Comparative evaluation of push-out bond strength of ProRoot MTA, bioaggregate and biodentine. The effects of Various Endodontic Irrigants on the Push-out Bond Strength of Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. Effect of retreatment on the push-out bond strength of MTA-based and epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite on Push-out Bond Strength of Four Calcium Silicate-based Endodontic Materials when used for repairing Perforations on Human Dentin: An in vitro Evaluation. Push-Out Bond Strength of Bioceramic Materials in a Synthetic Tissue Fluid Evaluation of push-out bond strength of a new MTA-based sealer Finite element analysis and bond strength of a glass post to intraradicular dentin: comparison between microtensile and push-out tests. The effect of obturation technique on the push-out bond strength of calcium silicate sealers. Push-out bond strength of two new calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers to root canal dentine. Push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate in the presence of alkaline pH. An in vitro comparison of bond strength of various obturation materials to root canal dentin using a push-out test design. Micro-computed tomography and bond strength analysis of different root canal filling techniques. Influence of force location in orthodontic shear bond strength testing. Effect of placement technique on the push-out bond strength of calcium-silicate based cements. Influence of the exposure of MTA with and without calcium chloride to phosphate-buffered saline on the push-out bond strength to dentine. Effect of several intracanal medicaments on the push-out bond strength of ProRoot MTA and Biodentine. Comparison of push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium enriched mixture cement as root end filling materials
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the push-out bond strength of Biodentine ( BD ) in comparison with two available calcium silicate based material s , bioaggregate ( BA ) and ProRoot MTA ( WMTA ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One hundred and twenty-three Root dentin slices of freshly extracted single Rooted human teeth were r and omly divided into three groups ( n = 41 ) according to the used test material : WMTA , BA , BD . After canal space preparation , the filling material s were placed inside the lumen of the slices . After 72 hours , the maximum force applied to material s at the time of dislodgement was recorded and slices were then examined under a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification to determine the nature of bond failure . Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) test was used to compare means of push-out bond strength . Post-hoc test was then accomplished for multiple comparisons . Chi-square test was used to determine if there is significant association between the type of material and type of failure . RESULTS The mean push-out bond strength ± st and ard deviation in MPa values of WMTA , BA and BD were 23.26 ± 5.49 , 9.57 ± 3.45 , 21.86 ± 6.9 , respectively . There was no significant difference between the means of WMTA and BD ( p = 0.566 ) , but the mean of BA was significantly lower than those of WMTA and BD ( p = 0.000 ) . Under stereomicroscope , WMTA and BA showed a majority of mixed type of failure than cohesive failure , while BD showed the opposite . No adhesive failure was observed in any specimen . CONCLUSION The findings of the present study imply that the force needed for BD displacement is similar to WMTA and significantly higher than the force required to displace BA INTRODUCTION The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of various irrigants on the push-out bond strength of calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . METHODS AND MATERIAL S A total of 140 dentin disks with a thickness of 1.5±0.2 mm and lumen size of 1.3 mm , were r and omly divided into 12 groups ( n=10 ) and 4 control groups ( n=5 ) . The lumen of disks in groups 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 were filled with CEM and groups 4 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 were filled with MTA . Control groups were filled with CEM and MTA . Specimens were incubated at 37 ° C for one day in groups 1 to 6 and seven days in groups 7 to 12 . After incubation the sample s were divided into three subgroups ( n=10 ) that were either immersed for 30 min in 5.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) or saline solution .  The push-out bond strength values were measured by using a universal testing machine . The nature of the failures were determined by light microscope . Data was analyzed using the three-way ANOVA to evaluate the effect of material type , different irrigants and time intervals . Post hoc Tukey 's test was used for two-by-two comparison of the groups . RESULTS CEM cement significantly showed a higher push-out bond strength in comparison with MTA ( P=0.001 ) . The elapse of time significantly increased the bond strength ( P=0.001 ) . There was no significant difference between the irrigants used in this study ( P=0.441 ) . Bond failure was predominantly of mixed type in MTA and of cohesive type in CEM sample s. CONCLUSION Based on this study , endodontic irrigants did not influence the push-out bond strength of MTA and CEM cement Background . Further studies on the adhesion properties of MTA-based material s seem necessary due to their growing use in endodontic treatment . This research aim ed to assess the effect of retreatment on the bond strength of MTA-based ( MTA Fillapex ) and epoxy resin-based ( AH Plus ) sealers . Methods . ProTaper rotary files were applied to prepare the root canals of 80 human m and ibular premolars . Then , the roots were r and omly divided intotwo groups of A ( n=40 ) and B ( n=40 ) , which were obturated with gutta-percha and MTA Filla-pex and AH Plus sealer , respectively . In both groups , the teeth were r and omly subdivided into 2 subgroups . No retreatment was carried out in subgroups A1 and B1 , while subgroups A2 and B2 were retreated with rotary files and a solvent . Then , a push-out test was performed on four 2-mm slices of each tooth at a distance of 2 mm from the coronal surface after two weeks of incubation . Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and statistical significance was set at P<0.05 . Results . Regardless of the procedure followed ( P<0.001 ) , significant differences were detected in the mean bond strength values between the two sealers . Irrespective of the sealer type ( P=0.3 ) , no significant differences were revealed by comparing the mean bond strength values of the study subgroups . Furthermore , no statistically significant interaction ( P=0.5 ) was found between the treatment and sealer types . Conclusion . AH Plus sealer exhibited a higher bond strength compared to MTA Fillapex . Retreatment using rotary files and chloroform had no statistically significant effect on the bond strength of sealers evaluated in this study AIM This study aim ed to evaluate the push-out bond strength of NeoMTA Plus ( NMTA ) , EndoSequence root repair material fast set putty ( ERRMF ) , biodentine ( BD ) , and ProRoot white mineral trioxide aggregate ( PMTA ) when used as perforation repair material s after exposure to 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) during the early setting phase . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Horizontal midroot sections were prepared from single-rooted human teeth . Sections ( n = 144 ) were r and omly divided into four groups : PMTA , BD , NMTA , and ERRMF . Material s were condensed and allowed to set for 10 minutes . The groups were further divided into two subgroups . The NaOCl group included specimens that were immersed in 2.5 % NaOCl for 30 minutes , and the control group included specimens on which a wet cotton pellet was placed over the test material . After 48 hours , the highest force applied to the material s at the time of dislodgement was recorded . Slices were then examined under a digital microscope to evaluate the nature of the bond failure . The surfaces of two specimens from each subgroup were observed by scanning electron microscopy . Data were statistically analyzed with two-way and one-way analysis of variances , independent t-tests , and chi-square tests . The statistical significance was set at 0.05 . RESULTS In NaOCl-treated groups , PMTA showed a significantly higher push-out bond strength than the other three material s ( p = 0.00 ) . In the control groups , the bond strength of BD was significantly higher than that of PMTA , ERRMF , and NMTA ( p < 0.05 ) . Compared with the control group , NaOCl treatment significantly increased the push-out bond strength of PMTA ( p = 0.00 ) and ERRMF ( p = 0.00 ) and significantly reduced the bond strength of BD ( p = 0.00 ) and NMTA ( p = 0.03 ) . None of the specimens showed an adhesive type of failure . The majority of the sample s exhibited a cohesive failure type . Morphological observations revealed that the surfaces exhibited cubic crystals . In ERRMF , the crystals were few in number . Sodium hypochlorite enhanced the crystallization of NMTA . CONCLUSION The push-out bond strengths of PMTA and ERRMF were significantly increased after exposure to 2.5 % NaOCl in the early setting phase , and those of BD and NMTA were significantly decreased . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The results of the present study suggest that early exposure of NaOCl increase the push-out bond strength of PMTA and ERRMF . PMTA had the highest push-out values . Therefore , it would be a potentially useful perforation repair material for single visit endodontic treatment Objective : This study compared the push-out bond strength of EndoSequence Root Repair Material ( ERRM ) and Bioaggregate ( BA ) , new bioceramic material s , to that of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) after incubation in phosphate-buffered saline ( PBS ) , a synthetic tissue fluid , for either 1 week or 2 months . Material s and Methods : One-hundred and twenty root sections were filled with ProRoot MTA , BA , or ERRM . Each tested material was then r and omly divided into two subgroups ( n = 20 ) : root sections were immersed in PBS for 1 week or 2 months . The bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine . After that , the failure modes were examined with stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . The push-out data and failure mode categories were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and chi-square tests , respectively . Results : The bond strength of ERRM was significantly higher than that of BA and MTA at both incubation periods . No significant difference was found between the bond strength of MTA and BA at either 1 week or 2 months . Increasing the incubation time to 2 months result ed in a significant increase in bond strength of all the material s. The failure mode was mainly mixed for MTA and BA , but cohesive for ERRM at both incubation periods . Conclusion : ERRM had significantly higher bond strength to root canal walls compared to MTA and BA . Increasing the incubation time significantly improved the bond strength and bioactive reaction products of all material Aim To evaluate the push-out bond strength of  MTA Fillapex ( Angelus ) and compare it with ProRoot MTA ( Dentsply ) and AH Plus ( Dentsply ) . Design Thirty extracted single-rooted teeth were selected and prepared using a rotary system . The sample s were divided r and omly into three groups ( n = 10 ) and obturated , respectively , with : ( 1 ) AH Plus + gutta-percha ( DiaDent ) ; ( 2 ) MTA Fillapex + gutta-percha ; ( 3 ) ProRoot MTA . Each root was sectioned into 1-mm-thick slices and 30 sample s for each group were obtained . The sample s were subjected to push-out test . Failure modes were examined under 30 × magnification . The results were analysed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey ’s test . Results Mean push-out bond strength values were ranked as follows : ProRoot MTA > AH Plus > MTA Fillapex . Statistically significant differences were found among all groups ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion ProRoot MTA had the highest bond strength , whilst MTA Fillapex displayed the lowest values among the groups OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that the stress distribution and bond strength of glass posts to intraradicular dentin is influenced by the mechanical testing methodology . METHODS Thirty single rooted endodontically treated teeth were prepared for luting of tapered fiber-glass posts ( Reforpost , Angelus , Londrina , PR , Brazil ) with a conventional adhesive system and resin luting cement ( Adper Scotchbond Multi- purpose , Rely X ARC , 3 M ESPE , St. Paul , MN , USA ) . The teeth were r and omly divided ( n=10 per group ) into micro-push-out ( Mpo ) , hourglass- ( Mh ) and rectangular stick-shaped ( Ms ) microtensile testing groups before sectioning each root into five 1-mm-thick specimens . During specimen preparation for microTBS testing 46/50 stick and 4/50 hourglass specimens prematurely failed ; therefore , the Ms group could not be included in the mechanical testing . The remaining specimens were tested at 0.5 mm/min until bond failure . Stress distribution within each specimen type for the three mechanical test methods was analyzed by finite element analysis ( FEA ) . Qualitative analyses were carried out through Von Mises , XY and Sy criterion . RESULTS Mpo and Mh had a mean microTBS of 11.89+/-6.55 and 14.98+/-12.72 MPa , respectively , which was not significantly different ( p=0.1311 ) . The push-out test demonstrated a more homogenous stress distribution by FEA and less variability in mechanical testing . SIGNIFICANCE Therefore , the recommended testing method for determining the bond strength of glass posts to intraradicular dentin is by Mpo INTRODUCTION Calcium silicate-based sealers are known to have excellent sealing ability and bioactivities . They are typically recommended to be used in a single-cone ( SC ) technique . No studies have evaluated the effects of the thermoplastic obturation technique on the dentin interface of these sealers . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the push-out bond strengths of MTA Plus Sealer ( Avalon Biomed Inc , Bradenton , FL ) and EndoSequence BC Sealer ( BC ; Brasseler USA , Savannah , GA ) when they were used in a thermoplastic technique . METHODS Fifty single-rooted human extracted teeth were r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n = 10 ) , instrumented , and obturated with the SC technique or continuous wave ( CW ) technique : group 1 , BC-SC ; group 2 , BC-CW ; group 3 , MTA Plus-SC ; group 4 , MTA Plus-CW ; and group 5 , AH Plus ( Dentsply DeTrey , Konstanz , Germany)-CW . The roots were sectioned into 1.0-mm-thick slices , and bond strengths were measured using a st and ardized push-out test . The mode of failure was determined by visual inspection under magnification . RESULTS The MTA Plus-CW had statistically significant lower bond strengths than all other groups . The BC-SC group had statistically higher bond strengths than the MTA Plus-SC and AH Plus-CW groups . No significant differences were seen among the other groups . Modes of failure were predominately cohesive or mixed except for group 4 ( ie , MTA Plus-CW ) in which nearly half the specimens had no visible sealer . CONCLUSIONS BC and MTA Plus sealer showed favorable bond strengths when used in an SC technique . The CW obturation technique decreased the bond strengths of these sealers AIM To assess the push-out bond strength of two new calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers in the root canals of extracted teeth . METHODOLOGY Thirty extracted single-rooted central incisors of similar sizes were selected r and omly and distributed to three groups ( n = 10 ) . All canals were instrumented using ProTaper rotary instruments to achieve tapered canal walls . Irrigation was performed using 5 mL 2.5 % NaOCl between each instrument , and the smear layer was removed using 5 mL 17 % EDTA . The canals were filled with three different sealers using a cold lateral compaction technique : group 1 : AH Plus + gutta-percha , group 2 : I Root SP + gutta-percha and group 3 : MTA Fillapex + gutta-percha . Three horizontal sections were prepared at a thickness of 1 mm ± 0.1 in the apical , middle and coronal parts of each root . The test specimens were subjected to the push-out test method using a Universal Test Machine ( Instron , Canton , MA , USA ) that carried 1-mm , 0.5-mm and 0.3-mm plungers for coronal , middle and apical specimens , respectively . The loading speed was 1 mm min(-1 ) . The push-out data were analysed by two-way analysis of variance ( anova ) and the post hoc Holm-Sidak test , with significance set at P < 0.05 . RESULTS In the coronal specimens , there was no significant difference between the sealers . In the middle and apical segments , there was no significant difference between I Root SP and AH Plus groups . However , the I Root SP and AH Plus had significantly higher bond strength values than the MTA Fillapex ( P < 0.05 ) . In terms of root segments , the bond strengths in the middle specimens and the apical specimens were higher compared with the bond strengths in the coronal specimens ( P < 0.05 ) . There were no significant differences between the bond strengths in the middle and apical specimens . CONCLUSION MTA Fillapex had the lowest push-out bond values to root dentine compared with other sealers INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a range of alkaline pH values on the push-out strength of white mineral trioxide aggregate ( WMTA ) . METHODS The st and ardized lumens of root slices prepared from extracted single-rooted human teeth were filled with white ProRoot MTA . The specimens were then r and omly divided into 4 groups ( n = 20 ) and wrapped in pieces of gauze soaked in synthetic tissue fluid ( STF ) ( pH , 7.4 ) and STF buffered in potassium hydroxide at pH values of 8.4 , 9.4 , or 10.4 . The sample s were incubated for 3 days at 37 ° C . The push-out bond strengths were then measured by using a universal testing machine . Failure modes after the push-out test were examined under a light microscope at ×40 magnification . The data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests . RESULTS The greatest ( 9.46 ± 0.63 MPa ) and lowest ( 5.68 ± 0.83 MPa ) mean push-out bond strengths were observed after exposure to pH values of 8.4 and 10.4 , respectively . There were significant differences between the groups ( P = .001 ) . The bond failure was adhesive for all experimental groups . CONCLUSIONS Push-out bond strength of WMTA could be influenced by different alkaline pH values The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the bond strength of various obturation material s to root canal dentin by using a push-out test design . Twenty-five single-rooted extracted human teeth were used in this study . The crowns were removed , and root canal instrumentation was completed by using Endogel-coated 0.06 EndoSequence rotary files ( Brasseler , Savannah , GA ) and appropriate irrigation with 5.25 % NaOCl and a final rinse with 17 % EDTA . After instrumentation , the roots were r and omly divided into five single-matched cone obturation groups ( n = 5 roots/group ) , as follows : group 1 , gutta percha with Kerr EWT ( Kerr Corp , Romulus , MI ) ; group 2 , gutta percha with AH Plus ( Dentsply , DeTrey , Germany ) ; group 3 , Resilon ( Pentron Clinical Technologies , Wallingford , CT ) and Epiphany ( Pentron ) ; group 4 , Activ GP ( Brasseler ) obturation system ; and group 5 , EndoREZ obturation system ( Ultradent , South Jordan , UT ) . The obturated roots were cut perpendicular to the long access to create 1-mm thick slices from the apical , middle , and coronal thirds . The bond strength was measured for each test slice with a push-out testing machine . Statistical analysis was completed by using a two-way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tukeys test with significance set at p < 0.05 . Group 2 showed a significantly ( p < 0.05 ) greater bond strength compared with all other groups . Also , groups 1 and 4 had significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher bond strengths compared with groups 3 and 5 INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and bond strength of three root filling techniques ( lateral compaction , continuous wave of condensation and Tagger 's Hybrid technique [ THT ] ) using micro-computed tomography ( CT ) images and push-out tests , respectively . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty m and ibular incisors were prepared using the same protocol and r and omly divided into three groups ( n=10 ) : Lateral condensation technique ( LCT ) , continuous wave of condensation technique ( CWCT ) , and THT . All specimens were filled with Gutta-percha ( GP ) cones and AH Plus sealer . Five specimens of each group were r and omly chosen for micro-CT analysis and all of them were sectioned into 1 mm slices and subjected to push-out tests . RESULTS Micro-CT analysis revealed less empty spaces when GP was heated within the root canals in CWCT and THT when compared to LCT . Push-out tests showed that LCT and THT had a significantly higher displacement resistance ( P<0.05 ) when compared to the CWCT .  Bond strength was lower in apical and middle thirds than in the coronal thirds . CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that LCT and THT were associated with higher bond strengths to intraradicular dentine than CWCT . However , LCT was associated with more empty voids than the other techniques OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to analyze the influence of debonding force location in shear bond strength testing of orthodontic brackets in vitro . METHODS Ninety extracted permanent bovine m and ibular incisors were r and omly divided into 3 groups of 30 specimens each . Teeth were bonded with stainless steel orthodontic brackets . Enamel surfaces were etched with 37 % phosphoric acid for 30s and bonded with a composite adhesive .  Debonding force measurements were performed with a universal testing machine . Location of the debonding force was : bracket base ( group A ) , ligature groove ( group B ) , occlusal bracket wings ( group C ) . RESULTS Mean shear bond strength measurements were as follows : 22.70(4.23)MPa ( group A ) , 11.52(2.74)MPa ( group B ) , 9.44(2.96)MPa ( group C ) . Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences in shear bond strength . Post-hoc Tukey tests showed that bond strength measurements of group A were significantly different from those of groups B and C. The adhesive remnant index also showed significant differences and ranged from a mean of 1.53 in group A to a mean of 2.10 in group C. SIGNIFICANCE Debonding force location had a significant influence on shear bond strength measurements and bond failure pattern , indicating that this parameter needs to be taken into consideration for inter study comparison of in vitro results The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic and manual placement techniques on the push-out bond strength of Biodentine and MTA with and without calcium chloride .  One hundred and twenty mid-root slices from forty freshly extracted single-rooted human m and ibular premolar teeth were instrumented and r and omly divided into six groups ( n=20 ) according to the filling material and placement technique applied , as follows : G1 : MTA-manual compaction , G2 : Biodentine-manual compaction , G3 : MTA+5 % CaCl2-manual compaction , G4 : MTA-ultrasonic activation , G5 : Biodentine-ultrasonic activation , G6 : MTA+5 % CaCl2-ultrasonic activation . The push-out bond strengths were measured using an Instron testing machine . Data were analyzed using twoway analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) with Bonferroni correction . The ultrasonic activation significantly enhanced the bond strength values of the material s. Biodentine presented higher bond strength values than that of MTA groups . The addition of CaCl2 to MTA did not improve the bond strength of the material AIM To analyse the influence of exposure of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) with and without calcium chloride ( CaCl2 ) to phosphate-buffered saline ( PBS ) on the push-out bond strength , over different experimental periods . METHODOLOGY One hundred and twenty dentine discs with st and ardized cavities were filled with MTA with and without 10 % CaCl2 . The specimens were r and omly divided as follows ( n = 30 ) : ( G1 ) MTA in contact with a moistened cotton pellet , ( G2 ) MTA immersed in PBS , ( G3 ) MTA + CaCl2 in contact with a moistened cotton pellet and ( G4 ) MTA + CaCl2 immersed in PBS . The sample s were stored for 3 , 28 and 60 days . The bond strengths were measured with the Instron Testing machine . Data were analysed using the three-way anova and Tukey test ( P < 0.05 ) . RESULTS In general , the sample s of MTA with and without CaCl2 , exposed to PBS , had higher bond strength values in all study periods ( P < 0.05 ) . Analysis of the influence of addition of CaCl2  to MTA ( G1 × G3 ) evidence d significant differences in bond strength in the different periods ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The exposure of MTA to PBS positively influenced the push-out bond strength , whereas the addition of CaCl2 had a negative influence AIM To evaluate the effect of prior application of several intracanal medicaments on the push-out bond strength of ProRoot MTA and Biodentine . METHODOLOGY Sixty freshly extracted maxillary anterior teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction , and the root canals instrumented using rotary files . Thereafter , a parallel post drill was used to obtain a st and ardized root canal dimension . The roots were r and omly assigned into one of the following groups with respect to the intracanal medicament applied : group 1 : calcium hydroxide ( CH ) powder ( Merck , Darmstadt , Germany ) mixed with distilled water ; group 2 : a mixture of metronidazole , ciprofloxacin and minocycline ( triple antibiotic paste ) ; group 3 : a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid ( Augmentin ; Champs Pharmacy , San Antonio , TX , USA ) ; group 4 : an antibiotic-corticoid compound paste ( Ledermix ; Riemser , Greifswald , Germany ) ; and group 5 : no medicament ( control ) . Following removal of medicaments with instrumentation and irrigation , the roots were cut into 1-mm-thick parallel transverse sections in a coronal-to-apical direction ( 5 slices/tooth ) . Thereafter , the specimens were divided into two subgroups according to the calcium silicate cement applied ( n = 30/group ) : ( i ) ProRoot MTA ( Dentsply Tulsa Dental , Tulsa , OK , USA ) and ( ii ) Biodentine ( Septodont , Saint-Maur-des-Fosses , France ) . A push-out test was performed , and the data were analysed statistically using two-way anova and Tukey 's post hoc test . RESULTS Regardless of the type of intracanal medicament used , Biodentine had significantly higher bond strength than MTA ( P < 0.05 ) . The highest push-out bond strength results were obtained in CH-treated dentine . Compared with other medicaments , this value was only significantly higher than that of Ledermix ( P < 0.05 ) . In both the MTA and Biodentine groups , pairwise comparisons between other medicaments showed similar debonding values ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Biodentine had a higher bond strength to root canal dentine than ProRoot MTA . Prior CH in distilled water intracanal placement increased the dislodgment resistance of both calcium silicate cements Background : The purpose of this study was to compare the push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) and calcium enriched mixture ( CEM ) as root end filling material s. Material s and Methods : A total of 40 root dentin slices ( 1 ± 0.2 mm ) were prepared from freshly extracted human maxillary central teeth and their lumens were enlarged to 1.3 mm . The slices were r and omly divided into two groups ( n = 20 ) . MTA and CEM cement were mixed according to manufacturer 's instruction and introduced into the lumens . The specimens were wrapped in pieces of wet gauze soaked in distilled water and incubated at 37 ° C for 3 days . The push-out bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine . The slices were then examined under a light microscope at ×10 magnification to determine the nature of bond failure . The data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test ( P < 0.001 ) . Results : The mean push-out bond strength for CEM cement and MTA were 1.68 ± 0.9 and 5.94 ± 3.99 respectively . The difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.001 ) . The bond failure was predominantly of adhesive type in MTA group and cohesive type in CEM group . Conclusion : CEM cement showed significantly lower bond strength to the dentinal wall compared to MTA
HIGHLIGHTSPOBT in endodontic research predicts the clinical behavior of endodontic material s .
Introduction : There is limited literature on the impact of testing variables on the push‐out bond test ( POBT ) .
This review identified design s of the POBT used in the endodontic literature and aim ed to determine which experimental variables may influence the push‐out bond strength ( POBS ) .