Effect of multi-strain probiotics (multi-strain microbial cell preparation) on glycemic control and other diabetes-related outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial Effect of Probiotics on Lipid Profile, Glycemic Control, Insulin Action, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Clinical Trial Effect of alive probiotic on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patients: Randomized clinical trial. Probiotics for the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Overweight and Obese Women: Findings From the SPRING Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial Sources of evidence for systematic reviews of interventions in diabetes. The effects of probiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes SPRING: an RCT study of probiotics in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus in overweight and obese women Effects of probiotic supplements on insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial Effects of probiotic supplementation on glycaemic control and lipid profiles in gestational diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Effects of probiotics in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Is there a value for probiotic supplements in gestational diabetes mellitus? A randomized clinical trial Effects of Probiotic and Prebiotic Supplementation on Leptin, Adiponectin, and Glycemic Parameters in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial Clinical application of probiotics in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Probiotics in obese pregnancy do not reduce maternal fasting glucose: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial (Probiotics in Pregnancy Study). Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women The effects of probiotic bacteria on glycaemic control in overweight men and women: a randomised controlled trial Effects of probiotic yogurt consumption on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes
Aim Evidence of a possible connection between gut microbiota and several physiological processes linked to type 2 diabetes is increasing . However , the effect of multi-strain probiotics in people with type 2 diabetes remains unclear . This study investigated the effect of multi-strain microbial cell preparation — also refers to multi-strain probiotics — on glycemic control and other diabetes-related outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes . Design A r and omized , double-blind , parallel-group , controlled clinical trial . Setting Diabetes clinic of a teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Participants A total of 136 participants with type 2 diabetes , aged 30–70 years , were recruited and r and omly assigned to receive either probiotics ( n = 68 ) or placebo ( n = 68 ) for 12 weeks . Outcomes Primary outcomes were glycemic control-related parameters , and secondary outcomes were anthropomorphic variables , lipid profile , blood pressure and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein . The Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium quantities were measured before and after intervention as an indicator of successful passage of the supplement through gastrointestinal tract . Statistical analysis Intention-to-treat ( ITT ) analysis was performed on all participants , while per- protocol ( PP ) analysis was performed on those participants who had successfully completed the trial with good compliance rate . Results With respect to primary outcomes , glycated hemoglobin decreased by 0.14 % in the probiotics and increased by 0.02 % in the placebo group in PP analysis ( p < 0.05 , small effect size of 0.050 ) , while these changes were not significant in ITT analysis . Fasting insulin increased by 1.8 µU/mL in placebo group and decreased by 2.9 µU/mL in probiotics group in PP analysis . These changes were significant between groups at both analyses ( p < 0.05 , medium effect size of 0.062 in PP analysis and small effect size of 0.033 in ITT analysis ) . Secondary outcomes did not change  significantly . Probiotics successfully passed through the gastrointestinal tract . Conclusion Probiotics modestly improved HbA1c and fasting insulin in people with type 2 diabetes Background : The dramatic increase in the incidence of diabetes and its associated complications require a natural and safe solution to control and delay such complications . The present study tested the hypothesis that probiotics may affect biochemical indices of diabetic patients Methods : Thirty four types 2 diabetic patients aged between 25 to 65 years , and diagnosed with diabetes for less than 15 years were selected for this single- blinded clinical trial . Using balanced block r and om sampling , the patients were divided into two groups of intervention ( probiotics ) and placebo . Blood sample s tested for baseline glucose , insulin , TG , total cholesterol , LDL-C , HDL-C , malondialdehyde , high sensitive CRP ( hs-CRP ) and IL-6 . After six weeks of experiment , fasting blood sample s were re-tested and the data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software . Results : There were no significant differences between anthropometric data including body mass index and waist to hip ratio in placebo and treatment groups . There was no significant difference in FBS , Serum TG concentration total cholesterol and LDL-C levels between placebo and treatment groups . HDL-C levels were slightly elevated after probiotic treatment , which were not statistically significant . Insulin , MDA and IL-6 levels were reduced and high sensitive CRP hs . CRP levels were elevated , although , not statistically significant . Conclusion : The result of this study indicates a non- significant declining trend in the level of TG , MDA and IL-6 and insulin resistance after consumption of probiotics BACKGROUND Probiotics have beneficial effect on obesity related disorders in animal models . Despite a large number of animal data , r and omized placebo-controlled trials ( RCT ) concluded that probiotics have a moderate effect on glycemic control-related parameters . However , effect of probiotics on insulin resistance are inconsistent . AIM In a double-blind single center RCT , effect of alive multistrain probiotic vs. placebo on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patient were assessed . METHODS A total of 53 patients met the criteria for inclusion . They were r and omly assigned to receive multiprobiotic " Symbiter " ( concentrated biomass of 14 probiotic bacteria genera Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus , Lactococcus , Propionibacterium ) or placebo for 8-weeks administered as a sachet formulation . The primary main outcome was the change HOMA-IR ( homeostasis model assessment -estimated insulin resistance ) which calculated using Matthews et al. 's equation . Secondary outcomes were the changes in glycemic control-related parameters , anthropomorphic variables and cytokines . RESULTS Supplementation with alive multiprobiotic for 8 weeks was associated with significant reduction of HOMA-IR from 6.85 ± 0.76 to 5.13 ± 0.49 ( p = 0.047 ) , but remained static in the placebo group . With respect to our secondary outcomes , HbA1c insignificant decreased by 0.09 % ( p = 0.383 ) and 0.24 % ( p = 0.068 ) respectively in placebo and probiotics groups . However , in probiotic responders ( n = 22 , patient with decrease in HOMA-IR ) after supplementation a significant reduction in HbA1c by 0.39 % ( p = 0.022 ) as compared to non-responders was observed . In addition , from markers of chronic systemic inflammatory state only TNF-α and IL-1β changes significantly after treatment with probiotics . CONCLUSION Probiotic therapies modestly improved insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes OBJECTIVE Given the role of gut microbiota in regulating metabolism , probiotics administered during pregnancy might prevent gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) . This question has not previously been studied in high-risk overweight and obese pregnant women . We aim ed to determine whether probiotics ( Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis ) administered from the second trimester in overweight and obese women prevent GDM as assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) at 28 weeks ’ gestation . Secondary outcomes included maternal and neonatal complications , maternal blood pressure and BMI , and infant body composition . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a double-blind r and omized controlled trial of probiotic versus placebo in overweight and obese pregnant women in Brisbane , Australia . RESULTS The study was completed in 411 women .  GDM occurred in 12.3 % ( 25 of 204 ) in the placebo arm and 18.4 % ( 38 of 207 ) in the probiotics arm ( P = 0.10 ) . At OGTT , mean fasting glucose was higher in women r and omized to probiotics ( 79.3 mg/dL ) compared with placebo ( 77.5 mg/dL ) ( P = 0.049 ) . One- and two-hour glucose measures were similar . Preeclampsia occurred in 9.2 % of women r and omized to probiotics compared with 4.9 % in the placebo arm ( P = 0.09 ) . Excessive weight gain occurred in 32.5 % of women in the probiotics arm ( 55 of 169 ) compared with 46 % in the placebo arm ( 81 of 176 ) ( P = 0.01 ) . Rates of small for gestational age ( < 10th percentile ) were 2.4 % in the probiotics arm ( 5 of 205 ) and 6.5 % in the placebo arm ( 13 of 199 ) ( P = 0.042 ) . There were no differences in other secondary outcomes . CONCLUSIONS The probiotics used in this study did not prevent GDM in overweight and obese pregnant women AIMS To analyse the effect on systematic review s in diabetes interventions of including only trials that are indexed in medline , and to assess the impact of adding trials from other data bases and the grey literature . METHODS All systematic review s of diabetes interventions which included a meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials , and were published since 1996 , were selected . The impact on the meta- analysis of including only those trials indexed in medline , and the effect of then adding trials from other sources , was assessed . Where possible this was measured quantitatively , by redoing the meta- analysis , otherwise a qualitative estimate was made . RESULTS Forty-four systematic review s met our inclusion criteria . There were 120 articles reporting trial data which were not indexed in medline . These came from 52 % of the review s. In 34 % of the review s , basing a meta- analysis on a search of only medline would miss trials that could affect the result . Sources of non- medline data which had the biggest effect on the meta-analyses were journal articles from central and embase ( mainly in Diabetes , Nutrition and Metabolism ) and unpublished data ( mainly from industry ) . The exceptions were journal articles on herbal medicine , mostly indexed in Chinese language data bases . CONCLUSIONS A search of only the medline data base is insufficient for systematic review s of diabetes , because in about 34 % of review s the missed trials could affect the results of the meta- analysis . It is recommended that central ( on the Cochrane Library ) also be search ed . Scanning meeting abstract s , and seeking unpublished data are also recommended if the intervention has only recently been introduced Abstract Objective : This study was design ed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation , oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes  among subjects with gestational diabetes ( GDM ) . Methods : This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was done among 60 subjects with GDM who were not on oral hypoglycemic agents . Patients were r and omly allocated to intake either probiotic capsule containing Lactobacillus acidophilus , Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium bifidum ( 2 × 109 CFU/g each ) ( n = 30 ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) for six weeks . Results : Compared with the placebo , probiotic supplementation result ed in significant decreases in fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) ( −5.3 ± 6.7 vs. + 0.03 ± 9.0 mg/dL , p = .01 ) , serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) ( −2.2 ± 2.7 vs. + 0.5 ± 2.4 μg/mL , p < .001 ) , plasma malondialdehyde ( MDA ) concentrations ( −0.1 ± 0.8 vs. + 0.5 ± 1.5 μmol/L , p = .03 ) and MDA/TAC ratio ( −0.0003 ± 0.0008 vs. + 0.0009 ± 0.002 , p = .004 ) , and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) levels ( + 65.4 ± 103.3 vs. −37.2 ± 143.7 mmol/L , p = .002 ) . Probiotic supplementation did not affect pregnancy outcomes . Conclusions : Overall , probiotic supplementation among women with GDM for six weeks had beneficial effects on FPG , serum hs-CRP , plasma TAC , MDA and oxidative stress index , but did not affect pregnancy outcomes Background Obesity is increasing in the child-bearing population as are the rates of gestational diabetes . Gestational diabetes is associated with higher rates of Cesarean Section for the mother and increased risks of macrosomia , higher body fat mass , respiratory distress and hypoglycemia for the infant . Prevention of gestational diabetes through life style intervention has proven to be difficult . A Finnish study showed that ingestion of specific probiotics altered the composition of the gut microbiome and thereby metabolism from early gestation and decreased rates of gestational diabetes in normal weight women . In SPRING ( the Study of Probiotics IN the prevention of Gestational diabetes ) , the effectiveness of probiotics ingestion for the prevention of gestational diabetes will be assessed in overweight and obese women . Methods / design SPRING is a multi-center , prospect i ve , double-blind r and omized controlled trial run at two tertiary maternity hospitals in Brisbane , Australia . Five hundred and forty ( 540 ) women with a BMI > 25.0 kg/m2 will be recruited over 2 years and receive either probiotics or placebo capsules from 16 weeks gestation until delivery . The probiotics capsules contain > 1x109 cfu each of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 per capsule . The primary outcome is diagnosis of gestational diabetes at 28 weeks gestation . Secondary outcomes include rates of other pregnancy complications , gestational weight gain , mode of delivery , change in gut microbiome , preterm birth , macrosomia , and infant body composition . The trial has 80 % power at a 5 % 2-sided significance level to detect a > 50 % change in the rates of gestational diabetes in this high-risk group of pregnant women . Discussion SPRING will show if probiotics can be used as an easily implementable method of preventing gestational diabetes in the high-risk group of overweight and obese pregnant women Abstract Aims / Introduction To evaluate the effect of probiotic supplements on insulin resistance in pregnant women with diet‐controlled gestational diabetes mellitus . Material s and Methods A r and omized , double‐blind , placebo‐controlled trial was carried out between June 2016 and February 2017 . Pregnant women with diet‐controlled gestational diabetes mellitus were enrolled in the study at 24–28 weeks‐of‐gestation and r and omized to receive either probiotic supplements containing Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus or a placebo daily for four consecutive weeks . Primary outcomes were mean differences in insulin resistance ( homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance ) , fasting insulin and fasting plasma glucose between the two groups . Secondary outcomes were changes in maternal weight after the intervention . Results Data from 28 patients in the probiotic group and 29 in the placebo group were analyzed . The changes in metabolic parameters after r and omization showed significant improvement in glucose metabolism in the probiotic group compared with the placebo group , including fasting plasma glucose ( 0.68 ± 5.88 vs 4.620 ± 7.78 mg/dL , mean difference −3.94 mg/dL , 95 % confidence interval −7.62 , −0.27 , P = 0.034 ) , fasting plasma insulin ( 1.11 ± 1.71 vs 3.77 ± 1.70 mIU/L , mean difference −2.67 mIU/L , 95 % confidence interval −3.57 , −1.76 , P = 0.001 ) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance ( 0.25 ± 0.37 vs 0.89 ± 0.46 , mean difference −0.63 , 95 % confidence interval −0.86 , −0.41 , P = 0.001 ) . Weight gain during r and omization was similar between the two groups . Conclusions Four weeks of probiotic supplements  in women with diet‐controlled gestational diabetes in the late second and early third trimester lowered fasting glucose and increased insulin sensitivity  . Probiotic supplements may be considered as an adjunct treatment for glycemic control in these patients BACKGROUND To our knowledge , data on the effects of probiotic supplementation on glycaemic control and lipid concentrations in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) are scarce . AIM The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of probiotic supplementation on glycaemic control and lipid profiles in GDM patients . METHODS Sixty pregnant women with GDM , primigravida and aged 18 - 40years , were divided into two groups to receive either probiotic capsules ( n=30 ) or a matching placebo ( n=30 ) in this r and omized double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . The patients in the probiotic group took a daily capsule that contained three viable freeze-dried strains : Lactobacillus acidophilus ( 2 × 10(9)CFU/g ) , L. casei ( 2 × 10(9)CFU/g ) and Bifidobacterium bifidum ( 2 × 10(9)CFU/g ) for 6weeks . The placebo group took capsules filled with cellulose for the same time period . Fasting blood sample s were taken at the beginning and end of the study to quantify the relevant markers . RESULTS After 6weeks of intervention , probiotic supplementation vs a placebo result ed in significant decreases in fasting plasma glucose ( -9.2±9.2mg/dL vs + 1.1±12.2mg/dL , P<0.001 ) , serum insulin levels ( -0.8±3.1μIU/mL vs + 4.5±10.6μIU/mL , P=0.01 ) , homoeostasis model assessment ( HOMA ) for insulin resistance ( -0.4±0.9 vs + 1.1±2.5 , P=0.003 ) and HOMA for β-cell function ( + 1.1±9.8 vs + 18.0±42.5 , P=0.03 ) , and a significant increase in the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( + 0.007±0.01 vs -0.01±0.02 , P=0.007 ) . In addition , significant decreases in serum triglycerides ( -1.6±59.4mg/dL vs + 27.1±37.9mg/dL , P=0.03 ) and VLDL cholesterol concentrations ( -0.3±11.9mg/dL vs + 5.4±7.6mg/dL , P=0.03 ) were seen following supplementation with the probiotics compared with the placebo . However , no significant changes in other lipid profiles were seen with the intervention . CONCLUSION Overall , the results of our study have demonstrated that taking probiotic supplements for 6weeks in patients with GDM had beneficial effects on glycaemic control , triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol concentrations , although there was no effect on other lipid profiles Background Low grade chronic inflammation is observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Endotoxin derived from gut bacteria may act as a potent inflammatory stimulant . Probiotics , which are believed to contain health promoting live microorganisms , may influence circulating endotoxin levels . Ingestion of live probiotic cultures may alter gut microbiota in a beneficial manner to reduce inflammation ; no information is available whether or not they do so in patients with T2DM . Therefore , the aim of this study is to characterize the beneficial effects of probiotics on circulating endotoxin levels and other biomarkers related to systemic low- grade inflammation in patients with T2DM . Methods One hundred and twenty consenting adult Saudi T2DM patients ( naïve or newly diagnosed and without co-morbidities ) will be enrolled in this clinical trial and r and omized to receive daily placebo or probiotics ( Ecologic ® Barrier ) for 26 weeks in a double-blind manner . Inflammatory and metabolic markers will be measured and fecal sample s analyzed . Measurements / sample s will be obtained at baseline and after 4 , 8 , 12/13 and 26 weeks of treatment . Discussion It is expected that the probiotic product will induce beneficial changes in gut microbiota , reduce the systemic inflammatory state through altering systemic endotoxin levels and , as such , reduce the systemic inflammatory response observed in T2DM subjects . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : Background Although several studies have found probiotics encouraging in prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) , the evidence for the use of probiotics in diagnosed GDM is largely limited . The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a probiotic supplement capsule containing four bacterial strains on glucose metabolism indices and weight changes in women with newly diagnosed GDM . Methods Sixty-four pregnant women with GDM were enrolled into a double-blind placebo-controlled r and omized clinical trial . They were r and omly assigned to receive either a probiotic or placebo capsule along with dietary advice for eight consecutive weeks . The trend of weight gain along with glucose metabolism indices was assayed . Results During the first 6 weeks of the study , the weight gain trend was similar between the groups . However , in the last 2 weeks of the study , the weight gain in the probiotic group was significantly lower than in the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . Fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) decreased in both intervention ( from 103.7 to 88.4 mg/dl ) and control ( from 100.9 to 93.6 mg/dl ) groups significantly , and the decrease in the probiotic group was significantly higher than in the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . Insulin resistance index in the probiotic group had 6.74 % reduction over the study period ( p < 0.05 ) . In the placebo group , however , there was an increase in insulin resistance index ( 6.45 % ) , but the observed change in insulin resistance was not statistically significant . Insulin sensitivity index was increased in both groups . The post-intervention insulin sensitivity index in the probiotic group was not significantly different from placebo when adjusted for the baseline levels . Conclusions The probiotic supplement appeared to affect glucose metabolism and weight gain among pregnant women with GDM . This needs to be confirmed in other setting s before a therapeutic value could be approved BACKGROUND According to previous studies , probiotic and prebiotic supplementation have desirable effects on glycemic parameters . Thus far , the effect of supplementation on the glycemic parameters and adipokines in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) has not been assessed . Therefore , the aim of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation with probiotic and prebiotic on adiokines and glycemic parameters in the patients with NAFLD . METHODS In the present r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 89 patients with NAFLD were r and omly divided into three groups to receive one probiotic capsule + 16 g/d maltodextrin ( probiotic group ) or 16 g/d oligofructose powder + one placebo capsule ( prebiotic group ) , and one placebo capsule + 16 g/d maltodextrin ( control group ) for 12 weeks . All the subjects in the study were advised to follow the weight loss diet and physical activity recommendations during the intervention . Fasting blood sample s were taken at baseline and after the intervention to measure leptin , adiponectin , insulin , and fasting blood sugar . RESULTS At the end of the study , serum concentrations of leptin , insulin , and HOMA-IR decreased significantly in the probiotic and prebiotic groups compared with the control group . Despite the changes within the groups , serum concentrations of adiponectin did not change significantly between the three groups . Also , fasting blood sugar did not change between the groups , but decreased in the prebiotic group . Quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) increased significantly in probiotic and prebiotic groups compared with the control group . CONCLUSION Probiotic and prebiotic supplementation along with lifestyle intervention has a favorable impact on glycemic parameters and leptin levels compared with lifestyle intervention alone BACKGROUND & AIMS Type 2 diabetes has been associated with dysbiosis and one of the possible routes to restore a healthy gut microbiota is by the regular ingestion of probiotics . We aim ed to investigate the effects of probiotics on glycemic control , lipid profile , inflammation , oxidative stress and short chain fatty acids in T2D . METHODS In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial , 50 volunteers consumed daily 120 g/d of fermented milk for 6 wk . Participants were assigned into two groups : probiotic group , consuming fermented milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12 ( 109 colony-forming units/d , each ) and control group , consuming conventional fermented milk .  Anthropometric measurements , body composition , fasting blood and faecal sample s were taken at baseline and after 6 wk . RESULTS 45 subjects out of 50 ( 90 % ) completed follow-up . After 6 wk , there was a significant decrease in fructosamine levels ( -9.91 mmol/L ; p = 0.04 ) and hemoglobin A1c tended to be lower ( -0.67 % ; p=0.06 ) in probiotic group . TNF-α and resistin were significantly reduced in probiotic and control groups ( -1.5 and -1.3 pg/mL , -.1 and -2.8 ng/mL , respectively ) , while IL-10 was significantly reduced ( - 0.65 pg/mL ; p < 0.001 ) only in the control group . Fecal acetic acid was increased in both groups ( 0.58 and 0.59 % in probiotic and control groups , respectively ; p < 0.01 ) . There was a significant difference between groups concerning mean changes of HbA1c ( + 0.31 for control group vs -0.65 for probiotic group ; p=0.02 ) , total cholesterol ( + 0.55 for control group vs -0.15 for probiotic group ; p=0.04 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( + 0.36 for control group vs -0.20 for probiotic group p=0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Probiotic consumption improved the glycemic control in T2D subjects , however , the intake of fermented milk seems to be involved with others metabolic changes , such as decrease in inflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α and resistin ) and increase in the acetic acid BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported beneficial effects of probiotics on maternal glycemia in healthy pregnant women . Obesity significantly increases risk of impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy , but glycemic effects of probiotics in this specific obstetric group require additional investigation . OBJECTIVE The aim of the Probiotics in Pregnancy Study was to investigate the effect of a probiotic capsule on maternal fasting glucose in obese pregnant women . DESIGN In this placebo-controlled , double-blind , r and omized trial , 175 pregnant women with an early pregnancy body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m² ) from 30.0 to 39.9 were recruited from antenatal clinics at the National Maternity Hospital , Dublin , Irel and . Exclusion criteria were BMI < 30.0 or > 39.9 , prepregnancy or gestational diabetes , age < 18 y , multiple pregnancy , and fetal anomaly . Women were r and omly assigned to receive either a daily probiotic or a placebo capsule from 24 to 28 wk of gestation in addition to routine antenatal care . The primary outcome was the change in fasting glucose between groups from preintervention to postintervention . Secondary outcomes were the incidence of gestational diabetes and neonatal anthropometric measures . RESULTS In 138 women who completed the study ( 63 women in the probiotic group ; 75 women in the placebo group ) , mean ( ±SD ) early pregnancy BMI was 33.6 ± 2.6 , which differed significantly between probiotic ( 32.9 ± 2.4 ) and placebo ( 34.1 ± 2.7 ) groups . With adjustment for BMI , the change in maternal fasting glucose did not differ significantly between treated and control groups [ -0.09 ± 0.27 compared with -0.07 ± 0.39 mmol/L ; P = 0.391 ; B = -0.05 ( 95 % CI : -0.17 , 0.07 ) ] . There were also no differences in the incidence of impaired glycemia ( 16 % in the probiotic group compared with 15 % in the placebo group ; P = 0.561 ) , birth weight ( 3.70 kg in the probiotic group compared with 3.68 kg in the placebo group ; P = 0.723 ) , or other metabolic variables or pregnancy outcomes . A secondary analysis of 110 women , excluding antibiotic users and poor compliers , also revealed no differences in maternal glucose or other outcomes between groups . CONCLUSION Probiotic treatment of 4 wk during pregnancy did not influence maternal fasting glucose , the metabolic profile , or pregnancy outcomes in obese women Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans ( ITF prebiotics ) in obese women . Methods A double blind , placebo controlled , intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics ( inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix ; n=15 ) or placebo ( maltodextrin ; n=15 ) for 3 months ( 16 g/day ) .  Blood , faeces and urine sampling , oral glucose tolerance test , homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment . The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA . Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy . Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics , but not the placebo , led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels .  ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis , Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium , an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels . No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses . However , ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and /or diabetes . Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women , leading to modest changes in host metabolism , as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures Background / Objectives : Evidence from animal and in vitro models suggest a role of probiotic bacteria in improving glycaemic control and delaying the onset of  type 2 diabetes .  However , the evidence from controlled trials in humans is limited . The objective was to determine if the probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus La5 and B. animalis subsp lactis Bb12 , supplemented in a whole food ( yoghurt ) or isolated ( capsules ) form , can improve biomarkers of glycaemic control . Subjects/ methods : Following a 3-week washout period , 156 overweight men and women over 55 years ( mean age : 67±8 years ; mean body mass index ( 31±4 kg/m2 ) were r and omized to a 6-week double-blinded parallel study . The four intervention groups were : ( A ) probiotic yoghurt plus probiotic capsules ; ( B ) probiotic yoghurt plus placebo capsules ; ( C ) control milk plus probiotic capsules ; and ( D ) control milk plus placebo capsules . Outcome measurements , including fasting glucose , insulin , glycated haemoglobin and Homoeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , were performed at baseline and week 6 . Results : Relative to the milk-control group , probiotic yoghurt result ed in a significantly higher HOMA-IR ( 0.32±0.15 , P=0.038 ) , but did not have a significant effect on the other three measures of glycaemic control ( P>0.05 ) . Relative to placebo capsules , probiotic capsules result ed in a significantly higher fasting glucose ( 0.15±0.07 mmol/l , P=0.037 ) , with no significant effect on the other three measures of glycaemic control ( P>0.05 ) . Further analyses did not identify other variables as contributing to these adverse findings . Conclusions : Data from this study does not support the hypothesis that L. acidophilus La5 and B. animalis subsp lactis Bb12 , either in isolated form or as part of a whole food , benefit short-term glycaemic control . Indeed , there is weak data for an adverse effect of these strains on glucose homoeostasis Introduction : The role of inflammatory cytokines in diabetes and its complications has been shown in some studies . The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of probiotic and conventional yogurt on inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes . Methods : Forty-four patients with type 2 diabetes were participated in this r and omized , double-blind controlled clinical trial and assigned to two intervention and control groups . The subjects in the intervention group consumed 300 g/d probiotic yogurt and subjects in the control group consumed 300 g/d conventional yogurt for 8 weeks . Anthropometric indices , dietary intakes , and serum levels of glucose , HbA1c , IL-6 , TNF-α and hs-CRP were evaluated at the beginning and end of the intervention . Results : For anthropometric indices and dietary intakes , no significant differences were seen within and between groups post intervention ( p > 0.05 ) . The consumption of probiotic yogurt caused significant decrease in HbA1c and TNF-α levels ( p= 0.032 and p= 0.040 , respectively ) in the intervention group . Conclusion : It is suggested that probiotic yogurt may be used as an alternative prevention approach and treatment method to control diabetic complications
Conclusions : Probiotics may have beneficial effects on the reduction of glucose , insulin and HbA1c for diabetes , especially for T2DM mellitus patients
Abstract Background : A systematic review and meta- analysis was design ed to evaluate the effect of probiotics  on diabetes and its associated risk factors .