Changes in Physical Fitness Predict Improvements in Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors Independently of Body Weight Loss in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Participating in the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES) The relationship between health-related fitness and quality of life in postmenopausal women from Southern Taiwan The contributions of weight loss and increased physical fitness to improvements in health-related quality of life. Relationship of physical fitness to prevalence and incidence of overweight among schoolchildren. Risk factors of acute and overuse musculoskeletal injuries among young conscripts: a population-based cohort study Improvements in fitness reduce the risk of becoming overweight across puberty. Associations between physical fitness and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus The association of physical activity and physical fitness with pre-adolescent obesity: an observational study in Metromanila, Philippines. Changes in physical activity are reflected in changes in fitness during late adolescence. A 2-year follow-up study. Health-related fitness in school children: compliance with physical activity recommendations and its relationship with body mass index and diet quality. A prospective study of weight training and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. Exercise effects on bone mineral density relationships to changes in fitness and fatness. Aerobic Versus Resistance Training Effects on Health-Related Quality of Life, Body Composition, and Function of Older Adults Effects of strength and aerobic-based training on functional fitness, mood and the relationship between fatness and mood in older adults. A school-based physical activity program to improve health and fitness in children aged 6–13 years ("Kinder-Sportstudie KISS"): study design of a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN15360785] Fitness, fatness, cognition, behavior, and academic achievement among overweight children: do cross-sectional associations correspond to exercise trial outcomes? Effects of aerobic training and recreational activities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
OBJECTIVE Physical fitness is inversely related to mortality in the general population and in subjects with type 2 diabetes . Here , we present data concerning the relationship between changes in physical fitness and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes from the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sedentary patients with type 2 diabetes ( n = 606 ) were enrolled in 22 outpatient diabetes clinics and r and omized to twice-a-week supervised aerobic and resistance training plus exercise counseling versus counseling alone for 12 months . Baseline to end-of- study changes in cardiorespiratory fitness , strength , and flexibility , as assessed by Vo2max estimation , a 5–8 maximal repetition test , and a hip/trunk flexibility test , respectively , were calculated in the whole cohort , and multiple regression analyses were applied to assess the relationship with cardiovascular risk factors . RESULTS Changes in Vo2max , upper and lower body strength , and flexibility were significantly associated with the variation in the volume of physical activity , HbA1c , BMI , waist circumference , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk score , and inversely , HDL cholesterol . Changes in fitness predicted improvements in HbA1c , waist circumference , HDL cholesterol , hs-CRP , and CHD risk score , independent of study arm , BMI , and in case of strength , also waist circumference . CONCLUSIONS Physical activity/exercise-induced increases in fitness , particularly muscular , predict improvements in cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes independently of weight loss , thus indicating the need for targeting fitness in these individuals , particularly in subjects who struggle to lose weight Background Health-related fitness has been reported to be associated with improved quality of life ( QoL ) in the elderly . Health-related fitness is comprised of several dimensions that could be enhanced by specific training regimens . It has remained unclear how various dimensions of health-related fitness interact with QoL in postmenopausal women . Objective The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between the dimensions of health-related fitness and QoL in elderly women . Methods A cohort of 408 postmenopausal women in a rural area of Taiwan was prospect ively collected . Dimensions of health-related fitness , consisting of muscular strength , balance , cardiorespiratory endurance , flexibility , muscle endurance , and agility , were assessed .  QoL  was determined using the Short Form Health Survey ( SF-36 ) . Differences between age groups ( stratified by decades ) were calculated using a one-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and multiple comparisons using a Scheffé test . A Spearman ’s correlation analysis was performed to examine differences between QoL and each dimension of fitness . Multiple linear regression with forced-entry procedure was performed to evaluate the effects of health-related fitness . A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant . Results Age-related decreases in health-related fitness were shown for sit-ups , back strength , grip strength , side steps , trunk extension , and agility ( P<0.05 ) . An age-related decrease in QoL , specifically in physical functioning , role limitation due to physical problems , and physical component score , was also demonstrated ( P<0.05 ) . Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that back strength significantly contributed to the physical component of QoL ( adjusted beta of 0.268 [ P<0.05 ] ) . Conclusion Back strength was positively correlated with the physical component of QoL among the examined dimensions of health-related fitness . Health-related fitness , as well as the physical component of QoL , declined with increasing age The relative contribution of obesity versus poor fitness to adverse health outcomes and diminished quality of life remains an area of controversy . Indeed , some research ers contend that poor cardiorespiratory fitness represents a greater threat to health and health-related quality of life than excess body weight . We addressed this issue by providing 298 obese 50 - 75 year-old women with a six-month lifestyle intervention that incorporated a low-calorie eating pattern coupled with an aerobic exercise program consisting of 30 min/day of brisk walking . The results showed that weight loss exhibited a significant individual contribution to improvements in seven of the nine domains of quality of life assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form ( SF-36 ) . With the exception of physical functioning , however , physical fitness did not significantly contribute to improvements beyond the effects weight loss . Moreover , weight loss functioned as a full mediator of the association between increases in physical fitness and improvements in general health , vitality , and change in health relative to the previous year . Collectively , these findings suggest that for treatment-seeking obese individuals , weight loss rather than increased fitness contributes significantly to improvements in health-related quality of life OBJECTIVES We examined the relationship between comprehensive fitness tests and overweight using a school surveillance system in a racially diverse city in the United States . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Trained physical education teachers  measured weight , height , and fitness annually from 2001 to 2003 . We compiled data for a cross-sectional analysis ( 11,845 measurements on 6297 students , 5 to 14 years of age ) and a 1-year prospect i ve analysis ( 4215 measurements on 2927 students not overweight at baseline , 5 to 13 years of age ) . Overweight was defined as a BMI > or = 95th percentile ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts ) , and underfit was defined as failing at least one of five fitness tests : endurance run , abdominal strength , flexibility , upper body strength , and agility ( Amateur Athletic Union and Fitnessgram ) . Associations between fitness and overweight were examined using multivariate logistic regression models , adjusting for sociodemographic status and repeated measurements over time . RESULTS The mean number of fitness tests passed was lower among students with a BMI above the 80th percentile . Overweight incidence over 1 year was 7 % and 2 % for underfit and fit girls , respectively ( odds ratio , 3.3 ; 95 % confidence interval , 2.0 to 5.6 ) . Not passing either the endurance run or upper body strength test was associated with overweight incidence in both boys and girls . After adjusting for baseline BMI , the endurance run remained a significant predictor of incident overweight among girls ( odds ratio , 2.0 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.1 to 3.5 ) . DISCUSSION Findings support a cross-sectional inverse relationship between physical fitness and  overweight among school-aged children . The direction of causation between fitness and overweight is not clearly established and merits further study Background Military service in Finl and is compulsory for all male citizens and annually about 80 % of 19-year-old men enter into the service . The elevated risk for many chronic diseases and loss of function among those who are inactive and unfit can be often detected already in youth . On the other h and , activity-induced injuries among young are true public health issue . The purpose of the present prospect i ve cohort follow-up study was to evaluate predictive associations between acute or overuse injuries and their various intrinsic risk factors . Methods Four successive cohorts of conscripts who formed a representative sample of Finnish young men were followed for 6 months . At the beginning of the service , the risk factors of injuries were measured and recorded and then the acute and overuse injuries treated at the garrison clinic were identified . Predictive associations between injuries and their risk factors were examined by multivariate Cox ’s proportional hazard models . Results Of the 1411 participants , 27 % sustained an acute injury and 51 % suffered from overuse injury . Concerning acute injuries , highest risk for severe injuries were detected among conscripts with low fitness level in both the st and ing long-jump and push-up tests ( hazard rate , HR=5.9 ; 95 % CI : 1.6‒21.3 ) . A history of good degree in school sports was not a protective factor against acute injuries . High waist circumference and , on the other h and , being underweight according to BMI increased the HR for overuse injuries . Brisk leisure time physical activity before military entry was a protective factor against overuse injuries . Poor result in Cooper ’s test was a warning signal of elevated risk of overuse injuries . Conclusion We confirmed previous findings that low level of physical fitness is predictor for musculoskeletal injuries during intensive physical training . The U-shaped relationship between body composition and overuse injuries was noticed indicating that both obesity and underweight are risk factors for overuse injuries . Persons with excellent sports skills according to their earlier degrees in school sports had similar HR for acute injuries than those with poorer degrees . This indicates that school-age sports skills and fitness do not carry far and therefore preventive programmes are needed to prevent activity-induced injuries PURPOSE Information about factors related to overweight development in early stages of life is needed for design ing useful strategies to prevent overweight and related diseases . Longitudinal studies can contribute to this goal . The present study aim ed to identify factors in childhood that determine the development of overweight/obesity in adolescence . METHODS A prospect i ve study in 598 normal-weight Estonian and Swedish children age 9.5 ± 0.4 yr from the European Youth Heart Study , who were followed during 6 yr , was conducted . Weight and height were measured at baseline and follow-up , and weight status was ascertained according to the international criteria for body mass index . Cardiorespiratory fitness  ( expressed as  VO(2max ) ( mL·kg(-1)·min(-1 ) ) ) was assessed by a maximal bike test . Parents reported their weight , height , and educational level . RESULTS Being male ( vs female ) and Estonian ( vs Swedish ) was related to higher risk for incident overweight/obesity . Change in fitness was a stronger predictor of incident overweight/obesity than childhood fitness , parental overweight , or parental education . The risk of developing overweight/obesity was reduced 10 % every 1 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1 ) of VO(2max ) increase ( odds ratio = 0.90 and 95 % confidence interval = 0.84 - 0.95 ) after adjustment for a set of confounders including baseline body mass index and without differences by gender . CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that improvements in fitness from childhood to adolescence are associated with a lower risk of becoming overweight/obese in adolescence . The current findings highlight the importance of promoting fitness through physical exercise from early stages in life , as a promising strategy to fight against overweight and obesity . Gender and country differences observed in this study require social and political attention Aim /hypothesisIn people with type 2 diabetes , exercise improves glucose control ( as reflected in HbA1c ) and physical fitness , but it is not clear to what extent these exercise-induced improvements are correlated with one another . We hypothesised that reductions in HbA1c would be related : ( 1 ) to increases in aerobic fitness and strength respectively in patients performing aerobic training or resistance training ; and ( 2 ) to changes in strength and aerobic fitness in patients performing aerobic and resistance training . Methods We r and omly allocated 251 type 2 diabetes patients to aerobic , resistance , or aerobic plus resistance training , or to a sedentary control group .  Peak oxygen consumption ( $ $ \mathop {V}\limits^\cdot { { \text{O}}_{\text{2 peak } } } $ $ ) , workload , treadmill time and ventilatory threshold measurements from maximal treadmill exercise testing were measured at baseline and 6 months . Muscular strength was measured as the maximum weight that could be lifted eight times on the leg press , bench press and seated row exercises . Results With aerobic training , significant associations were found between changes in both $ $ \mathop {V}\limits^\cdot { { \text{O}}_{\text{2 peak } } } $ $ ( p = 0.040 ) and workload ( p = 0.022 ) , and changes in HbA1c . With combined training , improvements in $ $ \mathop {V}\limits^\cdot { { \text{O}}_{\text{2 peak } } } $ $ ( p = 0.008 ) , workload ( p = 0.034 ) and ventilatory threshold ( p = 0.003 ) were significantly associated with changes in HbA1c . Increases in strength on the seated row ( p = 0.006 ) and in mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area ( p = 0.030 ) were significantly associated with changes in HbA1c after resistance exercise , whereas the association between increases in muscle cross-sectional area and HbA1c in participants doing aerobic plus resistance exercise ( p = 0.059 ) was of borderline significance . Conclusions /interpretationThere appears to be a link between changes in fitness and HbA1c . The improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness with aerobic training may be a better predictor of changes in HbA1c than improvements in strength BACKGROUND Childhood obesity has been inconsistently associated with decreased levels of physical activity and fitness . Moreover , little is known about this relationship among Filipino preteens . METHODS This cross sectional study reports the association between childhood obesity , measures of physical activity , and fitness .  Children aged 11 to 12 from r and omly selected schools from San Juan , Metromanila were included . Outcome measures were body mass index , Filipino modified Physical Activity Question naire for Older children ( F_PAQ-C ) ,  st and ing broad jump , 50 m sprint  and  20 m multistage shuttle run .  RESULTS 380 children participated in the study . Obese children had significantly lower median scores in the F_PAQ-C compared with overweight children . Overweight children had lower scores in the st and ing broad jump , 50 m sprints and predicted VO2max as compared with children with normal BMI . There were modest associations between the 50 m sprint , predicted VO2max , and F_PAQ-C. CONCLUSION Our study has showed that physical activity and fitness scores were strongly correlated with childhood obesity . If childhood physical fitness is a predictor of physical fitness in adulthood which is a risk factor in cardiovascular diseases , there is a strong possibility that the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the Philippines will increase dramatically in the future The study describe changes over 2 years in different physical fitness measures and the relationship between these changes and changes in physical activity . Maximal aerobic work capacity ( Wattmax ) , functional strength , muscle endurance , agility and flexibility were measured in 259 r and omly selected high school boys and girls 16.5 years of age and followed-up 2 years later , while they still attended school . Most physical fitness measures increased over time in boys , and in girls an increase was found in arm extensor strength and trunk extensor endurance , but Wattmax per kg body mass decreased . Changes in physical performance between 16 and 18 years of age seem to be very similar in different countries , despite differences in physical activity patterns and absolute level of performance . No change was found in time of participation in physical activity or sports activity  in either gender , but fewer girls participated in  leisure-time sports  at the 2nd test ( p < 0.001 ) . Change in physical activity or sports activity  did not relate to change in physical fitness level . The relationships between level of sports participation ( competition , for health or none ) and physical fitness measures at baseline and at the 2nd test were weak or non-significant . Three explanations for the weak relationship between physical activity and fitness are suggested : ( A ) part of the variability in fitness is explained by genetics , ( B ) growth and hormonal changes , especially in boys , override the stimulus of training , and ( C ) the physical fitness level in adolescents is so high that only physical activity at high relative intensity is supposed to have an effect on the fitness level This study establishes the relationship between the compliance with the governmental physical activity guidelines ( at least a minimum of one hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity , MVPA , five times a week ) , health-related physical fitness and different health related lifestyle variables in a representative sample of Spanish children . Subjects were a representative group of scholars from five schools r and omly selected in Extremadura , a mainly rural region with a very low population density . Statistical analysis comprises a t-test to calculate physical fitness differences between groups , according to the compliance with the mentioned physical activity guidelines . A multinomial logistic regression coefficient is established to determine the differences between the better physical fitness status group (= percentile 75 ) and the poorer physical fitness status group (= percentile 25 ) for each fitness test and gender , body mass index , physical activity , Mediterranean diet index and population size . Main findings show that the compliance with physical activity guidelines result in a better h and grip strength in left h and ( p < 0.05 ) , leg strength ( p < 0.000 ) , speed-agility run ( p < 0.000 ) and 20 m endurance shuttle run ( p < 0.000 ) . Being a girl , being overweighed and living in an urban setting are associated with a lower physical fitness (= percentile 25 ) , whereas there is no relationship between diet quality and subjects ' performance in all physical fitness test evaluated . As a conclusion , this study emphasizes the need to promote an active lifestyle in which physical activity suppose a minimum of one hour of regular MVPA , at least five times a week , to achieve a healthy fitness status BACKGROUND The role of weight training in the primary prevention of  type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) is largely unknown . METHODS To examine the association of weight training with  risk of T2DM in US men and to assess the influence of combining weight training and aerobic exercise , we performed a prospect i ve cohort study of 32 002 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study observed from 1990 to 2008 . Weekly time spent on weight training and aerobic exercise ( including brisk walking , jogging , running , bicycling , swimming , tennis , squash , and calisthenics/rowing ) was obtained from question naires at baseline and biennially during follow-up . RESULTS During 508 332 person-years of follow-up ( 18 years ) , we documented 2278 new cases of T2DM . In multivariable-adjusted models , we observed a dose-response relationship between an increasing amount of time spent on weight training or aerobic exercise  and lower risk of T2DM ( P < .001 for trend ) . Engaging in weight training or aerobic exercise for at least 150 minutes per week was independently associated with a lower risk of T2DM of 34 % ( 95 % CI , 7%-54 % ) and 52 % ( 95 % CI , 45%-58 % ) , respectively . Men who engaged in aerobic exercise and weight training for at least 150 minutes per week had the greatest reduction in T2DM risk ( 59 % ; 95 % CI , 39%-73 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Weight training was associated with a significantly lower risk of T2DM , independent of aerobic exercise . Combined weight training and aerobic exercise conferred a greater benefit BACKGROUND Weight loss typically reduces bone mineral density ( BMD ) . Exercise may preserve or increase BMD even while reducing fatness . We examined the relationships among exercise-induced changes in fitness and fatness with BMD . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial conducted between July 1999 and November 2003 . PARTICIPANTS Men and women ( n = 115 ) aged 55 to 75 years . INTERVENTION Six months of exercise training . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fitness measured as peak oxygen uptake and muscle strength , body composition by anthropometry , dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry , and magnetic resonance imaging . RESULTS A total of 51 men and 53 women completed the trial . Exercise increased aerobic and strength fitness and lean body mass , and reduced general and abdominal obesity . BMD did not change among men in either group . Among women exercisers , there were reductions in total skeleton BMD ( p = 0.02 ) and greater trochanter BMD ( p = 0.02 ) . By bivariate correlation , among women , increased femoral neck BMD was associated with increased aerobic fitness ( p = 0.01 ) and with reduced body weight ( p = 0.02 ) and BMI ( p = 0.02 ) . In the final regression model , 13 % of the change in femoral neck BMD was explained by the change in aerobic fitness ( p < 0.01 ) . Among the men , increased total hip BMD and femoral shaft BMD were associated with increased lean mass and lower-body strength . In the final regression models , the change in lean mass explained 9 % of the variance in total hip BMD ( p = 0.04 ) . The change in lean mass explained 20 % of the change in femoral shaft BMD ( p < 0.01 ) , and the change in lower-body strength explained an additional 6 % ( p < 0.04 ) . CONCLUSIONS When examined by group assignment , 6 months of exercise had no effect on BMD among men , and reduced BMD among women . When examined by change in fitness and fatness , women who had the greatest increases in aerobic capacity and men who had the greatest increases in strength and lean mass were more likely to increase their BMD . Exercise-induced reductions in fatness did not lead to bone loss This study aim ed to investigate the effects of training on health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) , body composition , and function in older adults . Fifty participants were r and omized into aerobic training ( AT—70%-80 % HRreserve ) , resistance training ( RT—80 % 1RM ) , or controls . They had HRQoL , body composition , and function assessed before and after 8 months . Training groups reduced body fat , increased performance in the stair ascent , 8-ft up- and -go and sit-to-st and five-times tests , and improved their physical component score ( PCS ; p ≤ .03 ) . AT increased performance in the 6MWT test , and improved general and mental health ( MH ) domains when compared to controls ( p < .01 ) . Finally , changes in stair ascent were associated with changes in bodily pain , MH , and mental component score ( p ≤ .04 ) , while changes in h and grip strength were associated with changes in physical role and MH ( p = .03 ) . AT and RT were effective interventions for decreasing body fat and improving functionality and the PCS in older adults AIM Physical independence and positive mood states contribute to successful aging . The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of aerobic and strength-based training programs on functional fitness and mood in older adults , and to assess the relationship between adiposity and mood states . METHODS Seventy eight participants ( age 65 to 95 year old ) were r and omly assigned to a control group , aerobic training ( AT ) , or strength training group ( ST ) . Functional fitness was assessed using dimensions of the Senior Fitness Test battery relating to lower and upper body strength and flexibility , velocity , agility and dynamic balance , and aerobic endurance . Mood states ( depression , tension , fatigue , vigour , anger , and confusion ) were determined using the POMS-SF question naire . Participants were evaluated at the baseline and at the end of a 16-week exercise programme . RESULTS Both the ST and AT groups improved their functional fitness following the 16 week training . Body Mass Index ( BMI ) was positively associated with tension ( r=0.30 ; P<0.01 ) , fatigue ( r=0.31 ; P<0.01 ) and confusion ( r=0.24 ; P<0.05 ) . At 16-week evaluation , control group reported increased levels of confusion , and the ST group reported increases in vigour ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Results support the idea that strength-based training can be as effective as aerobic-based training in improving physical skills that contribute to functional mobility in later years . Positive associations between increased BMI and mood disturbance were also found . Physical training also contributed to some improvements in mood Background Childhood obesity is the result of a long lasting imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure . A major contributing factor is physical inactivity which is closely linked to bone health , cardiovascular disease risk , fitness and psychological factors . The school seems to provide an excellent setting to enhance levels of  physical activity ( PA ) .  However , there is insufficient data from previous school-based intervention trials on how to enhance overall PA . It is also unknown whether an intervention aim ed at increasing PA is effective in improving the children 's health . The purpose of this paper is to outline the design of a school-based r and omized , controlled trial ( RCT ) aim ing to increase overall PA and to improve fitness and health in 6- to 13-year-old children . Methods / Design 15 schools were r and omized to the intervention ( n = 9 ) or the control ( n = 6 ) group , stratified by geographic region ( urban vs. rural ) and by age ( 1st and 5th grade ) . Participation was given for all children in the intervention group since in this group the intervention was part of the normal school curriculum . The intervention during one academic year consisted of : 1 . two additional physical education classes per week given by trained physical education teachers adding up to a total of five PA classes per week , 2 . short PA breaks ( 2–5 min each ) during academic lessons , 3 . PA home work , and 4 . adaptation of recreational areas around the school . All children underwent  anthropometric measurements , blood pressure assessment , fitness testing , measurement of PA  and they filled out question naires . At least 70 % of all children agreed to blood sampling and measurements of body composition and bone mineral measurements by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry . The primary endpoints of the study after one year were an increase in total PA by accelerometry , an increase in aerobic fitness measured by the 20 m shuttle run , a decrease in percent body fat derived from skinfold measurements and an increase in quality of life as assessed by the child health question naire in the intervention group compared to the control group . Secondary outcomes were overall fitness , differences in body composition including body fat distribution , cardiovascular risk factors , psychosocial health , bone mineral content and density of femur , lumbar spine and total body and food intake . Discussion Our preliminary data suggest that the children were representative of Swiss children with respect to sex , socio-demographic status , and body mass index . Short-term results can be expected by the beginning of 2007 . We hypothesized that our intervention will lead to an increase in PA , fitness and overall health . Based on our data , we aim to provide important information regarding the influence of such an intervention on these outcome measures in school-aged children and to provide nationwide guidelines to improve PA in children BACKGROUND This study examined associations of fitness and fatness with cognitive processes , academic achievement , and behavior , independent of demographic factors , at the baseline of an exercise trial . METHODS Overweight , sedentary but otherwise healthy 7 - 11 year olds ( N=170 ) participated in a study of health , cognition and achievement in the Augusta , GA area from 2003 - 2006 . Children underwent evaluations of fatness and fitness , psychological assessment s of cognition and academic achievement , and behavior ratings by parents and teachers . Partial correlations examined associations of fitness and fatness with cognitive and achievement scores and behavior ratings , controlling for demographic factors . RESULTS Fitness was associated with better cognition , achievement and behavior , and fatness with worse scores . Specifically , executive function , mathematics and reading achievement , and parent ratings of child behavior were related to fitness and fatness . Teacher ratings were related to fitness . CONCLUSION These results extend prior studies by providing reliable , st and ardized measures of cognitive processes , achievement , and behavior in relation to detailed measures of fitness and fatness . However , cross-sectional associations do not necessarily indicate that improving one factor , such as fatness or fitness , will result in improvements in factors that were associated with it . Thus , r and omized clinical trials are necessary to determine the effects of interventions The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether strength or recreational activities are a useful addition to aerobic training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . Thirty-three patients with moderate to severe COPD were r and omly assigned to 12 weeks of aerobic combined with strength training ( AERO+ST ) or combined with recreational activities ( AERO+RA ) . The AERO regimen consisted of three weekly 20-min walking exercise sessions ; the ST regimen included three series of 10 repetitions of four exercises ; and the RA regimen consisted of training using exercise balls to perform smoothly for instrumental activity of daily living . Baseline and after-training measurements of peripheral muscular strength and endurance , cardio respiratory fitness , and 6-min walking distance were obtained , whereas quality of life was assessed with the Short Form 36 question naire . Change in grip strength showed a significant difference between the AERO+ST group ( 8.3±6.7 % ) and the control group ( −1.3±10.5 % ) , and AERO+RA group ( −4.7±5.6 % ) ( P<0.05 ) . A significant increase was found in percentage change in peak & OV0312;o2 between the AERO+ST group ( 5.1±11.8 % ) and the control group ( −9.2±8.6 % ) ( P<0.05 ) . In the health-related quality of life scores , there was a significant difference in mean percentage change in physical functioning between the AERO+ST group ( 7.9±24.4 % ) and the control group ( −14.8±19.1 % ) ( P<0.05 ) . A significant difference was found in mean percentage change in social functioning between the AERO+RA group ( 9.4±20.0 % ) and the control group ( −14.9±23.2 % ) ( P<0.05 ) . A significant difference in mean percentage change in mental health was also found between the AERO+RA group ( 12.2±12.4 % ) and the control group ( −5.0±7.8 % ) ( P<0.05 ) . It is preferable to introduce various forms of exercise that use different muscles involving the whole body , such as recreational activities , as they are an appropriate approach to stimulating physical activity and to improving functional fitness gradually while improving health-related quality of life , though it is necessary to practice exercises for maintenance and improvement in patients with COPD . Die vorliegende Studie soll ermitteln , ob Krafttraining oder Freizeitaktivitäten das Aerobictraining von Patienten mit chronisch-obstruktiver Lungenerkrankung ( COPD ) sinnvoll ergänzen . Insgesamt wurden 33 Patienten mit moderater bis schlimmer COPD einem 12-wöchigen Aerobictraining mit Krafttraining ( AERO+ST ) oder einem 12-wöchigen Aerobictraining mit Freizeitaktivitäten ( AERO+RA ) r and omisiert zugeordnet . Das AERO-Programm umfasste drei 20-minütige Gehübungen pro Woche , das ST-Programm dreimal je 10 Wiederholungen mit vier Übungen und das RA-Programm ein Training mit Gymnastikbällen , die wichtige Aktivitäten i m Alltagsleben erleichtern sollten . Messungen wie periphere Muskelkraft und Ausdauer , kardiorespiratorische Fitness und 6-minütiges Gehen gegenüber Baseline und nach dem Training wurden erhalten , und die Lebensqualität wurde mittels Fragebogen SF-36 beurteilt . Veränderungen bei der Griffstärke wiesen einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen der AERO+ST Gruppe ( 8,3±6,7 % ) und der Kontrollgruppe ( −1,3±10,5 % ) und der AERO+RA Gruppe ( −4,7±5,6 % ) auf ( P<0,05 ) . Ebenfalls beobachtet wurde ein signifikanter Anstieg bei der prozentualen Veränderung von & OV0312;o2 maximal zwischen der AERO+ST Gruppe ( 5,1±11,8 % ) und der Kontrollgruppe ( −9,2±8,6 % ) ( P<0,05 ) . Bei den gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualitäts-Scores best and ein signifikanter Unterschied in der durchschnittlichen prozentualen Veränderung bei der körperlichen Funktion zwischen der AERO+ST Gruppe ( 7,9±24,4 % ) und der Kontrollgruppe ( −14,8±19,1 % ) ( P<0,05 ) . Ein signifikanter Unterschied wurde bei der durchschnittlichen prozentualen Veränderung bei der gesellschaftlichen Funktionsfähigkeit zwischen der AERO+RA Gruppe ( 9,4±20,0 % ) und der Kontrollgruppe ( −14,9±23,2 % ) beobachtet ( P<0,05 ) . Außerdem beobachtet wurde ein signifikanter Unterschied in der durchschnittlichen prozentualen Veränderung in der seelischen Gesundheit zwischen der AERO+RA Gruppe ( 12,2±12,4 % ) und der Kontrollgruppe ( −5,0±7,8 % ) ( P<0,05 ) . Verschiedene Übungsformen wie Freizeitaktivitäten , die verschiedene Körpermuskeln trainieren , sind als angemessener Stimulus der körperlichen Betätigung und zur allmählichen Verbesserung der funktionellen Fitness vorzuziehen , während sie gleichzeitig die gesundheitsrelevante Lebensqualität verbessern , obwohl Übungen zur Erhaltung und Verbesserung von Patienten mit COPD notwendig sind . El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si los ejercicios de desarrollo de fuerza o las actividades recreativas result an de utilidad , además de los ejercicios aeróbicos , en pacientes afectos de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica ( EPOC ) . Se distribuyeron de manera aleatoria a 33 pacientes afectos de EPOC de moderada a grave para participar en un programa de 12 semanas de ejercicios aeróbicos combinados ya fuese con ejercicios de desarrollo de fuerza ( AERO+EF ) o con actividades recreativas ( AERO+AR ) . El régimen de ejercicios aeróbicos ( AERO ) consistió en 3 sesiones semanales de caminatas de 20 minutos de duración cada una ; el régimen EF consistió en 3 series de 10 repeticiones de 4 tipos de ejercicios ; y el régimen AR consistió en un programa con pelotas para ejercicios , para realizar actividades instrumentales de la vida cotidiana . Al inicio del estudio y una vez terminado el régimen de ejercicios se obtuvieron datos sobre la fuerza muscular periférica , la resistencia , la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria , y tras una caminata de 6 minutos . Para evaluar la calidad de vida se utilizó el cuestionario reducido de 36 preguntas ( Short Form 36 ) . Los cambios en la fuerza de agarre mostraron una diferencia significativa entre el grupo que recibió AERO+EF ( 8,3±6,7 % ) y el grupo de referencia ( −1,3±10,5 % ) , y el grupo que recibió AERO+AR ( −4,7±5,6 % ) ( P<0,05 ) . Se apreció un aumento importante en los cambios en los valores porcentuales máximos del & OV0312;o2 entre el grupo que realizó AERO+EF ( 5,1±11,8 % ) y el grupo de referencia ( −9,2±8,6 % ) ( P<0,05 ) . En cuanto a las puntuaciones sobre la calidad de vida relacionada al estado de salud , se apreció una diferencia importante en cuanto a la media de los cambios de los porcentajes del funcionamiento social entre el grupo que realizó AERO+AR ( 9,4±20,0 % ) y el grupo de referencia ( −14,9±23,2 % ) ( P<0,05 ) . Además se observó una diferencia significativa en la media de los cambios de los porcentajes relacionados con la salud mental entre el grupo que realizó AERO+AR ( 12,2±12,4 % ) y el grupo de referencia ( −5,0±7,8 % ) ( P<0,05 ) . Result a preferible la introducción de varios tipos de ejercicio físico , en los que haya que utilizar diferentes músculos de todo el cuerpo , tales como actividades recreativas , como una manera apropiada de promover la actividad física y mejorar la aptitud funcional de manera gradual a la vez que se mejora la calidad de vida relacionada con el estado de salud , aunque en los pacientes con EPOC la práctica de ejercicios es vital para mejorar y mantener la salud . Cette étude avait pour objet d'évaluer dans quelle mesure les activités fortifiantes ou de loisir constituent une addition utile aux exercices aérobic chez les patients souffrant de maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique ( MPCO ) . Trente-trois patients souffrant de MPCO modérée à sévère ont été affectées de manière aléatoire à un programme de 12 semaines d'exercices d'aérobic combinés avec des activités fortifiantes ( AERO+ST ) ou des activités de loisirs ( AERO+RA ) . Le programme AERO comportait trois séances hebdomadaires de 20 minutes d'exercices de marche , le programme ST consistait en trois séries de 10 répétitions de quatre exercices , et le programme RA se composait d'exercice de formation utilisant des ballons , destinés à faciliter les activités d'utilisation d'instruments au quotidien . Des mesures de référence et après exercice de la force musculaire périphérique et de l'endurance et des capacités cardio-respiratoires après un exercice de marche de 6 minutes ont été effectuées , t and is que la qualité de vie a été évaluée grâce à un rapide question naire en 36 points . L'évolution de la force de préhension témoigne d'une différence significative entre le groupe AERO+ST ( 8,3±6,7 % ) et le groupe de contrôle ( −1,3±10,5 % ) , et le groupe AERO+RA ( −4,7±5,6 % ) ( P<0,05 ) . Une augmentation significative a été observée dans le changement du pourcentage de pic de & OV0312;o2 entre le groupe AERO+ST ( 5,1±11,8 % ) et le groupe de contrôle ( −9,2±8,6 % ) ( P<0,05 ) . En ce qui concerne les scores de qualité de vie associés à la santé , une différence significative a été constatée dans l'évolution du pourcentage moyen de fonctionnalité physique entre le groupe AERO+ST ( 7,9±24,4 % ) et le groupe de contrôle ( −14,8±19,1 % ) ( P<0,05 ) . Une différence significative a été observée dans l'évolution du pourcentage moyen de fonctionnalité sociale entre le groupe AERO+RA ( 9,4±20,0 % ) et le groupe de contrôle ( −14,9±23,2 % ) ( P<0,05 ) . En outre , une différence significative a été constatée dans l'évolution du pourcentage moyen de santé mentale entre le groupe AERO+RA ( 12,2±12,4 % ) et le groupe de contrôle ( −5,0±7,8 % ) ( P<0,05 ) . Il est préférable d'introduire diverses formes d'exercice faisant entrer en jeu différents muscles de l'ensemble du corps , en utilisant des activités de loisir comme méthode appropriée pour stimuler l'activité physique et accroître graduellement la forme fonctionnelle tout en améliorant la qualité de vie associée à la santé , bien qu'il soit également nécessaire de pratiquer des exercices d'entretien et d'amélioration chez les patients souffrant de MPCO
In conclusion , overweight and obese youth can improve physical fitness across a variety of test measures .
When fitness improves , beneficial health effects are observed in some , but not all chronic disease risk factors
A systematic review of literature was conducted to examine the association between changes in health-related fitness ( e.g. aerobic capacity and muscular strength /endurance ) and chronic disease risk factors in overweight and /or obese youth .