Stainless steel crown versus modified open-sandwich restorations for primary molars: a 2-year randomized clinical trial. General dental practitioners' views on the use of stainless steel crowns to restore primary molars Multi-surface composite vs stainless steel crown restorations after mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy: a randomized controlled trial. The survival of resin modified glass ionomer and stainless steel crown restorations in primary molars, placed in a specialist paediatric dental practice A randomised controlled trial of three aesthetic full-coronal restorations in primary maxillary teeth. Retentive strength of luting cements for stainless steel crowns: an in vitro study. Stainless steel crown versus multisurface amalgam restorations: an 8-year longitudinal clinical study. A clinical study evaluating success of 2 commercially available preveneered primary molar stainless steel crowns. Clinical evaluation of tooth-colored materials in cervical lesions. In situ effects of restorative materials on dental biofilm and enamel demineralisation. Clinical Investigation of Two Glass–Ionomer Restoratives Used with the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment Approach in China: Two–Years Results A 2-year clinical study of two glass ionomer cements used in the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique. Clinical evaluation of four Class 5 restorative materials: 3-year recall. Comparison of atraumatic restorative treatment and conventional restorative procedures in a hospital clinic: evaluation after 30 months. Clinical performance of large, all-ceramic CAD/CAM-generated restorations after three years: a pilot study. A clinical evaluation of two glass ionomer cements in primary molars using atraumatic restorative treatment technique in India: 1 year follow up. Assessment of apical and coronal root canal seals using contemporary endodontic obturation and restorative materials and techniques.
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical performance and survival of stainless steel crown ( SSC ) restoration  and  modified open-s and wich technique using resin-modified glass ionomer cement . DESIGN R and omized clinical trial . SETTING General dental practice . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 87 children aged 4 - 7 years at baseline with one or more primary molars that have undergone pulp therapy were r and omly assigned to receive either SSC or modified open-s and wich restoration . One hundred and sixty restorations were placed and evaluated after 6 , 12 , 18 , and 24 months using the Ryge criteria . RESULTS Comparable survival rates were observed for both SSC and modified open-s and wich restoration . With only four SSCs and six modified open-s and wich restorations failing over 24 months , the survival rates were high for both material s ( 2-year survival rate : 95.0 % for SSCs and 92.5 % for modified open-s and wich restorations ) . Significantly better gingival health ( P < 0.05 ) was observed for the modified open-s and wich restorations compared with SSCs , as only one modified open-s and wich restoration was rated Charlie compared to 13 SSCs . No significant differences were observed between the two material s for marginal integrity , proximal contact , occlusion , or recurrent caries . CONCLUSION The 2-year results indicated that the modified open-s and wich restoration is an appropriate alternative to SSC in extensive restorations , particularly where aesthetic considerations are important Aim To ascertain general dental practitioners ' views on the use of stainless steel ( pre-formed metal ) crowns to restore carious primary molars . Method Ninety-three general dental practitioners were selected at r and om from those practising in Lancashire , Cheshire and Greater Manchester in 2003 and interviewed separately about the clinical care they provide to the primary dentition . Before the interview participants recorded the care they would provide for a case scenario , describing a child with a carious lesion that the British Society of Paediatric Dentistry ( BSPD ) guidelines indicate should be treated with a stainless steel crown . Results In answering the case scenario only six ( 7 % ) of the dentists reported that they would fit a stainless steel crown .  Of the 93 dentists interviewed 71 % knew of the BSPD guidelines , but only 18 % had ever fitted a stainless steel crown  in general practice . Reasons given for not using stainless steel crowns were they are inappropriate for many children , time consuming to fit , difficult to manipulate , expensive , and ugly . Conclusion The BSPD guidelines on the use of stainless steel crowns do not reflect the views of the majority of general dental practitioners who consider these crowns unsuitable for most children and an impractical restorative technique in busy daily practice PURPOSE Parents increasingly request esthetic restorations for their children 's teeth . This split mouth , r and omized controlled trial compared primary molars treated with white MTA pulpotomies and restored with either multi-surface composites ( MSC ) or stainless steel crowns ( SSC ) . METHODS Forty matched , contra-lateral pairs of molars received MTA pulpotomies  and were r and omly assigned to MSC or SSC restorations and evaluated clinical ly and radiographically at 6 and 12 months . Two calibrated , blinded examiners evaluated and scored radiographs . RESULTS Thirty-seven matched pairs were evaluated at 6 months , and 31 were available at 12 months . All teeth in both groups were radiographically and clinical ly successful at 6 and 12 months . Dentin bridge formation was noted in 20 % of the primary molars by 12 months . Although not significant , the composite group exhibited fewer intact clinical margins than the SSC group . The vast majority ( 94 % ) of teeth restored with composite displayed gray discoloration at follow-up exams , which did not appear to affect the quality of the restoration and is believed to be associated with the white MTA . CONCLUSIONS The white MTA pulpotomies succeeded over 12 months regardless of the restoration ; however , the teeth restored with composite were not as durable nor considered an esthetic alternative to the SSC Aims To prospect ively report on the survival of resin-modified glass ionomer cement ( RMGIC ) , photac-fil and pre-formed stainless steel crown ( SSC ) restorations in primary molar teeth placed over a seven-year period in a specialist paediatric dental practice under private contract of remuneration . Method All primary molar restorations placed by a specialist paediatric dentist over a seven-year period were review ed and the outcome results recorded . Data were recorded at review visits until June 30 , 2003 . Data recorded included Class I restorations , Class II restorations and SSC . The Class II cavities were either mesial or distal , with or without buccal/palatal extensions . If both proximal surfaces were decayed or if after cavity preparation the result ant outline form was significantly larger than the minimal classical form , RMGIC was not used ; an SSC was placed instead . Stainless steel crown preparation followed conventional guidelines . The crowns were cemented with reinforced zinc oxide and eugenol ( Kalzinol ) . The status was recorded as satisfactory restoration , tooth exfoliated , tooth extracted for orthodontic reasons with the date of extraction , or needing replacement . If replaced then the reason for replacement was also recorded . Results A total of 544 Class I RMGICs , 962 Class II RMGICs , and 1,010 SSCs  were placed . At the last review of each restoration , 98.3 % of Class I , 97.3 % of Class II RMGICs and 97.0 % of SSCs were either satisfactory or withdrawn intact . Conclusion Under the conditions of private specialist practice -based study SSCs continued to prove very successful for the restoration of larger cavities and for pulp-treated primary molar teeth . For the smaller cavities RMGIC were also very successful AIM This r and omised clinical trial ( RCT ) compared the clinical outcomes of three aesthetic full-coronal restorations ( composite strip crowns , pre-veneered stainless steel crowns ( SSCs ) and pre-fabricated primary zirconia crowns )  in carious and traumatised primary maxillary incisors . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One hundred and twenty nine teeth in 39 children aged between 3 to 5 years were included . Children were r and omly assigned to one of three treatment groups using a permuted block r and omisation technique with a total of 43 teeth in each group . After trainee calibration , restorations were placed and evaluated after 6 months . Outcomes evaluated were restoration failure , tooth wear of opposing teeth and gingival health . RESULTS The retention rate was highest for zirconia crowns ( 100 % ) followed by pre-veneered SSCs ( 95 % ) . Strip crowns were the least retentive ( 78 % ) . Zirconia crowns showed low grade abrasion in four opposing teeth . Teeth restored with resin composite and pre-veneered SSC showed an increase in mean gingival index score , while corresponding values decreased in zirconia crowns . CONCLUSION Resin composite strip crown is a highly sensitive technique leading to lower retention rate .  Pre-veneered stainless steel crowns showed increased incidence of facial veneer fracture .  Zirconia crowns are highly retentive and biocompatible but cause low grade of abrasion of their opposing natural dentition at the 6-month follow-up The present study evaluated and compared the retentive strength of three luting cements .  A total of forty five freshly extracted human primary molars were used in this study . The teeth were prepared to receive stainless steel crowns . They were then r and omly divided into three groups , of fifteen teeth each , so as to receive the three different luting cements : conventional glass ionomer resin modified glass ionomer and adhesive resin . The teeth were then stored in artificial saliva for twenty four hours . The retentive strength of the crowns was determined by using a specially design ed Instron Universal Testing Machine ( Model 1011 ) . The data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA to evaluate retentive strength for each cement and Tukey test for pair wise comparison . It was concluded that retentive strength of adhesive resin cement and resin modified glass ionomer cement was significantly higher than that of the conventional glass ionomer cement Two alternative methods of restoring primary teeth that had multisurface lesions were examined in a clinical longitudinal study . In a paired comparison , stainless steel crowns proved far superior to multisurface amalgam restorations with respect to both lifespan and replacement rate .  Stainless steel crowns are not only more acceptable to the patient and more cost effective , but also more acceptable to the dentist because of the comparatively simple procedures involved in restoring even severely affected primary molars PURPOSE To evaluate the success of posterior NuSmile ( ® ) and Kinder ™ Krown and to determine the level of parental satisfaction with this treatment option . METHODS Forty-eight crowns were placed in 18 children with a mean age of 5 years . A split mouth design was used . Each participant r and omly received each crown type on 2 or 4 pair matched molars . Two trained operators completed all treatments . Two additional trained and calibrated clinicians blindly re-evaluated crowns according to specified variables . A visual analogue scale was used to determine parental satisfaction . Examiner reliability was determined by Cohen 's kappa scores and results were analysed statistically using Fisher 's exact test . RESULTS All crowns were retained after 12 months with no statistical difference in the clinical and radiographic success of posterior NuSmile ( ® ) and Kinder ™ Krowns . Overall success was high with 81 % of facings intact and 83 % free of gingival inflammation after 12 months . Radiographically , 81 % were successful . Veneer facing wear was significantly more likely to occur with opposing crowns ( P=.02 ) . Parental satisfaction was excellent with a mean score of 9.3 out of 10 . CONCLUSIONS These crowns combine the durability of conventional stainless steel crowns with improved esthetics and are proposed as a suitable alternative where esthetic dem and is increased PURPOSE To determine the 18-month clinical performance of four tooth-colored restoratives in non-carious cervical lesions . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Buccal abrasion lesions in 83 teeth were restored with each of the following material s : Fuji Cap II , Fuji II LC , APH/Universal Bond 3 , Lite Fil II A/Imperva Bond . Baseline and an 18-month recall was carried out using the Ryge ( USPHS ) method for retention , color match , marginal adaptation , cavosurface marginal discoloration , anatomic form and secondary caries . RESULTS The USPHS results ( % alfa ) for the four products were , respectively : color match ( 9 % , 48 % , 57 % , 55 % ) , marginal discoloration ( 71 % , 76 % , 52 % , 50 % ) , marginal adaptation ( 24 % , 24 % , 33 % , 15 % ) , anatomic form ( 67 % , 86 % , 95 % , 45 % ) and retention ( 100 % , 95 % , 100 % , 65 % ) . Results indicated that ( 1 ) Fuji Cap II exhibited a poor color match at baseline ( 2 ) Color matching of Fuji II LC was comparable to the resin composites and ( 3 ) seven Lite Fil II/Imperva Bond restorations ( 35 % ) were dislodged after 1 1/2 years OBJECTIVES Since secondary caries is one of the main reasons for replacing restorations , this study assessed the effects of different restorative material s on the microbiological composition of dental biofilm and on enamel demineralisation around the restoration . METHODS A r and omized , double-blind , split-mouth in situ design was conducted in one phase of 14 days , during which , 20 volunteers wore palatal devices containing five human dental enamel slabs . Each slab was r and omly restored with one of the following material s : Filtek-Z-250/Single Bond , control group ( composite resin ) , Permite ( amalgam ) , Fuji II ( encapsulated resin-modified glass ionomer ) , Vitremer ( resin-modified glass ionomer ) and Ketac Molar ( conventional glass ionomer ) . The volunteers used fluoride dentifrice , 3x/day and a 20 % sucrose solution was dripped onto the slabs 8x/day . The biofilm formed on the slabs was analyzed to determine the counts of total streptococci , mutans streptococci and lactobacilli . Enamel demineralisation was determined by cross-sectional microhardness ( CSMH ) at 20 and 70 microm from the margin of the restoration . Kruskal-Wallis and analysis of variance , followed by least mean squares ( LMS ) test , were used to evaluate microbiota and CSMH among the groups . The significance level used was 5 % . RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found in the cariogenic microbiota grown on the slabs . At a 20-mum distance , only Fuji II statistically differed from the other groups , showing the lowest demineralisation . At 70 microm , Fuji II significantly inhibited demineralisation when compared to Permite , Filtek-Z-250 and Ketac Molar . CONCLUSIONS In the context of fluoride dentifrice and under the cariogenic exposure conditions of this study , only the encapsulated resin-modified glass ionomer material provided additional protection against secondary caries Objective : To compare the clinical performance of two glass – ionomer cements , ChemFlex ( Dentsply DeTrey ) and Fuji IX GP ( GC ) , when used with the atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) approach in China . Methods : Eighty – nine school children aged between 6 and 14 years who had bilateral matched pairs of carious posterior teeth were included . A split – mouth design was used in which the two material s were r and omly placed on contralateral sides . The performance of the restorations was assessed directly and also indirectly from die – stone replicas at baseline and after 6 , 12 , and 24 months . Results : The 24–month cumulative survival rates of ART restorations  in the primary teeth were 93 and 90 % for the ChemFlex and Fuji IX GP class I restorations , respectively , while 40 and 46 % of class II restorations placed with the respective material s were satisfactory . In the permanent dentition , only class I restorations were involved and the cumulative survival rates were 95 and 96 % for ChemFlex and Fuji IX GP . For the primary teeth after 24 months , net mean occlusal wear was 87 µm for ChemFlex and 85 µm for Fuji IX GP . The occlusal wear in the permanent teeth was 75 µm for ChemFlex and 79 µm for Fuji IX GP . Conclusion : The clinical performance of both material s over a 24–month period was similar and the survival rates of class I ART restorations  in both primary and permanent teeth were high The purpose of the study was to evaluate , in a clinical study over 2 years , the deterioration of two glass ionomer cements used with the atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) technique or approach . Fifty-five Fuji IX and 45 ChemFil Superior restorations were placed r and omly in 23 adult patients , mainly in small occlusal preparations in molar teeth . The restorations were placed in a dental hospital by one dentist using the ART technique . Photographs , radiographs and replicas were obtained at baseline and subsequent recalls . Both cements were easy to mix and place , but the radiolucency of ChemFil Superior was a disadvantage . Both cements also showed early high losses of sealant and restorative material . After 2 years , 34.5 % of the sealants appeared to be completely lost , with caries recorded in 5.3 % of the exposed fissures . In some instances , these small lesions may have been present , but not detected clinical ly , at the time of sealing . Restoration failures of 7.0 % were from wear and fracture of the cements and recurrent caries . Mean cumulative wear was 83.1 microm for Fuji IX and 104.0 microm for ChemFil Superior , which was not statistically significant . The cements became darker after their placement to more closely match the restored teeth , but there were few exact matches . There was no surface staining and only minor marginal discrepancies and staining associated with the restorations . Although the short-term clinical performance of the two glass ionomer cements was reasonable , the material s require further improvements in their mechanical properties , to reduce sealant losses and wear . The cements evaluated appear suitable for restricted use only , in posterior teeth PURPOSE To place four restorative material s , including two resin-based composites ( Pertac III and Synergy ) , an improved resin-modified glass-ionomer ( Fuji II LC Improved ) , and a compomer ( Dyract AP ) , in Class 5 non-carious cervical lesions and to evaluate and compare those restorations for marginal discoloration , anatomic form , surface texture , secondary caries , retention , and marginal adaptation at baseline and annually for 3 years . METHODS The tested material s were used to restore moderate-size Class 5 non-carious cervical lesions . All material s were used following the manufacturers ' directions for etching , bonding , curing , and finishing . Thirty restorations of each material were placed . After rubber-dam isolation , a bevel was placed on the occlusal margin of all preparations except the Fuji II LC Improved , and all preparations were cleaned with pumice . Each restorative material was placed and cured in increments except Fuji II LC Improved . All restorations were evaluated at baseline , 6 months , 1 , 2 , and 3-year recalls using a modified USPHS scale . RESULTS Analysis with Chi Square and Logit Analysis revealed that , at 3 years , Pertac III and Fuji II LC Improved were significantly rougher than all other material s. Pertac III had significantly poorer marginal adaptation than all other material s. All other comparisons were not significant . At 3-year recall , most restorations were satisfactory OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate two glass-ionomer cements placed in the occlusal surfaces of permanent molar teeth , using two cavity preparation methods . METHOD AND MATERIAL S Three dentists placed 149 restorations for 68 patients in a hospital clinic .  Atraumatic restorative treatment or conventional cavity preparation methods were used for two encapsulated , high-strength conventional glass-ionomer cements : Fuji IX GP and Ketac-Molar . Non-gamma 2 amalgam alloy was used in conventional preparations for comparison . RESULTS The restorative procedures were uneventful , but cavity preparations made with atraumatic restorative treatment h and instruments took approximately twice as long as did conventional rotary instrumentation . After 30 months , only one glass-ionomer cement restoration had failed . Both glass-ionomer cements showed high early losses of sealant material , but caries was not detected in the exposed fissures . Both glass-ionomer cements also showed relatively high restoration wear . At 30 months , the mean cumulative net occlusal wear was 119 + /- 12 mm for Fuji IX GP and 96 + /- 13 mm for Ketac-Molar ; the difference was not statistically significant . Color matching improved significantly by 6 months ; there was no significant difference in color match between the two glass-ionomer cements by 12 months . Minor surface tarnishing and marginal discrepancies were present in the amalgam restorations and increased with time . CONCLUSION The occlusal restorations performed satisfactorily over periods of up to 30 months . However , the continued deterioration of the cements requires longer-term studies to be undertaken BACKGROUND Adhesively luted all-ceramic restorations preserve and stabilize weakened tooth structure , but there is little published information about the clinical performance of large , all-ceramic restorations . METHODS In this pilot study , the authors placed 58 large , single-tooth , all-ceramic restorations in 26 patients using a computer-aided design /computer-aided manufacturing , or CAD/CAM , system ( CEREC 2 , Sirona Dental Systems GmbH , Bensheim , Germany ) . They documented the maximum height of the restoration and remaining cementoenamel junction , or CEJ . In 21 cases , rubber dam isolation was not possible during adhesive luting . They re-evaluated the restorations after three years according to the U.S. Public Health Service criteria . RESULTS After three years , the authors rated 56 ( 97 percent ) of the 58 restorations as Bravo or better in regard to marginal integrity , secondary caries ( four could not be rated ) , discoloration and anatomical form . One restoration was rated as Charlie because of poor marginal integrity , and one restoration had to be replaced owing to a bulk fracture . The authors rated the adequacy of proximal contact and occlusal relationships as acceptable-to-good for all restorations . Neither the extent of the remaining enamel at the cavity margin nor application of a rubber dam had any statistically significant influence ( chi2 test , P > .05 ) on the clinical performance of the restorations after three years . CONCLUSIONS At the three-year recall appointment , the authors found that the adhesively luted all-ceramic restorations had successfully repaired large coronal defects , irrespective of the cavity margin location ( that is , coronal or apical to the CEJ ) . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Tooth-colored , all-ceramic CAD/CAM-generated restorations are an alternative to conventional restorations if large coronal defects need to be treated AIM To compare the clinical performance of two glass ionomer cements , Amalgomer CR and Fuji IX in small and medium cavities prepared using Atraumatic restorative treatment approach in India . STUDY DESIGN One hundred school children in the age group of 4 - 9 years who had bilateral matched pair of carious lesions in primary posterior teeth were included . A split mouth design was used in which two material s were r and omly placed in contralateral sides . The performance of the restorations was assessed after 1 year using Frenken 's criteria ( 1996 ) . Survival analysis of restoration was done using chi-square test . RESULTS The survival rate of Amalgomer CR and Fuji IX class I restorations were 97.4 % and 94.9 % , respectively . In class II cavities 95.1 % and 88.5 % of Amalgomer CR and Fuji IX restorations were successful . Amalgomer CR and Fuji IX showed a success of 94.2 % and 92.3 % in small sized class II cavities . Amalgomer CR showed a 100 % success for medium sized class I and II restorations . Whereas Fuji IX showed a 100 % and 66.7 % success in medium sized class I and II cavities . CONCLUSION The clinical performances of both material s were satisfactory at the end of 1 year and ART is suitable procedure to be done in a dental clinic for children AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of two contemporary  endodontic obturation and restorative techniques and material s. METHODOLOGY Seventy-nine extracted human single-rooted teeth were distributed r and omly in two experimental groups of 36 and 37 specimens ( groups 1 and 2 , respectively ) , one group of three positive controls and one of three negative controls . The teeth were radiographed preoperatively , accessed , and instrumented . After smear layer removal , the teeth in group 1 were obturated using the System B and Obtura and were restored coronally with Core Paste using Tenure as a bonding agent . The teeth in group 2 were obturated using the Microseal technique and were restored coronally with amalgam using Panavia 21 as a bonding agent . All teeth in groups 1 and 2 were coated with three layers of nail varnish on all of their surfaces apart from the apical 4.0 mm and the coronal area above the cemento-enamel junction . The positive control teeth were obturated , restored coronally and completely coated with varnish , whereas the negative control teeth were not obturated , restored coronally , nor coated with varnish . The teeth were radiographed postoperatively and retained in saline solution for 10 days . For the next 10 days they were submerged in India ink . Subsequently all teeth were demineralized , dehydrated and rendered transparent . Dye penetration was measured using a stereomicroscope . RESULTS All material s and techniques provided minimal to zero dye penetration , apart from one specimen in the Core Paste group that showed 4.0 mm of dye penetration . The Wilcoxon rank sum test and t-test showed no statistically significant differences and all material s and techniques tested presented with a high degree of acceptability . CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that these contemporary techniques and material s provide equally good results , but long-term studies are needed for outright inferences to be drawn relative to their clinical performance
Conclusion : Within the limitations of this study , thein vitro literature seems to suggest that the use of self-adhesive resin cements shows higher retentive strength , followed by resin-modified glass-ionomer cement ( RM-GIC ) and conventional GIC .
However , RM-GIC can be a preferred luting agent due to its clinical advantages over resin cements .
Thus , it can be concluded that choice of cement will depend on individual patient needs and clinical situation
Background : Stainless steel crowns ( SSCs ) are unique coronal restorative material s used commonly in the management of primary teeth with extensive caries .
Aim : The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review to evaluate the retentive strength of luting cements for SSCs .