Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Risk for Incident Coronary Heart Disease in Middle-Aged Men and Women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Effect of conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in atherosclerotic patients Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and risk for incident ischemic stroke in middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Increased α-linolenic acid intake lowers C-reactive protein, but has no effect on markers of atherosclerosis Survey of C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy men. Conjugated linoleic acid improves glycemic response, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial Effect of conjugated linoleic acid, vitamin E and their combination on lipid profiles and blood pressure of Iranian adults with active rheumatoid arthritis Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 and Risk of Congestive Heart Failure in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study Supplementation With Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes Isomer-Dependent Oxidative Stress and Elevated C-Reactive Protein: A Potential Link to Fatty Acid-Induced Insulin Resistance Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 8 weeks does not affect body composition, lipid profile, or safety biomarkers in overweight, hyperlipidemic men. Flaxseed oil supplementation decreases C-reactive protein levels in chronic hemodialysis patients. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid composition in humans Milk Enriched with Conjugated Linoleic Acid Fails to Alter Blood Lipids or Body Composition in Moderately Overweight, Borderline Hyperlipidemic Individuals Cis-9, trans- 11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) do not affect the plasma lipoprotein profile in moderately overweight subjects with LDL phenotype B. A high intake of trans fatty acids has little effect on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in humans. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on blood lipids and adiposity of rats fed diets rich in saturated versus unsaturated fat.
Background —Measuring C-reactive protein ( CRP ) has been recommended to identify patients at high risk for coronary heart disease ( CHD ) with low LDL cholesterol ( LDL-C ) .  Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 ( Lp-PLA2 ) is a proinflammatory enzyme associated primarily with LDL . Methods and Results —In a prospect i ve , case cohort study in 12 819 apparently healthy middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study , the relation between  Lp-PLA2 , CRP , traditional risk factors , and risk for CHD events over a period of ≈6 years was examined in a proportional hazards model , stratified by LDL-C. Lp-PLA2 and CRP levels were higher in the 608 cases than the 740 noncases . Both Lp-PLA2 and CRP were associated with incident CHD after adjustment for age , sex , and race with a hazard ratio of 1.78 for the highest tertile of Lp-PLA2 and 2.53 for the highest category of CRP versus the lowest categories . Lp-PLA2 correlated positively with LDL-C ( r = 0.36 ) and negatively with HDL-C ( r = −0.33 ) but not with CRP ( r = −0.05 ) . In a model adjusted for traditional risk factors including LDL-C , the association of Lp-PLA2 with CHD was attenuated and not statistically significant . For individuals with LDL-C below the median ( 130 mg/dL ) , Lp-PLA2 and CRP were both significantly and independently associated with CHD in fully adjusted models . For individuals with LDL-C < 130 mg/dL , those with both Lp-PLA2 and CRP levels in the highest tertile were at the greatest risk for a CHD event . Conclusions —Lp-PLA2 and CRP may be complementary in identifying individuals at high CHD risk who have low BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity , mortality , and disability in Iranian people . Inflammation and oxidative processes are key components of cardiovascular disease . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of conjugated linoleic acids ( CLA ) and omega-3 fatty acid ( ω-3 fatty acids ) supplementation on inflammation markers and oxidative stress in atherosclerotic patients . METHODS This study was a two-month clinical , r and omized trial . 90 volunteers who referred to Emam Reza Heart Clinic of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences ( Shiraz , Iran ) from February to March 2011 and had the inclusion criteria of this study were selected . Participants were classified into 3 groups receiving 3 g/d CLA , 1920 mg/d ω-3 , or placebo for 2 months . C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) were measured before and after supplementation . RESULTS The hs-CRP level decreased significantly in both the omega-3 and CLA group ( P < 0.05 ) . IL-6 reduced significantly in the ω-3 group , but the reduction of IL-6 levels in the CLA group was not significant . GPx increased in the CLA and omega-3 groups ( P < 0.05 ) . MDA level decreased significantly in both omega-3 and CLA groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Comparison between the groups indicates a significant change in CRP levels in the ω-3 group relative to the control group . However , other indices did not cause any significant change in the ω-3 and CLA groups in comparison to the control group . CONCLUSION Diet supplementation with CLA and ω-3 can have a beneficial effect on some indices of inflammatory and oxidative stress BACKGROUND Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease . We examined whether dietary supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA , 18:3n-3 ) affects the levels of inflammatory markers in dyslipidaemic patients . METHODS We recruited 76 male dyslipidaemic patients ( mean age=51+/-8 years ) following a typical Greek diet . They were r and omly assigned either to 15 ml of linseed oil ( rich in ALA ) per day ( n=50 ) or to 15 ml of safflower oil ( rich in linoleic acid ( LA , 18:2n-6 ) ) per day ( n=26 ) . The ratio of n-6:n-3 in linseed oil supplemented group was 1.3:1 and in safflower oil supplemented group 13.2:1 . Dietary intervention lasted for 3 months . Blood lipids and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , serum amyloid A ( SAA ) , and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) levels were determined prior and after intervention . CRP and SAA were measured by nephelometry and IL-6 by immunoassay . RESULTS Dietary supplementation with ALA decreased significantly CRP , SAA and IL-6 levels . The median decrease of CRP was 38 % ( 1.24 vs. 0.93 mg/l , P=0.0008 ) , of SAA 23.1 % ( 3.24 vs. 2.39 mg/l , P=0.0001 ) and of IL-6 10.5 % ( 2.18 vs. 1.7 pg/ml , P=0.01 ) . The decrease of inflammatory markers was independent of lipid changes . Dietary supplementation with LA did not affect significantly CRP , SAA and IL-6 concentrations but decreased cholesterol levels . CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with ALA for 3 months decreases significantly CRP , SAA and IL-6 levels  in dyslipidaemic patients . This anti-inflammatory effect may provide a possible additional mechanism for the beneficial effect of plant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease BACKGROUND Measurement of inflammatory markers has been reported to identify individuals at increased risk for ischemic stroke .  Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 ( Lp-PLA2 ) is a proinflammatory enzyme secreted by macrophages . We assessed Lp-PLA2 and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) levels along with traditional risk factors to examine their relation to ischemic stroke . METHODS A proportional hazards model was used in a prospect i ve case-cohort study of 12,762 apparently healthy middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities ( ARIC ) study who were observed for about 6 years . RESULTS Mean Lp-PLA2 and CRP levels adjusted for sex , race , and age were higher in the 194 stroke cases than the 766 noncases , whereas low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) level was not significantly different . Both Lp-PLA2 and CRP levels were associated with ischemic stroke after adjustment for age , sex , and race : hazard ratios were 2.23 for the highest vs the lowest tertile of Lp-PLA2 and 2.70 for CRP level higher than 3 vs lower than 1 mg/L. In a model that included smoking , systolic hypertension , lipid levels , and diabetes , Lp-PLA2 and CRP levels in the highest category were associated with hazard ratios of 1.91 ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.15 - 3.18 ; P = .01 ) and 1.87 ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.13 - 3.10 ; P = .02 ) , respectively . Individuals with high levels of both CRP and Lp-PLA2 were at the highest risk after adjusting for traditional risk factors compared with individuals with low levels of both , whereas others were at intermediate risk . CONCLUSION Levels of Lp-PLA2 and CRP may be complementary beyond traditional risk factors in identifying middle-aged individuals at increased risk for ischemic stroke Objective : To investigate the effects of increased alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-intake on intima – media thickness ( IMT ) , oxidized low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) antibodies , soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( sICAM-1 ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and interleukins 6 and 10 . Design : R and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Subjects : Moderately hypercholesterolaemic men and women ( 55±10 y ) with two other cardiovascular risk factors (n=103).Intervention : Participants were assigned to a margarine enriched with ALA ( fatty acid composition 46 % LA , 15 % ALA ) or linoleic acid ( LA ) ( 58 % LA , 0.3 % ALA ) for 2 y. Results : Dietary ALA intake was 2.3 en% among ALA users , and 0.4 en% among LA users . The 2-y progression rate of the mean carotid IMT  ( ALA and LA : + 0.05 mm ) and femoral IMT ( ALA:+0.05 mm ; LA:+0.04 mm ) was similar , when adjusted for confounding variables . After 1 and 2 y , ALA users had a lower CRP level than LA users ( net differences −0.53 and −0.56 mg/l , respectively , P<0.05 ) . No significant effects were observed in oxidized LDL antibodies , and levels of sICAM-1 , interleukins 6 and 10 . Conclusions : A six-fold increased ALA intake lowers CRP , when compared to a control diet high in LA . The present study found no effects on markers for atherosclerosis . Sponsorship : The Dutch ‘ Praeventiefonds ’ Several prospect i ve studies have demonstrated a direct association between C-reactive protein ( CRP ) levels and the risks of developing cardiovascular disease . Few studies , however , have explored the interrelations between CRP levels and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease . We evaluated the relation of CRP with several cardiovascular risk factors in a cross-sectional survey of 1,172 apparently healthy men . There were significant positive associations between  CRP levels and age , number of cigarettes smoked per day , body mass index , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , total cholesterol , triglycerides , lipoprotein(a ) , apolipoprotein B , tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen ,  D-dimers  , total homocysteine , and fibrinogen ( all p values < 0.05 ) . Significant inverse associations were observed for exercise frequency , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and apolipoprotein A-I and A-II ( all p values < 0.02 ) . In multivariate analysis , age , smoking status , and serum levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen , fibrinogen , lipoprotein(a ) , and total homocysteine were independent correlates of CRP levels . Finally , in an analysis controlled either for all the independent correlates or for several usual risk factors , we observed progressive increases in levels of CRP with increasing prevalence of risk factors ( p for trend < 0.001 for independent correlates and < 0.01 for usual risk factors ) . In conclusion , in a large cohort of apparently healthy men ,  CRP levels were associated with several cardiovascular risk factors . These data are compatible with the hypothesis that  CRP levels may be a marker for pre clinical cardiovascular disease Aim To investigate if conjugated linoleic acid supplementation ( CLA ) affects metabolic factors and oxidative stress in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) . Methods The study was a r and omized , controlled clinical trial conducted in specialized and subspecialized clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences from January 2014 to March 2015 . 38 obese NAFLD patients were r and omly allocated into either the intervention group , receiving three 1000 mg softgel of CLA with a weight loss diet and 400 IU vitamin E , or into the control group , receiving only weight loss diet and 400 IU vitamin E for eight weeks . Dietary data and physical activity , as well as anthropometric , body composition , metabolic factors , and oxidative stress were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study . Results Weight , body composition , and serum oxidative stress , insulin , and lipid profile significantly improved in both groups , while hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) levels ( P = 0.004 ) , total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein ratio ( P = 0.008 ) , low density lipoprotein to high density lipoprotein ratio ( LDL/HDL ) ( P = 0.002 ) , and alanine aminotransferase to aspartate aminotransferase ( ALT/AST ) ratio ( P = 0.025 ) significantly decreased in the intervention group . At the end of the study , fat mass ( P = 0.001 ) , muscle mass ( P = 0.023 ) , total body water ( P = 0.004 ) , HbA1c ( P < 0.001 ) , triglycerides ( P = 0.006 ) , LDL/HDL ratio ( P = 0.027 ) , and ALT/AST ratio ( P = 0.046 ) were significantly better in the CLA group than in the control group . Conclusion CLA improved insulin resistance , lipid disturbances , oxidative stress , and liver function in NAFLD . Therefore , it could be considered as an effective complementary treatment in NAFLD . Registration number : I RCT 2014020516491N1 The aim of this study was to assess the impact of conjugated linoleic acids ( CLAs ) , vitamin E , and combination of these nutrients on serum lipid profiles and blood pressure ( BP ) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 87 patients with active RA were divided into four groups receiving one of the following daily supplements for three months : Group C : CLAs 2.5 g equivalent to 2 g mixture of cis 9-trans 11 and trans 10-cis12 CLAs in a rate of 50/50 ; Group E : vitamin E : 400 mg ; Group CE : CLAs and vitamin E at above doses : Group P : placebo . After supplementation , SBP levels decreased significantly in the group C in comparison with groups E and P and mean arterial pressure reduced significantly in groups C and CE . There were n’t significant differences in the levels of prostagl and in E2 ( PGE2 ) , triglycerides , cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , LDL/HDL , cholesterol/HDL , fasting blood sugar , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , arylestrase activity , platelet count and body mass index between groups . CRP dropped nonsignificantly in groups P , C , E and CE ( 19 % , 24 % , 55 % , and 39 % , respectively ) . Erythrocytes sedimentation rate levels decreased in groups C , E and CE ( P ≤ 0.05 , P ≤ 0.05 , P ≤ 0.001 , respectively ) . It is concluded that supplementation of CLAs  decreased BP  and vitamin E  decreased CRP . Therefore cosupplementation of CLAs and vitamin E might be profitable for heart disease prevention in RA patients Background —Inflammation may be a causative factor in congestive heart failure ( CHF ) .  Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 ( Lp-PLA2 ) is an inflammation marker associated with vascular risk . One previous study showed an association of Lp-PLA2 activity with CHF risk , but there were only 94 CHF cases and Lp-PLA2 antigen , which is available clinical ly in the United States , was not measured . Methods and Results —We measured baseline Lp-PLA2 antigen and activity  in 3991 men and women without baseline CHF or cardiovascular disease who were participating in the Cardiovascular Health Study , a prospect i ve observational study of adults 65 years or older . Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age , sex , clinic site , race , low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , body mass index , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , hypertension , smoking status , pack-years , and diabetes were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95 % CIs for incident CHF . Further models adjusted for coronary disease events during follow-up and C-reactive protein . Eight hundred twenty-nine participants developed CHF during 12.1 years . Adjusted hazard ratios for CHF with Lp-PLA2 in the fourth compared with the first quartile were 1.44 ( 95 % CI , 1.16 to 1.79 ) for Lp-PLA2 antigen and 1.06 ( 95 % CI , 0.84 to 1.32 ) for activity . Adjustment for incident coronary disease attenuated the hazard ratio for Lp-PLA2 antigen to 1.26 ( 95 % CI , 1.02 to 1.57 ) , adjustment for C-reactive protein had minimal impact . Conclusions —Lp-PLA2 antigen was associated with risk of future CHF in older people , independent of CHF and coronary risk factors , and partly mediated by coronary disease events . Further clinical and basic research is needed to better underst and the role of Lp-PLA2 in CHF Background —Conjugated linoleic acids ( CLAs ) , a group of fatty acids shown to have beneficial effects in animals , are also used as weight loss supplements . Recently , we reported that the t 10 c 12 CLA-isomer caused insulin resistance in abdominally obese men via unknown mechanisms . The aim of the present study was to examine whether CLA has isomer-specific effects on oxidative stress or inflammatory biomarkers and to investigate the relationship between these factors and induced insulin resistance . Methods and Results —In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial , 60 men with metabolic syndrome were r and omized to one of 3 groups receiving t 10 c 12 CLA , a CLA mixture , or placebo for 12 weeks . Insulin sensitivity ( euglycemic clamp ) , serum lipids , in vivo lipid peroxidation ( determined as urinary 8-iso-PGF2&agr ; [ F2-isoprostanes ] ) , 15-ketodihydro PGF2&agr ; , plasma vitamin E , plasma C-reactive protein , tumor necrosis factor-&agr ; , and interleukin-6 were assessed before and after treatment . Supplementation with t 10 c 12 CLA markedly increased 8-iso-PGF2&agr ; ( 578 % ) and C-reactive protein ( 110 % ) compared with placebo ( P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01 , respectively ) and independent of changes in hyperglycemia or dyslipidemia . The increases in 8-iso-PGF2&agr ; , but not in C-reactive protein , were significantly and independently related to aggravated insulin resistance . Oxidative stress was related to increased vitamin E levels , suggesting a compensatory mechanism . Conclusions —t 10 c 12 CLA supplementation increases oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in obese men . The oxidative stress seems closely related to induced insulin resistance , suggesting a link between the fatty acid-induced lipid peroxidation seen in the present study and insulin resistance . These unfavorable effects of t 10 c 12 CLA might be of clinical importance with regard to cardiovascular disease , in consideration of the widespread use of dietary supplements containing this fatty acid The usefulness of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) as a nutraceutical remains ambiguous . Our objective was , therefore , to investigate the effect of CLA on body composition , blood lipids , and safety biomarkers in overweight , hyperlipidemic men . A double-blinded , 3-phase crossover trial was conducted in overweight ( BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2 ) ) , borderline hypercholesterolemic [ LDL-cholesterol ( C ) ≥ 2.5 mmol/L ] men aged 18 - 60 y. During three 8-wk phases , each separated by a 4-wk washout period , 27 participants consumed under supervision in r and om order 3.5 g/d of safflower oil ( control ) , a 50:50 mixture of trans 10 , cis 12 and cis 9 , trans 11 ( c9 , t11 ) CLA : Clarinol G-80 , and c9 , t11 isomer : c9 , t11 CLA . At baseline and endpoint of each phase , body weight , body fat mass , and lean body mass were measured by DXA . Blood lipid profiles and safety biomarkers , including insulin sensitivity , blood concentrations of adiponectin , and inflammatory ( high sensitive-C-reactive protein , TNFα , and IL-6 ) and oxidative ( oxidized-LDL ) molecules , were measured . The effect of CLA consumption on fatty acid oxidation was also assessed . Compared with the control treatment , the CLA treatments did not affect changes in body weight , body composition , or blood lipids . In addition , CLA did not affect the β-oxidation rate of fatty acids or induce significant alterations in the safety markers tested . In conclusion , although no detrimental effects were caused by supplementation , these results do not confirm a role for CLA in either body weight or blood lipid regulation in humans Malnutrition and chronic inflammation in dialysis patients negatively impact their survival prognosis , and nutrients , such as omega-3 oils , are postulated to reduce proinflammatory response . In this r and omized , double-blind , multicenter , placebo-controlled trial , we investigated the effects of flaxseed oil ( FO ) on the inflammatory state of patients with chronic renal failure undergoing renal replacement therapy with hemodialysis ( HD ) . We hypothesized that FO supplementation lowers C-reactive protein ( CRP ) levels .  One hundred sixty patients with chronic renal failure who received HD therapy of 3 dialysis units over a 3-month period in South Brazil were included . The patients received blind doses of FO ( 1 g twice a day ) and placebo ( mineral oil , 1 g twice a day ) for a period of 120 days . Inflammation was observed in 89 patients ( 61 % ) at the beginning of the study . There was a correlation between CRP and the body mass index ( R(s ) = 0.22 ; P = .022 ) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( R(s ) = -0.23 ; P = .032 ) , and the CRP levels decreased significantly over time in the group that received FO compared with the control group ( P < .001 ) . During the study period , 33.3 % of the FO group changed from an inflamed to a not-inflamed category , whereas only 16.9 % changed in the mineral oil group ( P = .04 ) . We conclude that the administration of FO decreases the CRP levels and that inflammation in HD patients appears to be correlated to their body mass index and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels . Studies with a larger number of patients and over a longer duration are necessary to corroborate these findings Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) has been suggested by some animal studies to possess antiatherogenic properties . To determine , in humans , the effect of dietary CLA on blood lipids , lipoproteins , and tissue fatty acid composition , we conducted a 93-d study with 17 healthy female volunteers at the Metabolic Research Unit of the Western Human Nutrition Research Center . Throughout the study , subjects were fed a low-fat diet [ 30 energy percent ( en% ) fat , 19 en% protein , and 51 en% carbohydrate ] that consisted of natural foods with the recommended dietary allowances for all known nutrients . After a 30-d stabilization period , subjects were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group ( n=10 ) supplemented daily with capsules containing 3.9 g of CLA or a control group ( n=7 ) that received an equivalent amount of sunflower oil . The CIA capsules ( CLA 65 % ) contained four major cis/trans geometric isomers ( 11.4 % 9 cis-,11 trans-18∶2 ; 10.8 % 8 trans-,10 cis-18∶2 ; 15.3 % 11 cis-,13 trans-18∶2 ; and 14.7 % 10 trans- , 12 cis-18∶2 ) and their corresponding cis/cis ( 6.74 % total ) and trans/trans ( 5.99 % total ) varieties in smaller amounts . Fasting blood was drawn on study days 30 ( end of the stabilization period ) , 60 ( midpoint of the intervention period ) , and 93 ( end of the intervention period ) . Adipose tissue sample s were taken on days 30 and 93 . CLA supplementation for 63 d did not change the levels of plasma cholesterol , low density lipoprotein cholesterol , high density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triglycerides . The weight percentage of CLA in plasma increased from 0.28±0.06 to 1.09±0.31 ( n=10 , P<0.05 ) after the supplementation . The 9 cis-,11 trans-isomer was the most prominent variety followed by the 11 cis-,13 trans- and 10 trans-,12 cis-isomers in lesser amounts . CLA in adipose tissue was not influenced by the supplementation ( 0.79±0.18 to 0.83±0.19 wt% ) ( n=10 ) and the 9 cis-,11 trans-variety was the only isomer present . Thus , contrary to findings from some animal studies , CLA does not seem to offer health benefits , in the short term , regarding the prevention of atherosclerosis in humans .  CLA supplementation for 2 mon did not alter the blood cholesterol or lipoprotein levels of healthy , normolipidemic subjects . The supplementation did increase CLA in the plasma but only 4.23 % of the ingested CLA was present in the plasma at any given time . No adverse effect of CLA supplementation was detected in this study Background : Dietary conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) represents a group of positional and geometric isomers of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid . The effects of dietary CLA on blood lipids and body composition in humans remain controversial . Objective : To examine whether consumption of milk enriched naturally or synthetically with cis 9 , trans 11 ( c-9 , t-11 ) and trans 10 , cis 12 ( t-10 , c-12 ) CLA isomers alters blood lipid indices , including concentrations of total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triacyglycerol ; indices of liver function including plasma alanine transaminase and total bilirubin ; C-reactive protein ; tumor necrosis factor-alpha ; and body weight and composition in moderately overweight , borderline hyperlipidemic humans . Design : A r and omized , 3-phase , crossover , single-blind clinical trial was carried out in moderately overweight , borderline hyperlipidemic individuals who consumed ( 1 ) milk naturally enriched in CLA ( 4.2 % ) containing c-9 , t-11 only providing 1.3 g/d of CLA ; ( 2 ) milk enriched with a 4.2 % synthetic mixture of t-10 , c-12 and c-9 , t-11 CLA isomers providing 1.3 g/d of CLA ; or ( 3 ) untreated milk as a control providing 0.2 g/d CLA . Dietary phases were each 8 weeks in duration and were separated by 4-week washout periods . Plasma lipid levels were measured in blood sample s collected at the beginning and end of each dietary phase . Magnetic resonance imaging was carried out at the beginning and end of each dietary phase to assess any changes in regional body fat composition . Results : Compared with the control intervention , consumption of the two CLA-enriched milks failed to alter plasma total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , or triacyglycerol concentrations ; body weight ; or fat composition . CLA consumption did not significantly affect plasma alanine transaminase , total bilirubin , C-reactive protein , or tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations . Conclusion : Results from this study fail to support the role of milk enriched naturally with CLA containing c-9 , t-11 or synthetically with c-9 , t-11 and t-10 , c-12 CLA isomers in modulation of lipid profiles or body composition in moderately overweight , borderline hyperlipidemic individuals BACKGROUND Results of a pilot study suggested that cis-9 , trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) improved LDL phenotype in moderately overweight subjects with LDL phenotype B. OBJECTIVE Initiated by the results of this pilot study , we have specifically design ed a study to test the hypothesis that cis-9 , trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid improves LDL phenotype in moderately overweight subjects with LDL phenotype B. Effects on the serum lipid profile , on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations , and on clinical parameters were also examined . DESIGN Volunteers with LDL phenotype B were divided into three groups consuming daily a drinkable dairy product not enriched with CLA ( placebo , n = 34 ) , the same dairy product enriched with 3 g c9 , t11 CLA ( n = 34 ) , or the dairy product enriched with 3 g t10 , c12 CLA ( n = 19 ) for 13 weeks . RESULTS Median changes in the proportions of plasma small dense LDL were -2.0 % in the control group and -0.1 % in the c9 , t11 CLA and t10 , c12 CLA groups ( p = 0.981 for the differences between the groups ) . c9 , t11 CLA or t10 , c12 CLA did also not affect serum concentrations of LDL and HDL cholesterol , and of triacylglycerol , and plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin . CONCLUSIONS In humans with LDL phenotype B , c9 , t11 CLA and t10 , c12 CLA do not beneficially change risk factors for cardiovascular disease or diabetes Consumption of industrial trans fatty acids ( iTFA ) increases LDL cholesterol , decreases HDL cholesterol , and is strongly associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . However , changes in circulating cholesterol can not explain the entire effect . Therefore , we studied whether iTFA and conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) affect markers of inflammation and oxidative stress .  Sixty-one healthy adults consumed each of 3 diets for 3 wk , in r and om order . Diets were identical except for 7 % of energy provided by oleic acid ( control diet ) , iTFA , or CLA . At the end of the 3 wk , we measured plasma inflammatory markers IL-6 , C-reactive protein , tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II ( TNF-RI and -RII ) , monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and E-selectin , and urinary 8-iso-PGF(2α ) , a marker of lipid peroxidation . Consumption of iTFA caused 4 % lower TNF-RI concentrations and 6 % higher E-selectin concentrations compared with oleic acid ( control ) and had no significant effect on other inflammatory markers . CLA did not significantly affect inflammatory markers . The urine concentration of 8-iso-PGF(2α ) [ geometric mean ( 95 % CI ) ] was greater after the iTFA [ 0.54 ( 0.48 , 0.60 ) nmol/mmol creatinine ] and the CLA [ 1.2 ( 1.1 , 1.3 ) nmol/mmol creatinine ] diet periods than after the control period [ 0.45 ( 0.41 , 0.50 ) nmol/mmol creatinine ; P < 0.05 ] . In conclusion , high intakes of iTFA and CLA did not substantially affect plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers , but they increased the urine 8-iso-PGF(2α ) concentration . However , it is unlikely this plays a major role in the mechanism by which iTFA increase the risk of CVD . However , more research is needed to fully underst and the implication s of these findings Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) may decrease adiposity and improve blood lipid profiles under some conditions . The goal of this study was to determine the effects of CLA supplementation on blood lipid profiles and adiposity of rats fed a diet containing a primarily saturated fat versus a diet containing a primarily unsaturated fat . Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were r and omly assigned to one of four diets containing coconut oil , coconut oil with CLA , corn oil or corn oil with CLA . After 28 days , blood was collected and serum concentrations of total cholesterol ( TC ) , HDL-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and triacylglycerols ( TG ) were assessed . Food intake , body weights , and epididymal fat pads were measured . No significant differences ( p>0.05 ) were noted among groups for amount of food consumed , weight gained , food efficiency ratio or serum TG concentrations . TC concentrations were lower ( p<0.05 ) in the CLA-supplemented rats that were fed coconut oil but not those consuming corn oil . Serum HDL-C was lower ( p<0.05 ) in rats consuming corn oil but was not significantly different ( p>0.05 ) for CLA supplemented groups . Epididymal fat pads weighed significantly more ( p<0.05 ) in the coconut oil fed group compared to the corn oil fed group , but there was no significant difference ( p>0.05 ) between the corn oil and coconut oil + CLA group . Overall , this study suggests that CLA is more beneficial for control of blood lipids and adiposity when supplemented to a diet rich in saturated versus unsaturated fat
Conclusion The current systematic review and meta- analysis showed that the long-term consumption of CLA increases the levels of CRP and Lp(a )
Background C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and lipoprotein ( a ) ( Lp[a ] ) play essential roles in cardiovascular disease incidence .
This study aim ed to review the association between the intake of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) in the form of dietary supplement or enriched food with different treatment duration s and the levels of Lp(a ) and CRP in human studies .