Lifestyle Intervention and Adipokine Levels in Subjects at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Blood glucose lowering by means of lifestyle intervention has different effects on adipokines as compared with insulin treatment in subjects with type 2 diabetes Effects of long-term exercise and diet intervention on plasma adipokine concentrations. Effect of exercise training combined with phytoestrogens on adipokines and C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Serum adipokines as biomarkers of beta-cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes: positive association with leptin and resistin and negative association with adiponectin. Absence of exercise-induced variations in adiponectin levels despite decreased abdominal adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic men. Effects of a Walking Intervention Using Mobile Technology and Interactive Voice Response on Serum Adipokines Among Postmenopausal Women at Increased Breast Cancer Risk Exercise and dietary advice intervention for survivors of triple-negative breast cancer: effects on body fat, physical function, quality of life, and adipokine profile Home-based exercise for middle-aged Chinese at diabetic risk: a randomized controlled trial. A 12-week sports-based exercise programme for inactive Indigenous Australian men improved clinical risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Changes in insulin resistance indicators, IGFs, and adipokines in a year-long trial of aerobic exercise in postmenopausal women Exercise-Induced Dose-Response Alterations in Adiponectin and Leptin Levels Are Dependent on Body Fat Changes in Women at Risk for Breast Cancer A randomized lifestyle intervention with 5-year follow-up in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: Pronounced short-term impact but long-term adherence problems Exercise effects on adipokines and the IGF axis in men with prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation: A randomized study. Circulating cytokines as determinants of weight loss-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity Exercise-Induced Weight Loss is More Effective than Dieting for Improving Adipokine Profile, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammation in Obese Men. Two Patterns of Adipokine and Other Biomarker Dynamics in a Long-Term Weight Loss Intervention
OBJECTIVE —We investigated whether circulating adipokine concentrations can be altered by lifestyle intervention according to general recommendations in subjects at risk for diabetes as well as the potential of leptin , adiponectin , and resistin as biomarkers for lifestyle-induced improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —In the Study on Lifestyle intervention and Impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht , 147 men and women with impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) were r and omized to either a combined diet- and -exercise intervention or a control program . At baseline and after 1 year , an oral glucose tolerance test , an exercise test , and anthropometric measurements were performed . After 1 year , complete data of 103 subjects ( 50 intervention and 53 control subjects ) were obtained . RESULTS —Lifestyle intervention reduced plasma leptin concentrations ( −14.2 % ) in IGT subjects but did not alter plasma adiponectin ( −0.3 % ) or resistin ( −6.5 % ) concentrations despite marked improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance . CONCLUSIONS —Changes in leptin concentration were related to improvements in insulin sensitivity independent of changes in body composition Aims /hypothesisAdipokines may be important in mediating signals from adipocytes to insulin-sensitive tissue and vasculature . We studied the effect of different glucose-lowering therapies on serum levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( PAI-1 ) , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , TNF-α , leptin , adiponectin and ghrelin in patients with type 2 diabetes . Subjects and methods Twenty-eight patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes who were receiving oral hypoglycaemic agents  were allocated to one of the following groups , and treated for 1 year : ( 1 ) lifestyle intervention ( L ) ; ( 2 ) insulin treatment ( I ) ; and ( 3 ) combined treatment ( L+I ) . Results Similar improvements in glycaemic control occurred in all three groups . There was a reduction in body weight of 3.0 kg ( median ) ( 95 % CI −5.9 to −2.0 ) in group L , whereas in groups L+I and I body weight increased by 3.5 kg ( 95 % CI 1.5–4.9 ) and 4.9 kg ( 95 % CI −3.1 to 8.2 ) , respectively . By trend analyses , group L had reduced levels of PAI-1 ( p=0.002 ) , hs-CRP ( p<0.0001 ) and TNF-α ( p=0.006 ) , while no significant changes were observed in the levels of leptin or adiponectin . In group I , the median levels of PAI-1 ( p=0.008 ) , TNF-α ( p=0.058 ) and leptin ( p=0.004 ) increased . In the L+I group there was a reduction in PAI-1 levels ( p=0.014 ) and an increase in levels of leptin ( p<0.001 ) . The differences in changes in the levels of PAI-1 , hs-CRP , TNF-α and leptin between groups were also significant ( all p<0.01 ) . Conclusions /interpretationImprovement of glycaemic control through lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes had more beneficial effects on adipokine levels than when the same lowering of HbA1c was achieved with insulin treatment BACKGROUND In a r and omized , controlled , 2 x 2 factorial trial on the effect of long-term changes in diet and exercise , a significant reduction in body weight and fat mass was observed . Alterations in leptin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentrations were previously reported from this study . OBJECTIVE We examined the separate and combined effects of a 1-y exercise and diet intervention on several adipokines ; adiponectin , interleukin-6 and -8 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 , hepatocyte growth factor , nerve growth factor , C-reactive protein , and resistin . DESIGN One hundred eighty-eight men with several risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease were r and omly allocated to 4 groups : diet , exercise , combined diet and exercise , and control . RESULTS Plasma adiponectin concentrations remained unchanged , whereas body mass index and fat mass decreased after dietary changes and an increase in physical activity . In the control group , adiponectin concentrations were reduced . Analyzed according to the factorial design , only diet intervention had a significant ( P = 0.03 ) positive effect on plasma adiponectin relative to control , and this effect was largely explained by changes in fat mass . After adjustment for change in percentage body fat , there were significant positive effects on tumor necrosis factor-alpha in all 3 intervention groups ( P = 0.01 for the diet group , 0.03 for the exercise group , and 0.05 for the combined diet and exercise group ) . Minor changes were observed for the other adipokines . Neither baseline concentrations of nor changes in adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly correlated to the other adipokines , whereas concentrations of and changes in the other adipokines were significantly correlated . CONCLUSION Diet intervention had a significant positive effect on adiponectin concentrations , which is largely explained by a reduction in fat mass Phytoestrogens and training could be effective to reduce cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk factors in postmenopausal women . Nevertheless , the impact of their combination on adipokines and systemic inflammation was never investigated . The objective was to verify if 6 months of mixed training combined with phytoestrogens could have an additional effect on adipokine levels and systemic inflammation in obese postmenopausal women . Fifty-two obese women aged between 50 and 70 years were r and omly assigned to ( 1 ) exercise with placebo ( EX + PL ; n = 25 ) or ( 2 ) exercise with phytoestrogens ( EX + PHY ; n = 27 ) . Body weight , waist circumference , fat mass , and lean body mass ( dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ) were assessed . Fasting plasma glucose and insulin , adiponectin , leptin , and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) levels were obtained after a 12-hour overnight fast . Total energy intake was measured with a 3-day dietary record . All measurements were performed before and after the 6-month intervention . Although energy intake remained unchanged , body composition was improved in all women ( all Ps < .02 ) . Plasma CRP and leptin levels decreased in both groups similarly ( all Ps < .03 ) , whereas plasma adiponectin and insulin did not change with exercise combined with placebo or phytoestrogens . Correlation analyses showed that homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( r = -0.58 , P = .02 ) and fasting insulin levels ( r = -0.42 , P = .02 ) at baseline were both correlated with changes in leptin levels . Baseline fasting glucose ( r = -0.36 , P = .03 ) and adiponectin ( r = 0.45 , P = .005 ) levels were associated with changes in CRP concentrations . Although mixed exercise program combined with phytoestrogens does not seem to provide any additional effect , mixed training improves systemic inflammation and leptin concentrations in obese postmenopausal women BACKGROUND We investigated the adipokines adiponectin , leptin and resistin as serum biomarkers of beta-cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes . METHODS One hundred and eighteen patients with type 1 diabetes ( 20.3 ± 7.5 years ) diagnosed < 5 years underwent st and ardized mixed meal test ( MMTT ) for 2 h.  Systemic concentrations of C-peptide , adiponectin , leptin and resistin obtained during MMTT were measured and compared between patient groups by multiple regression analysis . RESULTS Patients were divided by their adipokine levels in subgroups above or below the median level ( ' high versus low ' ) . High adiponectin levels ( > 10.6 µg/mL ) were associated with lower C-peptide compared to the low adiponectin subgroup ( p < 0.03 ) . Increased leptin or resistin concentrations associated positively with beta-cell function even after adjustment for metabolic confounders ( p < 0.04 ) . The described associations between adipokines and C-peptide concentrations persisted in Spearman correlation tests ( p < 0.05 ) . Serum adipokines fell during MMTT ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Serum adipokine levels differentially correlate with beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes independent of BMI or metabolic control . Serum adipokines should be investigated as biomarkers of beta-cell function in prospect i ve studies and intervention trials in type 1 diabetes OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of an intensive training program on fasting leptin and adiponectin levels . METHODS Sixteen middle-aged men with type 2 diabetes were r and omly assigned to either a training or control group . The training program consisted of 8 weeks of supervised endurance exercise ( 75 % VO(2peak ) , 45 min ) twice a week , with intermittent exercise ( five 2 min exercises at 85 % VO(2peak ) separated by 3 min exercises at 50 % VO(2peak ) ) once a week , on an ergocycle . RESULTS Training decreased abdominal fat by 44 % , increased mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area by 24 % , and improved insulin sensitivity by 58 % without significant change in body weight . Compared with controls , no significant variation in leptin or adiponectin levels was observed . However , in the trained group , change in adiponectin correlated with change in body weight ( Spearman rank correlation , r(s):-0.76 , P=0.03 ) but not with insulin sensitivity or abdominal adiposity variations . CONCLUSIONS An 8 week intensive training program inducing a marked reduction in abdominal fat and increase in insulin sensitivity does not affect adiponectin and leptin levels in men with type 2 diabetes Practical methods to reduce the risk of obesity-related breast cancer among high-risk subgroups are lacking . Few studies have investigated the effects of exercise on circulating adipokines , which have been shown to be associated with obesity and breast cancer . The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a walking intervention on serum adiponectin , leptin , and the adiponectin-to-leptin ratio ( A/L ) .  Seventy-one overweight and obese postmenopausal women at increased risk of developing breast cancer were stratified by BMI ( 25–30 kg/m2 or > 30 kg/m2 ) and r and omized to a 12-week , two-arm walking intervention administered through interactive voice response ( IVR ) and mobile devices . The intervention arms were IVR + coach and IVR + no-coach condition . Pre – post changes in serum adiponectin , leptin , and the A/L ratio were examined using mixed regression models , with ratio estimates ( and 95 % confidence intervals [ CI ] ) corresponding to postintervention adipokine concentrations relative to preintervention concentrations . While postintervention effects included statistically significant improvements in anthropometric measures , the observed decreases in adiponectin and leptin ( ratio = 0.86 , 95 % CI 0.74–1.01 , and ratio = 0.94 , 95 % CI 0.87–1.01 , respectively ) and increase in A/L ratio = 1.09 , 95 % CI 0.94–1.26 ) were not significant . Thus , these findings do not support significant effects of the walking intervention on circulating adipokines among overweight and obese postmenopausal women . Additional studies are essential to determine the most effective and practical lifestyle interventions that can promote beneficial modification of serum adipokine concentrations , which may prove useful for obesity-related breast cancer prevention Purpose Regular exercise and healthy eating are routinely recommended for breast cancer survivors , and past studies show benefits in quality of life and decreased inflammation . However , this has not been tested specifically in triple-negative breast cancer survivors . Increasing physical activity and losing body fat are thought to positively affect inflammatory biomarkers that have been associated with breast cancer . Therefore , the primary purpose of this study was to determine if participation in an exercise and dietary counseling program can improve body fat , physical function , and quality of life in survivors of this aggressive breast cancer . Secondarily , we sought to determine if participation in the program had beneficial effects on obesity-related markers of the adipokine profile . Methods Sixty-six survivors of triple-negative breast cancer with BMI > 25 were invited to participate . Twenty-eight enrolled and 23 completed the r and omized , controlled trial ( 13 intervention , 10 control ) . Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise ( 150 min per week , for 12 weeks ) and diet counseling were compared to usual care , education only . The primary outcome of interest was weight loss ( body mass , BMI , % fat ) , and secondary outcomes included physical function ( exercise capacity ) , quality of life ( Function After Cancer Therapy — Breast ( FACT-B ) ) , cytokines ( C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , TNF-α , IL-6 ) , and adipokine profile ( leptin , adiponectin , insulin ) . Results Participants in the program  lost more body fat ( 2.4 % loss vs. 0.4 % gain , p < 0.05 ) than the control group . The intervention group also improved quality of life ( FACT-B total score + 14 pts ) and decreased sedentary time but did not improve peak exercise capacity . The intervention had no effect on serum cytokines and adipokines after 12 weeks in the program . However , serum leptin and adiponectin and their ratio were significantly correlated with BMI in the intervention group ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusions Exercise and dietary counseling led to loss of body fat and improved quality of life in survivors of triple-negative breast cancer . BMI was associated with favorable changes in leptin and adiponectin which may reflect a change in adiposity with intervention . Exercise and healthy eating may be equally effective in this high-risk population as in other breast cancer survivors and should be encouraged as a part of a cancer survivorship program OBJECTIVE To evaluate short- ( 3 months ) and long-term ( 9 months ) effects of home-based exercise on adiponectin , exercise behavior and metabolic risk factors in middle-aged adults at diabetic risk . METHODS One hundred and thirty-five middle-aged adults ( 38 men , 97 women ) with at least one diabetic risk factor were r and omly assigned to either a home-based exercise group ( Ex-group ) or a usual care group ( C-group ) . Outcome measures included plasma adiponectin , exercise self-efficacy , physical activity , and metabolic risk factors , as follows : insulin levels , insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA-IR ) , physical fitness , and components of metabolic syndrome . This study was conducted in metropolitan Taipei from 2004 to 2005 . RESULTS The Ex-group had improvements in exercise self-efficacy ( + 2.5 , p = 0.01 ) , body mass index ( BMI ) ( -0.6 kg/m2 , p < 0.001 ) and flexibility ( + 2.4 cm , p < 0.001 ) at 3-month follow-up and maintained BMI and flexibility at 9-month follow-up . The Ex-group exhibited significantly increased physical activity while the C-group exhibited decreased physical activity at 9-month follow-up ( p < 0.001 ) . No intervention effect was found on adiponectin ( p = 0.64 ) or other outcome measures over time . CONCLUSIONS Home-based exercise did not improve adiponectin levels , but significantly improved exercise behavior , and certain metabolic risk factors , with the effects maintained for 9-months in subjects with type 2 diabetic risk OBJECTIVES This study assessed the effect of a 12-week sports-based exercise intervention on glucose regulation , anthropometry and inflammatory markers associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) in Indigenous Australian men . DESIGN Twenty-six inactive Indigenous Australian men ( 48.6±6.6 years ) were r and omized into exercise ( n=16 ) or control (n=10)conditions . METHODS Training included ∼2 - 3 days/week for 12 weeks of sports and gym exercises in a group environment , whilst control participants maintained normal activity and dietary patterns . Pre- and post-intervention testing included : anthropometry , peak aerobic capacity , fasting blood chemistry of inflammatory cytokines , adiponectin , leptin , cholesterol , glucose , insulin and C-peptide . An oral glucose tolerance test measured glucose , insulin and C-peptide 30 , 60 , 90 and 120min post 75 g glucose ingestion . RESULTS The exercise condition decreased insulin area under the curve ( 25±22 % ) , increased estimated insulin sensitivity ( 35±62 % ) and decreased insulin resistance ( 9±35 % ; p<0.05 ) , compared with control ( p>0.05 ) . The exercise condition decreased in body mass index , waist circumference and waist to hip ratio ( p<0.05 ) , compared to control ( p>0.05 ) . Leptin decreased in the exercise group , with no changes for adiponectin ( p>0.05 ) or inflammatory markers ( p>0.05 ) in either condition . Aerobic fitness variables showed significant increases in peak oxygen consumption for the exercise condition compared to no change in control ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate positive clinical outcomes in metabolic , anthropometric and aerobic fitness variables . This study provides evidence for sport and group-based activities leading to improved clinical risk factors associated with T2DM development in clinical ly obese Indigenous Australian men Physical activity is a known modifiable lifestyle means for reducing postmenopausal breast cancer risk , but the biologic mechanisms are not well understood . Metabolic factors may be involved . In this study , we aim ed to determine the effects of exercise on insulin resistance ( IR ) indicators , IGF1 , and adipokines in postmenopausal women . The Alberta Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Prevention Trial was a two-armed r and omized controlled trial in postmenopausal , inactive , cancer-free women . A year-long aerobic exercise intervention of 225 min/week ( n=160 ) was compared with a control group asked to maintain usual activity levels ( n=160 ) . Baseline , 6- and 12-month serum levels of insulin , glucose , IGF1 , IGF-binding protein 3 ( IGFBP3 ) , adiponectin , and leptin were assayed , and after data collection , homeostasis model assessment of IR ( HOMA-IR ) scores were calculated . Intention-to-treat analyses were performed using linear mixed models . The treatment effect ratio ( TER ) of exercisers to controls was calculated . Data were available on 308 ( 96.3 % ) women at 6 months and 310 ( 96.9 % ) women at 12 months . Across the study period , statistically significant reductions in insulin ( TER=0.87 , 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI)=0.81–0.93 ) , HOMA-IR ( TER=0.86 , 95 % CI=0.80–0.93 ) , and leptin ( TER=0.82 , 95 % CI=0.78–0.87 ) , and an increase in the adiponectin/leptin ratio ( TER=1.21 , 95 % CI=1.13–1.28 ) were observed in the exercise group compared with the control group . No significant differences were observed for glucose , IGF1 , IGFBP3 , adiponectin or the IGF1/IGFBP3 ratio . Previously inactive postmenopausal women who engaged in a moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise program experienced changes in insulin , HOMA-IR , leptin , and adiponectin/leptin that might decrease the risk for postmenopausal breast cancer Background : Dysregulation of adipokines , such as adiponectin and leptin , is associated with a variety of chronic diseases , including cancer . Physical activity protects against breast cancer and one of the mechanisms which may underlie this association is exercise-induced changes in adipokine levels . The WISER Sister Trial was a three-armed r and omized controlled trial in premenopausal women ( n = 137 ) with an elevated risk for breast cancer . Methods : A 5-menstrual-cycle-long dosed aerobic exercise intervention compared low-dose exercise ( 150 min/wk ; n = 44 ) or high-dose exercise ( 300 min/wk ; n = 48 ) with a control group asked to maintain usual activity levels ( n = 45 ) . Exercise intensity progressed to and was maintained at 70 % to 80 % of age predicted heart rate max . Body composition and adipokine levels were measured at baseline and follow-up . Results : We observed significant linear trends for increased fitness capacity ( Δ% : −2.0 % control , 10.1 % low dose , 13.1 % high dose ) , decreased fat tissue-to-total tissue mass ( Δ% : 0.7 % control , −2.9 % low dose , −3.7 % high dose ) , increased body fat adjusted adiponectin ( Δ% : −0.6 % control , 0.6 % low dose , 0.9 % high dose ) , and decreased body fat adjusted leptin ( Δ% : 0.7 % control , −8.2 % low dose , −10.2 % high dose ) . Conclusions : In this r and omized clinical trial of premenopausal women at risk for breast cancer , we demonstrate a dose – response effect of exercise on adiponectin and leptin and that dose response is dependent on changes in body fat . Impact : Improved adipokine levels , achieved by aerobic exercise training-induced decreases in body fat , may decrease breast cancer risk for high-risk premenopausal women . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev ; 25(8 ) ; 1195–200 . © 2016 AACR Aims : To compare data on cardiovascular risk factor changes in lipids , insulin , proinsulin , fibrinolysis , leptin and C-reactive protein , and on diabetes incidence , in relation to changes in lifestyle . Methods : The study was a r and omized lifestyle intervention trial conducted in northern Sweden between 1995 and 2000 , in 168 individuals with impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) and body mass index above 27 at start . The intensive intervention group ( n = 83 ) was subjected to a 1-month residential lifestyle programme . The usual care group ( n = 85 ) participated in a health examination ending with a single counselling session . Follow-up was conducted at 1 , 3 and 5 years . Results : At 1-year follow-up , an extensive cardio-metabolic risk factor reduction was demonstrated in the intensive intervention group , along with a 70 % decrease of progress to type 2 diabetes . At 5-year follow-up , most of these beneficial effects had disappeared . Reported physical activity and fibre intake as well as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were still increased , and fasting insulin and proinsulin were lower . Conclusions : The intervention affected several important cardio-metabolic risk variables beneficially , and reduced the risk for type 2 diabetes , but the effects persisted only as long as the new lifestyle was maintained . Increased physical activity seemed to be the behaviour that was most easy to preserve BACKGROUND And rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) has significant deleterious effects on body composition that may be accompanied by unfavourable changes in adipokine levels . While exercise has been shown to improve a number of side effects associated with ADT for prostate cancer , no studies have assessed the effect of exercise on adiponectin and leptin levels , which have been shown to alter the mitogenic environment . METHODS Twenty-six men with prostate cancer treated with ADT were r and omized to home-based aerobic exercise training or resistance exercise training for 24 weeks . Adiponectin , leptin , insulin-like growth factor 1 ( IGF-1 ) , insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 ( IGFBP-3 ) were analyzed by ELISA ( enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ) , in addition to physical activity volume , peak aerobic capacity , and anthropometric measurements , at baseline , 3 months and 6 months . RESULTS Resistance exercise significantly reduced IGF-1 after 3 months ( p = 0.019 ) ; however , this change was not maintained at 6 months . At 6 months , IGFBP-3 was significantly increased compared to baseline for the resistance training group ( p = 0.044 ) . In an exploratory analysis of all exercisers , favourable changes in body composition and aerobic fitness were correlated with favourable levels of leptin , and favourable leptin : adiponectin and IGF-1:IGFBP-3 ratios at 3 and 6 months . CONCLUSIONS Home-based exercise is correlated with positive changes in adipokine levels and the IGF-axis that may be related to healthy changes in physical fitness and body composition . While the improvements of adipokine markers appear to be more apparent with resistance training compared to aerobic exercise , these findings must be considered cautiously and require replication from larger r and omized controlled trials to clarify the role of exercise on adipokines and IGF-axis proteins for men with prostate cancer Dietary calorie restriction and exercise promote weight loss and may have additive effects for improving insulin sensitivity , independent of weight loss . It is not known if these effects are attributable to changes in circulating cytokines . We evaluated the hypothesis that modest , matched weight loss induced by calorie restriction and exercise have additive effects on circulating cytokines and these changes correlate with improvements in insulin sensitivity . Overweight and sedentary women and men ( n = 52 , 45–65 years ) were r and omized to undergo 7 % weight loss by using 3–6 months of calorie restriction , exercise , or a combination of both calorie restriction and exercise . Concentrations of cytokines and hormones were measured in fasting and oral glucose tolerance test blood sample s. Insulin sensitivity was estimated based on oral glucose tolerance test for glucose and insulin . With all groups combined , fasting leptin ( p < 0.0001 ) and high molecular weight adiponectin ( p = 0.04 ) decreased and pentraxin-3 increased ( p < 0.0001 ) , in a manner that correlated with improvements in insulin sensitivity ( all p ≤ 0.0002 ) . These changes , combined with decreases in glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from the oral glucose tolerance test , explained 63 % of the variance ( p < 0.0001 ) in insulin sensitivity improvements . Exercise and calorie restriction had additive effects on leptin , with a similar trend for high molecular weight adiponectin . Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and C-reactive protein concentrations did not change . Calorie restriction and exercise had opposite effects on soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 .  Modest weight loss in overweight adults  decreases serum leptin and high molecular weight adiponectin , and increases pentraxin-3 concentrations in a manner that correlates with increased insulin sensitivity . Exercise has additive effects to those induced by calorie restriction for reductions in leptin and possibly adiponectin . These changes may contribute to the additive effects of calorie restriction and exercise for improving insulin sensitivity The adipokines chemerin and adiponectin are reciprocally related in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and inflammation in obesity . Weight loss increases adiponectin and reduces chemerin , insulin resistance , and inflammation , but the effects of caloric restriction and physical activity are difficult to separate in combined lifestyle modification . We compared effects of diet- or exercise-induced weight loss on chemerin , adiponectin , insulin resistance , and inflammation in obese men . Eighty abdominally obese Asian men ( body mass index [ BMI ] ≥ 30 kg/m(2 ) , waist circumference [ WC ] ≥ 90 cm , mean age 42.6 years ) were r and omized  to reduce daily intake by ~500 kilocalories ( n = 40 ) or perform moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise ( 200 - 300 min/week ) ( n = 40 ) to increase energy expenditure by a similar amount for 24 weeks . The diet and exercise groups had similar decreases in energy deficit ( -456 ± 338 vs. -455 ± 315 kcal/day ) , weight ( -3.6 ± 3.4 vs. -3.3 ± 4.6 kg ) , and WC ( -3.4 ± 4.4 vs. -3.6 ± 3.2 cm ) . The exercise group demonstrated greater reductions in fat mass ( -3.9 ± 3.5 vs. -2.7 ± 5.3 kg ) , serum chemerin ( -9.7 ± 11.1 vs. -4.3 ± 12.4 ng/ml ) , the inflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( -2.11 ± 3.13 vs. -1.49 ± 3.08 mg/L ) , and insulin resistance as measured by homeostatic model assessment ( -2.45 ± 1.88 vs. -1.38 ± 3.77 ) . Serum adiponectin increased only in the exercise group . Exercise-induced fat mass loss was more effective than dieting for improving adipokine profile , insulin resistance , and systemic inflammation in obese men , underscoring metabolic benefits of increased physical activity OBJECTIVE Long-term dietary intervention frequently induces a rapid weight decline followed by weight stabilization/regain . Here , we sought to identify adipokine biomarkers that may reflect continued beneficial effects of dieting despite partial weight regain . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed the dynamics of fasting serum levels of 12 traditional metabolic biomarkers and novel adipokines among 322 participants in the 2-year Dietary Intervention R and omized Controlled Trial ( DIRECT ) of low-fat , Mediterranean , or low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss . RESULTS We identified two distinct patterns : Pattern A includes biomarkers ( insulin , triglycerides , leptin , chemerin , monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 , and retinol-binding protein 4 ) whose dynamics tightly correspond to changes in body weight , with the trend during the weight loss phase ( months 0–6 ) going in the opposite direction to that in the weight maintenance/regain phase ( months 7–24 ) ( P < 0.05 between phases , all biomarkers ) . Pattern B includes biomarkers ( high molecular weight adiponectin , HDL cholesterol [ HDL-C ] , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [ hsCRP ] , fetuin-A , progranulin , and vaspin ) that displayed a continued , cumulative improvement ( P < 0.05 compared with baseline , all biomarkers ) throughout the intervention . These patterns were consistent across sex , diabetic groups , and diet groups , although the magnitude of change varied . Hierarchical analysis suggested similar clusters , revealing that the dynamic of leptin ( pattern A ) was most closely linked to weight change and that the dynamic of hsCRP best typified pattern B. CONCLUSIONS hsCRP , HDL-C , adiponectin , fetuin-A , progranulin , and vaspin levels display a continued long-term improvement despite partial weight regain . This may likely reflect either a delayed effect of the initial weight loss or a continuous beneficial response to switching to healthier dietary patterns
As for physical exercise modalities , aerobic exercise , but not other modalities , increased adiponectin and reduced leptin levels .
In conclusion , physical exercise and , specifically , aerobic exercise , leads to higher adiponectin and lower leptin levels  in prediabetic and diabetic adults .
It is speculated that lifestyle interventions known to improve diabetic metabolic state may exert their effects via adipokines .
The aim of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to evaluate the chronic effects of physical exercise on adiponectin and leptin levels in adult prediabetic and diabetic individuals .