Prospective study of exercise intervention in prostate cancer patients on androgen deprivation therapy. A phase III clinical trial of exercise modalities on treatment side-effects in men receiving therapy for prostate cancer Physical activity for men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: benefits from a 16-week intervention Effects of Different Exercise Modalities on Fatigue in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Year-long Randomised Controlled Trial. Physical Function in Men With Prostate Cancer on Androgen Deprivation Therapy Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 6-month dietary and physical activity intervention for patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer Age and androgen-deprivation therapy on exercise outcomes in men with prostate cancer Impact of Radiotherapy When Added to Androgen-Deprivation Therapy for Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer: Long-Term Quality-of-Life Outcomes From the NCIC CTG PR3/MRC PR07 Randomized Trial. Androgen deprivation and cognition in prostate cancer A randomized trial of aerobic versus resistance exercise in prostate cancer survivors. Efficacy of walking exercise in promoting cognitive-psychosocial functions in men with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy Androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer and cardiovascular risk: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, and American Urological Association: endorsed by the American Society for Radiation Oncology. Advanced prostate cancer treated with intermittent or continuous androgen deprivation in the randomised FinnProstate Study VII: quality of life and adverse effects. A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 6 month dietary and physical activity intervention for prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy Effects of a lifestyle intervention on endothelial function in men on long-term androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer Resistance training and reduction of treatment side effects in prostate cancer patients.
INTRODUCTION And rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) is an important component of modern prostate cancer treatment . Survival benefits from neo-adjuvant and adjuvant hormones may take years to manifest , and balancing this with potential morbidity of therapy can be challenging . This study aim ed to assess whether education and short-term combined aerobic and resistance exercises could help to ameliorate the adverse side effects of ADT . METHODS Eight hundred fifty-nine patients with relapsed or metastatic prostate cancer on leuprorelin acetate  were allocated to three interventional streams based on patient preference and medical fitness : supervised group ( Face-to-Face ) exercise sessions , home-based ( At Home ) exercise or a support programme for those incapable of exercising ( Support ) . Patients enrolled onto Face to Face underwent measurement of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness variables at baseline and programme completion . Patients in the exercise streams were surveyed to determine the programme 's impact on physical fitness and well-being . RESULTS Statistically significant improvements ( p < 0.001 ) were seen in all measured cardiorespiratory fitness and strength variables . Programme attrition rates were low ( 75/859 ; 8.7 % ) , the primary reason for withdrawal being discontinuation of hormones ( 70 % ) . Programme satisfaction was high , with 98 % of surveyed patients reporting a positive impact on fitness and 97 % planning to continue exercising after programme completion . At 6 months , improved physical and emotional well-being was reported by 93 and 79 % of patients , respectively . CONCLUSIONS A short-term structured exercise intervention results in high compliance and significant improvements in muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in prostate cancer patients on ADT Background And rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) is accompanied by a number of adverse side effects including reduced bone mass and increased risk for fracture , reduced lean mass and muscle strength , mood disturbance and increased fat mass compromising physical functioning , independence , and quality of life . The purpose of this investigation is to examine the effects of long term exercise on reversing musculoskeletal-related side effects , and cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors in men receiving and rogen deprivation for their prostate cancer . Specifically , we aim to investigate the effects of a 12-month exercise program design ed to load the musculoskeletal system and reduce cardiovascular and diabetes disease progression on the following primary endpoints : 1 ) bone mineral density ; 2 ) cardiorespiratory function and maximal oxygen capacity ; 3 ) body composition ( lean mass and fat mass ) ; 4 ) blood pressure and cardiovascular function ; 5 ) lipids and glycemic control ; and 6 ) quality of life and psychological distress . Methods / Design Multi-site r and omized controlled trial of 195 men ( 65 subjects per arm ) undergoing treatment for prostate cancer involving ADT in the cities of Perth and Brisbane in Australia . Participants will be r and omized to ( 1 ) resistance/impact loading exercise , ( 2 ) resistance/cardiovascular exercise groups and ( 3 ) usual care/delayed exercise . Participants will then undergo progressive training for 12 months . Measurements for primary and secondary endpoints will take place at baseline , 6 and 12 months ( end of the intervention ) . Discussion The principal outcome of this project will be the determination of the strength of effect of exercise on the well established musculoskeletal , cardiovascular and insulin metabolism side effects of and rogen deprivation in prostate cancer patients . As this project is much longer term than previous investigations in the area of exercise and cancer , we will gain knowledge as to the continuing effects of exercise in this patient population specifically targeting bone density , cardiovascular function , lean and fat mass , physical function and falls risk as primary study endpoints . In terms of advancement of prostate cancer care , we expect dissemination of the knowledge gained from this project to reduce fracture risk , improve physical and functional ability , quality of life and ultimately survival rate in this population . Clinical Trial RegistryA Phase III clinical trial of exercise modalities on treatment side-effects in men receiving therapy for prostate cancer ; Goals of workProstate cancer patients receiving and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT )  are vulnerable to a number of potentially debilitating side effects , which can significantly impact quality of life . The role of alternate therapies , such as physical activity ( PA ) , in attenuating these side effects is largely understudied for such a large population . Thus , the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PA intervention for men receiving ADT on PA behavior , quality of life , and fitness measures . Patients and methods One hundred participants were r and omized into an intervention ( n = 53 ) or a wait-list control group ( n = 47 ) , with 11 dropping out of the intervention group and 23 dropping out of the wait-list control group prior to post-testing . The intervention consisted of both an individually tailored home-based aerobic and light resistant training program and weekly group sessions .  PA , quality of life , fitness , and physiological outcomes were assessed pre and post the 16-week intervention . Results Significant increases in PA , supported by changes in girth measures and blood pressure , support the beneficial impact of the intervention . Positive trends were also evident for depression and fatigue . However , due to the high dropout rate , these results must be interpreted with caution . Conclusions PA effectively attenuates many of the side effects of ADT and should be recommended to prostate survivors as an alternate therapy . Determining the maintenance of this behavior change will be important for underst and ing how the long-term benefits of increased activity levels may alleviate the late effects of ADT BACKGROUND Physical exercise mitigates fatigue during and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) ; however , the effects of different exercise prescriptions are unknown . OBJECTIVES To determine the long-term effects of different exercise modes on fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing ADT . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Between 2009 and 2012 , 163 prostate cancer patients aged 43 - 90 y on ADT were r and omised to exercise targeting the musculoskeletal system ( impact loading+resistance training ; ILRT ; n=58 ) , the cardiovascular and muscular systems ( aerobic+resistance training ; ART ; n=54 ) , or to usual care/delayed exercise ( DEL ; n=51 ) for 12 mo across university-affiliated exercise clinics in Australia . INTERVENTION Supervised ILRT for 12 mo , supervised ART for 6 mo followed by a 6-mo home program , and DEL received a printed booklet on exercise information for 6 mo followed by 6-mo stationary cycling exercise . OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Fatigue was assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Question naire-Core 36 and vitality using the Short Form-36 . Analysis of variance was used to compare outcomes for groups at 6 mo and 12 mo . RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Fatigue was reduced ( p=0.005 ) in ILRT at 6 mo and 12 mo ( ∼5 points ) , and in ART ( p=0.005 ) and DEL ( p=0.022 ) at 12 mo . Similarly , vitality increased for all groups ( p≤0.001 ) at 12 mo ( ∼4 points ) . Those with the highest levels of fatigue and lowest vitality improved the most with exercise ( ptrend<0.001 ) . A limitation was inclusion of mostly well-functioning individuals . CONCLUSIONS Different exercise modes have comparable effects on reducing fatigue and enhancing vitality during ADT . Patients with the highest levels of fatigue and lowest vitality had the greatest benefits . PATIENT SUMMARY We compared the effects of different exercise modes on  fatigue in men on and rogen deprivation therapy . All exercise programs  reduced fatigue and enhanced vitality . We conclude that undertaking some form of exercise will help reduce fatigue , especially in those who are the most fatigued Background and Purpose : And rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) has become an increasingly st and ard intervention for both early and advanced stages of prostate cancer ; however , decreased physical function and hypogonadism have been reported in men receiving ADT . The objectives of this study were : ( 1 ) to determine whether ADT ( and hypogonadism ) result ed in decreased strength and mobility and ( 2 ) to examine the effect of ADT on an associated test of cognitive and motor function by assessing visuomotor performance . Subjects and Methods : Physical function , walking speed , visuomotor performance , gonadal status , body composition , and Comorbidity Disease Index ( CMDI ) scores were assessed in a cohort of 100 participants that included : ( 1 ) men with prostate cancer who were not on ADT , ( 2 ) men with prostate cancer who were on short-term ADT ( < 6 months ) , ( 3 ) men with prostate cancer who were on long-term ADT ( ≥6 months ) , and ( 4 ) control subjects who did not have prostate cancer . Results : Walking speed varied significantly across the 4 groups , even after adjusting for age , CMDI , and percentage of body fat . Age and CMDI were significantly associated with measurements of physical performance . Adjusted for covariates , men on long-term ADT  walked 0.18 m/s slower than the control subjects . Physical function also varied significantly across the 4 groups . And rogen deprivation therapy did not have a significant effect on visuomotor performance . Discussion and Conclusion : The results suggest that ADT has a significant effect on walking speed and physical performance in men with prostate cancer PURPOSE And rogen deprivation therapy is a common treatment in men with prostate cancer that may cause fatigue , functional decline , increased body fatness , and loss of lean body tissue . These physical changes can negatively affect health-related quality of life .  Resistance exercise may help to counter some of these side effects by reducing fatigue , elevating mood , building muscle mass , and reducing body fat . METHODS In a two-site study , 155 men with prostate cancer who were scheduled to receive and rogen deprivation therapy for at least 3 months after recruitment were r and omly assigned to an intervention group that participated in a resistance exercise program three times per week for 12 weeks ( 82 men ) or to a waiting list control group ( 73 men ) . The primary outcomes were fatigue and disease-specific quality of life as assessed by self-reported question naires after 12 weeks . Secondary outcomes were muscular fitness and body composition . RESULTS Men assigned to resistance exercise had less interference from fatigue on activities of daily living ( P = .002 ) and higher quality of life ( P = .001 ) than men in the control group . Men in the intervention group demonstrated higher levels of upper body ( P = .009 ) and lower body ( P < .001 ) muscular fitness than men in the control group . The 12-week resistance exercise intervention did not improve body composition as measured by changes in body weight , body mass index , waist circumference , or subcutaneous skinfolds . CONCLUSION Resistance exercise reduces fatigue and improves quality of life and muscular fitness in men with prostate cancer receiving and rogen deprivation therapy .  This form of exercise can be an important component of supportive care for these patients Purpose Treatment of prostate cancer with and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) is associated with an increased fat mass , decreased lean mass , increased fatigue and a reduction in quality of life ( QoL ) . The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a 6-month dietary and physical activity intervention for prostate cancer patients receiving ADT , to help minimise these side effects . Methods Patients ( n = 94 ) were recruited to this study if they were planned to receive ADT for prostate cancer for at least 6 months . Men r and omised to the intervention arm received a dietary and exercise intervention , commensurate with UK healthy eating and physical activity recommendations . The primary outcome of interest was body composition ; secondary outcomes included fatigue , QoL , functional capacity , stress and dietary change . Results The intervention group had a significant ( p < 0.001 ) reduction in weight , body mass index and percentage fat mass compared to the control group at 6 months ; the between-group differences were −3.3 kg ( 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) −4.5 , −2.1 ) , −1.1 kg/m2 ( 95 % CI −1.5 , −0.7 ) and −2.1 % ( 95 % CI −2.8 , −1.4 ) , respectively , after adjustment for baseline values . The intervention result ed in improvements in functional capacity ( p < 0.001 ) and dietary intakes but did not significantly impact fatigue , QoL or stress scores at endpoint . Conclusions A 6-month diet and physical activity intervention can minimise the adverse body composition changes associated with ADT . Implication s for Cancer SurvivorsThis study shows that a pragmatic lifestyle intervention is feasible and can have a positive impact on health behaviours and other key outcomes in men with prostate cancer receiving ADT Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of age ( ≤65 years or > 65 years ) and and rogen-deprivation therapy ( ADT , presence or absence ) as factors that may predict changes in body composition and fitness following a 24-week exercise program in prostate cancer patients . Methods One hundred twenty-one men were r and omly allocated to either : ( 1 ) aerobic exercise ( AE ) , ( 2 ) resistance exercise ( RE ) , or ( 3 ) usual care ( UC ) . Body composition was assessed by DXA . Aerobic fitness was assessed through a maximal treadmill test  . Muscular strength was assessed by leg extension and bench press using the eight-repetition maximum test . Responses were compared between younger ( ≤65 years ) and older ( > 65 years ) patients with or without ADT  . Results There did not appear to be an interaction between age and ADT on body composition or fitness , nor were there any significant changes in body composition for participants ≤65 years . In participants aged > 65 years , lean mass decreased in AE ( p = 0.013 ) and UC ( p = 0.006 ) , but was preserved in RE . In participants receiving ADT , there was a decrease in lean mass in AE ( p = 0.003 ) and UC ( p < 0.001 ) but not in RE . The non-ADT group did not show any changes in body composition but did show improvements in muscular fitness following resistance training ( p < 0.001 ) . Conclusion Changes in body composition and physical fitness following a 24-week exercise program in men with prostate cancer are not influenced by age and /or ADT . Resistance training appears to attenuate the age-related decrease in lean mass and increase in body fat in older patients with prostate cancer and those  receiving ADT PURPOSE The NCIC CTG PR3/MRC PR07 r and omized phase III trial compared and rogen-deprivation therapy ( ADT ) alone versus ADT with radiotherapy ( RT ) for patients with locally advanced prostate cancer . This article reports the health-related quality -of-life ( HRQOL ) outcomes of this trial . PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 1,205 patients were r and omly allocated to either ADT alone or ADT with RT .  HRQOL was assessed at baseline and every 6 months thereafter using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Question naire and a prostate cancer-specific checklist or the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate question naire . Mean changes from baseline scores for five function domains and nine symptom domains were analyzed as those most relevant to ADT and RT . The proportions of patients with improved , stable , or worsened HRQOL scores according to instrument-specific minimal important differences were calculated . RESULTS Baseline question naires were completed by 1,028 patients ( 88 % ) . At 6 months , RT had a statistically significant impact on mean score for bowel symptoms ( P = .02 ) , diarrhea ( P < .001 ) , urinary function ( P = .003 ) , and erectile dysfunction ( P = .008 ) ; by 3 years , however , there were no significant between-group differences in any domain . Generalized linear mixed modeling revealed no significant between-arm differences in any of the function scales but showed significant deterioration in both arms over time for Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate total score , treatment outcome index , and physical and functional well-being . CONCLUSION The addition of RT to ADT for patients with locally advanced prostate cancer significantly improved overall survival and had only modest and transient negative impact on relevant domains of HRQOL And rogen deprivation ( AD ) is commonly used in neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting with prostate cancer ( PC ) radiotherapy . This prospect i ve study assessed whether cognitive functioning is impaired during 12 months of AD therapy . Longitudinal testing of 25 patients treated with AD and curative radiotherapy  was undertaken at baseline , and at 6 and 12 months . CogniSpeed © software was used for measuring attentional performances . Other cognitive performances were evaluated using verbal , visuomotor and memory tests . The Beck depression inventory was employed to evaluate depressive mood and EORTC QLQ-C30 for quality of life ( QoL ) . During longitudinal testing of the AD group , no impairment in cognitive performances was found . Instead , improvement was observed in object recall ( immediate , P=0.035 ; delayed , P<0.001 ) , and in semantic memory ( P=0.037 ) . In QoL , impairment in physical function was observed . And rogen deprivation of 12 months appears to be associated with preserved cognitive functioning , although physical impairment occurs . These results have implication s for counseling and psychosocial support of patients in the context of treatment options in PC And rogen-deprivation therapy ( ADT ) for prostate cancer ( PCa ) has side effects that significantly impair health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) . Exercise ameliorates many side effects of ADT , but different modalities , particularly in the home-based setting , have not been well studied . In this study the authors r and omly assigned 66 PCa survivors receiving ADT to 6 mo of home-based aerobic or resistance training .  Psychosocial well-being and physical fitness were measured at baseline , 3 and 6 mo , and then 6 mo postintervention . Intention-to-treat analyses showed that fatigue and HRQOL were not significantly different between groups ; however , in a per- protocol analysis the resistance-exercise training group demonstrated clinical ly significant improvements in HRQOL . Differential within-group effects on physical fitness were also observed at various time points . At all time points , the aerobic-training group engaged in significantly more physical activity than the resistance-training group , a finding that should be further examined given evidence -based guidelines for activity volume in cancer survivors Background Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-melanoma cancer among men .  And rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) has been the core therapy for men with advanced prostate cancer . It is only in recent years that clinicians began to recognize the cognitive-psychosocial side effects from ADT , which significantly compromise the quality of life of prostate cancer survivors . The objectives of the study are to determine the efficacy of a simple and accessible home-based , walking exercise program in promoting cognitive and psychosocial functions of men with prostate cancer receiving ADT . Methods A 6-month prospect i ve , single-blinded , r and omized controlled trial will be conducted to compare the Exercise Group with the Control Group .  Twenty men with prostate cancer starting ADT will be recruited and r and omly assigned to one of the two groups : the Exercise Group will receive instructions in setting up an individualized 6-month home-based , walking exercise program , while the Control Group will receive st and ard medical advice from the attending physician . The primary outcomes will be psychosocial and cognitive functions . Cognitive functions including memory , attention , working memory , and executive function will be assessed using a battery of neurocognitive tests at baseline and 6 months . Psychosocial functions including depression , anxiety and self-esteem will be assessed at baseline , 3 and 6 months using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale , Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale . Discussion The significance of the cognitive-psychosocial side effects of ADT in men with prostate cancer has only been recently recognized , and the management remains unclear . This study addresses this issue by design ing a simple and accessible home-based , exercise program that may potentially have significant impact on reducing the cognitive and psychosocial side effects of ADT , and ultimately improving the health-related quality of life in men with prostate cancer receiving ADT.Trial registration And rogen-deprivation therapy ( ADT ) is a widely used treatment for prostate cancer . Recently , several studies have reported an association between ADT and an increased risk of cardiovascular events , including myocardial infa rct ion and cardiovascular mortality.1 - 5 These reports have led to increased interest and discussion regarding the metabolic effects of ADT and its possible association with increased cardiovascular risk . In addition , likely as a result of these reports , internists , endocrinologists , and cardiologists are now being consulted regarding the evaluation and management of patients in whom ADT is being initiated . Most of these physicians are not aware of the possible effects of ADT on cardiovascular risk factors or the issues regarding ADT and cardiovascular disease . Therefore , this multidisciplinary writing group has been commissioned to review and summarize the metabolic effects of ADT , to evaluate the data regarding a possible relation between ADT and cardiovascular events in patients with prostate cancer , and to generate suggestions regarding the evaluation and management of patients , both with and without known cardiac disease , in whom ADT is being initiated ( Table 1 ) . TABLE 1 Prospect i ve Studies of the Effects of ADT on Cardiac Risk Factors  ADT was first used in prostate cancer for patients with overt metastatic disease,7 and it remains the mainstay of therapy for this group . ADT combined with external-beam radiation therapy is a st and ard of care in the treatment of men with high-risk prostate cancer , on the basis of evidence that shows a survival benefit in multiple r and omized controlled trials.8 - 13 However , ADT is also often used for other prostate cancer states ( eg , for prostate volume reduction in men planning to undergo definitive local therapy with brachytherapy , or in the case of rising prostate-specific antigen after definitive local treatment),14,15 and in these cases , its role in prolonging survival is less certain BACKGROUND Intermittent dosing may reduce the adverse events ( AEs ) of and rogen-deprivation therapy ( ADT ) . OBJECTIVE To compare intermittent and rogen deprivation ( IAD ) and continuous and rogen deprivation ( CAD ) with regard to health-related quality of life ( QoL ) . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 852 men with advanced prostate cancer ( PCa ) were enrolled to receive goserelin acetate 3.6 mg every 28 d for 24 wk . A total of 554 patients whose prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) decreased to < 10 ng/ml or by ≥50 % ( < 20 ng/ml at baseline ) were r and omised to  IAD or CAD  . INTERVENTION In the IAD arm , ADT was resumed for at least 24 wk whenever PSA increased > 20 ng/ml or above baseline . OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS QoL was monitored with a vali date d Cleary 30-item question naire and analysed by the Mann-Whitney U test , 0.5 st and ard deviation rule , and repeated measures analysis of variance . AEs and adverse drug reactions ( ADRs ) were analysed by the chi-square test . RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Median follow-up was 65 mo . Significant differences in QoL emerged in activity limitation , physical capacity , and sexual functioning , favouring IAD . No significant differences emerged in the prevalence of AEs : 87 patients in the IAD arm ( 31.8 % ) and 95 in the CAD arm ( 33.9 % ) had cardiovascular ( CV ) AEs ( p=0.59 ) , with 25 ( 9.1 % ) and 29 ( 10.4 % ) withdrawn ( p=0.62 ) , and 21 ( 7.7 % ) and 24 ( 8.6 % ) dying because of a CV event ( p=0.70 ) , respectively ; bone fractures occurred in 19 ( 6.9 % ) and 15 ( 5.4 % ) patients ( p=0.44 ) , respectively . Hot flushes or night sweats were the most common ADRs ( 47.1 % vs 50.4 % ; p=0.44 ) . Erectile dysfunction ( 15.7 % vs 7.9 % ; p=0.042 ) and depressed mood ( 2.2 vs 0 % ; p=0.032 ) were more common in the IAD arm . CONCLUSIONS IAD showed benefits in the treatment of advanced PCa with respect to QoL. The prevalence of AEs was not significantly lower with IAD . TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov , NCT00293670 Background Treatment with And rogen Deprivation Therapy ( ADT ) for prostate cancer is associated with changes in body composition including increased fat and decreased lean mass ; increased fatigue , and a reduction in quality of life . No study to date has evaluated the effect of dietary and physical activity modification on the side-effects related to ADT . The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a 6-month dietary and physical activity intervention for prostate cancer survivors receiving ADT to minimise the changes in body composition , fatigue and quality of life , typically associated with ADT . Methods Men are recruited to this study if their treatment plan is to receive ADT for at least 6 months . Men who are r and omised to the intervention arm receive a home-based tailored intervention to meet the following guidelines a ) ≥ 5 servings vegetables and fruits/day ; b ) 30%-35 % of total energy from fat , and < 10 % energy from saturated fat/day ; c ) 10 % of energy from polyunsaturated fat/day ; d ) limited consumption of processed meats ; e ) 25 - 35 gm of fibre/day ; f ) alcoholic drinks ≤ 28 units/week ; g ) limited intake of foods high in salt and /or sugar . They are also encouraged to include at least 30 minutes of brisk walking , 5 or more days per week . The primary outcomes are change in body composition , fatigue and quality of life scores . Secondary outcomes include dietary intake , physical activity and perceived stress . Baseline information collected includes : socio-economic status , treatment duration , perceived social support and health status , family history of cancer , co-morbidities , medication and supplement use , barriers to change , and readiness to change their health behaviour . Data for the primary and secondary outcomes will be collected at baseline , 3 and 6 months from 47 intervention and 47 control patients . Discussion The results of this study will provide detailed information on diet and physical activity levels in prostate cancer patients treated with ADT and will test the feasibility and efficacy of a diet and physical activity intervention which could provide essential information to develop guidelines for prostate cancer patients to minimise the side effects related to ADT.Trial registration IS RCT N trial number Background : Treatment of prostate cancer with and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) is associated with metabolic changes that have been linked to an increase in cardiovascular risk . Methods : This r and omised controlled trial investigated the effects of a 12-week lifestyle intervention that included supervised exercise training and dietary advice on markers of cardiovascular risk in 50 men on long-term ADT recruited to an on-going study investigating the effects of such a lifestyle intervention on quality of life . Participants were r and omly allocated to receive the intervention or usual care . Cardiovascular outcomes included endothelial function ( flow-mediated dilatation ( FMD ) of the brachial artery ) , blood pressure , body composition and serum lipids . Additional outcomes included treadmill walk time and exercise and dietary behaviours . Outcomes were assessed before r and omisation ( baseline ) , and 6 , 12 and 24 weeks after r and omisation . Results : At 12 weeks , the difference in mean relative FMD was 2.2 % ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.1–4.3 , P=0.04 ) with an effect size of 0.60 ( 95 % CI < 0.01–1.18 ) favouring the intervention group . Improvements in skeletal muscle mass , treadmill walk time and exercise behaviour also occurred in the intervention group over that duration ( P<0.05 ) . At 24 weeks , only the difference in treadmill walk time was maintained . Conclusions : This study demonstrates that lifestyle changes can improve endothelial function in men on long-term ADT for prostate cancer . The implication s for cardiovascular health need further investigation in larger studies over longer duration PURPOSE To examine the effect of progressive resistance training on muscle function , functional performance , balance , body composition , and muscle thickness in men receiving and rogen deprivation for prostate cancer . METHODS Ten men aged 59 - 82 yr on and rogen deprivation for localized prostate cancer undertook progressive resistance training for 20 wk at 6- to 12-repetition maximum ( RM ) for 12 upper- and lower-body exercises in a university exercise rehabilitation clinic . Outcome measures included muscle strength and muscle endurance for the upper and lower body , functional performance ( repeated chair rise , usual and fast 6-m walk , 6-m backwards walk , stair climb , and 400-m walk time ) , and balance by sensory organization test . Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and muscle thickness at four anatomical sites by B-mode ultrasound . Blood sample s were assessed for prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) , testosterone , growth hormone ( GH ) , cortisol , and hemoglobin . RESULTS Muscle strength ( chest press , 40.5 % ; seated row , 41.9 % ; leg press , 96.3 % ; P < 0.001 ) and muscle endurance ( chest press , 114.9 % ; leg press , 167.1 % ; P < 0.001 ) increased significantly after training . Significant improvement ( P < 0.05 ) occurred in the 6-m usual walk ( 14.1 % ) , 6-m backwards walk ( 22.3 % ) , chair rise ( 26.8 % ) , stair climbing ( 10.4 % ) , 400-m walk ( 7.4 % ) , and balance ( 7.8 % ) . Muscle thickness increased ( P < 0.05 ) by 15.7 % at the quadriceps site . Whole-body lean mass was preserved with no change in fat mass . There were no significant changes in PSA , testosterone , GH , cortisol , or hemoglobin . CONCLUSIONS Progressive resistance exercise has beneficial effects on muscle strength , functional performance and balance in older men receiving and rogen deprivation for prostate cancer and should be considered to preserve body composition and reduce treatment side effects
Grade B evidence also suggested that exercise may improve prostate cancer patients ' muscle mass , muscular strength , functional performance ( walking and sit to st and speed ) , as well as health-related , social and physical quality of life .
These effects appeared greater for group-rather than home-based-exercise , especially if these programs included resistance training .
CONTEXT Prostate cancer patients , especially those on and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) , experience many symptoms that make it difficult to maintain their independence and quality of life .
Because ADT acts by means of reducing testosterone production , exercise may offset many of the ADT side effects and those of the cancer itself .
OBJECTIVES This systematic review of the literature evaluates whether exercise could reduce symptoms and improve quality of life for prostate cancer patients .