Comparative evaluation of postoperative pain after using endodontic needle and EndoActivator during root canal irrigation: A randomised controlled trial. Comparison of the effectiveness of three irrigation techniques in reducing intracanal Enterococcus faecalis populations: an in vitro study. Effects of subgingival chlorhexidine irrigation on peri-implant maintenance. Effect of different irrigant activation protocols on push-out bond strength Efficacy of four different irrigation techniques combined with 60°C 3% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA in smear layer removal Visually-guided irrigation in patients with early knee osteoarthritis: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Comparative evaluation of adjunctive oral irrigation in diabetics. Electrolyzed Acid Water Nasal Irrigation after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery The efficacy of dynamic irrigation using a commercially available system (RinsEndo) determined by removal of a collagen 'bio-molecular film' from an ex vivo model. Supragingival irrigation with 0.06% chlorhexidine in naturally occurring gingivitis. I. 6 month clinical observations. Irrigation of the peritoneal cavity with cephalothin. Influence of an apical negative pressure irrigation system on bacterial elimination during endodontic therapy: a prospective randomized clinical study. A prospective outcome study of patients with clot in an ulcer and the effect of irrigation. Effectiveness of various irrigation activation protocols and the self-adjusting file system on smear layer and debris removal. Arthroscopic shoulder surgery with epinephrine saline irrigation. Preoperative Skin Preparation and Intraoperative Pelvic Irrigation: Impact on Post- Cesarean Endometritis and Wound Infection In vivo efficacy of three different endodontic irrigation systems for irrigant delivery to working length of mesial canals of mandibular molars.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the postoperative level of pain after activation of irrigants using EndoActivator with conventional needle irrigation during root canal therapy . In this prospect i ve r and omised clinical trial , 72 symptomatic irreversible pulpitis patients were selected . Based on block r and omisation after routine root canal preparation , patients were assigned to two groups . In group EN , procedures were performed with endodontic irrigating needle ( n = 36 ) while group EA received activation using EndoActivator ( n = 36 ) in the final irrigation protocol . All the participants were called through phone at 8 , 24 and 48 h to analyse pain score using visual analogue scale . Those patients who developed pain were prescribed ibuprofen 200 mg . Pain score and frequency of tablet intake were recorded and statistically analysed . Results showed that group EA result ed in significantly less postoperative pain and analgesics intake than group EN . In conclusion , within the limitations of this study , the activation of irrigants using EndoActivator can be considered an effective method for reducing postoperative pain INTRODUCTION Several irrigation techniques have been recently introduced with the main objective of improving root canal disinfection . This in vitro study aim ed at comparing the intracanal bacterial reduction promoted by chemomechanical preparation with 3 different irrigation techniques . METHODS Root canals from extracted teeth were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 for 7 days and then r and omly distributed into 3 experimental groups of 20 teeth each : group 1 , conventional irrigation with NaviTip needles inserted up to 3 mm short of the working length ; group 2 , same as group 1 , but supplemented with final irrigant activation by the EndoActivator system ; and group 3 , irrigation with the EndoVac system . NaOCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) were the irrigants used in all experimental groups . The overall preparation time was kept constant for the groups , but the total volume ranged from 20 mL ( groups 1 and 2 ) to 43 mL ( group 3 ) . The control group was irrigated with saline solution ( total volume , 43 mL ) . Sample s taken before and after chemomechanical procedures were cultured , and the colony-forming units ( CFUs ) were counted . RESULTS Reduction in the bacterial population s was highly significant for all groups . The 3 experimental groups with NaOCl and EDTA as irrigants were significantly more effective than the control group with saline in reducing CFU counts . There were no significant differences between the 3 techniques tested . CONCLUSIONS There was no evident antibacterial superiority of any of the irrigation techniques evaluated in the present in vitro model PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of irrigation with 0.06 % chlorhexidine ( PerioGard ) ( CHX ) using a powered oral irrigator ( Water Pik ) with a special subgingival irrigating tip ( Pik Pocket Subgingival Tip ) compared to rinsing with 0.12 % chlorhexidine gluconate once daily . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Following a prophylaxis , patients were r and omly assigned to an irrigation or a rinse group . The following clinical parameters were measured at baseline and at the 3-month end of the study : Modified Gingival Index ( MGI ) , Plaque Index ( PI ) , Bleeding Index ( BI ) , and Calculus Index ( CI ) . Also , a Stain Index ( SI ) was measured at 3 months . RESULTS Patients irrigating with diluted CHX showed a statistically significant reduction ( P < 0.05 ) from their baseline in the MGI , PI , BI , and CI scores at 3 months . In the rinse group both MGI and BI showed statistically significant reduction from their baseline ( P < 0.05 ) at 3 months . The rinse group showed a nonsignificant ( P > 0.05 ) increase from baseline in CI and a nonsignificant decrease in PI . Intergroup comparisons showed that CHX irrigation produced statistically significantly greater reductions than CHX rinsing in the PI , MGI , and SI . The irrigation group also showed a greater reduction in BI and CI than the rinsing group but these differences were not statistically significant ( P = 0.12 ) . The results of this study suggest that use of diluted 0.06 % CHX when used in a powered irrigator may be a valuable adjunct to oral health in patients with implants The study aim ed to evaluate the effect of various final irrigant activation protocol s on push-out bond strength of fiber post . Thirty-two single-rooted human maxillar central teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction , instrumented and obturated . Post-space preparation was performed , and roots were r and omly divided into eight groups ( n = 4 ) according to the final irrigant activation protocol s ; distilled water was used as an irrigant in group 1 . The other groups were treated with 2.5 % NaOCl and 17 % EDTA . Conventional syringe irrigation ( CSI , no activation ) was used in group 2 . Irrigation solutions were activated using passive ultrasonic irrigation ( PUI , group 3 ) , EndoVac apical negative pressure ( ANP , group 4 ) , diode laser ( group 5 ) , neodymium : yttrium – aluminum-garnet ( Nd : YAG ) laser ( group 6 ) , erbium : yttrium – aluminum-garnet ( Er : YAG ) laser ( group 7 ) , and Er : YAG laser using with photon-induced photoacoustic streaming ( PIPS ™ ) technique ( group 8) . In all groups , fiber posts ( White Post DC , FGM ) were luted using Panavia F 2.0 ( Kuraray , Osaka , Japan ) . The specimens were transversally sectioned , and all slices from coronal and apical regions were subjected to push-out tests . The data were calculated as megapascals and analyzed by using two-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference ( HSD ) tests . Removing the smear layer increased the bond strength to dentine when compared with the control group ( p < 0.05 ) . The highest bond strength was obtained in the PIPS laser-activated irrigation group ( p < 0.05 ) . Coronal root region presented significantly higher bond strength than the apical region ( p < 0.05 ) . PIPS laser-activated irrigation showed higher efficiency as a final irrigant activation protocol on push-out bond strength of fiber post Background Efforts to improve the efficacy of smear layer removal by applying irrigant activation at the final irrigation or by elevating the temperature of the irrigant have been reported . However , the combination of such activation protocol s with 60 ° C 3 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) has seldom been mentioned . The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy in smear layer removal of four different irrigation techniques combined with 60 ° C 3 % NaOCl and 17 % EDTA . Methods Fifty single-rooted teeth were r and omly divided into five groups ( n = 10 ) according to the irrigant agitation protocol s used during chemomechanical preparation(Dentsply Maillefer , Ballaigues , Switzerl and ): a side-vented needle group , a ultrasonic irrigation ( UI ) group , a NaviTip FX group , an EndoActivator group , and a control group ( no agitation ) . After each instrumentation , the root canals were irrigated with 1 mL of 3 % NaOCl at 60 ° C for 1 minute , and after the whole instrumentation , the root canals were rinsed with 1 mL of 17 % EDTA for 1 minute . Both NaOCl and EDTA were activated with one of the five irrigation protocol s. The efficacy of smear layer removal was scored at the apical , middle and coronal thirds . The Data were statistically analyzed using SAS version 9.2 for Windows ( rank sum test for a r and omised block design and ANOVA ) . Results No significant differences among the NaviTip FX group , EndoActivator group and control groups , and each of these groups showed a lower score than that of UI group ( P < 0.05 ) . Within each group , all three thirds were ranked in the following order : coronal > middle > apical ( P < 0.05 ) . In the coronal third , the NaviTip FX group was better than UI group . In the middle and apical third , the differences were not significant among any of the groups . Conclusions Even without any activation , the combination of 60 ° C 3 % NaOCl and 17 % EDTA  could remove the smear layer effectively , similar to NaviTip FX or EndoActivator , and these three protocol s were more effective than UI . However , regardless of different types of irrigation technique applied , complete removal of the smear layer was not achieved , particularly in the apical third OBJECTIVE To determine if visually-guided arthroscopic irrigation is an effective therapeutic intervention in patients with early knee osteoarthritis . DESIGN Ninety patients with knee osteoarthritis were r and omized in a double-blind fashion to receive either arthroscopic irrigation with 3000 ml of saline ( treatment group ) or the minimal amount of irrigation ( 250 ml ) required to perform arthroscopy ( placebo group ) . The primary outcome variable was aggregate WOMAC score . RESULTS The study did not demonstrate an effect of irrigation on arthritis severity as measured by aggregate WOMAC scores , the primary outcome variable ; the mean change in aggregate WOMAC score at 12 months was 15.5 ( 95 % CI 7.7 , 23.4 ) for the full irrigation group compared to 8.9 ( 95 % CI 4.9 , 13.0 ) for the minimal irrigation group ( P=0.10 ) . Full irrigation did have a statistically significant effect on patients ' self-reported pain as measured by the WOMAC pain subscale and by a visual analog scale ( VAS ) ( the secondary outcome variables ) . Mean change in WOMAC pain scores decreased by 4.2 ( 95 % CI -0.9 , 9.4 ) for the full irrigation group compared with a mean decrease of 2.3 ( 95 % CI -0.1 , 4.7 ) in the minimal irrigation group ( P=0.04 ) . Mean VAS pain scores decreased by 1.47 ( 95 % CI -1.2 , 4.1 ) in the full irrigation group compared to a mean decrease of 0.12 ( 95 % CI 0.0 , 0.3 ) in the minimal irrigation group ( P=0.02 ) . A hypothesis-generating post-hoc analysis of the effect of positively birefrigent intraarticular crystals showed that patients with and without intraarticular crystals had statistically significant improvements in pain assessment s and aggregate WOMAC scores at 12 months ; patients with crystals had statistically greater improvements in pain . CONCLUSIONS Visually-guided arthroscopic irrigation may be a useful therapeutic option for relief of pain in a subset of patients with knee OA , particularly in those who have occult intraarticular crystals AIM The purpose of this study was to assess the response of diabetics to scaling and root planing treatment and subgingival oral irrigation as adjunctive therapy . METHOD A total of 52 type 1 and 2 diabetics ( mean age 51.3+/-14 ) with adult periodontitis were r and omized to two groups . Treatment included ultrasonic scaling and scaling and root planing in both groups ( control and test ) plus subgingival water irrigation 2x daily for the test group . Assessment s were made prior to and at 6 and 12 weeks after treatment . Parameters measured were modified gingival index ( MGI ) , probing pocket depth ( PPD ) , plaque index ( PI ) , clinical attachment level ( CAL ) , and bleeding on probing ( BOP ) . Systemic measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species ( ROS ) generation , cytokines ( TNF-alpha , IL-1beta , IL-10 , and PGE2 ) , and glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1C ) . RESULTS After treatment , analysis of data showed that both groups had clinical and systemic improvement . The test group had a statistically significant reduction for MGI , PI , and BOP compared to controls ( p<0.03 ) at 12 weeks and for ROS generation at 12 weeks ( p<0.012 ) . Unlike controls , systemic analysis of cytokines showed a statistically significant reduction from baseline for IL-1beta at 6 weeks and PGE2 at 6 and 12 weeks ( p<0.05 ) within test group . CONCLUSION These results suggest that scaling and root planing and adjunctive therapy may be of value in establishing a healthy periodontium in diabetics Background Electrolyzed acid water ( EAW ) has been recognized to have strong bactericidal activity , and the feasibility and safety of EAW irrigation in body cavities has been reported in the literature . This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of EAW nasal irrigation on the postoperative care of functional endoscopic sinus surgery ( FESS ) . Methods Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who received FESS for treatment were recruited and r and omly assigned to three groups at 1 month postoperatively . Patients in group 1 received EAW for nasal irrigation daily for 2 months , those in group 2 received neutral normal saline ( NS ) daily for 2 months , and those in group 3 did not receive nasal irrigation after surgery . Before and 3 months after FESS , sinonasal symptoms were assessed by question naire and patients received endoscopic examination , acoustic rhinometry , smell test , saccharine transit test , and bacterial culture from middle meatus . Results There were 185 patients enrolled between May 2009 and March 2012 . Among the patients who completed the study , 36 received EWA irrigation , 35 received NS irrigation , and 39 ( group 3 ) received no irrigation . Patients with nasal irrigation had a better outcome based on question naire score and saccharine transit time . However , there was no difference in outcome between patients who received irrigation with EAW and NS . Conclusion Our study showed that EWA irrigation did not confer a greater benefit than that of NS irrigation in post-FESS care AIM To compare the efficacy of three irrigation protocol s using an established ex vivo bio-molecular film model . METHODOLOGY Thirty human teeth with single straight canals were r and omly allocated to three groups [ static , manual-dynamic , automated-dynamic ( RinsEndo ] ; each with a sub-group ( n = 5 ) for needle position at 4 or 10 mm short of the working length ( WL ) . The root canals were prepared to apical size 40 , taper 0.08 . The teeth were split longitudinally into two halves and a st and ard coat of stained-collagen was applied to the canal surfaces . The re-assembled teeth were irrigated using one of the protocol s with the irrigation needle at one of two positions . Digital images of the canal surfaces , before and after irrigation with 18 mL of 2.5 % NaOCl , were used to score surface coverage with stained-collagen using image-analyses ( ipWin4 ) . The data were analysed using linear regression models . RESULTS The canal area covered with stained-collagen was significantly ( P < 0.001 ) less after dynamic irrigation ( manual/automated ) compared with static irrigation ; but automated-dynamic irrigation was significantly ( P = 0.037 ) less effective than manual-dynamic irrigation . The ' orientation of needle port ' , ' corono-apical level of canal ' and ' apical extent of needle placement ' were significant ( P < 0.001 ) factors influencing efficacy of irrigation . Residual collagen was most evident in the coronal third . Deeper penetration of the needle tip result ed in significantly ( P < 0.001 ) more effective collagen removal . CONCLUSIONS Automated-dynamic irrigation was significantly more effective ( 16 % ) than static irrigation but significantly less effective ( 5 % ) than manual-dynamic irrigation . Irrigation was more effective ( 7 % ) when the needle was placed closer to WL The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of supragingival irrigation with 0.06 % chlorhexidine gluconate ( CHX ) on naturally occurring gingivitis . The relative benefit of CHX irrigation in comparison with CHX rinsing , water irrigation , and normal oral hygiene was evaluated . In a blind , placebo-controlled 6-month study 222 patients were assigned to one of four groups : Group 1 : Once daily irrigation with 300 ml water followed by irrigation with 200 ml 0.06 % chlorhexidine gluconate ( experimental ) ; Group 2 : Twice daily rinsing with 15 ml 0.12 % chlorhexidine ( positive control ) ; Group 3 : Once daily irrigation with 500 ml water ( irrigation control ) and Group 4 : Sodium fluoride dentifrice for normal oral hygiene only ( negative control ) . All groups used the same sodium fluoride dentifrice for tooth brushing . At baseline , 3 months , and 6 months patients were examined for Gingival Index ( GI ) , Bleeding on Probing ( BOP ) , Plaque Index ( PLI ) , Pocket probing depth ( PD ) , Calculus Index ( CI ) , and stain . After the baseline visit all patients received a supra- and subgingival oral prophylaxis . At 6 months GI and BOP were significantly ( P less than or equal to 0.05 ) reduced by adjunctive CHX irrigation ( 42.5 % and 35.4 % , respectively ) , CHX rinse ( 24.1 % and 15.0 % ) , and water irrigation ( 23.1 % and 24.0 % ) compared to tooth brushing alone . Plaque was significantly ( P less than or equal to 0.05 ) reduced only by CHX irrigation ( 53.2 % ) and CHX rinse ( 43.3 % ) while calculus and staining were significantly ( P less than or equal to 0.05 ) increased in the two chlorhexidine groups ( 276.4 % ( irrigation ) and 273.2 % ( rinse ) ) . Although significant ( P less than or equal to 0.05 ) , pocket probing depth reduction was minimal after CHX irrigation ( 4.6 % ) . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Abstract The efficacy of intraoperative cephalothin irrigation of the peritoneal cavity was evaluated in ninety-four operative procedures on ninety-two patients . The study was prospect i ve and double blind and the patients were selected for the cephalothin or control group on a r and om basis . Evaluation of the two groups in regard to wound infections , failure to control intraperitoneal sepsis as indicated by intra-abdominal abscess or continuing peritonitis , and total number of deaths failed to reveal any significant difference between the two groups . Thus , copious cephalothin irrigation appears to be no better or worse than copious saline irrigation in the patient with peritonitis INTRODUCTION Recent in vitro studies that use an apical negative pressure irrigation system , EndoVac , have demonstrated promising results in the production of debris-free root canals , while also preventing potential extrusion of irrigants into the periapical region . We conducted a r and omized , controlled , prospect i ve clinical study to determine whether the use of EndoVac irrigation ( EndoVac group ) was more efficient compared with st and ard needle irrigation ( control group ) in obtaining canals from which microbes could not be cultivated . METHODS Routine endodontic therapy was performed in 48 patients with necrotic , single-rooted , single-canal teeth . The patients were r and omly assigned to either the EndoVac group ( n = 25 ) or control group ( n = 23 ) . Irrigation with either method was carried out with 0.5 % sodium hypochlorite . After surface disinfection , before instrumentation and on completion of chemomechanical preparation , intracanal microbial sample s were obtained and cultured under anaerobic conditions . The frequency of microbial cultivability by using either irrigation system was analyzed . RESULTS The frequency of obtaining culture-negative root canals was 90.9 % and 82.6 % for the control group and EndoVac group , respectively . There was no significant difference in the antimicrobial efficacy of either control group or EndoVac group ( Fisher exact test , P = .665 ) . Furthermore , no significant association between study variables and the irrigation systems ' antimicrobial efficacy was found ( P > .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of this prospect i ve in vivo study demonstrate that the antimicrobial efficacy of EndoVac irrigation is comparable to that of st and ard irrigation BACKGROUND The proper management of patients with clots in an ulcer base has not been clearly defined by prospect i ve studies . Variable prevalence and rebleeding rates may be explained by differing degrees of vigor used to clear the clot , as removal may reveal other stigmata . We prospect ively assessed the natural histories of patients with clots after vigorous irrigation  , employing a management strategy of endoscopic therapy for patients with high-risk stigmata and observation of those with clots resistant to washing or low-risk findings . METHODS Forty-six patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding found to have a clot in an ulcer had irrigation with a 3.2 mm bipolar probe for up to 5 minutes . Stigmata after washing were recorded ; endoscopic therapy was given for active bleeding that persisted > or = 5 min or for nonbleeding visible vessels . Patients were observed in the hospital for > or = 3 days . RESULTS Findings revealed after irrigation were adherent clot , 26 ( 57 % ) ; clean base , 1 ( 2 % ) ; flat spot , 5 ( 11 % ) ; nonbleeding visible vessel , 7 ( 13 % ) ; oozing , 6 ( 13 % ) ; and spurting , 1 ( 2 % ) . Two of the 26 ( 8 % ) with adherent clots after washing rebled ; endoscopic therapy result ed in no further bleeding . One of the 14 ( 7 % ) with active bleeding or visible vessels treated with hemostatic therapy rebled ; repeat endoscopic therapy result ed in no further bleeding . No deaths occurred . CONCLUSIONS Irrigation appears to be useful in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding who have ulcers with clots . The endoscopic findings present after washing can be used to dictate the appropriate management at initial endoscopy . Application of hemostatic therapy in patients with active bleeding or nonbleeding visible vessels and observation of patients with other stigmata , including clots resistant to washing , result ed in an excellent outcome The purpose of the present study is to evaluate smear layer generation and residual debris after using self-adjusting file ( SAF ) or rotary instrumentation and to compare the debris and smear layer removal efficacy of the SAF cleaning/shaping irrigation system against final agitation techniques . One hundred and eight maxillary lateral incisor teeth were r and omly divided into nine experimental groups ( n = 12 ) , and root canals were prepared using ProTaper Universal rotary files , with the exception of the SAF instrumentation group . During instrumentation , root canals were irrigated with a total of 16 mL of 5 % NaOCl . For final irrigation , rotary-instrumented groups were irrigated with 10 mL of 17 % EDTA and 10 mL of 5 % NaOCl using different irrigation agitation regimens ( syringe irrigation with needles , NaviTip FX , manual dynamic irrigation , CanalBrush , EndoActivator , EndoVac , passive ultrasonic irrigation ( PUI ) , and SAF irrigation ) . In the SAF instrumentation group , root canals were instrumented for 4 min at a rate of 4 mL/min with 5 % NaOCl and received a final flush with same as syringe irrigation with needles . The surface of the root dentin was observed using a scanning electron microscope . The SAF instrumentation group generated less smear layer and yielded cleaner canals compared to rotary instrumentation . The EndoActivator , EndoVac , PUI , and SAF irrigation groups increased the efficacy of irrigating solutions on the smear layer and debris removal . The SAF instrumentation yielded cleaner canal walls when compared to rotary instrumentation . None of the techniques completely removed the smear layer from the root canal walls PURPOSE To determine whether dilute epinephrine saline irrigation ( 0.33 mg/L ) delivered by a pressure-controlled pump would significantly reduce intraoperative bleeding during routine arthroscopic shoulder surgery and , in addition , to investigate potential adverse cardiovascular reactions of adding epinephrine to the irrigation fluid . TYPE OF STUDY Prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled study . METHODS Fifty-four patients requiring arthroscopic shoulder surgery were r and omly assigned to either an epinephrine group that received dilute epinephrine irrigation by a pressure-controlled pump or to a placebo group that received plain saline irrigation by a pressure-controlled pump .  Intraoperative , intra-articular bleeding was estimated by multiplying the total volume of the irrigation fluid used with the hemoglobin concentration in the irrigation fluid . Postoperatively , the surgeon rated the clarity of the visual field during the arthroscopy by a visual analogy scale . RESULTS Intraoperative bleeding was significantly reduced ( P = .008 ) and the clarity of the visual field was significantly better ( P = .0007 ) in the group of patients receiving dilute epinephrine irrigation compared with the group of patients without epinephrine added to the irrigation fluid . CONCLUSIONS The addition of epinephrine to irrigation fluid seems to reduce intra-articular bleeding during routine arthroscopic shoulder surgery and may improve visualization . Furthermore , no cardiovascular adverse reactions were observed result ing from the intra-articular epinephrine administration Objective : To determine the impact of two skin preparation methods and two techniques of pelvic irrigation on the incidence of  post-cesarean endometritis and wound infection in an indigent patient population . Methods : A r and omized study was performed in 100 cesarean patients . Subjects were assigned to one of four groups , involving either st and ard skin preparation ( povidone- iodine [ 7.5 % ] scrub followed by povidone-iodine [ 10 % ] solution ) or special skin preparation ( 5-minute scrub with parachlorometaxylenol followed by povidone scrub and solution ) , and either normal saline or antibiotic ( cefazolin sodium , 1 g in 500 mL normal saline ) irrigation of the pelvis and subcutaneous tissue at uterine and fascial closure . Four groups of patients were formed : st and ard skin preparation plus normal saline irrigation , st and ard preparation plus antibiotic irrigation , special preparation plus normal saline irrigation , and special preparation plus antibiotic irrigation . Results : Endometritis occurred significantly more often in the combined groups that did not include antibiotic irrigation than in the combined groups involving antibiotic irrigation ( P < .001 ) . In contrast , comparison of skin preparation methods between povidone-iodine alone versus preparation including parachlorometaxylenol indicated no significant difference ( P = .22 ) . Conclusion : Skin preparation with an antibacterial scrub in addition to st and ard povidone-iodine scrub and solution does not appear to play as significant a role in the reduction of post-cesarean endometritis or wound infection as does intraoperative pelvic irrigation with antibiotic solution INTRODUCTION Many in vitro studies have debated over the ability of different irrigant delivery and /or agitation systems to reach the apical third of curved root canals ; however , little is known about irrigant penetration in vivo . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of the conventional endodontic irrigation needle , passive ultrasonic irrigation ( PUI ) , and a negative pressure system for irrigant delivery to working length ( WL ) of mesial canals of m and ibular molars . METHODS Thirty mesial canals of 30 vital m and ibular first or second molars were r and omly assigned into 3 groups ( n = 10 ) : ( 1 ) Monoject syringe with 27-gauge needle ; ( 2 ) PUI with IrriSafe tip ; and ( 3 ) EndoVac system . All canals were treated following the same preparation protocol to size 35/0.04 by using 5.25 % NaOCl as irrigant during preparation procedure . Before obturation , canals were irrigated with 1 mL of a radiopaque solution by using the assigned irrigation system , and a digital radiograph was taken by using a parallel technique . With the aid of image editing software the distance between WL and maximum irrigant penetration was measured . RESULTS Mean distances for Monoject , PUI , and EndoVac groups were 1.51 mm , 0.21 mm , and 0.42 mm , respectively . Analysis of variance test showed statistically significant differences between groups ( P < .001 ) . Tukey honestly significant difference test showed statistically significant differences between the Monoject group and the other 2 groups ( P < .001 ) but no significant differences between PUI and EndoVac groups ( P = .06 ) . CONCLUSIONS PUI and EndoVac are more effective than the conventional endodontic needle in delivering irrigant to WL of root canals
Results showed that mechanical active irrigation reduces post-operative pain .
It improved debridement , canal/isthmus cleanliness .
It also improved delivery of irrigant up to working length .
Bacterial count was more with active irrigation , though not significant .
There is no effect on long-term periapical healing .
Conclusion It may be concluded that mechanical active irrigation devices are beneficial in reducing post-operative pain and improving canal and isthmus cleanliness during Endodontics
Objective Irrigant activation has been cl aim ed to be beneficial in in vitro and clinical studies .
This systematic review aims to investigate the clinical efficiency of mechanically activated irrigants and conventional irrigation .