The effects of a balance and strength training program on equilibrium in Parkinsonism: A preliminary study. Balance Training Reduces Falls Risk in Older Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Training of balance under single- and dual-task conditions in older adults with balance impairment. Effects of traditional physical training and visual computer feedback training in frail elderly patients. A randomized intervention study. Effectiveness of a home-based balance-training program in reducing sports-related injuries among healthy adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial The evaluation of a strength and balance exercise program for falls prevention in community primary care Use of visual feedback in retraining balance following acute stroke. Multifactorial Intervention with Balance Training as a Core Component Among Fall‐prone Older Adults Balance Confidence Improves with Resistance or Agility Training Effect of high-intensity strength-training on functional measures of balance ability in balance-impaired older adults. A Wii Bit of Fun: A Novel Platform to Deliver Effective Balance Training to Older Adults Balance and stability-focused exercise program improves stability and balance in patients after acute stroke in a resource-poor setting. Balance and Posture in the Elderly: An Analysis of a Sensorimotor Rehabilitation Protocol Balance training improves function and postural control in those with chronic ankle instability. The efficacy of a specific balance-strategy training programme for preventing falls among older people: a pilot randomised controlled trial. LiFE Pilot Study: A randomised trial of balance and strength training embedded in daily life activity to reduce falls in older adults. Effectiveness of two year balance training programme on prevention of fall induced injuries in at risk women aged 75-85 living in community: Ossébo randomised controlled trial
The purpose of this study was to determine if a balance and strength training program could improve equilibrium and strength in persons with stage I-III Parkinsonism . Subjects were pre-tested on strength and balance ( EquiTest ) and r and omized into either a treatment or a control group . The treatment subjects participated in 10 weeks of lower limb strength training and balance exercises design ed to challenge a stable posture and increase limits of stability . Both groups were then posttested on balance , knee flexion , knee extension , and ankle inversion strength . Subjects who received strength and balance training demonstrated significantly improved equilibrium and modest gains in knee flexion and extension strength , while the control group showed no improvement in conditions of destabilizing balance environments and significant declines in strength . Results indicate that 10 weeks of balance and strength training lead to improved equilibrium by producing positive changes in two different control mechanisms . One , training altered the ability to control the motor system when vestibular cues had to be the primary source of reliable feedback ; and two , training helped subjects to override faulty proprioceptive feedback and utilize reliable visual or vestibular cues OBJECTIVE This study assessed the effects of balance/strength training on falls risk and posture in older individuals with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen individuals with type 2 diabetes and 21 age-matched control subjects ( aged 50–75 years ) participated .  Postural stability and falls risk was assessed before and after a 6-week exercise program . RESULTS Diabetic individuals had significantly higher falls risk score compared with control subjects . The diabetic group also exhibited evidence of mild-to-moderate neuropathy , slower reaction times , and increased postural sway . Following exercise , the diabetic group showed significant improvements in leg strength , faster reaction times , decreased sway , and , consequently , reduced falls risk . CONCLUSIONS Older individuals with diabetes had impaired balance , slower reactions , and consequently a higher falls risk than age-matched control subjects . However , all these variables improved after resistance/balance training . Together these results demonstrate that structured exercise has wide-spread positive effects on physiological function for older individuals with type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Traditionally , rehabilitation programs emphasize training balance under single-task conditions to improve balance and reduce risk for falls . The purpose of this case report is to describe 3 balance training approaches in older adults with impaired balance . CASE DESCRIPTIONS Three patients were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 interventions : ( 1 ) single-task balance training , ( 2 ) dual-task training under a fixed-priority instructional set , and ( 3 ) dual-task training under a variable-priority instructional set . OUTCOMES The patients who received balance training under dual-task conditions showed dual-task training benefits ; these training benefits were maintained for 3 months . The patient who received variable-priority training showed improvement on novel dual tasks . DISCUSSION Older adults may be able to improve their balance under dual-task conditions only following specific types of balance training . This case report gives insight on how this intervention might be combined with more traditional physical therapy intervention BACKGROUND Physical training to increase muscle strength and balance is considered useful for prevention of falls in older people . AIM This study compares conventional balance training with visual computer feedback training . DESIGN This was a r and omized controlled 12-week intervention trial with pre- and post-training evaluations . SETTING Out- patients referred to a geriatric falls and balance clinic . POPULATION Thirty-five patients were r and omized into two training groups . METHODS Both groups received progressive resistance muscle strength training and physical fitness training . Additionally , one group received traditional balance training and the other group received computer feedback balance training .  Strength , physical endurance , balance and falls efficacy scale scoring were assessed before and after end of training . RESULTS Twenty-seven patients ( 77 % ) were available for the evaluation ; mean compliance was 71 % . In the combined group , significant mean improvement was observed in knee extension ( 19 % ) , ankle dorsiflexion ( 16 % ) , sitting to st and ing ( 16 % ) , and in the six-minute walk test ( 8 % ) . In the traditional balance training group , the static balance in the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance st and ing on a foam mat with closed eyes showed a significant increase ( 80 % ) . No increase occurred in the computer balance training group . However , the computer feed-back training group showed a marked improvement that was up to 400 % in the training specific performance . CONCLUSION Elderly frail patients were able to increase muscle strength and physical endurance . A limited improvement was seen in the static balance tests . The computer feedback group showed a remarkable increase in training specific performance . Clinical Rehabilitation Impact Background : Sport is the leading cause of injury requiring medical attention among adolescents . We studied the effectiveness of a home-based balance-training program using a wobble board in improving static and dynamic balance and reducing sports-related injuries among healthy adolescents . Methods : In this cluster r and omized controlled trial , we r and omly selected 10 of 15 high schools in Calgary to participate in the fall of 2001 . We then recruited students from physical education classes and r and omly assigned them , by school , to either the intervention ( n = 66 ) or the control ( n = 61 ) group . Students in the intervention group participated in a daily 6-week and then a weekly 6-month home-based balance-training program using a wobble board .  Students at the control schools received testing only . The primary outcome measures were timed static and dynamic balance , 20-m shuttle run and vertical jump , which were measured at baseline and biweekly for 6 weeks . Self-reported injury data were collected over the 6-month follow-up period . Results : At 6 weeks , improvements in static and dynamic balance were observed in the intervention group but not in the control group ( difference in static balance 20.7 seconds , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 10.8 to 30.6 seconds ; difference in dynamic balance 2.3 seconds , 95 % CI 0.7 to 4.0 seconds ) . There was evidence of a protective effect of balance training in over 6 months ( relative risk of injury 0.2 , 95 % CI 0.05 to 0.88 ) . The number needed to treat to avoid 1 injury over 6 months was 8 ( 95 % CI 4 to 35 ) . Interpretation : Balance training using a wobble board is effective in improving static and dynamic balance and reducing sports-related injuries among healthy adolescents ABSTRACT We aim ed to evaluate a strength and balance program delivered in the community . There is little evidence of implementation of evidence -based exercise in practice . The program was a step-down model , design ed to encourage long-term exercise in community classes . The program consisted of a fully funded referral only evidence -based 12-week strength and balance ( Community Otago ) class  , followed by an evidence -based continuous open-access community strength and balance class ( Active Always ) . The program was offered to patients : 1 ) after formal falls rehabilitation ( falls and fracture service ) ; 2 ) after falls rehabilitation in intermediate care ; and 3 ) referred by a GP who were not eligible for rehabilitation ( preventative measure ) . Outcome evaluation used descriptive statistics to report changes in function , confidence in balance , hospital attendance/admission for falls/fractures and transition to community classes . Focus groups established participant experience/satisfaction . Seventy-nine participants were included , aged 56–96 , and 53 ( 67 % ) were women . About 63.3 % of patients transitioned to Active Always classes , demonstrating improvement in maintenance . Follow-up scores from baseline attendance at falls and fracture service to 12-weeks follow-up ( 24 weeks ) in Community Otago showed the majority of patients improved their function ( Timed up and Go ) , confidence ( ConfBal ) and lowered their falls risk ( Tinetti ) . Follow-up of participants from Community Otago baseline to the end of 12-weeks showed improvement in function and confidence , but only a third of participants lowered their falls risk . Focus groups data suggest that continuity of delivery , the role of the instructor , health professional , and social and physical outcomes were essential for maintenance . A supportive environment can be created which encourages older adults ’ continued participation in group-based strength and balance , helping the delivery of evidence -based practice BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Visual feedback related to weight distribution and center-of-pressure positioning has been shown to be effective in increasing stance symmetry following stroke , although it is not clear whether functional balance ability also improves . This study compared the relative effectiveness of visual feedback training of center-of-gravity ( CoG ) positioning with conventional physical therapy following acute stroke . SUBJECTS Forty-six people who had strokes within 80 days before the study , result ing in unilateral hemiparesis , and who were in need of balance retraining participated . METHODS AND MATERIAL S Initially , subjects were r and omly assigned to visual feedback or conventional physical therapy groups for balance retraining until 16 subjects per group were recruited . The next 14 subjects were assigned to a control group . All subjects received physical therapy and occupational therapy ( regular therapy ) 2 hours a day , and subjects in the 2 experimental groups received additional balance training 30 minutes a day until discharge . The visual feedback group received information about their CoG position as they shifted their weight during various activities . The conventional therapy group received verbal and tactile cues to encourage symmetrical stance and weight shifting . Static ( postural sway ) and activity-based measures of balance ( Berg Balance Scale , gait speed , and the Timed " Up & Go " Test ) were contrasted across the 3 groups at baseline , at discharge , and at 1 month following discharge using an analysis of variance for repeated measures . RESULTS All groups demonstrated marked improvement over time for all measures of balance ability , with the greatest improvements occurring in the period from baseline to discharge . No between-group differences were detected in any of the outcome measures . CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Visual feedback or conventional balance training in addition to regular therapy affords no added benefit when offered in the early stages of rehabilitation following stroke ABSTRACT Purpose : The purpose of this r and omized controlled trial was to measure the effectiveness of A Matter of Balance , a small‐group based balance program , on muscle strength , gait , balance , and fall risk among older community‐dwelling adults at risk for falls . A secondary aim was to measure the effects of the program on actual fall rates over the 3‐month study . Methods : Twenty‐three older adults were r and omly assigned to either an experimental group that participated in a 12‐week small‐group based balance program or a control group . Subjects were assessed at baseline and following an intervention using the following outcome measures : lower extremity manual muscle testing ( MMT ) and range of motion ; gait analysis on the GAITRite ® system ; balance parameters on the SMART EquiTest ® , the Timed Up and Go test , the Berg Balance Scale , and incidence of falls . Results : A repeated measures ANOVA revealed that there was a significant interaction between groups over time in the Berg Balance Scale scores , P ≤.05 . The experimental group improved over time ( 48.1 to 52.9/56 , respectively ) , whereas the control group decreased in performance ( 49.1 to 47.8/56 , respectively ) , P ≤ .05 . The mean number of falls was significantly less in the experimental group during the intervention compared with the control group ( 0.09 and 0.50 , respectively ) , P ≤ .05 . Conclusions : A community‐based multifactorial intervention including individualized fall risk assessment , exercise , and home assessment appears to safely and effectively reduce the number of falls , result ing in significant improvements in functional balance ability and decreased fall risk Background : While the fear of falling is a common psychological consequence of falling , older adults who have not fallen also frequently report this fear . Fear of falling can lead to activity restriction that is self-imposed rather than due to actual physical impairments . Evidence suggests that exercise can significantly improve balance confidence , as measured by falls-related self-efficacy scales . However , there are no prospect i ve reports that correlate change in balance confidence with changes in fall risk and physical abilities as induced by participating in a group-based exercise program . Objective : The primary purpose of this prospect i ve study was to examine the relationship between the change in balance confidence and the changes in fall risk and physical abilities in older women with confirmed low bone mass after 13 weeks of exercise participation . The secondary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the change in balance confidence and the change in physical activity level . Methods : The sample comprised 98 women aged 75–85 years with low bone mass . Participants were r and omly assigned to one of three groups : resistance training ( n = 32 ) , agility training ( n = 34 ) , and stretching ( sham ) exercises ( n = 32 ) . The 50-min exercise classes for each study arm were held twice weekly at a local YMCA community centre . Results : Both resistance training and agility training significantly improved balance confidence by 6 % from baseline after 13 weeks . However , the change in balance confidence was only weakly correlated with improved general physical function and not significantly correlated with the changes in fall risk score , postural stability , gait speed , or physical activity level . As well , we observed balance confidence enhancement in the presence of increased fall risk or deterioration in physical abilities . Conclusions : Two different types of exercise training  improved balance confidence in older women with low bone mass . This change in balance confidence was significantly correlated with change in general physical function . Because of the observation of discordance between balance confidence change and changes in fall risk and physical abilities , those who design group-based exercise programs for community-dwelling older adults may wish to consider including an education component on factors that influence fear of falling . Objective changes in fall risk factors can not be assumed to mirror change in fear of falling and physical abilities in older adults in the short-term OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 10-week , high-intensity strength-training program targeting key lower extremity muscles for the purpose of improving postural control in balance-impaired older adults . METHODS A quasi-experimental , delayed entry controlled design was used to evaluate balance ability in balance-impaired older adults after participation in 10 weeks of high-intensity strength training focused on the quadriceps , hamstrings , tibialis anterior , and gastrocnemius muscles . Participants were evaluated using vali date d clinical measures of functional balance ability : the Berg Balance Scale , the Timed Up and Go , and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale . RESULTS After strength training , the exercisers were significantly stronger than the control subjects . They improved significantly on the Berg Balance Scale ( P = .030 ) from a mean score of 48.8 + /- 2.4 of 56 before training to 51.2 + /- 4.3 of 56 after training . The Timed Up and Go ( P = .045 ) and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale ( P = .038 ) also improved significantly in the experimental group . These changes are associated with a decrease in fall risk . CONCLUSIONS High-intensity strength training can safely and effectively strengthen lower extremity muscles in balance-impaired older adults , result ing in significant improvements in functional balance ability and decreased fall risk Abstract Background : Falls and fall-related injuries are symptomatic of an aging population . This study aim ed to design , develop , and deliver a novel method of balance training , using an interactive game-based system to promote engagement , with the inclusion of older adults at both high and low risk of experiencing a fall . Study Design : Eighty-two older adults ( 65 years of age and older ) were recruited from sheltered accommodation and local activity groups . Forty volunteers were r and omly selected and received 5 weeks of balance game training ( 5 males , 35 females ; mean , 77.18 ± 6.59 years ) , whereas the remaining control participants recorded levels of physical activity ( 20 males , 22 females ; mean , 76.62 ± 7.28 years ) . The effect of balance game training was measured on levels of functional balance and balance confidence in individuals with and without quantifiable balance impairments . Results : Balance game training had a significant effect on levels of functional balance and balance confidence ( P < 0.05 ) . This was further demonstrated in participants who were deemed at high risk of falls . The overall pattern of results suggests the training program is effective and suitable for individuals at all levels of ability and may therefore play a role in reducing the risk of falls . Conclusions : Commercial hardware can be modified to deliver engaging methods of effective balance assessment and training for the older population OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of a balance and stability-focused outpatient community-based rehabilitation and a regular physiotherapy program on balance , stability , and perceptions of improvement  after acute stroke . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial in a community-based therapy center . PARTICIPANTS Fifty consecutive patients with a first stroke , who reported to a community-based therapy center over a 7-month period were allocated to the control group ( regular physiotherapy ) or the experimental group ( balance and stability-focused rehabilitation ) . INTERVENTION A program of physiotherapy focused on balance and stability exercises . The control group received the regular physiotherapy program . MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients ( PASS ) and the Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) monitored stability and balance . The normalized data ( PASS and BBS ) were analyzed by using analysis of covariance . Qualitative data were thematically described . RESULTS Internal consistency of baseline PASS and BBS scores was high ( Cronbach α , .964 and .974 , respectively ) . PASS overall pretest scores increased from 21.96 ± 21.41 ( mean ± st and ard deviation ) and 21.52 ± 8.43 to 67.67 ± 28.42 and 80.16 ± 22.60 posttest in the control and experimental groups , respectively . Posttest scores were significantly different ( P = .004 ) . The effect size was medium ( .490 ) . The overall BBS scores showed overall mean ( st and ard deviation ) increases from 44.71 ± 22.24 and 43.43 ± 17.11 pretest to 48.71 ± 23.18 and 59.71 ± 18.20 posttest for the control and experimental groups , respectively . The effect size was considered medium ( .532 ) . CONCLUSION The balance and stability-focused community-based rehabilitation program was more effective in improving stability and balance in patients with stroke compared with the regular physiotherapy program in re source -poor setting Regular training programs are a concrete means to prevent and /or reduce functional decline due to aging . A multisensory training approach seems to obtain better results in the elderly with regard to both balance and quality of life .  Forty subjects ( age 65±10 years , height 165±4 cm , weight 73.0±4.6 kg ) were r and omized into two groups ( GrHu and GrCl ) . Participants in the GrHu group received 3 months of balance and postural training , 3 sessions per week , with the use of a multisensory training approach . Those in the GrCl group received 3 months of training with a classical rehabilitation protocol that included isotonic training for the lower limbs and spine . With regard to walking , there was an improvement in step symmetry for participants in the GrHu group compared to baseline ( 0.93±0.09 vs. 0.84±0.1 ; p<0.05 ) . Further , all subjects in the GrHu group showed a significant reduction in the energy used during a 4-min walk . Analysis of stabilometry data also showed a significant improvement in balance for those in the GrHu group , which was independent of age or gender . The multisensory training approach yields an improvement of balance in the elderly , which reduces the risk of falls . The observed improvement is significantly greater than that seen with the classical training program PURPOSE The purpose of this r and omized controlled trial was to determine the effect of a 4-wk balance training program on static and dynamic postural control and self-reported functional outcomes in those with chronic ankle instability ( CAI ) . METHODS Thirty-one young adults with self-reported CAI were r and omly assigned to an intervention group ( six males and 10 females ) or a control group ( six males and nine females ) . The intervention consisted of a 4-wk supervised balance training program that emphasized dynamic stabilization in single-limb stance . Main outcome measures included the following : self-reported disability on the Foot and Ankle Disability Index ( FADI ) and the FADI Sport scales ; summary center of pressure ( COP ) excursion measures including area of a 95 % confidence ellipse , velocity , range , and SD ; time-to-boundary ( TTB ) measures of postural control in single-limb stance including the absolute minimum TTB , mean of TTB minima , and SD of TTB minima in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions with eyes open and closed ; and reach distance in the anterior , posteromedial , and posterolateral directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test ( SEBT ) . RESULTS The balance training group had significant improvements in the FADI and the FADI Sport scores , in the magnitude and the variability of TTB measures with eyes closed , and in reach distances with the posteromedial and the posterolateral directions of the SEBT . Only one of the summary COP-based measures significantly changed after balance training . CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of balance training significantly improved self-reported function , static postural control as detected by TTB measures , and dynamic postural control as assessed with the SEBT . TTB measures were more sensitive at detecting improvements in static postural control compared with summary COP-based measures BACKGROUND older people participate in exercise programmes to reduce the risk of falls but no study has investigated a specific balance strategy training intervention presented in a workstation format for small groups . OBJECTIVE to determine whether a specific balance strategy training programmeme delivered in a workstation format was superior to a community based exercise class programme for reducing falls . DESIGN a r and omised controlled trial model . SETTING Neurological Disorders , Ageing and Balance Clinic , Department of Physiotherapy , The University of Queensl and . SUBJECTS 73 males and females over 60 years , living independently in the community and who had fallen in the previous year were recruited . METHODS all subjects received a falls risk education booklet and completed an incident calendar for the duration of the study . Treatment sessions were once a week for 10 weeks . Subject assessment before and after intervention and at 3 months follow-up included number of falls , co-morbidities , medications , community services and activity level , functional motor ability , clinical and laboratory balance measures and fear of falling . RESULTS all participants significantly reduced the number of falls ( P < 0.000 ) . The specific balance strategy intervention group showed significantly more improvement in functional measures than the control group ( P = 0.034 ) . Separate group analyses indicated significantly improved performance in functional motor ability and most clinical balance measures for the balance group ( P < 0.04 ) . The control group only improved in TUG and TUGcog . CONCLUSIONS the results provide evidence that all participants achieved a significant reduction in falls .  Specific balance strategy training using workstations is superior to traditional exercise classes for improving function and balance BACKGROUND Exercise as a falls prevention strategy is more complex with people at risk than with the general population . The Lifestyle approach to reducing Falls through Exercise ( LiFE ) involves embedding balance and lower limb strength training in habitual daily routines . METHODS A total of 34 community-residing people aged ≥70 years were r and omised either into the  LiFE programme  or into a no-intervention control group and followed up for six months . Inclusion criteria were two or more falls or an injurious fall in the past year . RESULTS There were 12 falls in the intervention group and 35 in the control group . Therelative risk ( RR ) analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in falls ( RR = 0.23 ; 0.07 - 0.83 ) . There were indications that dynamic balance ( P = 0.04 at three months ) and efficacy beliefs ( P = 0.04 at six months ) improved for the LiFE programme participants . In general , secondary physical and health status outcomes , which were hypothesised as potential mediators of fall risk , improved minimally and inconsistently . CONCLUSIONS LiFE was effective in reducing recurrent falls in this at-risk sample . However , there were minimal changes in secondary measures . The study was feasible in terms of recruitment , r and omisation , blinding and data collection . A larger r and omised trial is needed to investigate long-term efficacy , mechanisms of benefit and clinical significance of this new intervention Objective To assess the effectiveness of a two year exercise programme of progressive balance retraining in reducing injurious falls among women aged 75 - 85 at increased risk of falls and injuries and living in the community . Design Pragmatic multicentre , two arm , parallel group , r and omised controlled trial . Setting 20 study sites in 16 medium to large cities throughout France . Participants 706 women aged 75 - 85 , living in their own home , and with diminished balance and gait capacities , r and omly allocated to the experimental intervention group  ( exercise programme , n=352 ) or the  control group ( no intervention , n=354 ) . Intervention Weekly supervised group sessions of progressive balance training offered in community based premises for two years , supplemented by individually prescribed home exercises . Outcome measures A geriatrician blinded to group assignment classified falls into one of three categories ( no consequence , moderate , severe ) based on physical damage and medical care . The primary outcome was the rate of injurious falls ( moderate and severe ) . The two groups were compared for rates of injurious falls with a “ shared frailty ” model . Other outcomes included the rates of all falls , physical functional capacities ( balance and motor function test results ) , fear of falling ( FES-I ) , physical activity level , and perceived health related quality of life ( SF-36 ) . Analysis was by intention to treat . Results There were 305 injurious falls in the intervention group and 397 in the control group ( hazard ratio 0.81 , 95 % confidence interval 0.67 to 0.99 ) . The difference in severe injuries ( 68 in intervention group v 87 in control group ) was of the same order of magnitude ( 0.83 , 0.60 to 1.16 ) . At two years , women in the intervention group performed significantly better on all physical tests and had significantly better perception of their overall physical function than women in the control group . Among women who started the intervention ( n=294 ) , the median number of group sessions attended was 53 ( interquartile range 16 - 71 ) . Five injurious falls related to the intervention were recorded . Conclusion A two year progressive balance retraining programme combining weekly group and individual sessions was effective in reducing injurious falls and in improving measured and perceived physical function in women aged 75 - 85 at risk of falling . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov ( NCT00545350 )
There is strong evidence to suggest that balance training can improve static balance ability on stable and unstable surfaces , as well as dynamic balance ability .
Elite athletes have the potential to improve static balance on an unstable surface and dynamic balance ability , but a ceiling effect appears to occur with stable balance ability on a stable surface .
Balance training programs performed at least 10 minutes per day , 3 days per week , for 4 weeks that incorporate various methods of balance training appear to improve balance ability .
Types of balance training included the use of tilt boards , unstable surfaces , and dynamic body movements while maintaining a static stance
Balance is considered a risk factor for several injuries and consequently a focus of many strengthening , injury prevention , and rehabilitation programs .
There are several studies that have evaluated the ability of balance training to improve balance ability in a healthy population with no general consensus .
We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the body of evidence regarding the effectiveness of balance training on improving various forms of balance ability in a healthy population .