The Influence of Yoga-Based Programs on Risk Profiles in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review Community based yoga classes for type 2 diabetes: an exploratory randomised controlled trial Utilization of 3-Month Yoga Program for Adults at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study Yoga Practice for the Management of Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Adults: A systematic review Completion report: Effect of Comprehensive Yogic Breathing program on type 2 diabetes: A randomized control trial A yoga intervention for type 2 diabetes risk reduction: a pilot randomized controlled trial A Randomized controlled trial of the effect of yoga and peer support on glycaemic outcomes in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a feasibility study The effectiveness of yoga to prevent diabetes mellitus type 2 Effects of a yoga intervention on lipid profiles of diabetes patients with dyslipidemia. Effect of 3-Month Yoga on Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes With or Without Complications Impact of a 10 minute Seated Yoga Practice in the Management of Diabetes. Effect of community-based yoga intervention on oxidative stress and glycemic parameters in prediabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Comprehensive yogic breathing program improves quality of life in patients with diabetes The Effect of Yoga and Peer Support Interventions on the Quality of Life of Women with Diabetes: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial Role of yoga in modifying certain cardiovascular functions in type 2 diabetic patients. Yoga therapy decreases dyspnea-related distress and improves functional performance in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study. Effect of Yoga asanas on nerve conduction in type 2 diabetes.
There is growing evidence that yoga may offer a safe and cost-effective intervention for Type 2 Diabetes mellitus ( DM 2 ) . However , systematic review s are lacking . This article critically review s the published literature regarding the effects of yoga-based programs on physiologic and anthropometric risk profiles and related clinical outcomes in adults with DM 2 . We performed a comprehensive literature search using four computerized English and Indian scientific data bases . The search was restricted to original studies ( 1970–2006 ) that evaluated the metabolic and clinical effects of  yoga in adults with DM 2 . Studies targeting clinical population s with cardiovascular disorders that included adults with comorbid DM were also evaluated . Data were extracted regarding study design , setting , target population , intervention , comparison group or condition , outcome assessment , data analysis and presentation , follow-up , and key results , and the quality of each study was evaluated according to specific predetermined criteria . We identified 25 eligible studies , including 15 uncontrolled trials , 6 non-r and omized controlled trials and 4 r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) . Overall , these studies suggest beneficial changes in several risk indices , including glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity , lipid profiles , anthropometric characteristics , blood pressure , oxidative stress , coagulation profiles , sympathetic activation and pulmonary function , as well as improvement in specific clinical outcomes .  Yoga may improve risk profiles in adults with DM 2 , and may have promise for the prevention and management of cardiovascular complications in this population . However , the limitations characterizing most studies preclude drawing firm conclusions . Additional high- quality RCTs are needed to confirm and further eluci date the effects of st and ardized yoga programs in population s with DM 2 Background Yoga is a popular therapy for diabetes but its efficacy is contested . The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of research ing community based yoga classes in Type 2 diabetes with a view to informing the design of a definitive , multi-centre trial Methods The study design was an exploratory r and omised controlled trial with in-depth process evaluation . The setting was two multi-ethnic boroughs in London , UK ; one with average and one with low mean socio-economic deprivation score . Classes were held at a sports centre or GP surgery . Participants were 59 people with Type 2 diabetes not taking insulin , recruited from general practice lists or opportunistically by general practice staff . The intervention group were offered 12 weeks of a twice-weekly 90-minute yoga class ; the control group was a waiting list for the yoga classes . Both groups received advice and leaflets on healthy lifestyle and were encouraged to exercise . Primary outcome measure was HbA1c . Secondary outcome measures included attendance , weight , waist circumference , lipid levels , blood pressure , UKPDS cardiovascular risk score , diabetes-related quality of life ( ADDQoL ) , and self-efficacy . Process measures were attendance at yoga sessions , self-reported frequency of practice between taught sessions , and qualitative data ( interviews with patients and therapists , ethnographic observation of the yoga classes , and analysis of documents including minutes of meetings , correspondence , and exercise plans ) . Results Despite broad inclusion criteria , around two-thirds of the patients on GP diabetic registers proved ineligible , and 90 % of the remainder declined to participate . Mean age of participants was 60 + /- 10 years .  Attendance at yoga classes was around 50 % . Nobody did the exercises regularly at home . Yoga teachers felt that most participants were unsuitable for ' st and ard ' yoga exercises because of limited flexibility , lack of basic fitness , co-morbidity , and lack of confidence . There was a small fall in HbA1c in the yoga group which was not statistically significant and which was not sustained six months later , and no significant change in other outcome measures . Conclusion The benefits of yoga in type 2 diabetes suggested in some previous studies were not confirmed . Possible explanations ( apart from lack of efficacy ) include recruitment challenges ; practical and motivational barriers to class attendance ; physical and motivational barriers to engaging in the exercises ; inadequate intensity and /or duration of yoga intervention ; and insufficient personalisation of exercises to individual needs . All these factors should be considered when design ing future trials . Trial registration National Research Register ( 1410 ) and Current Controlled Trials ( IS RCT N63637211 ) Various modes of physical activity , combined with dieting , have been widely recommended to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes . Among these , yoga holds promise for reducing risk factors for type 2 diabetes by promoting weight loss , improving glucose levels and reducing blood pressure and lipid levels . This pilot study aim ed to assess the feasibility of implementing a 12-week yoga program among adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes . Twenty-three adults ( 19 Whites and 4 non-Whites ) were r and omly assigned to the  yoga intervention group or the educational group . The yoga group participated in a 3-month yoga intervention with sessions twice per week and the educational group received general health educational material s every 2 weeks . All participants completed question naires and had blood tests at baseline and at the end of 3 months . Effect sizes were reported to summarize the efficacy of the intervention . All participants assigned to the yoga intervention completed the yoga program without complication and expressed high satisfaction with the program ( 99.2 % ) . Their yoga session attendance ranged from 58.3 to 100 % . Compared with the education group , the yoga group experienced improvements in weight , blood pressure , insulin , triglycerides and exercise self-efficacy indicated by small to large effect sizes . This preliminary study indicates that a yoga program would be a possible risk reduction option for adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes . In addition , yoga holds promise as an approach to reducing cardiometabolic risk factors and increasing exercise self-efficacy for this group The effect of practicing yoga for the management of type II Diabetes  was assessed in this systematic review through search ing related electronic data bases and the grey literature to the end of May 2007 using Ovid . All r and omized controlled clinical trials ( RCTs ) comparing yoga practice with other type of intervention or with regular practice or both , were included regardless of language or type of publication . Each study was assessed for quality by two independent review ers . Mean difference was used for summarizing the effect of each study outcomes with 95 % confidence intervals . Pooling of the studies did not take place due to the wide clinical variation between the studies . Publication bias was assessed by statistical methods . Five trials with 363 participants met the inclusion criteria with medium to high risk of bias and different intervention characteristics . The studies ’ results show improvement in outcomes among patients with diabetes type II .  These improvements were mainly among short term or immediate diabetes outcomes and not all were statistically significant . The results were inconclusive and not significant for the long-term outcomes . No adverse effects were reported in any of the included studies . Short-term benefits for patients with diabetes  may be achieved from practicing yoga . Further research is needed in this area . Factors like quality of the trials and other method ological issues should be improved by large r and omized control trials with allocation concealment to assess the effectiveness of yoga on diabetes type II . A definitive recommendation for physicians to encourage their patients to practice yoga can not be reached at present Background : Yoga has been shown to be beneficial in diabetes in many studies , though r and omized control trials are few . The aim of this r and omized control trial was to see the effect of Sudarshan Kriya and related practice s ( comprehensive yogic breathing program ) on quality of life , glycemic control , and cardiac autonomic functions in diabetes . Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death . Cardiac autonomic neuropathy has been implicated in the causation of sudden cardiac death . Therefore , a maneuver to prevent progression of cardiac autonomic neuropathy holds significance . Material s and Methods : A total of 120 patients of diabetes on oral medication and diet and exercise advice were r and omized into two groups : ( 1 ) Continued to receive st and ard treatment for diabetes . ( 2 ) Patients administered comprehensive yogic breathing program and monitored to regularly practice yoga in addition to st and ard treatment of diabetes . At 6 months , quality of life and postpr and ial plasma glucose significantly improved in the group practicing yoga compared to baseline , but there was no significant improvement in the fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin . Results : On per protocol analysis , sympathetic cardiac autonomic functions significantly improved from baseline in the group practicing comprehensive yogic breathing . Conclusion : This r and omized control trial points towards the beneficial effect of yogic breathing program in preventing progression of cardiac neuropathy . This has important implication s as cardiac autonomic neuropathy has been considered as one of the factors for sudden cardiac deaths Background Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem in many countries including India .  Yoga may be an effective type 2 diabetes prevention strategy in India , particularly given its cultural familiarity . Methods This was a parallel , r and omized controlled pilot study to collect feasibility and preliminary efficacy data on yoga for diabetes risk factors among people at high risk of diabetes . Primary outcomes included : changes in BMI , waist circumference , fasting blood glucose , postpr and ial blood glucose , insulin , insulin resistance , blood pressure , and cholesterol . We also looked at measures of psychological well-being including changes in depression , anxiety , positive and negative affect and perceived stress . Forty-one participants with elevated fasting blood glucose in Bangalore , India were r and omized to either  yoga  ( n = 21 ) or a walking control ( n = 20 ) . Participants were asked to either attend yoga classes or complete monitored walking 3–6 days per week for eight weeks . R and omization and allocation was performed using computer-generated r and om numbers and group assignments delivered in sealed , opaque envelopes generated by off-site study staff . Data were analyzed based on intention to treat . Results This study was feasible in terms of recruitment , retention and adherence . In addition , yoga participants had significantly greater reductions in weight , waist circumference and BMI versus control ( weight −0.8 ± 2.1 vs. 1.4 ± 3.6 , p = 0.02 ; waist circumference −4.2 ± 4.8 vs. 0.7 ± 4.2 , p < 0.01 ; BMI −0.2 ± 0.8 vs. 0.6 ± 1.6 , p = 0.05 ) . There were no between group differences in fasting blood glucose , postpr and ial blood glucose , insulin resistance or any other factors related to diabetes risk or psychological well-being . There were significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure , total cholesterol , anxiety , depression , negative affect and perceived stress in both the yoga intervention and walking control over the course of the study . Conclusion Among Indians with elevated fasting blood glucose , we found that participation in an 8-week yoga intervention was feasible and result ed in greater weight loss and reduction in waist circumference when compared to a walking control . Yoga offers a promising lifestyle intervention for decreasing weight-related type 2 diabetes risk factors and potentially increasing psychological well-being . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identified NCT00090506 Background Type two diabetes is a complex and dem and ing chronic disease and its impact in a state ( Kerala ) which leads India in terms of the number of people with Diabetes is profound . Though the male to female ratio among the people with diabetes is roughly equal , women are uniquely and more severely affected . Management of type two Diabetes requires considerable dexterity on the part of the patient to manage drugs , diet and exercise . Therefore , in a low middle-income country like India it is necessary to look at low cost interventions that can empower the patient and build on available re sources to help manage diabetes . Hence , we studied the feasibility and effect of two low cost interventions ; yoga and peer support on glycaemic and other outcomes among women with type two diabetes . Methods An open label parallel three armed r and omized control trial was conducted among 124 recruited women with Diabetes for three months . Block r and omization with a block length of six was carried out with each group having at least 41 women . In the Yoga arm , sessions by an instructor , consisting of a group of postures coordinated with breathing were conducted for an hour , two days a week . In the peer support arm each peer mentor after training visited 13–14 women with diabetes every week followed by a phone call . The meeting was about applying disease management or prevention plans in daily life . Results There was a trend in decline of fasting plasma glucose in the peer and yoga group and of glycosylated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) in the yoga group only , though not significant . A significant decrease was observed in diastolic blood pressure and hip circumference in the yoga group . The process indicated that most ( 80 % ) of the women in the yoga group attended classes regularly and 90 % of the women in the peer group reported that peer mentoring was useful . Conclusion The effect of yoga and peer support on glycaemic outcomes was incremental . Longer term studies are necessary to ascertain the benefits shown by this feasibility study .Trial registration CTRI/2011/12/002227 date d 14/12/2011 Background : Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) is becoming a leading problem worldwide . Emerging reports reveal alarming evidence of increasing prevalence of T2DM that has reached p and emic levels . Despite the significant incidence , there are limited reliable data re sources and comprehensive systematic review and meta- analysis on the effects of yoga on people who are a prediabetic or high risk for developing T2DM . Objective : The objective of this protocol is to conduct a full-scale systematic review and meta-analyses on the effects of yoga on people who are prediabetes or high risk of developing T2DM . Methods : The articles enrolled in the study will be retrieved from the online data bases between 2002 and the date the search es are executed . The search es will be repeated just before the final analyses and further relevant studies for inclusion . We will conduct a bibliographic search in data bases : Medline / PubMed , Scopus , Cochrane Library , EBSCO , and IndMED using keywords including prediabetes state , high risk for diabetes , metabolic syndrome , and yoga . A defined search strategy will be implemented along with selection criteria to obtain full-text articles of relevant studies . This study protocol was prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review s and Meta- Analysis for Protocol s 2015 guidelines . There will be no language restrictions . Ethics and dissemination : The proposed study will be based on published studies and publicly available anonymized data without directly involving human participants and therefore requires neither formal human ethical review nor approval by a human research ethics committee . We published an outline of the protocol in the International Prospect i ve Register of Systematic Review s ( PROSPERO ) in 2018 . We plan to disseminate the findings of this systematic review and meta- analysis through publication in a peer- review ed journal and presentation at relevant conference proceedings . In addition , we believe the results of the systematic review will have implication s for policy and practice . We will prepare policymaker summary using a vali date d format , disseminate through social media and email discussion groups . Review registration number : PROSPERO registration number CRD OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of yoga in the management of dyslipidemia in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus . METHODS This r and omized parallel study was carried out in Medical College Triv and rum , Kerala , India . Hundred type 2 diabetics with dyslipidemia were r and omized into control and yoga groups . The control group was prescribed oral hypoglycemic drugs . The yoga group practice d yoga daily for 1 h duration along with oral hypoglycemic drugs for 3 months . The lipid profiles of both the groups were compared at the start and at the end of 3 months . RESULTS After intervention with yoga for a period of 3 months the study group showed a decrease in total cholesterol , triglycerides and LDL , with an improvement in HDL . CONCLUSION Yoga , being a lifestyle incorporating exercise and stress management training , targets the elevated lipid levels in patients with diabetes through integrated approaches OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of yoga on anthropometry , blood pressure , glycemic control , and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients on st and ard care  in comparison with st and ard care alone . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study involved 123 patients stratified according to groups with microvascular complications , macrovascular complications , and peripheral neuropathy and without complications and assigned to receive either st and ard care or st and ard care along with additional yoga for 3 months . RESULTS In comparison with st and ard care alone , yoga result ed in significant reduction in BMI , glycemic control , and malondialdehyde and increase in glutathione and vitamin C. There were no differences in waist circumference , waist-to-hip ratio , blood pressure , vitamin E , or superoxide dismutase in the yoga group at follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Yoga can be used as an effective therapy in reducing oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes . Yoga in addition to st and ard care helps reduce BMI and improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients OBJECTIVE We sought to prospect ively evaluate the impact of a 10 minute seated yoga program added to st and ard comprehensive diabetes care on glucose control and cardiovascular health in the severely ill , medically complex diabetic population . METHOD A total of 10 patients with type 2 diabetes , ages 49 - 77 , with duration of diabetes > 10 years and haemoglobin A1C > 9 % ( 75 mmol/mol ) were included in the study . Patients r and omized to a yoga intervention were taught a 10 minute seated yoga practice , were given an explanatory DVD and a fold-out pocket guide to encourage adherence at home , and were instructed to incorporate the practice as often as they could . The patients in the control arm were provided information and h and outs on the available yoga classes on campus . RESULTS At 3 month clinical follow up , the mean decrease in fasting capillary blood glucose ( CBG ) was 45 % among yoga participants ( -5.2 ± 4.1 mmol/L ) . Heart rate ( HR ) dropped by 18 % and Diastolic blood pressure ( BP ) dropped by 29 % in the intervention arm , ( -12.4 ± 6.69 and -26 ± 12.05 mmHg , respectively ) . There were no statistically significant changes in the haemoglobin A1C , systolic blood pressure , weight , or body mass index in either group . CONCLUSION Our small pilot study reinforces the current medical evidence supporting the use of yoga , combined with st and ard care , to improve health outcomes in diabetes OBJECTIVES To study the effectiveness of yoga intervention on oxidative stress , glycemic status , blood pressure and anthropometry in prediabetes . DESIGN R and omized-controlled trial . PARTICIPANTS Twenty nine prediabetes subjects aged 30 - 75 years . SETTING Yoga was conducted at 4 different community diabetes clinics in Mangalore , India . INTERVENTIONS Participants were r and omized to either 3-month yoga or wait-list control groups . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Malondialdehyde , glutathione , vitamin C , vitamin E , superoxide dismutase , plasma glucose , glycated haemoglobin , BMI , waist circumference , waist-to-hip ratio and blood pressure . RESULTS Yoga intervention result ed in a significant decline in malondialdehyde ( p<0.001 ) , relative to the control group . In comparison with the control , there was a significant improvement in BMI , waist circumference , systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose levels at follow-up . No significant improvement in glycated haemoglobin , waist-to-hip ratio or any of the antioxidants was observed . CONCLUSIONS Yoga intervention may be helpful in control of oxidative stress in prediabetes subjects . Yoga can also be beneficial in reduction in BMI , waist circumference , systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose . Effect of yoga on antioxidant parameters was not evident in this study . The findings of this study need to be confirmed in larger trials involving active control groups Objective : To assess the effect of a comprehensive yogic breathing program on glycemic control and quality of life ( QOL ) in patients with diabetes . Material s and Methods : This is a prospect i ve r and omized controlled intervention trial . Patients having HbA1c between 6 and 9 % for at least 3 months with lifestyle modification and oral antidiabetic medication were included . They were followed-up and r and omized at 6 months into two groups : one group receiving st and ard treatment of diabetes and the other group receiving st and ard treatment of diabetes and taught and told to regularly practice the comprehensive yogic breathing program ( Sudarshan Kriya Yoga and Pranayam ) . Change in fasting and post-pr and ial blood sugars , glycated hemoglobin and QOL as assessed by the World Health Organization QOL WHOQOL BREF question naire were assessed . Results : There was a trend toward improvement in glycemic control in the group practicing the comprehensive yogic breathing program compared with the group following st and ard treatment alone , although this was not significant . There was significant improvement in physical , psychological and social domains and total QOL post-intervention in the group practicing the comprehensive yogic breathing program as compared with the group following st and ard treatment alone . Conclusion : There was significant improvement in the QOL and a non-significant trend toward improvement in glycemic control in the group practicing the comprehensive yogic breathing program compared with the group that was following st and ard treatment alone Objective : This was an interventional study to underst and the effect of two low-cost interventions ; yoga and peer support on the quality of life ( QOL ) of women with type 2 diabetes . Methodology : An open label parallel three-armed r and omized control trial was conducted among 124 recruited women with diabetes for 3 months . Block r and omization with a block length of six was carried out . In the yoga arm , sessions by an instructor , consisting of a group of postures coordinated with breathing were conducted for an hour , 2 days a week . In the peer support arm , each peer mentor after training visited 13–14 women with diabetes every week followed by a phone call . The meeting was about applying disease management plans in daily life . At the beginning and end of the study , QOL was assessed by the translated , vali date d World Health Organization QOL-BREF in four domains physical , psychological , social , and environmental domains . Results : The majority ( 96 % ) of the study participants perceived the peer support and yoga intervention to be beneficial . Paired t-test revealed significant increases in the social and environmental domain in the peer group and in the environmental domain in the yoga group , though this disappeared in the between-group comparison perhaps due to poor glycemic control ( hemoglobin A1c varied from 9.4 to 9.6 ) and the short duration of 3 months of the study . Conclusion : Peer support and yoga  improved perceptions of QOL though its impact on scores was not significant due to a short period of study among women with poor glycemic control OBJECTIVES 1 . To study the effect of forty days of Yogic exercises on cardiac functions in Type 2 Diabetics . 2 . To study the effect of forty days of Yogic exercises on blood glucose level , glycosylated hemoglobin . METHODS The present study done in twenty-four Type 2 DM cases provides metabolic and clinical evidence of improvement in glycaemic control and autonomic functions .  These middle-aged subjects were type II diabetics on antihyperglycaemic and dietary regimen . Their baseline fasting and postpr and ial blood glucose and glycosylated Hb were monitored along with autonomic function studies . The expert gave these patients training in yoga asanas and they pursued those 30 - 40 min/day for 40 days under guidance . These asanas consisted of 13 well known postures , done in a sequence . After 40 days of yoga asanas regimen , the parameters were repeated . RESULTS The results indicate that there was significant decrease in fasting blood glucose levels from basal 190.08 + /- 18.54 in mg/dl to 141.5 + /- 16.3 in mg/dl after yoga regimen . The post pr and ial blood glucose levels decreased from 276.54 + /- 20.62 in mg/dl to 201.75 + /- 21.24 in mg/dl , glycosylated hemoglobin showed a decrease from 9.03 + /- 0.29 % to 7.83 + /- 0.53 % after yoga regimen . The pulse rate , systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly ( from 86.45 + /- 2.0 to 77.65 + /- 2.5 pulse/min , from 142.0 + /- 3.9 to 126.0 + /- 3.2 mm of Hg and from 86.7 + /- 2.5 mm of Hg to 75.5 + /- 2.1 mm of Hg after yoga regimen respectively ) . Corrected QT interval ( QTc ) decreased from 0.42 + /- 0.0 to 0.40 + /- 0.0 . CONCLUSION These findings suggest that better glycaemic control and stable autonomic functions can be obtained in Type 2 DM cases with yoga asanas and pranayama . The exact mechanism as to how these postures and controlled breathing interact with somato-neuro-endocrine mechanism affecting metabolic and autonomic functions remains to be worked out BACKGROUND There has been limited study of yoga training as a complementary exercise strategy to manage the symptom of dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . PURPOSE The primary purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate a yoga program for its safety , feasibility , and efficacy for decreasing dyspnea intensity ( DI ) and dyspnea-related distress ( DD ) in older adults with COPD . METHODS Clinical ly stable patients with COPD ( n = 29 ; age 69.9 + /- 9.5 ; forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( FEV(1 ) ) 47.7 + /- 15.6 % predicted ; female = 21 ) were r and omized to a 12-week yoga program specifically design ed for people with COPD or usual-care control  ( UC ) . The twice-weekly yoga program included asanas ( yoga postures ) and visama vritti pranayama ( timed breathing ) . Safety measure outcomes included heart rate , oxygen saturation , dyspnea , and pain . Feasibility was measured by patient-reported enjoyment , difficulty , and adherence to yoga sessions . At baseline and at 12 weeks , DI and DD were measured during incremental cycle ergometry and a 6-minute walk ( 6MW ) test . Secondary efficacy outcomes included physical performance , psychologic well-being , and health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) . RESULTS Yoga training was safe and feasible for patients with COPD . While yoga training had only small effects on DI after the 6MW test ( effect size [ ES ] , 0.20 ; p = 0.60 ) , there were greater reductions in DD in the yoga group compared to UC ( ES , 0.67 ; p = 0.08 ) . Yoga training also improved 6MW distance ( + 71.7 + /- 21.8 feet versus -27.6 + /- 36.2 feet ; ES = 0.78 , p = 0.04 ) and self-reported functional performance ( ES = 0.79 , p = 0.04 ) compared to UC . There were small positive changes in muscle strength and HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS Elderly patients with COPD participated safely in a 12-week yoga program especially design ed for patients with this chronic illness . After the program , the subjects tolerated more activity with less DD and improved their functional performance . These findings need to be confirmed in a larger , more sufficiently powered efficacy study Twenty Type 2 diabetic subjects between the age group of 30 - 60 years were studied to see the effect of 40 days of Yoga asanas on the nerve conduction velocity . The duration of diabetes ranged from 0 - 10 years . Subject suffering from cardiac , renal and proliferative retinal complications were excluded from the study  Yoga asanas included Suryanamskar . Tadasan , Konasan , Padmasan Pranayam , Paschimottansan Ardhmatsyendrasan , Shavasan , Pavanmukthasan , Sarpasan and Shavasan . Subjects were called to the cardio-respiratory laboratory in the morning time and were given training by the Yoga expert . The Yoga exercises were performed for 30 - 40 minutes every day for 40 days in the above sequence . The subjects were prescribed certain medicines and diet . The basal blood glucose , nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve was measured and repeated after 40 days of Yogic regime .  Another group of 20 Type 2 diabetes subjects of comparable age and severity , called the control group , were kept on prescribed medication and light physical exercises like walking . Their basal & post 40 days parameters were recorded for comparison . Right h and and left h and median nerve conduction velocity increased from 52.81 + /- 1.1 m/sec to 53.87 + /- 1.1 m/sec and 52.46 + /- 1.0 to 54.75 + /- 1/1 m/sec respectively . Control group nerve function parameters deteriorated over the period of study , indicating that diabetes is a slowly progressive disease involving the nerves . Yoga asanas have a beneficial effect on glycaemic control and improve nerve function in mild to moderate Type 2 diabetes with sub- clinical neuropathy
Collectively , findings suggest that yogic practice s may promote significant improvements in several indices of importance in DM2 management , including glycemic control , lipid levels , and body composition .
More limited data suggest that yoga may also lower oxidative stress and blood pressure ; enhance pulmonary and autonomic function , mood , sleep , and quality of life ; and reduce medication use in adults with DM2 .
A growing body of evidence suggests yogic practice s may benefit adults with type 2 diabetes ( DM2 ) .
In this systematic review , we evaluate available evidence from prospect i ve controlled trials regarding the effects of yoga-based programs on specific health outcomes pertinent to DM2 management .