Effects of supplementation with omega-3 on insulin sensitivity and non-esterified free fatty acid (NEFA) in type 2 diabetic patients. Determinants of Erythrocyte Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Content in Response to Fish Oil Supplementation: A Dose–Response Randomized Controlled Trial Influence of preoperative administration of omega-3 fatty acid-enriched supplement on inflammatory and immune responses in patients undergoing major surgery for cancer. Omega-3 fatty acids improve liver and pancreas function in postoperative cancer patients. Effect of Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on markers of platelet and endothelial function in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Effect of omega-3 supplementation on neuropathy in type 1 diabetes The omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA decrease plasma F2-isoprostanes: Results from two placebo-controlled interventions Dietary supplementation with long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight loss in obese adults. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on serum lipids, apolipoproteins and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetes patients. Prior supplementation with long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promotes weight loss in obese adults: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial. Effects of omega-3 supplementation in combination with diet and exercise on weight loss and body composition. Omega-3 fatty acids-supplemented parenteral nutrition decreases hyperinflammatory response and attenuates systemic disease sequelae in severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized and controlled study. A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Investigating the Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin E Co-Supplementation on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Pregnancy Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes. Blood profiles, body fat and mood state in healthy subjects on different diets supplemented with Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Supplementation with high-dose docosahexaenoic acid increases the Omega-3 Index more than high-dose eicosapentaenoic acid. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein and interleukin-2 in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation does not affect serum lipids in chronic hemodialysis patients.
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the role of omega-3 supplementation on NEFA concentration , insulin sensitivity and resistance , and glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients . SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-four type 2 diabetic patients were r and omly recruited into two groups . Group A received 4 g/day omega-3 soft gels , and group B received a placebo for 10 wks . Blood sample s were collected after 12-h fast . Physical activity records , three-day food records , and anthropometric measurements were obtained from all participants at the beginning and end of the study . RESULTS Omega-3 supplementation caused a significant reduction in NEFA in the intervention group compared with the placebo group ( P = 0.009 ) . Additionally , the administration of omega-3 result ed in significantly greater changes ( Diff ) for the intervention group in various parameters , such as insulin and Quicki indices compared with the placebo group ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in type 2 diabetic patients improved insulin sensitivity , probably due to the decrease in NEFA concentrations Background The erythrocyte membrane content of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , which constitutes the omega‐3 index ( O3I ) , predicts cardiovascular disease mortality . The amount of EPA+DHA needed to achieve a target O3I is poorly defined , as are the determinants of the O3I response to a change in EPA+DHA intake . The objective of this study was to develop a predictive model of the O3I response to EPA+DHA supplementation in healthy adults , specifically identifying factors that determine the response . Methods and Results A r and omized , placebo‐controlled , double‐blind , parallel‐group study was conducted in 115 healthy men and women . One of 5 doses ( 0 , 300 , 600 , 900 , 1800 mg ) of EPA+DHA was given daily as placebo or fish oil supplements for ≈5 months . The O3I was measured at baseline and at the end of the study . There were no significant differences in the clinical characteristics between the groups at baseline . The O3I increased in a dose‐dependent manner ( P<0.0001 ) , with the dose of EPA+DHA alone accounting for 68 % ( quadratic , P<0.0001 ) of the variability in the O3I response . Dose adjusted per unit body weight ( g/kg ) accounted for 70 % ( linear , P<0.0001 ) . Additional factors that improved prediction of treatment response were baseline O3I , age , sex , and physical activity . Collectively , these explained 78 % of the response variability ( P<0.0001 ) . Conclusions Our findings vali date the O3I as a biomarker of EPA+DHA consumption and identify additional factors , particularly body weight , that can be used to tailor EPA+DHA recommendations to achieve a target O3I OBJECTIVE Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation may produce beneficial effects after surgery . We investigated the influence of preoperative administration of a supplement rich in arginine , omega-3 fatty acids , and RNA , Impact ( Japan ) , on inflammatory and immune responses in patients undergoing major surgery for cancer . METHODS Patients in the supplement group ( n = 12 ) received 1 L/d of Impact ( Japan ) for 5 d before surgery , and those in the control group ( n = 14 ) received an ordinary diet without Impact ( Japan ) before surgery . Plasma levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids , thromboxane B(2 ) , prostagl and in E(2 ) , inflammatory markers , nutritional markers , cytokines , and cytokine receptors were obtained 5 d before the operation at the starting point of supplementation in the supplement group . Sample s were collected on postoperative days ( PODs ) 0 , 1 , 3 , and 7 . RESULTS After taking the supplement , significant increases in omega-3 fatty acids and rapid turnover proteins were found the day after ending supplementation ( POD-0 ) , whereas thromboxane B(2 ) levels and the ratio of omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids were significantly lower than before supplementation ( P < 0.001 ) . On POD-0 only , inflammatory markers and cytokine receptors in the supplement group showed low levels in comparison with the control group ( P < 0.05 ) . On POD-1 and POD-3 , remarkable decreases in polymorphonuclear leukocyte-elastase and interleukin-8 in the supplement group were observed . CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that oral administration of a supplement rich in omega-3 fatty acids for 5 d before surgery may improve not only preoperative nutritional status but also preoperative and postoperative inflammatory and immune responses in patients who have cancer Epidemiologic studies have indicated that high intake of saturated fat and /or animal fat increases the risk of colon and breast cancer . Omega-3 PUFAs in fish oil ( FO ) can inhibit the growth of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo . These effects are related to the uptake of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) into the cellular substrate pool and their competitive metabolism with arachidonic acid ( AA ) at the cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase levels . The metabolites of EPA and DHA have less inflammatory and immunosuppressant potency than the substances derived from AA . Based on previous experimental data , we hypothesized that FO supplementation after major abdominal cancer surgery would improve hepatic and pancreatic function . Ours was a prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blinded clinical trial on 44 patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery , r and omly assigned to receive total parenteral nutrition ( TPN ) supplemented with either soybean oil ( SO 1.0 g/kg body weight daily , n = 20 ) for 5 days or a combination of FO and SO ( FO 0.2 + SO 0.8 g/kg body weight daily , n = 24 ) . Compared to pure SO supplementation in the postoperative period , FO significantly reduced ASAT [ 0.8 + /- 0.1 vs. 0.5 + /- 0.1 mmol/(l . sec ) ] , ALAT [ 0.9 + /- 0.1 vs. 0.6 + /- 0.1 mmol/(l . sec ) ] , bilirubin ( 16.1 + /- 5.3 vs. 6.9 + /- 0.6 mmol/l ) , LDH ( 7.7 + /- 0.4 vs. 6.7 + /- 0.4 mmol/(l . sec ) and lipase ( 0.6 + /- 0.1 vs. 0.4 + /- 0.1 micromol/(l . sec ) in the postoperative course . Moreover , patients with increased risk of sepsis ( IL-6/IL-10 ratio > 8) showed a tendency to shorter ICU stay ( 18 hr ) under omega-3 PUFA treatment . Weight loss as encountered after the SO emulsion of 1.1 + /- 2.2 kg was absent in the FO group . After major abdominal tumor surgery , FO supplementation improved liver and pancreas function , which might have contributed to the faster recovery of patients OBJECTIVE Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce platelet and endothelial activation in patients with or at risk of cardiac disease . We aim ed to determine if Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in addition to best medical therapy can reduce the increased platelet and endothelial activity that is present in patients with intermittent claudication . METHODS One hundred and fifty patients who were receiving aspirin and statin therapy were recruited into a r and omised cross-over double blind study involving 6 week supplementation with OMACOR fish oil ( 850 - 882 mg eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid ) versus placebo . A 12 week washout period occurred between treatments . Patients with diabetes were excluded . For each outcome a r and om effects model was fitted in which treatment and period were fixed effects and patients were r and om effects . RESULTS Omega-3 supplementation had no effect on the primary outcome measure von Willebr and factor . Similarly Omega-3 supplementation result ed in no change in unstimulated or stimulated P-selectin expression and fibrinogen binding , or platelet aggregation ( Ultegra point of care ) . Pulse wave velocity was also unchanged . High-sensitivity C-reactive protein , s-ICAM and IL-6 were also unchanged . CONCLUSION Supplementation with Omega-3 fatty acids had no affect on platelet and endothelial activation or markers of inflammation in patients with peripheral arterial disease Objective : To test the hypothesis that 12 months of seal oil omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( ω-3 PUFA ) supplementation will stop the known progression of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy ( DSP ) in type 1 diabetes mellitus ( T1DM ) . Methods : Individuals with T1DM and evidence of DSP as determined by a Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score ≥1 were recruited to participate in a single-arm , open-label trial of seal oil ω-3 PUFA supplementation ( 10 mL·d−1 ; 750 mg eicosapentaenoic acid , 560 mg docosapentaenoic acid , and 1,020 mg docosahexaenoic acid ) for 1 year . The primary outcome was the 1-year change in corneal nerve fiber length ( CNFL ) measured by in vivo corneal confocal microscopy , with sensory and nerve conduction measures as secondary outcomes . Results : Forty participants ( 53 % female ) , aged 48 ± 14 years , body mass index 28.1 ± 5.8 with diabetes duration of 27 ± 18 years , were enrolled . At baseline , 23 participants had clinical DSP and 17 did not . Baseline CNFL was 8.3 ± 2.9 mm/mm2 and increased 29 % to 10.1 ± 3.7 mm/mm2 ( p = 0.002 ) after 12 months of supplementation . There was no change in nerve conduction or sensory function . Conclusions : Twelve months of ω-3 supplementation was associated with increase in CNFL in T1DM . Clinical Trials.govidentifier : NCT02034266 . Classification of evidence : This study provides Class IV evidence that for patients with T1DM and evidence of DSP , 12 months of seal oil omega-3 supplementation  increases CNFL Abstract Omega-3 ( ω3 ) fatty acids , particularly eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , protect against cardiovascular disease . Despite these benefits , concern remains that ω3 fatty acids may increase lipid peroxidation . It has previously been shown that urinary F2-isoprostanes ( F2-IsoPs ) were reduced following ω3 fatty acid supplementation in humans . It is now determined whether EPA or DHA supplementation affects plasma F2-IsoPs . In two 6-week placebo-controlled interventions , Study A : overweight , dyslipidaemic men ; and Study B : treated-hypertensive Type 2 diabetic , patients were r and omized to 4 g daily EPA , DHA . Post-intervention plasma F2-IsoPs were significantly reduced by EPA ( 24 % in Study A , 19 % in Study B ) and by DHA ( 14 % in Study A , 23 % in Study B ) relative to the olive oil group . The fall in plasma F2-IsoPs was not altered in analyses that corrected for changes in plasma arachidonic acid , which was reduced with EPA and DHA supplementation . Neither F3- nor F4-IsoPs were observed in plasma in both studies . These results show that in  humans , EPA and DHA  reduce in vivo oxidant stress as measured in human plasma and urine BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with elevated levels of inflammation and metabolic abnormalities , with increased risk of developing insulin resistance , type 2 diabetes , stroke and CVD . Nutrients that can assist in weight loss may also reduce the risk of obesity related co-morbidities . AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether LCn-3PUFA , combined with a reduced energy diet , facilitated weight loss and improvements in blood lipids and inflammatory mediators . DESIGN A double blind r and omised controlled trial with two parallel groups . Both groups followed a low energy diet for 12 weeks , one group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules/d monounsaturated oil ( Placebo ) ( n = 18 ) , the other 6 × 1 g capsules/d LCn-3PUFA ( fish oil ) ( n = 17 ) . Fasting blood sample s , anthropometric measurements and 3-day food diaries were collected at baseline and post intervention . RESULTS There was a two-fold increase in plasma levels of EPA and DHA in the fish oil group ( p < 0.001 ) . There were no significant difference within and between the placebo and the fish oil groups for weight reduction ( 3.37 % and 4.35 % respectively ) , fat mass reduction ( 8.95 % and 9.76 % respectively ) , or changes in inflammatory biomarkers and blood lipids apart from triglycerides , reduced by 27 % in fish oil group ( p < 0.05 ) . For fish oil group there were significant correlations between leptin and weight loss ( p = 0.01 ) and leptin and EPA and DHA ( p < 0.05 for both ) . CONCLUSION Dietary LCn-3PUFA supplementation during a weight loss program does not appear to assist weight loss . Poor dietary compliance may be a contributing factor in accurate assessment of the role of these fatty acids in weight loss In order to test whether hyperlipidaemia and glycaemic control can be improved among diabetes patients by dietary supplementation with purified omega-3 fatty acids , we carried out a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial on 50 type 2 diabetes patients r and omized to 2 g/day purified omega-3 fatty acids or placebo for 10 weeks . Fasting triglycerides decreased significantly with supplementation relative to placebo ( P = 0.01 ) . There was a significant decrease in ApoB-100 and malondialdehyde compared to baseline values and compared to the control group . Omega-3 fatty acids had no significant effect on serum lipid levels , ApoA-I , glucose , insulin and HbA1c Obesity has been linked with low levels of ω-3 fatty acids . Generally , intervention studies have failed to establish benefits of supplementation with ω-3PUFA in reducing  body weight or fat mass in humans . The aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with LCω-3PUFA alone , then consumed concomitantly with a very low energy diet ( VLED ) , facilitated weight loss , improvements in blood lipids and positive changes to inflammatory mediators . This was a double blind r and omised controlled trial with two parallel groups . For 4 weeks of prior supplementation , one group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules per day monounsaturated oil ( placebo ) , the other group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules per day LCω-3PUFA ( fish oil ) each comprising 70 mg EPA and 270 mg DHA , while consuming their usual diet . Each group continued with their supplements for another 4 weeks while both groups followed a VLED regimen ( n = 19 placebo , n = 20 fish  oil ) . Fasting blood sample s , anthropometric measurements and 3-day food diaries were collected at baseline , at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks . At 4 weeks levels of EPA and DHA increased two-fold in the fish oil group ( P < 0.001 ) , with no significant changes to anthropometric measurements for either group . At 8 weeks a significant 3-way interaction between time , group and gender was observed for percentage reduction in weight , F(1,35 ) = 5.55 , P = 0.024 , and BMI , F(1,35 ) = 5.3 , P = 0.027 with a greater percentage decrease for females in FO compared to PB for weight ( -7.21 % vs.-5.82 % ) and BMI ( -7.43 % vs.-5.91 % ) respectively ( P < 0.05 for both ) . It would appear that supplementation with LCω-3PUFA had a time dependent effect on weight loss in females BACKGROUND In addition to the metabolic and cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 ( n-3 ) fatty acids , several studies have suggested an added weight loss-enhancing benefit to this supplement . OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess whether supplemental omega-3 fatty acids in conjunction with diet and exercise augment weight loss over a 6-mo period . DESIGN In a single-institution , placebo-controlled , r and omized clinical trial , 128 individuals with a body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) between 26 and 40 were assigned to receive 5 omega-3 [ 3.0 g eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) plus docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) at a 5:1 ratio ( EPA : DHA ) ] or placebo capsules daily in conjunction with lifestyle modification . The primary endpoint was weight loss ; secondary endpoints included metabolic and psychometric variables . Analyses were by intention-to-treat . RESULTS Overweight and obese individuals were assigned to the omega-3 arm ( n = 64 ) or to the placebo arm ( n = 64 ) . Subjects in both arms received dietary and exercise counseling . Eighty-one individuals completed the 24-wk study , and the dropout rate was 27 % . Subjects in both arms lost an average of > 5 % of their body weight . No significant differences in weight loss were observed between the omega-3 ( -5.2 kg ; 95 % CI : -6.0 , -4.4 kg ) and placebo ( -5.8 kg ; 95 % CI : -6.7 , -5.1 kg ) arms . The absolute mean ( ±SEM ) change difference was 0.61 ± 0.58 kg ( P = 0.29 ) . In addition , no significant differences in the other factors assessed were observed . CONCLUSION Omega-3 fatty acids were not effective as an adjunct for weight loss in this otherwise healthy , overweight population BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate whether altering the fatty acid ( FA ) profile by omega-3 FA supplementation affects inflammatory response and systemic disease sequelae in severe acute pancreatitis . METHODS Forty severe acute pancreatitis patients were enrolled and r and omly assigned to receive parenteral nutrition ( PN ) for 5 days in a double-blind manner . Patients received PN with identical amounts of amino acids ( 1.25 g/kg/d ) , glucose ( 3 g/kg/d ) , and fat ( 1 g/kg/d ) but different lipid compositions : the control group received a soybean oil ( SO ; Lipovenos 20 % ; Fresenius , Germany)-based fat solution and the omega-3 FA group was supplemented with 0.15 - 0.2 g/kg/d fish oil ( FO ; Omegaven 10 % ; Fresenius , Germany ) . Serum concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) , interleukin-6 , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , white blood cell count , and routine respiratory and renal parameters were measured before PN , and again on day 6 after starting PN . Outcomes such as infection morbidity , mortality , intensive care unit time , and length of hospital stay were recorded . RESULTS Patients treated with FO had a significantly higher EPA concentration ( P < .01 ) , lower CRP level ( P < .05 ) , and better oxygenation index ( P < .05 ) after 5 days of PN . Moreover , the number of days of continuous renal replacement therapy ( CRRT ) in the omega-3 FAs group was significantly less than that in the control group ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS PN supplemented with omega-3 FAs diminishes the hyperinflammatory response by the EPA increase and the proinflammatory cytokine decrease in severe acute pancreatitis . This , together with improved respiratory function and shortened CRRT time , suggests that the systemic response to pancreatic and organ injury is attenuated OBJECTIVES Limited data are available for assessing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on metabolic profiles and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes ( GDM ) . This study was design ed to determine the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress , inflammation and pregnancy outcomes in women with GDM . METHODS This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in 60 patients with GDM who were not taking oral hypoglycemic agents . Patients were r and omly allocated to intake either 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil plus 400 IU vitamin E supplements ( n=30 ) or placebo ( n=30 ) for 6 weeks . Fasting blood sample s were obtained from the women at the beginning of the study and after the 6-week intervention to quantify related markers . RESULTS After 6 weeks of intervention , omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation , compared with the placebo , result ed in a significant rise in total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) ( + 187.5±224.9 vs. -32.5±136.1 mmol/L ; p<0.001 ) ; nitric oxide ( NO ) ( + 5.0±7.7 vs. -12.0±28.0 µmol/L ; p=0.002 ) and a significant decrease in plasma malondialdehyde ( MDA ) concentrations ( -0.1±0.9 vs. + 0.6±1.4 µmol/L ; p=0.03 ) . Co-supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E showed no detectable changes in plasma glutathione and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels . Joint omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E supplementation result ed in lower incidences of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns ( 10.3 % vs. 33.3 % ; p=0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Overall , omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation for 6 weeks in women with GDM had beneficial effects on plasma TAC , MDA and NO and on the incidence of the newborns ' hyperbilirubinemia BACKGROUND Diets and Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been considered as important factors to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases , but there are few details on the effects on healthy subjects . The aim of the present study was to examine the variation of several physiological parameters in healthy subjects on different diets supplemented with Omega-3 fatty acids .  MATERIAL S AND METHODS The experiment was carried out on 33 subjects divided into four groups according to a double-blind cross-over design with a 1 : 1 ratio for Omega-3 ( vs. placebo ) and open-label parallel-groups with a 1 : 1 ratio for the Zone diet ( vs. the diet suggested by the Italian National Research Institute for Nutrition and Foods ) . Blood sample s were collected at the beginning of the experiment and after 35 ( cross-over ) and 70 days . The Profile of Mood States test ( POMS ) was also performed . RESULTS The arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio ( AA/EPA ) was strongly reduced by Omega-3 with a supplementary effect of the diet and in particular the Zone diet . The AA/EPA reduction was correlated with a concomitant decrease of insulin and homocysteine levels . The Zone diet reduced skinfold thickness and body fat percentage and also showed antioxidant effects . The mood state changed after Omega-3 supplementation , with an increased POMS index . This was related to a concomitant reduction of AA/EPA and was particularly evident in the Zone diet . CONCLUSION AA/EPA and mood state are differently influenced by diet and Omega-3 , body fat is particularly reduced by Zone diet , while blood parameters such as triglycerides/HDL ratio , insulin and homocysteine are related to AA/EPA variations . These findings are discussed in terms of differences in the composition of the diets and the influences of Omega-3 on physiological functions BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that eicosapentaenoic ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic ( DHA ) acids have distinct effects on cardiometabolic risk factors . The Omega-3 Index ( O3I ) , which is calculated as the proportion of EPA and DHA in red blood cell ( RBC ) membranes , has been inversely associated with the risk of coronary heart diseases and coronary mortality . The objective of this study was to compare the effects of EPA and DHA supplementation on the O3I in men and women with abdominal obesity and sub clinical inflammation . METHODS In a double-blind controlled crossover study , 48 men and 106 women with abdominal obesity and sub clinical inflammation were r and omized to a sequence of three treatment phases : 1 - 2.7g/d of EPA , 2 - 2.7g/d of DHA , and 3 - 3g/d of corn oil ( 0 g of EPA+DHA ) . All supplements were provided as 3 × 1 g capsules for a total of 3g/d . The 10-week treatment phases were separated by nine-week washouts . RBC membrane fatty acid composition and O3I were assessed at baseline and the end of each phase . Differences in O3I between treatments were assessed using mixed models for repeated measures . RESULTS The increase in the O3I after supplementation with DHA ( + 5.6 % compared with control , P<0.0001 ) was significantly greater than after EPA ( + 3.3 % compared with control , P<0.0001 ; DHA vs. EPA , P<0.0001 ) . Compared to  control , DHA supplementation decreased ( -0.8 % , P<0.0001 ) while EPA increased ( + 2.5 % , P<0.0001 ) proportion of docosapentaenoic acid ( DPA ) in RBCs ( DHA vs. EPA , P<0.0001 ) . The baseline O3I was higher in women than in men ( 6.3 % vs. 5.8 % , P=0.011 ) . The difference between DHA and EPA in increasing the O3I tended to be higher in men than in women ( + 2.6 % vs. + 2.2 % respectively , P for the treatment by sex interaction=0.0537 ) . CONCLUSIONS The increase in the O3I is greater with high dose DHA supplementation than with high dose EPA , which is consistent with the greater potency of DHA to modulate cardiometabolic risk factors . The extent to which such differences between EPA and DHA in increasing the O3I relates to long-term cardiovascular risk needs to be investigated in the future INTRODUCTION Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids can alter the inflammatory response in diabetic patients . This study aim ed to determine the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the serum levels of C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin (IL)-2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients . METHODS A r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 84 subjects aged 45 - 85 years with at least a two-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus . Participants were r and omly assigned to the treatment or control group . Each subject in the treatment group received three omega-3 capsules per day ( eicosapentaenoic acid 1,548 mg ; docosahexaenoic acid 828 mg ; other omega-3 fatty acids 338 mg ) , while each subject in the control group received three placebo capsules ( sunflower oil 2,100 mg ) for a period of eight weeks . At the beginning of the study and post intervention , fasting blood sample s were taken and serum concentrations of IL-2 , TNF-α and CRP were assessed and compared . RESULTS Serum IL-2 and TNF-α levels were significantly reduced in the treatment group compared to the controls ( p < 0.01 ) . There was no significant change in serum CRP levels . CONCLUSION Short-term omega-3 fatty acid supplementation ( 3 g/day for eight weeks ) can decrease the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-2 in diabetic patients , with no change in CRP levels . Consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements is highly recommended to alleviate inflammation caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that omega-3 fatty acids have an effect on serum lipids and inflammation markers in chronic hemodialysis ( HD ) patients . DESIGN The study followed a single-blind , r and omized , crossover design . SETTING The study was conducted at the Hemodialysis Unit of the Laikon General Hospital in Athens , Greece . PATIENTS A total of 25 chronic HD patients were included in the study ( 16 men , 9 women , age : 51 ± 15 years ) . INTERVENTION Patients were r and omly assigned to one of the following 2 intervention groups : omega-3 fatty acids plus α-tocopherol ( 920 mg eicosapentaenoic Acid ( EPA ) , 760 mg docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , 8 mg α-tocopherol in total per day ) or α-tocopherol supplement ( 100 mg/week result ing in 14.2 mg/day ) alone for 4 weeks . After a washout period of 4 weeks , the 2 groups were crossed . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Medical history data were collected and anthropometric and nutritional intake evaluation was performed at the beginning and at the end of both interventions . Hematological and biochemical parameters as well as C-reactive protein levels were measured . RESULTS No statistically significant results were recorded in the lipidemic profiles of the participants between baseline and the 2 interventions . C-reactive protein levels also did not change significantly between the 2 interventions ( 5.54 ± 3.33 to 6.70 ± 5.01 mg/L [ P = .19 ] with vitamin E vs. 7.13 ± 5.04 to 6.87 ± 5.24 [ P = .78 ] with omega-3 , P overall = .53 ) . CONCLUSION The results of this study do not provide support for the positive effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in HD patients
Levels of other adipocytokines were not significantly affected .
CONCLUSION Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation may increase adiponectin and reduce TNF-α levels in this population group .
BACKGROUND The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to determine the effects of omega-3 supplementation on adipocytokine levels in adult prediabetic and diabetic individuals .