Resistance versus endurance training in patients with COPD and peripheral muscle weakness Resistance training as a preconditioning strategy for enhancing aerobic exercise training outcomes in COPD. The effect of single set resistance training on strength and functional fitness in pulmonary rehabilitation patients. Combination training and resistance training as effective interventions to improve functioning in elders. Effects of Combined Resistance and Endurance Training Versus Resistance Training Alone on Strength, Exercise Capacity, and Quality of Life in Patients With COPD Two different training programmes for patients with COPD: a randomised study with 1-year follow-up. Impact of resistance training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients during periods of acute exacerbation. Endurance exercise training in older patients with heart failure: results from a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial. The effect of resistance training on left ventricular function and structure of patients with chronic heart failure. Strength training increases maximum working capacity in patients with COPD--randomized clinical trial comparing three training modalities. High intensity physical group training in water--an effective training modality for patients with COPD. Aerobic and resistance training in coronary disease: single versus multiple sets. The effects of elastic tubing-based resistance training compared with conventional resistance training in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial Exercise training in COPD: how to distinguish responders from nonresponders. [Influence of a resistance training on pulmonary function and performance measures of patients with COPD]. Interval training as an alternative modality to continuous exercise in patients with COPD Concurrent cardiovascular and resistance training in healthy older adults.
The effects of endurance training on exercise capacity and health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) patients have been studied thoroughly , while resistance training has been rarely evaluated . This study investigated the effects of resistance training in comparison with endurance training in patients with moderate to severe COPD and peripheral muscle weakness ( isometric knee extension peak torque < 75 % predicted ) . Forty-eight patients ( age 64±8 yrs , forced expiratory volume in one second 38±17 % pred ) were r and omly assigned to resistance training ( RT , n=24 ) or endurance training ( ET , n=24 ) . The former consisted of dynamic strengthening exercises . The latter consisted of walking , cycling and arm cranking .  Respiratory and peripheral muscle force , exercise capacity , and HRQL were re-evaluated in all patients who completed the 12-week rehabilitation ( RT n=14 , ET n=16 ) . Statistically significant increases in knee extension peak torque ( RT 20±21 % , ET 42±21 % ) , maximal knee flexion force ( RT 31±39 % , ET 28±37 % ) , elbow flexion force ( RT 24±19 % , ET 33±25 % ) , 6-min walking distance ( 6MWD ) ( RT 79±74 m , ET 95±57 m ) , maximum workload ( RT 15±16 Watt , ET 14±13 Watt ) and HRQL ( RT 16±25 points , ET 16±15 points ) were observed . No significant differences in changes in HRQL and 6MWD were seen between the two treatments . Resistance training and endurance training have similar effects on peripheral muscle force , exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with peripheral muscle weakness PURPOSE Aerobic exercise training is a recognized approach for improving functional capacity in COPD . People with greater disease severity often have difficulty achieving higher aerobic exercise training intensity . The effects of resistance training prior to aerobic training were examined to determine if this sequential approach was associated with greater gains in functional status than aerobic training alone or concurrent aerobic and resistance training . METHODS Patients were r and omized to : 1 ) sequential resistance then aerobic training ( RT-then-AT ) ( 8 weeks resistance training followed by 8 weeks aerobic exercise training ) , 2 ) control group ( CE-then-AT + RT ) ( 8 weeks of ' sham ' training followed by 8 weeks concurrent aerobic and resistance training ) , 3 ) control group ( CE-then-AT ) ( 8 weeks ' sham ' training followed by 8 weeks aerobic training ) . Outcomes were assessed at study entry , after week 8 , and after week 16 : aerobic exercise performance ; muscle strength and endurance . RESULTS 75 patients completed training :  FEV1 % pred 40 ± 10 , V˙O(2peak ) % predicted , 71 ± 22 , fat-free mass index 19.5 ± 3.1 . RT-then-AT had greater acquisition of peripheral muscle endurance than CE-then-AT + RT and CE-then-AT , but improvements in aerobic exercise performance were similar . Improvements in muscle strength were similar between RT-then-AT and CE-then-AT + RT . Sarcopenia was associated with poorer attendance , and lower aerobic and resistance training volumes . CONCLUSION Although the sequential approach to resistance and aerobic training yielded a greater increase in muscle endurance and higher resistance training volume compared to concurrent resistance and aerobic training , other training outcomes were similar between the two groups , thus the sequential approach is not clearly superior to the concurrent approach in severe COPD . Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT01058213 PURPOSE The primary goal of pulmonary rehabilitation ( PR ) is for patients to achieve and maintain their maximum level of independence and functioning in the community . Traditional PR uses a predominantly aerobic/endurance approach to rehabilitation with little or no inclusion of exercises to increase strength . Few studies have investigated the impact of resistance training on PR despite growing evidence supporting its efficacy to improve physical function ( functional fitness ) in both healthy individuals and those with chronic disease . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of single-set resistance training on strength and functional fitness outcomes in PR patients . METHODS Twenty PR patients , 60 to 81 years old , were r and omly assigned to an 8-week endurance-based PR program ( ET ) or an ET plus resistance training program ( RT ) . RESULTS Strength increased in RT ( P < .05 ) and decreased in  ET for both upper and lower body . Functional fitness improved ( P < .05 ) in 5 of 7 tests for RT compared with 2 tests for ET . CONCLUSIONS Single set RT can elicit significant improvements in both strength and functional fitness , which is not obtained by traditional PR alone . Our results are comparable to other studies with similar outcomes using multiple-set RT protocol s. These findings may have important implication s for program design , application , and adherence in PR The purpose of the study was to determine whether resistance training ( RT ) or a combination of resistance and aerobic training ( CT ) result ed in the most improvement in measures of functional ability in functionally limited elders . Elderly adults who exhibited some limits in functional ability were r and omly assigned to either a CT , RT , or control ( C ) group . Both RT and CT exercised three times per week for 16 weeks . At Weeks 0 and 17 , participants completed six measures of strength and six functional tests . A 3 ( group ) x 3 ( time ) ANOVA with repeated measures on the time factor was used to analyze the results . CT and RT scored significantly better than C at Week 17 for biceps curl , elbow extension , chair st and , and time up the stairs . These findings demonstrate that RT and CT are both effective at increasing measures of strength and functional ability in elderly adults who begin exercise with functional limitations PURPOSE : To compare the effects of 12-week training periods ( 2 d·wk−1 ) involving resistance training only with the effects of 12-week training periods involving combined resistance ( once weekly ) and endurance ( once weekly ) training on strength , endurance performance , and quality of life . METHODS : Thirty-six patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were r and omized to combined training ( REG ) , resistance training alone ( RG ) , or control ( CG ) groups . Patients were tested for maximal strength of the upper and lower extremities , power output of the lower extremities , maximal ( W max ) and submaximal exercise capacity , performance on a 6-minute walk test ( 6MWT ) , and quality of life . RESULTS : REG and RG induced similar maximal strength gains . Muscle power increased 19 % ( P ⩽ .01 ) and W max improved 13 % ( P < .05 ) in REG . Reductions ( P < .05 ) in the heart rate and blood lactate at a given submaximal workload were observed in REG . Improvements in 6MWT and quality of life were similar in both training groups . CONCLUSIONS : Compared with a twice-weekly resistance training program , the combination of once-weekly resistance and once-weekly endurance training not only produced similar gains in maximal strength , 6MWT performance , and quality of life but also produced improvements in muscle power and endurance performance . These findings may have implication s for the prescription of resistance and endurance exercise for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease PURPOSE To compare the effects on exercise capacity and health related quality of life ( HRQoL ) of two exercise programmes ; one programme including endurance training and one including only resistance training and callisthenics . A second purpose was to find out whether the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) affected the training response and whether the interventions had a long-term effect . METHODS Sixty-three patients were stratified according to severity of COPD and r and omised to two training groups . Group A had a mixed programme including endurance training . Group B had resistance training and callisthenics . All trained twice weekly for 8 weeks . A symptom-limited ergometer test , 12-min walking test , dynamic spirometry , blood gas analysis at rest and HRQoL were measured before and after the training period . Follow-up tests were conducted at 6 and 12 months after training . RESULTS Forty-two patients fulfilled the trial . In group A ( n=20 ) peak exercise capacity increased by 7W ( P<0.001 ) and 12-min walking distance ( 12MWD ) by 50 m ( P<0.01 ) , whereas group B ( n=22 ) did not change in any of these variables . HRQoL did not change significantly in either group . Training response was similar in patients with moderate and severe disease . One year post-training 12MWD had returned to pre-training level in group A , and below pre-training level in group B ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Exercise capacity in patients with severe and moderate COPD improved by intensive endurance training , two sessions a week for 8 weeks . The improvement was however small and HRQoL did not improve . Severity of illness did not affect response to training . The results indicated that the effects of a short endurance training intervention slowed down decline in baseline functional exercise capacity for 1 year OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of whole-body resistance training on exercise capacity , health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) , and muscle strength in patients hospitalized for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING University hospital . PARTICIPANTS Patients ( N=46 ) were r and omized to either a control group ( CG ) or training group ( TG ) , and 29 patients completed the study . INTERVENTION Training consisted of weight-lifting exercises for 6 muscle groups in the upper and lower limbs ( 2 sets of 8 repetitions each ) , and the initial load was set at 80 % of the 1-repetition maximum load . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patients were evaluated on the second day of hospitalization , at hospital discharge , and 30 days postdischarge . Patients were evaluated on the basis of the 6-minute walking distance ( 6MWD ) , HRQOL , muscle strength , systemic inflammatory markers , and level of physical activity in daily life ( PADL ) . RESULTS The CG showed a reduction in the strength of lower-limb muscles ( P<.05 ) but not in the 6MWD ( P>.05 ) . In contrast , patients from the TG improved strength in the lower-limb muscles and 6MWD during and 30 days after hospitalization ( P<.05 ) . The TG also improved the impact domain in HRQOL after hospitalization . No improvement in PADL was observed in the TG . Finally , a reduction in the blood levels of inflammatory markers was observed only in the TG after hospitalization . CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that resistance training during hospitalization improves the 6MWD , HRQOL , and lower-limb muscle strength , without altering the levels of systemic inflammation . However , future research should explore this intervention in larger r and omized trials OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that exercise training ( ET ) improves exercise capacity and other clinical outcomes in older persons with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction ( HfrEF ) . DESIGN R and omized , controlled , single-blind trial . SETTING Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program . PARTICIPANTS Fifty-nine patients aged 60 and older with HFrEF recruited from hospital records and referring physicians were r and omly assigned to a 16-week supervised ET program ( n=30 ) or an attention-control , nonexercise , usual care control group ( n=29 ) . INTERVENTION Sixteen-week supervised ET program of endurance exercise ( walking and stationary cycling ) three times per week for 30 to 40 minutes at moderate intensity regulated according to heart rate and perceived exertion . MEASUREMENTS Individuals blinded to group assignment assessed four domains pivotal to HFrEF pathophysiology : exercise performance , left ventricular ( LV ) function , neuroendocrine activation , and health-related quality of life ( QOL ) . RESULTS At follow-up , the ET group had significantly greater exercise time and workload than the control group , but there were no significant differences between the groups for the primary outcomes : peak exercise oxygen consumption ( VO(2 ) peak ) , ventilatory anaerobic threshold ( VAT ) , 6-minute walk distance , QOL , LV volumes , EF , or diastolic filling . Other than serum aldosterone , there were no significant differences after ET in other neuroendocrine measurements . Despite a lack of a group " training " effect , a subset ( 26 % ) of individuals increased VO(2 ) peak by 10 % or more and improved other clinical variables as well . CONCLUSION In older patients with HFrEF , ET failed to produce consistent benefits in any of the four pivotal domains of HF that were examined , although the heterogeneous response of older patients with HFrEF to ET requires further investigation to better determine which patients with HFrEF will respond favorably to ET INTRODUCTION Resistance training ( RT ) has been shown to improve chronic heart failure ( CHF ) patients '  functional ability and quality of life . Despite these benefits RT has not always been recommend as a form of exercise principally because of a concern for acceleration of the left ventricular ( LV ) remodeling process . This study investigated the effects of 8 weeks RT on the LV structure and function of patients with CHF . METHOD Fifteen men who suffered from CHF were divided into either a RT program or non-training control group . Before and after 8 weeks of training patients underwent resting echocardiography to assess their end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions ( EDD and ESD , respectively ) , ejection fraction ( EF ) , fractional shortening ( FS ) and stroke volume ( SV ) . RESULTS A repeated measured ANOVA showed that 8 weeks of RT had no significant effect on the LV measurements ( group x time , p>0.05 ) . Post training comparison , however , revealed that the EF and FS of the training group was significantly higher than in the control group ( 40.9+/-10.5 % vs. 30.3+/-4.6 % , p=0.029 and 25.0+/-7.0 % vs. 17.4+/-3.1 % , p=0.020 respectively ) . CONCLUSION RT is a suitable method of training for CHF patients since it does not cause a reduction of LV contractility function or enhance myocardial deterioration as measured by EF and FS BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Skeletal muscle dysfunction contributes to exercise limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) .  Strength training increases muscle strength and muscle mass , but there is an ongoing debate on the additional effect concerning the exercise capacity . The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three different exercise modalities in patients with COPD including endurance training ( ET ) , progressive strength training ( ST ) and the combination of strength training and endurance training ( CT ) . DESIGN A prospect i ve r and omized trial . METHODS Thirty-six patients with COPD were r and omly allocated either to ET , ST , or CT .  Muscle strength , cardiopulmonary exercise testing , lung function testing and quality of life were assessed before and after a 12-week training period . RESULTS Exercise capacity ( Wmax ) increased significantly in all three training groups with increase of peak oxygen uptake ( VO2peak ) in all three groups , reaching statistical significance in the ET group and the CT group . Muscle strength ( leg press , bench press , bench pull ) improved in all three training groups , with a higher improvement in the ST ( + 39.3 % , + 20.9 % , + 20.3 % ) and the CT group ( + 43.3 % , + 18.1 % , + 21.6 % ) compared to the ET group ( + 20.4 % , + 6.4 % , + 12.1 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Progressive strength training alone increases not only muscle strength and quality of life , but also exercise capacity in patients with COPD , which may have implication s in prescription of training modality . CLINICAL TRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER : NCT01091623 The aim of this study was to examine the effect of high intensity physical group training in water and on l and for patients with COPD with regard to physical capacity and health related quality of life ( HRQoL ) . A controlled , semi-r and omised study was conducted where 30 patients were r and omised to training either in water or on l and . Thirteen patients constituted a control group . Forty-three out patients , with moderate to severe COPD ( 27w/16 m ) , from two local hospitals in northern Sweden , were included in the study . High intensity physical group training in water ( water group ) or on l and ( l and group ) was performed for 12weeks , three times per week , 45min per session . The control group received no intervention . Pre- and post-intervention , all patients performed incremental and endurance shuttle walking tests ( ISWT and ESWT ) ,  cycle ergometer tests  and  responded question naires about HRQoL ( St. Georges Respiratory Question naire -- SGRQ and SF-36 ) . The patients trained with a mean heart rate of 80 - 90 % of peak heart rate . Both training groups increased the distance walked , i.e. l and group in ISWT ( 25 m ) and water group in ESWT ( 179 m ) . The water group increased the distance in ESWT significantly more that both the l and and the control groups . Both training groups increased the time cycled ( 40 - 85s ) and work load ( 10 - 20W ) in the cycle ergometer test . The control group deteriorated in HRQoL according to total score in SGRQ while the training groups remained constant . The water group improved their activity score in SGRQ and their physical health score in SF-36 and those improvements were significant as compared to the l and and the control groups . In conclusion , high intensity physical group training in water is of benefit for patients with COPD . It was in some areas found to be even more effective regarding improvements in physical capacity and experienced physical health compared to the same kind of training on l and PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare resistance training ( RT ) ( one set vs three sets ) combined with aerobic training ( AT ) versus AT alone in persons with coronary artery disease . METHODS Subjects ( n = 72 ) were r and omized to AT ( 5 d x wk(-1 ) ) or combined AT ( 3 d x wk(-1 ) ) with either one set ( AT/RT1 ) or three sets ( AT/RT3 ) of RT performed 2 d x wk(-1 ) . VO2peak , ventilatory anaerobic threshold ( VAT ) , strength and endurance , body composition , and adherence were measured before and after 29 wk of training . RESULTS Fifty-three subjects ( mean + /- SEM age 61 + /- 2 ) completed the training . The increase from baseline in VO2peak ( L x min(-1 ) ) averaged 11 % for AT ( P < 0.05 ) , 14 % for AT/RT1 ( P < 0.01 ) , and 18 % for AT/RT3 ( P < 0.001 ) , however , the difference between groups was not significant . VAT improved significantly in the AT/RT3 group only ( P < 0.05 ) . The AT/RT3 group gained more lean mass than the AT group ( 1.5 versus 0.4 kg , P < 0.01 ) , yet gains between AT/RT1 and AT were similar ( P = 0.2 ) . Only AT + RT groups demonstrated a reduction in body fat ( P < 0.05 ) . Strength and endurance increased more in the AT + RT groups than AT alone ( P < 0.05 ) . Adherence to number of sets performed was lower in AT/RT3 than AT/RT1 ( P < 0.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Combined AT + RT yields more pronounced physiological adaptations than AT alone and appears to be superior in producing improvements in VO2peak , muscular strength and endurance , and body composition . The data support the use of multiple set RT for patients desiring an increased RT stimulus which may further augment parameters that affect VO2peak , VAT , lower body endurance , and muscle mass in a cardiac population Objective : To investigate the effects of elastic tubing training compared with conventional resistance training on the improvement of functional exercise capacity , muscle strength , fat-free mass , and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Design : A prospect i ve , r and omized , eight-week clinical trial . Setting : The study was conducted in a university-based , outpatient , physical therapy clinic . Subjects : A total of 49 patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Interventions : Participants were r and omly assigned to perform elastic tubing training or conventional resistance training three times per week for eight weeks . Main measures : The primary outcome measure was functional exercise capacity . The secondary outcome measures were peripheral muscle strength , health-related quality of life assessed by the Chronic Respiratory Disease Question naire ( CRDQ ) , fat-free mass , and cytokine profile . Results : After eight weeks , the mean distance covered during six minutes increased by 73 meters ( ±69 ) in the elastic tubing group and by 42 meters ( ±59 ) in the conventional group ( p < 0.05 ) . The muscle strength and quality of life improved in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) , with no significant differences between the groups . There was a trend toward an improved fat-free mass in both groups ( P = 0.05 ) . After the first and last sessions , there was an increase in interleukin 1β ( IL-1β ) and interleukin 10 ( IL-10 ) in both groups , while tumour necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) was stimulated only in the conventional training group . Conclusion : Elastic tubing training had a greater effect on functional exercise capacity than conventional resistance training . Both interventions were equally effective in improving muscle strength and quality of life PURPOSE Pulmonary rehabilitation programs consistently have improved exercise capacity , quality of life , and symptoms over the past decade . Although training has been shown to be an essential component of the rehabilitation program , individual patients do not always benefit to the same extent . The present study was design ed to investigate which patients were achieving significant benefit of exercise training . METHODS Forty-nine stable out patients with moderate to severe COPD ( FEV1 37 (15)%pred ) were evaluated before and after 12 weeks of exercise training ( 3 times per week ) . Responders in exercise capacity were defined as having 15 % increase in maximal workload and /or 25 % increase in walking distance , while responders in quality of life showed an improvement of at least 10 points on the chronic respiratory disease question naire . With multivariate discriminant analysis , responders were distinguished from nonresponders based upon their initial characteristics . RESULTS Thirty-two patients were responders in terms of improved exercise capacity . Ventilatory reserve ( VE/MVV ) , inspiratory muscle strength ( Plmax ) , and peripheral muscle strength ( h and grip force and quadriceps force ) were significant predictors of the training response ( P < 0.05 ) ( accuracy 80 % P < 0.001 ) . Although the explained variance was modest , patients that were clearly ventilatory limited and had normal skeletal muscle strength were not likely to benefit from exercise training in terms of exercise capacity . No physiologic variables predicted whether a patient would increase quality of life after exercise training . CONCLUSION Patients with reduced exercise capacity who experience less ventilatory limitation to exercise and more reduced respiratory and peripheral muscle strength  are more likely to improve with exercise training . Improvements in quality of life after exercise training were significant but remained unpredictable with variables included in the present trial BACKGROUND Training therapy with its manifold effects should be part of a modern and multi modular treatment of the COPD . Because of the specific symptoms ( e. g. muscle atrophy , dyspnea , low testosterone levels ) and the deconditioning of these patients , a resistance training might meet the dem and s of a COPD -exercise-therapy rather than an endurance training . The aim of this research project was to evaluate the efficiency of a hypertrophic maximal strength training on various COPD relevant parameters . METHODS 28 patients with moderate to severe COPD ( m12/f16 ) were r and omized and divided in a treatment and a control group . The patients in the treatment group underwent a resistance training ( hypertrophic maximal strength training ) for 12 weeks , initially two times , then three times a week . RESULTS Considering the results of the daily Peak-Flow-Measurement , there was no significant change in both groups , but a trend towards an improvement could be found in the treatment group . There was no difference in the change of FEV 1 . The performance on the ergo cycle showed a highly significant improvement ( p < 0.001 ) in the treatment group of 18.7 % ( 21.9 Watt ) . The results of the SGRQ showed a significant improvement ( p < 0.05 ) of the HRQL in the treatment group . A change of the HRQL in the control group was not found . CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypotheses that a short term high intensity strength training programme is suitable to improve performance measures of patients with moderate to severe COPD and it might also improve pulmonary function . The conclusion can be drawn , that this kind of resistance training can be prefered as COPD -specific training therapy and offers new treatment perspectives Underst and ing of what constitutes a training load adequate to induce training effects in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) is still evolving . The present study investigated whether interval training ( IT ) is effective in terms of inducing measurable improvements in physiological response and compared its effects on exercise tolerance ( ET ) and quality of life to those of continuous training ( CT ) . Thirty-six COPD patients , with a forced expiratory volume in one second of 45±4 % of the predicted value ( mean±sem ) , were r and omly assigned to CT ( exercise at 50 % of baseline peak work-rate ) or IT ( work for 30 s at 100 % of peak work-rate alternating with 30‐s rest intervals ) groups that cycled 40 min·day−1 and 2 days·week−1 for 12 weeks . After training , both groups showed significantly improved ET ( IT , 57±6 to 71±8 W ; CT , 57±5 to 70±6 W ) and total quality -of-life score of the Chronic Respiratory Disease Question naire ( IT , 77±3 to 88±2 ; CT , 78±3 to 93±2 ) . At identical levels of exercise , minute ventilation was significantly reduced ( IT , 35.8±2.5 to 31.7±2.5 L·min−1 ; CT , 36.4±2.7 to 32.5±2.7 L·min−1 ) . The magnitude of improvement in these variables was not significantly different among groups . The present data exp and on the principles of exercise prescription for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients by demonstrating that interval training elicits substantial training effects , which are similar in magnitude to those produced by continuous training at half the exercise intensity but double the exercise time PURPOSE The recommendations for exercise training and physical activity for older adults include cardiovascular and resistance training components ( CVT and RT , respectively ) . The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the fitness benefits of concurrent CVT and RT with those attained through an equivalent duration of CVT or RT alone . METHODS Thirty-six participants ( ages 60 - 84 ) were assigned to a control group or to one of three exercise treatment groups . The treatment groups exercised three times per week for 12 wk using RT ( N = 11 ) , CVT ( N = 10 ) , or CVT and RT ( BOTH , N = 9 ) . Pre- and post-training , participants performed a submaximal exercise test ( GXT ) , five repetition-maximum strength tests ( 5RM ) , and the AAHPERD functional fitness test for older adults . RESULTS All exercise treatment groups revealed lower resting heart rate and rate-pressure product ; lower exercise diastolic blood pressure and rating of perceived exertion ; increased GXT duration ; increased leg , back , and shoulder 5RM scores ; and improved AAHPERD flexibility , coordination , and cardiovascular endurance scores . The exercise treatment groups responded differently on the following : RT and BOTH enhanced arm and chest strength more than CVT ; and BOTH enhanced AAHPERD strength and agility scores more than CVT or RT . CONCLUSIONS Concurrent CVT and RT is as effective in eliciting improvements in cardiovascular fitness and 5RM performance as CVT or RT , respectively . Moreover , incorporating both CVT and RT in exercise programs for older adults may be more effective in optimizing aspects of functional fitness than programs that involve only one component
We included 11 r and omized controlled trials ( 331 participants ) and 2 previous systematic review s. The meta-analyses showed equal improvements in HRQoL , walking distance and exercise capacity .
In conclusion , we found significantly increased leg muscle strength favouring a combination of RT with ET compared with ET alone .
Resistance training ( RT ) is thought to be effective in preventing muscle depletion , whereas endurance training ( ET ) is known to improve exercise capacity and health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) .
Our objectives were to assess the efficiency of combining RT with ET compared with ET alone .