Beneficial effects of polyphenol-rich olive oil in patients with early atherosclerosis Flaxseed oil does not affect inflammatory markers and lipid profile compared to olive oil, in young, healthy, normal weight adults. Olive oil polyphenols decrease blood pressure and improve endothelial function in young women with mild hypertension. Phenolic content of virgin olive oil improves ischemic reactive hyperemia in hypercholesterolemic patients. Effect of flaxseed oil on serum systemic and vascular inflammation markers and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial Effects of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Serum Systemic and Vascular Inflammation Markers and Oxidative Stress in Hemodialysis Patients Olive oil- and fish oil-enriched diets modify plasma lipids and susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in free-living male patients with peripheral vascular disease: the Spanish Nutrition Study. Effect of Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on markers of platelet and endothelial function in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Fish oil supplementation improves endothelial function in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. Effect of extra-virgin olive oil and fish-oil supplementation on plasma lipids and susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative alteration in free-living spanish male patients with peripheral vascular disease. Dietary fish oil and olive oil supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and immunologic effects. Low dose supplementation with two different marine oils does not reduce pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines in vivo. Aged garlic extract improves endothelial function in men with coronary artery disease. Supplementation with fish oil affects the association between very long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum non-esterified fatty acids and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of fish oil’s impact on fatigue, quality of life, and disease activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Fish Oil Supplement Alters Markers of Inflammatory and Nutritional Status in Colorectal Cancer Patients Chronic effects of a high-fat diet enriched with virgin olive oil and a low-fat diet enriched with alpha-linolenic acid on postprandial endothelial function in healthy men.
Purpose Diets rich in plant-derived polyphenols such as olive oil ( OO ) and /or catechins such as epigallocatechin 3-gallate ( EGCG ) have been shown to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases , potentially by improving endothelial function , an important surrogate for atherosclerosis . The possible augmentation of endothelial function with the combined efforts of OO and EGCG is intriguing , yet unknown . Methods Eighty-two patients with early atherosclerosis ( presence of endothelial dysfunction ) were enrolled in this double-blind , r and omized trial with 52 completing the study . The aim of the study was to compare the effect of a daily intake of 30 ml simple OO , with 30 ml of EGCG-supplemented OO , on endothelial function as well as on inflammation and oxidative stress after a period of 4 months . Endothelial function was assessed noninvasively via peripheral arterial tonometry ( Endo-PAT ® ) . Results After 4 months , when OO and EGCG-supplemented OO groups were combined , OO significantly improved endothelial function ( RHI , 1.59 ± 0.25–1.75 ± 0.45 ; p < 0.05 ) . However , there were no significant differences in results between the two olive oil groups . Interestingly , with OO supplementation there was a significant reduction in inflammatory parameters : sICAM ( 196 to 183 ng/mL , p = < 0.001 ) ; white blood cells ( WBCs ) ( 6.0 × 109/L–5.8 × 109/L , p < 0.05 ) ; monocytes ( 0.48 × 109/L to 0.44 × 109/L , p = 0.05 ) ; lymphocytes ( 1.85 × 109/L to 1.6 × 109/L , p = 0.01 ) ; and platelets ( 242–229 × 109/L , p = 0.047 ) . Conclusions Improvement in endothelial dysfunction in patients with early atherosclerosis in association with significant reduction in leukocytes may suggest an important role of early cellular inflammatory mediators on endothelial function . The current study supports one potential mechanism for the role of olive oil , independent of EGCG , modestly supplemented to a healthy cardiovascular diet OBJECTIVE Olive oil ( OO ) is a rich source of monounsaturated fat and bioactive components that exert strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties . Flaxseed oil ( FO ) is rich in α-linolenic n-3 fatty acid ( ALA ) , which also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects . This r and omized , cross-over study aim ed at exploring whether diet 's enrichment with FO could beneficially alter inflammatory markers and lipid profile , compared to OO , in a sample of normal weight , apparently healthy young adults . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Participants were supplied with 15 mL/day of either FO or OO . Each intervention and the wash-out period lasted 6 weeks . Dietary , anthropometric and physical activity variables were recorded at the beginning and the end of each intervention . Serum biochemical and inflammatory markers were measured . Compliance to the intervention was evaluated by fatty acid analysis in erythrocytes . Repeated Measures ANOVA was used to assess the effect of the treatment . RESULTS Thirty seven participants completed the study . No difference between the two interventions was observed in adiponectin , TNF-α , high sensitivity-CRP or glucose levels and lipid profile . At the end of the FO period , participants exhibited significant reductions in total ( -5.0 % ) and LDL-cholesterol ( -6.7 % ) levels ( all P<0.01 ) . During the FO and the OO period serum adiponectin changes were significantly correlated with changes in erythrocyte % ALA ( rs=0.34 , P=0.007 ) and in erythrocyte % EPA ( r(s)=0.47 , P=0.01 ) , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of FO did not confer any benefit in inflammatory or biochemical markers in normal weight young adults , who traditionally use olive oil as the main edible oil BACKGROUND Olive oil polyphenols have been associated with several cardiovascular health benefits . This study aims to examine the influence of a polyphenol-rich olive oil on blood pressure ( BP ) and endothelial function in 24 young women with high-normal BP or stage 1 essential hypertension . METHODS We conducted a double-blind , r and omized , crossover dietary-intervention study . After a run-in period of 4 months ( baseline values ) , two diets were used , one with polyphenol-rich olive oil ( ∼30 mg/day ) , the other with polyphenol-free olive oil . Each dietary period lasted 2 months with a 4-week washout between diets . Systolic and diastolic BP , serum or plasma biomarkers of endothelial function , oxidative stress , and inflammation , and ischemia-induced hyperemia in the forearm were measured . RESULTS When compared to baseline values , only the polyphenol-rich olive oil diet led to a significant ( P < 0.01 ) decrease of 7.91 mm Hg in systolic and 6.65 mm Hg of diastolic BP . A similar finding was found for serum asymmetric dimethylarginine ( ADMA ) ( -0.09 ± 0.01 µmol/l , P < 0.01 ) , oxidized low-density lipoprotein ( ox-LDL ) ( -28.2 ± 28.5 µg/l , P < 0.01 ) , and plasma C-reactive protein ( CRP ) ( -1.9 ± 1.3 mg/l , P < 0.001 ) . The polyphenol-rich olive oil diet also elicited an increase in plasma nitrites/nitrates ( + 4.7 ± 6.6 µmol/l , P < 0.001 ) and hyperemic area after ischemia ( + 345 ± 386 perfusion units (PU)/sec , P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the consumption of a diet containing polyphenol-rich olive oil can decrease BP and improve endothelial function in young women with high-normal BP or stage 1 essential hypertension OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of the phenolic content of virgin olive oil on endothelial reactivity . BACKGROUND Endothelial-dependent vasodilatation is impaired during the postpr and ial state , and oxidative stress could play a key role in its development . METHODS Twenty-one hypercholesterolemic volunteers received two breakfasts , using a r and omized sequential crossover design . Both arms received the same olive oil , but one had its phenolic acid content reduced from 400 to 80 ppm . Ischemic reactive hyperemia ( IRH ) was measured with a laser-Doppler procedure at baseline and 2 h and 4 h after oil intake . Postpr and ial plasma concentrations of lipid fractions , lipoperoxides ( LPO ) , 8-epi prostagl and in-F(2alpha ) , and nitrates/nitrites ( NO(x ) ) were obtained at baseline and after 2 h of the fat meal . RESULTS The intake of the polyphenol-rich breakfast was associated with an improvement in endothelial function , as well as a greater increase in concentrations of NO(x ) ( p < 0.001 ) and a lower increase in LPO ( p < 0.005 ) and 8-epi prostagl and in-F2alpha ( p < 0.001 ) than the ones induced by the low polyphenol fat meal . A positive correlation was found to exist between NO(x ) and enhanced endothelial function at the second hour ( r = 0.669 ; p < 0.01 ) . Furthermore , a negative correlation was found between IRH and LPO ( r = -0.203 ; p < 0.05 ) and 8-epi prostagl and in-F2alpha levels ( r = -0.440 ; p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS A meal containing high-phenolic virgin olive oil improves ischemic reactive hyperemia during the postpr and ial state . This phenomenon might be mediated via reduction in oxidative stress and the increase of nitric oxide metabolites Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of flaxseed oil consumption on serum systemic and vascular inflammation markers , and oxidative stress in hemodialysis ( HD ) patients . Methods In this r and omized , double-blind , clinical trial , 34 HD patients were r and omly assigned to either the flaxseed oil or the control group . The patients in the flaxseed oil group received 6 g/day flaxseed oil for 8 week , whereas the control group received 6 g/day medium-chain triglycerides ( MCT ) oil . At baseline and the end of week 8 , serum concentrations of high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 ( sICAM-1 ) , soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule type 1 ( sVCAM-1 ) , sE-selectin , and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) were measured after a 12- to 14-h fast . Results Serum hs-CRP , a systemic inflammation marker , and sVCAM-1 , a vascular inflammation marker , reduced significantly in the flaxseed oil group at the end of week 8 compared to baseline ( P < 0.05 ) , and the reductions were significant in comparison with the MCT oil group ( P < 0.05 ) . There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean changes in serum sICAM-1 , sE-selectin , and MDA . Conclusion This study indicates that daily consumption of 6 g flaxseed oil reduces serum hs-CRP and sVCAM-1 , which are two risk factors for CVD . Therefore , the inclusion of flaxseed oil in the usual diet of HD patients can be considered as a strategy for reducing CVD risk factors Background and Aims : High concentrations of serum inflammation markers , especially vascular inflammation markers , are an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in hemodialysis patients . The present study was design ed to investigate the effects of marine omega-3 fatty acids on serum systemic and vascular inflammation markers and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients . Methods : Thirty-four hemodialysis patients were r and omly assigned to either the marine omega-3 fatty acid or the placebo group . Patients in the omega-3 fatty acid group received 2,080 mg marine omega-3 fatty acids daily for 10 weeks , whereas the placebo group received a corresponding placebo . At baseline and the end of week 10 , 5 ml blood was collected after a 12- to 14-hour fast . Results : Mean serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 ( sICAM-1 ) decreased significantly in the omega-3 fatty acid group at the end of week 10 compared to baseline ( p < 0.05 ) and this reduction was significant in comparison with the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . No significant differences were observed between the two groups in mean changes in serum soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule type 1 , sE-selectin , sP-selectin , C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-α , malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity . Conclusion : The results of the present study indicate that marine omega-3 fatty acids can reduce serum sICAM-1 , a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases , but it has no effect on serum systemic inflammation markers and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients The present study describes a clinical trial in which Spanish patients suffering from peripheral vascular disease ( Fontaine stage II ) were given specific lipid supplements . Design ed as a longitudinal intervention study , patients were provided with olive oil for 3 months , followed by a 3 month wash-out period , then supplemented with a combination of fish oil and olive oil for the final 3 months . Changes in plasma and lipoprotein fatty acid composition and susceptibility of LDL to in vitro oxidation were examined . Furthermore , lipid-supplement-induced changes in LDL properties were measured as relative electrophoretic mobility and macrophage uptake . In addition , thirteen patients not provided with olive oil and fish oil were included as a control group and twenty healthy age-matched individuals were used as a reference group . A complete clinical study and a nutritional survey concerning food habits and lifestyle were performed every 3 months . Yao indices and claudicometry did not change significantly with dietary intervention although changes in plasma lipid composition suggested an improvement in the condition of the patients . The intake of the fish-oil supplement result ed in significantly increased plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20:5n-3 ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( 22:6n-3 ) in comparison with baseline concentrations , olive-oil and control groups . Fish-oil consumption significantly decreased plasma triacylglycerol levels compared with the olive-oil period , control and reference groups . The susceptibility of LDL to Cu-mediated oxidation was lower in the patients consuming olive oil and the fish-oil supplement than in the control group , and the uptake of LDL by macrophages was significantly lower in the group supplemented with fish oil . In conclusion , consumption of olive oil together with a dietary supplement of fish oil may be useful in the nutritional management of patients suffering from peripheral vascular disease in terms of increasing plasma n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreasing susceptibility of LDL to oxidation OBJECTIVE Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce platelet and endothelial activation in patients with or at risk of cardiac disease . We aim ed to determine if Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in addition to best medical therapy can reduce the increased platelet and endothelial activity that is present in patients with intermittent claudication . METHODS One hundred and fifty patients who were receiving aspirin and statin therapy were recruited into a r and omised cross-over double blind study involving 6 week supplementation with OMACOR fish oil ( 850 - 882 mg eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid ) versus placebo . A 12 week washout period occurred between treatments . Patients with diabetes were excluded . For each outcome a r and om effects model was fitted in which treatment and period were fixed effects and patients were r and om effects . RESULTS Omega-3 supplementation had no effect on the primary outcome measure von Willebr and factor . Similarly Omega-3 supplementation result ed in no change in unstimulated or stimulated P-selectin expression and fibrinogen binding , or platelet aggregation ( Ultegra point of care ) . Pulse wave velocity was also unchanged . High-sensitivity C-reactive protein , s-ICAM and IL-6 were also unchanged . CONCLUSION Supplementation with Omega-3 fatty acids had no affect on platelet and endothelial activation or markers of inflammation in patients with peripheral arterial disease OBJECTIVE Offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes ( OPDs ) exhibits endothelial dysfunction ( ED ) associated with a chronic inflammatory state . N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA ) may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are beneficial for cardiovascular and metabolic health . Therefore , in the present study , we tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in n-3 PUFA may improve ED in otherwise healthy OPDs . METHODS AND DESIGN A double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted with 50 OPDs . Participants were r and omized to treatment with either placebo or n-3 PUFA ( 2g/day ) for 12 weeks . Before and after treatment we evaluated endothelial function ( using flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) of the brachial artery ) , circulating inflammatory markers ( adiponectin , TNF-alpha , and high sensitivity-CRP ) , and insulin resistance ( QUICKI ) . RESULTS No significant changes were observed in study outcomes in subjects treated with placebo . By contrast , when compared with baseline values , subjects treated with n-3 PUFA had significant improvement in FMD ( 9.1+/-5.8 % vs. 11.7+/-4.4 % , p=0.02 ) that was accompanied by decreased plasma triglycerides ( 117+/-73mg/dl vs. 86+/-44mg/dl , p=0.001 ) and TNF-alpha levels ( 8.9+/-2.3pg/ml vs. 6.8+/-2.7pg/ml , p=0.001 ) , and a trend towards increased plasma adiponectin levels ( 7.8+/-4.5microg/ml vs. 9.5+/-5.1microg/ml , p=0.09 ) . When data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis , decreased TNF-alpha after treatment with n-3 PUFA predicted increased FMD . CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA significantly improved endothelial function and reduced pro-inflammatory markers in OPDs . Thus , fish oil consumption may have beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic health effects in otherwise healthy subjects predisposed to diabetes and its vascular complications The aim of this study was to analyse the in vivo effect of a diet rich in extra-virgin olive oil and a fish-oil supplement on plasma and lipoprotein fatty-acid composition and on LDL susceptibility to oxidative modification in free-living Spanish male patients with peripheral vascular disease . A total of 12 patients were included in the experimental group which received extra virgin olive oil and a fish oil supplement ( group OF ) . On the other h and , 13 patients which had refined olive oil as the main visible fat were considered as Control group . Plasma triglycerides decreased significantly after three months of dietary intervention . The LDL and plasma fatty-acid pattern in the group OF was characterized by a significant increase in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids , mainly 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 . The slopes of LDL oxidative susceptibility were similar between baseline and endpoint values in both groups . However , the uptake of oxidized LDL by macrophages was significantly reduced in OF patients in comparison with the Control group . In conclusion , the daily intake of about 40 g/d of extra-virgin olive oil in combination with a daily supplement of 16 g of fish oil for 3 months in patients with peripheral vascular disease leads to a plasma-lipid profile less atherogenic than in patients having refined olive oil as the main visible food fat . The simultaneous consumption of alpha-tocopherol and natural antioxidants provided by extra-virgin olive oil seems to have a protective effect on the LDL susceptibility to oxidative modifications in spite of a higher proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Forty-nine patients with active rheumatoid arthritis completed a 24-week , prospect i ve , double-blind , r and omized study of dietary supplementation with 2 different dosages of fish oil and 1 dosage of olive oil . Clinical evaluations were performed at baseline and every 6 weeks thereafter , and immunologic variables were measured at baseline and after 24 weeks of study . The 3 groups of patients were matched for age , sex , disease severity , and use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs ) . Subjects continued receiving DMARDs and other background medications without change during the study . Twenty patients consumed daily dietary supplements of n3 fatty acids containing 27 mg/kg eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and 18 mg/kg docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ( low dose ) , 17 patients ingested 54 mg/kg EPA and 36 mg/kg DHA ( high dose ) , and 12 patients ingested olive oil capsules containing 6.8 gm of oleic acid . Significant improvements from baseline in the number of tender joints were noted in the low-dose group at week 24 ( P = 0.05 ) and in the high-dose group at week 18 ( P = 0.04 ) and 24 ( P = 0.02 ) . Significant decreases from baseline in the number of swollen joints were noted in the low-dose group at weeks 12 ( P = 0.003 ) , 18 ( P = 0.002 ) , and 24 ( P = 0.001 ) and in the high-dose group at weeks 12 ( P = 0.0001 ) , 18 ( P = 0.008 ) , and 24 ( P = 0.02 ) . A total of 5 of 45 clinical measures were significantly changed from baseline in the olive oil group , 8 of 45 in the low-dose fish oil group , and 21 of 45 in the high-dose fish oil group during the study ( P = 0.0002 ) . Neutrophil leukotriene B4 production decreased by 19 % from baseline in the low-dose fish oil group ( P = 0.0003 ) and 20 % in the high-dose group ( P = 0.03 ) , while macrophage interleukin-1 production decreased by 38.5 % in the olive oil group ( P not significant ) , 40.6 % in the low-dose group ( P = 0.06 ) , and 54.7 % in the high-dose group ( P = 0.0005 ) . Tritiated thymidine incorporation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after stimulation with concanavalin A increased significantly in all 3 groups after 24 weeks , compared with baseline values . We conclude that the clinical benefits of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids are more commonly observed in patients consuming higher dosages of fish oil  for time intervals that are longer than those previously studied . Dietary supplementation with olive oil is also associated with certain changes in immune function , which require further investigation In view of the reported potential anti-inflammatory activity of the New Zeal and green lipped mussel ( NZGLM ) , we aim ed to compare the effect of low dose marine oil supplementation , from mussels and fish , in reducing blood markers of inflammation .  Thirty apparently healthy males and females were recruited from the general public in Melbourne , Australia to participate in a double blind , r and omised , parallel intervention study . Subjects were consuming approximately 73 mg of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 LCPUFA ) daily in their background diet prior to the commencement of the intervention . Subjects were r and omly assigned to consume either 2 mL/day of the NZGLM oil preparation ( mixed with olive oil and dl-alpha-tocopherol ) or fish oil preparation ( also mixed with olive oil and dl-alpha-tocopherol ) for six weeks . Two mL of the oils contained 241 mg and 181 mg of n-3 LCPUFA , respectively . Neutrophil phospholipid fatty acids , serum thromboxane B2 ( TXB2 ) , stimulated monocyte production of prostagl and in E2 ( PGE2 ) , interleukin-1 beta ( IL-1 beta ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNFalpha ) were measured . During the intervention , the total intakes of n-3 LCPUFA from the background diet and the supplements were 199 mg/d and 173 mg/day for the NZGLM and FO groups , respectively . Following six weeks of supplementation , both groups showed a small , but significant increase in neutrophil phospholipid proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid . The NZGLM group also showed a significant increase in docosahexaenoic acid levels . There were no significant changes with time or treatment for TXB2 , PGE2 , IL-1 beta or TNFalpha . This study showed that low dose supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA from two different marine oil preparations showed no difference in inflammatory markers in this group of healthy individuals . Further studies are warranted including dose response trials and studies in population s with inflammatory conditions Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired and predicts the risk of a coronary event in patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) . Oxidant stress and increased systemic inflammation may contribute to this endothelial dysfunction . Aged garlic extract ( AGE ) contains antioxidant compounds and increases nitric oxide production and decreases the output of inflammatory cytokines from cultured cells . The aim of this study was to test the effect of treatment with AGE on brachial artery flow mediated endothelium-dependent dilation ( FMD ) and circulating markers of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation . The trial included 15 men with angiographically proven CAD in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , cross-over design with 2-week treatment and washout periods . During AGE supplementation , FMD increased ( 44 % ) significantly ( p = 0.04 ) from the baseline and mainly in men with lower baseline FMD . Levels of FMD at the end of AGE treatment were significantly ( p = 0.03 ) higher compared with the corresponding levels at the end of placebo treatment when the variation in baseline body weight was taken into account . Markers of oxidant stress ( plasma oxidized low density lipoprotein and peroxides ) , systemic inflammation ( plasma C-reactive protein ad interleukin-6 ) and endothelial activation ( VCAM-1 ) did not change significantly during the study . These data suggest that short-term treatment with AGE may improve impaired endothelial function in men with CAD treated with aspirin and a statin . Whether improvement in endothelial function decreases the risk of future cardiovascular events remains to be determined We have investigated the effect of fish oil supplementation on the association between serum non-esterified fatty acid ( NEFA ) pattern and atherosclerotic activity . We studied correlations between serum non-esterified very long-chain eicosapentaenoic ( EPA ) , docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) and arachidonic acid ( AA ) and biochemical markers of endothelial activation before and after 18-months intervention with fish oil supplementation . The fish oil supplementation consisted of 2.4 g of EPA and DHA per day , with corn oil as placebo .  Elderly men ( n = 171 ) with high risk for coronary heart disease were divided into four intervention groups in a factorial design : fish oil supplementation ( n = 44 ) , dietary intervention ( n = 42 ) , fish oil supplementation+dietary intervention ( n = 47 ) or placebo ( n = 38 ) . The composition of fasting NEFA was analysed before and after intervention by GLC . Circulating endothelial markers were analysed by ELISA . A statistically significant positive correlation between the change in serum non-esterified DHA and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( sVCAM-1 ) was found in the pooled group that received fish oil supplementation ( n = 91 ; Spearman 's correlation coefficient r = 0.24 , P = 0.02 ) . No such correlation was found in the pooled group without fish oil supplementation ( n = 80 ) . Furthermore , there was a significant negative correlation between the change in serum non-esterified EPA and the relative change in sVCAM-1 in the group that did not receive fish oil supplementation ( r = -0.34 , P = 0.002 ) . No such correlation was found in the group with fish oil supplementation . We conclude that large increase in serum non-esterified EPA and DHA , which can only be attained by supplementation , might increase inflammation in vascular endothelium . A moderate dietary increase in fish oil intake may , however , have an effect on decreasing inflammatory markers Introduction A recent metabolomic screen of sera from patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ( SLE ) found reduction of antioxidants and substrates for energy generation . These metabolic alterations may underlie one of the most common features of SLE - fatigue . The metabolomic studies also noted reduced omega-3 fatty acids , which are powerful anti- oxidants . This deficiency may be causally related to oxidative stress , inflammation , disease activity , and fatigue in SLE . Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids using fish oil in SLE has been shown to reduce oxidative stress in other studies . The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of fish oil supplementation on clinical measures of fatigue , quality of life , and disease activity as part of a r and omized clinical trial . Methods Fifty SLE patients recruited in outpatient clinics were r and omized 1:1 to fish oil supplementation or olive oil placebo , and blinded to their treatment group . At baseline and after 6 months of treatment , R AND Short Form-36 ( R AND SF-36 ) , Fatigue Severity Scale ( FSS ) , SLE Disease Activity Index ( SLEDAI ) , and Physician Global Assessment ( PGA ) were completed ; serum was also collected for soluble mediator analysis . Results Thirty-two patients completed the study .  PGA improved significantly in the fish oil group compared with the placebo group ( p = 0.015 ) . The R AND SF-36 Energy/fatigue and Emotional well-being scores demonstrated improvement trends ( p = 0.092 and 0.070 ) . No clear difference was seen in FSS and SLEDAI ( p = 0.350 and p = 0.417 ) . Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum IL-12 were reduced ( p = 0.008 and p = 0.058 ) ; while serum IL-13 was increased by fish oil supplementation ( p = 0.033 ) . Conclusions In this r and omized , placebo-controlled 6-month trial , SLE patients r and omized to fish oil supplementation demonstrated improvement in their PGA , R AND SF-36 , and some circulating inflammatory markers . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT02021513 ( registered 13 December 2013 ) Inflammation is a common feature in cancer . The presence and magnitude of the chronic systemic inflammatory responses may produce progressive nutritional decline . This study aims at investigating whether there are changes in inflammation markers and /or in nutritional status of patients with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy who were supplemented with fish oil .  The clinical trial was conducted with 23 patients r and omly distributed in 2 groups . The supplemented group ( SG ) consumed 2 g of fish oil containing 600 milligrams of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) for 9 wk . Nutritional and inflammatory markers status was available , both at a baseline ( M0 ) , and after 9 wk of chemotherapy ( M9 ) in the SG and in the nonsupplemented group ( NSG ) . Statistical analysis was conducted with STATA 11.0 software . SG and NSG presented the same baseline characteristics ( P > 0.05 ) . Nutritional status indicators such as body mass index and body weight were modified only in the NSG when comparing baseline and M9 , P = 0.03 and P = 0.01 respectively , whereas in SG these indicators did not vary . Patients supplemented with fish oil ( SG ) showed a clinical ly relevant decrease in the C-reactive protein/albumin relation ( P = 0.005 ) . Low doses of fish oil supplement can positively modulate the nutritional status and the C-reative protein/albumin ratio Traditional cardiovascular risk factors are associated with endothelial dysfunction . The vascular endothelium plays a key role in local vascular tone regulation and can be modulated by dietary fat . We propose to determine the chronic effect of three diets with different fat compositions on postpr and ial endothelial function and inflammatory biomarkers . Twenty healthy men followed three 4-week diets in a r and omised cross-over design : a Western diet , rich in saturated fat ( 22 % SFA , 12 % MUFA and 0.4 % alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) , all fractions are % of energy ) ; a Mediterranean diet , rich in MUFA ( < 10 % SFA , 24 % MUFA and 0.4 % ALA ) ; a low-fat diet enriched in ALA ( < 10 % SFA , 12 % MUFA and 2 % ALA ) . At the end of each dietary period all subjects underwent a postpr and ial study . Plasma concentrations of lipid parameters , soluble intercellular cell-adhesion molecule-1 , soluble vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1 ( sVCAM-1 ) , nitrates and nitrites ( NOx ) and endothelial function studied by laser Doppler were examined at 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 and 8 h. The endothelium-dependent vasodilatory response was greater 4 h after the ingestion of the MUFA-rich diet than after the SFA or ALA low-fat diets ( P = 0.031 ) . The 4 h postpr and ial plasma sVCAM-1 levels were lower after the MUFA meals than after the ALA low-fat diet ( P = 0.043 ) . The bioavailability of NOx was higher following the MUFA diet than after the SFA and ALA low-fat diets ( P = 0.027 ) . We found no differences in the other parameters measured . Chronic ingestion of a Mediterranean diet avoids the postpr and ial deterioration of endothelial function associated with Westernised diets in healthy individuals
These results provide evidence that olive oil might exert beneficial effects on endothelial function as well as markers of inflammation and endothelial function , thus representing a key ingredient contributing to the cardiovascular-protective effects of a Mediterranean diet .
The aim of the present systematic review was to synthesize data from r and omized controlled trials investigating the effects of olive oil on markers of inflammation or endothelial function .