A comprehensive physical activity promotion programme at elementary school: the effects on physical activity, physical fitness and psychosocial correlates of physical activity. Effectiveness of a Web-Based Physical Activity Intervention in Patients With Knee and/or Hip Osteoarthritis: Randomized Controlled Trial Targeting motivation and self-regulation to increase physical activity among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised controlled trial Physical fitness as a protective factor for cognitive impairment in a prospective population-based study in Germany. Physical activity combined with resistance training reduces symptoms of frailty in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a physical activity counseling intervention using Fitbit in people with knee osteoarthritis: the TRACK-OA study protocol Development of an evidence-based exercise programme for people with hand osteoarthritis Changes in cognitive function in a randomized trial of physical activity: results of the lifestyle interventions and independence for elders pilot study. Comparing Individualized Rehabilitation to a Group Wellness Intervention for Persons with Multiple Sclerosis Promoting physical activity for elders with compromised function: the lifestyle Interventions and Independence for elders (LIFE) study physical activity intervention Influence of patient education on exercise compliance in rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective 12-month randomized controlled trial. Walk2Bactive: A randomised controlled trial of a physical activity-focused behavioural intervention beyond pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Effects of activity strategy training on pain and physical activity in older adults with knee or hip osteoarthritis: a pilot study. A web-based physical activity intervention benefits persons with low self-efficacy in COPD: results from a randomized controlled trial A multicentre year-long randomised controlled trial of exercise training targeting physical functioning in men with prostate cancer previously treated with androgen suppression and radiation from TROG 03.04 RADAR. Outcomes of a multifaceted physical activity regimen as part of a diabetes self-management intervention The effect of baseline physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes and new-onset diabetes in patients treated for hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a comprehensive physical activity ( PA ) promotion programme in elementary schools on children 's total PA levels , leisure-time PA , physical fitness and psychosocial correlates of PA . DESIGN A pre-test-post-test design over two school years . SETTING AND SUBJECTS Sixteen elementary schools ( 764 children , mean age : 11.2 + /- 0.7 years ) were r and omly assigned to the intervention condition ( n = 8) and the control condition ( n = 8) . The intervention included a health-related physical education programme , an extracurricular PA promotion programme and classroom-based PA education lessons . In the total sample , leisure-time PA , psychosocial correlates of PA and physical fitness were measured using a PA question naire and the Eurofit test battery . In a sub- sample , total PA levels were measured using an accelerometer . RESULTS According to accelerometer data , children 's moderate PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) levels decreased less in the intervention schools than in the control schools ( P < 0.01 ) . The average time spent on MVPA decreased by 9 min per day in the intervention schools compared with 33 min per day in the control schools . Children in the intervention schools reported significantly more moderate PA in leisure time than the controls ( P < 0.05 ) . No overall improvement of physical fitness and no effects on the psychosocial correlates of PA were found . CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive PA promotion programme was successful in preventing a decline in children 's  total activity levels . Furthermore , the intervention increased children 's PA engagement in leisure time . Therefore , implementation needs to be encouraged Background Patients with knee and /or hip osteoarthritis ( OA ) are less physically active than the general population , while the benefits of physical activity ( PA ) have been well documented . Based on the behavioral grade d activity treatment , we developed a Web-based intervention to improve PA levels in patients with knee and /or hip OA , entitled “ Join2move ” . The Join2move intervention is a self-paced 9-week PA program in which the patient ’s favorite recreational activity is gradually increased in a time-contingent way . Objective The aim of the study was to investigate whether a fully automated Web-based PA intervention in patients with knee and /or hip OA would result in improved levels of PA , physical function , and self-perceived effect compared with a waiting list control group . Methods The study design was a two-armed r and omized controlled trial which was not blinded . Volunteers were recruited via articles in newspapers and health-related websites . Eligibility criteria for participants were : ( 1 ) aged 50 - 75 years , ( 2 ) self-reported knee and /or hip OA , ( 3 ) self-reported inactivity ( 30 minutes of moderate PA , 5 times or less per week ) , ( 4 ) no face-to-face consultation with a health care provider other than general practitioners , for OA in the last 6 months , ( 5 ) ability to access the Internet weekly , and ( 6 ) no contra-indications to exercise without supervision . Baseline , 3-month , and 12-month follow-up data were collected through online question naires . Primary outcomes were PA , physical function , and self-perceived effect . In a subgroup of participants , PA was measured objective ly using accelerometers . Secondary outcomes were pain , fatigue , anxiety , depression , symptoms , quality of life , self-efficacy , pain coping , and locus of control . Results Of the 581 interested respondents , 199 eligible participants were r and omly assigned to the intervention ( n=100 ) or waiting list control group ( n=99 ) . Response rates of question naires were 84.4 % ( 168/199 ) after 3 months and 75.4 % ( 150/199 ) after 12 months . In this study , 94.0 % ( 94/100 ) of participants actually started the program , and 46.0 % ( 46/100 ) reached the adherence threshold of 6 out of 9 modules completed . At 3 months , participants in the intervention group reported a significantly improved physical function status ( difference=6.5 points , 95 % CI 1.8 - 11.2 ) and a positive self-perceived effect ( OR 10.7 , 95 % CI 4.3 - 26.4 ) compared with the control group . No effect was found for self-reported PA . After 12 months , the intervention group showed higher levels of subjective ( difference=21.2 points , 95 % CI 3.6 - 38.9 ) and objective PA ( difference=24 minutes , 95 % CI 0.5 - 46.8 ) compared with the control group . After 12 months , no effect was found for physical function ( difference=5 points , 95 % CI −1.0 to 11.0 ) and self-perceived effect ( OR 1.2 , 95 % CI 0.6 - 2.4 ) . For several secondary endpoints , the intervention group demonstrated improvements in favor of the intervention group . Conclusions Join2move result ed in changes in the desired direction for several primary and secondary outcomes . Given the benefits and its self-help format , Join2move could be a component in the effort to enhance PA in sedentary patients with knee and /or hip OA . Trial Registration The Netherl and s National Trial Register : NTR2483 ; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/ rct view.asp?TC=2483 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/67NqS6Beq ) The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of targeting both the motivation and action phases of behaviour change in a 5-week intervention to increase physical activity ( PA )  among patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) not meeting current PA recommendations . In a r and omised controlled trial , a control group — which received a group-based patient education session led by a physical therapist — was compared to a treatment group which received the education session plus a motivational interview from a physical therapist and two self-regulation coaching sessions from a rheumatology nurse . Outcomes included  leisure-time PA , days per week with at least 30 min of moderate-intensity PA , self-efficacy and autonomous motivation ( cognitions which predict PA initiation and maintenance ) , disease activity , functional status , depressive symptoms and fatigue . Effects were assessed using mixed models repeated measures . Of the 78 patients r and omised , 76 and 67 completed the post-treatment and follow-up assessment s , respectively . Significant treatment effects were found for leisure-time PA  ( p = 0.022 ) , active days/week ( p = 0.016 ) , self-efficacy ( p = 0.008 ) and autonomous motivation ( p = 0.001 ) . At post-treatment and 6-months follow-up , significantly more treated patients than controls met current PA recommendations . No significant effects were found for disease activity , functional status , depressive symptoms or fatigue . Combining motivation- and action-focused intervention approaches improved PA-related cognitions and led to improved uptake and maintenance of leisure-time PA . However , further research is necessary to identify ways of helping patients with RA transition to— and maintain — more intensive forms of PA which are more likely to improve disease activity and functional status To evaluate the predictive effects of subjective measures of physical activity ( PA ) and objective measures of physical fitness ( PF ) on dementia risk , Participants of the prospect i ve population -based ILSE- study ( * 1930 - 1932 ; 12-year follow-up ) were examined at three examination waves ( t1 : 1993/94 ; t2 : 1997/98 ; t3 : 2005/07 ) . 381 subjects of the original cohort ( n = 500 ) were re-examined at t3 . 29 % of the subjects who were cognitively healthy at baseline received the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) and 7 % of Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) . Subjects were screened for physical and mental health using medical interviews , physical , and neuropsychological examinations . Participants completed a question naire on their current and past PA at t1 . Subjects were classified as physically active if they reported a regular sport activity for at least 2 hours per week in the past year . Muscular strength ( h and grip ) and motor coordination ( balance ) served as objective indicators of PF . Subjects who passed the balance-test at t1 had a reduced risk of developing MCI/AD at t3 ( OR = 0.35 , 95%CI 0.19 - 0.66 , p < 0.01 ) and performed significantly better on various neuropsychological measures . Muscular strength or subjective reports of PA did not predict MCI/AD development . Our results confirm the hypothesis that PF acts as a protective factor for the development of cognitive disorders . In our study , context , motor coordination served as a better predictor than muscular strength or self-rated PA . Since subjects with cognitive disorders due to cerebral and /or systemic disorders were excluded from the analyses , our findings suggest that the effect of skill-related PF extends beyond the reduction of cardiovascular risk factors INTRODUCTION Increased physical activity ( PA ) is a crucial factor in the prevention of physical deterioration , and resistance training ( RT ) is also a common and effective intervention for older adults . However , the effects of PA as an adjunct to RT on frailty status remains unclear ; therefore , we clarified the effect of a PA intervention with feedback , as an adjunct to resistance strength training , on the physical and mental outcomes of frail older adults . MATERIAL S AND METHODS We employed a r and omized controlled trial . Community-dwelling frail older adults in Japan were recruited to participate . Forty-one participants ( mean age 81.5 ) were r and omly assigned to engage in a resistance training with PA ( RPA group ) or RT group for six months . Frailty status and frailty scores , which were measured according to the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria -muscle strength , mobility , instrumental activities of daily living , and health-related quality of life-were assessed . RESULTS Participants in the RPA group exhibited a significant increase in light-intensity PA , the number of steps taken daily ( p < 0.05 ) , and lower-limb muscle strength ( p < 0.05 ) and a significant decrease in frailty scores . However , pre- and postintervention frailty status , instrumental activities of daily living , and health-related quality of life did not differ significantly . CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a PA intervention as an adjunct to RT is feasible , as it reduced frailty scores and increased lower-limb muscle strength and mobility in older adults with frailty symptoms Background Physical activity ( PA ) reduces pain and improves functioning in people with knee osteoarthritis ( OA ) , but few people with the condition meet recommended PA guidelines . Successful intervention strategies to increase PA include goal setting , action planning , self-monitoring , and follow-up feedback from a healthcare professional . Recently developed consumer wearable activity trackers allow users to set activity goals , self-monitor daily goal -progress , and provide feedback on goal attainment . It is hypothesized that a multi-component physiotherapist-led intervention that includes a short ( 40-min ) education module , guided goal - setting and action planning , the use of a wristb and activity tracker , and weekly follow-up phone calls will lead to increased PA outcomes . Methods / design Thirty-six participants will be recruited from the community for a two-group pilot r and omized controlled trial with a stepped-wedge design using an intention-to-treat analysis . Computer-generated block r and omization will be performed using varying block sizes and a 1:1 allocation ratio . The 4-week intervention will be delivered immediately ( immediate-intervention group ) or after a 5-week delay ( delayed-intervention group ) . Outcome measures of pain and disability ( Knee Injury and OA Outcome Score ) , disease self-management ability ( Partners in Health Scale ) , and objective bouted moderate-to-vigorous PA and sedentary time ( BodyMedia SenseWear Mini Armb and ) will be collected at baseline ( week 0 ) and two follow-ups ( weeks 5 and 10 ) , for a total study duration of 11 weeks . Feasibility data relating to process , re source , management , and scientific elements of the trial will be collected . Outcome measure and feasibility data will be summarized , and an estimate of intervention efficacy will be obtained by regression model with planned comparisons . The trial began recruiting in February 2015 . To date , 34 subjects have been recruited . Discussion This study will evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a novel intervention to promote  PA in people living with knee OA . The results will provide valuable information to inform a larger r and omized trial to assess intervention effectiveness . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT02313506 ( registration date 8 December 2014 ) . First participant r and omized 20 February 2015 Abstract Background : Exercising is recommended for people with h and osteoarthritis ( HOA ) , but there is no consensus regarding the design of exercise programmes . Objective : To describe the development and content of an evidence -based exercise programme for people with HOA . Methods : The development was based on research evidence , professional expertise , and client evidence and adhered to the new Medical Research Council framework for design and evaluation of complex interventions . The process included literature search and appraisal , discussion s with clinicians and patient research partners , and piloting , followed by a revision of the programme based on feedback from pilot participants . Results : The programme contains three exercises to increase the strength and stability of the shoulder , arm and wrist muscles , and four exercises to maintain or increase range of motion , grip strength , and joint stability in the finger joints . It starts with a warm-up period , ends with a finger stretch exercise , and follows the American College of Sports Medicine ’s recommendations regarding exercise intensity , session frequency , and length of exercise period . An exercise diary is included as part of the programme . Conclusions : An evidence -based exercise programme for people with HOA has been developed . The effect of the programme has recently been evaluated in a r and omized controlled trial BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is an important contributor to disability . Limited clinical trial evidence exists regarding the impact of physical exercise on cognitive function ( CF ) . We report results of a pilot study to provide estimates of the relative impact of physical activity ( PA ) on 1-year changes in cognitive outcomes and to characterize relationships between changes in mobility disability and changes in cognition in older adults at increased risk for disability . METHODS Sedentary persons ( 102 ) at increased risk for disability ( aged 70 - 89 years ) were r and omized to moderate-intensity PA or health education .  Participants were administered the  Digit Symbol Substitution Test ( DSST ) , Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test ( RAVLT ) , modified Stroop test , and Modified Mini-Mental State Examination  at baseline and 1 year . RESULTS Group differences were not significant but improvements in cognitive scores were associated with improvements in physical function . Specifically , the DSST significantly correlated with change in the Short Physical Performance Battery score ( r = .38 , p = .0002 ) , in chair st and score ( r = .26 , p = .012 ) , in balance score ( r = .21 , p = .046 ) , and in 400-m gait speed ( r = .15 , p = .147 ) . Change recall on the RAVLT and in the Stroop test was also positively correlated with changes in chair st and and balance , respectively . CONCLUSIONS These results provide further support for the benefits of exercise on CF in older adults . An adequately powered clinical trial of PA involving older adults at increased risk for cognitive disability is needed to exp and the indications for prescribing exercise for prevention of decline in brain function Purpose . Compare the efficacy of two interventions design ed to promote health and physical activity ( PA ) . Design . This study was a r and omized clinical trial using a time series design . Subjects were r and omized into individualized physical rehabilitation ( IPR ) and group wellness intervention ( GWI ) . Primary question naires were administered twice preintervention and twice postintervention . Physical fitness and PA frequency were assessed preintervention and postintervention . Setting . Clinic based in a metropolitan area . Subjects . Fifty volunteers with multiple sclerosis . Interventions . IPR consisted of four physical therapy sessions plus three telephone calls . GWI consisted of seven educational sessions . Measures . Primary : SF-36 Health Survey , Modified Fatigue Impact Scale , Mental Health Inventory . Secondary : physical assessment , PA frequency . Analysis . Stability of primary question naires between the two pretests was examined . Efficacy of interventions was evaluated by multivariate analysis of variance ( MANOVA ) and effect sizes . Results . Primary measures were stable between pretests . MANOVA showed nonsignificant differences between interventions . Eight weeks postintervention , both groups had improved PA , fatigue , resting heart rate , and strength . Effect sizes suggested that IPR had a greater effect on preventing decline of physical health , whereas GWI had a greater effect on improving mental health . Conclusion . Preliminary evidence indicated that health and PA improved in both groups . Effect sizes suggested that participants benefited more physically from IPR and more mentally from GWI . Future research should determine whether combining therapeutic exercise with group education improves both mental and physical health The Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders ( LIFE ) Study is a Phase III r and omized controlled clinical trial ( Clinical trials.gov identifier : NCT01072500 ) that will provide definitive evidence regarding the effect of physical activity ( PA ) on major  mobility disability in older adults ( 70–89 years old ) who have compromised physical function . This paper describes the methods employed in the delivery of the LIFE Study PA intervention , providing insight into how we promoted adherence and monitored the fidelity of treatment . Data are presented on participants ’ motives and self-perceptions at the onset of the trial along with accelerometry data on patterns of PA during exercise training . Prior to the onset of training , 31.4 % of participants noted slight conflict with being able to meet the dem and s of the program and 6.4 % indicated that the degree of conflict would be moderate . Accelerometry data collected during PA training revealed that the average intensity – 1,555 counts/minute for men and 1,237 counts/minute for women – was well below the cutoff point used to classify exercise as being of moderate intensity or higher for adults . Also , a sizable subgroup required one or more rest stops . These data illustrate that it is not feasible to have a single exercise prescription for older adults with compromised function . Moreover , the concept of what constitutes “ moderate ” exercise or an appropriate volume of work is dictated by the physical capacities of each individual and the level of comfort/stability in actually executing a specific prescription OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of education on the exercise habits of patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) after 6 and 12 months . METHODS We studied 208 out patients recruited between June 2001 and December 2002 . This was a prospect i ve controlled r and omized trial . The active group received a multidisciplinary education program , including training in home-based exercises and guidelines for leisure physical activity ( PA ) . The control group received a booklet added to usual medical care . Compliance with home-based exercises was defined as a practice rate > or= 30 % of the prescribed training . Compliance with leisure PA was defined as > or= 20 % increase in Baecke question naire score . Additional assessment s involved possible predictors of compliance and changes with regard to the compliance . RESULTS At 6-month followup , home-based exercise and leisure PA compliance were significantly higher [ 13.5 % vs 1 % , respectively ( p = 0.001 ) ; and 28.2 % vs 13.8 % ( p = 0.02 ) ] , but were not at 12 months . Predictors of leisure PA compliance at 6 months included participating in the active group ( odds ratio 2.74 , 95 % CI 1.17 to 6.38 ) and previous low leisure PA ( OR 6.01 , 95 % CI 2.47 to 14.61 ) , with decreased fatigue ( FACIT-F mean -2.94 + /- 8.04 vs -0.1 + /- 7.25 for noncompliant subjects ; p = 0.04 ) and improved psychological status ( Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale mean -1.25 + /- 3.12 vs 0.11 + /- 3.39 ; p = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSION Education of patients with RA may increase compliance especially with leisure PA , particularly when it is poor at baseline , but these effects are limited and short-term The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a physical activity (PA)-focused behavioural intervention during and after  pulmonary rehabilitation ( PR ) on PA levels ( primary aim ) , health-related outcomes and self-efficacy ( secondary aims ) of patients with COPD . Thirty-two patients were r and omly assigned to an experimental group ( EG ) or control group ( CG ) . The EG received a PA-focused behavioural intervention during PR ( 3 months ) and follow-up support ( 3 months ) . The CG received PR ( 3 months ) . Daily PA was collected : number of steps ; time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) , total PA and sedentary activities ( SA ) . Secondary outcomes comprised exercise capacity , muscle strength , health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) and self-efficacy . Measures were collected at baseline , 3 and 6 months . Compared with the CG , the EG improved the number of steps ( p = 0.006 ) and time spent in MVPA ( p = 0.007 ) , total PA ( p = 0.014 ) and SA ( p = 0.018 ) at 3 months . Differences were maintained after follow-up support ( 0.025 ≤ p ≤ 0.040 ) , except for SA ( p = 0.781 ) . Exercise capacity , muscle strength and HRQOL were increased at 3 and 6 months ( p ≤ 0.002 ) with no between-group differences ( 0.148 ≤ p ≤ 0.987 ) . No changes were observed in self-efficacy ( p = 0.899 ) . A PA-focused behavioural intervention during and after PR may improve patients ' PA levels . Further research is warranted to assess the sustainability of the findings OBJECTIVE To examine effects of activity strategy training ( AST ) , a structured rehabilitation program taught by occupational therapists and design ed to teach adaptive strategies for symptom control and engagement in physical activity ( PA ) . METHODS A r and omized controlled pilot trial was conducted at 4 sites ( 3 senior housing facilities and 1 senior center ) in southeastern , lower Michigan . Fifty-four older adults with hip or knee osteoarthritis ( mean + /- SD age 75.3+/-7.1 years ) participated . At each site , older adults were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 programs : exercise plus AST ( Ex + AST ) or exercise plus health education ( Ex + Ed ) . The programs involved 8 sessions over 4 weeks with 2 followup sessions over a 6-month period , and were conducted concurrently within each site . Pain , total PA and PA intensity ( measured objective ly by actigraphy and subjectively by the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors question naire ) , arthritis self-efficacy , and physical function were assessed at baseline and posttest . RESULTS At posttest , participants who received Ex + AST had significantly higher levels of objective peak PA ( P=0.02 ) compared with participants who received Ex + Ed . Although not statistically significant , participants in Ex + AST tended to have larger pain decreases , increased total objective and subjective PA , and increased physical function . No effects were found for arthritis self-efficacy . CONCLUSION Although participants were involved in identical exercise programs , participants who received AST tended to have larger increases in PA at posttest compared with participants who received health education . Future studies will be needed to examine larger sample s and long-term effects of AST Promoting  physical activity ( PA ) is of top priority in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . This study examines the influence of an internet-delivered intervention on the relationship between exercise self-efficacy and changes in PA , physical health , and exercise capacity in COPD . 112 U.S. Veterans with COPD were r and omized to either a comparison ( pedometer alone ) or an intervention group ( pedometer plus access to an internet-mediated PA intervention ) . There was a significant interaction between baseline exercise self-efficacy and r and omization group on change in PA . In the comparison group , there was a significant relationship between higher baseline exercise self-efficacy and greater change in PA , whereas in the intervention group , improvements in PA were independent of level of baseline self-efficacy . Similar patterns were found with physical health and exercise capacity as outcomes . The use of an internet-mediated intervention significantly benefited persons with COPD who had low baseline self-efficacy to increase PA  and  physical health . Clinical trial registration The r and omized clinical trial was registered on Clinical Trials.gov ( NCT01772082 ) BACKGROUND Long-term prostate cancer ( PCa ) survivors are at increased risk for comorbidities and physical deconditioning . OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of a year-long r and omised controlled trial of exercise training in PCa survivors > 5 yr postdiagnosis on physical functioning . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Between 2010 and 2011 , 100 long-term PCa survivors from Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group 03.04 R and omised And rogen Deprivation and Radiotherapy previously treated with and rogen-deprivation therapy and radiation therapy were r and omly assigned to 6 mo of supervised exercise followed by 6 mo of a home-based maintenance programme ( n=50 ) or printed educational material about physical activity ( n=50 ) for 12 mo across 13 university-affiliated exercise clinics in Australia and New Zeal and . INTERVENTION Supervised resistance and aerobic exercise or printed educational material about physical activity . OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The primary end point was a 400-m walk as a measure of cardiovascular fitness . Secondary end points were physical function , patient-reported outcomes , muscle strength , body composition , and biomarkers . Analysis of covariance was used to compare outcomes for groups at 6 and 12 mo adjusted for baseline values . RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Participants undergoing supervised exercise showed improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness performance at 6 mo ( -19 s [ p=0.029 ] ) and 12 mo ( -13 s [ p=0.028 ] ) and better lower-body physical function across the 12-mo period ( p<0.01 ) . Supervised exercise also improved self-reported physical functioning at 6 ( p=.006 ) and 12 mo ( p=0.002 ) , appendicular skeletal muscle at 6 mo ( p=0.019 ) , and objective measures of muscle strength at 6 and 12 mo ( p<0.050 ) . Limitations included the restricted number of participants undertaking body composition assessment , no blinding to group assignment for physical functioning measures , and inclusion of well-functioning individuals . CONCLUSIONS Supervised exercise training in long-term PCa survivors is more effective than physical activity educational material for increasing cardiorespiratory fitness , physical function , muscle strength , and self-reported physical functioning at 6 mo . Importantly , these benefits were maintained in the long term with a home-based programme with follow-up at 12 mo . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY The effect of an exercise intervention on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in prostate cancer patients from the RADAR study , ACTRN : ACTRN12609000729224 Background :  Physical activity ( PA )  is important for management of diabetes , yet practical interventions that achieve sustained behavior change are rare . Purpose : The goals of this research were to evaluate the effectiveness of a multifaceted PA intervention for people with type 2 diabetes that emphasized participant choice in activity selection . Baseline activity patterns were examined to determine whether they predicted changes in PA at 2 months . Methods : Three hundred thirty-five participants were recruited from 42 primary care physicians and then r and omized to either a computer-assisted , tailored self-management intervention ( N = 174 ) or health risk appraisal with feedback control ( N = 161 ) . Primary outcome measures included the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors Question naire , diet , and psychosocial assessment s at baseline and 2 months . Results : For 301 participants who completed the 2-month follow-up , the intervention significantly improved all PA ( p < .01 ) and moderate PA ( metabolic equivalents > 3.0 , p < .01 ) relative to controls . Baseline cluster analyses grouped participant activity patterns into three categories . At 2 months , cluster assignment differentially predicted change in calories expended in moderate , rote , sport , and lifestyle PA . Conclusions : A computer-assisted , multifaceted approach to PA demonstrated improvement after 2 months . The results suggest that individuals are capable of adjusting their activity patterns to maximize their PA OBJECTIVES Physical activity ( PA ) is a preventive strategy for cardiovascular disease and for managing cardiovascular risk factors . There is little information on the effectiveness of PA for the prevention of cardiovascular outcomes once cardiovascular disease is present . Thus , we studied the relationship between PA at baseline and cardiovascular events in a high-risk population . DESIGN A prespecified analyses of observational data in a prospect i ve , r and omized hypertension study . SETTING Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension ( LIFE ) study . SUBJECTS Hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy ( LVH ) ( n = 9,193 ) . INTERVENTIONS Losartan versus atenolol . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Reported level of PA : never exercise , exercise < or=30 min twice per week , or exercise > 30 min twice per week at baseline and after a mean of 4.8 years of treatment with losartan- versus atenolol-based therapy . Risk reductions were calculated by level of PA for the primary composite end-point and its components cardiovascular death , stroke and myocardial infa rct ion , and also all-cause mortality and new-onset diabetes . RESULTS A modest level of PA ( > 30 min twice per week ) was associated with significant reductions in risk for the primary composite end-point [ adjusted hazard ratio ( aHR ) 0.70 , P < 0.001 ) and its components , all-cause mortality ( aHR 0.65 , P < 0.001 ) , and new-onset diabetes ( aHR 0.66 , P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION A modest level of self-reported PA ( > 30 min twice per week ) in patients with hypertension and LVH in the LIFE study was associated with significant reductions in risk for the primary composite end-point and its components of cardiovascular death , stroke , and myocardial infa rct ion , all-cause mortality , and new-onset diabetes
Conclusion Exercises and PA promotion according to public health recommendations  for PA improved cardiovascular fitness , muscle strength and PA behaviour , with moderate effect sizes in people with SpA , RA and HOA/KOA .
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of exercise and physical activity ( PA ) promotion on cardiovascular fitness , muscle strength , flexibility , neuromotor performance ( eg , balance ) and daily PA in people with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) , spondyloarthritis ( SpA ) and hip/knee osteoarthritis ( HOA/KOA ) .