Association of 1-y changes in diet pattern with cardiovascular disease risk factors and adipokines: results from the 1-y randomized Oslo Diet and Exercise Study. Size acceptance and intuitive eating improve health for obese, female chronic dieters. Diet and Exercise Interventions among Overweight and Obese Lactating Women: Randomized Trial of Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors The influence of physical activity-induced energy expenditure on the variance in body weight change among individuals during a diet intervention. The impact of a bodyweight and physical activity intervention (BeWEL) initiated through a national colorectal cancer screening programme: randomised controlled trial The impact of a primary care-based weight loss intervention on the quality of life A college nutrition science course as an intervention to prevent weight gain in female college freshmen. A randomized controlled trial on a multicomponent intervention for overweight school-aged children – Copenhagen, Denmark Changes in weight loss, body composition and cardiovascular disease risk after altering macronutrient distributions during a regular exercise program in obese women Comparison of 2-year weight loss trends in behavioral treatments of obesity: diet, exercise, and combination interventions. Weight bias among dietetics students: implications for treatment practices. Effectiveness of a lifestyle modification programme in weight maintenance in obese subjects after cessation of treatment with Orlistat. Analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms in selected nutrient-sensitive genes in weight-regain prevention: the DIOGENES study. The effect of the addition of resistance training to a dietary education intervention on apolipoproteins and diet quality in overweight and obese older adults Energy density and 6-year anthropometric changes in a middle-aged adult cohort. A low intensity, community based lifestyle programme to prevent weight gain in women with young children: cluster randomised controlled trial Effect of intensive dietetic interventions on weight and glycaemic control in overweight men with Type II diabetes: a randomised trial
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that favorable changes in dietary patterns would lead to a reduction in body size and an improvement in metabolic status . OBJECTIVE The objective was to study changes in diet patterns relative to changes in body size , blood pressure , and circulating concentrations of lipids , glucose , insulin , adiponectin , and other cytokines in the context of a 1-y r and omized intervention study . DESIGN For 1 y , 187 men aged 45 + /- 2 y , approximately 50 % of whom met the criteria of the metabolic syndrome , were r and omly assigned to a diet protocol ( n = 45 ) , an exercise protocol ( n = 48 ) , a protocol of diet plus exercise ( n = 58 ) , or a control protocol ( n = 36 ) . A previously defined a priori diet score was created by summing tertile rankings of 35 food group variables ; a higher score generally reflected recommended dietary changes in the trial ( mean + /- SD at baseline : 31 + /- 6.5 ; range : 15 - 47 ) . RESULTS Over the study year , the diet score increased by approximately 2 + /- 5.5 in both diet groups , with a decrease of an equivalent amount in the exercise and control groups . The weight change was -3.5 + /- 0.6 kg/10-point change in diet score ( P < 0.0001 ) , similarly within each intervention group , independently of the change in energy intake or baseline age and smoking status . Weight change was attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for intervention group and percentage body fat . Subjects with an increased diet score had more favorable changes in other body size variables , systolic blood pressure , and blood lipid , glucose , insulin , and adiponectin concentrations . Change in diet score was unrelated to resistin and several cytokines . CONCLUSION The change toward a more favorable diet pattern was associated with improved body size and metabolic profile OBJECTIVE Examine a model that encourages health at every size as opposed to weight loss . The health at every size concept supports homeostatic regulation and eating intuitively ( ie , in response to internal cues of hunger , satiety , and appetite ) . DESIGN Six-month , r and omized clinical trial ; 2-year follow-up . SUBJECTS White , obese , female chronic dieters , aged 30 to 45 years ( N=78 ) . SETTING Free-living , general community . INTERVENTIONS Six months of weekly group intervention ( health at every size program or diet program ) , followed by 6 months of monthly aftercare group support . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Anthropometry ( weight , body mass index ) , metabolic fitness ( blood pressure , blood lipids ) , energy expenditure , eating behavior ( restraint , eating disorder pathology ) , and psychology ( self-esteem , depression , body image ) . Attrition , attendance , and participant evaluations of treatment helpfulness were also monitored . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED Analysis of variance . RESULTS Cognitive restraint decreased in the health at every size group and increased in the diet group , indicating that both groups implemented their programs . Attrition ( 6 months ) was high in the diet group ( 41 % ) , compared with 8 % in the health at every size group . Fifty percent of both groups returned for 2-year evaluation . Health at every size group members maintained weight , improved in all outcome variables , and sustained improvements . Diet group participants lost weight and showed initial improvement in many variables at 1 year ; weight was regained and little improvement was sustained . CONCLUSIONS The health at every size approach enabled participants to maintain long-term behavior change ; the diet approach did not . Encouraging size acceptance , reduction in dieting behavior , and heightened awareness and response to body signals result ed in improved health risk indicators for obese women Objective To examine the effects of Diet ( D ) and Exercise ( E ) interventions on cardiovascular fitness , waist circumference , blood lipids , glucose metabolism , inflammation markers , insulin-like growth factor 1 ( IGF-1 ) and blood pressure in overweight and obese lactating women . Methods At 10–14 wk postpartum , 68 Swedish women with a self-reported pre-pregnancy BMI of 25–35 kg/m2 were r and omized to a 12-wk behavior modification treatment with D , E , both or control using a 2 × 2 factorial design . The goal of D treatment was to reduce body weight by 0.5 kg/wk , accomplished by decreasing energy intake by 500 kcal/d and monitoring weight loss through self-weighing . The goal of E treatment was to perform 4 45-min walks per wk at 60–70 % of max heart-rate using a heart-rate monitor . Effects were measured 12 wk and 1 y after r and omization . General Linear Modeling was used to study main and interaction effects adjusted for baseline values of dependent variable . Results There was a significant main effect of the D treatment , decreasing waist circumference ( P = 0.001 ) , total cholesterol ( P = 0.007 ) , LDL-cholesterol ( P = 0.003 ) and fasting insulin ( P = 0.042 ) , at the end of the 12-wk treatment . The decreased waist circumference ( P<0.001 ) and insulin ( P = 0.024 ) was sustained and HDL-cholesterol increased ( P = 0.005 ) at the 1-y follow-up . No effects from the E treatment or any interaction effects were observed . Conclusions Dietary behavior modification that produced sustained weight loss among overweight and obese lactating women also improved risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes . This intervention may not only reduce weight-related risks with future pregnancies but also long-term risk for metabolic disease . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov SUMMARY OBJECTIVE We investigated the relationship between the variability in body weight change among individuals and diet restriction or physical activity during a 14-week intervention . DESIGN A prospect i ve clinical trial with a 14-week weight reduction intervention design . In total , 90 middle aged , Japanese , obese women enrolled as subjects . MEASUREMENTS The outcome variable was the change in body weight during the intervention period . Other primary variables were total energy intake , carbohydrate intake , fat intake , protein intake , total energy expenditure ( TEE ) , and activity energy expenditure ( AEE ) . Diet intake  was assessed by 3 days , weighed dietary records and dietary recall interviews . Physical activity  was assessed by a uniaxial accelerometry sensor and a diary of exercise . RESULTS Significant reductions were observed in body weight ( -8.5 kg ) as a result of intervention . When the subjects were assigned to three categories depending on AEE during intervention , the loss of body weight was significantly greater for subjects within the upper ( -9.6 kg ) AEE category than for those in the middle ( -8.5 kg ) or lower AEE ( -7.5 kg ) categories . In addition , a significant correlation ( r = 0.57 , p < 0.0001 ) was observed between a subject 's AEE before and during the intervention . On the other h and , no significant correlation was observed between body weight reduction and energy intake , indicating that strict diet restriction does not always result in a large weight loss . CONCLUSION Activity energy expenditure , not only through voluntary exercise but also through spontaneous , daily , physical activities can have a positive effect on reducing body weight Objective To evaluate the impact of a diet and physical activity intervention ( BeWEL ) on weight change in people with a body mass index > 25 weight (kg)/height (m)2 at increased risk of colorectal cancer and other obesity related comorbidities . Design Multicentre , parallel group , r and omised controlled trial . Setting Four Scottish National Health Service health boards . Participants 329 overweight or obese adults ( aged 50 to 74 years ) who had undergone colonoscopy after a positive faecal occult blood test result , as part of the national bowel screening programme , and had a diagnosis of adenoma confirmed by histopathology . 163 were r and omised to intervention and 166 to control . Intervention Participants were r and omised to a control group ( weight loss booklet only ) or 12 month intervention group ( three face to face visits with a lifestyle counsellor plus monthly 15 minute telephone calls ) . A goal of 7 % reduction in body weight was set and participants received a personalised energy prescription ( 2508 kJ ( 600 kcal ) below that required for weight maintenance ) and bodyweight scales . Motivational interviewing techniques explored self assessed confidence , ambivalence , and personal values concerning weight . Behavioural strategies included goal setting , identifying intentions of implementation , self monitoring of body weight , and counsellor feedback about reported diet , physical activity , and weight change . Main outcome measures The primary outcome was weight change over 12 months . Secondary outcomes included changes in waist circumference , blood pressure , fasting cardiovascular biomarkers , and glucose metabolism variables , physical activity , diet , and alcohol consumption . Results At 12 months , data on the primary outcome were available for 148 ( 91 % ) participants in the intervention group and 157 ( 95 % ) in the control group . Mean weight loss was 3.50 kg ( SD 4.91 ) ( 95 % confidence interval 2.70 to 4.30 ) in the intervention group compared with 0.78 kg ( SD 3.77 ) ( 0.19 to 1.38 ) in the control group . The group difference was 2.69 kg ( 95 % confidence interval 1.70 to 3.67 ) . Differences between groups were significant for waist circumference , body mass index , blood pressure , blood glucose level , diet , and physical activity . No reported adverse events were considered to be related to trial participation . Conclusions Significant weight loss can be achieved by a diet and physical activity intervention initiated within a national colorectal cancer screening programme , offering considerable potential for risk reduction of disease in older adults . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N53033856 Objective : This study investigated changes in the quality of life of men and women who participated in a primary care-based weight loss intervention program .  Methods : Participants were enrolled in a 2-year r and omized clinical trial ( POWER-UP ) conducted at the University of Pennsylvania and in six affiliated primary care practice s. Inclusion criteria included the presence of obesity ( body mass index of 30–50 kg m−2 ) and at least two components of the metabolic syndrome . Main Outcome Measures : Quality of life was assessed by three measures : the Short Form Health Survey ( SF-12 ) ; the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite ; and the EuroQol-5D . Results : Six months after the onset of treatment , and with a mean weight loss of 3.9±0.3 kg , participants reported significant improvements on all measures of interest with the exception of the Mental Component Score of the SF-12 . These changes remained significantly improved from baseline to month 24 , with the exception of the EuroQol-5D . Many of these improvements were correlated with the magnitude of weight loss and , for the most part , were consistent across gender and ethnic group . Conclusions : Individuals with obesity and components of the metabolic syndrome reported significant improvements in most domains of the quality of life with a modest weight loss of 3.7 % of initial weight , which was achieved within the first 6 months of treatment . The majority of these improvements were maintained at month 24 , when participants had lost 3.0 % of their weight The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a nutrition course that stresses fundamental principles of human physiology , energy metabolism , and genetics helps prevent weight gain during the first 16 months of college life . A r and omized control trial was conducted from January 1997 to May 1998 using volunteers . Forty female college freshmen participated in the intervention ( college course , n = 21 ) and control ( no course , n = 19 ) groups . The intervention was a one-semester nutrition science college course .  Body weight , nutrient intakes , and knowledge were measured at baseline , the end of the intervention ( 4 months from baseline ) , and 1 year later ( 16 months from baseline ) . Statistical analysis was conducted using a repeated-measure analysis of variance . Higher Body Mass Index ( BMI ) students ( BMI > 24 ) in the intervention group ( n = 11 ) reported lower fat ( p = .04 ) , protein ( p = .03 ) , and carbohydrate ( p = .008 ) intakes compared with the higher BMI students in the control group ( n = 6 ) . Dietary changes reported by the higher BMI intervention students were associated with the maintenance of baseline body weight for 1 year in contrast with the higher BMI control students who gained 9.2 6.8 kg ( p = .012 ) . The findings suggest that nutrition education emphasizing human physiology and energy metabolism is an effective strategy to prevent weight gain in at-risk college students Background Obesity amongst children is a growing problem worldwide . In contrast to adults , little is known on the effects of controlled weight loss on components of the metabolic syndrome in children . The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a 20-week exercise and diet guidance intervention on body mass index ( BMI ) in a group of overweight children . Our hypothesis was an observed reduction in BMI and secondarily in body fat content , insulin insensitivity , and other components of the metabolic syndrome in the intervention group . Methods School children from Copenhagen were r and omly allocated to an  intervention group  ( n = 19 ) or a control group  ( n = 19 ) . Anthropometric assessment , whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan , two hours oral glucose tolerance test , steps measured by pedometer , and fitness tests  were measured at baseline and at 20 weeks . Results Thirty-seven children ( 30 girls ) participated at baseline , aged 8.7 ± 0.9 years with a BMI of 21.8 ± 3.7 kg/m2 ( mean ± SD ) , and 36 children completed the study . The intervention group decreased their BMI ( the intervention effect is the difference in change between the groups adjusted for the respective baseline values ( DELTA ) = -2.0 kg/m2 , 95 % CI : -2.5 ; -1.5 , P < 0.001 ) , total body mass ( DELTA = -4.0 kg , 95 % CI : -4.9 ; -3.0 , P < 0.001 ) , and fat mass ( DELTA = -3.3 kg , 95 % CI : -4.2 ; -2.7 , P < 0.001 ) compared to the control group after the intervention . The intervention group displayed decreased waist , hip and waist-to-height ratio ( WHtR ) ( all three variables ; P < 0.001 ) , area under curve for plasma insulin ( P < 0.05 ) , and increased mean and minimum steps/day ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 , respectively ) . Conclusions The multicomponent intervention had significant favorable effects on BMI , weight , WHtR , mean and minimum steps/day , and fat mass . In addition , similar beneficial metabolic effects were found in the children as shown in adults , e.g. increase in peripheral insulin sensitivity . Trial registration Clinical trials.gov Identifier number NCT01660789 Background This study 's purpose investigated the impact of different macronutrient distributions and varying caloric intakes along with regular exercise for metabolic and physiological changes related to weight loss . Methods One hundred forty-one sedentary , obese women ( 38.7 ± 8.0 yrs , 163.3 ± 6.9 cm , 93.2 ± 16.5 kg , 35.0 ± 6.2 kg•m-2 , 44.8 ± 4.2 % fat ) were r and omized to either no diet + no exercise control group ( CON ) a no diet + exercise control ( ND ) , or one of four diet + exercise groups ( high-energy diet [ HED ] , very low carbohydrate , high protein diet [ VLCHP ] , low carbohydrate , moderate protein diet [ LCMP ] and high carbohydrate , low protein [ HCLP ] ) in addition to beginning a 3x•week-1 supervised resistance training program . After 0 , 1 , 10 and 14 weeks , all participants completed testing sessions which included anthropometric , body composition , energy expenditure , fasting blood sample s , aerobic and muscular fitness assessment s. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with an alpha of 0.05 with LSD post-hoc analysis when appropriate . Results All dieting groups exhibited adequate compliance to their prescribed diet regimen as energy and macronutrient amounts and distributions were close to prescribed amounts . Those groups that followed a diet and exercise program reported significantly greater anthropometric ( waist circumference and body mass ) and body composition via DXA ( fat mass and % fat ) changes . Caloric restriction initially reduced energy expenditure , but successfully returned to baseline values after 10 weeks of dieting and exercising . Significant fitness improvements ( aerobic capacity and maximal strength ) occurred in all exercising groups . No significant changes occurred in lipid panel constituents , but serum insulin and HOMA-IR values decreased in the VLCHP group . Significant reductions in serum leptin occurred in all caloric restriction + exercise groups after 14 weeks , which were unchanged in other non-diet/non-exercise groups . Conclusions Overall and over the entire test period , all diet groups which restricted their caloric intake and exercised experienced similar responses to each other . Regular exercise and modest caloric restriction successfully promoted anthropometric and body composition improvements along with various markers of muscular fitness . Significant increases in relative energy expenditure and reductions in circulating leptin were found in response to all exercise and diet groups . Macronutrient distribution may impact circulating levels of insulin and overall ability to improve strength levels in obese women who follow regular exercise OBJECTIVE The effects of three cognitive-behavioral weight control interventions for adults were compared : diet only , exercise only , and a combination of diet and exercise . This article reports 2-year follow-up data . DESIGN The three interventions were compared in a r and omized , experimental design . SUBJECTS A total of 127 men and women who were at least 14 kg overweight ( according to height-weight tables ) were recruited from an urban community and assigned r and omly to the experimental conditions . INTERVENTION The dietary intervention was a low-energy eating plan adjusted to produce a 1 kg/week loss of weight . The exercise component involved training in walking and a home-based program of up to five exercise periods per week . There were 12 weekly instructional sessions , followed by 3 biweekly and 8 monthly meetings . All sessions were led by registered dietitians . OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in body weight . STATISTICAL ANALYSES Analysis of variance for weight changes and repeated measures analysis of variance for weight change trends . RESULTS At 1 year , no significant differences were noted among the three groups . The diet-only group lost 6.8 kg , the exercise-only group lost 2.9 kg , and the combination group lost 8.9 kg ( P=.09 ) . During the second year , the diet-only group regained weight -- reaching 0.9 kg above baseline ; the combination group regained to 2.2 kg below baseline ; and the exercise-only group regained slightly to 2.7 kg below baseline ( P=.36 ) . Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a group-by-time interaction ( P=.001 ) ; data for the dieting groups best fit a U-shaped regain curve ( P=.001 ) . APPLICATIONS The results suggest that dieting is associated with weight loss followed by regain after treatment ends , whereas exercise alone produced smaller weight losses but better maintenance . The large outcome variability and unequal difficulty of the regimens across groups limit the generalizability of the findings BACKGROUND Several studies have examined attitudes about obesity among food and nutrition professionals , yielding mixed results , and no experimental research has tested the impact of dietitians ' attitudes on their treatment practice s or health evaluations with obese patients . OBJECTIVE This study investigated attitudes of dietetics students toward obese persons and tested whether a patient 's body weight influences students ' treatment decisions and health evaluations within a r and omized experiment . DESIGN Between the months of September and December 2007 , a convenience sample of 182 dietetics undergraduate students ( 92 % women ; mean age 23.1+/-5.4 years ) from colleges throughout the United States completed online self-report surveys to assess weight bias ( using the Fat Phobia Scale ) . Participants were also r and omly assigned to read one of four mock health profiles of patients who varied only by weight-related characteristics ( eg , obese or average weight ) and sex ( male or female ) , and asked to make judgments about the patient 's health status and participation in treatment . STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED To compare group data , multiple analysis of variance was used to test for an effect of the patient 's body mass index on participants ' health evaluations and their perceptions of patients in each of the four experimental conditions . Correlations were calculated between mean fat phobia scores and perceptions of patients . RESULTS Participants in all conditions expressed a moderate amount of fat phobia ( mean=3.7 ) , and students rated obese patients as being less likely to comply with treatment recommendations compared with nonobese patients ( P<0.05 ) . Results from multivariate analysis of variance tests showed students also evaluated obese patients ' diet quality and health status to be poorer than nonobese patients , despite equivalent nutritional and health information across weight categories for each sex in patient profiles . In contrast , obese and nonobese patients were rated to be similarly motivated , receptive , and successful in treatment . CONCLUSION Implication s of these findings for education and intervention in dietetics training are discussed , with emphasis on increasing awareness of weight bias in existing dietetics curricula OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy of a lifestyle modification programme in weight maintenance for obese subjects after cessation of treatment with Orlistat .  METHODS Fifty-five subjects with and without diabetes mellitus were r and omized to a lifestyle modification programme or to usual care at the end of 6 months ' treatment with Orlistat . The intervention programme was nutritionist led , consisting of components of dietary management , physical activity , peer group support and discussion using techniques of self-monitoring , stimulus control and cognitive restructuring .  Anthropometric indices , body composition , basal metabolic rate , blood pressure , fasting glucose , glycosylated haemoglobin , lipid profile , 24-hour urinary albumin excretion , dietary intake , physical activity level , and quality of life were assessed before and after the intervention period . Results Subjects in the intervention group maintained their weight loss and favourable anthropometric , metabolic , dietary intake , physical activity and quality of life profiles , while most parameters deteriorated in the usual care group , being more marked in subjects with diabetes . The magnitude of weight gain was comparable to that lost during Orlistat treatment . CONCLUSION A specially design ed nutritionist-led lifestyle modification programme for obese subjects is effective in weight maintenance after treatment with Orlistat , in the absence of which the benefits of drug treatment were lost . The magnitude of the effect of lifestyle modification is comparable to that observed with Orlistat BACKGROUND Differences in the interindividual response to dietary intervention could be modified by genetic variation in nutrient-sensitive genes . OBJECTIVE This study examined single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) in presumed nutrient-sensitive c and i date genes for obesity and obesity-related diseases for main and dietary interaction effects on weight , waist circumference , and fat mass regain over 6 mo . DESIGN In total , 742 participants who had lost ≥ 8 % of their initial body weight were r and omly assigned to follow 1 of 5 different ad libitum diets with different glycemic indexes and contents of dietary protein . The SNP main and SNP-diet interaction effects were analyzed by using linear regression models , corrected for multiple testing by using Bonferroni correction and evaluated by using quantile-quantile ( Q-Q ) plots . RESULTS After correction for multiple testing , none of the SNPs were significantly associated with weight , waist circumference , or fat mass regain . Q-Q plots showed that ALOX5AP rs4769873 showed a higher observed than predicted P value for the association with less waist circumference regain over 6 mo ( -3.1 cm/allele ; 95 % CI : -4.6 , -1.6 ; P/Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.000039/0.076 ) , independently of diet . Additional associations were identified by using Q-Q plots for SNPs in ALOX5AP , TNF , and KCNJ11 for main effects ; in LPL and TUB for glycemic index interaction effects on waist circumference regain ; in GHRL , CCK , MLXIPL , and LEPR on weight ; in PPARC1A , PCK2 , ALOX5AP , PYY , and ADRB3 on waist circumference ; and in PPARD , FABP1 , PLAUR , and LPIN1 on fat mass regain for dietary protein interaction . CONCLUSION The observed effects of SNP-diet interactions on weight , waist , and fat mass regain suggest that genetic variation in nutrient-sensitive genes can modify the response to diet . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00390637 Objectives The aim of the study was to examine the additive effect of resistance training ( RT ) to a dietary education ( DE ) intervention on emerging coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk factors , concentration of apolipoproteins B ( apoB ) and A-I ( apoA-I ) , and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension ( DASH ) Diet Index scores in overweight and obese older adults . Patients and methods This was an ancillary study of a r and omized clinical trial held in the Fall of 2008 at the University of Rhode Isl and . Participants were overweight or obese subjects ( mean body mass index [ BMI ] of 31.7 kg/m2 ) r and omized into two groups , one participating in DE only ( n = 12 ) and the other participating in DE plus RT ( DERT ) ( n = 15 ) . The intervention involved all subjects participating in 30 minutes of DE per week for 10 weeks . Subjects in the DERT group participated in an additional 40 minutes of RT three times per week for 10 weeks . Measurements taken were anthropometric ( height , weight , waist circumference , and body composition using the BOD POD ® [ Body Composition System , v 2.14 ; Life Measurement Instruments , Concord , CA ] ) , clinical ( blood pressure ) , and biochemical ( lipid profile and apoB and apoA-I concentrations ) , and the DASH Diet Index was used to measure diet quality . Results 27 subjects ( 11 males , 16 females ) , with a mean age of 66.6 ± 4.3 years , were included in analyses . The DERT subjects had significantly better triacylglycerol and apoB concentrations and DASH Diet Index scores than the DE subjects post-intervention . Improvements were seen within the DE group in energy intake , fat-free mass , and systolic blood pressure and within the DERT group in body weight , percentage of body fat , BMI , diastolic blood pressure , and oxidized low-density lipoprotein ( all P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion The addition of RT effectively reduced CHD risk factors , body composition , and diet quality in overweight and obese older adults ; DERT was more effective than DE alone in improving DASH Diet Index scores and lowering apoB concentrations but was not more effective in increasing apoA-I concentrations . Future research is needed to determine if apolipoproteins are superior to lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in predicting CHD risk Dietary energy density ( ED ) may be a good predictor of weight gain because of its association with the regulation of appetite control signals . Among the participants of the ' SUpplementation en VItamines et Mineraux AntioXydants ' prospect i ve study , 2707 subjects were included in the present study . Changes in weight , waist circumference ( WC ) , hip circumference ( HC ) and waist : hip ratio were calculated using measured data collected in 1995/1996 and 2001/2002 . The mean changes in various anthropometric indicators according to baseline body-weight status ( BMI < or > or = 25 kg/m2 ) and sex-specific tertiles of baseline ED level or 6-year changes in ED were compared by covariance analysis . In overweight subjects , weight gain was positively associated with  high dietary ED  at baseline ( P for trend = 0.03 ) and with increasing ED during the follow-up ( P for trend = 0.0008 ) . Both the WC and HC changes were also positively related to baseline ED and change in ED in overweight subjects . However , the relationships observed for the WC and HC changes were no longer significant after adjustment for weight change . These results support the hypothesis of a deleterious effect of high-energy-dense diets on weight change for overweight subjects . This relationship could be mediated by physical activity level . Further research needs to be performed in other population s to determine whether ED could be effective strategies to prevent weight gain Objective To develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a community behavioural intervention to prevent weight gain and improve health related behaviours in women with young children . Design Cluster r and omised controlled trial . Setting A community setting in urban Australia . Participants 250 adult women with a mean age of 40.39 years ( SD 4.77 , range 25 - 51 ) and a mean body mass index of 27.82 kg/m2 ( SD 5.42 , range 18 - 47 ) were recruited as clusters through 12 primary ( elementary ) schools . Intervention Schools were r and omly assigned to the intervention or the control . Mothers whose schools fell in the intervention group ( n=127 ) attended four interactive group sessions that involved simple health messages , behaviour change strategies , and group discussion , and received monthly support using mobile telephone text messages for 12 months . The control group ( n=123 ) attended one non-interactive information session based on population dietary and physical activity guidelines . Main outcome measures The main outcome measures were weight change and difference in weight change between the intervention group and the control group at 12 months . Secondary outcomes were changes in serum concentrations of fasting lipids and glucose , and changes in dietary behaviours , physical activity , and self management behaviours . Results All analyses were adjusted for baseline values and the possible clustering effect . Women in the control group gained weight over the 12 month study period ( 0.83 kg , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.12 to 1.54 ) , whereas those in the intervention group lost weight ( −0.20 kg , −0.90 to 0.49 ) . The difference in weight change between the intervention group and the control group at 12 months was −1.13 kg ( −2.03 to −0.24 kg ; P<0.05 ) on the basis of observed values and −1.11 kg ( −2.17 to −0.04 ) after multiple imputation to account for possible bias created by missing values . Secondary analyses after multiple imputation showed a difference in the intervention group compared with the control group for total cholesterol concentration ( −0.35 mmol/l , −0.70 to −0.001 ) , self management behaviours ( diet score 0.18 , 0.13 to 0.33 ; physical activity score 0.24 , 0.05 to 0.43 ) , and confidence to control weight ( 0.40 , 0.11 to 0.69 ) . Regular self weighing was associated with weight loss in the intervention group only ( −1.98 kg , −3.75 to −0.23 ) . Conclusions Weight gain  in women with young children could be prevented using a low intensity self management intervention delivered in a community setting . Self management of health behaviours improved with the intervention . The response rate of 12 % , although comparable with that in other community studies , might limit the ability to generalise to other population s. Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry number ACTRN12608000110381 OBJECTIVE : To investigate the effectiveness of intensive innovative methods for implementing dietary prescriptions on weight management and glycaemic control in overweight men with Type II diabetes . DESIGN : A r and omised clinical trial with a 12-week intervention period — three isocaloric dietary intervention groups ( intermittent energy restriction , pre-portioned meals and self-selected meals ) each with weekly dietitian contact — and a follow-up visit after 18 months . SUBJECTS : A total of 51 men with Type II diabetes ( mean age 54 y , mean body mass index ( BMI ) 31.7 kg/m2 ) .  MEASUREMENTS : Weight , body composition , waist circumference , glycaemic control ( HbA1c ) and blood lipids . RESULTS : For all subjects , intensive diet therapy over the 12-week intervention period result ed in a mean reduction in energy intake of 2360±2780 kJ/day ( 564±665 kcal/day ) and significant reductions in weight ( 6.4±4.6 kg ) , waist circumference ( 8.1±4.6 cm ) , percent body fat ( 1.9±1.5 % ) , HbA1c ( 1.0±1.4 % ) and triglyceride levels ( 0.3±0.6 mmol/l ) compared to baseline levels . Intervention group did not affect clinical outcomes , with the exception of percent body fat . A total of 27 ( 52.9 % ) subjects attended the 18-month follow-up visit . At this visit , none of the improvements in clinical parameters was maintained , with all parameters returning to preintervention levels . CONCLUSIONS : A dietary prescription of 6000–7000 kJ/day ( 1400–1700 kcal/day ) was effective in achieving a 6 % weight loss and improving glycaemic control . The method of implementation made no difference to the outcomes between groups at 12 weeks or 18 months . Thus , we propose that it was the intensive weekly contact with a health professional in combination with moderate energy restriction that facilitated the successful short-term results seen
The baseline characteristics related to lipid profile were more favorable for metabolically healthy obese than for metabolically unhealthy obese .
Changes in fasting glucose , HOMA-IR and hsCRP did not show significant changes .
Sufficient evidence was not found to support the use of specific diets in metabolically healthy obese subjects .
This analysis suggests that the effect of caloric restriction exerts its effects through a reduction in BMI , blood pressure and triglycerides in metabolically healthy obese ( MHO ) patients
The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of diet on changes in parameters describing the body size phenotype of metabolically healthy obese subjects .