Comparison of the effects of medium-chain triacylglycerols, palm oil, and high oleic acid sunflower oil on plasma triacylglycerol fatty acids and lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in humans. Comparison of the effects of supplemental red palm oil and sunflower oil on maternal vitamin A status. Supplementation-Dependent Effects of Vegetable Oils with Varying Fatty Acid Compositions on Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters in Obese Women Palm Olein and Olive Oil Cause a Higher Increase in Postprandial Lipemia Compared with Lard but Had No Effect on Plasma Glucose, Insulin and Adipocytokines Prospective association of fatty acids in the de novo lipogenesis pathway with risk of type 2 diabetes: the Cardiovascular Health Study. [Changes in of plasma lipoproteins after the use of palm oil in the diet of a group healthy adults]. Effect of a 6-month intervention with cooking oils containing a high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (olive and canola oils) compared with control oil in male Asian Indians with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Effects of palm olein and olive oil on serum lipids in a Chinese population: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. Positional distribution of fatty acids in dietary triglycerides: effects on fasting blood lipoprotein concentrations in humans. Plasma fatty acid changes following consumption of dietary oils containing n-3, n-6, and n-9 fatty acids at different proportions: preliminary findings of the Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial (COMIT) Accelerated atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed Western diets containing palm oil compared with extra virgin olive oils: a role for small, dense high-density lipoproteins. Effects of red palm oil on serum lipids and plasma carotenoids level in Chinese male adults. Comparison of the effects of diets enriched in lauric, palmitic, or oleic acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women and men. Replacement of partially hydrogenated soybean oil by palm oil in margarine without unfavorable effects on serum lipoproteins Palm oil and cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial of the effects of hybrid palm oil supplementation on human plasma lipid patterns. A Comparison of the Effects of n-3 Fatty Acids From Linseed Oil and Fish Oil in Well-Controlled Type II Diabetes Replacement of dietary fat with palm oil: effect on human serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins.
Although medium-chain triacylglycerols ( MCTs , composed of medium-chain fatty acids 8:0 and 10:0 ) have long been described as having neutral effects on serum cholesterol concentrations , experimental evidence supporting this cl aim is limited . In a r and omized , crossover , metabolic-ward study , we compared the lipid effects of a natural food diet supplemented with either MCTs , palm oil , or high oleic acid sunflower oil in nine middle-aged men with mild hypercholesterolemia . Rather than having a neutral effect , MCT oil produced total cholesterol concentrations that were not significantly different from those produced by palm oil ( MCT oil : 5.87 + /- 0.75 mmol/L ; palm oil : 5.79 + /- 0.72 mmol/L ) but significantly higher than that produced by high oleic acid sunflower oil ( 5.22 + /- 0.52 mmol/L ) . Low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations paralleled those of total cholesterol .  MCT oil tended to result in higher triacylglycerol concentrations than either palm oil or high oleic acid sunflower oil , but this difference was not significant . There were no differences in high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations . The palmitic acid and total saturated fatty acid content of plasma triacylglycerols in the MCT-oil diet was not significantly different from that in the palm oil diet . On the basis of percentage of energy , this study suggests that medium-chain fatty acids have one-half the potency that palmitic acid has at raising total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations BACKGROUND Conflicting results have been reported on the ability of dietary carotenoids to improve vitamin A status in lactating women .  Red palm oil is one of the richest dietary sources of beta-carotene . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to determine the efficacy of red palm oil in increasing retinol and provitamin A status in pregnant and lactating women . DESIGN Ninety rural , pregnant Tanzanian women from 3 r and omly selected villages were recruited during their third trimester to participate in 3 dietary intervention groups : a control group , who were encouraged to maintain the traditional practice of eating staples with dark-green leafy vegetables , and 2 study groups , who were given either sunflower or red palm oil for use in household food preparations . The intervention lasted 6 mo . Plasma sample s were collected at the third trimester and 1 and 3 mo postpartum , and breast-milk sample s were collected 1 and 3 mo postpartum . RESULTS Supplementation with red palm oil , which is rich in provitamin A , increased alpha- and beta-carotene concentrations significantly ( P < 0.001 ) in both plasma and breast milk . Plasma retinol concentrations were similar in all dietary groups . Breast-milk retinol concentrations tended to decrease from 1 to 3 mo postpartum in the control group , but were maintained in both oil groups . The difference in change in breast-milk retinol concentration between the red palm oil group and the control group was significant ( P = 0.041 ) . CONCLUSIONS Consumption of red palm oil increases concentrations of alpha- and beta-carotene in both breast milk and serum and maintains breast-milk retinol concentrations . Sunflower oil consumption seems to conserve breast-milk retinol similarly to consumption of red palm oil . Breast-milk retinol might be maintained through increased dietary intake of these vegetable oils and use of mild cooking preparation methods ( such as the addition of oil at the end of cooking and avoidance of frying ) Fatty acid ( FA ) composition is a determinant of the physiological effects of dietary oils . This study investigated the effects of vegetable oil supplementation with different FA compositions on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in obese women on a hypocaloric diet with lifestyle modifications . Seventy-five women ( body mass index , BMI , 30–39.9kg/m2 ) were r and omized based on 8-week oil supplementation into four experimental groups : the coconut oil group ( CoG , n = 18 ) , the safflower oil group ( SafG , n = 19 ) , the chia oil group ( ChG , n = 19 ) , and the soybean oil placebo group ( PG , n = 19 ) . Pre- and post-supplementation weight , anthropometric parameters , and body fat ( % BF ) , and lean mass percentages ( % LM ) were evaluated , along with biochemical parameters related to lipid and glycidemic profiles . In the anthropometric evaluation , the CoG showed greater weight loss ( Δ% = −8.54 ± 2.38 ) , and reduced BMI ( absolute variation , Δabs = −2.86 ± 0.79 ) , waist circumference ( Δabs = −6.61 ± 0.85 ) , waist-to-height ratio ( Δabs = −0.041 ± 0.006 ) , conicity index ( Δabs = −0.03 ± 0.016 ) , and % BF ( Δabs = −2.78 ± 0.46 ) , but increased % LM ( Δabs = 2.61 ± 1.40 ) ( p < 0.001 ) . Moreover , the CoG showed a higher reduction in biochemical parameters of glycemia ( Δabs = −24.71 ± 8.13 ) and glycated hemoglobin ( Δabs = −0.86 ± 0.28 ) ( p < 0.001 ) . The ChG showed a higher reduction in cholesterol ( Δabs = −45.36 ± 0.94 ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDLc ; Δabs = −42.53 ± 22.65 ) , and triglycerides ( Δabs = −49.74 ± 26.3 ) , but an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDLc ; abs = 3.73 ± 1.24 , p = 0.007 ) . Coconut oil had a more pronounced effect on abdominal adiposity and glycidic profile , whereas chia oil had a higher effect on improving the lipid profile . Indeed , supplementation with different fatty acid compositions result ed in specific responses Postpr and ial lipemia impairs insulin sensitivity and triggers the pro-inflammatory state which may lead to the progression of cardiovascular diseases . A r and omized , crossover single-blind study ( n = 10 healthy men ) was design ed to compare the effects of a high-fat load ( 50 g fat ) , rich in palmitic acid from both plant ( palm olein ) or animal source ( lard ) versus an oleic acid-rich fat ( virgin olive oil ) on lipemia , plasma glucose , insulin and adipocytokines . Serum triacylglycerol ( TAG ) concentrations were significantly lower after the lard meal than after the olive oil and palm olein meals ( meal effect P = 0.003 ; time effect P < 0.001 ) . The greater reduction in the plasma non-esterified free fatty acids levels in the lard group compared to the olive oil meal was mirrored by the changes observed for serum TAG levels ( P < 0.05 ) . The magnitude of response for plasma glucose , insulin and adipocytokines [ interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , interleukin-1β ( IL-1β ) and leptin ] were not altered by the type of dietary fats . A significant difference in plasma IL-1β was found over time following the three high fat loads ( time effect P = 0.036 ) . The physical characteristics and changes in TAG structure of lard may contribute to the smaller increase in postpr and ial lipemia compared with palm olein . A high fat load but not the type of fats influences concentrations of plasma IL-1β over time but had no effect on other pro-inflammatory markers tested in the postpr and ial state BACKGROUND Experimental evidence suggests that hepatic de novo lipogenesis ( DNL ) affects insulin homeostasis via synthesis of saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) and monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) . Few prospect i ve studies have used fatty acid biomarkers to assess associations with  type 2 diabetes . OBJECTIVES We investigated associations of major circulating SFAs [ palmitic acid ( 16:0 ) and stearic acid ( 18:0 ) ] and MUFA [ oleic acid ( 18:1n-9 ) ] in the DNL pathway with metabolic risk factors and incident diabetes in community-based older U.S. adults in the Cardiovascular Health Study . We secondarily assessed other DNL fatty acid biomarkers [ myristic acid ( 14:0 ) , palmitoleic acid ( 16:1n-7 ) , 7-hexadecenoic acid ( 16:1n-9 ) , and vaccenic acid ( 18:1n-7 ) ] and estimated dietary SFAs and MUFAs . DESIGN In 3004 participants free of diabetes , plasma phospholipid fatty acids were measured in 1992 , and incident diabetes was identified by medication use and blood glucose . Usual diets were assessed by using repeated food-frequency question naires . Multivariable linear and Cox regression were used to assess associations with metabolic risk factors and incident diabetes , respectively . RESULTS At baseline , circulating palmitic acid and stearic acid were positively associated with adiposity , triglycerides , inflammation biomarkers , and insulin resistance ( P-trend < 0.01 each ) , whereas oleic acid showed generally beneficial associations ( P-trend < 0.001 each ) . During 30,763 person-years , 297 incident diabetes cases occurred . With adjustment for demographics and lifestyle , palmitic acid ( extreme-quintile HR : 1.89 ; 95 % CI : 1.27 , 2.83 ; P-trend = 0.001 ) and stearic acid ( HR : 1.62 ; 95 % CI : 1.09 , 2.41 ; P-trend = 0.006 ) were associated with higher diabetes risk , whereas oleic acid was not significantly associated . In secondary analyses , vaccenic acid was inversely associated with diabetes ( HR : 0.56 ; 95 % CI : 0.38 , 0.83 ; P-trend = 0.005 ) . Other fatty acid biomarkers and estimated dietary SFAs or MUFAs were not significantly associated with incident diabetes . CONCLUSIONS In this large prospect i ve cohort , circulating palmitic acid and stearic acid were associated with higher diabetes risk , and vaccenic acid was associated with lower diabetes risk . These results indicate a need for additional investigation of biological mechanisms linking specific fatty acids in the DNL pathway to the pathogenesis of diabetes UNLABELLED Although saturated fat acids have long known to have harmful effects on cholesterol and triacylglycerides levels in blood , new concepts have emerged form recent research on this matter . The purpose of this study was to know the effect of the consumption of palm olein on triacylglycerides and cholesterol levels as well as lipoprotein fractions in the blood plasma of healthy individuals from both sexes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Different types of fats were administered for 12 weeks to 60 subjects , 45 male , 15 female , between 19 and 45 years of age , who were divided into three groups : the mix group ( MG ) was administered oil , margarine , and mayonnaise prepared with 50 % olein ; the olein group ( OG ) consumed fats prepared with 100 % olein ; and the control group ( CG ) consumed regular fats of customary use by the population . The diets provided 25 to 30 % of calories . Blood sample s were obtained for lipid analysis at the beginning and the end of the study . Plasma triacylglycerides and cholesterol concentrations were determined by means of enzyme and lipoprotein methods ( VLDL , LDL ; and HDL ) by ultracentrifugation . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION By comparing the groups ' means no significant differences were found ( p > 0.05 ) in blood lipids . Individual differences show a slight increase in VLDL-C in OG compared to MG and CG . No differences were found in LDL concentration . CONCLUSIONS These results contribute evidence to differentiate between the effects of saturated vegetables oils , such as coconut oil , and of palm olein . The authors recommend not extrapolate the effects of type of oil to another in connection with TC increase in blood OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of dietary intervention with canola or olive oil in comparison with commonly used refined oil in Asian Indians with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) . SUBJECTS AND METHODS This was a 6-month intervention study including 93 males with NAFLD , matched for age and body mass index ( BMI ) . Subjects were r and omized into three groups to receive olive oil ( n=30 ) , canola oil ( n=33 ) , and commonly used soyabean/safflower oil ( control ; n=30 ) as cooking medium ( not exceeding 20 g/day ) along with counseling for therapeutic lifestyle changes . The BMI , fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) and insulin levels , lipids , homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , HOMA denoting β-cell function ( HOMA-βCF ) , and disposition index ( DI ) were measured at pre- and post-intervention . Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and Tukey 's Honestly Significant Difference multiple comparison test procedures . RESULTS Olive oil intervention led to a significant decrease in weight and BMI ( ANOVA , P=0.01 ) compared with the control oil group . In a comparison of olive and canola oil , a significant decrease in fasting insulin level , HOMA-IR , HOMA-βCF , and DI ( P<0.001 ) was observed in the olive oil group . Pre- and post-intervention analysis revealed a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein level ( P=0.004 ) in the olive oil group and a significant decrease in FBG ( P=0.03 ) and triglyceride ( P=0.02 ) levels in the canola oil group . The pre- and post-intervention difference in liver span was significant only in the olive ( 1.14 ± 2 cm ; P<0.05 ) and canola ( 0.66 ± 0.33 cm ; P<0.05 ) oil groups . In the olive and canola oil  groups , post-intervention grading of fatty liver was reduced significantly ( grade I , from 73.3 % to 23.3 % and from 60.5 % to 20 % , respectively [ P<0.01 ] ; grade II , from 20 % to 10 % and from 33.4 % to 3.3 % , respectively [ P<0.01 ] ; and grade III , from 6.7 % to none and from 6.1 % to none , respectively ) . In contrast , in the control oil group no significant change was observed . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest significant improvements in grading of fatty liver , liver span , measures of insulin resistance , and lipids with use of canola and olive oil compared with control oils in Asian Indians with NAFLD BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES As the most widely produced edible vegetable oil , palm oil is known as to contain a high level of saturated fatty acid , which was thought to adversely affect serum lipid profiles . However , recent studies have shown no influence or benefits of palm oil on serum lipids . The potential nutritional value of palm oil is attributed to the high mono-unsaturation at the crucial sn2-position of the oil 's triacylglycerols , as with the so-called ' healthy ' olive oil ( OO ) . The aim of this study was to further test this hypothesis and evaluate the effects of consuming palm olein versus olive oil on serum lipid profiles in a Chinese population . METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN In total , 120 participants were recruited from a spinnery in Yixing city and r and omly divided into two groups ( palm olein or olive oil ) to conduct a 2 × 2 crossover trial for 2 months ' intervention with 2-week washout periods . Each participant was provided 48 g of test oil per day . At the end of each period , anthropometry , and blood lipid indices were measured to determine the effects of palm olein and olive oil . RESULTS Palm olein and olive oil consumption had no significantly different effect on BMI , on serum total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triacylglycerol ( TG ) , Apo B , fasting glucose , or insulin concentrations ( all p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS In a dietary crossover trial , palm olein and olive oil had no recognisably different effects on body fatness or blood lipids in a healthy Chinese population We examined the effect of the positional distribution of fatty acids within dietary triglycerides on  serum lipoproteins . Sixty subjects consumed two diets of equal fatty acid composition for 3 wk each . In the palm oil diet 82 % of palmitic acid was attached to the outer two carbon atoms of glycerol , and 18 % to the middle carbon . In the diet rich in enzymatically modified palm oil these figures were 35 % and 65 % , respectively . On the modified-fat diet , average lipoprotein concentrations showed nonsignificant ( P > 0.13 ) increases of 0.06 mmol/L for total , 0.03 mmol/L for HDL , and 0.04 mmol/L for LDL cholesterol compared with palm oil . The small increases in total and LDL cholesterol were statistically significant in the men ( n = 23 ) but not in the women ( n = 37 ) . The ratio of HDL to LDL cholesterol and serum triglyceride concentrations were unchanged . Thus , a large difference in dietary fatty acid configuration had little effect on lipoprotein concentrations in humans Background The Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial ( COMIT ) was a r and omized controlled crossover study design ed to evaluate the effects of five diets that provided different oils and /or oil blends on cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors in individuals with abdominal obesity . The present objective is to report preliminary findings on plasma fatty acid profiles in volunteers with abdominal obesity , following the consumption of diets enriched with n-3 , n-6 and n-9 fatty acids . Methods COMIT was conducted at three clinical sites , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada , Québec City , Québec , Canada and University Park , Pennsylvania , United States . Inclusion criteria were at least one of the followings : waist circumference ( ≥90 cm for males and ≥84 cm for females ) , and at least one other criterion : triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L , high density lipoprotein cholesterol < 1 mmol/L ( males ) or < 1.3 mmol/L ( females ) , blood pressure ≥130 mmHg ( systolic ) and /or ≥85 mmHg ( diastolic ) , and glucose ≥5.5 mmol/L.  Weight-maintaining diets that included shakes with one of the dietary oil blends were provided during each of the five 30-day dietary phases . Dietary phases were separated by four-week washout periods . Treatment oils were canola oil , high oleic canola oil , high oleic canola oil enriched with docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , flax oil and safflower oil blend , and corn oil and safflower oil blend . A per protocol approach with a mixed model analysis was decided to be appropriate for data analysis . Results One hundred and seventy volunteers were r and omized and 130 completed the study with a dropout rate of 23.5 % . The mean plasma total DHA concentrations , which were analyzed among all participants as a measure of adherence , increased by more than 100 % in the DHA-enriched phase , compared to other phases , demonstrating excellent dietary adherence . Conclusions Recruitment and retention strategies were effective in achieving a sufficient number of participants who completed the study protocol to enable sufficient statistical power to resolve small differences in outcome measures . It is expected that the study will generate important data thereby enhancing our underst and ing of the effects of n-3 , n-6 , and n-9 fatty acid-containing oils on CVD risks . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01351012 To test the hypothesis that extra virgin olive oils from different cultivars added to Western diets might behave differently than palm oil in the development of atherosclerosis , apoE-deficient mice were fed diets containing different cultivars of olive oil for 10 weeks . Female mice were assigned r and omly to one of the following five groups : ( 1 - 4 ) fed chow diets supplemented with 0.15 % ( w/w ) cholesterol and 20 % ( w/w ) extra virgin olive oil from the Arbequina , Picual , Cornicabra , or Empeltre cultivars , and ( 5 ) fed a chow diet supplemented with 0.15 % cholesterol and 20 % palm oil . Compared to diets containing palm oil , a Western diet supplemented with one of several varieties of extra virgin olive oil decreased atherosclerosis lesions , reduced plaque size , and decreased macrophage recruitment . Unexpectedly , total plasma paraoxonase activity , apoA-I , plasma triglycerides , and cholesterol played minor roles in the regulation of differential aortic lesion development . Extra virgin olive oil induced a cholesterol-poor , apoA-IV-enriched lipoparticle that has enhanced arylesterase and antioxidant activities , which is closely associated with reductions in atherosclerotic lesions . Given the anti-atherogenic properties of extra virgin olive oil evident in animal models fed a Western diet , clinical trials are needed to establish whether these oils are a safe and effective means of treating atherosclerosis OBJECTIVE Effects of red palm oil on major plasma carotenoids , tocopherol , retinol and serum lipids were evaluated when used in Chinese diet . METHODS Red palm oil group ( RPO ) composed of 20 male subjects(aged 18 - 32 ) and soybean oil group ( SBO ) composed of 22 male subjects ( aged 18 - 32 ) . Dietary fat provided about 28 % of total calories , and the test oil accounted for about 60 % of total dietary fat . In the 3 weeks of pretest period , diets were prepared with soybean oil , and then in the next 6 weeks subjects in each group consumed the diet prepared by test oil . RESULTS Plasma alpha-carotene , beta-carotene and lycopene concentration of RPO group significantly increased at the time of interim ( 21 days ) and of the end ( 42 days ) ( P < 0.05 ) , and alpha-tocopherol concentration significantly increased at the time of the end ( 42 days ) in this study . Though Chinese plasma retinol level was relatively low when compared with that of Westerners , red palm oil diet showed no significant effect on adult Chinese plasma retinol level . Serum concentration of total cholesterol , triglyceride , high density lipoprotein cholesterol , apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein B of all subjects showed no significant changes in RPO group during the study . CONCLUSIONS The data in our study suggest that red palm oil is a good source of carotenoids and vitamin E when used in Chinese diet preparation , and it can significantly increase plasma concentration of alpha-carotene , beta-carotene , lycopene and alpha-tocopherol The degree to which different saturated fatty acids exert their cholesterol-raising effects is still unknown . Therefore , we studied the effect on serum lipids and lipoproteins of diets rich in lauric , palmitic , or oleic acids .  Eighteen women and 14 men consumed in r and om order three experimental diets , each for 6 wk . The diets consisted of solid foods and contained 40 % of energy as fat , of which 28 % was supplied by the experimental fats . The fat high in lauric acid was a mixture of palm kernel oil ( 75 % ) and a high-oleic acid sunflower oil ( 25 % ) ; the fat high in palmitic acid consisted of dairy fat ( 55 % ) , palmstearin ( 36 % ) , and sunflower oil ( 9 % ) ; and the fat high in oleic acid consisted of dairy fat ( 37 % ) and sunflower oil ( 63 % ) . The calculated nutrient composition was the same in each diet except for approximately equal to 8.5 % of energy , which was provided by lauric , palmitic , or oleic acids . With the lauric acid diet the subjects ' serum total cholesterol concentration increased by 0.22 mmol/L ( P = 0.0121 ; 95 % CI : 0.02 , 0.41 mmol/L ) as compared with the palmitic acid diet and by 0.48 mmol/L ( P < 0.0001 ; 95 % CI : 0.29 , 0.67 mmol/L ) compared with the oleic acid diet .  Total cholesterol concentrations with the palmitic acid diet were 0.26 mmol/L ( P = 0.0012 ; 95 % CI : 0.07 , 0.46 mmol/L ) higher than with the oleic acid diet .  High-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations increased by 0.12 mmol/L ( P = 0.006 ; 95 % CI : 0.04 , 0.20 mmol/L ) with the lauric acid compared with the palmitic acid diet and by 0.14 mmol/L ( P < 0.001 ; 95 % CI : 0.07 , 0.22 mmol/L ) compared with the oleic acid diet .  HDL-cholesterol concentrations with the palmitic acid and the oleic acid diet were the same . No effects were seen in serum triacylglycerol and lipoprotein(a ) concentrations . We conclude that both lauric and palmitic acids are hypercholesterolemic compared with oleic acid . Lauric acid raises total cholesterol concentrations more than palmitic acid , which is partly due to a stronger rise in HDL cholesterol We have compared the effects of three different margarines , one based on palm oil ( PALM-margarine ) , one based on partially hydrogenated soybean oil ( TRANS-margarine ) and one with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA-margarine ) , on serum lipids in 27 young women . The main purpose of the study was to test if replacement of trans fatty acids in margarine by palmitic acid results in unfavorable effects on serum lipids . The sum of saturated fatty acids ( 12∶0 , 14∶0 , 16∶0 ) was 36.3 % of total fatty acids in the PALM-diet , the same as the sum of saturated ( 12∶0 , 14∶0 , 16∶0 ) ( 12.5 % ) and trans ( 23.1 % ) fatty acids in the TRANS-diet . This sum was 20.7 % in the PUFA-diet . The content of oleic acid was 37.9 , 35.2 , and 38.6 % , respectively , in the three diets , whereas linoleic acid amounted to 16 , 13.5 , and 27.3 % , respectively . Total fat provided 30–31 % and the test margarines 26 % of total energy in all three diets . The subjects consumed each of the diets for 17 d in a Latin-square crossover design . There were no significant differences in total cholesterol , low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B ( apoB ) between the TRANS- and the PALM-diets . High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and apoA-I were significantly higher on the PALM-diet compared to the TRANS-diet whereas the ratio of LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol was lower , although not significantly ( P=0.077 ) on the PALM-diet . Total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , and apoB were significantly lower on the PUFA-diet compared to the two other diets . HDL-cholesterol was not different on the PALM- and the PUFA-diets but it was significantly lower on the TRANS-diet compared to the PUFA diet . Compared to the PUFA-diet  the ratio of LDL-to HDL-cholesterol was higher on both the PALM- and the TRANS-diets whereas apoA-I was not different . Triglycerides and lipoprotein ( a ) were not significantly different among the three diets . We concluded that nutritionally , palmitic acid from palm oil may be a reasonable alternative to trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated soybean oil in margarine if the aim is to avoid trans fatty acids . A palm oil-based margarine is , however , less favorable than one based on a more polyunsaturated vegetable oil This study examines , for the first time , the effect of  hybrid Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis palm oil supplementation on human plasma lipids related to CVD risk factors . One hundred sixty eligible participants were r and omized and assigned to one of the two treatments : 25 mL hybrid palm oil ( HPO group ) or 25 mL extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO group ) daily for 3 months . Fasting venous sample s were obtained at baseline and after 1 , 2 and 3 months for measurement of plasma lipids ( TC , LDL-C , HDL-C and TAGs ) . Changes in body mass index and waist circumference were also assessed . Although there was an overall reduction in TC ( 7.4 % , p < 0.001 ) and in LDL-C ( 15.6 % , p < 0.001 ) , no significant differences were found between the treatment groups in a repeated measures analysis of variance for TC ( p = 0.0525 ) , LDL-C ( p = 0.2356 ) , HDL-C ( p = 0.8293 ) or TAGs ( p = 0.3749 ) . Furthermore , HPO consumption had similar effects on plasma lipids to EVOO , thus providing additional support for the concept that hybrid Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis palm oil can be seen as a " tropical equivalent of olive oil " OBJECTIVE Supplementation of type II diabetic diets with n-3 fatty acids ( FAs ) from fish oil ( FO ) has been associated with lowered triglyceride and VLDL levels , although reports of impaired glycemic control have limited their use . Effects of n-3FAs from nonmarine sources are less well documented . Therefore , an investigation comparing the effects of linseed oil ( LO ) with FO supplementation was undertaken in subjects with type II diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eleven subjects with type II diabetes were given supplements with LO and FO for 3 months each in a r and omized double-blind crossover fashion after 3 months of olive oil placebo . Oils were given as 35 mg FA · kg body wt−1 · day−1 . After each 3-month period , fasting glucose and insulin levels , HbA1c , lipid profiles , insulin sensitivity ( SI ) , glucose effectiveness ( SG ) , and acute insulin response to glucose ( AIRG ) were evaluated . RESULTS HbA1c and lipid values were within the normal range at r and omization . Repeated measures analysis of variance testing found no significant differences in weight ; fasting glucose and insulin levels ; HbA1c ; total , LDL , and HDL cholesterol levels ; SI ; SG ; or AIRG with either active oil . FO was associated with significant reductions in triglycerides and a trend toward decreased SI . CONCLUSIONS In a population with well-controlled type II diabetes , 3 months of FO but not LO result ed in lowered triglyceride levels . Neither LO nor FO significantly affected glycemic control , cholesterol values , SG , or insulin secretion , while a nonsignificant trend toward decreased insulin sensitivity was found with FO Thirty-eight male volunteers participated in a double-blind cross-over trial evaluating the effect of replacing the usual sources of saturated fat in the Dutch diet ( animal fats and hydrogenated oils ) by palm oil , which is virtually free of cholesterol and trans-fatty acids , on serum lipids , lipoproteins and apolipoproteins . Maximum ( about 70 % ) replacement had no significant effect on serum total cholesterol or most lipoprotein fractions , but result ed in an 11 % increase in serum high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)2-cholesterol relative to the control ( P2 = 0.01 ) . The palm-oil diet also caused an 8 % decrease in low-density-lipoprotein (LDL):HDL2 + HDL3-cholesterol ratio ( P2 = 0.02 ) as well as a 9 % decrease in triacylglycerols in the low-density-lipoprotein fractions ( P2 = 0.01 ) . Palm oil consumption result ed in a 4 % increase in serum apolipoprotein AI ( P2 = 0.008 ) and a 4 % decrease in apolipoprotein B ( P2 = 0.01 ) relative to the control diet ; the B : AI apolipoprotein ratio was decreased by 8 % ( P2 < 0.0001 ) . These results were not significantly affected by the different lipoprotein E phenotypes of the volunteers . Although the observed differences were relatively modest , the present study , nonetheless , indicates that dietary palm oil , when replacing a major part of the normal fat content in a Dutch diet , may slightly reduce the lipoprotein- and apolipoprotein-associated cardiovascular risk profiles
Current evidence on the effects of palm oil consumption on biomarkers of glucose metabolism is poor and limited to only healthy participants .
We conclude that little or no additional benefit will be obtained by replacing palm oil with other oils rich in mono or polyunsaturated fatty acids for changes in glucose metabolism
INTRODUCTION Vegetable oil is an important source of fatty acids , and as palm oil being the highest consumed vegetable oil in many countries , its high saturated fatty acid content has led many concerns on cardiometabolic health .
Dietary fatty acids has also been linked to affect glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity .
This systematic review is aim ed at critically evaluating the available evidence on the association of palm oil with the biomarkers of glucose metabolism as compared to other vegetable oils .