A 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese women Cross-sectional and prospective cohort study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and obesity in adults: the HUNT study. Association of vitamin D deficiency with incidence of type 2 diabetes in high-risk Asian subjects. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Obesity‐Induced Insulin Resistance: A Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial Vitamin D Status and Glucose Homeostasis in the 1958 British Birth Cohort Response to Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Obese and Non-Obese Caucasian Adolescents A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation to improve glycaemia in overweight and obese African Americans. Vitamin D status modification by two slightly hypocaloric diets in young overweight/obese women. Vitamin D supplementation in obese type 2 diabetes subjects in Ajman, UAE: a randomized controlled double-blinded clinical trial Serum vitamin-D predicts insulin resistance in individuals with prediabetes Correcting vitamin D insufficiency improves insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Vitamin D receptor Cdx-2-dependent response of central obesity to vitamin D intake in the subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial. No improvement in cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects after supplementation with vitamin D3 for 1 year. Large Doses of Vitamin D Fail to Increase 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels or to Alter Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Adolescents: A Pilot Study. Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms of depression in overweight and obese subjects: randomized double blind trial. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on anthropometric indices among overweight and obese women: A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial.
Background Vitamin D concentrations are linked to body composition indices , particularly body fat mass . Relationships between hypovitaminosis D and obesity , described by both BMI and waist circumference , have been mentioned . We have investigated the effect of a 12-week vitamin D3 supplementation on anthropometric indices in healthy overweight and obese women . Methods In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled , parallel-group trial , seventy-seven participants ( age 38±8.1 years , BMI 29.8±4.1 kg/m2 ) were r and omly allocated into two groups : vitamin D ( 25 μg per day as cholecalciferol ) and placebo ( 25 μg per day as lactose ) for 12 weeks . Body weight , height , waist , hip , fat mass , 25(OH ) D , iPTH , and dietary intakes were measured before and after the intervention . Results Serum 25(OH)D significantly increased in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group ( 38.2±32.7 nmol/L vs. 4.6±14.8 nmol/L ; P<0.001 ) and serum iPTH concentrations were decreased by vitamin D3 supplementation ( -0.26±0.57 pmol/L vs. 0.27±0.56 pmol/L ; P<0.001 ) . Supplementation with vitamin D3 caused a statistically significant decrease in body fat mass in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group ( -2.7±2.1 kg vs. -0.47±2.1 kg ; P<0.001 ) . However , body weight and waist circumference did not change significantly in both groups . A significant reverse correlation between changes in serum 25(OH ) D concentrations and body fat mass was observed ( r = -0.319 , P = 0.005 ) . Conclusion Among healthy overweight and obese women , increasing 25(OH ) D concentrations by vitamin D3 supplementation led to body fat mass reduction . This trial is registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01344161 Experimental studies suggest that vitamin D modulates the activity of adipocytes . The authors examined baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D )  level in relation to prevalent and cumulative incident obesity in Norway . A cohort of 25,616 adults aged 19 - 55 years participated in both the second and third surveys of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study ( HUNT 2 ( 1995 - 1997 ) and HUNT 3 ( 2006 - 2008 ) ) .  Serum 25(OH)D levels measured at baseline and  anthropometric measurements  taken at both baseline and follow-up were available for a r and om sample of 2,460 subjects . Overall , 40 % of the 2,460 subjects had a serum 25(OH)D level less than 50.0 nmol/L , and 37 % had a level of 50.0 - 74.9 nmol/L. The prevalence and cumulative incidence of obesity , defined as body mass index ( weight (kg)/height (m)(2 ) ) ≥30 , were 12 % and 15 % , respectively . Lower serum 25(OH)D level was associated with a higher prevalence of obesity . In the 2,165 subjects with baseline BMI less than 30 , a serum 25(OH)D level less than 50.0 nmol/L was associated with a significantly increased odds ratio for incident obesity during follow-up ( adjusted odds ratio = 1.73 , 95 % confidence interval : 1.24 , 2.41 ) . When prevalent and incident obesity were classified according to waist circumference ( ≥88 cm for women , ≥102 cm for men ) , similar results were obtained . In addition to prevalent obesity , a serum 25(OH)D level less than 50.0 nmol/L was significantly associated with new-onset obesity in adults BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest an association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] and type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) risk . However , prospect i ve studies investigating the relation between vitamin D inadequacy and incidence of T2D incorporating obesity and dynamic measures of insulin resistance ( IR ) and pancreatic β cell function are limited . OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that baseline 25(OH)D is associated with the incidence of T2D in high-risk subjects for up to 5 y of follow-up , independently of obesity , baseline IR , and β cell function . DESIGN We recruited 1080 nondiabetic Korean subjects [ mean ± SD age : 49.5 ± 11.4 y ] based on the presence of one or more risk factors for T2D , including obesity , hypertension , dyslipidemia , and /or family history of T2D . We measured anthropometric and biochemical indicators , HOMA2-IR , and the insulinogenic index ( IGI ; calculated as change in insulin at 30 min/change in glucose at 30 min ) from a 75-g oral-glucose-tolerance test . RESULTS Of the participants , 10.5 % had a serum 25(OH)D deficiency ( < 10 ng/mL ) , 51.6 % had an insufficiency ( 10.0 - 19.9 ng/mL ) , and 38.0 % had a sufficiency ( ≥20 ng/mL ) , and the incidence of T2D at 32.3 ± 15.6 mo ( ±SD ) declined accordingly : 15.9 % , 10.2 % , and 5.4 % , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . After adjustment for age , sex , blood pressure , lifestyles , family history , season , parathyroid hormone , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , the participants with 25(OH)D deficiency had an increased risk of T2D independently of BMI , HOMA2-IR , and IGI ; the HRs were 2.06 ( 95 % CI : 1.22 , 3.49 ) for 25(OH)D 10 - 19.9 ng/mL compared with ≥20 ng/mL and 3.23 ( 95 % CI : 1.66 , 6.30 ) for 25(OH)D < 10 ng/mL compared with ≥20 ng/mL. CONCLUSION The current prospect i ve study suggests that vitamin D metabolism may play a role in T2D pathogenesis independently of known risk factors . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01508481 Objective The aim was to investigate whether vitamin D supplementation , combined with a hypocaloric diet , could have an independent effect on insulin sensitivity in subjects with both overweight and hypovitaminosis D. Changes from baseline in anthropometric parameters , body composition , glucose tolerance , and insulin secretion were considered as secondary outcomes . Methods Eighteen volunteers who were nondiabetic and vitamin D deficient and had BMI > 25 kg/m2 were r and omized ( 1:1 ) in a double‐blind manner to a hypocaloric diet + either oral cholecalciferol at 25,000 IU/wk or placebo for 3 months . Hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp to measure insulin sensitivity  was performed at baseline and after intervention . Results Body weight in both groups decreased significantly ( −7.5 % in the vitamin D group and −10 % in the placebo group ; P < 0.05 for both ) , with no between‐group differences . Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels in the vitamin D group increased considerably ( from 36.7 ± 13.2 nmol/L to 74.8 ± 18.7 nmol/L ; P < 0.001 ) . Insulin sensitivity in the vitamin D group improved ( from 4.6 ± 2.0 to 6.9 ± 3.3 mg·kg−1·min−1 ; P < 0.001 ) , whereas no changes were observed in the placebo group ( from 4.9 ± 1.1 to 5.1 ± 0.3 mg·kg−1·min−1 ; P = 0.84 ) . Conclusions Cholecalciferol supplementation , combined with a weight loss program , significantly improves insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects with obesity and might represent a personalized approach for insulin‐resistant subjects with obesity OBJECTIVE —Obesity is a well-known risk factor for vitamin D deficiency . We evaluated the interrelationship between vitamin D status , body size , and glucose homeostasis , measured by HbA1c ( A1C ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — Data are from the survey of the 45-year-old 1958 British birth cohort ( 2002–2004 ) . Information on A1C , 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ;  an indicator of  vitamin D status ] , and BMI was collected from 7,198 Caucasian subjects . RESULTS —25(OH)D was < 75 nmol/l in 80 % of the obese subjects ( BMI ≥30 kg/m2 ) versus 68 % of the other subjects ( P < 0.0001 ) . Serum 25(OH)D decreased and A1C increased by increasing BMI ( P < 0.0001 for both comparisons ) . There was a nonlinear association between 25(OH)D and A1C : a steep linear decrease in A1C by 25(OH)D until 65 nmol/l and only smaller decreases with further increases . There was evidence for effect modification by BMI in the association between 25(OH)D and A1C ( P < 0.0001 ) , and differences appeared stronger for participants with higher compared with lower BMI s. After adjustment for sex , season , geographical location , physical activity , and social class , percent change in A1C by 10-nmol/l increase in 25(OH)D was −0.21 ( 95 % CI −0.31 to −0.11 ) for BMI < 25 kg/m2 , −0.25 ( −0.37 to −0.13 ) for BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2 , −0.65 ( −0.95 to −0.34 ) for BMI 30–34.9 kg/m2 , and −1.37 ( −2.09 to −0.64 ) for BMI ≥35 kg/m2 . CONCLUSIONS —Body size was a strong determinant for 25(OH)D , with concentrations being suboptimal in most obese participants . R and omized controlled trials [ using dosages sufficient to improve 25(OH)D also for the obese ] are required to determine whether clinical ly relevant improvements in glucose metabolism can be obtained by vitamin D supplementation Background / Aims : Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in obese children , and obese children tend to respond poorly to vitamin D supplementation . The objective of the study was to compare the response to vitamin D3 supplementation ( 2,000 IU once daily for 12 weeks ) between obese and non-obese Caucasian adolescents . Methods : The study design was open label non-r and omized . It was carried out at a single center . Eighteen obese adolescents ( aged 12–18 years ) and the same number of age- , gender- and season-matched non-obese adolescents received vitamin D3 ( 2,000 IU/day ) orally for 12 weeks . Total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] , parathyroid hormone , calcium and phosphorus were measured at baseline and at the end of the 12-week period . Results : The mean baseline 25(OH)D level was higher in the non-obese compared to the obese subjects ( mean 28.9 vs. 25.2 ng/ml ; p = 0.029 ) . The increment in 25(OH)D levels following  vitamin D supplementation was significantly lower in the obese adolescents ( mean change 5.8 vs. 9.8 ng/ml ; p = 0.019 ) . Conclusions : Higher doses of vitamin D are required to treat vitamin D deficiency in obese adolescents compared to their non-obese peers AIMS Vitamin D deficiency may increase the risk for type 2 diabetes . African Americans tend to have poor vitamin D status and increased risk of diabetes , but effects of vitamin D supplementation on components of diabetes risk have not been tested in this group . This study was conducted to determine whether vitamin D supplementation improves insulin secretion , insulin sensitivity and glycaemia in African Americans with prediabetes or early diabetes . METHODS In this r and omized , placebo-controlled trial , we examined the effect of 4000 IU/day vitamin D(3 , ) on glycaemia and contributing measures including insulin secretion , insulin sensitivity and the disposition index over 12 weeks in 89 overweight or obese African Americans with prediabetes or early diabetes . Outcome measures were derived from oral glucose tolerance testing . RESULTS Mean plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D was about 40 nmol/l in the placebo and vitamin D groups at baseline and increased to 81 nmol/l with supplementation . Insulin sensitivity decreased by 4 % in the vitamin D group compared with a 12 % increase in the placebo group ( p = 0.034 ) . Insulin secretion increased by 12 % in the vitamin D group compared with a 2 % increase in the placebo group ( p = 0.024 ) , but changes in the disposition index were similar across groups . There was no effect of supplementation on post-load glucose or other measures of glycaemia . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with 4000 IU/day vitamin D(3 ) successfully corrected vitamin D insufficiency and had divergent effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity with no overall effect on disposition index or glycaemia . In this study , vitamin D supplementation for 3 months did not change the pathophysiology of prediabetes in overweight and obese African Americans Obesity has been linked with poorer vitamin D status . The aim of this work was to analyze the changes in vitamin D status and body weight of 61 young , overweight/obese women following two different weight control programs . The study subjects were r and omly assigned to one of two slightly hypocaloric diets : diet V , in which the consumption of greens and vegetables was increased , or diet C , in which the consumption of cereals ( some of which were enriched with vitamin D ) was increased .  Dietary , anthropometric , and biochemical data were collected at the start of the study and at 2 weeks . At the beginning of the study , when taking into account only those women with a vitamin D intake below that recommended , obese women had a significantly lower mean serum 25(OH)D concentration than those who were lighter . Dietary intervention led to a greater reduction in energy intake among group C subjects ; their weight was also that which was most reduced . In addition , the vitamin D intake and serum 25(OH)D values were increased only in group C women . Excess body weight was associated with deterioration in vitamin D status , especially when the intake of this vitamin was lower than that recommended . Subjects with higher serum vitamin D at the beginning of the study lost more weight than those subjects with lower initial values . Diet C was associated with a greater weight loss than diet V , and led to a greater increase in vitamin D intake and serum 25(OH)D levels . This might be of interest in the improvement of health in people trying to lose weight Objectives : To study the effect of Vitamin D3 supplementation on metabolic control in an obese type 2 diabetes Emirati population . Methods : This r and omized double-blind clinical trial was conducted with 87 vitamin D-deficient obese , type 2 diabetic participants . The vitamin D-group ( n=45 ) and the placebo group ( n=42 ) were matched for gender , age , HbA1c and 25-hydroxy vitamin D ( 25(OH ) D ) at the baseline . The study was divided into two phases of 3 months each ; in phase 1 , the vitamin D-group received 6000 IU vitamin D3/day followed by 3000 IU vitamin D3/day in phase 2 , whereas the placebo group ( n=42 ) received matching placebo . Results : After supplementation , serum 25(OH ) D peaked in the vitamin D-group in phase 1 ( 77.2±30.1 nmol/l , P=0.003 ) followed by a decrease in the phase 2 ( 61.4±18.8 nmol/l , P=0.006 ) , although this was higher compared with baseline . In the placebo group , no difference was observed in the serum 25(OH ) D levels throughout the intervention . Relative to baseline serum , parathyroid hormone decreased 24 % ( P=0.003 ) in the vitamin D-group in phase 2 , but remained unchanged in the placebo group . No significant changes were observed in blood pressure , fasting blood glucose , HbA1c , C-peptide , creatinine , phosphorous , alkaline phosphatase , lipids , C-reactive protein or thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations compared with baseline in either group . Conclusions : Six months of vitamin D3 supplementation to vitamin D-deficient obese type 2 diabetes patients in the UAE normalized the vitamin D status and reduced the incidence of eucalcemic parathyroid hormone elevation but showed no effect on the metabolic control Background & objectives : Patients with diabetes and vitamin-D insufficiency have increased insulin resistance . Similar observations among individuals with prediabetes are not well documented . The aim of this study was to find the occurrence of vitamin-D insufficiency/deficiency among individuals with prediabetes and to evaluate the relationship between vitamin-D status and insulin resistance . Methods : One hundred fifty seven individuals with prediabetes who fulfilled all the inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent clinical examination , anthropometric measurements ( waist circumference , waist-hip ratio , waist-height ratio ) and blood sampling after overnight fast for estimation of fasting blood glucose , fasting insulin , 25(OH)vitamin-D , intact parathyroid hormone ( iPTH ) and lipid profile . One hour post 75 g glucose ( 1hPG ) blood glucose during oral glucose tolerance test was measured . Results : Vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency was found in 115 ( 73.25 % ) individuals with prediabetes .  Severe vitamin-D deficiency ( < 10 ng/ml ) was seen in 14.65 per cent individuals . Individuals with the lowest vitamin-D levels ( < 10 ng/ml ) had the highest insulin resistance ( HOMA2-IR : 2.04 ± 0.67 ) . Serum 25(OH)D had a statistically significant inverse correlation with insulin resistance ( HOMA2-IR ; r=-0.33 ; P=0.008 ) , and positive correlation with insulin sensitivity ( QUICKI ; r=0.39 ; P=0.002 ) , after adjusting for BMI and HbA1c . There was no correlation between vitamin-D status and estimated beta cell mass ( HOMA-β ) . The mean waist-height ratio among individuals with prediabetes was 0.57 ( normal<0.5 ) indicating a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity . Individuals with elevated 1hPG>155 mg/dl had significantly higher BMI and worse insulin resistance , and 1hPG correlated well with 2 hour post glucose blood glucose ( r=0.57 ; P<0.001 ) . Interpretations & conclusions : Vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency may have some role in the development/worsening of insulin resistance in individuals with prediabetes in our country who have a high cardiovascular risk . Prospect i ve studies on a large group of individuals need to be done to confirm the findings BACKGROUND Obese adolescents are at a greater risk of vitamin D deficiency because vitamin D is thought to be sequestered by excess adipose tissue . Poor vitamin D status has been associated with a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome , type 2 diabetes , or both in adults and adolescents . OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine in obese adolescents the efficacy and safety of 4000 IU vitamin D3/d and whether subsequent increased circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] are associated with improved markers of insulin sensitivity and resistance and reduced inflammation . DESIGN Obese adolescent patients [ n = 35 ; mean ± SD age : 14.1 ± 2.8 y ; BMI ( in kg/m(2 ) ) : 39.8 ± 6.1 ; 25(OH)D : 19.6 ± 7.1 ng/mL ] were recruited from the University of Missouri Adolescent Diabetes and Obesity Clinic and were r and omly assigned to receive either vitamin D3 ( 4000 IU/d ) or placebo as part of their st and ard care . Anthropometric measurements , inflammatory markers ( IL-6 , TNF-α , C-reactive protein ) , adipokines ( leptin , adiponectin ) , fasting glucose , fasting insulin , and HOMA-IR values were measured at baseline and at 2 follow-up visits ( 3 and 6 mo ) . RESULTS After 6 mo , there were no significant differences in BMI , serum inflammatory markers , or plasma glucose concentrations between groups . Participants supplemented with vitamin D3 had increases in serum 25(OH)D concentrations ( 19.5 compared with 2.8 ng/mL for placebo ; P < 0.001 ) , fasting insulin ( -6.5 compared with + 1.2 μU/mL for placebo ; P = 0.026 ) , HOMA-IR ( -1.363 compared with + 0.27 for placebo ; P = 0.033 ) , and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio ( -1.41 compared with + 0.10 for placebo ; P = 0.045 ) . Inflammatory markers remained unchanged . CONCLUSION The correction of poor vitamin D status through dietary supplementation may be an effective addition to the st and ard treatment of obesity and its associated insulin resistance . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00994396 This study aim ed to investigate the effects of daily intake of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink ( doogh ) on central obesity indicators in subjects with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) and the possible modulation of this effect by vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) Cdx-2 genotypes . A total of sixty T2D subjects were r and omly allocated to two groups to receive either plain doogh ( PD ; n 29 , containing 170 mg Ca and no vitamin D/250 ml ) or vitamin D3-fortified doogh ( FD ; n 31 , containing 170 mg Ca and 12·5 μg/250 ml ) twice a day for 12 weeks . 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) , glycaemic as well as adiposity indicators were evaluated before and after the intervention . VDR-Cdx-2 genotypes in extended number of T2D subjects in the FD group ( n 60 ) were determined as AA , GA and GG . After 12 weeks , in FD compared with PD , serum 25(OH)D increased ( + 35·4 v. -4·8 nmol/l ; P<0·001 ) and mean changes of waist circumference ( WC ; -1·3 v. + 1·6 cm ; P=0·02 ) , body fat mass ( FM ; -1·9 v. + 0·60 % ; P=0·008 ) , truncal fat ( TF ; -1·1 v. 0·13 % ; P=0·003 ) and visceral adipose tissue ( -0·80 v. + 0·37 AU ; P<0·001 ) decreased significantly . Circulating 25(OH)D was raised only in the AA group ( 34·8 nmo/l in AA group v. -6·4 nmol/l in AG and -1·6 nmol/l in GG groups ; P<0·001 ) , which was accompanied by a significant decrease in changes of WC ( P=0·004 ) , FM% ( P=0·01 ) and TF% ( P<0·001 ) in the AA genotype . Daily intake of vitamin D-FD for 12 weeks improved the central obesity indices in T2D subjects , and the improvement was more pronounced in the carriers of the AA genotype of VDR-Cdx-2 BACKGROUND AND AIM Cross-sectional studies indicate vitamin D to be of importance for glucose tolerance , blood pressure and serum lipids , but whether supplementation with vitamin D would improve cardio-vascular risk factors is not known . DESIGN AND SETTING The study was a 1 year , double blind placebo-controlled intervention trial performed at the University Hospital of North Norway from November 2005 to October 2007 . Subjects . A total of 438 overweight or obese subjects , 21 - 70 years old , were included and 330 completed the study . INTERVENTIONS The subjects were r and omized to vitamin D ( cholecalciferol , vitamin D(3 ) ) 40 000 IU per week ( DD group ) , vitamin D 20 000 IU per week ( DP group ) , or placebo ( PP group ) . All subjects were given 500 mg calcium daily . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fasting serum lipids and blood pressure were measured and an oral glucose tolerance test performed at start and end of the study . RESULTS At baseline the mean serum 25(OH)D levels were 58 nmol L(-1 ) ( all subjects ) and increased to 140 and 101 nmol L(-1 ) in the DD and DP groups , respectively . No significant differences were found between the three groups regarding change in measures of glucose metabolism or serum lipids . In the DP group , there was a slight but significant increase in systolic blood pressure compared with the placebo group . CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support a positive effect of vitamin D on glucose tolerance , blood pressure or serum lipids . Further studies in subjects with low serum 25(OH)D levels combined with impaired glucose tolerance , hypertension or dyslipidaemia are needed PURPOSE Vitamin D deficiency and cardiometabolic risk factors are common in obese adolescents . Observational studies demonstrate an inverse relationship among serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25OHD ) and obesity , insulin resistance , and inflammatory cytokines . This pilot study explores if vitamin D supplementation could reduce serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines ( interleukin [ IL ] 6 , IL-10 , tumor necrosis factor α ) , adiponectin , lipids , hemoglobin A1C , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) . A secondary aim was to determine the associations between baseline serum 25OHD concentrations and body mass index ( BMI ) , hs-CRP , inflammatory cytokines , and lipids . METHODS Overweight and obese adolescents enrolled in this 24-week , r and omized , double-blind study were given 150,000 IU ergocalciferol or placebo at baseline and 12 weeks . Outcome measurements included serum 25OHD , inflammatory cytokines , adiponectin , hs-CRP , lipids , hemoglobin A1C , and BMI at baseline , 12 , and 24 weeks . RESULTS Of 40 participants , 31 ( 78 % ) completed the study . Mean ± st and ard error 25OHD levels were similar in vitamin D and placebo groups at baseline ( 19.6 ± 5.3 vs. 25.8 ± 10.8 ng/mL ) and 24 weeks ( 20.1 ± 3.4 vs. 24.6 ± 8.4 ng/mL ) . Inflammatory and cardiovascular markers were not significantly different between groups at 24 weeks . Serum 25OHD at baseline was associated with BMI ( r = -.44 [ 95 % confidence interval , -.66 to -.15 ] ) but not with other outcome measures . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D at 150,000 IU every 3 months failed to increase serum 25OHD or alter inflammatory markers and lipids in overweight and obese youth . Further studies are needed to establish the dose of vitamin D required to increase 25OHD and determine potential effects on metabolic risk factors in obese teens BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency is associated with obesity ; whether repletion supports weight loss and changes obesity-related biomarkers is unknown . OBJECTIVE We compared 12 mo of vitamin D3 supplementation with placebo  on weight , body composition , insulin , and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) in postmenopausal women in a weight-loss intervention . DESIGN A total of 218 overweight/obese women ( 50 - 75 y of age ) with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] ≥10 ng/mL but < 32 ng/mL were r and omly assigned to weight loss + 2000 IU oral vitamin D3/d or weight loss + daily placebo . The weight-loss intervention included a reduced-calorie diet ( 10 % weight loss goal ) and 225 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity . Mean 12-mo changes in weight , body composition , serum insulin , CRP , and 25(OH)D were compared between groups ( intent-to-treat ) by using generalized estimating equations . RESULTS A total of 86 % of participants completed the 12-mo measurements . The mean ( 95 % CI ) change in 25(OH)D was 13.6 ( 11.6 , 15.4 ) ng/mL in the vitamin D3 arm compared with -1.3 ( -2.6 , -0.3 ) ng/mL in the placebo arm ( P < 0.0001 ) . Changes in weight [ -7.1 ( -8.7 , -5.7 ) compared with -7.4 ( -8.1 , -5.4 ) kg ] , body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) : both -2.8 ) , waist circumference [ -4.9 ( -6.7 , -2.9 ) compared with -4.5 ( -5.6 , -2.6 ) cm ] , percentage body fat [ -4.1 ( -4.9 , -2.9 ) compared with -3.5 ( -4.5 , -2.5 ) ] , trunk fat [ -4.1 ( -4.7 , -3.0 ) compared with -3.7 ( -4.3 , -2.9 ) kg ] , insulin [ -2.5 ( -3.4 , -1.7 ) compared with -2.4 ( -3.3 , -1.4 ) μU/mL ] , and CRP [ -0.9 ( -1.2 , -0.6 ) compared with -0.79 ( -0.9 , -0.4 ) mg/L ] [ corrected ] were similar between groups ( all P > 0.05 ) . Compared with women who achieved 25(OH)D < 32 ng/mL , women r and omly assigned to vitamin D who became replete ( ie , 25(OH)D ≥32 ng/mL ) lost more weight [ -8.8 ( -11.1 , -6.9 ) compared with -5.6 ( -7.2 , -5.0 ) kg ; P = 0.05 ] , waist circumference [ -6.6 ( -9.3 , -4.3 ) compared with -2.5 ( -4.6 , -2.0 ) cm ; P = 0.02 ] , and percentage body fat [ -4.7 ( -6.1 , -3.5 ) compared with -2.6 ( -3.9 , -2.2 ) ; P = 0.04 ] . Among women with complete pill counts ( 97 % adherence ) , the mean decrease in CRP was 1.18 mg/mL ( 46 % ) in the vitamin D arm compared with 0.46 mg/mL ( 25 % ) in the placebo arm ( P = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D3 supplementation  during weight loss did not increase weight loss or associated factors compared with placebo ; however , women who became replete experienced greater improvements . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01240213 OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to examine the cross-sectional relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25-(OH ) D ] levels and  depression in overweight and obese subjects and to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms . DESIGN Cross-sectional study and r and omized double blind controlled trial of 20,000 or 40,000 IU vitamin D per week versus placebo for 1 year . SETTING A total of 441 subjects ( body mass index 28 - 47 kg m(-2 ) , 159 men and 282 women , aged 21 - 70 years ) recruited by advertisements or from the out-patient clinic at the University Hospital of North Norway . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) score with subscales 1 - 13 and 14 - 21 . RESULTS Subjects with serum 25(OH)D levels < 40 nmol L(-1 ) scored significantly higher ( more depressive traits ) than those with serum 25(OH)D levels > or = 40 nmol L(-1 ) on the BDI total [ 6.0 ( 0 - 23 ) versus 4.5 ( 0 - 28 ) ( median and range ) ] and the BDI subscale 1 - 13 [ 2.0 ( 0 - 15 ) versus 1.0 ( 0 - 29.5 ) ] ( P < 0.05 ) . In the two groups given vitamin D , but not in the placebo group , there was a significant improvement in BDI scores after 1 year . There was a significant decrease in serum parathyroid hormone in the two vitamin D groups without a concomitant increase in serum calcium . CONCLUSIONS It appears to be a relation between serum levels of 25(OH)D and symptoms of depression . Supplementation with high doses of vitamin D seems to ameliorate these symptoms indicating a possible causal relationship AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate effect of vitamin D supplementation on anthropometric indices among women with overweight and obesity . METHODS This double blind r and omize clinical trial was conducted on 66 overweight and obese women . Those in intervention group received oral supplement of vitamin D 50,000 IU ( 1250 mcg ) per 25 day and in control group participants received placebo for 3 months . Anthropometric indices were measured before and after 3 months intervention . Before the intervention a 24-h dietary recall ( 3 days ) were used to assess dietary intake of individuals . Independent t test and multivariate repeated measure were used to data analysis . RESULTS The mean difference of anthropometric indices , serum calcium , 25 ( OH ) D3 and serum PTH between the intervention and control groups were significant ( P < 0/05 ) . However , no significant differences in serum phosphorus between the intervention and control groups were seen . CONCLUSION Supplementation with vitamin D 50 μg for each day for 3 months result ed in a significant reduction in anthropometric indices in women with obesity and overweight with normal primary 25(OH ) D3 serum levels
In conclusion , the deficiency of vitamin D is associated with an increased level of BMI in the studies of both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects .
The deficiency of vitamin D is prevalent all over the world .
Studies have shown that vitamin D may play an important role in the development of obesity .
The current study was conducted to quantitatively evaluate the association between serum 25-(OH ) vitamin D levels  and the risk of obesity in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects .