Combination training and resistance training as effective interventions to improve functioning in elders. Physical activity combined with resistance training reduces symptoms of frailty in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Effects of elastic band resistance training and nutritional supplementation on physical performance of institutionalised elderly — A randomized controlled trial Self-efficacy and the progression of functional limitations and self-reported disability in older adults with knee pain. Does monitoring change in function in community-dwelling older adults alter outcome? A randomized controlled trial Task-specific resistance training to improve the ability of activities of daily living-impaired older adults to rise from a bed and from a chair. The Effect of Functional Tasks Exercise and Resistance Exercise on Health-Related Quality of Life and Physical Activity Differential Effects of Power Rehabilitation on Physical Performance and Higher-level Functional Capacity among Community-dwelling Older Adults with a Slight Degree of Frailty Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: a systematic review related to Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines Relationships between upper-limb functional limitation and self-reported disability 3 months after stroke. The effect of single set resistance training on strength and functional fitness in pulmonary rehabilitation patients. Physical function predicts improvement in quality of life in elderly icelanders after 12 weeks of resistance exercise Minimising disability and falls in older people through a post-hospital exercise program: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation Evaluating the effects of increasing physical activity to optimize rehabilitation outcomes in hospitalized older adults (MOVE Trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial Concurrent cardiovascular and resistance training in healthy older adults. Home-Based Exercise Supported by General Practitioner Practices: Ineffective in a Sample of Chronically Ill, Mobility-Limited Older Adults (the HOMEfit Randomized Controlled Trial). Resistance training reduces disability in prostate cancer survivors on androgen deprivation therapy: evidence from a randomized controlled trial.
The purpose of the study was to determine whether resistance training ( RT ) or a combination of resistance and aerobic training ( CT ) result ed in the most improvement in measures of functional ability in functionally limited elders . Elderly adults who exhibited some limits in functional ability were r and omly assigned to either a CT , RT , or control ( C ) group . Both RT and CT exercised three times per week for 16 weeks . At Weeks 0 and 17 , participants completed six measures of strength and six functional tests . A 3 ( group ) x 3 ( time ) ANOVA with repeated measures on the time factor was used to analyze the results . CT and RT scored significantly better than C at Week 17 for biceps curl , elbow extension , chair st and , and time up the stairs . These findings demonstrate that RT and CT are both effective at increasing measures of strength and functional ability in elderly adults who begin exercise with functional limitations INTRODUCTION Increased physical activity ( PA ) is a crucial factor in the prevention of physical deterioration , and resistance training ( RT ) is also a common and effective intervention for older adults . However , the effects of PA as an adjunct to RT on frailty status remains unclear ; therefore , we clarified the effect of a PA intervention with feedback , as an adjunct to resistance strength training , on the physical and mental outcomes of frail older adults . MATERIAL S AND METHODS We employed a r and omized controlled trial . Community-dwelling frail older adults in Japan were recruited to participate . Forty-one participants ( mean age 81.5 ) were r and omly assigned to engage in a resistance training with PA ( RPA group ) or RT group for six months . Frailty status and frailty scores , which were measured according to the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria -muscle strength , mobility , instrumental activities of daily living , and health-related quality of life-were assessed . RESULTS Participants in the RPA group exhibited a significant increase in light-intensity PA , the number of steps taken daily ( p < 0.05 ) , and lower-limb muscle strength ( p < 0.05 ) and a significant decrease in frailty scores . However , pre- and postintervention frailty status , instrumental activities of daily living , and health-related quality of life did not differ significantly . CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a PA intervention as an adjunct to RT is feasible , as it reduced frailty scores and increased lower-limb muscle strength and mobility in older adults with frailty symptoms OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of elastic b and resistance training in combination with nutrient supplementation on muscular strength and the ability to perform mobility-related activities of daily living in older adults living in retirement care facilities . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial , with a 6-month intervention period . SETTING A retirement care facility , Vienna , Austria . PARTICIPANTS One hundred and seventeen older adults ( 14 males ( 12 % ) and 103 females ( 88 % ) ) , aged 65 to 97 years ( mean age : 82.8 ± 6.0 ) , having a mini-mental state examination score ≥ 23 and no chronic diseases posing a medical contraindication to training therapy . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omly assigned , but stratified by sex , to one of three intervention groups : supervised resistance exercise training ( RT ) , RT in combination with nutrient supplementation ( RTS ) , or cognitive training group ( CT ) . All interventions were performed two times a week for 6 months . RT was design ed to train all major muscle groups using elastic b and s. The nutrient supplement ( rich in proteins , vitamin D , B2 , B12 ) was distributed every morning as well as after each RT session . MEASUREMENTS A battery of motor ability tests and functional test were performed prior to as well as following 3 months and finally after 6 months of intervention . These tests included isokinetic torque measurements of the knee extensors and flexors in concentric mode at 60 and 120 ° /s , isometric h and grip strength , senior arm-lifting test , chair st and test , maximum walking speed and a 6-minute walking test ( 6 MWT ) . RESULTS A repeated- measures ANOVA analysis revealed significant improvements in physical function of lower ( p=0.002 ) and upper extremities ( p=0.006 ) for RT and /or RTS in comparison to CT . For isokinetic measurements , 6 MWT , and gait speed time effects ( p<0.05 ) were detected without any group × time interaction effects . Dropouts showed lower performance in chair st and test ( p=0.012 ) , 6 MWT ( p=0.003 ) , and gait speed ( p=0.013 ) at baseline than that of the finishers of the study . CONCLUSION Six months of a low intensity resistance exercise using elastic b and s and own body weight is safe and beneficial in improving functional performance of institutionalised older people . Multinutrient supplementation did not offer additional benefits to the effects of RT in improving muscular performance OBJECTIVES The prospect i ve relationships between self-efficacy beliefs , in conjunction with measures of knee pain and knee strength , and subsequent decline in both physical performance and self-reported disability among older adults with knee pain were examined . METHODS In this prospect i ve epidemiological trial , 480 men and women aged 65 years and older who had knee pain on most days of the week and difficulty with daily activity were followed for 30 months . RESULTS There was a significant interaction of baseline self-efficacy with baseline knee strength in predicting both self-reported disability and stair climb performance . Participants who had low self-efficacy and low strength at baseline had the largest 30-month decline in these outcomes . DISCUSSION These data underscore the important role that self-efficacy beliefs play in underst and ing functional decline with chronic disease and aging . Self-efficacy beliefs appear to be most important to functional decline in older adults when they are challenged by muscular weakness in the lower extremities Objective : To determine whether information about an older person 's physical functioning provided to the patient and his or her physician delays functional decline and improves health outcomes . Design : A r and omized controlled trial was undertaken ; the assessors were not blinded to the group allocation . Setting : The study took place in a clinic within a hospital setting . Participants : Two hundred and sixty-five community-dwelling people over 65 years were recruited from family practice units . Interventions : The intervention group received assessment s of physical function with feedback to the participant and the participant 's family physician or functional assessment s alone over 18 months .  Self-report measures for health status using the Short Form-36 ( SF-36 ) and pre clinical disability were used together with performance measures which included the lower extremity performance test and muscle strength . Results : There were small , statistically significant group/time interactions which included disability scores , F=4.78 , P ≤0.05 ) , and the vitality subscale of the SF-36 , F=7.47 , P ≤0.01 ) . Conclusion : Providing information about the results of detailed assessment of physical functioning to older adults and their physicians did not show significant differences in function scores between the intervention and control groups OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of a 12-week intervention to improve the ability of disabled older adults  to rise from a bed and from a chair . DESIGN Subjects were r and omly allocated to either a 12-week task-specific resistance-training intervention ( training in bed- and chair-rise subtasks , such as sliding forward to the edge of a chair with the addition of weights ) or a control flexibility intervention . SETTING Seven congregate housing facilities . PARTICIPANTS Congregate housing residents age 65 and older ( n = 161 , mean age 82 ) who reported requiring assistance ( such as from a person , equipment , or device ) in performing at least one of the following mobility-related activities of daily living : transferring , walking , bathing , and toileting . MEASUREMENTS At baseline , 6 weeks , and 12 weeks , subjects performed a series of bed- and chair-rise tasks where the rise task dem and varied according to height of the head of the bed , chair seat height , and use of h and s. Outcomes were able or unable to rise and , if able , the time taken to rise . Logistic regression for repeated measures was used to test for differences between tasks in the ability to rise . Following log transformation of rise time , a linear effects model was used to compare rise time between tasks . RESULTS Regarding the maximum total number of bed- and chair-rise tasks that could be successfully completed , a significant training effect was seen at 12 weeks ( P = .03 ) ; the training effect decreased as the total number of tasks increased . No statistically significant training effects were noted for rise ability according to individual tasks . Bed- and chair-rise time showed a significant training effect for each rise task , with analytic models suggesting a range of approximately 11 % to 20 % rise-time ( up to 1.5 seconds ) improvement in the training group over controls . Training effects were also noted in musculoskeletal capacities , particularly in trunk range of motion , strength , and balance . CONCLUSIONS Task-specific resistance training increased the overall ability and decreased the rise time required to perform a series of bed- and chair-rise tasks . The actual rise-time improvement was clinical ly small but may be useful over the long term . Future studies might consider adapting this exercise program and the focus on trunk function to a frailer cohort , such as in rehabilitation setting s. In these setting s , the less challenging rise tasks ( such as rising from an elevated chair ) and the ability to perform intermediate tasks ( such as hip bridging ) may become important intermediate rehabilitation goals Background : Data regarding the effect of exercise programmes on older adults ’  health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) and habitual physical activity are inconsistent . Objective : To determine whether a functional tasks exercise programme ( enhances functional capacity ) and a resistance exercise programme ( increases muscle strength ) have a different effect on the HRQOL and physical activity of community-dwelling older women . Methods : Ninety-eight women were r and omised to a  functional tasks exercise programme ( function group ) , a resistance exercise programme ( resistance group ) , or normal activity group ( control group ) . Participants attended exercise classes three times a week for 12 weeks . The SF-36 Health Survey question naire and self-reported physical activity were obtained at baseline , directly after completion of the intervention ( 3 months ) , and 6 months later ( 9 months ) . Results : At 3 months , no difference in mean change in HRQOL and physical activity scores was seen between the groups , except for an increased SF-36 physical functioning score for the resistance group compared with the control group ( p = 0.019 ) and the function group ( p = 0.046 ) . Between 3 and 9 months , the self-reported physical functioning score of the function group decreased to below baseline ( p = 0.026 ) , and physical activity ( p = 0.040 ) decreased in the resistance group compared with the function group . Conclusions : Exercise has a limited effect on the HRQOL and self-reported physical activity of community-living older women . Our results suggest that in these subjects HRQOL measures may be affected by ceiling effects and response shift . Studies should include performance-based measures in addition to self-report HRQOL measures , to obtain a better underst and ing of the effect of exercise interventions in older adults BACKGROUND Evidence is still insufficient regarding the effects of Power Rehabilitation ( PR ) on physical performance and higher-level functional capacity of community-dwelling frail elderly people . METHODS This nonr and omized controlled interventional trial consisted of 46 community-dwelling elderly individuals with light levels of long-term care needs . They were allocated to the intervention ( I-group , n = 24 ) and control ( C-group , n = 22 ) groups . Of them , 32 persons ( 17 in the l-group ; 15 in the C-group ) ( median age , 77 years ; sex , 28 % male ) completed the study . The l-group subjects underwent PR twice a week for 12 weeks . The outcomes were physical performance ( muscle strength , balance , flexibility , and mobility ) and higher-level functional capacity as evaluated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence ( TMIG-IC ) and the level of long-term care need as certified by the public long-term care insurance . RESULTS The l-group demonstrated a significant improvement in the measured value of the timed up- and -go test ( median change , a decrease of 4.4 seconds versus a decrease of 0.2 seconds , p = 0.033 ) and the timed 10-meter walk ( a decrease of 3.0 seconds versus an increase of 0.2 seconds , p = 0.007 ) in comparison with the C-group . No significant change was observed in the TMIG-IC scores or in the level of long-term care need in the l-group . CONCLUSION PR improved mobility of community-dwelling frail elderly people ; however , such improvement did not translate into higher-level functional capacity . Our findings demonstrate the difficulty in transferring the positive effects associated with PR into an improvement in higher-level functional capacity Background The purpose was to conduct systematic review s of the relationship between physical activity of healthy community-dwelling older ( > 65 years ) adults and outcomes of  functional limitations , disability , or loss of independence .  Methods Prospect i ve cohort studies with an outcome related to functional independence or to cognitive function  were search ed , as well as exercise training interventions that reported a functional outcome . Electronic data base search strategies were used to identify citations which were screened ( title and abstract ) for inclusion . Included articles were review ed to complete st and ardized data extraction tables , and assess study quality . An established system of assessing the level and grade of evidence for recommendations was employed . Results Sixty-six studies met inclusion criteria for the relationship between physical activity and functional independence , and 34 were included with a cognitive function outcome . Greater physical activity of an aerobic nature ( categorized by a variety of methods ) was associated with higher functional status ( expressed by a host of outcome measures ) in older age . For functional independence , moderate ( and high ) levels of physical activity appeared effective in conferring a reduced risk ( odds ratio ~0.5 ) of functional limitations or disability . Limitation in higher level performance outcomes was reduced ( odds ratio ~0.5 ) with vigorous ( or high ) activity with an apparent dose-response of moderate through to high activity . Exercise training interventions ( including aerobic and resistance ) of older adults showed improvement in physiological and functional measures , and suggestion of longer-term reduction in incidence of mobility disability . A relatively high level of physical activity was related to better cognitive function and reduced risk of developing dementia ; however , there were mixed results of the effects of exercise interventions on cognitive function indices . Conclusions There is a consistency of findings across studies and a range of outcome measures related to functional independence ; regular aerobic activity and short-term exercise programmes confer a reduced risk of functional limitations and disability in older age . Although a precise characterization of a minimal or effective physical activity dose to maintain functional independence is difficult , it appears moderate to higher levels of activity are effective and there may be a threshold of at least moderate activity for significant outcomes This study explored relationships between upper-limb ( UL ) functional limitations and self-reported disability in stroke patients with relatively pure motor hemiparesis who were enrolled in an acute rehabilitation treatment trial . All participants were enrolled in the VECTORS ( Very Early Constraint Treatment for Recovery from Stroke ) study . VECTORS is a single-center pilot clinical trial of early application of constraint-induced movement therapy ( CIMT ) . All 39 subjects who completed 90 days of VECTORS  were included in this analysis . Trained study personnel who were blinded to the treatment type performed all evaluations . Data in this article examine relationships between assessment s performed 90 days after stroke . Functional limitation measures included the Action Research Arm ( ARA ) test and Wolf Motor Function Test ( WMFT ) , and self-reported disability measures included the Functional Independence Measure ( FIM ) and Motor Activity Log ( MAL ) ( by telephone ) . Mean plus or minus st and ard deviation time from stroke onset to r and omization was 9.4 plus or minus 4.3 days , and median time to follow-up was 99 days ( range 68 - 178 ) . Subjects with perfect or near-perfect scores on the ARA test or WMFT reported residual disability on the FIM and MAL . Quality of movement on the WMFT ( functional ability score ) was not strongly associated with self-reported frequency , and speed of movement on the WMFT ( timed score ) was not associated with self-reported frequency ( MAL amount of use ) . In this early UL intervention trial , we found that perceived disability measures captured information that was not assessed by functional limitation and impairment scales . Our results indicate that excellent motor recovery as measured by functional limitation and impairment scales did not equal restoration of everyday productive UL use and speed of task completion did not translate to actual use . Our results confirm the need for a measurement strategy that is sensitive to change , assesses a broad performance range , and detects meaningful clinical improvements in early rehabilitation intervention trials PURPOSE The primary goal of pulmonary rehabilitation ( PR ) is for patients to achieve and maintain their maximum level of independence and functioning in the community . Traditional PR uses a predominantly aerobic/endurance approach to rehabilitation with little or no inclusion of exercises to increase strength . Few studies have investigated the impact of resistance training on PR despite growing evidence supporting its efficacy to improve physical function ( functional fitness ) in both healthy individuals and those with chronic disease . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of single-set resistance training on strength and functional fitness outcomes in PR patients . METHODS Twenty PR patients , 60 to 81 years old , were r and omly assigned to an 8-week endurance-based PR program ( ET ) or an ET plus resistance training program ( RT ) . RESULTS Strength increased in RT ( P < .05 ) and decreased in  ET for both upper and lower body . Functional fitness improved ( P < .05 ) in 5 of 7 tests for RT compared with 2 tests for ET . CONCLUSIONS Single set RT can elicit significant improvements in both strength and functional fitness , which is not obtained by traditional PR alone . Our results are comparable to other studies with similar outcomes using multiple-set RT protocol s. These findings may have important implication s for program design , application , and adherence in PR Background Little is known about the effects of resistance training on health related quality of life ( HRQL )  in the elderly . Aim The main purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of resistance training on strength , body composition , functional capacity and HRQL in independent living elderly people . We hypothesised that resistance training would improve lean mass , muscle strength , physical function and HRQL . Methods Subjects ( N = 237 , 73.7±5.7yrs , 58.2 % female ) participated in a 12-week resistance exercise program ( 3 times/week ; 3 sets , 6–8 repetitions at 75–80 % of the 1-repetition maximum ) design ed to increase strength and muscle mass of major muscle groups . Body composition , quadriceps- and grip strength , timed up and go test ( TUG ) , six minute walk for distance ( 6MW ) and HRQL were measured at baseline and endpoint . Results Two hundred- and -four participants completed the study . Although the increase in lean mass was small ( + 0.8 kg , P<0.01 ) , quadriceps strength ( + 53.5N ) , grip strength ( + 3.0 lb ) , TUG ( -0.6sec ) , 6MW ( + 33.6 m ) and HRQL ( + 1.2 t-score ) improved significantly ( all P<0.01 ) . Changes in 6MW predicted improvement in HRQL after 12 weeks . Conclusions Our study shows that a 12-week resistance exercise program  significantly improves lean mass , muscle strength , physical function and HRQL  in elderly individuals , and that improvements in physical function predict improvements in HRQL . Our study indicates that resistance training should be promoted for the elderly as it has the potential to improve physical performance , thereby prolonging healthy , independent aging Background Disability and falls are particularly common among older people who have recently been hospitalised . There is evidence that disability severity and fall rates can be reduced by well- design ed exercise interventions . However , the potential for exercise to have these benefits in older people who have spent time in hospital has not been established . This r and omised controlled trial will investigate the effects of a home-based exercise program on  disability and falls among people who have had recent hospital stays . The cost-effectiveness of the exercise program from the health and community service provider 's perspective will be established . In addition , predictors for adherence with the exercise program will be determined . Methods and design Three hundred and fifty older people who have recently had hospital stays will participate in the study . Participants will have no medical contraindications to exercise and will be cognitively and physically able to complete the assessment s and exercise program .  The primary outcome measures will be mobility-related disability ( measured with 12 monthly question naires and the Short Physical Performance Battery ) and falls ( measured with 12 monthly calendars ) . Secondary measures will be tests of risk of falling , additional measures of mobility , strength and flexibility , quality of life , fall-related self efficacy , health-system and community-service contact , assistance from others , difficulty with daily tasks , physical activity levels and adverse events . After discharge from hospital and completion of all hospital-related treatments , participants will be r and omly allocated to an intervention group or usual-care control group . For the intervention group , an individualised home exercise program will be established and progressed during ten home visits from a physiotherapist . Participants will be asked to exercise at home up to 6 times per week for the 12-month study period . Discussion The study will determine the impact of this exercise intervention on mobility-related disability and falls in older people who have been in hospital as well as cost-effectiveness and predictors of adherence to the program . Thus , the results will have direct implication s for the design and implementation of interventions for this high-risk group of older people . Trial Registration The protocol for this study is registered with the Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12607000563460 Background Older adults who have received inpatient rehabilitation often have significant mobility disability at discharge . Physical activity levels in rehabilitation are also low . It is hypothesized that providing increased physical activity to older people receiving hospital-based rehabilitation  will lead to better mobility outcomes at discharge . Methods / Design A single blind , parallel-group , multisite r and omized controlled trial with blinded assessment of outcome and intention-to-treat analysis . The cost effectiveness of the intervention will also be examined . Older people ( age > 60 years ) undergoing inpatient rehabilitation to improve mobility will be recruited from geriatric rehabilitation units at two Australian hospitals . A computer-generated blocked stratified r and omization sequence will be used to assign 198 participants in a 1:1 ratio to either an ‘ enhanced physical activity ’ ( intervention ) group or a ‘ usual care plus ’ ( control ) group for the duration of their inpatient stay . Participants will receive usual care and either spend time each week performing additional physical activities such as st and ing or walking ( intervention group ) or performing an equal amount of social activities that have minimal impact on mobility such as card and board games ( control group ) . Self-selected gait speed will be measured using a 6-meter walk test at discharge ( primary outcome ) and 6 months follow-up ( secondary outcome ) . The study is powered to detect a 0.1 m/sec increase in self-selected gait speed in the intervention group at discharge . Additional measures of mobility ( Timed Up and Go , De Morton Mobility Index ) , function ( Functional Independence Measure ) and quality of life will be obtained as secondary outcomes at discharge and tertiary outcomes at 6 months follow-up . The trial commenced recruitment on 28 January 2014 . Discussion This study will evaluate the efficacy and cost effectiveness of increasing physical activity in older people during inpatient rehabilitation . These results will assist in the development of evidence d-based rehabilitation programs for this population .Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12613000884707 ( Date of registration 08 August 2013 ) ; Clinical Trials.gov Identifier NCT01910740 ( Date of registration 22 July 2013 ) PURPOSE The recommendations for exercise training and physical activity for older adults include cardiovascular and resistance training components ( CVT and RT , respectively ) . The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the fitness benefits of concurrent CVT and RT with those attained through an equivalent duration of CVT or RT alone . METHODS Thirty-six participants ( ages 60 - 84 ) were assigned to a control group or to one of three exercise treatment groups . The treatment groups exercised three times per week for 12 wk using RT ( N = 11 ) , CVT ( N = 10 ) , or CVT and RT ( BOTH , N = 9 ) . Pre- and post-training , participants performed a submaximal exercise test ( GXT ) , five repetition-maximum strength tests ( 5RM ) , and the AAHPERD functional fitness test for older adults . RESULTS All exercise treatment groups revealed lower resting heart rate and rate-pressure product ; lower exercise diastolic blood pressure and rating of perceived exertion ; increased GXT duration ; increased leg , back , and shoulder 5RM scores ; and improved AAHPERD flexibility , coordination , and cardiovascular endurance scores . The exercise treatment groups responded differently on the following : RT and BOTH enhanced arm and chest strength more than CVT ; and BOTH enhanced AAHPERD strength and agility scores more than CVT or RT . CONCLUSIONS Concurrent CVT and RT is as effective in eliciting improvements in cardiovascular fitness and 5RM performance as CVT or RT , respectively . Moreover , incorporating both CVT and RT in exercise programs for older adults may be more effective in optimizing aspects of functional fitness than programs that involve only one component OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects a home-based exercise program delivered to ill and mobility-limited elderly individuals on physical function , physical activity , quality of life , fall-related self-efficacy , and exercise self-efficacy . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial ( IS RCT N Registry , Reg.-No . IS RCT N17727272 ) . SETTING Fifteen general practitioner ( GP ) practice s and participants ' homes . PARTICIPANTS Chronically ill and mobility-limited individuals aged 70 and older ( N = 209 ) . INTERVENTIONS An exercise therapist delivered the experimental intervention-a 12-week multidimensional home-based exercise program integrating behavioral strategies-in individual counseling sessions at the GPs ' practice s and over the telephone . The control intervention focused on promoting light-intensity activities of daily living . Interventions took place between February 2012 and March 2013 . MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was functional lower body strength ( chair-rise test ) . Secondary outcomes were physical function ( battery of motor tests ) , physical activity ( step count ) , health-related quality of life ( Medical Outcomes Study 8-item Short-Form Survey ) , fall-related ( Falls Efficacy Scale-International Version ) , and exercise self-efficacy ( Selbstwirksamkeit zur sportlichen Aktivitaet ( SSA ) scale ) . Postintervention differences between the groups were tested using analysis of covariance ( intention to treat ; adjusted for baseline value and GP practice ; significance level P ≤ .05 ) . RESULTS Participants had a mean age ± st and ard deviation of 80 ± 5 , 74 % were female , 87 % had three or more chronic diseases , and 54 % used a walking aid . The difference ( intention to treat ; experimental minus control ) between adjusted postintervention chair-rise times was -0.1 ( 95 % confidence interval = -1.8 - 1.7 ) . Differences for all secondary outcomes were also nonsignificant . CONCLUSION The program was ineffective in the target population . Possibilities for improving the concept will have to be evaluated OBJECTIVES To investigate whether functionally based resistance exercise could improve strength , physical function , and disability among prostate cancer survivors ( PCS ) on and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) ; and to explore potential mediators of changes in outcomes from exercise . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Academic medical center . PARTICIPANTS PCS ( N=51 ; mean age , 70.2y ) on ADT . INTERVENTION PCS were r and omized to moderate to vigorous intensity resistance training or stretching ( placebo control ) for 1 year . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Maximal leg press and bench press strength , objective and self-reported physical function , and self-reported disability . Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test for significant group × time differences adjusting for covariates . RESULTS Retention in the study was 84 % , and median attendance to supervised classes was 84 % in the resistance group . No study -related injuries occurred . Maximal leg strength ( P=.032 ) and bench press strength ( P=.027 ) were improved after 1 year of resistance training , whereas little change occurred from stretching .  Self-reported physical function improved with resistance training , whereas decreases occurred from stretching ( P=.016 ) . Disability lessened more with resistance training than stretching ( P=.018 ) . One-year change in leg press strength mediated the relation between groups ( resistance or stretching ) and 1-year change in self-reported disability ( P<.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS One year of resistance training improved muscle strength in and rogen-deprived PCS . Strengthening muscles using functional movement patterns may be an important feature of exercise programs design ed to improve perceptions of physical function and disability . Findings from this study contribute to the mounting evidence that exercise should become a routine part of clinical care in older men with advanced prostate cancer
Conclusions This review provides evidence that RT has a moderate positive effect on self-reported disability/function  in old people with or at risk for disability .
The effects are strongly associated with effects on objective measures of lower body functional capacity
Background Self-reported disability has a strong negative impact on older people ’s  quality of life and is often associated with the need for assistance and health care services .
Resistance training ( RT ) has been repeatedly shown to improve muscle function ( e.g. strength ) and functional capacity ( e.g. gait speed , chair-rise ) in older adults with functional limitations .
Nevertheless , it is unclear whether such objective ly assessed improvements translate into a reduction in self-reported disability .
Objectives To assess : i ) whether and to what extent RT interventions have an effect on self-reported disability in older adults ( ≥65 years ) with functional limitations or disability ; and ii ) whether the effects on self-reported disability are associated with changes in objective measures of muscle strength and functional capacity across studies .