The Effectiveness of Functional Electrical Stimulation Based on a Normal Gait Pattern on Subjects with Early Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial Rehabilitation of sensorimotor integration deficits in balance impairment of patients with stroke hemiparesis: a before/after pilot study Intra-limb coordination deficit in stroke survivors and response to treatment. Use of visual feedback in retraining balance following acute stroke. Use of Virtual Reality to Enhance Balance and Ambulation in Chronic Stroke: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Study Gait Training—Induced Change in Corticomotor Excitability in Patients With Chronic Stroke Effects of motor imagery training on balance and gait abilities in post-stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial Inhibition of the contralesional dorsal premotor cortex improves motor function of the affected hand following stroke. A controlled clinical trial on the effects of motor intervention on balance and cognition in institutionalized elderly patients with dementia A Randomized Controlled Trial of Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation in Chronic Stroke Subjects Inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the contralesional premotor and primary motor cortices facilitate poststroke motor recovery. Active Video-Gaming Effects on Balance and Mobility in Individuals with Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial Improvement in balance using a virtual reality-based stepping exercise: a randomized controlled trial involving individuals with chronic stroke Evaluation of the impact of exercise of gait on a treadmill on balance of people who suffered from cerebral stroke. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation over the supplementary motor area body weight-supported treadmill gait training in hemiparetic patients after stroke The impact of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) on upper limb function in chronic stroke: a double-blind randomized controlled trial Effect of coordination movement using the PNF pattern underwater on the balance and gait of stroke patients
Objective . To investigate the effectiveness of four-channel FES based on a normal gait pattern on improving functional ability in subjects early after ischemic stroke . Methods . Forty-five subjects were r and omly assigned into a four-channel FES group ( n = 16 ) , a placebo group ( n = 15 ) , or a dual-channel group ( n = 14 ) . Stimulation lasted for 30 min in each session with 1 session/day , 5 days a week for 3 weeks . All subjects were assessed at baseline , at 3 weeks of treatment , and at 3 months after the treatment had finished . The assessment s included Fugl-Meyer Assessment ( FMA ) , the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients ( PASS ) , Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) , Functional Ambulation Category ( FAC ) , and the Modified Barthel Index ( MBI ) . Results . All 3 groups demonstrated significant improvements in all outcome measurements from pre- to posttreatment and further gains at followup . The score of FMA and MBI improved significantly in the four-channel group at the end of the 3 weeks of training . And the scores of PASS , BBS , MBI , and FAC in the four-channel group were significantly higher than those of the placebo group . Conclusions . This study indicated that four-channel FES can improve motor function , balance , walking ability , and performance of activities of daily living in subjects with early ischemic stroke Balance impairment in patients with stroke hemiparesis is frequently related to deficits of central integration of afferent inputs ( somatosensory , visual , vestibular ) . Our aim was to evaluate whether balance exercises performed under various sensory input manipulations can improve postural stability and /or walking ability in patients with stroke . Seven chronic hemiparetic subjects were recruited . Patient performance was assessed before , immediately after and one week after treatment ( consisting of 20 one-hour daily sessions of several balance exercises ) by means of the  Sensory Organization Balance Test  and the  Ten Metre Walking Test .  Before treatment , all patients showed balance impairment with difficulty integrating somatosensory information from the lower extremities and excessive reliance upon visual input in st and ing balance control . After treatment , balance and walking speed significantly increased and this improvement was maintained for one week . These findings indicate that rehabilitation of sensorimotor integration deficits can improve balance in patients with stroke hemiparesis PURPOSE Purpose one was to characterize the consistency of intra-limb hip/knee ( H/K ) coordination according to a measure of average coefficient of correspondence ( ACC ) across strides . Purpose two was to investigate H/K ACC validity and ability to discriminate pre-/post-treatment change in stroke survivors . METHODS Five healthy controls and 32 chronic ( > 12 mos ) stroke survivors were enrolled , and H/K ACC was calculated for both groups . Comparison between controls and stroke was made using the Mann-Whitney Test . Convergent validity of H/K ACC was tested using the Pearson Correlation model with gait speed and the 6 min Walk Test ( 6MWT ) . Stroke survivors were r and omized to either : ( 1 ) gait training with functional neuromuscular stimulation ( FNS ) using intramuscular ( IM ) electrodes or ( 2 ) gait training without FNS . Both groups had treatment 1.5 h/day , 5 days/week , for 12 weeks , including .5 h coordination exercise , .5 h body weight supported treadmill training ( BWSTT ) , and .5 h over ground gait training . The FNS-IM group used FNS-IM for all treatment components ; the No-FNS group did not . Pre-/post-treatment comparisons were made using ANOVA . RESULTS H/K ACC detected a significant difference between controls versus stroke involved limb ( p=.0001 ) and controls versus stroke uninvolved limb ( p=.042 ) . The H/K ACC measure was well-correlated with gait speed ( r=.70 ) and 6MWT ( r=.69 ) . H/K ACC showed a significant treatment response to FNS-IM ( p=.003 ) , but not No-FNS ( p=.747 ) . CONCLUSIONS H/K ACC sensitively discriminated between controls versus stroke involved or uninvolved limbs . H/K ACC was valid , with significant correlations with both walking speed and 6MWT .  FNS-IM produced a significant gain in H/K ACC , and No-FNS did not BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Visual feedback related to weight distribution and center-of-pressure positioning has been shown to be effective in increasing stance symmetry following stroke , although it is not clear whether functional balance ability also improves . This study compared the relative effectiveness of visual feedback training of center-of-gravity ( CoG ) positioning with conventional physical therapy following acute stroke . SUBJECTS Forty-six people who had strokes within 80 days before the study , result ing in unilateral hemiparesis , and who were in need of balance retraining participated . METHODS AND MATERIAL S Initially , subjects were r and omly assigned to visual feedback or conventional physical therapy groups for balance retraining until 16 subjects per group were recruited . The next 14 subjects were assigned to a control group . All subjects received physical therapy and occupational therapy ( regular therapy ) 2 hours a day , and subjects in the 2 experimental groups received additional balance training 30 minutes a day until discharge . The visual feedback group received information about their CoG position as they shifted their weight during various activities . The conventional therapy group received verbal and tactile cues to encourage symmetrical stance and weight shifting . Static ( postural sway ) and activity-based measures of balance ( Berg Balance Scale , gait speed , and the Timed " Up & Go " Test ) were contrasted across the 3 groups at baseline , at discharge , and at 1 month following discharge using an analysis of variance for repeated measures . RESULTS All groups demonstrated marked improvement over time for all measures of balance ability , with the greatest improvements occurring in the period from baseline to discharge . No between-group differences were detected in any of the outcome measures . CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Visual feedback or conventional balance training in addition to regular therapy affords no added benefit when offered in the early stages of rehabilitation following stroke Kim JH , Jang SH , Kim CS , Jung JH , You JH : Use of virtual reality to enhance balance and ambulation in chronic stroke : A double-blind , r and omized controlled study . Objective : To examine an additive effect of virtual reality on balance and gait function in patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke . Design : Twenty-four adults with hemiparetic stroke were r and omly assigned to either an experimental group ( n = 12 ) or a control group . Both groups underwent conventional physical therapy , 40 mins a day , 4 days a week for 4 wks . The experimental group received an additional 30 mins of virtual reality therapy each session . Balance performance was determined by the Balance Performance Monitor and Berg Balance Scale tests . Gait performance was determined by the 10-m walking test and Modified Motor Assessment Scale , and spatiotemporal parameters were obtained using GAITRite . Analysis of variance and correlation statistics were performed at P < 0.05 . Results : In the balance test , the experimental group had improved Berg Balance Scale scores , balance and dynamic balance angles ( ability to control weight shifting ) compared with the controls ( P < 0.05 ) . In the gait performance test , the experimental group showed significant improvements in velocity , Modified Motor Assessment Scale scores , cadence , step time , step length , and stride length ( P < 0.05 ) . Improvement in dynamic balance angles was correlated with velocity and cadence ( P < 0.01 ) . Conclusions : This study demonstrates that virtual reality has an augmented effect on balance and associated locomotor recovery in adults with hemiparetic stroke when added to conventional therapy Background . Numerous studies have reported the effects of gait training on motor performance after stroke . However , there is limited information on treatment-induced changes in corticomotor excitability . Objectives . The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of additional gait training on motor performance and corticomotor excitability and to demonstrate the relationship between motor improvement and corticomotor excitability change in patients with chronic stroke . Methods . Fourteen patients were r and omly assigned to the experimental or control group . Participants in both groups participated in general physical therapy . Those in the experimental group received additional body weight− supported treadmill training for 4 weeks . All participants received baseline and posttreatment assessment s. The outcome measures included assessment of the Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) and gait parameters . Focal transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to measure the motor threshold , map size , and location of the amplitude-weighted center of gravity of the motor map for the tibialis anterior ( TA ) and abductor hallucis ( AH ) muscles . Results . After general physical therapy , we noted that the patients showed an improvement only in walking speed and cadence , and there were no significant changes in corticomotor excitability . After additional gait training , participants improved significantly on BBS score , walking speed , and step length . Moreover , the motor threshold for TA decreased significantly in the unaffected hemisphere . The map size for TA was increased in both hemispheres , whereas that for AH was increased only in the affected hemisphere . There were significant differences between the change scores of the groups in terms of walking speed , step length , and motor threshold for TA in the unaffected hemisphere and map size for AH in the affected hemisphere . Additionally , the changes in corticomotor excitability correlated with functional improvement . Conclusions . Additional gait training may improve balance and gait performance and may induce changes in corticomotor excitability Objectives : To investigate the effects of motor imagery training on the balance and gait abilities of post-stroke patients . Design : R and omized controlled trial . Setting : Outpatient rehabilitation centre . Subjects : Twenty-eight individuals with chronic stroke . Interventions : The experimental group ( n = 15 ) performed motor imagery training involving imagining normal gait movement for 15 minutes embedded in gait training for 30 minutes ( 45 minutes/day , 3 times/week ) ; the control group ( n = 13 ) performed gait training only ( 30 minutes/day , 3 times/week ) . Main measures : Balance and gait abilities were measured by the Functional Reach Test , Timed Up- and -Go Test , 10-m Walk Test and Fugl-Meyer assessment before and after interventions . Results : All measurements improved significantly compared with baseline values in the experimental group . In the control group , there were significant improvements in all parameters except the Fugl-Meyer assessment . All parameters of the experimental group increased significantly compared to those of the control group as follows : Functional Reach Test ( control vs. experimental : 28.1 ± 3.1 vs. 37.51 ± 3.0 ) , Timed Up- and -Go Test ( 20.7 ± 4.0 vs. 13.2 ± 2.2 ) , 10-m Walk Test ( 17.4 ± 4.6 vs. 16.0 ± 2.7 ) and Fugl-Meyer assessment ( 12.0 ± 2.9 vs. 17.6 ± 1.3 ) . Conclusions : Gait training with motor imagery training improves the balance and gait abilities of chronic stroke patients significantly better than gait training alone BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Numerous studies have shown that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) over the primary motor cortex ( M1 ) may improve motor function of the affected h and after stroke . The effects of 1 Hz rTMS applied over the contralesional dorsal premotor cortex ( PMd ) on h and function and cortical neurophysiology in subacute stroke were examined . METHODS Ten subacute stroke patients with mild h and motor impairment were enrolled in a prospect i ve , double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled , crossover study with two intervention sessions . 1 Hz rTMS was applied over the contralesional PMd ( real rTMS , 900 pulses at 110 % of the motor threshold ; sham rTMS , 900 pulses at 0 % of the motor threshold ) . Tests of h and function ( Jebsen-Taylor h and function test , box and block test ) and neurophysiological evaluations ( resting motor threshold , motor evoked potentials , cortical silent period , ipsilateral silent period ) were obtained from both h and s and hemispheres prior to ( baseline ) and after each treatment . RESULTS H and function tests revealed significant improvement of motor function of the affected but not of the unaffected h and after real rTMS only . Neither intervention changed the neurophysiological measures in comparison to baseline . CONCLUSION One hertz rTMS over the contralesional PMd improves motor function of the affected h and in subacute stroke . The PMd may be a novel rTMS target to treat motor impairment after stroke Purpose : To analyse the effects of two interventions on the cognition and balance of institutionalized elderly people with mixed dementia . Methods : Fifty-four participants were allocated into three groups . Group 1 was assisted by an interdisciplinary programme comprising physiotherapy , occupational therapy and physical education . A physiotherapist alone carried out the intervention in group 2 . Group 3 was considered as control . Assessors were blinded to guarantee the absence of bias . Cognitive functions were analysed with the  Mini-Mental State Examination and the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery . Balance was assessed with the Berg Balance Scale and the Timed Get-Up- and -Go Test . Multiple analysis of variance ( MANOVA ) was used to test possible main effects of the interventions . Results : The results showed benefits on the balance of subjects in both groups 1 ( F=3.9 , P<0.05 ) and 2 ( F=3.1 , P<0.05 ) , compared with group 3 . MANOVA did not indicate benefits on the cognitive functions between groups 1 and 3 ( F=1.1 , P>0.05 ) and groups 2 and 3 ( F=1.6 , P>0.05 ) . However , univariate analysis indicated some benefits of the interdisciplinary intervention on two specific domains measured by the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery ( F=26.5 , P<0.05 ; F=4.4 , P<0.05 ) . Conclusion : Six months of multidisciplinary or physiotherapeutic intervention were able to improve a person 's balance . Although global cognition did not improve through treatment , when the intervention was carried out on a multidisciplinary basis we observed an attenuation in the decline of global cognition on two specific cognitive domains . Exercises applied in different context s may have positive outcomes for people with dementia Background and Purpose — Conventional therapies fail to restore normal gait to many patients after stroke . The study purpose was to test response to coordination exercise , overground gait training , and weight-supported treadmill training , both with and without functional neuromuscular stimulation ( FNS ) using intramuscular ( IM ) electrodes ( FNS-IM ) . Methods — In a r and omized controlled trial , 32 subjects ( > 1 year after stroke ) were assigned to 1 of 2 groups : FNS-IM or No-FNS .  Inclusion criteria included ability to walk independently but inability to execute a normal swing or stance phase . All subjects were treated 4 times per week for 12 weeks . The primary outcome measure , obtained by a blinded evaluator , was gait component execution , according to the Tinetti gait scale . Secondary measures were coordination , balance , and 6-minute walking distance . Results — Before treatment , there were no significant differences between the 2 groups for age , time since stroke , stroke severity , and each study measure . FNS-IM produced a statistically significant greater gain versus No-FNS for gait component execution ( P=0.003 ; parameter estimate 2.9 ; 95 % CI , 1.2 to 4.6 ) and knee flexion coordination ( P=0.049 ) . Conclusion — FNS-IM can have a significant advantage versus No-FNS in improving gait components and knee flexion coordination after stroke PURPOSE The premotor cortex plays a major role in motor planning and control , exhibiting hierarchical importance comparable to that of the primary motor cortex ( M1 ) . In this study , we compared the effects of cPMd modulation , which was achieved using inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) , with those of contralesional M1 ( cM1 ) modulation , to eluci date the roles of both regions on longitudinal motor recovery following a stroke . METHODS Forty-four patients who had sustained hemiplegia for 3 to 12 months were r and omly allocated to a cPMd group , cM1 group , or sham group and received 10 sessions of 1-Hz rTMS . The Medical Research Council ( MRC ) Scale , Fugl-Meyer Assessment ( FMA ) , Wolf Motor Function Test ( WMFT ) , and a cortical excitability test were administered pre- and post- rTMS intervention . RESULTS cPMd modulation yielded significant improvements in MRC , FMA , and WMFT scores compared with sham stimulation and a significant effect on cortical excitability suppression equivalent to that of cM1 modulation , but engendered effects on motor improvement inferior to those of cM1 modulation . CONCLUSIONS In patients with chronic stroke , the cPMd can fulfill a role similar to that of the cM1 in interhemispheric imbalance , which can be ameliorated by applying inhibitory rTMS to achieve substantial motor restoration Abstract Background : Treatments that provide feedback , increase practice with multiple repetitions , and motivate patients are essential to rehabilitation post stroke . Objective : To determine whether playing active video games results in improved balance and mobility post stroke . Methods : Thirty participants with chronic ( time since stroke = 3.0 [ 2.9 ] years ) hemiparesis post stroke were r and omly assigned to a gaming group or normal activity control group . Gaming systems provided participants with an interactive interface of real-time movement of either themselves or an avatar on the screen . Participants played games 50–60 minutes/day , 4 days/week , for 5 weeks . The intervention was strictly game-play , in st and ing position , without physical therapy . The control group received no special intervention and continued with normal activity . Both groups were tested prior to , following the 5 weeks ( post test ) , and 3 months following the completion of the study . Outcome measures included the Fugl-Meyer Assessment , Berg Balance Scale , Dynamic Gait Index , Timed Up & Go , 6-minute walk test , 3-meter walk ( self-selected and fast ) , and perception of recovery . Results : No statistically significant differences between or within groups were found through analysis of covariance ( covaried for side of hemiparesis ) at post test or follow-up . Although the within-group effect sizes were primarily indexed as “ small ” ( < .36 ) , the gaming group exhibited higher within-group effect sizes before and after testing than did the control group on all 7 dependent variables analyzed . Conclusions : Even though the only intervention was game-play , there were small positive effects . Therapist assistance in making more optimum movement choices may be needed before significant improvements are seen with commercially available , general purpose games Objective : To study the clinical effectiveness and the usability of a virtual reality-based intervention compared with conventional physical therapy in the balance recovery of individuals with chronic stroke . Design : R and omized controlled trial . Setting : Outpatient neurorehabilitation unit . Participants : A total of 20 individuals with chronic stroke . Interventions : The intervention consisted of 20 one-hour sessions , five sessions per week . The experimental group combined 30 minutes with the virtual reality-based intervention with 30 minutes of conventional training . The control group underwent one hour conventional therapy . Main measures : Balance performance was assessed at the beginning and at the end of the trial using the Berg Balance Scale , the balance and gait subscales of the Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment , the Brunel Balance Assessment , and the 10-m Walking Test . Subjective data of the virtual reality-based intervention were collected from the experimental group , with a feedback question naire at the end of the trial . Results : The results revealed a significant group-by-time interaction in the scores of the Berg Balance Scale ( p < 0.05 ) and in the 10-m Walking Test ( p < 0.05 ) . Post-hoc analyses showed greater improvement in the experimental group : 3.8 ±2.6 vs. 1.8 ±1.4 in the Berg Balance Scale , –1.9 ±1.6 seconds vs. 0.0 ±2.3 seconds in the 10-m Walking Test , and also in the number of participants who increased level in the Brunel Balance Assessment ( χ2 = 2.5 , p < 0.01 ) . Conclusions : Virtual reality interventions can be an effective re source to enhance the improvement of balance in individuals with chronic stroke PURPOSE The aim of the study is to define the impact of exercise on a treadmill on static balance and stability of posture in a group of patients after cerebral stroke rehabilitated in a late period , with an application of a treadmill with the function of visual biofeedback . METHODS The examination was carried out in a group of 46 people in a late period after ischemic cerebral stroke . The patients examined were r and omly put to a group with intervention ( n = 23 ) , in which a rehabilitation programme with an application of a treadmill with the visual feedback function was realized and to a control group ( n = 23 ) . They evaluated balance in st and ing on both feet by means of a force plate , symmetry of load of lower limbs and dynamic balance in Up & Go test . RESULTS A statistically significant change of stabilometric parameters was observed only in the area of postural sways of the centre of pressure ( COP ) . A significant improvement of the symmetry of load of lower limbs in st and ing ( p = 0.0266 ) was diagnosed in the examined group after the end of the programme . After the end of the programme no significant difference between the group with intervention and the control group as for a change of balance of the examined patients was found . CONCLUSIONS In the examined group in the chronic period after cs no significant improvement of stabilometrically evaluated balance was obtained , but improvement of the symmetry of load of lower limbs as well as improvement of dynamic balance were observed Transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) is used in a variety of disorders after stroke including upper limb motor dysfunctions , hemispatial neglect , aphasia , and apraxia , and its effectiveness has been demonstrated . Although gait ability is important for daily living , there were few reports of the use of tDCS to improve balance and gait ability . The supplementary motor area ( SMA ) was reported to play a potentially important role in balance recovery after stroke . We aim ed to investigate the effect of combined therapy body weight-supported treadmill training ( BWSTT ) and tDCS on gait function recovery of stroke patients . Thirty stroke in patients participated in this study . The two BWSTT periods of 1weeks each , with real tDCS ( anode : front of Cz , cathode : inion , 1mA , 20min ) on SMA and sham stimulation , were r and omized in a double-blind crossover design . We measured the time required for the 10 m Walk Test ( 10MWT ) and Timed Up and Go ( TUG ) test before and after each period . We found that the real tDCS with BWSTT significantly improved gait speed ( 10MWT ) and applicative walking ability ( TUG ) , compared with BWSTT+sham stimulation periods ( p<0.05 ) . Our findings demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of tDCS in gait training after stroke . The facilitative effects of tDCS on SMA possibly improved postural control during BWSTT . The results indicated the implication s for the use of tDCS in balance and gait training rehabilitation after stroke Abstract Purpose : This pilot double-blind sham-controlled r and omized trial aim ed to determine if the addition of anodal tDCS on the affected hemisphere or cathodal tDCS on unaffected hemisphere to modified constraint-induced movement therapy ( mCIMT ) would be superior to constraints therapy alone in improving upper limb function in chronic stroke patients . Methods : Twenty-one patients with chronic stroke were r and omly assigned to receive 12 sessions of either ( i ) anodal , ( ii ) cathodal or ( iii ) sham tDCS combined with mCIMT . Fugl – Meyer assessment ( FMA ) , motor activity log scale ( MAL ) , and h and grip strength were analyzed before , immediately , and 1 month ( follow-up ) after the treatment . Minimal clinical ly important difference ( mCID ) was defined as an increase of ≥5.25 in the upper limb FMA . Results : An increase in the FMA scores between the baseline and post-intervention and follow-up for active tDCS group was observed , whereas no difference was observed in the sham group . At post-intervention and follow-up , when compared with the sham group , only the anodal tDCS group achieved an improvement in the FMA scores . ANOVA showed that all groups demonstrated similar improvement over time for MAL and h and grip strength . In the active tDCS groups , 7/7 ( anodal tDCS ) 5/7 ( cathodal tDCS ) of patients experienced mCID against 3/7 in the sham group . Conclusion : The results support the merit of association of mCIMT with brain stimulation to augment clinical gains in rehabilitation after stroke . However , the anodal tDCS seems to have greater impact than the cathodal tDCS in increasing the mCIMT effects on motor function of chronic stroke patients . Implication s for Rehabilitation The association of mCIMT with brain stimulation improves clinical gains in rehabilitation after stroke . The improvement in motor recovery ( assessed by Fugl – Meyer scale ) was only observed after anodal tDCS . The modulation of damaged hemisphere demonstrated greater improvements than the modulation of unaffected hemispheres [ Purpose ] To investigate the effect of coordination movement using the Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation pattern underwater on the balance and gait of stroke patients . [ Subjects and Methods ] Twenty stroke patients were r and omly assigned to an experimental group that performed coordination movement using the Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation pattern underwater and a control group ( n = 10 each ) . Both the groups underwent neurodevelopmental treatment , and the experimental group performed coordination movement using the Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern underwater . Balance was measured using the Berg Balance Scale and Functional Reach Test , and gait was measured using the 10-Meter Walk Test and Timed Up and Go Test . To compare in-group data before and after the intervention , paired t-test was used . Independent t-test was used to compare differences in the results of the Berg Balance Scale , Functional Reach Test , 10-Meter Walk Test , and Timed Up and Go Test before and after the intervention between the groups . [ Results ] Comparison within the groups showed significant differences in the results of the Berg Balance Scale , Functional Reach Test , 10-Meter Walk Test , and Timed Up and Go Test before and after the experimental intervention . On comparison between the groups , there were greater improvements in the scores of the Berg Balance Scale , Functional Reach Test , 10-Meter Walk Test , and Timed Up and Go Test in the experimental group . [ Conclusion ] The findings demonstrate that coordination movement using the Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation pattern under water has a significant effect on the balance and gait of stroke patients
Cognitive motor interference is effective for improving gait and balance function for stroke in the short term .
However , only little evidence supports assumptions regarding CMI 's long-term benefits
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE An increasing interest in the potential benefits of cognitive motor interference ( CMI ) for stroke has recently been observed , but the efficacy of CMI for gait and balance is controversial .
A systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials was performed to estimate the effect of CMI on gait and balance in patients with stroke .