Accelerometer-measured sedentary time and physical activity-A 15 year follow-up of mortality in a Swedish population-based cohort. Intra-individual variability in day-to-day and month-to-month measurements of physical activity and sedentary behaviour at work and in leisure-time among Danish adults Objectively measured physical activity in four-year-old British children: a cross-sectional analysis of activity patterns segmented across the day Objectively measured physical activity level and sedentary behavior in Norwegian children during a week in preschool☆ Total Worker Health Intervention Increases Activity of Sedentary Workers. Objectively Measured Sedentary Time May Predict Insulin Resistance Independent of Moderate- and Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity Effect of wrist-worn activity monitor feedback on physical activity behavior: A randomized controlled trial in Finnish young men Investigating children's physical activity and sedentary behavior using ecological momentary assessment with mobile phones. A Novel Approach to Characterize Physical Activity Patterns in Preschool-Aged Children Increasing physical activity in office workers – the Inphact Treadmill study; a study protocol for a 13-month randomized controlled trial of treadmill workstations Objectively Measured Moderate- and Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity but Not Sedentary Time Predicts Insulin Resistance in High-Risk Individuals Results of the Sedentary Intervention Trial in Cardiac Rehabilitation (SIT-CR Study): A pilot randomized controlled trial. Replacing sedentary time with sleep, light, or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: effects on self-regulation and executive functioning Objective vs. Self-Reported Physical Activity and Sedentary Time: Effects of Measurement Method on Relationships with Risk Biomarkers An intervention to reduce sitting and increase light-intensity physical activity at work: Design and rationale of the 'Stand & Move at Work' group randomized trial. A cognitive-behavioural pedometer-based group intervention on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in individuals with type 2 diabetes Correlates of preschool children’s objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior: a cross-sectional analysis of the SPLASHY study
OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations of objective ly assessed sedentary time , light intensity physical activity ( PA ) , moderate to vigorous intensity PA ( MVPA ) , and total PA with all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) or cancer in a Swedish population -based cohort with 15 years follow-up time . DESIGN Longitudinal prospect i ve cohort study . METHODS Data from 851 persons ( 56 % women ) ≥35 years at baseline were included . Primary exposure variables were  time ( min/day ) spent sedentary , in light intensity PA and in MVPA , and total counts from an Actigraph 7164 accelerometer . Data on all-cause mortality and mortality from CVD or cancer were obtained from Swedish registers . Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios ( HR ) of mortality with 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) . RESULTS Compared with the least sedentary participants , those in the most sedentary tertile had an increased risk of all-cause mortality , HR : 2.7 ( 1.4 , 5.3 ) , CVD mortality , HR : 5.5 ( 1.4 , 21.2 ) and cancer mortality , HR : 4.3 ( 1.2 , 16.0 ) . For all-cause mortality , those in the highest light intensity PA tertile had a HR 0.34 ( 0.17 , 0.67 ) compared with the lowest tertile . A similar pattern was found for CVD and cancer mortality . More time spent in MVPA was associated with the largest risk reduction for CVD mortality , with an almost 90 % lower risk in the tertile with the most time in MVPA . CONCLUSIONS This study confirms a strong inverse relationship between MVPA and mortality , and adds new insight for the underst and ing of the associations between sedentary time  and light intensity PA  and mortality Background Accelerometers can obtain precise measurements of movements during the day . However , the individual activity pattern varies from day-to-day and there is limited evidence on measurement days needed to obtain sufficient reliability . The aim of this study was to examine variability in accelerometer derived data on sedentary behaviour and physical activity at work and in leisure-time during week days among Danish office employees . Methods We included control participants ( n = 135 ) from the Take a St and ! Intervention ; a cluster r and omized controlled trial conducted in 19 offices .  Sitting time and physical activity were measured using an ActiGraph GT3X+ fixed on the thigh and data were processed using Acti4 software . Variability was examined for sitting time , st and ing time , steps and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) per day by multilevel mixed linear regression modelling . Results Results of this study showed that the number of days needed to obtain a reliability of 80 % when measuring sitting time was 4.7 days for work and 5.5 days for leisure time . For physical activity at work , 4.0 days and 4.2 days were required to measure steps and MVPA , respectively . During leisure time , more monitoring time was needed to reliably estimate physical activity ( 6.8 days for steps and 5.8 days for MVPA ) . Conclusions The number of measurement days needed to reliably estimate activity patterns was greater for leisure time than for work time . The domain specific variability is of great importance to research ers and health promotion workers planning to use objective measures of sedentary behaviour and physical activity . Trial registration Clinical trials NCT01996176 Background Little is known about preschool-aged children ’s levels of  physical activity ( PA ) over the course of the day . Using time-stamped data , we describe the levels and patterns of PA in a population -based sample of four-year-old British children . Methods Within the Southampton Women ’s Survey the PA levels of 593 4-year-old children ( 51 % female ) were measured using ( Actiheart ) accelerometry for up to 7 days . Three outcome measures : minutes spent sedentary ( < 20 cpm ) ; in light ( LPA : ≥20 – 399 cpm ) and in moderate-to-vigorous activity ( MVPA : ≥400 cpm ) were derived . Average daily activity levels were calculated and then segmented across the day ( morning , afternoon and evening ) . MVPA was log-transformed . Two-level r and om intercept models were used to analyse associations between activity level and temporal and demographic factors . Results Children were active for 67 % ( mean 568.5 SD 79.5 minutes ) of their daily registered time on average , with 88 % of active time spent in LPA . All children met current UK guidelines of 180 minutes of daily activity . There were no differences in children ’s average daily levels of sedentary activity and LPA by temporal and demographic factors : differences did emerge when activity was segmented across the day . Sex differences were largest in the morning , with girls being more sedentary , spending fewer minutes in LPA and 18 % less time in MVPA than boys . Children were more sedentary and less active ( LPA and MVPA ) in the morning if they attended childcare full-time compared to part-time , and on weekend mornings compared to weekdays . The reverse was true for weekend afternoons and evenings . Children with more educated mothers were less active in the evenings . Children were less sedentary and did more MVPA on summer evenings compared to winter evenings . Conclusions Preschool-aged children meet current physical activity guidelines , but with the majority of their active time spent in LPA , investigation of the importance of activity intensity in younger children is needed . Activity levels over the day differed by demographic and temporal factors , highlighting the need to consider temporality in future interventions . Increasing girls ’ morning activity and providing opportunities for daytime activity in winter months may be worthwhile Although many studies have reported on  physical activity ( PA ) levels using accelerometers , a thorough description of the PA pattern in preschool children during their stay in the preschool , is lacking in the current literature . Furthermore , there remains a lack of underst and ing of the PA level and pattern in children in the lower end of the PA continuum . The first aim of this study was therefore to describe the PA pattern during a week-long stay in a preschool in all children born in 2011 ( either three or four-year-olds ) attending public preschools in a municipality in Norway . The second aim was to describe the PA level and pattern of the children who are the least physically active . This cross-sectional study included baseline data from 95 % of children ( N = 111 ) participating in a r and omized controlled physical activity intervention ( Active Kindergarten – Active Children study ) . The participants wore an Actigraph accelerometer , in week 39 in 2015 , from when they arrived at the preschool on Monday morning and throughout their stay of five consecutive days . The amount of moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA ( MVPA ) per day ranged from 16 min to 116 min , and sedentary time ranged from 2.7 h to 6.5 h per day in the least and most sedentary child , respectively . The least physically active 25 % of children were less active throughout the entire day , and only a few of them managed to achieve the recommended level of MVPA on any weekday . The physical activity levels and patterns among the least active children described in this study may help to inform interventions targeting this group INTRODUCTION Office employees are exposed to hazardous levels of sedentary work . Interventions that integrate health promotion and health protection elements are needed to advance the health of sedentary workers . This study tested an integrated intervention on occupational sedentary/physical activity behaviors , cardiometabolic disease biomarkers , musculoskeletal discomfort , and work productivity . DESIGN Two-group , RCT . Data were collected between January and August 2014 . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS Overweight/obese adults working in sedentary desk jobs were r and omized to : ( 1 ) a health protection-only group ( HPO , n=27 ) ; or ( 2 ) an integrated health protection/health promotion group ( HP/HP , n=27 ) . INTERVENTION HPO participants received an ergonomic workstation optimization intervention and three e-mails/week promoting rest breaks and posture variation . HP/HP participants received the HPO intervention plus access to a seated activity permissive workstation . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Occupational sedentary and physical activity behaviors ( primary outcomes ) , cardiometabolic health outcomes , musculoskeletal discomfort , and work productivity ( secondary outcomes ) were measured at baseline and post-intervention ( 16 weeks ) . RESULTS The HP/HP group increased occupational light intensity physical activity over the HPO group and used the activity permissive workstations 50 minutes/work day . Significant associations were observed between activity permissive workstation adherence and improvements in several cardiometabolic biomarkers ( weight , total fat mass , resting heart rate , body fat percentage ) and work productivity outcomes ( concentration at work , days missed because of health problems ) . CONCLUSIONS The HP/HP group increased occupational physical activity and greater activity permissive workstation adherence was associated with improved health and work productivity outcomes . These findings are important for employers interested in advancing the well-being of sedentary office workers . TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at www . clinical trials.gov NCT02071420 OBJECTIVE To examine the prospect i ve association between objective ly measured time spent sedentary and insulin resistance and whether this association is independent of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity ( MVPA ) and other relevant confounders . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a population -based study ( Medical Research Council Ely study ) in 376 middle-aged adults ( 166 men ; 210 women ) over 5.6 years of follow-up .  Physical activity and sedentary time were measured objective ly by individually calibrated minute-by-minute heart rate monitoring at both baseline and follow-up .  Sedentary time  was calculated as the heart rate observations ( in minutes ) below an individually predetermined threshold ( flex heart rate ) and expressed as a percentage of total monitored time during waking hours over 4 days . The percentage of time spent above 1.75 × resting heart rate represented MVPA . Fasting plasma insulin was used as a surrogate measure of insulin resistance . RESULTS Time spent sedentary  at baseline was significantly and positively associated with log fasting insulin at follow-up ( β = 0.003 , 95 % CI 0.0006–0.006 , P = 0.015 ) independent of baseline age , sex , fat mass , fasting insulin , smoking status , and follow-up time . After further adjustment for MVPA , this association was somewhat strengthened ( β = 0.004 , 95 % CI 0.0009–0.006 , P = 0.009 ) . CONCLUSIONS Time spent sedentary predicts higher levels of fasting insulin independent of the amount of time spent at moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity levels . This highlights the importance of reducing sedentary time in order to improve metabolic health , possibly in addition to the benefits associated with a physically active lifestyle The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the use of an activity monitor providing feedback has an effect on physical activity ( PA ) in young men . A population -based sample of 276 conscription-aged ( mean = 17.9 , SD = 0.7 years ) men participated in a 3-month r and omized controlled trial in Oulu in 2012 . Participants were r and omized to an intervention group ( INT , N = 137 ) and a control group ( CON , N = 139 ) . INT received a wrist-worn monitor ( Polar Active ) showing daily activity , and CON received identical monitors without feedback . Main outcome was the change from baseline in objective ly measured weekly time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) and sedentary activity ( SED ) , as assessed by generalized estimation equations ( GEE ) . Other lifestyle factors were assessed by a question naire at baseline and at 3 months . Weekly physical activity data ( ≥ 4 days with ≥ 8 h each ) were obtained from 72 ( 53 % ) and 90 ( 65 % ) men in the INT and CON , respectively . Based on GEE , time spent in MVPA increased ( p = 0.012 ) and SED decreased ( p = 0.032 ) in the INT compared with the CON . During the first 7 weeks , the INT spent on average 1 h less sedentary than the CON ( t-test , p < 0.05 ) . During the first week , the INT showed 12 minutes more MVPA compared to the CON ( t-test , p = 0.034 ) . Based on question naire data , the proportion of the most sedentary men decreased in the INT ( Wilcoxon test , 28 % vs. 10 % , p = 0.029 ) , with no change in the CON ( 20 % vs. 19 % , p = 0.546 ) . To conclude , a wrist-worn activity monitor providing feedback had a short-term positive effect on PA and SED in young men . Trial registration This is a pilot study for a larger r and omized controlled trial registered to the clinical trials register NCT01376986 The risk of obesity during childhood can be significantly reduced through increased physical activity and decreased sedentary behavior . Recent technological advances have created opportunities for the real-time measurement of these behaviors . Mobile phones are ubiquitous and easy to use , and thus have the capacity to collect data from large numbers of people . The present study tested the feasibility , acceptability , and validity of an electronic ecological momentary assessment ( EMA ) protocol using electronic surveys administered on the display screen of mobile phones to assess children 's physical activity and sedentary behaviors .  A total of 121 children ( ages 9 - 13 , 51 % male , 38 % at risk for overweight/overweight ) participated in EMA monitoring from Friday afternoon to Monday evening during children 's nonschool time , with 3 - 7 surveys/day . Items assessed current activity ( e.g. , watching TV/movies , playing video games , active play/sports/exercising ) . Children simultaneously wore an Actigraph GT2 M accelerometer . EMA survey responses were time-matched to total step counts and minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) occurring in the 30 min before each EMA survey prompt . No significant differences between answered and unanswered EMA surveys were found for total steps or MVPA . Step counts and the likelihood of 5 + min of MVPA were significantly higher during EMA-reported physical activity ( active play/sports/exercising ) vs. sedentary behaviors ( reading/computer/homework , watching TV/movies , playing video games , riding in a car ) ( P < 0.001 ) . Findings generally support the acceptability and validity of a 4-day EMA protocol using mobile phones to measure physical activity and sedentary behavior in children during leisure time Objective Routine moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) is associated with better health outcomes ; the purpose of this work was to evaluate healthy preschooler physical activity patterns with objective measurement . Methods and Procedures An objective prospect i ve study of fifty normally-developing children 3–5 years old who were ≥50th and < 95th BMI percentile and enrolled in a family-based healthy lifestyle study in 2011–2012 . Participants wore a tri-axial accelerometer for 7 continuous days . Outcome measures consisted of wear time examining four common MVPA patterns : isolated spurt ( IS ) , isolated sustained activity ( ISA ) , clustered spurt ( CS ) , and clustered sustained activity ( CSA ) . Results Participants were 4.3 years , 56 % female , 52 % African-American , and 26 % overweight . Forty-five children met wear time criteria . On average , children spent 14.5 % of wake-wear time in MVPA , requiring 11.3 hours to complete 90 % of their daily MVPA . Children spent the majority of MVPA in CS ( 62.1 % , followed by CSA ( 20.1 % ) . Remaining MVPA was spent in IS ( 15.5 % ) and ISA ( 2.3 % ) . Conclusion It takes most of the waking day for preschoolers to attain their PA . They engage in short spurts of small duration , in four common MVPA patterns . Utilizing this method could better characterize preschooler physical activity needs in practice and policy guidelines Background Sedentary behaviour is an independent risk factor for mortality and morbidity , especially for type 2 diabetes . Since office work is related to long periods that are largely sedentary , it is of major importance to find ways for office workers to engage in light intensity physical activity ( LPA ) . The Inphact Treadmill study aims to investigate the effects of installing treadmill workstations in offices compared to conventional workstations . Methods / Design A two-arm , 13-month , r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) will be conducted . Healthy overweight and obese office workers ( n = 80 ) with mainly sedentary tasks will be recruited from office workplaces in Umeå , Sweden . The intervention group will receive a health consultation and a treadmill desk , which they will use for at least one hour per day for 13 months . The control group will receive the same health consultation , but continue to work at their regular workstations .  Physical activity and sedentary time during workdays and non-workdays as well as during working and non-working hours on workdays will be measured objective ly using accelerometers ( Actigraph and activPAL ) at baseline and after 2 , 6 , 10 , and 13 months of follow-up . Food intake will be recorded and metabolic and anthropometric variables , body composition , stress , pain , depression , anxiety , cognitive function , and functional magnetic resonance imaging will be measured at 3–5 time points during the study period . Interviews with participants from the intervention group will be performed at the end of the study . Discussion This will be the first long-term RCT on the effects of treadmill workstations on objective ly measured physical activity and sedentary time as well as other body functions and structures/morphology during working and non-working hours among office workers . This will provide further insight on the effects of active workstations on our health and could fill in some of the knowledge gaps regarding how we can reduce sedentary time in office environments . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier NCT01997970 , 2nd Nov 2013 OBJECTIVE Low levels of physical activity appear to be associated with insulin resistance . However , the detailed associations of these complex relationships remain elusive . We examined the prospect i ve associations between self-reported TV viewing time , objective ly measured time spent sedentary , at light-intensity activity , and at moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity ( MVPA ) with insulin resistance . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In 192 individuals ( 81 men and 111 women ) with a family history of type 2 diabetes , we measured  physical activity and anthropometric and metabolic variables at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up in the ProActive UK trial . Physical activity  was measured objective ly by accelerometry . Insulin resistance was expressed as fasting insulin and the homeostasis model assessment score ( HOMA-IR ) . RESULTS Baseline MVPA was a significant predictor of fasting insulin at follow-up ( β = −0.004 [ 95 % CI −0.007 to −0.0001 ] , P = 0.022 ) , and the association approached significance for HOMA-IR ( β = −0.003 [ −0.007 to 0.000002 ] , P = 0.052 ) , independent of time spent sedentary , at light-intensity activity , sex , age , smoking status , waist circumference , and self-reported TV viewing . Time spent sedentary and at light-intensity activity were not significantly associated with insulin resistance . The change in MVPA between baseline and follow-up was inversely related to fasting insulin ( β = −0.003 [ −0.007 to −0.0003 ] , P = 0.032 ) and the HOMA-IR score ( β = −0.004 [ −0.008 to −0.001 ] , P = 0.015 ) at follow-up , after adjustment for baseline phenotype in addition to the same confounders as above . CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of promoting moderate-intensity activity such as brisk walking for improving insulin sensitivity and possibly other metabolic risk factors to prevent type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND Sedentary time ( ST ) is negatively associated with cardiometabolic health and fitness . Traditional cardiac rehabilitation ( CR ) programming may not significantly reduce ST . The objectives of the study were to assess the feasibility and practicality of activPAL devices for measuring ST in CR , and whether prompting cues to interrupt sedentary behaviour can decrease ST and improve clinical outcomes . METHODS An 8-week , two-arm pilot r and omized controlled trial allocated coronary artery disease patients to either a control ( usual care CR ) or intervention ( CR + sedentary prompts from an activPAL3-VT ) group . Primary outcomes included : recruitment ; acceptability ; completion ; and , adherence rates . Secondary outcomes included changes in : ST ; physical activity ( PA ) ; cardiometabolic health ; psychosocial health ; and , fitness . RESULTS Forty participants ( 16 females ; 19 intervention ; 62 ± 10 years ) were r and omized . Outcome data were available for 95 % of participants . All but one participant completed the full intervention . Most ( 73 % ) intervention participants felt the prompts had somewhat changed their sedentary behaviour . At baseline , participants spent 47 % of their day sedentary . No significant group differences in changes for any of the ST , PA or fitness outcomes were observed . The mean group difference for post-intervention ST ( controlling for baseline ) was 30.3 min/day ( 95 % CI : -51.7 , 112.2 ) in favour of the intervention . The intervention group reported significantly better physical health and had a lower ratio of total cholesterol-to-high density lipoprotein when compared to controls . CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to use activPAL devices to measure ST in a CR setting . Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of multi-component sedentary behaviour interventions Abstract Recent attention has highlighted the importance of reducing sedentary time for maintaining health and quality of life . However , it is unclear how changing sedentary behavior may influence executive functions and self-regulatory strategy use , which are vital for the long-term maintenance of a health behavior regimen . The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to examine the estimated self-regulatory and executive functioning effects of substituting 30 min of sedentary behavior with 30 min of light activity , moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) , or sleep in a sample of older adults . This study reports baseline data collected from low-active healthy older adults ( N = 247 , mean age 65.4 ± 4.6 years ) recruited to participate in a 6 month r and omized controlled exercise trial examining the effects of various modes of exercise on brain health and function . Each participant completed assessment s of  physical activity self-regulatory strategy use ( i.e. ,  self-monitoring , goal - setting , social support , reinforcement , time management , and relapse prevention )  and executive functioning . Physical activity and sedentary behaviors  were measured using accelerometers during waking hours for seven consecutive days at each time point . Isotemporal substitution analyses were conducted to examine the effect on self-regulation and executive functioning should an individual substitute sedentary time with light activity , MVPA , or sleep . The substitution of sedentary time with both sleep and MVPA influenced both self-regulatory strategy use and executive functioning . Sleep was associated with greater self-monitoring ( B = .23 , p = .02 ) , goal - setting ( B = .32 , p < .01 ) , and social support ( B = .18 , p = .01 ) behaviors . Substitution of sedentary time with MVPA was associated with higher accuracy on 2-item ( B = .03 , p = .01 ) and 3-item ( B = .02 , p = .04 ) spatial working memory tasks , and with faster reaction times on single ( B = −23.12 , p = .03 ) and mixed-repeated task-switching blocks ( B = −27.06 , p = .04 ) . Substitution of  sedentary  time with sleep was associated with marginally faster reaction time on mixed-repeated task-switching blocks ( B = −12.20 , p = .07 ) and faster reaction time on mixed-switch blocks ( B = 17.21 , p = .05 ) , as well as reduced global reaction time switch cost ( B = −16.86 , p = .01 ) . Substitution for light intensity physical activity did not produce significant effects . By replacing sedentary time with sleep and MVPA , individuals may bolster several important domains of self-regulatory behavior and executive functioning . This has important implication s for the design of long-lasting health behavior interventions . Trial Registration clinical trials.gov identifier NCT00438347 Purpose Imprecise measurement of physical activity variables might attenuate estimates of the beneficial effects of activity on health-related outcomes . We aim ed to compare the cardiometabolic risk factor dose-response relationships for physical activity and sedentary behaviour between accelerometer- and question naire-based activity measures . Methods  Physical activity and sedentary behaviour  were assessed in 317 adults by 7-day accelerometry and International Physical Activity Question naire ( IPAQ ) . Fasting blood was taken to determine insulin , glucose , triglyceride and total , LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations and homeostasis model-estimated insulin resistance ( HOMAIR ) . Waist circumference , BMI , body fat percentage and blood pressure were also measured . Results For both accelerometer-derived sedentary time ( < 100 counts.min−1 ) and IPAQ-reported sitting time significant positive ( negative for HDL cholesterol ) relationships were observed with all measured risk factors – i.e. increased sedentary behaviour was associated with increased risk ( all p≤0.01 ) . However , for HOMAIR and insulin the regression coefficients were > 50 % lower for the IPAQ-reported compared to the accelerometer-derived measure ( p<0.0001 for both interactions ) . The relationships for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) and risk factors were less strong than those observed for sedentary behaviours , but significant negative relationships were observed for both accelerometer and IPAQ MVPA measures with glucose , and insulin and HOMAIR values ( all p<0.05 ) . For accelerometer-derived MVPA only , additional negative relationships were seen with triglyceride , total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations , BMI , waist circumference and percentage body fat , and a positive relationship was evident with HDL cholesterol ( p = 0.0002 ) . Regression coefficients for HOMAIR , insulin and triglyceride were 43–50 % lower for the IPAQ-reported compared to the accelerometer-derived MVPA measure ( all p≤0.01 ) . Conclusion Using the IPAQ to determine sitting time and MVPA reveals some , but not all , relationships between these activity measures and metabolic and vascular disease risk factors . Using this self-report method to quantify activity can therefore underestimate the strength of some relationships with risk factors BACKGROUND American workers spend 70 - 80 % of their time at work being sedentary . Traditional approaches to increase moderate-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) may be perceived to be harmful to productivity . Approaches that target reductions in sedentary behavior and /or increases in st and ing or light-intensity physical activity [ LPA ] may not interfere with productivity and may be more feasible to achieve through small changes accumulated throughout the workday METHODS / DESIGN : This group r and omized trial ( i.e. , cluster r and omized trial ) will test the relative efficacy of two sedentary behavior focused interventions in 24 worksites across two states ( N=720 workers ) . The MOVE+ intervention is a multilevel individual , social , environmental , and organizational intervention targeting increases in light-intensity physical activity in the workplace . The ST AND + intervention is the MOVE+ intervention with the addition of the installation and use of sit-st and workstations to reduce sedentary behavior and enhance light-intensity physical activity opportunities . Our primary outcome will be objective ly-measured changes in sedentary behavior and light-intensity physical activity over 12months , with additional process measures at 3months and longer-term sustainability outcomes at 24months . Our secondary outcomes will be a clustered cardiometabolic risk score ( comprised of fasting glucose , insulin , triglycerides , HDL-cholesterol , and blood pressure ) , workplace productivity , and job satisfaction DISCUSSION : This study will determine the efficacy of a multi-level workplace intervention ( including the use of a sit-st and workstation ) to reduce sedentary behavior and increase LPA and concomitant impact on cardiometabolic health , workplace productivity , and satisfaction . TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT02566317 ( date of registration : 10/1/2015 ) The purpose of this study was to investigate the benefits of a pedometer and a cognitive-behavioural group intervention for promoting physical activity ( PA ) in type 2 diabetes patients . We recruited 41 participants and r and omized them into an intervention group ( IG ) ( n = 20 ) and a control group ( CG ) ( n = 21 ) . The intervention consisted of five sessions within 12 weeks , a booster session after 22 weeks and a pedometer . Primary outcome was PA assessed by accelerometer ( minutes per day ) and pedometer ( steps per day ) . Secondary outcomes were weight , body mass index , blood pressure , haemoglobin A1c and total cholesterol . After 12 weeks , the IG increased with more than 2000 steps day−1 compared with the CG , whereas sedentary behaviour decreased more than 1 hour day−1 in the IG and showed no change in the CG . There was no intervention effect on the accelerometer-based PA nor on health measurements . After 1 year , the increase in steps per day remained significant in the IG , but sedentary activity increased again to baseline levels . This pilot study showed that the combination of a 12-week cognitive-behavioura intervention and a pedometer has a significant short-term impact on daily steps and sedentary behaviour but that the effects on total PA and long-term effects were limited Background Identifying ways to promote physical activity and decrease sedentary time during childhood is a key public health issue . Research on the putative influences on preschool children ’s  physical activity ( PA ) and  sedentary behavior  ( SB ) is limited and has yielded inconsistent results . Our aim was to identify correlates of PA and SB in preschool children . Methods Cross-sectional data were drawn from the Swiss Preschoolers ’ Health Study ( SPLASHY ) , a Swiss population -based cohort study . Of 476 two to six year old children , 394 ( 54 % boys ) had valid PA data assessed by accelerometry .  Information on exposure data was directly measured or extracted from parental question naires . Multilevel linear regression modeling was used to separately assess associations between 35 potential correlates and  total PA ( TPA ) , moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) and SB . Results In total , 12 correlates from different domains were identified . TPA and MVPA were greater in boys than girls , increased with age and were positively associated with gross motor skills . Children from single parent families had a higher level of TPA and spent less time sedentary than those living with two parents . Time spent outdoors was positively associated with TPA and negatively with SB . The child ’s activity temperament was related all three outcomes , whereas parental sports club membership , living area per person and neighborhood safety were associated with SB only . Fixed and r and om factors in the final models accounted for 28 % , 32 % and 22 % of the total variance in TPA , MVPA and SB , respectively . Variance decomposition revealed that age , sex and activity temperament were the most influential correlates of both , TPA and MVPA , whereas the child ’s activity temperament , time outdoors and neighborhood safety were identified as the most important correlates of SB . Conclusions A multidimensional set of correlates of young children ’s  activity behavior has been identified . Personal factors had the greatest influence on PA , whereas environmental-level factors had the greatest influence on SB . Moreover , we identified a number of previously unreported , potentially modifiable correlates of young children ’s PA and SB . These factors could serve to define target groups or become valuable targets for change in future interventions .Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N41045021 ( date of registration : 21.03.14 )
Office and call center workers ’ steps/day were among the lowest , while those of postal delivery workers were highest .
Office workers had the greatest ST and the lowest time in LPA both at work and during wakeful time .
Laborers had the lowest ST and spent a significantly greater proportion of their work time in LPA and MVPA .
Healthcare and protective services workers had higher levels of LPA at work compared to other occupations .
Workers in driving-based occupations tended to have a higher body mass index and blood pressure .
Conclusion This review identifies that occupational and wakeful time PA and ST differed between occupations .
Background With approximately 8 hours of one ’s waking day spent at work , occupational tasks and environments are important influencers on an individual ’s physical activity ( PA ) and sedentary behaviours .
Little research has compared device-measured physical activity , sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic outcomes between occupational groups .
Objective To compare device-measured movement ( sedentary time [ ST ] , light intensity  physical activity [ LPA ] , moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity [ MVPA ] , and steps ) across occupations .
The secondary objective was to examine whether cardiometabolic and fitness outcomes differed by occupation .