Paleolithic nutrition improves plasma lipid concentrations of hypercholesterolemic adults to a greater extent than traditional heart-healthy dietary recommendations. Paleolithic nutrition: twenty-five years later. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study A paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischemic heart disease Randomized control trial evaluation of a modified Paleolithic dietary intervention in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a pilot study Plant-rich mixed meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles have a dramatic impact on incretin, peptide YY and satiety response, but show little effect on glucose and insulin homeostasis: an acute-effects randomised study. The 2015 Dutch food-based dietary guidelines Identification of a dietary pattern characterized by high-fat food choices associated with increased risk of breast cancer: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. A Paleolithic Diet with and without Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Increases Functional Brain Responses and Hippocampal Volume in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Children's Adaptations to a Fat-Reduced Diet: The Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC) A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease Effect of nutrition education on the nutritional status of low-income pregnant women of Mexican descent. Subjective satiety and other experiences of a Paleolithic diet compared to a diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes Consistent dietary patterns identified from childhood to adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study. Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Effects of dairy food supplements on bone mineral density in teenage girls Possible site-specific effect of an intervention combining nutrition and lifestyle counselling with consumption of fortified dairy products on bone mass: the Postmenopausal Health Study II
Recent research suggests that traditional grain-based heart-healthy diet recommendations , which replace dietary saturated fat with carbohydrate and reduce total fat intake , may result in unfavorable plasma lipid ratios , with reduced high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) and an elevation of low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and triacylglycerols ( TG ) . The current study tested the hypothesis that a grain-free Paleolithic diet would induce weight loss and improve plasma total cholesterol , HDL , LDL , and TG concentrations in nondiabetic adults with hyperlipidemia to a greater extent than a grain-based heart-healthy diet , based on the recommendations of the American Heart Association . Twenty volunteers ( 10 male and 10 female ) aged 40 to 62 years were selected based on diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia . Volunteers were not taking any cholesterol-lowering medications and adhered to a traditional heart-healthy diet for 4 months , followed by a Paleolithic diet for 4 months . Regression analysis was used to determine whether change in body weight contributed to observed changes in plasma lipid concentrations . Differences in dietary intakes and plasma lipid measures were assessed using repeated- measures analysis of variance . Four months of Paleolithic nutrition significantly lowered ( P < .001 ) mean total cholesterol , LDL , and TG and increased ( P < .001 ) HDL , independent of changes in body weight , relative to both baseline and the traditional heart-healthy diet . Paleolithic nutrition offers promising potential for nutritional management of hyperlipidemia in adults whose lipid profiles have not improved after following more traditional heart-healthy dietary recommendations A quarter century has passed since the first publication of the evolutionary discordance hypothesis , according to which departures from the nutrition and activity patterns of our hunter-gatherer ancestors have contributed greatly and in specifically definable ways to the endemic chronic diseases of modern civilization . Refinements of the model have changed it in some respects , but anthropological evidence continues to indicate that ancestral human diets prevalent during our evolution were characterized by much lower levels of refined carbohydrates and sodium , much higher levels of fiber and protein , and comparable levels of fat ( primarily unsaturated fat ) and cholesterol . Physical activity levels were also much higher than current levels , result ing in higher energy throughput . We said at the outset that such evidence could only suggest testable hypotheses and that recommendations must ultimately rest on more conventional epidemiological , clinical , and laboratory studies . Such studies have multiplied and have supported many aspects of our model , to the extent that in some respects , official recommendations today have targets closer to those prevalent among hunter-gatherers than did comparable recommendations 25 years ago . Furthermore , doubts have been raised about the necessity for very low levels of protein , fat , and cholesterol intake common in official recommendations . Most impressively , r and omized controlled trials have begun to confirm the value of  hunter-gatherer diets  in some high-risk groups , even as compared with routinely recommended diets . Much more research needs to be done , but the past quarter century has proven the interest and heuristic value , if not yet the ultimate validity , of the model Background Our aim was to compare the effects of a Paleolithic ( ' Old Stone Age ' ) diet and a diabetes diet as generally recommended on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with insulin . Methods In a r and omized cross-over study , 13 patients with type 2 diabetes , 3 women and 10 men , were instructed to eat a Paleolithic diet based on lean meat , fish , fruits , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs and nuts ; and a Diabetes diet design ed in accordance with dietary guidelines during two consecutive 3-month periods . Outcome variables included changes in weight , waist circumference , serum lipids , C-reactive protein , blood pressure , glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , and areas under the curve for plasma glucose and plasma insulin  in the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test . Dietary intake was evaluated by use of 4-day weighed food records . Results Study participants had on average a diabetes duration of 9 years , a mean HbA1c of 6,6 % units by Mono-S st and ard and were usually treated with metformin alone ( 3 subjects ) or metformin in combination with a sulfonylurea ( 3 subjects ) or a thiazolidinedione ( 3 subjects ) . Mean average dose of metformin was 1031 mg per day . Compared to the diabetes diet , the Paleolithic diet result ed in lower mean values of HbA1c ( -0.4 % units , p = 0.01 ) , triacylglycerol ( -0.4 mmol/L , p = 0.003 ) , diastolic blood pressure ( -4 mmHg , p = 0.03 ) , weight ( -3 kg , p = 0.01 ) , BMI ( -1 kg/m2 , p = 0.04 ) and waist circumference ( -4 cm , p = 0.02 ) , and higher mean values of high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( + 0.08 mmol/L , p = 0.03 ) . The Paleolithic diet was mainly lower in cereals and dairy products , and higher in fruits , vegetables , meat and eggs , as compared with the Diabetes diet . Further , the Paleolithic diet was lower in total energy , energy density , carbohydrate , dietary glycemic load , saturated fatty acids and calcium , and higher in unsaturated fatty acids , dietary cholesterol and several vitamins . Dietary GI was slightly lower in the Paleolithic diet ( GI = 50 ) than in the Diabetic diet ( GI = 55 ) . Conclusion Over a 3-month study period , a Paleolithic diet improved glycemic control and several cardiovascular risk factors compared to a Diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT00435240 Background We found marked improvement of glucose tolerance and lower dietary  energy  intake in ischemic heart disease ( IHD ) patients after advice to follow a Paleolithic diet  , as compared to a Mediterranean-like diet . We now report findings on subjective ratings of satiety at meals and data on the satiety hormone leptin and the soluble leptin receptor from the same study . Methods Twenty-nine male IHD patients with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes type 2 , and waist circumference > 94 cm , were r and omized to ad libitum consumption of a Paleolithic diet ( n = 14 ) based on lean meat , fish , fruit , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs , and nuts , or a Mediterranean-like diet ( n = 15 ) based on whole grains , low-fat dairy products , vegetables , fruit , fish , and oils and margarines during 12 weeks . In parallel with a four day weighed food record the participants recorded their subjective rating of satiety . Satiety Quotients were calculated , as the intra-meal quotient of change in satiety during meal and consumed energy or weight of food and drink for that specific meal . Leptin and leptin receptor was measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks . Free leptin index was calculated as the ratio leptin/leptin receptor . Results The Paleolithic group were as satiated as the Mediterranean group but consumed less energy per day ( 5.8 MJ/day vs. 7.6 MJ/day , Paleolithic vs. Mediterranean , p = 0.04 ) . Consequently , the quotients of mean change in satiety during meal and mean consumed energy from food and drink were higher in the Paleolithic group ( p = 0.03 ) . Also , there was a strong trend for greater Satiety Quotient for energy in the Paleolithic group ( p = 0.057 ) . Leptin decreased by 31 % in the Paleolithic group and by 18 % in the Mediterranean group with a trend for greater relative decrease of leptin in the Paleolithic group . Relative changes in leptin and changes in weight and waist circumference correlated significantly in the Paleolithic group ( p < 0.001 ) but not in the Mediterranean group . Changes in leptin receptor and free leptin index were not significant . Conclusions A Paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a Mediterranean-like diet . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Background / objective A Paleolithic diet may improve fatigue and quality of life in progressive multiple sclerosis ( MS ) patients , but past research has evaluated the effects of this dietary intervention in combination with other treatments such as exercise . Thus , the purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate a modified Paleolithic dietary intervention ( MPDI ) in the treatment of fatigue and other symptoms in relapsing-remitting MS ( RRMS ) . Methods We measured the effects of a MPDI in 17 individuals with RRMS . Of 34 subjects r and omly assigned to control ( maintain usual diet ) and intervention ( MPDI ) groups , nine subjects ( one man ) completed the control group and eight subjects ( one man ) completed the MPDI .  Results Significant improvements were seen in Fatigue Severity Scale score and also in Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 and time to complete ( dominant h and ) 9-Hole Peg Test from baseline in MPDI subjects compared to controls . Increased vitamin K serum levels were also observed in MPDI subjects post protocol compared to controls . Conclusion A Paleolithic diet may be useful in the treatment and management of MS , by reducing perceived fatigue , increasing mental and physical quality of life , increasing exercise capacity , and improving h and and leg function . By increasing vitamin K serum levels , the MPDI may also reduce inflammation There is evidence for health benefits from ' Palaeolithic ' diets ; however , there are a few data on the acute effects of rationally design ed Palaeolithic-type meals . In the present study , we used Palaeolithic diet principles to construct meals comprising readily available ingredients : fish and a variety of plants , selected to be rich in fibre and phyto-nutrients . We investigated the acute effects of  two Palaeolithic-type meals ( PAL 1 and PAL 2 ) and a reference meal based on WHO guidelines ( REF ) , on blood glucose control , gut hormone responses and appetite regulation . Using a r and omised cross-over trial design , healthy subjects were given three meals on separate occasions . PAL2 and REF were matched for energy , protein , fat and carbohydrates ; PAL1 contained more protein and energy . Plasma glucose , insulin , glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) , glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP ) and peptide YY ( PYY ) concentrations were measured over a period of 180 min . Satiation was assessed using electronic visual analogue scale ( EVAS ) scores . GLP-1 and PYY concentrations were significantly increased across 180 min for both PAL1 ( P= 0·001 and P < 0·001 ) and PAL2 ( P= 0·011 and P= 0·003 ) compared with the REF . Concomitant EVAS scores showed increased satiety . By contrast , GIP concentration was significantly suppressed . Positive incremental AUC over 120 min for glucose and insulin did not differ between the meals . Consumption of meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles result ed in significant increases in incretin and anorectic gut hormones and increased perceived satiety . Surprisingly , this was independent of the energy or protein content of the meal and therefore suggests potential benefits for reduced risk of obesity The objective of this study was to derive food-based dietary guidelines for the Dutch population . The dietary guidelines are based on 29 systematic review s of English language meta-analyses in PubMed summarizing r and omized controlled trials and prospect i ve cohort studies on nutrients , foods and food patterns and the risk of 10 major chronic diseases : coronary heart disease , stroke , heart failure , diabetes , breast cancer , colorectal cancer , lung cancer , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , dementia and depression . The committee also selected three causal risk factors for cardiovascular diseases or diabetes : systolic blood pressure , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and body weight . Findings were categorized as strong or weak evidence , inconsistent effects , too little evidence or effect unlikely for experimental and observational data separately . Next , the committee selected only findings with a strong level of evidence for deriving the guidelines . Convincing evidence was based on strong evidence from the experimental data either or not in combination with strong evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies . Plausible evidence was based on strong evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies only . A general guideline to eat a more plant food-based dietary pattern and limit consumption of animal-based food and 15 specific guidelines have been formulated . There are 10 new guidelines on legumes , nuts , meat , dairy produce , cereal products , fats and oils , tea , coffee and sugar-containing beverages . Three guidelines on vegetables , fruits , fish and alcoholic beverages have been sharpened , and the 2006 guideline on salt stayed the same . A separate guideline has been formulated on  nutrient supplements .  Completely food-based dietary guidelines can be derived in a systematic and transparent way Epidemiological studies conducted thus far have mainly used a single-nutrient approach which may not be sufficient in detecting diet-cancer relationships . The aim of the study was to examine the association of a food pattern based on explained variations in fatty acid intake by means of reduced rank regression with breast cancer risk . Study participants were female subjects ( n 15,351 ) of the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study free of cancer at baseline and with complete dietary and outcome information followed for an average of 6.0 years . Among those , 137 incident cases of invasive breast cancer were identified . We identified a food pattern characterized by low consumption of bread , and fruit juices , and high consumption of processed meat , fish , butter and other animal fats , and margarine explaining > 42 % of total variation in fatty acid intake ( SFA , MUFA , n-3 PUFA , n-6 PUFA ) . Intake of all four fatty acid fractions was positively associated with the pattern score . Adherence to this food pattern adjusted for covariates was associated with a two-fold risk ( hazard ratio 2.00 ; 95 % CI 1.30 , 3.09 ) of breast cancer comparing extreme tertiles of the pattern score . There was no evidence of effect modification by menopausal status , overweight status and use of hormone replacement therapy , respectively . In conclusion , a food pattern characterized by high-fat food choices was significantly associated with increased risk of breast cancer . Given that the food pattern was high in all fatty acid fractions , we found evidence for total dietary fat rather than for specific fatty acids to be associated with breast cancer risk Type 2 diabetes is associated with impaired episodic memory functions and increased risk of different dementing disorders . Diet and exercise may potentially reverse these impairments . In this study , sedentary individuals with type 2 diabetes treated by lifestyle ± metformin were r and omized  to a Paleolithic diet ( PD , n = 12 ) with and without high intensity exercise ( PDEX , n = 12 ) for 12 weeks . Episodic memory function , associated functional brain responses and hippocampal gray matter volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging . A matched , but not r and omized , non-interventional group was included as a reference ( n = 6 ) . The PD included a high intake of unsaturated fatty acids and protein , and excluded the intake of dairy products , grains , refined sugar and salt . The exercise intervention consisted of 180 min of supervised aerobic and resistance exercise per week . Both interventions induced a significant weight loss , improved insulin sensitivity and increased peak oxygen uptake without any significant group differences . Furthermore , both interventions were associated with increased functional brain responses within the right anterior hippocampus , right inferior occipital gyrus and increased volume of the right posterior hippocampus . There were no changes in memory performance . We conclude that life-style modification may improve neuronal plasticity in brain areas linked to cognitive function in type 2 diabetes . Putative long-term effects on cognitive functions including decreased risk of dementing disorders await further studies . Clinical trials registration number : Clinical trials . gov NCT01513798 Background . Prevention of cardiovascular disease through diet and lifestyle change is strongly advocated in adults and is initiated preferably during childhood . The Dietary Intervention Study in Children ( DISC ) was a multicenter , collaborative , r and omized trial in 663 preadolescent children ( 363 boys and 301 girls ) with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , design ed to test the efficacy and safety of a dietary intervention to lower saturated-fat and cholesterol intake while also advocating a healthy eating pattern . DISC results have been published extensively . This ancillary study reports new data regarding changes in eating patterns among this cohort . Objective . We set out to compare children 's self-selected eating patterns and approaches to achieving adherence to the DISC fat-reduced diet intervention with children in the usual-care group . Methods . An ancillary study was conducted to develop a detailed food-grouping system and report new analyses on dietary adherence to the recommended eating pattern . Every food in the nutrient data base was ranked by its saturated-fat and cholesterol content and classified within its relevant food group as a “ go ” ( less atherogenic ) or “ whoa ” ( more atherogenic ) food . Results . At baseline , go foods contributed ∼57 % of total energy intake and 12.4 % to 13.1 % total fat energy intake in both groups . At 3 years , go foods contributed 67.4 % and 13.7 % of total and fat energy intake , respectively , in the intervention group versus 56.8 % and 12.8 % in the usual-care group . Differences between the 2 treatment groups were significant for changes in consumption of dairy foods , desserts , and fats/oils , with the intervention group reporting a 0.2- to 0.3-serving-per-day greater increase in go foods than the usual-care group . The intervention group also reported a 0.2- to 0.8-serving-per-day greater decrease in whoa foods than the usual-care group for breads/grains , dairy , fats/oils , meat/fish/poultry , snacks , and vegetables . Overall , snack foods , desserts , and pizza contributed approximately one third of total daily energy intake in both groups at 3 years . Conclusions . Children in the intervention group reported consuming more servings per day of go grains , dairy , meats , and vegetable foods compared with children in the usual-care group , but intake of fruits and vegetables was low in both groups . Discovering that snacks , desserts , and pizza actively contribute so heavily to the diets of this age group , even among children who were part of this intervention , offers valuable insights regarding the need for more aggressive , innovative , and realistic approaches for additional dietary counseling Aims /hypothesisMost studies of diet in glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes have focused on intakes of fat , carbohydrate , fibre , fruits and vegetables . Instead , we aim ed to compare diets that were available during human evolution with more recently introduced ones . Methods Twenty-nine patients with ischaemic heart disease plus either glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes were r and omised to receive ( 1 ) a Palaeolithic ( ‘ Old Stone Age ’ ) diet ( n = 14 ) , based on lean meat , fish , fruits , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs and nuts ; or ( 2 ) a Consensus ( Mediterranean-like ) diet ( n = 15 ) , based on whole grains , low-fat dairy products , vegetables , fruits , fish , oils and margarines . Primary outcome variables were changes in weight , waist circumference and plasma glucose AUC ( AUC Glucose0–120 ) and plasma insulin AUC ( AUC Insulin0–120 ) in OGTTs . Results Over 12 weeks , there was a 26 % decrease of AUC Glucose0–120 ( p = 0.0001 ) in the Palaeolithic group and a 7 % decrease ( p = 0.08 ) in the Consensus group . The larger ( p = 0.001 ) improvement in the Palaeolithic group was independent ( p = 0.0008 ) of change in waist circumference ( −5.6 cm in the Palaeolithic group , −2.9 cm in the Consensus group ; p = 0.03 ) . In the study population as a whole , there was no relationship between change in AUC Glucose0–120 and changes in weight ( r = −0.06 , p = 0.9 ) or waist circumference ( r = 0.01 , p = 1.0 ) . There was a tendency for a larger decrease of AUC Insulin0–120 in the Palaeolithic group , but because of the strong association between change in AUC Insulin0–120 and change in waist circumference ( r = 0.64 , p = 0.0003 ) , this did not remain after multivariate analysis . Conclusions /interpretationA Palaeolithic diet may improve glucose tolerance independently of decreased waist circumference Low-income pregnant women of Mexican descent were studied to determine whether their food habits could be improved by nutrition education . Biochemical indices of nutritional status were also investigated . Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained at an initial interview and again at a final interview after a nutrition education program , which was offered to a r and omly selected treatment group . At the initial interview , the mean nutrient intakes that were most often below two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance ( RDA ) were iron , vitamin A , thiamin , and calcium . The mean energy value of the diets was also frequently below the RDA . At the final intakes , although the mean energy values and the calcium and carbohydrate of both the control and treatment groups increased significantly , the following improvements in dietary intakes were seen only within the treatment group : 1 ) there were significant increases in the mean intake of protein , ascorbic acid , niacin , riboflavin , and thiamin , 2 ) there were significant decreases in the percentage of intakes below two-thirds of the RDA for ascorbic acid and riboflavin , and 3 ) there was a significant decrease in the incidence of multiple low nutrient intakes . These dietary improvements , which occurred only in the treatment group , suggest the effectiveness of the nutrition education program . The most common biochemical deficiencies were of folic acid , thiamin , and riboflavin . Except for an improvement in mean serum folate levels , the biochemical indices for the treatment group did not appear to be influenced by the nutrition education . It is possible that the vitamin and mineral supplements which were taken by 80 % of the women could have obscured improvements in biochemical indices which may have been due to the education program Background We found marked improvement of glycemic control and several cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes given advice to follow a Paleolithic diet  , as compared to a diabetes diet . We now report findings on subjective ratings of satiety at meal times and participants ’ other experiences of the two diets from the same study . Methods In a r and omized cross-over study , 13 patients with type 2 diabetes ( 3 women and 10 men ) , were instructed to eat a Paleolithic diet based on lean meat , fish , fruits , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs and nuts , and a diabetes diet design ed in accordance with dietary guidelines , during two consecutive 3-month periods . In parallel with a four-day weighed food record , the participants recorded their subjective rating of satiety . Satiety quotients were calculated as the intra-meal quotient of change in satiety during a meal and consumed energy or weight of food and drink for that specific meal . All participants answered the same three open-ended questions in a survey following each diet : “ What thoughts do you have about this diet ? ” , “ Describe your positive and negative experiences with this diet ” and “ How do you think this diet has affected your health ? ” . Results The participants were equally satiated on both diets . The Paleolithic diet result ed in greater satiety quotients for energy per meal ( p = 0.004 ) , energy density per meal ( p = 0.01 ) and glycemic load per meal ( p = 0.02 ) . The distribution of positive and negative comments from the survey did not differ between the two diets , and the comments were mostly positive . Among comments relating to recurring topics , there was no difference in distribution between the two diets for comments relating to tastelessness , but there was a trend towards more comments on the Paleolithic diet being satiating and improving blood sugar values , and significantly more comments on weight loss and difficulty adhering to the Paleolithic diet . Conclusions A Paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes . The Paleolithic diet was seen as instrumental in weight loss , albeit it was difficult to adhere to . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov : Dietary patterns are useful in nutritional epidemiology , providing a comprehensive alternative to the traditional approach based on single nutrients . The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study is a prospect i ve cohort study with a 21-year follow-up . At baseline , detailed quantitative information on subjects ' food consumption was obtained using a  48 h dietary recall method ( n 1768 , aged 3 - 18 years ) . The interviews were repeated after 6 and 21 years ( n 1200 and n 1037 , respectively ) . We conducted a principal component analysis to identify major dietary patterns at each study point . A set of two similar patterns was recognised throughout the study . Pattern 1 was positively correlated with consumption of traditional Finnish foods , such as rye , potatoes , milk , butter , sausages and coffee , and negatively correlated with fruit , berries and dairy products other than milk .  Pattern 1 type of diet was more common among male subjects , smokers and those living in rural areas . Pattern 2 , predominant among female subjects , non-smokers and in urban areas , was characterised by more health-conscious food choices such as vegetables , legumes and nuts , tea , rye , cheese and other dairy products , and also by consumption of alcoholic beverages . Tracking of the pattern scores was observed , particularly among subjects who were adolescents at baseline . Of those originally belonging to the uppermost quintile of pattern 1 and 2 scores , 41 and 38 % respectively , persisted in the same quintile 21 years later . Our results suggest that food behaviour and concrete food choices are established already in childhood or adolescence and may significantly track into adulthood While the role of diet and nutrition in cognitive health and prevention of dementia  in older adults has attracted much attention , the efficacy of different dietary patterns remains uncertain . Previous review s have mainly focused on the Mediterranean diet , but either omitted other dietary patterns , lacked more recent studies , were based on cross-sectional studies , or combined older and younger population s. We followed PRISMA guidelines , and examined the efficacy of current research from r and omized controlled trials and cohort studies on the effects of different dietary patterns . We review ed the Mediterranean diet , Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension ( DASH ) diet , the Mediterranean-DASH diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay ( MIND ) diet , Anti-inflammatory diet , Healthy diet recommended by guidelines via dietary index , or Prudent healthy diets generated via statistical approaches , and their impact on cognitive health among older adults . Of 38 studies , the Mediterranean diet was the most investigated with evidence supporting protection against cognitive decline among older adults . Evidence from other dietary patterns such as the MIND , DASH , Anti-inflammatory , and Prudent healthy diets was more limited but showed promising results , especially for those at risk of cardiovascular disease . Overall , this review found positive effects of dietary patterns including the Mediterranean , DASH , MIND , and Anti-inflammatory diets on cognitive health outcomes in older adults . These dietary patterns are plant-based , rich in poly- and mono-unsaturated fatty acids with lower consumption of processed foods . Better underst and ing of the underlying mechanisms and effectiveness is needed to develop comprehensive and practical dietary recommendations against age-related cognitive decline among older adult Summary Background Bone mineral density ( BMD ) is largely genetically determined and this influence is most powerful in the period of rapid skeletal development in childhood and late adolescence but environmental factors such as exercise and dietary calcium intake may influence up to 20 % . Aims of the study The aims of the study were to examine healthy late adolescent females for the effects and benefits of a high calcium intake from dairy product foods on bone mineral density , body composition , lipids and biochemistry . The secondary aim is determine whether a high intake of dairy product foods in the diet is acceptable for this age group long term . Methods Ninety-one teenage girls who participated in a two-year r and omised controlled study on the effect of dairy food supplementation on dietary patterns , body composition and bone density in post-pubertal teenage girls were approached one year after the cessation of the study to determine the effects of the cessation of dairy supplements on bone mineral density , dietary habits , biochemical markers , body composition and blood lipids . Bone mineral density and bone mineral content were assessed at the hip , spine and total body . Anthropometric data were collected , and exercise , Tanner , dietary assessment , preference and compliance question naires were administered . Lipid profiles , hydroxyproline excretion and urinary calcium and sodium excretion measurements were performed . Results There were no significant differences between the 2 groups for height , weight , lean and fat mass . The supplemented group had significantly higher calcium , phosphorus and protein intake during the supplementation period ( p<0.001 ) . No differences were seen between the groups 12 months after supplementation finished . There were no significant differences in exercise level , preference or acceptability of dairy products or in the lipids and bone markers between baseline the end of supplementation and 1 year follow-up . There was a significant increase in trochanter ( 4.6 % ) , lumbar spine ( 1.5 % ) and femoral neck ( 4.8 % ) BMD ( p<0.05 ) in the high calcium group at the end of supplementation . There was an increase in bone mineral content at the trochanter ( p<0.05 ) and lumbar spine ; however the latter was not statistically significant , in the high calcium group at the end of supplementation . There was no difference in vertebral height or width at any stage of the study , indicating no influence on bone size . Conclusions In this 3 year study ( 2 years of supplementation , 1 year follow-up ) , teenage girls , aged 15–18 years , were able to significantly increase their BMD at the trochanter , femoral neck and lumbar spine when supplemented with dairy product foods to a mean calcium intake of 1160 mg/d . There was also an effect seen on the BMC particularly at the trochanter and to a lesser extent at the lumbar spine . The dietary calcium intake achieved did not adversely affect body weight , fat and lean mass or blood lipid profiles . Twelve months after the supplementation finished the girls had returned to their baseline diet , indicating self- selection of a high dairy product diet may be hard to achieve The aim of the present study was to examine whether a holistic approach combining nutrition and lifestyle counselling with the consumption of milk and yoghurt enriched with calcium , vitamin D3 and phylloquinone ( vitamin K1 ) or menaquinone ( vitamin K2 ) would have any additional benefit on bone mineral density ( BMD ) indices measured at various skeletal sites using two different techniques , dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and quantitative ultrasonography ( QUS ) . A sample of 115 postmenopausal women were r and omized to three intervention groups , receiving daily via fortified milk and yoghurt and for 12 months , 800 mg calcium and 10 μg vitamin D3 ( CaD group , n = 26 ) ; 800 mg calcium , 10 μg vitamin D3 and 100 μg vitamin K1 ( CaDK1 group , n = 26 ) ; 800 mg calcium , 10 μg vitamin D3 and 100 μg vitamin K2 ( CaDK2 group , n = 24 ) ; and a control group ( CO group , n = 39 ) following their usual diet . All three intervention groups attended biweekly nutrition and lifestyle counselling sessions . Total BMD significantly increased in all three intervention groups and these changes were significantly higher compared to the CO ( P < 0.001 ) . Furthermore , the significant increases observed for L2–L4 BMD in the CaDK1 and CaDK2 groups were found to be significantly higher compared to the decrease observed in the CO ( P = 0.001 ) . No significant differences were observed for QUS parameters . The combined approach used in the current study led to favourable changes for all three intervention groups in total body BMD , while an additional benefit was observed for L2–L4 BMD in CaDK1 and CaDK2 groups . No significant differences were observed among groups in any of the QUS parameters
The home-delivery ( n = 1 ) and dietary recommendation ( n = 3 ) RCTs showed similar effects with the exception of greater improvements in triglycerides relative to the control with the home delivery .
None of the RCTs evaluated an improvement in quality of life .
The Paleolithic diet result ed in greater short-term improvements in metabolic syndrome components than did guideline -based control diets .
BACKGROUND Paleolithic nutrition , which has attracted substantial public attention lately because of its putative health benefits , differs radically from dietary patterns currently recommended in guidelines , particularly in terms of its recommendation to exclude grains , dairy , and nutritional products of industry .
OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether a Paleolithic nutritional pattern improves risk factors for chronic disease more than do other dietary interventions .