/LNG150 group presented 54 % and 67 % decreases of total testosterone and free and rogen index , respectively , with statistical significance . EE20/LNG100 presented reductions of 20 % and 42 % , respectively , but without statistical significance . Both groups showed improvements in the FSFI " desire " score , but with statistical significance only for EE20/LNG100 group . CONCLUSIONS EE30/LNG150 decreased plasma and rogen levels , but there was no impairment in sexual desire , on the other h and , sexual desire score increased with EE20/LNG100 formulation STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of oral anabolic steroids on body mass index ( BMI ) , lean body mass , anthropometric measures , respiratory muscle strength , and functional exercise capacity among subjects with COPD . DESIGN Prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled , double-blind study . SETTING Pulmonary rehabilitation program . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three undernourished male COPD patients in whom BMI was below 20 kg/m2 and the maximal inspiratory pressure ( PImax ) was below 60 % of the predicted value . INTERVENTION The study group received 250 mg of testosterone i.m . at baseline and 12 mg of oral stanozolol a day for 27 weeks , during which time the control group received placebo . Both groups participated in inspiratory muscle exercises during weeks 9 to 27 and cycle ergometer exercises during weeks 18 to 27 . MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Seventeen of 23 subjects completed the study . Weight increased in nine of 10 subjects who received anabolic steroids ( mean , + 1.8+/-0.5 kg ; p<0.05 ) , whereas the control group lost weight ( -0.4+/-0.2 kg ) . The study group 's increase in BMI differed significantly from that of the control group from weeks 3 to 27 ( p<0.05 ) . Lean body mass increased in the study group at weeks 9 and 18 ( p<0.05 ) . Arm muscle circumference and thigh circumference also differed between groups ( p<0.05 ) . Changes in PImax ( study group , 41 % ; control group , 20 % ) were not statistically significant . No changes in the 6-min walk distance or in maximal exercise capacity were identified in either group . CONCLUSION The administration of oral anabolic steroids for 27 weeks to malnourished male subjects with COPD was free of clinical or biochemical side effects . It was associated with increases in BMI , lean body mass , and anthropometric measures of arm and thigh circumference , with no significant changes in endurance exercise capacity Long-term glucocorticoid therapy  in men is associated with loss of bone and muscle mass as well as a decrease in serum testosterone . We tested the effect of two and rogens , testosterone and its minimally aromatizable analog n and rolone , on muscle mass ( dual x-ray absorptiometry ) , muscle strength ( knee flexion and extension by isokinetic dynamometry ) , bone mineral density ( BMD ) , and quality of life ( Qualeffo-41 question naire ) in 51 men on a mean daily prednisone dose of 12.6 + /- 2.2 mg . Men were r and omized , double blind , to testosterone ( 200 mg mixed esters ) , n and rolone decanoate ( 200 mg ) , or placebo given every fortnight by i m injection for 12 months . At 12 months , both and rogens increased muscle mass ( mean change from baseline + 3.5 % , + 5.8 % , and -0.9 % in testosterone , n and rolone , and placebo groups , respectively , P < 0.0001 ) and muscle strength ( P < 0.05 ) . Lumbar spine BMD increased significantly only in men treated with testosterone ( 4.7 + /- 1.1 % , P < 0.01 ) . There was no significant change in hip or total body BMD . Testosterone , but not n and rolone or placebo , improved overall quality of life ( P < 0.001 ) . These results suggest that and rogen therapy may have a role in ameliorating adverse effects of glucocorticoid therapy such as muscle and bone loss and aromatization is necessary for and rogen action on bone but not on muscle To investigate the role of and rogens in increasing bone density and improving low libido in postmenopausal women , we have studied the long-term effects of estradiol and testosterone implants on bone mineral density and sexuality in a prospect i ve , 2 year , single-blind r and omised trial . Thirty-four postmenopausal volunteers were r and omised to treatment with either estradiol implants 50 mg alone ( E ) or estradiol 50 mg plus testosterone 50 mg ( E&T ) , administered 3-monthly for 2 years . Cyclical oral progestins were taken by those women with an intact uterus . Thirty-two women completed the study .  BMD ( DEXA ) of total body , lumbar vertebrae ( L1-L4 ) and hip area increased significantly in both treatment groups . BMD increased more rapidly in the testosterone treated group at all sites . A substantially greater increase in BMD occurred in the E&T group for total body ( P < 0.008 ) , vertebral L1-L4 ( P < 0.001 ) and trochanteric ( P < 0.005 ) measurements . All sexual parameters ( Sabbatsberg sexual self-rating scale ) improved significantly in both groups . Addition of testosterone result ed in a significantly greater improvement compared to E for sexual activity ( P < 0.03 ) , satisfaction ( P < 0.03 ) , pleasure ( P < 0.01 ) , orgasm ( P < 0.035 ) and relevancy ( P < 0.05 ) . Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol fell in both groups as did total body fat . Total body fat-free mass ( DEXA , anthropometry , impedance ) increased in the E&T group only . We concluded that in postmenopausal women , treatment with combined estradiol and testosterone implants was more effective in increasing bone mineral density in the hip and lumbar spine than estradiol implants alone . Significantly greater improvement in sexuality was observed with combined therapy , verifying the therapeutic value of testosterone implants for diminished libido in postmenopausal women . The favourable estrogenic effects on lipids were preserved in women treated with T , in association with beneficial changes in body composition To investigate the role of and rogens in increasing bone density and improving low libido in postmenopausal women , we have studied the long-term effects of estradiol and testosterone implants on bone mineral density and sexuality in a prospect i ve , 2 year , single-blind r and omised trial . Thirty-four postmenopausal volunteers were r and omised to treatment with either estradiol implants 50 mg alone ( E ) or estradiol 50 mg plus testosterone 50 mg ( E&T ) , administered 3-monthly for 2 years . Cyclical oral progestins were taken by those women with an intact uterus . Thirty-two women completed the study .  BMD ( DEXA ) of total body , lumbar vertebrae ( L1-L4 ) and hip area increased significantly in both treatment groups . BMD increased more rapidly in the testosterone treated group at all sites . A substantially greater increase in BMD occurred in the E&T group for total body ( P < 0.008 ) , vertebral L1-L4 ( P < 0.001 ) and trochanteric ( P < 0.005 ) measurements . All sexual parameters ( Sabbatsberg sexual self-rating scale ) improved significantly in both groups . Addition of testosterone result ed in a significantly greater improvement compared to E for sexual activity ( P < 0.03 ) , satisfaction ( P < 0.03 ) , pleasure ( P < 0.01 ) , orgasm ( P < 0.035 ) and relevancy ( P < 0.05 ) . Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol fell in both groups as did total body fat . Total body fat-free mass ( DEXA , anthropometry , impedance ) increased in the E&T group only . We concluded that in postmenopausal women , treatment with combined estradiol and testosterone implants was more effective in increasing bone mineral density in the hip and lumbar spine than estradiol implants alone . Significantly greater improvement in sexuality was observed with combined therapy , verifying the therapeutic value of testosterone implants for diminished libido in postmenopausal women . The favourable estrogenic effects on lipids were preserved in women treated with T , in association with beneficial changes in body composition Twenty women using oral contraceptives and complaining of impaired sexual function were compared with twenty women without sexual problems , matched for age and oral contraceptive . Whilst the sexual behaviour differed in the two groups , the plasma testosterone , and rostenedione , oestradiol and SHBG concentrations were very similar . The total and rogen levels were low in both groups . Plasma testosterone and oestradiol concentrations were correlated with measures of sexual interest in the no‐problem group , but not in the problem group . Administration of exogenous and rostenedione to women in the problem group , using a double blind cross‐over comparison with a placebo , failed to improve their sexual function except in one case . The majority of women showed a rise in and rogen and oestradiol between day 24 of one pill cycle and day 4 of the next . The possible behavioural indications of this pattern are discussed The effects of a one-month course of treatment with a potent anabolic steroid , meth and ienone ( 5 and 10 mg daily ) , and a very weak and rogen and hormone precursor , dehydroepi and rosterone sulphate ( DHEAS , 20 and 40 mg daily ) and placebo on plasma testosterone , LH and FSH levels , red cell volume and red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate ( 2,3-DPG ) concentration in endurance sportsmen were studied using a double-blind test system . A highly significant decrease in mean plasma testosterone was observed after the 5 and 10 mg meth and ienone regimen ( 66 and 73 % ) . Treatment with 40 mg of DHEAS decreased mean testosterone levels by 41 % ( not statistically significant ) . Pre-test testosterone levels were reattained about 10 days after the end of the treatment period with the higher doses of both compounds , while 2–6 weeks afterwards a significant over-compensation in mean plasma testosterone levels was observed . No significant changes in plasma gonadotropins were seen immediately after treatment with either of these steroids bu & NA ; Various parameters of sexual functioning were assessed in a prospect i ve , crossover investigation of 53 surgically menopausal women . Patients r and omly received either an estrogen‐ and rogen combined preparation , an estrogen‐alone drug , an and rogen‐alone drug , or a placebo .  Also included were a group of women who had undergone hysterectomy and whose ovaries had been left intact . Two treatment phases , each of 3 months ' duration , were separated by an intervening placebo month . Additionally , plasma levels of total estrogens and testosterone were assayed four times during the study concurrent with monitoring of sexual behaviors . It was clear that exogenous and rogen enhanced the intensity of sexual desire and arousal and the frequency of sexual fantasies in hysterectomized and oophorectomized women . However , there was no evidence that testosterone affected physiologic response or interpersonal aspects of sexual behavior . These findings suggest that the major impact of and rogen in women is on sexual motivation and not on sexual activity per se OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of testosterone enanthate ( TE ) , anabolic steroid ( AS ) or placebo ( PL ) on regional fat distribution and health risk factors in obese middle-aged men undergoing weight loss by dietary means . DESIGN R and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , carried out for 9 months with primary assessment s at 3 month intervals . Due to adverse blood lipid changes , the AS group was switched from oral ox and rolone ( ASOX ) to parenteral n and rolone decaoate ( ASND ) after the 3 month assessment point . SUBJECTS Thirty healthy , obese men , aged 40 - 60 years , with serum testosterone ( T ) levels in the low-normal range ( 2 - 5 ng/mL ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Abdominal fat distribution and thigh muscle volume by CT scan , body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) , insulin sensitivity by the Minimal Model method , blood lipids , blood chemistry , blood pressure , thyroid hormones and urological parameters . RESULTS After 3 months , there was a significantly greater decrease in subcutaneous ( SQ ) abdominal fat in the ASOX group compared to the TE and PL groups although body weight changes did not differ by treatment group . There was also a tendency for the ASOX group to exhibit greater losses in visceral fat , and the absolute level of visceral fat in this group was significantly lower at 3 months than in the TE and PL groups . There were significant main effects of treatment at 3 months on serum T and free T ( increased in the TE group and decreased in the ASOX group ) and on thyroid hormone parameters ( T4 and T3 resin uptake significantly decreased in the ASOX group compared with the other two groups ) . There was a significant decrease in HDL-C , and increase in LDL-C in the ASOX group , which led to their being switched to the parenteral n and rolone decanoate ( ASND ) after 3 months . ASND had opposite effects on visceral fat from ASOX , producing a significant increase from 3 to 9 months while continuing to decrease SQ abdominal fat .  ASND treatment also decreased thigh muscle area , while ASOX treatment increased high muscle .  ASND reversed the effects of ASOX on lipoproteins and thyroid hormones . The previously reported effect of T to decrease visceral fat was not observed , in fact , visceral fat in the TE group increased slightly from 3 to 9 months , although SQ fat continued to decrease . Neither TE nor AS treatment result ed in any change in urologic parameters . CONCLUSIONS Oral ox and rolone decreased SQ abdominal fat more than TE or weight loss alone and also tended to produce favorable changes in visceral fat .  TE and ASND injections given every 2 weeks had similar effects to weight loss alone on regional body fat . Most of the beneficial effects observed on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors were due to weight loss per se . These results suggest that SQ and visceral abdominal fat can be independently modulated by and rogens and that at least some anabolic steroids are capable of influencing abdominal fat
In addition , AAS abuse result ed in structural and functional sperm changes , a reduction in testicular volume , gynecomastia , as well as clitoromegaly , menstrual irregularities , and subfertility .
Conclusion The majority of  AAS users demonstrated hypogonadism with persistently low gonadotropin and testosterone levels , lasting for several weeks to months after AAS withdrawal .
Anabolic and rogenic steroid use results in profound and prolonged effects on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users and potentially on fertility
Background Anabolic and rogenic steroids ( AAS ) are testosterone derivatives used by athletes and recreational users to improve athletic performance and /or enhance appearance .
Anabolic and rogenic steroids use may have serious and potentially irreversible adverse effects on different organs and systems , including the reproductive system .
Objective This systematic review and meta- analysis aim ed to critically assess the impact of AAS use on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users .