Mental, psychomotor, neurologic, and behavioral outcomes of 2-year-old children born after preimplantation genetic screening: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Neurological Condition of Infants Born After In Vitro Fertilization With Preimplantation Genetic Screening Psychological follow-up of children born after in-vitro fertilization. Neurological sequelae in twins born after assisted conception: controlled national cohort study Developmental outcome of 9-year-old children born after PGS: follow-up of a randomized trial Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Prematurely Born Children Treated With Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Infancy Development of children born after ovarian superovulation induced by long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and menotropins, and by in vitro fertilization. Perioperative risk factors for impaired neurodevelopment after cardiac surgery in early infancy Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children Surviving d‐Transposition of the Great Arteries The effect of preimplantation genetic screening on neurological, cognitive and behavioural development in 4-year-old children: follow-up of a RCT. Neuromotor development and mental health at 5.5 years of age of singletons born at term after intracytoplasmatic sperm injection ICSI: results of a prospective controlled single-blinded study in Germany. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of Ugandan infants with HIV infection: an application of growth curve analysis. A prospective longitudinal study of the physical, psychomotor, and intellectual development of singleton children up to 5 years who were conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection compared with children conceived spontaneously and by in vitro fertilization. Children born after assisted fertilization have an increased rate of major congenital anomalies. The Groningen assisted reproductive technologies cohort study: developmental status and behavior at 2 years. Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection. Neurodevelopmental outcome following exposure to sedative and analgesic drugs for complex cardiac surgery in infancy.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of preimplantation genetic screening ( PGS ) on neurodevelopmental outcomes in children . DESIGN Prospect i ve , assessor-blinded , follow-up study of children born to women r and omly assigned to in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection ( IVF/ICSI ) with or without PGS .  SETTING University Medical Center , Groningen , and Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherl and s. PATIENT(S ) Fifty-four PGS children and 77 controls .  INTERVENTION(S ) PGS . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Mental , psychomotor , neurologic , and behavioral outcomes in 2-year-old children  as measured with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development , the Hempel neurologic examination , and the Child Behavior Check List . RESULT ( S ) The mental , psychomotor , and behavioral outcomes at 2 years in children born after IVF with and without PGS were similar overall . The PGS children showed lower neurologic optimality scores than the control children . Scores on all tests were within the normal range . CONCLUSION ( S ) Conception with PGS does not seem to be associated with impaired mental , psychomotor , or behavioral outcomes by age 2 . However , the lower neurologic optimality scores found in the PGS children may signal less favorable long-term neurologic outcomes in PGS children . Our findings stress the need for safety evaluations with new assisted reproductive techniques before large-scale implementation Aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preimplantation genetic screening ( PGS ) on  neurodevelopmental outcome in children . We conducted a prospect i ve follow-up study of children born to women r and omly assigned to in vitro fertilization with or without PGS .  Primary outcome was adverse neurologic outcome at 18 mo ; secondary outcomes were types of minor neurologic dysfunction ( MND ) , neurologic outcome before 18 mo , neonatal intensive care admission , and congenital malformations .  Twenty women in the PGS group participated with 25 children and 26 women in the control group participated with 31 children . Five PGS pregnancies ( 25 % ) and four control pregnancies ( 15 % ) result ed in birth of at least one child with an adverse neurologic outcome ( adjusted odds ratio : 2.3 [ 0.4–12.0 ] ) . Dysfunction in fine motor abilities and posture and muscle tone dysregulation tended to be present more frequently after PGS .  Neurologic outcome before 18 mo , neonatal intensive care admission , and prevalence of congenital malformations were similar in study and control pregnancies . Nevertheless , at child level , rates of adverse outcome were higher after PGS . In conclusion , outcome in pregnancies after in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) with and without PGS was similar . The small sample size precludes the conclusion that PGS is not associated with less favorable neurologic outcome . Safety of new assisted reproductive techniques should be evaluated before large-scale implementation We have studied from birth up to the 3rd year the psychological attitude of 33 in-vitro fertilization ( IVF ) children compared to two other groups : children born after ovarian stimulation without IVF ( n = 33 ) and children conceived naturally ( n = 33 ) during the same period . Fourteen children , born by oocyte donation , were also studied by the same methodology . In the IVF group , we found some feeding difficulties and sleep disorders in the infants at 9 months and some signs of depression in mothers . All these symptoms disappeared afterwards . The development of all the children is satisfactory and the relationship with their mother is excellent . In this preliminary study , we conclude that the method of assisted reproduction has no bad influence on the psychomotor development of these children Abstract Objective To compare neurological sequelae in twins born after assisted conception with singletons after assisted conception and naturally conceived twins and to assess neurological sequelae in children conceived after in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) compared with intracytoplasmic sperm injection ( ICSI ) .  Design Controlled , national register based , cohort study . Participants Twins ( n = 3393 ) and singletons ( n = 5130 ) conceived by using assisted reproductive technologies and naturally conceived twins ( n = 10 239 ) born in Denmark between 1995 and 2000 . The children 's age at time of follow up was 2 - 7 years . Data sources Children were identified by cross linkage of the national medical birth registry and the national registry for in vitro fertilisation . Neurological and psychiatric diagnoses were retrieved from the national patients ' registry and the Danish psychiatric central registry . Main outcome measures Neurological sequelae , defined as cerebral palsy , mental retardation , severe mental developmental disturbances , and retarded psychomotor development . Further we made separate analyses on the specific cerebral palsy diagnosis . Results The crude prevalence rates per 1000 of neurological sequelae in twins and singletons after assisted conception and in naturally conceived twins were 8.8 , 8.2 , and 9.6 , and of cerebral palsy 3.2 , 2.5 , and 4.0 , respectively . In twins after assisted conception compared with control twins , the odds ratios of neurological sequelae and specifically of cerebral palsy , adjusted for child sex and year of birth , were 0.9 ( 95 % confidence interval 0.6 to 1.4 ) and 0.8 ( 0.4 to 1.6 ) , respectively . The corresponding odds ratios for twins after assisted conception compared with singletons after assisted conception were 1.1 ( 0.7 to 1.7 ) for neurological sequelae and 1.3 ( 0.6 to 2.9 ) for cerebral palsy . The odds ratio of neurological sequelae in children conceived by ICSI was 0.9 ( 0.5 to 1.7 ) ν children conceived by IVF . Conclusions Twins from assisted conception have a similar risk of neurological sequelae as their naturally conceived peers and singletons from assisted conception . Children born after ICSI have the same risk of neurological sequelae as children born after IVF STUDY QUESTION Does Day-3 cleavage-stage PGS affect neurodevelopment of 9-year-old IVF offspring ? SUMMARY ANSWER We did not find evidence of adverse consequences of Day-3 cleavage-stage PGS on neurodevelopment of 9-year-old IVF offspring , although children born after IVF with or without PGS often had a non-optimal neurological condition . WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Knowledge on long-term sequelae for development and health of children born following PGS is lacking . This is striking as evidence accumulates that IVF itself is associated with increased risk for impaired health and development in the offspring . STUDY DESIGN SIZE , DURATION This prospect i ve , assessor-blinded , multicentre , follow-up study evaluated development and health of 9-year-old IVF children born to women who were r and omly assigned to IVF with PGS ( PGS group ) or without PGS ( control group ) .  The follow-up examination at 9 years took place between March 2014 and May 2016 . PARTICIPANTS / MATERIAL S , SETTING , METHODS In total , 408 women were included and r and omly assigned to IVF with or without Day-3 cleavage-stage PGS . This result ed in 52 ongoing pregnancies in the PGS group and 74 in the control group . In the PGS group , 59 children were born alive ; in the control group , 85 children were born alive . At the age of 9 years , 43 children born after PGS and 56 control children participated in the study . Our primary outcome was the neurological optimality score , a sensitive measure of neurological condition assessed with a st and ardized , age-specific test ( Touwen test ) . Secondary outcomes were adverse neurological condition ( neurologically abnormal and the complex form of minor neurological dysfunction ) , cognitive development ( intelligence quotient and specific domains ) , behaviour ( parental and teacher 's question naires ) , blood pressure and anthropometrics . MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Neurodevelopmental outcome of PGS children did not differ from that of controls ; the neurological optimality scores ( mean values [ ( 95 % CI ] : PGS children 51.5 [ 49.3 ; 53.7 ] , control children 53.1 [ 50.5 ; 55.7 ] ) were not significantly different . The prevalences of adverse neurological outcome ( in all but one child implying the presence of the complex form of minor neurological dysfunction ) did not differ between the groups ( PGS group 17/43 [ 40 % ] , control group 19/56 [ 34 % ] ) , although the prevalence of  complex minor neurological dysfunction  in both groups was rather high . Also intelligence quotient scores of the two groups were not significantly different ( PGS group 114 [ 108 ; 120 ] ) ; control group 117 [ 109 ; 125 ] ) , and the behaviour , blood pressure and anthropometrics of both groups did not differ . Mean blood pressures of both groups were above the 60th percentile . LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION The power analysis of the study was not based on the number of children needed for the follow-up study , but on the number of women who were needed to detect an increase in ongoing pregnancy rates after PGS . In addition , our study evaluated embryo biopsy in the form of PGS at cleavage stage ( Day-3 embryo biopsy ) , while currently PGS at blastocyst stage ( Day-5 embryo biopsy ) is recommended and increasingly being used . WIDER IMPLICATION S OF THE FINDINGS Our findings indicate that PGS in cleavage stage embryos is not associated with adverse effects on neurological , cognitive and behavioural development , blood pressure and anthropometrics of offspring at 9 years . This is a reassuring finding as embryo biopsy in the forms of PGS and PGD is increasingly applied . However , both groups of IVF offspring showed high prevalences of the clinical ly relevant form of minor neurological dysfunction , which is a point of concern for the IVF community . In addition , our study confirms findings of others that IVF offspring may be at risk of an unfavourable cardiovascular outcome . These findings are alarming and highlight the importance of research on the underlying mechanisms of unfavourable neurodevelopmental and cardiovascular outcomes in IVF offspring . STUDY FUNDING /COMPETING INTEREST(S ) The r and omized controlled trial was financially supported by the Organization for Health Research and Development ( ZonMw ) , The Netherl and s ( Grant number 945 - 03 - 013 ) . The follow-up was financially supported by the University Medical Center Groningen ( Grant number : 754510 ) , the Cornelia Foundation , and the graduate schools BCN and Share , Groningen , The Netherl and s. The sponsors of the study had no role in study design , data collection , data analysis , data interpretation or writing of the report . There are no conflicts of interest . TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER IS RCT N76355836 OBJECTIVE : To compare the neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants treated with recombinant human erythropoietin  with that of control infants . STUDY DESIGN : A total of 20 treated infants and 20 control infants who had completed r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled studies of recombinant human erythropoietin as treatment for anemia of prematurity were followed for growth and developmental outcome in an intensive care nursery follow-up program . Infants were assessed by st and ard developmental tests . RESULTS : No differences were found between groups for neurologic outcome , cognitive outcome , or growth patterns . All infants treated with recombinant human erythropoietin were neurologically normal . The rate of cognitive deficits was similar in the two groups . CONCLUSION : In this small sample we did not see differences in neurodevelopmental outcome between infants treated with recombinant human erythropoietin and control infants The use of a gonodotropin-releasing hormone ( Gn-RH ) agonist in an in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) program raises the question of any influence on the physical , neurologic , and mental development of the children . We compared the development of children born after long-acting Gn-RH agonist treatment with that of children born after spontaneous pregnancies . Children from singleton pregnancies and > or = 28 months of age were examined by a pediatric neurologist and a psychologist who did not know to which group the children belonged . The General Cognitive Index test was used . Each group included 30 children . Five children cooperated only partly . Physical and neurologic findings were normal in all children , except that one in the group born after in vitro fertilization had diffuse hypotonia , attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder , and hyperactivity . The General Cognitive Index for the 26 children in the study group and the 29 children in the control group who fully cooperated were 102 + /- 13.3 and 106 + /- 13.5 , respectively ( p = 0.37 ) . The verbal perception , motor , and memory indexes were not significantly different . We conclude that the long-acting Gn-RH agonist had no clinical ly identifiable influence on the development of these children Objective Historical cohort studies have reported adverse neurodevelopment following cardiac surgery during early infancy . Advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care have coincided with updating of neurodevelopmental assessment tools . We aim ed to determine perioperative risk factors for impaired neurodevelopment at 2 years following surgery for congenital heart disease ( CHD ) in early infancy . Design and patients We undertook a prospect i ve longitudinal study of 153 full-term infants undergoing surgery for CHD before 2 months of age . Infants were excluded if they had a genetic syndrome associated with neurodevelopmental impairment . Outcome measures Predefined perioperative parameters were recorded and infants were classified according to cardiac anatomy . At 2 years , survivors were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III . Results At 2 years , 130 children ( 98 % of survivors ) were assessed . Mean cognitive , language and motor scores were 93.4±13.6 , 93.6±16.1 and 96.8±12.5 respectively ( 100±15 norm ) . Twenty ( 13 % ) died and 12 ( 9 % ) survivors had severe impairment ( score < 70 ) , mostly language ( 8 % ) . The lowest scores were in infants born with single ventricle physiology with obstruction to the pulmonary circulation who required a neonatal systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt . Additional risk factors for impairment included reduced gestational age , postoperative elevation of lactate or S100B and repeat cardiac surgery . Conclusions In the modern era of infant cardiac surgery and perioperative care , children continue to demonstrate neurodevelopmental delays . The use of up date d assessment tools has revealed early language dysfunction and relative sparing of motor function . Ongoing follow-up is critical in this high-risk population & NA ; We investigated the prevalence of neurological abnormalities and learning problems in a population cohort of children with dextro‐transposition of the great arteries ( d‐TGA ) born between January 1 , 1981 and July 1 , 1990 . Fifty‐seven of the 60 survivors and 35 siblings in the control group underwent  neurodevelopmental assessment s. As compared with population norms , children with d‐TGA were more likely to have abnormal neurological examination findings , learning disabilities , and behavioral disorders . There was no significant difference in IQ or frequency of abnormal neurological examination results between children undergoing atrial as compared with arterial switch procedures .  Compared with their siblings , the children with d‐TGA had more neurological findings and learning disabilities . The siblings of children with d‐TGA had more learning problems than expected . The findings suggest that ongoing surveillance is indicated for children surviving d‐TGA . Furthermore , a familial tendency for learning differences should to be taken into consideration when neurodevelopmental outcomes of various perioperative parameters are examined STUDY QUESTION Does embryo biopsy inherent to preimplantation genetic screening ( PGS ) affect neurological , cognitive and behavioural development  of 4-year-old children ? SUMMARY ANSWER PGS does not seem to affect neurological , cognitive and behavioural development of 4-year-old singletons ; however , our data suggest that it may be associated with altered neurodevelopment in twins . WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Evidence concerning the safety of PGS on neurodevelopmental outcome in offspring is scarce . The present study provides information on neurodevelopmental , cognitive and behavioural outcome of 4-year-old PGS offspring . STUDY DESIGN , SIZE , DURATION A prospect i ve , assessor-blinded follow-up study of children born to women who participated in a multi-centre RCT on the effect of IVF with or without PGS .  PARTICIPANTS / MATERIAL S , SETTING , METHODS At 4 years , 49 children ( 31 singletons , 9 sets of twins ) born following IVF with PGS and 64 children ( 42 singletons , 11 sets of twins ) born following IVF without PGS ( controls ) were assessed ( post-natal attrition 18 % ) . Neurological development was evaluated with the st and ardized , age-specific and sensitive neurological examination according to Hempel , result ing in a neurological optimality score ( NOS ) , a fluency score and the rate of adverse neurological outcome . Primary outcome was the fluency score , as fluency of movements is easily reduced by subtle dysfunction of the brain . Cognitive development was evaluated with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children ; behavioural development was evaluated with the Child Behavior Checklist . The effect of PGS was analysed with a mixed effects model . MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Based on the intention to treat analysis , neurodevelopmental outcome of PGS children was similar to that of controls . However , additional analyses indicated that PGS affected neurodevelopmental outcome of twins in a different way than that of singletons . The fluency score of singletons born following PGS was similar to that of control singletons [ mean values , 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) : 12.2 ( 11.5;12.8 ) and 12.2 ( 11.6;12.8 ) ] , respectively , P = 0.977 ) that was also true for the other neurodevelopmental parameters . The fluency score of PGS twins was significantly lower than that of control twins [ mean values , 95 % CIs : 10.6 ( 9.8;11.3 ) and 12.3 ( 11.5;13.1 ) ] , respectively , P = 0.001 ) ; the same was true for the NOS . In addition , PGS in twins was associated with a higher sequential intelligence quotient score . On the other h and , other neurodevelopmental parameters were similar for PGS twins and control twins . Post hoc sample size calculation for the primary outcome parameter , the fluency score , indicated that the study groups , including the subgroups of singletons and twins , were adequately powered . LIMITATIONS , REASONS FOR CAUTION We assessed singletons and twins who contributed to the generalizability of the study . A limitation of our study is the relative small size of our study groups and the selective dropout in both groups ( dropouts PGS group : higher gestational age ; control group : less well-educated parents ) . These preclude the conclusion that PGS per se is not associated with neurodevelopmental , cognitive and behavioural problems in singletons and the conclusion that PGS is associated with altered neurodevelopmental outcome in twins . WIDER IMPLICATION S OF THE FINDINGS The need for careful long-term monitoring of children born following  embryo biopsy  remains , as it is still applied in the form of PGD and it is still unknown whether embryo biopsy affects long-term neurodevelopmental outcome OBJECTIVE To assess the neurodevelopmental health of children born after intracytoplasmatic sperm injection ( ICSI ) .  DESIGN Prospect i ve controlled blinded study . SETTING Tertiary care center . PATIENT(S ) A total of 276 term-born singletons conceived by ICSI and 273 matched spontaneously conceived ( SC ) singletons at the age of 5.5 years . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Neuromotor development assessed by a detailed neurologic examination , including the st and ardized motor test MOT 4 - 6 , and emotional/behavioral development and intelligence assessed with the Kaufman- Assessment Battery for Children . RESULT ( S ) There were no significant differences between ICSI children and control children regarding the neurologic examination , motor skills , emotional/behavioral development , and intelligence . CONCLUSION ( S ) The ICSI children born at term develop normally , similar to SC children Neurodevelopmental outcomes of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-infected infants of non-drug-using mothers were assessed in a controlled , prospect i ve study from birth to 24 months with 3 groups : 61 infants of HIV-infected mothers , 234 uninfected infants of HIV-infected mothers ( seroreverters ) , and 115 uninfected infants of uninfected mothers . Compared with seroreverters and uninfected infants , HIV-infected infants demonstrated lower mental and motor development on the Bayley Scales and greater deceleration in their rate of motor development .  HIV-infected infants with abnormal neurologic exams had lower motor and mental test scores and lower rates of motor Bayley Scales scores than their HIV-infected counterparts with normal neurologic exams . Contrary to prediction , no group differences in mean performance or growth rates were found on visual information processing on the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence OBJECTIVE To assess the somatic , psychomotor , and intellectual development of children conceived through intracytoplasmic single sperm injection ( ICSI )  over the whole preschool period . DESIGN Prospect i ve , controlled , cohort study . SETTING Fertility clinic in Brussels , Belgium . PATIENT(S ) Sixty-six ICSI-conceived children prospect ively compared with 52 IVF-conceived and 59 spontaneously conceived children . All children were full-term singletons . INTERVENTION(S ) Home visits by a trained psychologist . St and ardized interviews . Assessment s using the revised Brunet-Lézine scale and the revised Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Physical growth and general health . Formal developmental and intellectual assessment s. RESULT ( S ) Children conceived by ICSI were healthy : no significant differences appeared in the incidence of combined congenital malformations ( 11.3 % ) , health problems ( 44.1 % ) , surgical interventions ( 18.6 % ) , and hospitalizations ( 6.8 % ) , nor for the developmental assessment s ( mean developmental quotient at 9 months : 93.9 ; at 18 months : 102.0 ) . For the intellectual assessment s , the between-group differences disappeared when adjusted for levels of parental education ( mean intelligence quotient at 3 years : 97.0 ; at 5 years : 103.3 ) . CONCLUSION ( S ) This pilot study shows that throughout the preschool period , ICSI-conceived children have psychomotor and intellectual development similar to that of IVF-conceived and spontaneously conceived children . These conclusions need to be confirmed by multicenter studies OBJECTIVE To study the occurrence of major congenital anomalies ( CAs ) among children born after IVF ( IVF , microinjections , and frozen embryo transfers ) and after ovulation inductions with or without insemination ( other assisted reproductive technologies [ ART ] ) .  DESIGN Register-based study . SETTING Data regarding CAs were obtained from the Register of Congenital Malformations . PATIENT(S ) Children from IVF ( n = 4,559 ) , children from other ART ( n = 4,467 ) , and controls ( n = 27,078 , a r and om sample of naturally conceived children ) from the Medical Birth Register . INTERVENTION(S ) In vitro fertilization and other ART treatment in ordinary practice . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Rate of major CAs . Children from IVF and other ART were compared with control children , both overall and by plurality , controlling for confounding factors by logistic regression . RESULT ( S ) For IVF children , the adjusted odds ratio ( OR ) was 1.3 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.1 - 1.6 ) . Stratifying by gender and plurality showed that the risk was only increased for boys , and the risk was decreased for multiple IVF girls ( OR = 0.5 , 95 % CI 0.2 - 0.9 ) . The crude OR of major CA for other ART children was 1.3 ( 95 % CI 1.1 - 1.5 ) , but adjusted differences by gender and plurality were statistically insignificant . CONCLUSION ( S ) In vitro fertilization was associated with an increased risk for major CAs among singleton boys and a decreased risk among multiple girls . The risk after other ART was only slightly increased OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether children 's  cognitive and psychomotor development and behavior at 2 years are affected by ovarian hyperstimulation and the IVF laboratory procedures or subfertility . DESIGN Prospect i ve longitudinal cohort study . SETTING University Medical Center Groningen , the Netherl and s. PATIENT(S ) Singletons born after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH)-IVF ( n=66 ) and modified natural cycle-IVF ( n=56 ) , singletons born to subfertile couples who conceived naturally ( subfertile-naturally conceived , n=87 ) , and a reference group of 101 2-year-old singletons born to fertile couples . INTERVENTION(S ) None . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Bayley Scales of Infant Development and Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist . RESULT ( S ) Mental and psychomotor development and behavioral outcome in COH-IVF , modified natural cycle-IVF , and subfertile-natural cycle groups was not different . Developmental outcome and behavior of the subfertile groups were largely similar to those of the fertile reference group . Nevertheless , the subfertile groups scored higher on the scale of anxious-depressed behavior than the reference group . CONCLUSION ( S ) This present relatively small study found no differences in cognitive and psychomotor development and behavior at 2 years in children born after COH-IVF or modified natural cycle-IVF or naturally conceived children of subfertile parents . Replication of the study is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn . Furthermore , long-term follow-up is needed to confirm these findings in older children CONTEXT Neonatal infections are frequent complications of extremely low-birth-weight ( ELBW ) infants receiving intensive care . OBJECTIVE To determine if neonatal infections in ELBW infants are associated with increased risks of adverse neurodevelopmental and growth sequelae in early childhood . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Infants weighing 401 to 1000 g at birth ( born in 1993 - 2001 ) were enrolled in a prospect ively collected very low-birth-weight registry at academic medical centers participating in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network .  Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes were assessed at a comprehensive follow-up visit at 18 to 22 months of corrected gestational age and compared by infection group . Eighty percent of survivors completed the follow-up visit and 6093 infants were studied . Registry data were used to classify infants by type of infection : uninfected ( n = 2161 ) , clinical infection alone ( n = 1538 ) , sepsis ( n = 1922 ) , sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis ( n = 279 ) , or meningitis with or without sepsis ( n = 193 ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cognitive and neuromotor development , neurologic status , vision and hearing , and growth ( weight , length , and head circumference ) were assessed at follow-up . RESULTS The majority of ELBW survivors ( 65 % ) had at least 1 infection during their hospitalization after birth . Compared with uninfected infants , those in each of the 4 infection groups were significantly more likely to have adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at follow-up , including cerebral palsy ( range of significant odds ratios [ ORs ] , 1.4 - 1.7 ) , low Bayley Scales of Infant Development II scores on the mental development index ( ORs , 1.3 - 1.6 ) and psychomotor development index ( ORs , 1.5 - 2.4 ) , and vision impairment ( ORs , 1.3 - 2.2 ) . Infection in the neonatal period was also associated with impaired head growth , a known predictor of poor neurodevelopmental outcome . CONCLUSIONS This large cohort study suggests that neonatal infections among ELBW infants are associated with poor neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes in early childhood . Additional studies are needed to eluci date the pathogenesis of brain injury in infants with infection so that novel interventions to improve these outcomes can be explored OBJECTIVES / AIM To determine whether sedation/analgesia drugs used before , during , and after infant cardiac surgery are associated with neurodevelopmental outcome . BACKGROUND Animal models suggest detrimental effects of anesthetic drugs on the developing brain . Whether these results can be extrapolated to human neonates is unclear . METHODS / MATERIAL S This is a prospect i ve follow-up project conducted in Western Canada . In all infants ≤6 weeks of age having surgery for congenital heart disease between April 2003 and December 2006 , demographic and perioperative variables were collected prospect ively .  Sedation/analgesia variables were collected retrospectively . For each drug class ( inhalationals , opioids , benzodiazepines , ketamine , and chloral hydrate ) , we calculated the cumulative dose received during hospitalization , average dose received per day , and cumulative number of days the patient received the drug . The outcomes at 18 - 24 months were as follows : General Adaptive Composite and motor scaled scores of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System , significant mental , motor , and vocabulary delay . Multivariable logistic and linear regression was used to analyze the data . RESULTS One hundred and thirty-five neonates underwent open heart surgery ; 19 died , 16 had chromosomal abnormality , and five were lost to follow up , leaving 95 survivors for analysis . Multiple linear regression analysis found no evidence of an association between sedation/analgesia variables and ABAS-GAC score or motor scale score . Multiple logistic regression analysis found no evidence of an association between sedation/analgesia variables and significant mental , motor , or vocabulary delay . CONCLUSION We found no evidence of an association between dose and duration of sedation/analgesia drugs during the operative and perioperative period and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes
RESULT ( S ) For infants , studies on psychomotor development showed no deficits , but few investigated cognitive or behavioral development .
Studies on toddlers generally reported normal cognitive , behavioral , socio-emotional , and psychomotor development .
For children in middle childhood , development seems comparable in children born after assisted reproduction and controls , although fewer studies have been conducted with follow-up to this age .
( S ) It may tentatively be concluded that the neurodevelopment of children born after  fertility treatment  is overall comparable to that in children born after spontaneous conception
OBJECTIVE To systematic ally review the existing literature on neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born after medically assisted reproduction  compared with those of children born after spontaneous conception .