Effect of power-training intensity on the contribution of force and velocity to peak power in older adults. Velocity training induces power-specific adaptations in highly functioning older adults. Enhancing quality of life in older adults: A comparison of muscular strength and power training Increased velocity exercise specific to task training versus the National Institute on Aging's strength training program: changes in limb power and mobility. Comparative effects of light or heavy resistance power training for improving lower extremity power and physical performance in mobility-limited older adults. Power training improves balance in healthy older adults. Effect of high versus low-velocity resistance training on muscular fitness and functional performance in older men High-Speed Power Training in Older Adults: A Shift of the External Resistance at Which Peak Power Is Produced A Comparison of High-Speed Power Training and Traditional Slow-Speed Resistance Training in Older Men and Women Effect of strength and power training on physical function in community-dwelling older adults. High-velocity resistance training increases skeletal muscle peak power in older women. Strength versus muscle power-specific resistance training in community-dwelling older adults. Lower extremity power training in elderly subjects with mobility limitations: a randomized controlled trial Effects of High-Speed Power Training on Muscle Performance and Braking Speed in Older Adults Increased Velocity Exercise Specific to Task (InVEST) training: a pilot study exploring effects on leg power, balance, and mobility in community-dwelling older women. Effect of Resistance Training on Strength, Postural Control, and Gait Velocity among Older Adults Changes in Function and Disability After Resistance Training: Does Velocity Matter?: A Pilot Study
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of training intensity on the contributions of force and velocity to improvements in peak power ( PP ) after explosive resistance training in older adults . METHODS 112 healthy older adults ( 69 + /- 6 yr ) were r and omized to explosive resistance training at 20 % ( G20 ) , 50 % ( G50 ) , or 80 % ( G80 ) maximal strength ( 1-repetition maximum ) for 8 - 12 wk ( twice weekly , 5 exercises , 3 sets of 8 explosive concentric/slow eccentric repetitions ) using pneumatic resistance machines or a nontraining control group ( CON ) . RESULTS Force at peak power ( FPP ) increased significantly and similarly among training groups compared with CON . Velocity at peak power ( VPP ) did not improve significantly and remained similar between all groups . Force contributed significantly more to PP production in G80 and G50 than in CON . The change in PP was independently predicted by changes in fat-free mass in G80 and by changes in both FPP and VPP in G50 and G20 . CONCLUSION Explosive resistance training in older adults results in the ability to produce higher PP outputs with heavier loads without loss of movement velocity . Moderate- to high-intensity training induced a greater relative contribution of force to PP production in this cohort OBJECTIVE To test the efficacy of high-velocity training in healthy older persons . DESIGN A 12-week r and omized trial , with subjects blocked for gender and residence , comparing high-velocity resistance training with a self-paced walking program . SETTING Retirement community . PARTICIPANTS Forty-three volunteers over the age of 70 years . INTERVENTION Power group : high-velocity leg exercises 3 times weekly with weekly increases in resistance combined with 45 minutes of moderate , nonresistance exercise weekly . Walking group : moderate intensity exercise 30 minutes daily , 6 days weekly . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Variables measured included leg press peak power and leg extensor strength . Functional performance outcomes included : 6-minute walk distance , Short Physical Performance Battery , Physical Performance Test , and Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey . RESULTS Peak power improved 22 % ( p = .004 ) in the power group ( 3.7 + /- 1.0 W/kg to 4.5 + /- 1.4 W/kg ) but did not change in the walking group ( 3.99 + /-.76 W/kg to 3.65 + /-.94 W/kg ) . Leg extensor power at resistance of 50 % , 60 % , and 70 % of body weight increased 50 % , 77 % , and 141 % , respectively , in the power group ( p < .0001 , repeated- measures analysis of variance ) . Strength improved 22 % in the power-trained individuals and 12 % in the walkers ( p < .0001 ) . Training did not improve functional task performance in either group . One subject developed a radiculopathy during training . CONCLUSIONS Resistance training focusing on speed of movement improved leg power and maximal strength substantially , but did not improve functional performance in healthy high-functioning older volunteers Background Although progressive resistance strength training ( ST ) has been found to improve various measures of physical functioning in older adults , the benefit to quality of life is unclear . Additionally , recent evidence suggests that high velocity power training ( PT ) may be more beneficial for physical functioning than ST , but it is not known whether this type of training impacts quality of life . The purpose of this study was to compare changes in multiple measures of quality of life result ing from ST vs. PT in older adults . A no exercise group was also included as control comparison condition . Methods Forty-five older adults ( M age = 74.8 years ; SD = 5.7 ) were r and omly assigned to either a ) PT , b ) ST , or c ) control group ( no exercise ) . Measures of self-efficacy ( SE ) , satisfaction with physical function ( SPF ) , and the Satisfaction with Life Scale ( SWL ) were assessed at baseline and following training . The resistance training conditions met 3 times per week for 12 weeks at an intensity of 70 % 1 repetition maximum . Results A series of ANCOVA 's comparing between group differences in change and controlling for baseline values revealed significant group differences in all three measures : SE ( F(2,31 ) = 9.77 ; p < .001 ) ; SPF ( F(2,32 ) = 3.36 ; p = .047 ) ; SWL ( F(2,31 ) = 4.76 ; p = .016 ) . Follow up analyses indicated that the PT group reported significantly more change in SE , SPF , and SWL than the control group whereas the ST group reported greater change than the control group only in SE . Conclusion These pilot data indicate that high velocity power training may influence multiple levels of quality of life over and above the benefits gained through traditional strength training BACKGROUND This study was design ed to evaluate the benefits of InVEST ( Increased Velocity Specific to Task ) training on limb power and mobility among mobility-limited older adults . METHODS We conducted a single blinded , r and omized controlled trial among 138 mobility-limited community-dwelling older adults , evaluating two 16-week supervised exercise programs . The intervention group participated in InVEST training , and the control group participated in the National Institute on Aging 's ( NIA ) strength training program . Primary outcomes were changes in limb power per kilogram and mobility performance as measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery ( SPPB ) . RESULTS After 16 weeks , InVEST produced significantly greater improvements in limb power than NIA ( p=.02 ) . There was no significant difference in strength improvements . Both groups had significant changes in SPPB of greater than 1 unit . Self-reported function was also significantly improved in both groups . Differences between groups were not statistically different . In a post hoc analysis when participants were categorized by the manifestation of baseline leg velocity impairments ( N=68 ) , InVEST training produced effect size differences in SPPB that were clinical ly meaningful ( SPPB Group x Time difference 0.73 units , p=.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Among mobility-limited older adults , both NIA and InVEST produce robust changes in observed physical performance and self-reported function . These improvements were not meaningfully different by statistical or clinical criteria . Compared with NIA , InVEST training produced greater improvements in limb power and equivalent improvements in strength . Observed differences between NIA and InVEST based upon baseline leg impairment status are informative for futures studies BACKGROUND We compared the effects of two uniquely different lower extremity power training interventions on changes in muscle power , physical performance , neuromuscular activation , and muscle cross sectional area in mobility-limited older adults . METHODS Fifty-two subjects ( 78±5 years , short physical performance battery score : 8.1±1 ) were r and omized to either 16 weeks of progressive high velocity resistance training performed at low external resistance ( 40 % of the 1-repetition maximum [ 1-RM ] [ LO ] ) or high external resistance ( 70 % of 1RM [ HI ] ) . Both groups completed three sets of leg and knee extension exercises at maximum voluntary velocity , two times per  week . Neuromuscular activation was assessed  using surface electromyography and muscle cross sectional area ( CSA ) was measured using computed tomography . RESULTS At 16 weeks , LO and HI exhibited significant and similar within-group increases of leg extensor peak power ( ~34 % vs ~42 % ) , strength ( ~13 % vs ~19 % ) , and SPPB score ( 1.4±0.3 vs 1.8±0.3 units ) , respectively ( all P < .03 ) . Improvements in neuromuscular activation occurred in LO ( P = .03 ) while small gains in mid-thigh muscle CSA were detected in LO ( 1.6 % , P = .35 ) and HI ( 2.1 % , P = .17 ) . No significant between-group differences were evident for any measured parameters ( all P > .25 ) . CONCLUSIONS High velocity resistance training with low external resistance yields similar improvements in muscle power and physical performance compared to training with high external resistance in mobility-limited elders . These findings may have important implication s for optimizing exercise interventions for older adults with mobility limitations BACKGROUND Age-related decline in muscle power may be an early indicator of balance deficits and fall risk , even in nonfrail adults . This study examined the dose-dependent effect of power training on balance performance in healthy older adults . METHODS One hundred twelve community-dwelling healthy older adults ( 69 + /- 6 years ) were r and omized to 8 - 12 weeks of power training at 20 % ( LOW ) , 50 % ( MED ) , or 80 % ( HIGH ) of maximal strength , or a nontraining control ( CON ) group . Participants trained twice weekly ( five exercises ; three sets of eight rapid concentric/slow eccentric repetitions ) using pneumatic resistance machines .  Balance , muscle performance ( strength , power , endurance , contraction velocity ) , and body composition were measured . RESULTS Power training significantly improved balance performance ( p = .006 ) in participants who underwent power training compared to controls . Low intensity power training produced the greatest improvement in balance performance ( p = .048 ) . Average contraction velocity at low load ( 40 % one repetition maximum [ 1RM ] ) at baseline independently predicted improvement in balance following training ( r = -.29 , p = .004 ) . CONCLUSIONS Power training improves balance , particularly using a low load , high velocity regimen , in older adults with initial lower muscle power and slower contraction . Further studies are warranted to define the mechanisms underlying this adaptation , as well as the optimum power training intensity for a range of physiological and clinical outcomes in older adults with varying levels of health status and functional independence This study investigated the effect of a 10-week power training ( PT ) program versus traditional resistance training ( TRT ) on functional performance , and muscular power and strength in older men . Twenty inactive volunteers ( 60–76 years old ) were r and omly assigned to a PT group ( three 8–10 repetition sets performed as fast a possible at 60 % of 1-RM ) or a TRT group ( three 8–10 repetition sets with 2–3 s contractions at 60 % of 1-RM ) . Both groups exercised 2 days/week with the same work output . Outcomes were measured with the Rikli and Jones functional fitness test and a bench and leg press test of maximal power and strength ( 1-RM ) . Significant differences between and within groups were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) . At 10 weeks there was a significantly ( P < 0.05 ) greater improvement in measures of functional performance in the PT group . Arm curling improved by 50 versus 3 % and a 30 s chair-st and improved by 43 versus 6 % in the PT and TRT groups , respectively . There was also a significantly greater improvement in muscular power ( P < 0.05 ) in the PT group . The bench press improved by 37 versus 13 % , and the leg press by 31 and 8 % in the PT and TRT groups , respectively . There was no significant difference between groups in improved muscular strength . It appears that in older men there may be a significantly greater improvement in functional performance and muscular power with PT versus low velocity resistance training Abstract Sayers , SP and Gibson , K. High-speed power training in older adults : A shift of the external resistance at which peak power is produced . J Strength Cond Res 28(3 ) : 616–621 , 2014— Studies have shown that power training increases peak power ( PP ) in older adults . Evaluating the external resistance ( % 1 repetition maximum [ 1RM ] ) at which PP is developed is critical given that changes in the components of PP ( force and velocity ) are dependent on the % 1RM at which PP occurs . The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in PP ( and the external resistance at which PP occurred ) after 12 weeks of high-speed power training ( HSPT ) vs. traditional slow-speed strength training ( SSST ) .  Seventy-two older men and women were r and omized to HSPT at 40 % of the 1RM ( HSPT : n = 24 [ 70.8 ± 6.8 years ] ) ; traditional resistance training at 80 % 1RM ( SSST : n = 22 [ 68.6 ± 7.8 years ] ) ; or control ( CON : n = 18 [ 71.5 ± 6.1 years ] ) . Measures of muscle performance were obtained at baseline and after the 12-week training intervention . Changes in muscle power and 1RM strength improved similarly with both HSPT and SSST , but HSPT shifted the external resistance at which PP was produced to a lower external resistance ( from 67 % 1RM to 52 % 1RM ) compared with SSST ( from 65 % 1RM to 62 % 1RM ) ( p ⩽ 0.05 ) , thus increasing the velocity component of PP ( change : HSPT = 0.18 ± 0.21 m·s−1 ; SSST = −0.03 ± 0.15 m·s−1 ) ( p ⩽ 0.05 ) . Because sufficient speed of the lower limb is necessary for functional tasks related to safety ( crossing a busy intersection , fall prevention ) , HSPT should be implemented in older adults to improve power at lower external resistances , thus increasing the velocity component of power and making older adults safer in their environment . These data provide clinicians with the necessary information to tailor exercise programs to the individual needs of the older adult , affecting the components of power Sayers , SP and Gibson , K. A comparison of high-speed power training and traditional slow-speed resistance training in older men and women . J Strength Cond Res 24(12 ) : 3369 - 3380 , 2010-Muscle power , the product of force × velocity , is a critical determinant of function in older adults . Resistance training ( RT ) at high speed has been shown to improve peak muscle power in this population ; however , different functional tasks may benefit from the improvement of power at values other than “ peak ” values , for example , tasks that require a greater velocity component or a greater force component . This study compared the effect of high-speed RT on muscle performance ( peak power [ PP ] and its components [ PP force and PP velocity ] and overall peak velocity [ VEL ] ) across a broad range of external resistances . Thirty-eight older men and women were r and omized  to high-speed power training at 40 % of the 1-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) ( n = 13 [ 74.1 ± 6.4 years ] ) ; traditional RT at 80 % 1RM ( n = 13 [ 70.1 ± 7.0 years ] ) ; or control ( n = 12 [ 72.8 ± 4.1 years ] ) . Measures of muscle performance were obtained at baseline and after the 12-week training intervention . Muscle power and 1RM strength improved similarly with both high-speed and traditional slow-speed RT . However , speed-related muscle performance characteristics , PP velocity and overall VEL , were most positively impacted by high-speed power training , especially at lower external resistances . Because gains in speed-related measures with high-speed training compared to traditional RT do not come at the expense of other muscle performance outcomes , we recommend using an RT protocol in older adults that emphasizes high-speed movements at low external resistances BACKGROUND The performance of daily tasks , such as stair climbing or lifting an object , requires both muscle strength and power . Age-associated reductions in strength and power can affect an older adult 's ability to complete daily tasks such as stair climbing and lifting a child . METHODS The purpose s of this study were to determine whether power training was more efficacious than strength training for improving whole-body physical function in older adults and to examine the relationship between changes in anaerobic power and muscle strength and changes in physical function . Thirty-nine men and women ( mean age + /- SD = 72.5 + /- 6.3 years ) with below-average leg extensor power were r and omly assigned to control ( C , n = 15 ) , strength-training ( ST , n = 13 ) or power-training ( PT , n = 11 ) groups . The ST and PT groups met 3 days per week for 16 weeks ; the C group maintained usual activity and attended three lectures during the course of the study . Primary outcome measures included the Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance test , maximal strength , and anaerobic power . RESULTS After baseline was controlled for , the Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance test total score was significantly greater for the PT group than for the ST ( p = .033 ) and C ( p = .016 ) groups . Maximal strength was significantly greater for the ST group than for the C group ( p = .015 ) after the intervention . There was no significant difference between groups for peak anaerobic power . CONCLUSIONS Power training was more effective than strength training for improving physical function in community-dwelling older adults OBJECTIVES Peak power declines more precipitously than strength with advancing age and is a reliable measure of impairment and a strong predictor of functional performance . We tested the hypothesis that a high-velocity resistance-training program ( HI ) would increase muscle power more than a traditional low-velocity resistance-training program ( LO ) . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING University-based human physiology laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Thirty women with self-reported dis-ability ( aged 73 + 1 , body mass index 30.1 + 1.1 kg/mn ) . INTERVENTION We conducted a r and omized trial comparing changes in skeletal muscle power and strength after 16 weeks of HI or LO . Training was performed three times per week , and subjects completed three sets ( 8 - 10 repetitions ) of leg press ( LP ) and knee extension ( KE ) exercises at 70 % of the one-repetition maximum ( IRM ) . MEASUREMENTS One-repetition maximum ( 1 RM ) and peak power for KE and LP . RESULTS LP and KE relative training force and total work were similar between groups ( P > .05 ) . However , HI generated significantly higher power during training sessions than LO for LP ( 3.7-fold greater , P < .001 ) and KE ( 2.1-fold greater , P < .001 ) . Although LP and KE 1RM muscle strength increased similarly in both groups asa result of the training ( P < .001 ) , LP peak power increased significantly more in HI than in LO ( 267 W vs 139 W , P < .001 ) . Furthermore , HI result ed in a significantly greater improvement in LP power at 40 % , 50 % , 60%,70 % , 80 % , and 90 % of the 1 RM than did LO ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS HI improved 1RM strength similarly and was more effective in improving peak power than was traditional LO in older women . Improvements in lower extremity peak power may exert a greater influence on age-associated reductions in physical functioning than other exercise interventions BACKGROUND Loss of muscle power due to normal aging has greater functional impact than loss of strength alone . The present study compared two resistance training programs , one aim ed at enhancing muscle power and one at increasing muscle strength , on muscle function and functional performance in older adults . METHODS Sixty-seven healthy , independent older adults ( 65 - 84 years ) were r and omized to a high-velocity varied resistance ( HV ) , constant resistance ( ST ) , or nontraining control ( CO ) group . Participants trained twice weekly for 24 weeks using six exercises .  Dynamic and isometric muscle strength , muscle power , movement velocity , muscle endurance , and a battery of functional performance tasks were assessed . Secondary outcomes included body composition , quality of life , and balance confidence . RESULTS Muscle strength increased significantly ( p < .001 ) and similarly in the training groups compared to controls ( HV , 51.0 + /- 9.0 % ; ST , 48.3 + /- 6.8 % ; CO , 1.2 + /- 5.1 % ) . Peak muscle power also increased with training ( p < .05 ) , with no difference between training groups . The change in peak power was 50.5 + /- 4.1 % , 33.8 + /- 3.8 % , and -2.5 + /- 3.9 % in the HV , ST , and CO groups , respectively . Training also improved selected functional performance tasks in the HV and ST groups compared to controls ( p < .05 ) , and the HV group reported improved quality of life ( p = .018 ) . CONCLUSION Muscle power and muscle strength improved similarly using either resistance training protocol , and these changes were accompanied by improvements in several functional performance tasks . However , improvements in the HV group occurred with less total work performed per training session Background and aims : This study investigated whether high-velocity high-power training ( POW )  improved lower extremity muscle power and quality in functionally-limited elders greater than traditional slow-velocity progressive resistance training ( STR ) . Methods : Fifty-seven community-dwelling older adults aged 74.2±7 ( range 65–94 yrs ) , Short Physical Performance Battery score 7.7±1.4 , were r and omized to either POW ( n=23 ) ( 12 females ) , STR ( n=22 ) ( 13 females ) or a control group of lower extremity stretching ( CON ) ( n=12 ) ( 6 females ) . Training was performed three times per week for 12 weeks and subjects completed three sets of double leg press and knee extension exercises at 70 % of the one repetition maximum ( 1RM ) . Outcome measures included 1RM strength and peak power ( PP ) . Total leg lean mass was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to estimate specific strength and specific PP . Results : During training , power output was consistently higher in POW compared to STR for knee extension ( ∼2.3-fold ) and leg press ( ∼2.8-fold ) exercises ( p<0.01 ) . Despite this , PP and specific PP of the knee extensors increased similarly from baseline in POW and STR compared to CON ( p<0.01 ) , and no significant time-group interaction occurred for PP of the leg extensors . However , gains in leg press specific PP were significantly greater in POW compared to both STR and CON ( p<0.05 ) . Total leg lean mass did not change within any group . Conclusions : A short-term intervention of high-velocity power training and traditional slow-velocity progressive resistance training yielded similar increases of lower extremity power in the mobility-impaired elderly . Neuromuscular adaptations to power training , rather than skeletal muscle hypertrophy , may have facilitated the improvements in muscle quality . Additional studies are warranted to test the efficacy of power training in older individuals with compromised physical functioning We examined whether high-speed power training ( HSPT )  improved muscle performance and braking speed using a driving simulator . 72 older adults ( 22 m , 50 f ; age = 70.6 ± 7.3 yrs ) were r and omized to HSPT at 40 % one-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) ( HSPT : n = 25 ; 3 sets of 12–14 repetitions ) , slow-speed strength training at 80%1RM ( SSST : n = 25 ; 3 sets of 8–10 repetitions ) , or control ( CON : n = 22 ; stretching ) 3 times/week for 12 weeks . Leg press and knee extension peak power , peak power velocity , peak power force/torque , and braking speed were obtained at baseline and 12 weeks . HSPT  increased peak power and peak power velocity across a range of external resistances ( 40–90 % 1RM ; P < 0.05 ) and improved braking speed ( P < 0.05 ) . Work was similar between groups , but perceived exertion was lower in HSPT ( P < 0.05 ) . Thus , the less strenuous HSPT exerted a broader training effect and improved braking speed compared to SSST OBJECTIVES To evaluate a dynamic form of weighted vest exercise suitable for home use and design ed to enhance muscle power , balance , and mobility . DESIGN A single-blind , r and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Outpatient exercise research facility situated within an academic long-term care center . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-one community-dwelling women aged 70 and older with a Short Physical Performance Battery ( SPPB ) score between 4 and 10 ( out of 12 ) . INTERVENTIONS Subjects were r and omized into a progressive resistance-training program using weighted vests for resistance with exercises design ed to be specific to mobility tasks and have a component performed at the fastest possible velocity ( Increased Velocity Exercise Specific to Task ( InVEST ) , n=11 ) or a control exercise group ( control , n=10 ) , which performed slow-velocity , low-resistance exercise . Both groups exercised three times a week for 12 weeks . MEASUREMENTS Changes in muscle power , balance , and physical performance were compared . RESULTS In comparison to control group , InVEST group manifested significant improvements ( P<.05 ) in leg power across measurements obtained at 75 % to 90 % of the one-repetition maximum . Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in chair st and and SPPB score from baseline , and the InVEST group showed significant improvements in gait speed and chair st and from baseline ( P<.05 ) . InVEST produced significantly greater changes in chair st and time than control ( P<.05 ) . CONCLUSION InVEST training appears be an effective means of enhancing leg power and chair rise in this population and is worthy of further investigation as a means of enhancing balance and mobility The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 14-week resistance training program on the anile strength training intensity , postural control , and gait velocity of older adults . Forty-two older adults ( mean age = 72 ) , 21 in the resistance and control groups , completed the 14-week project . The resistance training group participated in 14 weeks of resistance training three times per week using elastic b and s ( Therab and ) for resistance .  Isokinetic ankle strength , training intensity , postural stability , and gait velocity were measured prior to and following the 14-week intervention . Following the training , the resistance group exhibited improved ankle dorsiflexion , training resistances , and gait velocity , but showed no change in plantar flexion or postural control . The control group also exhibited improvements in dorsiflexion , but these gains were approximately one-half of the gains observed in the resistance training group . Finally , when adjusted for baseline differences , subjects in the resistance training group demonstrated no changes in the dependent measures over the control group Sayers SP , Bean J , Cuoco A , LeBrasseur NK , Jette A , Fielding RA : Changes in function and disability after resistance training : Does velocity matter ? A pilot study . Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2003;82:605–613 . Objective To compare the effects of high- and low-velocity resistance training on functional performance and disability outcomes in physically limited older women . Design A total of 16 wk of high-velocity resistance training or traditional low-velocity resistance training consisting of knee extension and leg press exercises was performed three times per week by 30 women with self-reported disability to compare their effect on functional performance and disability . Tests of dynamic balance , stair-climb time , chair-rise time , and gait velocity were used to assess changes in functional performance . Changes in disability were assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form . Results Dynamic balance and stair-climb time improved 8 % and 10 % , respectively , with training . Self-reported disability , physical functioning , role physical , and mental health improved 11 , 9 , and 5 % with training , respectively . There were no significant differences between high- and low-velocity training groups . Conclusions High- and low-velocity training achieved similar improvements in functional performance and disability . Improvements in functional performance and disability were modest compared with robust increases in strength and power . Specific modes of training or behavioral strategies may be necessary to optimize improvements in these outcomes
power training is feasible for elderly persons and has a small advantage over strength training for functional outcomes .
OBJECTIVE to determine the effects of power training with high movement velocity compared with conventional resistance training with low movement velocity for older community-dwelling people .