Efficacy of a referral and physical activity program for survivors of prostate cancer [ENGAGE]: Rationale and design for a cluster randomised controlled trial Randomized Controlled Trial of a Behavior Change Intervention to Increase Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Prostate Cancer Survivors Associations of Postdiagnosis Physical Activity and Change from Prediagnosis Physical Activity with Quality of Life in Prostate Cancer Survivors Active for Life After Cancer: a randomized trial examining a lifestyle physical activity program for prostate cancer patients. A randomized trial to increase physical activity in breast cancer survivors. Quality of life intervention for prostate cancer patients: design and baseline characteristics of the active for life after cancer trial. Examining a Therapeutic Yoga Program for Prostate Cancer Survivors Relationship over time between psychological distress and physical activity in colorectal cancer survivors. Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and health-related quality of life in prostate cancer survivors in the health professionals follow-up study A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 6-month dietary and physical activity intervention for patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer A Clinician Referral and 12-Week Exercise Training Program for Men With Prostate Cancer: Outcomes to 12 Months of the ENGAGE Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Main outcomes of the Move More for Life Trial: a randomised controlled trial examining the effects of tailored-print and targeted-print materials for promoting physical activity among post-treatment breast cancer survivors. Long-term physical activity outcomes of home-based lifestyle interventions among breast and prostate cancer survivors Intervening to improve psychological outcomes for men with prostate cancer. Factors associated with physical activity of breast cancer patients participating in exercise intervention Internet-Based Physical Activity Intervention Targeting Young Adult Cancer Survivors. Leading the Way in Exercise and Diet (Project LEAD): intervening to improve function among older breast and prostate cancer survivors.
Abstract Background Despite evidence that physical activity improves the health and well-being of prostate cancer survivors , many men do not engage in sufficient levels of activity . The primary aim of this study ( ENGAGE ) is to determine the efficacy of a referral and physical activity program among survivors of prostate cancer , in terms of increasing participation in physical activity . Secondary aims are to determine the effects of the physical activity program on psychological well-being , quality of life and objective physical functioning . The influence of individual and environmental mediators on participation in physical activity will also be determined . Methods / Design This study is a cluster r and omised controlled trial . Clinicians of prostate cancer survivors will be r and omised into either the intervention or control condition . Clinicians in the intervention condition will refer eligible patients ( n = 110 ) to participate in an exercise program , comprising 12 weeks of supervised exercise sessions and unsupervised physical activity . Clinicians allocated to the control condition will provide usual care to eligible patients ( n = 110 ) , which does not involve the recommendation of the physical activity program . Participants will be assessed at baseline , 12 weeks , 6 months , and 12 months on physical activity , quality of life , anxiety , depression , self-efficacy , outcome expectations , goals , and socio-structural factors . Discussion The findings of this study have implication s for clinicians and patients with different cancer types or other chronic health conditions . It will contribute to our underst and ing on the potential impact of clinicians promoting physical activity to patients and the long term health benefits of participating in physical activity programs . Trial registration Australia and New Zeal and Clinical Trials Register ( ANZCTR ) : ACTRN12610000609055 Deakin University Human Research Ethics Approval 2011 - Background Physical activity improves health in prostate cancer survivors ; however , participation rates are low . Purpose This study aims to determine the effects of an implementation intention intervention on physical activity and quality of life in prostate cancer survivors . Methods Prostate cancer survivors ( N = 423 ) were r and omly assigned to a st and ard physical activity recommendation , a self-administered implementation intention , or a telephone-assisted implementation intention .  Physical activity and quality of life were assessed at baseline , 1 , and 3 months . Results Analyses of covariance using multiple imputation showed that physical activity at 1 month increased by 86 min/week in the st and ard physical activity recommendation group compared with 168 min/week in the self-administered implementation intention group ( P = 0.023 ) and 105 min/week in the telephone-assisted implementation intention group ( P = 0.35 ) . Conclusions A self-administered implementation intention intervention result ed in a meaningful short-term increase in physical activity . Supplementation with additional intervention strategies and more frequent intervention may improve longer-term exercise . ( Clinical Trials.gov number NCT01410656 ) Background : This prospect i ve study examined the associations between postdiagnosis physical activity and change from prediagnosis physical activity with quality of life ( QoL ) in prostate cancer survivors . Methods : Prostate cancer survivors ( N = 830 ) who participated in a case – control study with invasive stage ≥II disease were followed up to 2007 to capture QoL outcomes . At baseline and three time points postdiagnosis ( 2000–2007 ) , interviews/ question naires were used to collect data on physical activity , general QoL measured by the SF-36 , and other treatment/lifestyle factors . Multivariable linear regression was used to test the relation between postdiagnosis physical activity and QoL as well as the change in physical activity over the diagnostic period and QoL. Results : Both total and recreational physical activities were positively associated with physical QoL. Furthermore , when comparing changes in physical activity levels from pre- to postdiagnosis , men who consistently met physical activity guidelines had significantly higher physical [ β = 6.01 ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 4.15–7.86 ] and mental ( β = 2.32 ; 95 % CI , 0.29–4.34 ) QoL scores compared with those who did not meet guidelines pre- or postdiagnosis . Furthermore , those who adopted and met guidelines had increased QoL , whereas those who relapsed experienced decreased QoL. Conclusions : Postdiagnosis recreational physical activity is associated with better physical QoL in prostate cancer survivors . Moreover , prostate cancer survivors who maintain or adopt physical activity after diagnosis report substantially higher QoL than men who never exercised or stopped exercising after diagnosis . Impact : Future intervention studies should focus on achieving and maintaining adherence to physical activity guidelines postdiagnosis in prostate cancer survivors . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev ; 26(2 ) ; 179–87 . © 2016 AACR BACKGROUND Active for Life After Cancer is a r and omized trial evaluating the efficacy of a 6-month group-based lifestyle physical activity program ( Lifestyle ) for prostate cancer patients to improve quality of life ( QOL ) including physical and emotional functioning compared to a group-based Educational Support Program and a St and ard Care Program ( no group ) . METHOD A total of 134 prostate cancer patients receiving continuous and rogen-ablation were r and omly assigned to one of the three study conditions . RESULTS Results indicated no significant improvements in QOL at 6 or 12 months . Both group-based programs were positively received and yielded good attendance and retention . Lifestyle participants demonstrated significant improvements in most theoretical mediators proposed by the Transtheoretical Model and Social Cognitive Theory to affect physical activity . Despite these improvements , no significant changes were found for most physical activity measures . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a lifestyle program focusing on cognitive-behavioral skills training alone is insufficient for promoting routine physical activity in these patients PURPOSE Interventions to increase physical activity among breast cancer survivors are needed to improve health and quality of life and possibly to reduce the risk of disease recurrence and early mortality . Therefore , we report the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a pilot r and omized trial design ed to increase physical activity in sedentary breast cancer survivors receiving hormone therapy . METHODS Forty-one sedentary women on estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors for stage I , II , or IIIA breast cancer were r and omly assigned to receive a 12-wk multidisciplinary physical activity behavior change intervention or usual care . RESULTS Recruitment was 34 % , intervention adherence was 99 % , and complete follow-up data were obtained on 93 % . Most participants ( 93 % ) were white with mean age of 53 + /- 9 yr . Differences favoring the intervention group were noted for accelerometer physical activity counts ( mean difference = 72,103 ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 25,383 - 119,000 ; effect size ( d ) = 1.02 ; P = 0.004 ) , aerobic fitness ( mean difference = 2.9 ; 95 % CI = -0.1 to 5.8 ; d = 0.64 ; P = 0.058 ) , back/leg muscle strength ( mean difference = 12.3 ; 95 % CI = 0.4 - 15.9 ; d = 0.81 ; P = 0.017 ) , waist-to-hip ratio ( mean difference = -0.05 ; 95 % CI = -0.01 to -0.08 ; d = -0.77 ; P = 0.018 ) , and social well-being ( mean difference = 2.0 ; 95 % CI = 0.3 - 3.8 ; d = 0.76 ; P = 0.03 ) . However , the intervention group also reported a greater increase in joint stiffness ( mean difference = 1.1 ; 95 % CI = 0.1 - 2.2 ; d = 0.70 ; P = 0.04 ) . CONCLUSIONS A behavior change intervention for breast cancer survivors based on the social cognitive theory is feasible and results in potentially meaningful improvements in physical activity and selected health outcomes . Confirmation in a larger study is warranted Prostate cancer patients receiving and rogen ablation therapy  experience significant physical and psychological sequelae associated with their disease and treatment . Because physical activity improves physical and psychological well-being , a lifestyle physical activity intervention may help slow or reverse the associated decline in quality of life ( QOL ) . No studies have evaluated an intervention to improve multiple QOL domains in patients receiving and rogen ablation therapy . Active for Life After Cancer is a three-group r and omized controlled trial design ed to evaluate the effectiveness of a lifestyle physical activity intervention ( Lifestyle Program ) in improving QOL . The Lifestyle Program , a 6-month behavioral skills training group , is compared to an Educational Support Program and St and ard Care . The purpose of this paper is to describe the design of the r and omized trial and present baseline data that will characterize the QOL of the sample . Challenges to recruitment for the trial also will be presented and discussed Background . In the earlier stages of prostate cancer , effective treatments have created a need for research to focus on practice s that may improve quality of life throughout survivorship . Physical activity is a significant supportive care management strategy for prostate cancer survivors , though the optimal modality is not yet understood . Hypotheses . The authors hypothesized that yoga would be a feasible physical activity option for prostate cancer survivors and their support persons and that the incorporation of social support would increase physical activity adherence . Methods . This 14-week feasibility study involved a 7-week class-based yoga program ( adherence phase ) , followed by 7 weeks of self-selected physical activity ( maintenance phase ) . Demographic information , physical activity behavior , quality of life , fatigue , stress , mood , and fitness variables were assessed at 3 time points . Prostate cancer survivors ’  perceived social support was rated during yoga and after yoga . Results . Class attendance was 6.1 and 5.8 for prostate cancer survivors ( n = 15 ) and their support persons ( n = 10 ) , respectively , for the 7 classes . Levels of perceived social support were higher for those who brought a support person . Significant improvements with regard to stress , fatigue , and mood before and after yoga class ( all Ps < .05 ) were reported by all participants . No clinical ly significant changes were noted on prostate cancer survivor ’s quality of life or fatigue over the course of the 14-week study . Conclusions . Yoga is a feasible physical activity option for prostate cancer survivors . The program had a promising uptake rate , high program adherence rate , and there were acute program benefits with regard to stress , fatigue , and mood for all participants . Future examination is warranted with regard to chronic benefits and group cohesion influences on levels of perceived social support PURPOSE Increased physical activity in patients with colorectal cancer is related to improved recurrence-free and overall survival . Psychological distress after cancer may place patients at risk of reduced physical activity , but paradoxically may also act as a motivator for lifestyle change . The relationship between psychological distress and physical activity after cancer over time has not been described . METHODS A prospect i ve survey of 1,966 ( 57 % response ) colorectal cancer survivors assessed the psychological distress variables of anxiety , depression , somatization , and cancer threat appraisal  as predictors of  physical activity  at 5 , 12 , 24 , and 36 months postdiagnosis ; 978 respondents had valid data for all time points . RESULTS Higher somatization was associated with greater physical inactivity ( relative risk ratio [ RRR ] = 1.12 ; 95 % CI , 1.1 to 1.2 ) and insufficient physical activity ( RRR = 1.05 ; 95 % CI , 0.90 to 1.0 ) . Respondents with a more positive appraisal of their cancer were significantly ( P = .031 ) less likely to be inactive ( RRR = 0.95 ; 95 % CI , 0.90 to 1.0 ) or insufficiently active ( RRR = 0.96 ) . Fatigued and obese respondents and current smokers were more inactive . Respondents whose somatization increased between two time periods were less likely to increase their physical activity over the same period ( P < .001 ) . Respondents with higher anxiety at one time period were less likely to have increased their activity at the next assessment ( P = .004 ) . There was no association between depression and physical activity . CONCLUSION Cancer survivors who experience somatization and anxiety are at greater risk of physical inactivity . The lack of a clear relationship between higher psychological distress and increasing physical activity argues against distress as a motivator to exercise in these patients Purpose Many prostate cancer survivors experience compromised health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) as a result of prostate cancer . We examined relationships between types and intensities of activity and sedentary behavior  and prostate cancer-related HRQOL , overall , and by demographic , disease , and treatment characteristics . Methods Associations between post-diagnosis activity and sedentary behavior  and HRQOL domains ( urinary incontinence , urinary irritation/obstruction , bowel , sexual , and vitality/hormonal ) were prospect ively examined in men diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study ( n = 1917 ) using generalized linear models . Results After adjusting for potential confounders , higher duration of total , non-vigorous , and walking activity was associated with higher vitality/hormonal functioning scores ( p-trends , < 0.0001 ) . Effects were small ( d = 0.16–0.20 ) but approached clinical significance for men in the highest vs. lowest activity categories . Survivors who walked ≥90 min/week at a normal pace , or faster , reported higher hormone/vitality scores ( p = 0.001 ) than men walking < 90 min at an easy pace . Weightlifting was associated with increased urinary incontinence ( p-trend , 0.02 ) . Total activity was associated with higher hormone/vitality functioning in men who were ≥5 years post-treatment , had more advanced disease ( Gleason score ≥7 ) , and had ≥1 comorbid condition . No relationships were observed between vigorous activity or sedentary behavior and HRQOL . Conclusions Increased duration of  non-vigorous  activity and walking post-diagnosis was positively associated with better hormone/vitality functioning . Specifically , engaging in ≥5 h of non-vigorous activity or ≥3 h of walking per week may be beneficial . Implication s for Cancer SurvivorsEncouraging men to engage in non-vigorous activity and walking may be helpful for managing prostate cancer-related HRQOL Purpose Treatment of prostate cancer with and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) is associated with an increased fat mass , decreased lean mass , increased fatigue and a reduction in quality of life ( QoL ) . The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a 6-month dietary and physical activity intervention for prostate cancer patients receiving ADT , to help minimise these side effects . Methods Patients ( n = 94 ) were recruited to this study if they were planned to receive ADT for prostate cancer for at least 6 months . Men r and omised to the intervention arm received a dietary and exercise intervention , commensurate with UK healthy eating and physical activity recommendations . The primary outcome of interest was body composition ; secondary outcomes included fatigue , QoL , functional capacity , stress and dietary change . Results The intervention group had a significant ( p < 0.001 ) reduction in weight , body mass index and percentage fat mass compared to the control group at 6 months ; the between-group differences were −3.3 kg ( 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) −4.5 , −2.1 ) , −1.1 kg/m2 ( 95 % CI −1.5 , −0.7 ) and −2.1 % ( 95 % CI −2.8 , −1.4 ) , respectively , after adjustment for baseline values . The intervention result ed in improvements in functional capacity ( p < 0.001 ) and dietary intakes but did not significantly impact fatigue , QoL or stress scores at endpoint . Conclusions A 6-month diet and physical activity intervention can minimise the adverse body composition changes associated with ADT . Implication s for Cancer SurvivorsThis study shows that a pragmatic lifestyle intervention is feasible and can have a positive impact on health behaviours and other key outcomes in men with prostate cancer receiving ADT BACKGROUND The ENGAGE ( efficacy of a referral and physical activity program for survivors of prostate cancer ) study established that a clinician referral and 12-week exercise training program increased vigorous physical activity at 12 weeks among men with prostate cancer . Here , we report the 6- and 12-month outcomes . METHODS In this multicenter cluster r and omized controlled trial , we compared a clinician referral and exercise training program to usual care . Discounted gym membership was offered to men in the intervention condition on completion of the 12-week exercise program .  Self-reported physical activity at 6 and 12 months was the primary outcome . Quality of life , anxiety , and depressive symptoms were secondary outcomes . RESULTS A total of 147 men meeting eligibility criteria agreed to participate ( 54 intervention , 93 control ) . A positive interaction effect for vigorous physical activity was observed at 6 months , but not 12 months . No significant effects for the secondary outcomes were found . CONCLUSIONS A clinician referral and community-based supervised and unsupervised exercise training program , along with discounted gym membership , had a positive short-term effect on vigorous physical activity levels , but did not improve quality of life , in men with prostate cancer BACKGROUND Participation in physical activity can improve the health outcomes of breast cancer survivors . To impact public health , broad-reaching sustainable interventions that promote physical activity are needed . PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of two distance-based interventions for promoting physical activity among breast cancer survivors compared with a st and ard recommendation control . METHODS Breast cancer survivors who had finished ' active ' cancer treatment were eligible to participate . Participants ( n = 330 ) were r and omly assigned to receive one of the following mail-delivered interventions : three computer-tailored newsletters , a previously developed breast cancer-specific physical activity booklet or a pamphlet detailing the public health recommendations for physical activity ( control ) . Primary outcomes were self-reported moderate to vigorous aerobic activity and participant 's self-reported resistance training activity at 4 months post-baseline . Secondary outcomes were pedometer step counts , whether or not participants were meeting the physical activity guidelines , time spent in sedentary behaviour , fatigue and health-related quality of life . RESULTS Participants r and omised into the tailored-print intervention group were three times more likely to commence resistance training and meet the resistance-training guidelines immediately after the intervention than participants allocated to the control group . There were no other significant intervention effects . CONCLUSION Computer-tailored newsletters may be an effective strategy for enhancing resistance-based physical activity among breast cancer survivors . The null findings relating to other outcomes may be due to ceiling effects ( in the case of aerobic activity , fatigue and health-related quality of life ) or the sensitivity of the measure used ( in the case of sitting time ) . These issues require further exploration Purpose Few studies have investigated long-term effects of physical activity ( PA ) interventions . The goal of this study was to evaluate whether or not increased levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) were maintained by cancer survivors 1 year after receipt of two home-based interventions . Methods The FRESH START trial r and omized 543 breast and prostate cancer survivors to 1-of-2 mailed print diet and exercise interventions : sequentially-tailored vs. st and ardized ( attention control ) . Each arm received eight mailings over a 1-year period , with follow-up at 1 and 2 years . This analysis focuses solely on the 400 participants who had suboptimal levels of MVPA at baseline ( measured by the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall ) and who completed the 2-year study . Results Median minutes of MVPA at baseline , 1-year and 2-year follow-up in the tailored intervention arm were as follows : 0 , 90 , and 60 min/week , respectively . The corresponding values in the attention control group were 0 , 30 , and 30 min/week . Significant improvements in MVPA from baseline to 2-year follow-up were observed in both study arms ( p < 0.01 ) . While significant between-arm differences were observed at 1-year follow-up ( p < 0.01 ) , there was only the suggestion of a trend ( p = 0.08 ) at 2-year follow-up . Conclusions This study provides evidence that mailed-print exercise interventions result in significant and sustainable improvements in MVPA among newly diagnosed cancer survivors that are observed well after the intervention is complete . While tailored interventions , as compared to st and ardized material s , appear to produce superior improvements in MVPA initially , these differences diminish over time BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the Western world with well-described negative effects from treatments . However , outcomes are highly heterogeneous . A Phase 3 trial of a psycho-educational intervention was undertaken , aim ing to reduce cancer-specific and decision-related distress and improve quality of life for men newly diagnosed with localised prostate cancer . METHODS Seven hundred forty ( 81.7 % ) men were recruited after diagnosis and before treatment and r and omised to a  tele-based nurse-delivered five-session psycho-educational intervention ( N = 372 ) or usual care ( N = 368 ) . Participants were assessed before treatment and 2 , 6 , 12 and 24 months post-treatment . Outcome measures included cancer-specific and decision-related distress , cognitive judgmental adjustment , subjective well-being , and domain-specific and health-related quality of life . Social support was assessed as a potential moderator . RESULTS No unconditioned effects were found . Classification analyses on pre-r and omisation measures distinguished three subgroups : younger , higher education and income men ( N = 90 ) ; younger , lower education and income men ( N = 106 ) ; and older men ( N = 344 ) . Younger , higher education and income men showed positive intervention effects for cancer-specific distress ( p = 0.008 ) and mental health ( p = 0.042 ) . By contrast , for younger , lower education men , participation in the intervention was associated with decreases in cognitive judgmental adjustment over time ( p = 0.006 ) . CONCLUSIONS Response to intervention and adjustment over time varied according to previous sexual functioning , age , educational level and income . How to best intervene with younger , low education , low income men with prostate cancer is a critical future research question Purpose Physical activity has been known to improve survival and quality of life of patients with breast cancer . To find factors associated with physical activity , we analyzed the data set of the multicenter controlled trial of exercise intervention . Methods Three hundred fifty-six participants were assigned to two groups : “ Smart After-Care ” ( smartphone application and pedometer were provided ) or exercise education only .  Physical activity was measured by International Physical Activity Question naire – Short Form ( IPAQ-SF ) at baseline and after 12 weeks . The association between physical activity and other clinical characteristics was analyzed . Results At baseline , physical activity amount was 2315.5 ± 3513.2 MET min/week : 33.0 % inactive , 49.6 % minimally active , and 17.4 % health-enhancing physical activity ( HEPA ) active . Factors associated with HEPA include cancer stage and grip strength . A significantly lower proportion was HEPA active among those with advanced stage than among those with stage 0 . After intervention , physical activity was increased to 3466.2 ± 4712.5 MET min/week : 15.3 % inactive , 50.4 % minimally active , and 34.2 % HEPA active . Physical activity was increased in 63.4 % of the participants . Factors associated with physical activity increase include cancer stage , diarrhea , and type of exercise intervention . Participants with advanced stage have a 3.3 times higher chance of increasing physical activity . Participants who received “ Smart After-Care ” have a 64 % higher chance of increasing physical activity . Conclusion Before the intervention , participants with advanced stage are less likely to be HEPA active .  Exercise intervention was more beneficial for those with advanced stage or physical symptoms . “ Smart After-Care ” was more effective than education only in increasing physical activity Purpose : Young adults who have been treated for cancer face several health and psychosocial risks . To minimize these risks , is it imperative that they address any modifiable risk factors , such as sedentary lifestyle . Unfortunately , more than half of young adult cancer survivors remain sedentary . To facilitate the adoption of physical activity ( PA ) in this population -potentially reducing health and psychosocial risks-we developed and pilot tested an internet-based PA intervention for young survivors . Patients and methods : Eighteen young adults , aged 18 to 39 , who had been diagnosed with cancer in the past 10 years were recruited . Participants were r and omized to receive access to the PA website for 12 weeks or information about other cancer-related websites . Intervention feasibility and acceptability was assessed only among those in the PA website group ; PA and psychosocial outcomes ( mood , fatigue ) were assessed in both groups . Results : Findings revealed that 86 % of participants in the PA website group would recommend the intervention to others and most ( 71 % ) were " satisfied " or " very satisfied " with it . Further , 100 % rated getting onto the website as " very easy " and 86 % rated the information on the site as " very easy " to underst and . The logging feature , followed by the goal - setting feature , were most often accessed by participants . Participants also rated the graphing and stage-matched manual features as helpful . Estimates of effect sizes for between-group differences at 12 weeks were medium for PA outcomes and large for psychosocial outcomes . Conclusions : This internet-based PA intervention targeting young adult cancer survivors is feasible and acceptable and may benefit this population The U.S. population is aging , bringing with it an increased prevalence of chronic disease and concomitant declines in physical function . The risk of developing cancer increases significantly with age , and functional decline is much more likely once a cancer diagnosis is rendered . Thus , functional status in later life is a key concern , one that is heightened among elders who have been diagnosed with cancer . To date , however , there have been few trials that have exclusively addressed issues related to cancer survivorship among older cancer patients , and to our knowledge , none has focused on preserving or enhancing physical functioning . This paper describes the study design and method ological considerations of a r and omized controlled trial to determine if a personally tailored workbook and telephone counseling program can positively affect physical activity and dietary behaviors and ultimately the physical functioning of up to 420 older men and women newly diagnosed with breast or prostate cancer . This trial is unique because the cancer diagnosis is used not only as a marker of risk for functional decline , but also as a " teachable moment " - an opportune time when elders may be more receptive to making beneficial lifestyle changes . Undoubtedly , as cure rates for cancer increase and intersect with ever-growing numbers of elderly , there will be numerous opportunities to provide and test interventions within this vulnerable population and to target functional status as a primary outcome . In reporting our methods , we hope to give others " a leg up , " so that they can hurdle with greater ease the barriers we experienced , and thus advance the field more rapidly
Conclusion There is preliminary evidence to suggest that a variety of physical activity behaviour change interventions targeting men with a history of prostate cancer can be efficacious , at least in the short term .
Purpose Men who are survivors of prostate cancer report a variety of psychological and physical factors contributing to a lower quality of life , and physical activity can assist to mitigate these issues .
This review aims to provide a summary of physical activity behaviour change trials targeting prostate cancer survivors , assess the feasibility of these interventions and , if possible , identify intervention and study characteristics associated with significant intervention effects .