Effects of Probiotics on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Factors in Petrochemical Workers: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial Probiotic supplementation improves inflammatory status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Probiotic supplementation affects markers of intestinal barrier, oxidation, and inflammation in trained men; a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial The effects of probiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Hormonal Profiles, Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Systemic inflammatory markers in older persons: the effect of oral nutritional supplementation with prebiotics. The effects of synbiotic supplementation on hormonal status, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial The Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Gene Expression Related to Inflammation, Insulin, and Lipids in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Effects of Prebiotic and Synbiotic Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers and Anthropometric Indices After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Randomized, Triple-blind, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study Impact of personalized diet and probiotic supplementation on inflammation, nutritional parameters and intestinal microbiota - The "RISTOMED project": Randomized controlled trial in healthy older people. Pro- and Prebiotic Supplementation Induces a Transient Reduction in Hemoglobin Concentration in Infants The effects of probiotic supplement on hemoglobin in chronic renal failure patients under hemodialysis: A randomized clinical trial The effects of probiotic and selenium co-supplementation on parameters of mental health, hormonal profiles, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome Supplementation With Fatty Acids Influences the Airway Nitric Oxide and Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis Effects of probiotics in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study of probiotics in active rheumatoid arthritis Efficacy of probiotic supplementation on quality of life and pulmonary symptoms due to sulfur mustard exposure: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Background : The aim of the current study was to determine effects of probiotic yoghurt and multispecies probiotic capsule supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in petrochemical workers . Methods : This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was done among petrochemical workers . Subjects were r and omly divided into three groups to receive 100 g/day probiotic yogurt ( n = 12 ) or one probiotic capsule daily ( n = 13 ) or 100 g/day conventional yogurt ( n = 10 ) for 6 weeks . The probiotic yoghurt was containing two strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis with a total of min 1 × 107 CFU . Multispecies probiotic capsule contains seven probiotic bacteria spices Actobacillus casei 3 × 103 , L. acidophilus 3 × 107 , Lactobacillus rhamnosus 7 × 109 , Lactobacillus bulgaricus 5 × 108 , Bifidobacterium breve 2 × 1010 , Bifidobacterium longum 1 × 109 and Streptococcus thermophilus 3 × 108 CFU/g . Fasting blood sample s were obtained at the beginning and end of the trial to quantify biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors . Results : Although a significant within-group decrease in plasma protein carbonyl levels was seen in the probiotic capsule group ( 326.0 ± 308.9 vs. 251.0 ± 176.3 ng/mL , P = 0.02 ) , the changes were similar among the three groups . In addition , significant within-group decreases in plasma iso prostagl and in were observed in the probiotic supplements group ( 111.9 ± 85.4 vs. 88.0 ± 71.0 pg/mL , P = 0.003 ) and in the probiotic yogurt group ( 116.3 ± 93.0 vs. 92.0 ± 66.0 pg/mL , P = 0.02 ) , nevertheless there were no significant change among the three groups . Conclusions : Taken together , consumption of probiotic yogurt or multispecies probiotic capsule had beneficial effects on biomarkers of oxidative stress in petrochemical workers OBJECTIVES Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease in which the gut microbiota is altered . Probiotics are microorganisms that can normalize gut microbiota ; thus , they may help to alleviate RA symptoms . The objective of the present clinical trial was to assess the effects of probiotic supplementation on disease activity and inflammatory cytokines in patients with RA . METHODS Forty-six patients with RA were assigned into two groups in this r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial . The patients in the probiotic group received a daily capsule that contained a minimum of 10(8 ) colony-forming units of Lactobacillus casei 01 for 8 wk . The placebo group took capsules filled with maltodextrin for the same time period . Question naires , anthropometric measurements , and fasting blood sample s were collected , and the participants were assessed by a rheumatologist at baseline and at the end of the trial . RESULTS Disease activity score was significantly decreased by the intervention , and there was a significant difference between the two groups at the end of the study ( P < 0.01 ) . Three of the assessed serum proinflammatory cytokines ( tumor necrosis factor-α , interleukin-6 , and interleukin-12 ) significantly decreased in the probiotic group ( P < 0.05 ) ; however , serum levels of interleukin-1 β were not significantly affected by the probiotic ( P = 0.22 ) . The serum level of regulatory cytokine ( interleukin-10 ) was increased by the supplementation ( P < 0.05 ) . The proportion of interleukin-10 to interleukin-12 was significantly increased in the probiotic group as well . CONCLUSIONS L. casei 01 supplementation improved the disease activity and inflammatory status of patients with RA . Further studies are warranted to confirm these results , and such confirmation may lead to the introduction of probiotics as adjunctive therapy for this population Background Probiotics are an upcoming group of nutraceuticals cl aim ing positive effects on athlete ’s gut health , redox biology and immunity but there is lack of evidence to support these statements . Methods We conducted a r and omized , double-blinded , placebo controlled trial to observe effects of probiotic supplementation on markers of intestinal barrier , oxidation and inflammation , at rest and after intense exercise . 23 trained men received multi-species probiotics ( 1010 CFU/day , Ecologic ® Performance or OMNi-BiOTiC ® POWER , n = 11 ) or placebo ( n = 12 ) for 14 weeks and performed an intense cycle ergometry over 90 minutes at baseline and after 14 weeks . Zonulin and α1-antitrypsin were measured from feces to estimate gut leakage at baseline and at the end of treatment . Venous blood was collected at baseline and after 14 weeks , before and immediately post exercise , to determine carbonyl proteins ( CP ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , total oxidation status of lipids ( TOS ) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) , and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) . Statistical analysis used multifactorial analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) . Level of significance was set at p < 0.05 , a trend at p < 0.1 . Results Zonulin decreased with supplementation from values slightly above normal into normal ranges ( < 30 ng/ml ) and was significantly lower after 14 weeks with probiotics compared to placebo ( p = 0.019 ) . We observed no influence on α1-antitrypsin ( p > 0.1 ) . CP increased significantly from pre to post exercise in both groups at baseline and in the placebo group after 14 weeks of treatment ( p = 0.006 ) . After 14 weeks , CP concentrations were tendentially lower with probiotics ( p = 0.061 ) . TOS was slightly increased above normal in both groups , at baseline and after 14 weeks of treatment . There was no effect of supplementation or exercise on TOS . At baseline , both groups showed considerably higher TNF-α concentrations than normal . After 14 weeks TNF-α was tendentially lower in the supplemented group ( p = 0.054 ) . IL-6 increased significantly from pre to post exercise in both groups ( p = 0.001 ) , but supplementation had no effect . MDA was not influenced , neither by supplementation nor by exercise . Conclusions The probiotic treatment decreased Zonulin in feces , a marker indicating enhanced gut permeability . Moreover , probiotic supplementation beneficially affected TNF-α and exercise induced protein oxidation . These results demonstrate promising benefits for probiotic use in trained men . Clinical trial registryhttp://www . clinical trials.gov , identifier : Abstract Objective : This study was design ed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation , oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes  among subjects with gestational diabetes ( GDM ) . Methods : This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was done among 60 subjects with GDM who were not on oral hypoglycemic agents . Patients were r and omly allocated to intake either probiotic capsule containing Lactobacillus acidophilus , Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium bifidum ( 2 × 109 CFU/g each ) ( n = 30 ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) for six weeks . Results : Compared with the placebo , probiotic supplementation result ed in significant decreases in fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) ( −5.3 ± 6.7 vs. + 0.03 ± 9.0 mg/dL , p = .01 ) , serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) ( −2.2 ± 2.7 vs. + 0.5 ± 2.4 μg/mL , p < .001 ) , plasma malondialdehyde ( MDA ) concentrations ( −0.1 ± 0.8 vs. + 0.5 ± 1.5 μmol/L , p = .03 ) and MDA/TAC ratio ( −0.0003 ± 0.0008 vs. + 0.0009 ± 0.002 , p = .004 ) , and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) levels ( + 65.4 ± 103.3 vs. −37.2 ± 143.7 mmol/L , p = .002 ) . Probiotic supplementation did not affect pregnancy outcomes . Conclusions : Overall , probiotic supplementation among women with GDM for six weeks had beneficial effects on FPG , serum hs-CRP , plasma TAC , MDA and oxidative stress index , but did not affect pregnancy outcomes BACKGROUND To the best of our knowledge , data on effects of probiotic administration on hormonal profiles , biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) are scarce . This investigation was conducted to assess the effects of probiotic supplementation on hormonal profiles , biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with PCOS . METHODS This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 60 women with PCOS , aged 18 - 40 years old . Subjects were r and omly assigned into 2 groups to receive either probiotics or placebo ( n = 30 each group ) for 12 weeks . Metabolic profiles were quantified at baseline and after a 12-week intervention . RESULTS After the 12-week intervention , compared with placebo , probiotic supplementation significantly increased serum sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) ( + 25.9 ± 32.5 vs. + 0.5 ± 15.6 nmol/L , P < 0.001 ) and plasma total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) ( + 8.8 ± 120.5 vs. -98.3 ± 246.4 mmol/L , P = 0.04 ) , and significantly decreased serum total testosterone ( -0.2 ± 0.7 vs. + 0.2 ± 0.6 ng/mL , P = 0.03 ) , modified Ferriman-Gallwey ( mF-G ) scores ( -1.7 ± 1.5 vs. -0.2 ± 1.0 , P < 0.001 ) , serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) ( -1150.0 ± 1295.2 vs. + 202.5 ± 1426.3 ng/mL , P < 0.001 ) and plasma malondialdehyde ( MDA ) concentrations ( -0.2 ± 0.6 vs. + 0.9 ± 1.3 µmol/L , P < 0.001 ) . We did not observe any detrimental effect of probiotic supplementation on other metabolic profiles . CONCLUSION Overall , probiotic supplementation of PCOS women for 12 weeks had beneficial effects on total testosterone , SHBG , mFG scores , hs-CRP , TAC and MDA levels but did not affect other metabolic profiles OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of oral nutritional supplementation with and without oligosaccharides on gut bacteriology , in particular the bifidogenic flora , and on immunology and inflammatory parameters in older persons at risk of malnutrition . DESIGN Prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind , controlled study . SETTING Division of Geriatric Medicine , St. Louis University , Missouri , United States . PARTICIPANTS Seventy-four community dwelling elderly and /or nursing home subjects ( age superior 70 y ; 84 + /- 7 years ) either undernourished or at risk of undernutrition . INTERVENTION Daily liquid supplements , with ( 1.3 g/250 ml ) and without oligosaccharides ( OS ) for 12 weeks . MEASUREMENTS Nutritional evaluation , serum immunoglobulins , lymphocyte subsets , various cytokines and the endotoxin soluble receptor CD14 ( sCD14 ) in serum , and cytokines specific mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at baseline and 12 weeks , and fecal bacteriologicy . RESULTS Specific mRNA extracted from blood leucocytes showed a different level of pro-inflammatory gene activation : TNF-alpha mRNA and IL-6 mRNA diminished in the OS group after 12 weeks , while no changes were detected in the control group ( P=0.05 and P=0.04 respectively ) . Serum levels of sCD14 , a product shed by activated macrophages , decreased only in the OS group without reaching statistical significance ( P=0.08 ) . No significant differences were detected in the fecal gut flora or in the nutritional parameters . CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the administration of supplements in older persons at risk of malnutrition may benefit from the addition of prebiotics that can improve the low noise inflammatory process frequently observed in this population Background To our knowledge , no reports are available indicating the effects of synbiotic supplementation on hormonal status , biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . This research was done to assess the effects of synbiotic supplementation on hormonal status , biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in subjects with PCOS . Methods This r and omized double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 60 subjects diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria . Subjects were r and omly assigned into two groups to take either synbiotic ( n = 30 ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) for 12 weeks . Endocrine , inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers were quantified at baseline and after the 12-week intervention . Results After the 12-week intervention , compared with the placebo , synbiotic supplementation significantly increased serum sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) ( changes from baseline in synbiotic group : + 19.8 ± 47.3 vs. in placebo group : + 0.5 ± 5.4 nmol/L , p = 0.01 ) , plasma nitric oxide ( NO ) ( changes from baseline in synbiotic group : + 5.5 ± 4.8 vs. in placebo group : + 0.3 ± 9.1 μmol/L , p = 0.006 ) , and decreased modified Ferriman Gallwey ( mF-G ) scores ( changes from baseline in synbiotic group : − 1.3 ± 2.5 vs. in placebo group : − 0.1 ± 0.5 , p = 0.01 ) and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) ( changes from baseline in synbiotic group : − 950.0 ± 2246.6 vs. in placebo group : + 335.3 ± 2466.9 ng/mL , p = 0.02 ) . We did not observe any significant effect of synbiotic supplementation on other hormonal status and biomarkers of oxidative stress . Conclusions Overall , synbiotic supplementation for 12 weeks in PCOS women had beneficial effects on SHBG , mFG scores , hs-CRP and NO levels , but did not affect other hormonal status and biomarkers of oxidative stress . Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered in the Iranian website ( www.i rct .ir ) for registration of clinical trials ( I RCT 201509115623N53 ) , on 2015–09 - 27 ABSTRACT Background : Limited data are available assessing the effects of probiotic supplementation on gene expression related to inflammation , insulin , and lipids in patients with multiple sclerosis ( MS ) . Objectives : The current study was conducted to assess the effects of probiotic supplementation on gene expression related to inflammation , insulin , and lipids in patients with MS . Methods : This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed among 40 patients with MS . Participants were r and omly assigned into two groups to receive either a probiotic capsule containing Lactobacillus acidophilus , Lactobacillus casei , Bifidobacterium bifidum , and Lactobacillus fermentum ( 2 × 109 colony-forming units/g each ; n = 20 ) or placebo ( n = 20 ) for 12 weeks . Gene expression related to inflammation , insulin , and lipids was quantified in blood sample s of patients with MS with the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR ) method . Results : We found that compared with placebo , probiotic supplementation down-regulated gene expression of interleukin-8 ( IL-8 ; p < 0.001 ) and tumor necrosis factor – alpha ( TNF-α ) mRNA ( p < .001 ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with MS . We did not observe any significant effect of probiotic supplementation on gene expression of interleukin-1 ( IL-1 ) , peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPAR-γ ) , or oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor ( LDLR ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with MS . Conclusions : Overall , probiotic supplementation for 12 weeks in patients with MS significantly improved gene expression of IL-8 and TNF-α but did not influence IL-1 , PPAR-γ , or LDLR Background : Studies have shown that prebiotics and synbiotics modulate the intestinal microbiota and may have beneficial effects on the immune response and anthropometric indices ; however , the impact of the use of these supplements after bariatric surgery is not yet known . Goals : This study investigated the effects of prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation on inflammatory markers and anthropometric indices in individuals undergoing open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( RYGB ) . Study : In this r and omized , controlled , and triple-blind trial conducted as a pilot study , individuals undergoing RYGB ( n=9 ) and healthy individuals ( n=9 ) were supplemented with 6 g/d of placebo ( maltodextrin ) , prebiotic ( fructo-oligosaccharide , FOS ) , or synbiotic ( FOS+Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria strains ) for 15 days . Results : Interleukin-1&bgr ; , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-&agr ; , C-reactive protein , albumin , and the C-reactive protein/albumin ratio showed no significant changes on comparison between groups after supplementation . The reduction in the body weight of  patients undergoing RYGB was 53.8 % higher in the prebiotic group compared with the placebo group ( −0.7 kg , P=0.001 ) , whereas the reduction in the BMI and the increase in the percentage of excess weight loss were higher in the placebo and the prebiotic groups compared with the synbiotic group ( P<0.05 ) . Conclusions : Supplementation of FOS increased weight loss , whereas both prebiotics and synbiotics were not able to promote significant changes in inflammatory markers , although in most analyses , there was a reduction in their absolute values . The use of FOS may represent a potential adjunct in the treatment of obesity OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of a personalized diet , with or without addition of VSL#3 preparation , on biomarkers of inflammation , nutrition , oxidative stress and intestinal microbiota in 62 healthy persons aged 65 - 85 years . DESIGN Open label , r and omized , multicenter study . PRIMARY ENDPOINT High-sensitivity C-reactive protein . SETTING Community . INTERVENTIONS Eight week web-based dietary advice ( RISTOMED platform ) alone or with supplementation of VSL#3 ( 2 capsules per day ) . The RISTOMED diet was optimized to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress . MEASUREMENTS Blood and stool sample s were collected on days 1 and 56 . RESULTS Diet alone reduced ESR ( p = 0.02 ) , plasma levels of cholesterol ( p < 0.01 ) and glucose ( p = 0.03 ) . Addition of VSL#3  reduced ESR ( p = 0.05 ) and improved folate ( p = 0.007 ) , vitamin B12 ( p = 0.001 ) and homocysteine ( p < 0.001 ) plasma levels . Neither intervention demonstrated any further effects on inflammation . Subgroup analysis showed 40 participants without signs of low- grade inflammation ( hsCRP<3 mg/l , subgroup 1 ) and 21 participants with low- grade inflammation at baseline ( hsCRP≥3 mg/l , subgroup 2 ) . In subgroup 2 addition of VSL#3  increased bifidobacteria ( p = 0.005 ) in more participants and improved both folate ( p = 0.015 ) and vitamin B12 ( p = 0.035 ) levels compared with subgroup 1 . The increases were positively correlated to the change in the bifidobacteria concentration for folate ( p = 0.023 ) and vitamin B12 ( p = 0.001 ) . As expected change in homocysteine correlated negatively to change in folate ( r = -0.629 , p = 0.002 ) and vitamin B12 ( r = -0.482 , p = 0.026 ) . CONCLUSIONS Addition of VSL#3  increased bifidobacteria and supported adequate folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in subjects with low- grade inflammation . Decrease in homocysteine with VSL#3 was clinical ly relevant . suggesting protective potentials for aging-associated conditions , e.g. cardiovascular or neurological diseases . Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01069445-NCT01179789 Objectives : Regarding safety , we investigated the effect of prenatal probiotic and 6 months of pro- and prebiotic supplementation of infants on their hematologic values at 6 months and 2 years and factors affecting these values . Patients and Methods : In a prospect i ve r and omized controlled probiotic intervention trial in infants at high risk for allergy , we obtained blood sample s consecutively from 98 infants at 6 months and from 658 children at 2 years to measure hematologic values . We collected fecal sample s at 3 and 6 months to measure immunologic development by calprotectin , α-1-antitrypsin , tumor necrosis factor-α , and immunoglobulin A. Results : At 6 months , infants in the probiotic group had significantly lower hemoglobin ( Hb ) values than did the placebo group , mean ( SD ) : 119.8 g/L ( 6.3 ) versus 123.3 g/L ( 8.4 ) , P = 0.025 . Adjustment for factors that might affect Hb values ( breast-feeding duration , solid-food introduction , and sex ) , revealed no need for adjustment . A significant negative correlation emerged between Hb values at 6 months and fecal calprotectin at age 3 months r = −0.301 , P = 0.009 , which was affected neither by breast-feeding , sex , nor study group . At 2 years , hematologic values in both groups became similar . Conclusions : Probiotics cause a gut mucosal inflammation with decreased Hb values during intervention , corrected after halting the supplementation Background : Chronic inflammation is one of the causes of anemia in chronic renal failure patients under hemodialysis . Probiotics probably establish a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines . The study was conducted to determine the effects of probiotic supplementation on hemoglobin ( Hb ) in hemodialysis patients . Material s and Methods : A parallel clinical trial was conducted in which patients were r and omly allocated into two groups . The intervention group ( n = 18 ) was given a 500 mg probiotic supplement ( a capsule ) every day whereas the  control group ( n = 18 ) received placebo ( a capsule ) , both for 3 months . Hb levels and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) levels were measured for three periods . The data were analyzed in SPSS-16 using statistical tests including the t-test and repeated- measures ANOVA . Results : In the probiotic supplementation group , the mean Hb was 9.22 ± 1.04 mg/dl before the intervention and reached 10.85 ± 1.177 mg/dl afterward , while in the placebo group , the mean Hb level was 9.38 ± 0.97 mg/dl before the intervention and reached 10.03 ± 1.97 mg/dl afterward ( P > 0.05 ) . During the study , the placebo caused to increase of Hb temporary , but in longer term , the effect of probiotic was more manifested . Hb levels increased in both groups although the change was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05 ) . The findings showed no significant differences between the two groups in either the pre- or post-intervention CRP levels ( P = 0.239 ) . Conclusion : Probiotic supplementation  decreased Hb fluctuations in hemodialysis patients but did not result in a significant increase in Hb levels . Similar studies are therefore recommended to be conducted with a prolonged duration of the study or an increased probiotic dose with larger sample size to complete the results of the present study Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the co-administration of probiotic and selenium on parameters of mental health , hormonal profiles , and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with PCOS . Data on the effects of selenium and probiotic co-supplementation on mental health , hormonal and inflammatory parameters of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) are scarce . This investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of selenium and probiotic co-supplementation on mental health , hormonal and inflammatory parameters in women with PCOS . Methods This r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 subjects , aged 18–40 years old . Participants were r and omly allocated into two groups to intake 8 × 109 CFU/day probiotic plus 200 μg/day selenium supplements ( n = 30 ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) for 12 weeks . Hormonal and inflammatory parameters were measured at baseline and after the 12-week intervention . Results Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation result ed in a significant improvement in beck depression inventory ( β − 0.76 ; 95 % CI , − 1.26 , − 0.26 ; P = 0.003 ) , general health question naire scores ( β − 1.15 ; 95 % CI , − 1.97 , − 0.32 ; P = 0.007 ) and depression anxiety and stress scale scores ( β − 1.49 ; 95 % CI , − 2.59 , − 0.39 ; P = 0.009 ) compared with the placebo . Furthermore , probiotic and selenium co-supplementation  significantly reduced total testosterone ( β − 0.26 ng/mL ; 95 % CI , − 0.51 , − 0.02 ; P = 0.03 ) , hirsutism ( β − 0.43 ; 95 % CI , − 0.74 , − 0.11 ; P = 0.008 ) , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) ( β − 0.58 mg/L ; 95 % CI , − 0.97 , − 0.19 ; P = 0.004 ) and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) levels ( β − 0.29 μmol/L ; 95 % CI , − 0.56 , − 0.02 ; P = 0.03 ) , and significantly increased total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) ( β + 84.76 mmol/L ; 95 % CI , + 48.08 , + 121.44 ; P < 0.001 ) and total glutathione ( GSH ) levels ( β + 26.78 μmol/L ; 95 % CI , + 4.33 , + 49.23 ; P = 0.02 ) compared with the placebo . Conclusions Overall , the co-administration of probiotic and selenium for 12 weeks to women with PCOS had beneficial effects on mental health parameters , serum total testosterone , hirsutism , hs-CRP , TAC , GSH and MDA levels . This study was prospect ively registered in the Iranian website ( www.i rct .ir ) for registration of clinical trials ( http://www.i rct .ir : I RCT 20170513033941N22).Trial registration I RCT 20170513033941N22 Objectives : To obtain a balance in the fatty acid ( FA ) metabolism is important for the inflammatory response and of special importance in cystic fibrosis ( CF ) , which is characterized by impaired FA metabolism , chronic inflammation , and infection in the airways . Nitric oxide ( NO ) has antimicrobial properties and low nasal ( nNO ) and exhaled NO ( FENO ) , commonly reported in CF that may affect bacterial status . The present study investigates the effect of different FA blends on nNO and FENO and immunological markers in patients with CF . Patients and Methods : Forty-three patients with CF and “ severe ” mutations were consecutively enrolled in a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled study with 3 FA blends containing mainly n-3 or n-6 FA or saturated FA acting as placebo .  FENO , nNO , serum phospholipid concentrations of FA , and biomarkers of inflammation were measured before and after 3 months of supplementation . Results : Thirty-five patients in clinical ly stable condition completed the study . The serum phospholipid FA pattern changed significantly in all 3 groups . An increase of the n-6 FA , arachidonic acid , was associated with a decrease of FENO and nNO . The inflammatory biomarkers , erythrocyte sedimentation rate , and interleukin-8 decreased after supplementation with n-3 FA and erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased after supplementation with n-6 FA . Conclusions : This small pilot study indicated that the composition of dietary n-3 and n-6 FA influenced the inflammatory markers in CF . FENO and nNO were influenced by changes in the arachidonic acid concentration , supporting previous studies suggesting that both the lipid abnormality and the colonization with Pseudomonas influenced NO in the airways Background Low grade chronic inflammation is observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Endotoxin derived from gut bacteria may act as a potent inflammatory stimulant . Probiotics , which are believed to contain health promoting live microorganisms , may influence circulating endotoxin levels . Ingestion of live probiotic cultures may alter gut microbiota in a beneficial manner to reduce inflammation ; no information is available whether or not they do so in patients with T2DM . Therefore , the aim of this study is to characterize the beneficial effects of probiotics on circulating endotoxin levels and other biomarkers related to systemic low- grade inflammation in patients with T2DM . Methods One hundred and twenty consenting adult Saudi T2DM patients ( naïve or newly diagnosed and without co-morbidities ) will be enrolled in this clinical trial and r and omized to receive daily placebo or probiotics ( Ecologic ® Barrier ) for 26 weeks in a double-blind manner . Inflammatory and metabolic markers will be measured and fecal sample s analyzed . Measurements / sample s will be obtained at baseline and after 4 , 8 , 12/13 and 26 weeks of treatment . Discussion It is expected that the probiotic product will induce beneficial changes in gut microbiota , reduce the systemic inflammatory state through altering systemic endotoxin levels and , as such , reduce the systemic inflammatory response observed in T2DM subjects . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : Summary Background To examine the effect of probiotics as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) . A sample size of 30 subjects was calculated to determine a moderate effect . Material / Methods A three month double-blind , placebo-controlled study was performed using probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 capsules administered orally . Inclusion criteria required at least 4 swollen and 4 tender joints and stable medications with no steroids for at least 1 month prior to and during the study . Twenty-nine patients with RA were r and omized to treatment .  ACR20 responses , serum cytokine levels and safety parameters were assessed . Results Fifteen patients were r and omized to the probiotic group , and 14 to placebo .  Three subjects in the probiotic ( 20 % ) and one in the placebo group ( 7 % ) achieved an ACR20 response ( p= 0.33 ) . There was no statistically significant difference between individual components of the ACR20 criteria . Changes in cytokines favored placebo over probiotic . There was a significant improvement in the Health Assessment Question naire ( HAQ ) score in the probiotic group from visit 1 to visit 3 ( p=0.02 ) but no between-group differences . Conclusions Due to inclusion criteria , patients selected for the study had stable RA with chronic synovitis , and thus it may have been difficult for an adjunctive therapy to demonstrate improvement within 3 months . Although probiotics did not clinical ly improve RA as measured by the ACR20 , it is interesting that there was functional improvement seen within the probiotic group compared to placebo Abstract Objective : This study investigated the efficacy and safety of supplementation with probiotics in improving chronic pulmonary symptoms due to sulfur mustard ( SM ) exposure . Methods : In a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled study , 65 subjects suffering from chronic pulmonary complications of SM were assigned to one probiotic capsule ( 1 × 109 CFU containing seven strains of lactic acid-producing bacteria ) every 12 h or an identical placebo for six weeks . Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( CRP ) concentrations , pulmonary function tests ( FEV1 , FEV1/FVC and MMEF 25–75 % ) and COPD assessment test ( CAT ) were assessed at baseline and at the end of trial . Results : The groups were comparable in baseline characteristics . There were significant improvements in FEV1/FVC in the probiotic but not in placebo group . CAT scores were decreased in both study groups . However , between-group comparison of changes in the assessed parameters reached statistical significance only for CAT score ( p < 0.001 ) . There was no report of adverse events during the course of trial . Conclusions : Findings of the present trial favor the efficacy of probiotic supplementation in improving the pulmonary symptoms of SM-exposed subjects
Conclusions Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines including , hs-CRP , TNF-a , IL-6 , IL-12 , and IL-4 , but it did not influence IL-1B , IL-8 , IFN-g , and IL-17 concentrations .
A significant increase in serum concentrations of IL-10 , as a anti-inflammatory cytokine was also documented after probiotic supplementation
Purpose No study has summarized earlier findings on the effect of probiotic supplementation on  inflammatory biomarkers .
This systematic review and meta- analysis was conducted to systematic ally review the available placebo-controlled clinical trials about the effect of probiotic supplementation  on several inflammatory biomarkers in adults .