Direct Comparison of EMLA versus Lidocaine for Pain Control in Nd: YAG 1,064 nm Laser Hair Removal Topical Anesthesia for Laser Hair Removal: Comparison of Spot Sizes and 755 nm versus 800 nm Wavelengths Relieving pain in minor aphthous stomatitis by a single session of non-thermal carbon dioxide laser irradiation Low power laser biostimulation of chronic oro-facial pain. A double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study in 40 patients Effect of topical local anesthetic application to skin harvest sites for pain management in burn patients undergoing skin-grafting procedures. Laser-uvulopalatoplasty (LUPP) under local anesthesia: effective, safe and comfortable. A Prospective Study of Pain Control by a 2-Step Irradiance Schedule During Topical Photodynamic Therapy of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Iontophoresis for anesthesia during pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains. Thirty‐Minute Application of the S‐Caine Peel Prior to Nonablative Laser Treatment Application of red light phototherapy in the treatment of radioactive dermatitis in patients with head and neck cancer Phototherapy 660 nm for the prevention of radiodermatitis in breast cancer patients receiving radiation therapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial Effect of frequent laser irradiation on orthodontic pain. A single-blind randomized clinical trial. Low-level laser therapy and myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial The use of infrared laser therapy in the treatment of venous ulceration The effect of diode superpulsed low-level laser therapy on experimental orthodontic pain caused by elastomeric separators: a randomized controlled clinical trial Laser Acupuncture for Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Controlled Clinical Trial Evaluation of a Novel Topical Anesthetic Agent for Cutaneous Laser Resurfacing: A Randomized Comparison Study
Laser hair removal is an effective therapy for the treatment of hirsutism , hypertrichosis , and pseudofolliculitis barbae . Although side effects are uncommon , pain is described by most patients undergoing long-pulsed neodymium : yttrium-aluminum-garnet ( Nd : YAG ) 1,064 nm laser therapy . objectives To compare the efficacy of topical eutectic mixture of local anesthetics ( EMLA ) versus topical lidocaine ( LMX ) in pain control for Nd : YAG 1,064 nm laser hair removal . Methods Sixty-four patients were enrolled in a double-blind r and omized study over a 6-month period . Each patient had half of the treatment area covered with EMLA and the other half with LMX 30 minutes prior to treatment . Neither was applied under occlusion . Immediately following their treatment session , patients completed a visual analog pain scale . Results There was no statistically significant difference in pain control between EMLA and LMX . However , female test subjects demonstrated lower pain scores than male test subjects . Conclusions Nd : YAG 1,064 nm laser hair removal is a painful procedure . Topical anesthetics have been proven to reduce pain for laser hair removal . There is no statistically significant difference between the two most commonly used topical anesthetics for pain control in laser hair removal . Therefore , cost and minimizing potential side effects should guide the physician in selecting the appropriate anesthetic Background . The C and ela alex and rite and the Coherent diode laser systems come equipped with built‐in skin cooling systems that are design ed to both protect the epidermis , allowing higher fluences , and to alleviate discomfort . Nevertheless , pain can be a significant problem especially with treatment of larger areas . Scatter of the laser beam is reportedly affected by the spot size . It is cl aim ed that larger spot sizes are more effective at identical fluences . Objective . This study evaluated the effectiveness of a topical 5 % lidocaine cream ( ELA‐Max ) to control pain and compared pain levels at identical fluences between the 8 mm and 12 mm spot size of the alex and rite laser and between the alex and rite and diode laser with its 9 mm spot size . Methods . The study was conducted in the axillae of 12 patients . Each axilla was divided in half for side‐by‐side comparison . Half of the right axilla was treated with the alex and rite 8 mm and the other half with the 12 mm spot size at identical fluences . The left axilla was treated at the maximum tolerated fluences with the alex and rite 12 mm spot size and the diode 9 mm spot size . Results . At identical fluences and other parameters , there was significantly more pain with the alex and rite 12 mm spot size than with the alex and rite 8 mm spot size , both with or without topical anesthesia . The alex and rite laser was significantly less painful than the diode laser both with and without topical anesthetic . The difference was most noticeable between the alex and rite 8 mm spot size and the diode 9 mm spot size . Topical 5 % lidocaine anesthesia was effective in reducing pain , though not completely , for both the alex and rite and the diode lasers . Conclusion . Topical 5 % lidocaine cream is a simple and effective method for reducing patient discomfort during laser hair removal procedures , even when a skin cooling device is being used . A larger spot size causes more pain than a smaller spot size at identical fluences . The 800 nm diode laser causes greater discomfort than the 755 nm alex and rite laser This r and omized controlled clinical trial was design ed to evaluate the efficacy of single-session , non-thermal , carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) laser irradiation in relieving the pain of minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis ( miRAS ) as a prototype of painful oral ulcers . Fifteen patients , each with two discrete aphthous ulcers , were included . One of the ulcers was r and omly allocated to be treated with CO2 laser ( 1 W of power in de-focused continuous mode ) and the other one served as a placebo . Before laser irradiation , a layer of transparent , non-anesthetic gel was placed on both the laser lesions and the placebo lesions . The patients were requested to grade their pain on a visual analog scale up to 96 h post-operatively . The reduction in pain scores was significantly greater in the laser group than in the placebo group . The procedure itself was not painful , so anesthesia was not required . Powermetry revealed the CO2 laser power to be 2–5 mW after passing through the gel , which caused no significant temperature rise or any visual effect of damage to the oral mucosa . Our results showed that a low-intensity , non-thermal , single-session of CO2 laser irradiation  reduced pain in miRAS immediately and dramatically , with no visible side effects & NA ; The efficacy of low power laser stimulation in the treatment of chronic oro‐facial pain conditions was investigated in a double‐blind placebo controlled modified cross‐over study in 40 patients . The laser was an invisible infrared ( IR ) diode laser with an emission at 904 nanometer ( nm ) . Treatment effect was evaluated by means of VAS‐scales and global assessment of pain . Outcome of treatment was correlated to changes in urinary excretion of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid ( 5‐HIAA ) . The clinical impression was that placebo was superior to laser stimulation . No statistically significant difference between the analgesic effect of the laser and placebo irradiation was found on VAS‐scales . A significant ( P = 0.05 ) increase in 5‐HIAA excretion was found in the placebo group . It is concluded that the possibility of a substantial placebo response should be taken into consideration using 904 nm ( IR ) lasers for pain treatment in patients with this type of chronic oro‐facial pain OBJECTIVE To determine if topical administration of local anesthesia , applied to fresh skin-harvest sites , reduces pain and analgesic requirements after surgery . SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Nonopioid treatments for pain after therapeutic procedures on patients with burns have become popular because of the side effects associated with narcotics . The topical administration of local anesthesia originally offered little advantage because of poor epidermal penetration . METHODS This study compares 2 % lidocaine with 0.5 % bupivacaine or saline , topically applied after skin harvest , to determine what effect this may have on pain and narcotic use .  Sixty patients with partial- or full-thickness burns to approximately 10 % to 15 % of their body were r and omly divided into three groups : group 1 received normal saline , group 2 had 0.5 % bupivacaine , and group 3 had 2 % lidocaine sprayed onto areas immediately after skin harvest . Blood sample s were subsequently obtained to measure concentrations of the local anesthetic . Hemodynamic variables after surgery , wake-up times , emetic symptoms , pain , and narcotic use were compared . RESULTS Higher heart rates were noted in the placebo group than in those receiving lidocaine or bupivacaine . No differences were noted in recovery from anesthesia or emetic symptoms . Pain scores were lower and 24-hour narcotic use was less in patients who received lidocaine . Plasma lidocaine levels were greater than bupivacaine at all time points measured . CONCLUSIONS Topical lidocaine applied to skin-harvest sites produced an analgesic effect that reduced narcotic requirements compared with patients who received bupivacaine or placebo . Local anesthetic solutions aerosolized onto skin-harvest sites did not affect healing or produce toxic blood concentrations Conventional uvulopalatopharyngoplasty has in the last years to an increasing extent been succeeded by a variety of laser procedures for snorers obstructed by lax palates only . These surgical techniques have the advantages of being less traumatic and therefore more suitable for local anesthesia and outpatient surgery . However , to the authors ' knowledge , there are no studies on degree of patient discomfort during this type of surgery as well as the value of anticholinergic component in premedication in preventing bradycardia and hypersalivation during the operation . We studied 53 consecutive patients undergoing laser-uvulopalatoplasty ( LUPP ) under local anesthesia at our day care unit .  LUPP is a one-stage operation for rhonchopathy which has been developed at our department . Twenty-five patients received morphine and scopolamine , and 28 morphine alone as premedication . Peroperative salivation , bradycardia and nausea was estimated and recorded for each group . Later the patients were asked to assess mouth dryness both before and after surgery , as well as satisfaction with sedation and pain relief . The great majority of the patients ( > 80 % ) described only insignificant pain , which when occurring was related to subliminal premedication or to the injection of local anesthesia or both . Morphine-scopolamine was significantly better in preventing hypersalivation ( p < 0.01 ) during surgery and also improved sedation and analgesia when compared to morphine alone ( p < 0.05 ) . The efficacy of LUPP is compared with various laser procedures for snoring BACKGROUND Topical photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) for selected nonmelanoma skin cancer using 5-aminolevulinic acid ( ALA ) or methyl aminolevulinate ( MAL ) has yielded high long-term complete response rates with very good cosmesis . Pain during light activation of the photosensitizer can be a serious adverse event . A 2-step irradiance protocol has previously been shown to minimize ALA-PDT pain . OBJECTIVE To determine the irradiance-dependent pain threshold for MAL-PDT , to adapt the 2-step protocol to a light-emitting diode ( LED ) light source , and assess clinical response . METHODS In this prospect i ve study , 25 superficial basal cell carcinoma ( sBCC ) received an initial irradiance by laser at 40 or 50 mW/cm2 , or LED at 35 mW/cm2 followed by an irradiance at 70 mW/cm2 for a total of 75 J/cm2 . Pain levels were recorded for both irradiance steps . Efficacy was assessed at 6 , 12 , or 24 months . RESULTS Pain was mild in the 40/70 mW/cm2 laser cohort . Three instances of irradiance-limiting pain occurred at 50/70 mW/cm2 . Pain was minimal in the 35/70 mW/cm2 LED cohort . Clinical response rates were 80 % in the 50/70 mW/cm2 laser cohort and 90 % in the 35/70 mW/cm2 LED cohort . CONCLUSION Topical PDT can be effectively delivered to sBCC with minimal treatment-related pain by a 2-step irradiance protocol Port-wine stains ( PWS ) are benign , congenital vascular malformations found in approximately 0.3 % of newborns . PWS may be effectively treated with the flashlamp pulsed dye laser ( FPDL ) at 585 nm . However , laser therapy of vascular lesions often produces pain . We performed a prospect i ve double-blind , placebo-controlled evaluation of the iontophoresis of lidocaine 5 % with epinephrine 1:50,000 and mepivacaine 2 % with epinephrine 1:50,000 .  Thirty-six patients with facial PWS were included in the study ; 13 of them were treated with lidocaine 5 % with epinephrine , another 13 were treated with mepivacaine 2 % with epinephrine , and the other 13 were treated with preservative-free 0.9 % NaCl . The pain was grade d by the patient on a visual analog scale from 0 to 10 , comparing the iontophoretically treated area with an adjacent area treated without anesthesia . Pain evaluation by patients demonstrated a significant decrease in the pain of pulsed dye laser impulses using the iontophoresis of lidocaine 5 % with epinephrine . No change in the efficacy of pulsed dye laser treatment of PWS or important side effects were observed in our patients . Iontophoresis of lidocaine 5 % with epinephrine is a safe and effective method of local anesthesia for pulsed dye laser and it is more effective than the iontophoresis of mepivacaine 2 % with epinephrine BACKGROUND Advancements in nonablative laser technology necessitate concurrent developments in topical anesthesia , as patients have reported varying degrees of discomfort during these procedures . Although topical anesthetics have proven efficacious , they possess inherent limitations related to ease of use . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of the S-Caine Peel ( ZARS Inc. , Salt Lake City , UT ) , a novel topical anesthetic that dries to form a flexible membrane , for induction of anesthesia after only a 30-minute application period . METHOD Twenty patients received concurrent 30-minute applications of both the S-Caine Peel and a placebo cream r and omized  to the right and left cheeks in a double-blinded manner . After one pass of the 1450-nm diode laser ( Smoothbeam , C and ela Corp. , Wayl and , MA ) , patients ' pain levels were recorded on a visual analog scale ( VAS ) . Both the investigator and an independent observer rated perceived discomfort and immediate skin reaction based on a numerical scale . RESULTS Differences in VAS scores between active sites ( average rating of 15 mm ) and placebo sites ( average rating of 47 mm ) were statistically significant ( P<0.001 ) . A painless procedure was noted at 50 % and 65 % of active sites by the independent observer and investigator , respectively . This was statistically different ( P<0.001 ) from the independent observer and investigator perception of pain-free procedure at the placebo site , 0 % and 5 % , respectively . CONCLUSION The S-Caine Peel provided effective and safe dermal anesthesia after only a 30-minute application period for nonablative laser treatment with the 1450-nm diode laser . The unique vehicle readily delivers anesthetic to contoured regions of the body and eliminates the need for occlusion Background To observe the effect of red light phototherapy ( RLPT ) on radioactive dermatitis ( RD ) caused by radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer ( HNC ) . Methods Sixty patients with HNC admitted to our hospital were r and omly divided into experimental group and control group , 30 patients in each group . The control group received routine daily care during radiotherapy treatment . In the experimental group , in addition to routine daily care during radiotherapy treatment , photon therapy apparatus RLPT was added , 10 min/time , 2 times/day , and lasted until the end of radiotherapy .  The pain and conditions of the patients ’ skin were assessed daily , and the skin pain and dermatitis grade s of the two groups were compared . Results In terms of the reaction degree of RD , experimental group was mainly grade 0–2 , and control group was mainly grade 2–3 , with a significant difference ( P < 0.05 ) . In terms of skin pain , according to the pain records at week 2 , 3 , and 4 , the pain degree increased with time . However , the score of wound pain in experimental group was significantly lower than that in control group , and there was a significant difference between the two groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions The application of RLPT in the treatment of RD can help accelerate wound healing and significantly shorten healing time . It can not only reduce wounds pain of patients , promote inflammation and ulcer healing , but also ensure the smooth progress of patients ’ radiotherapy and improve their quality of lives , which is worth popularization and application in the clinical practice Background Breast neoplasms are the second most common type of cancer worldwide , and radiation therapy is a key component of their treatment . Acute skin reactions are one of the most common side effects of radiation therapy , and prevention of this adverse event has been investigated in several studies . However , a clinical ly applicable , preventative treatment remains unavailable . It has been demonstrated that application of a low-power laser can promote tissue repair . Therefore , the aim of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of an indium gallium aluminum phosphorus ( InGaAIP ) laser operated at 660 nm in preventing radiodermatitis in women undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer . Methods / Design This is a two-arm , r and omized controlled trial . A total of 52 patients undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer ( stages I to III ) will be enrolled . Patients will be r and omly assigned to an intervention group to receive laser therapy ( n = 26 ) or a control group to receive a placebo ( n = 26 ) . The laser or placebo will be applied five days a week , immediately before each radiotherapy session . Skin reactions will then be grade d weekly by a nurse , a radiotherapist , and an oncologist ( all of whom will be blinded ) using the Common Toxicity Criteria ( CTC ) developed by the National Cancer Institute and the Acute Radiation Morbidity Scoring Criteria developed by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group . Patients will also answer a modified visual analogue scale for pain ( a self-evaluation question naire ) . Primary and secondary outcomes will be the prevention of radiodermatitis and pain secondary to radiodermatitis , respectively . Discussion The ideal tool for preventing radiodermatitis is an agent that mediates DNA repair or promotes cell proliferation . Application of a low-power laser has been shown to promote tissue repair by reducing inflammation and inducing collagen synthesis . Moreover , this treatment approach has not been associated with adverse events and is cost-effective . Thus , the results of this ongoing trial may establish whether use of a low-power laser represents an ideal treatment option for the prevention of radiodermatitis . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov identifier : NCT02003599 . Registered on 2 December 2013 OBJECTIVE To analyze the effect of low-level laser therapy ( LLLT ) on perception of pain after separator placement and compare it with perceptions of control and placebo groups using a frequent irradiation protocol . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Eighty-eight patients were r and omly allocated to a laser group , a light-emitting diode ( LED ) placebo group , or a control group . Elastomeric separators were placed on the first molars . In the laser and LED groups , first molars were irradiated for 30 seconds every 12 hours for 1 week using a portable device . Pain was marked on a visual analog scale at predetermined intervals . Repeated measure analysis of variance was performed for statistical analysis . RESULTS The pain scores of the laser group were significantly lower than those of the control group up to 1 day . The pain scores in the LED group were not significantly different from those of the laser group during the first 6 hours . After that point , the pain scores of the LED group were not significantly different from those of the control . CONCLUSIONS Frequent LLLT decreased the perception of pain to a nonsignificant level throughout the week after separator placement , compared with pain perception in the placebo and control groups . Therefore , LLLT might be an effective method of reducing orthodontic pain Myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome ( MPDS ) is the most common reason for pain and limited function of the masticatory system . The effects of low-level lasers ( LLLs ) for controlling the discomfort of patients are investigated frequently . However , the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a particular source producing 660 nm and 890 nm wavelengths that was recommended to reduce of the pain in the masticatory muscles . This was a double-blind and placebo-controlled trial . Sixteen MPDS patients were r and omly divided into two groups . For the laser group , two diode laser probes ( 660 nm ( nanometers ) , 6.2 J/cm2 , 6 min , continuous wave , and 890 nm , 1 J/cm2 ( joules per square centimetre ) , 10 min , 1,500 Hz ( Hertz ) ) were used on the painful muscles . For the control group , the treatment was similar , but the patients were not irradiated . Treatment was given twice a week for 3 weeks . The amount of patient pain was recorded at four time periods ( before and immediately after treatment , 1 week after , and on the day of complete pain relief ) . A visual analog scale ( VAS ) was selected as the method of pain measurement . Repeated- measures analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) , the t-test and the paired t-test were used to analyze the data . In each group the reduction of pain before and after the treatment was meaningful , but , between the two groups , low-level laser therapy ( LLLT ) was more effective ( P = 0.031 ) According to this study , this type of LLLT was the effective treatment for pain reduction in MPDS patients Management of intractable venous ulceration remains an unrewarding task which is increasingly delegated to the realm of the vascular surgeon . The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the ulcer-healing effects of the newest form of biostimulation — the low power laser .  Twelve patients with chronic venous ulcers unresponsive to conservative measures were treated with infrared laser irradiation for twelve weeks . Two ulcers healed completely and there was a 27 % ( p<0.01 ) reduction in size of the remaining ulcers . Treatment result ed in a 44 % ( p<0.01 ) increase in ulcer floor area occupied by healthy granulation tissue . The most dramatic effect of laser treatment was the reduction in ulcer pain , from 7.5 to 3.5 ( linear analogue scale ) ( p<0.001 ) . Laser irradiation had no effect on TcPO2 , number of skin capillaries or pericapillary fibrin deposition in the lipodermatosclerotic area around the ulcer . The results of this pilot study are encouraging and a carefully controlled r and omized study is indicated to compare low power laser irradiation to conventional treatment in the management of venous ulcers The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of diode superpulsed low-level laser therapy ( SLLLT ) in reducing  experimentally induced orthodontic pain . Overall , 120 subjects ( 23.01 ± 1.39 years ) were enrolled for a clinical trial . Subjects were r and omly assigned to upper ( U , N = 60 ) or lower ( L , N = 60 ) jaw groups . All subjects received 4 elastomeric separators mesial and distal to the upper ( U group ) or lower ( L group ) right first molar and bicuspids . Each subject of the U and L groups was r and omly assigned to laser ( Ul , N = 20 and Ll , N = 20 ) , placebo ( Up , N = 20 and Lp , N = 20 ) or control ( Uc , N = 20 and Lc , N = 20 ) sub-groups . Subjects in laser groups received a single GaAs diode SLLLT application ( 910 nm , 160 mW , beam diameter of 8 mm , applied for 340 s ) immediately after placing orthodontic separators . Placebo groups received a simulated SLLLT and controls did not receive any therapy . All participants compiled a survey on pain duration and a 100-mm visual analogue scale immediately after the separators placement and after 12 , 24 , 36 , 48 , 72 , and 96 h. Pain intensity of laser groups was significantly lower compared to placebo and control groups ( p = 0.0001 ) . In the laser group , 70 % of subjects felt pain , while in the placebo and control groups all subjects felt pain ( p = 0.0001 ) . The end of pain occurred earlier in laser compared to placebo and control groups ( p = 0.021 ) . A single-diode SLLLT application appeared to be effective in reducing the intensity and duration of experimentally induced orthodontic pain and could be used in daily orthodontic practice Objective The primary aim was to determine if laser acupuncture ( LA ) is more effective than sham laser in reducing pain and disability in adults with chronic non-specific low back pain . Methods The design was a double blind , two-group parallel r and omised controlled trial . The active intervention was an 830 nm ( infrared ) , 10 mW , Ga-Al-As laser diode laser for acupuncture and a sham control . The primary outcome measures were changes in pain ( visual analogue scale ) and disability ( Oswestry Disability Index ) at the end of 5–10 treatment sessions . Secondary outcomes were patient global assessment , psychological distress ( Depression Anxiety Stress Scale ) and subjective wellbeing ( Personal Wellbeing Index ) . Follow up was performed at 6 weeks and 6 months after completion of treatment . Results 100 participants were enrolled and treated in a general practice setting . Per protocol analysis of the primary outcome measures using ANOVA suggested that although there was a significant overall improvement in pain and disability after the course of treatments ( p<0.01 ) , there was no significant difference between the intervention and control group in both the primary and most secondary outcome measures . Conclusion This study did not show a specific effect for LA using infrared laser at 0.2 Joules per point for chronic low back pain . The overall intervention appeared effective because of placebo and other factors . As there was some concern about baseline ine quality between the groups further research using tighter inclusion criteria should attempt to replicate the result and examine if a dose response may exist BACKGROUND A variety of topical anesthetic compounds are available for use prior to minimally or moderately painful cutaneous laser procedures . A novel lidocaine/tetracaine-based peel has recently been developed that is applied to the skin as a cream and , once air dried , is removed as a flexible film that may prove useful in providing adequate dermal anesthesia for dermatologic laser surgery . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a novel topical anesthetic peel preparation for induction of local anesthesia prior to full-face cutaneous laser resurfacing . METHODS A series of 20 patients undergoing full-face single-pass CO2 laser resurfacing were enrolled in a double-blind institutional review board (IRB)-approved study protocol in which two different topical anesthetic products were compared . A 4 cm × 4 cm area of one cheek was r and omized to receive the novel lidocaine/tetracaine-based cream peel ( S-Caine ) while a 4 cm × 4 cm area on the contralateral side received EMLA cream with occlusion for 30 minutes prior to laser treatment . Patients rated the level of pain experienced during laser treatment on each side using a visual analog scale . Independent assessment s of observed discomfort and side effects were recorded RESULTS Pain scores were significantly lower using the novel lidocaine/tetracaine-based cream peel formulation compared with the EMLA cream . Side effects associated with application of the anesthetic peel were limited to mild transient erythema and skin blanching . CONCLUSION A novel topical lidocaine/tetracaine-based cream peel provides safe and effective dermal anesthesia for single-pass CO2 laser skin resurfacing
In general , active non-invasive anaesthetic methods seemed to provide favourable results compared to placebo or no anaesthesia , and topical anaesthetic drugs and PSF seemed to result in a better pain reduction than skin cooling .
However , the current evidence is insufficient to provide recommendations for daily clinical practice .
Future studies should also evaluate sex differences in pain perception , have uniformity with regard to vali date d pain measurement scales and address clinical ly significant differences in pain reduction besides statistically significant differences
Pain is a common side-effect of dermatological laser procedures .
Non-invasive anaesthetic drugs and anaesthetic procedures can be used to provide pain relief and increase patient satisfaction and treatment efficacy .
However , it remains unclear which method provides the best pain relief .
The objective of this systematic review was therefore to assess the efficacy and safety of non-invasive anaesthetic methods during dermatological laser procedures .