Systemic inflammatory load in humans is suppressed by consumption of two formulations of dried, encapsulated juice concentrate. Serum amyloid A-related inflammation is lowered by increased fruit and vegetable intake, while high-sensitive C-reactive protein, IL-6 and E-selectin remain unresponsive. Whole-grain intake favorably affects markers of systemic inflammation in obese children: a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial. The effect of increased dietary fruit and vegetable consumption on endothelial activation, inflammation and oxidative stress in hypertensive volunteers. Paper-filtered coffee increases cholesterol and inflammation biomarkers independent of roasting degree: a clinical trial. Dietary Cocoa Butter or Refined Olive Oil Does Not Alter Postprandial hsCRP and IL-6 Concentrations in Healthy Women Impact of adopting low sodium diet on biomarkers of inflammation and coagulation: a randomised controlled trial. Supplementation with orange and blackcurrant juice, but not vitamin E, improves inflammatory markers in patients with peripheral arterial disease. The effect of raisins on biomarkers of endothelial function and oxidant damage; an open-label and randomized controlled intervention. Effects of sodium and potassium supplementation on endothelial function: a fully controlled dietary intervention study. Effect of non-soy legume consumption on inflammation and serum adiponectin levels among first-degree relatives of patients with diabetes: a randomized, crossover study. Biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation and microbial translocation in HIV/HCV co-infected patients in the SMART study. Systemic Inflammatory Response After Open, Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery in Endometrial Cancer Patients. Differential Effects of Cream, Glucose, and Orange Juice on Inflammation, Endotoxin, and the Expression of Toll-Like Receptor-4 and Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3 Effects of vitamin E-coated membrane dialyser on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in patients on chronic haemodialysis. Effects of acute ingestion of different fats on oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight and obese adults Effects of low-fat dairy consumption on markers of low-grade systemic inflammation and endothelial function in overweight and obese subjects: an intervention study.
Chronic inflammation contributes to an increased risk for developing chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease , diabetes , and cancer . A high " inflammatory load " is defined as elevated inflammation markers in blood or other tissues . We evaluated several markers of systemic inflammation from healthy adults and tested the hypothesis that two formulations of encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice powder concentrate with added berry powders ( FVB ) or without ( FV ) could impact markers of inflammatory load . Using a double-blind , placebo-controlled approach , 117 subjects were r and omly assigned to receive placebo , FV , or FVB capsules . Blood was drawn at baseline and after 60 d of capsule consumption . We measured inflammatory markers ( high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein , Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 , Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1-β , and Regulated upon Activation , Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted ) , superoxide dismutase , and micronutrients ( β-carotene , vitamin C , and vitamin E ) . Results showed Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 , Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1-β , and RANTES levels were significantly reduced and superoxide dismutase and micronutrient levels were significantly increased in subjects consuming both FV and FVB , relative to placebo . Data suggest a potential health benefit by consuming either formulation of the encapsulated juice concentrates through their anti-inflammatory properties The present study assessed whether increased fruit and vegetable ( F&V ) intake reduced the concentrations of the inflammatory marker serum amyloid A ( SAA ) in serum , HDL2 and HDL3 and whether the latter reduction influenced any of the functional properties of these HDL subfractions . The present study utilised sample s from two previous studies : ( 1 ) the FAVRIT ( Fruit and Vegetable R and omised Intervention Trial ) study - hypertensive subjects ( systolic blood pressure ( BP ) range 140 - 190 mmHg ; diastolic BP range 90 - 110 mmHg ) were r and omised to receive a 1- , 3- or 6-portion F&V/d intervention for 8 weeks , and ( 2 ) the ADIT ( Ageing and Dietary Intervention Trial ) study - older subjects ( 65 - 85 years ) were r and omised to receive a 2- or 5-portion F&V/d intervention for 16 weeks . HDL2 and HDL3 were isolated by rapid ultracentrifugation . Measurements included the following : serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) by an immunoturbidimetric assay ; serum IL-6 and E-selectin and serum- , HDL2- and HDL3-SAA by ELISA procedures ; serum- , HDL2- and HDL3-cholesterol ester transfer protein ( CETP ) activity by a fluorometric assay . Although the concentrations of hsCRP , IL-6 and E-selectin were unaffected by increasing F&V intake in both studies ( P>0·05 for all comparisons ) , those of SAA in HDL3 decreased in the FAVRIT cohort ( P= 0·049 ) and those in HDL2 and HDL3 decreased in the ADIT cohort ( P= 0·035 and 0·032 ) , which was accompanied by a decrease in the activity of CETP in HDL3 in the FAVRIT cohort ( P= 0·010 ) and in HDL2 in the ADIT cohort ( P= 0·030 ) . These results indicate that SAA responds to increased F&V intake , while other inflammatory markers remain unresponsive , and this leads to changes in HDL2 and HDL3 , which may influence their antiatherogenic potential . Overall , the present study provides tangible evidence of the effectiveness of increased F&V intake , which may be of use to health policy makers and the general public SCOPE Whole-grain foods have been reported to affect serum levels of inflammatory cytokines . However , we are aware of no study examining the effect of whole-grain intake on inflammatory biomarkers among children . The present study aim ed to determine the effect of whole-grain intake on serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers in overweight or obese children . METHODS AND RESULTS In this r and omized crossover clinical trial , 44 overweight or obese girls aged 8 - 15 years participated . After a 2-week run-in period , subjects were r and omly assigned to either whole-grain or control groups . Subjects in the whole-grain group were given a list of whole-grain foods and were asked to obtain half of their needed servings of grains from whole-grain foods each day for 6 weeks . Individuals in the control group were also given a list of whole-grain foods and were asked not to consume any of these foods during the intervention phase of the study . A 4-week washout period was applied following which subjects were crossed over to the alternate arm for an additional 6 weeks . Fasting blood sample s were taken before and after each phase of the study to quantify markers of systemic inflammation . Mean age , weight , and BMI of study participants were 11.2 ± 1.49 years , 51.2 ± 10.2 kg , and 23.5 ± 2.5 kg/m(2 ) , respectively . No significant effect of whole-grain intake on weight and BMI was seen compared with the control group . We found a significant effect of whole-grain  intake on serum levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( -21.8 versus + 12.1 % , p = 0.03 ) , soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( -28.4 versus + 6.3 % , p = 0.02 ) , serum amyloid A ( -17.4 versus + 9.9 % , p = 0.02 ) , and leptin ( -9.7 versus + 39.2 % , p = 0.02 ) after 6 weeks . A trend toward the significant effect of whole-grain intake on serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( -36.2 % versus -7.8 % , p = 0.07 ) was also observed . CONCLUSION This study provides evidence supporting the beneficial effects of whole-grain foods on biomarkers of systemic inflammation in obese children BACKGROUND AND AIMS Public health campaigns recommend increased fruit and vegetable ( FV ) consumption as an effective means of cardiovascular risk reduction . During an 8 week r and omised control trial among hypertensive volunteers , we noted significant improvements in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation with increasing FV consumption . Circulating indices of inflammation , endothelial activation and insulin resistance are often employed as alternative surrogates for systemic arterial health . The responses of several such biomarkers to our previously described FV intervention are reported here . METHODS AND RESULTS Hypertensive volunteers were recruited from medical outpatient clinics . After a common 4 week run-in period during which FV consumption was limited to 1 portion per day , participants were r and omised to 1 , 3 or 6 portions daily for 8 weeks . Venous blood sample s for biomarker analyses were collected during the pre and post-intervention vascular assessment s. A total of 117 volunteers completed the 12 week study . Intervention-related changes in circulating levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 ( sICAM-1 ) , soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( sVCAM-1 ) , von Willebr and factor ( vWF ) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( PAI-1 ) did not differ significantly between FV groups . Similarly , there were no significant between group differences of change in homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA ) scores . CONCLUSIONS Despite mediating a significant improvement in acetylcholine induced vasodilatation , increased FV consumption did not affect a calculated measure of insulin resistance or concentrations of the circulating biomarkers measured during this study . Functional indices of arterial health such as endothelium-dependent vasomotion are likely to provide more informative cardiovascular end-points during short-term dietary intervention trials OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effects of medium light roast ( MLR ) and medium roast ( MR ) paper-filtered coffee on  cardiovascular risk factors in healthy volunteers . METHODS This r and omized crossover trial compared the effects of consuming three or four cups ( 150 mL ) of MLR or MR coffee per day for 4 wk in 20 healthy volunteers .  Plasma lipids , lipoprotein(a ) ( Lp[a ] ) , total homocysteine , and endothelial dysfunction-related inflammation biomarkers , serum glycemic biomarkers , and blood pressure were measured at baseline and after each intervention . RESULTS Both roasts increased plasma total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol , and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( sVCAM-1 ) concentrations ( 10 % , 12 % , and 18 % for MLR ; 12 % , 14 % , and 14 % for MR , respectively ) ( P < 0.05 ) . MR also increased high-density lipoportein-cholesterol concentration by 7 % ( P = 0.003 ) . Plasma fibrinogen concentration increased 8 % after MR intake ( P = 0.01 ) , and soluble E-selectin increased 12 % after MLR intake ( P = 0.02 ) . No changes were observed for Lp(a ) , total homocysteine , glycemic biomarkers , and blood pressure . CONCLUSION Moderate paper-filtered coffee consumption may have an undesirable effect on plasma cholesterol and inflammation biomarkers in healthy individuals regardless of its antioxidant content Contrary to other long chain saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) , fats high in stearic acid do not raise plasma cholesterol concentrations , however , a slight elevation in inflammatory markers , plasma fibrinogen and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , has been observed in the fasting state . The effect of stearic acid on inflammation in the postpr and ial state has not yet been reported . We conducted a single blind crossover , r and omized , postpr and ial study to compare the effects of a fat load of cocoa butter high in stearic acid and olive oil in ten healthy women . The test meals contained 1 g of fat per kg body weight ( mean 62 g ) . Blood sample s were collected at 0 ( fasting ) , 4 and 6 h. Both diets result ed in a significant increase in serum triacylglycerol ( TAG ) concentration over time ( P = 0.003 ) and a decrease in serum IL-6 concentration after 4 h followed by an increase to post absorptive values after 6 h ( P < 0.001 ) ; whereas serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) concentration was not affected . There was no difference between diets in effects on serum TAG , hsCRP and IL-6 concentrations and no association between postpr and ial lipemia and inflammatory markers . High intake of dietary fats increase postpr and ial serum TAG , however , may not affect inflammatory markers postpr and ially . Thus , fat rich in stearic acid does not seem to increase postpr and ial inflammation BACKGROUND A low sodium diet is an established intervention in the treatment of impaired renal function and hypertension which may modulate cardiovascular risk independent of recognised antihypertensive effects . Epidemiological data suggest that dietary sodium intake may be associated with systemic inflammation : another potential pathophysiological mechanism by which sodium intake may modify vascular disease . METHODS We tested the hypothesis that adopting a low sodium diet may decrease biomarkers of systemic inflammation or coagulation using data from a r and omised double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Participants ( n=171 ; aged 18 - 65 years ) in a r and omised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a low sodium diet for 6 weeks provided paired serum sample s for analysis to assess the impact of adopting a low sodium diet on biomarkers of systemic inflammation and coagulation . RESULTS There was a significant difference in 24-hour sodium urinary excretion between the low sodium intake and the normal sodium intake groups of 43 mmol ( p<0.001 ) . In the primary analysis there was no effect of adopting a low sodium diet on serum D-dimers , but high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) was reduced by 1.13 mg/L ( 95 % confidence interval [ 95 % CI ] , 0.03 to 2.22 ) . However , after elimination of outlying high values for baseline serum hsCRP ( > 10 mg/L ) , this effect was attenuated ( -0.47 mg/L ; 95 % CI , -1.25 to 0.31 ) . CONCLUSIONS Using data from a r and omised double-blind placebo-controlled trial in asthma with objective confirmation of adherence to the low sodium diet , we report that adopting a low sodium diet for 6 weeks has no effect on measures of systemic inflammation or coagulation Inflammation and endothelial activation are associated with an increased risk of CVD and epidemiological evidence suggests an association between levels of markers of inflammation or endothelial activation and the intake of fruit . Also , vitamin E , a fat-soluble antioxidant , has anti-inflammatory properties . We performed a r and omised 2 x 2 factorial , crossover trial to determine the effect of orange and blackcurrant juice ( 500 ml/d ) and vitamin E ( 15 mg RRR-alpha-tocopherol/d ) supplementation on markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in forty-eight patients with peripheral arterial disease . Patients were r and omly allocated to two dietary supplements from the four possible combinations of juice and vitamin E : juice+vitamin E ; juice+placebo ; reference beverage ( sugar drink)+vitamin E ; and reference beverage+placebo . The supplementations were given for 28 d , separated by a 4-week wash-out period . Analysis of main effects showed that juice decreased C-reactive protein ( CRP ) by 11 % and fibrinogen by 3 % while the reference drink increased CRP by 13 % and fibrinogen by 2 % ( P<0.008 and P<0.002 , respectively ) . No significant differences were measured for IL-6 and the endothelial activation markers von Willebr and factor , tissue-plasminogen activator and plasmin activator inhibitor-1 .  Vitamin E supplementation had no significant effects on the various markers . We observed no significant interaction between juice and vitamin E. In this study , orange and blackcurrant juice reduced markers of inflammation , but not markers of endothelial activation , in patients with peripheral arterial disease , relative to sugar drinks Based on the existing data in grapes and wine , the aim of the present study was to investigate the probability that raisins improve clinical features and markers of oxidative stress , inflammation and arterial function in healthy smokers . Thirty-six apparently healthy smokers were recruited to an open-label and r and omized , controlled , 4-week prospect i ve intervention . All participants were reported to consume less than the recommended amount of five servings fruits and vegetables daily . Participants in the intervention were instructed to consume raisins equal to five fruit servings ( 90g/d ) .  Anthropometric and blood pressure ( BP ) measurements , assessment of dietary intake , and fasting blood draws  were conducted at baseline and at week 4 . Biochemical ( glucose , lipids , liver enzymes ) , inflammation [ C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , leptin ] , oxidative stress [ Malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , Advanced oxidation protein products ( AOPPs ) ] and arterial function markers [ Flow-mediated dilatation ( FMD ) , Pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) , Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1 ) , Nitric oxide ( NO ) ] were assessed pre- and post-intervention . Baseline characteristics did not differ between the intervention and control arm . No effect of daily raisin consumption was observed on markers assessed between baseline and week 4 in either arm . Regarding vegetable consumption , no difference was observed in either group between baseline and post-intervention ; however , as expected , a significant increase was reported in the intervention arm in fruit consumption between baseline and end point ( p<0.001 ) and between two arms post-intervention ( p<0.001 ) . When analyzing according to age , ICAM-1 levels significantly decreased in subjects > 30years ( n=8 ) in intervention arm ( 390.1±17.6 to 302.2±11ng/mL , p=0.004 ) . After analysis of the data for sex , women in intervention ( n=5 ) decreased significantly diastolic BP ( 74.6±4.2 to 67.4±2.6mg/dL , p=0.043 ) , total cholesterol ( 175.8±7 to 166.6±6.6mg/dL , p<0.001 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( 96.2±9.6 to 89±10.5mg/dL , p=0.012 ) . However , due to the small sample size in the above , no safe conclusions can be exported High Na and low K intakes have adverse effects on  blood pressure  , which increases the risk for CVD . The role of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in this pathophysiological process is not yet clear . In a r and omised placebo-controlled cross-over study in untreated (pre)hypertensives , we examined the effects of Na and K supplementation on endothelial function and inflammation . During the study period , subjects were provided with a diet that contained 2·4 g/d of Na and 2·3 g/d of K for a 10 460 kJ ( 2500 kcal ) intake . After 1-week run-in , subjects received capsules with supplemental Na ( 3·0 g/d ) , supplemental K ( 2·8 g/d ) or placebo , for 4 weeks each , in r and om order . After each intervention , circulating biomarkers of endothelial function and inflammation were measured . Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) and skin microvascular vasomotion were assessed in sub-groups of twenty-two to twenty-four subjects . Of thirty-seven r and omised subjects , thirty-six completed the study .  Following Na supplementation  , serum endothelin-1 was increased by 0·24 pg/ml ( 95 % CI 0·03 , 0·45 ) , but no change was seen in other endothelial or inflammatory biomarkers . FMD and microvascular vasomotion were unaffected by Na supplementation . K supplementation  reduced IL-8 levels by 0·28 pg/ml ( 95 % CI 0·03 , 0·53 ) , without affecting other circulating biomarkers . FMD was 1·16 % ( 95 % CI 0·37 , 1·96 ) higher after K supplementation than after  placebo . Microvascular vasomotion was unaffected . In conclusion , a 4-week increase in Na intake increased endothelin-1 , but had no effect on other endothelial or inflammatory markers . Increased K intake had a beneficial effect on FMD and possibly IL-8 , without affecting other circulating endothelial or inflammatory biomarkers OBJECTIVE First-degree relatives of patients with diabetes are at more risk for endothelial dysfunction and inflammation . The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a non-soy legume-enriched diet on inflammatory biomarkers and serum adiponectin levels among first-degree relatives of these patients . METHODS Twenty-six participants ( 14 women and 12 men ) with a family history of diabetes were recruited to this r and omized , crossover study . Participants were r and omly assigned to a legume-enriched or a habitual diet for 6 wk that was separated by a 2-wk washout . The inflammatory markers-high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-α , and serum levels of adiponectin-were measured at the beginning and the end of each intervention period according to the st and ard protocol . RESULTS Energy intake of participants was not statistically different between the two diets ( 1821.5 ± 100.11 versus 1788.2 ± 92.68 kcal/d , respectively ) . After consumption of a legume diet , percent change of hs-CRP reduced significantly compared with consumption of a habitual diet ( -4.86 % ± 1.86 % versus 3.55 % ± 1.97 % , P = 0.002 ) and among the women in the study ( -12.96 % ± 1.96 % versus 3.24 % ± 2.65 % , P = 0.004 ) . The percent change of other inflammatory markers and serum concentrations of adiponectin were not significantly different between the two diet groups . CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that a legume-enriched diet significantly reduced the hs-CRP concentrations in first-degree relatives of patients with diabetes after 6 wk of intervention compared with a habitual diet BACKGROUND Previous results from the SMART study showed that HIV/viral hepatitis co-infected persons with impaired liver function are at increased risk of death following interruption of antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) . OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of fibrosis and ART interruption on levels of biomarkers of inflammation , coagulation and microbial translocation in HIV/HCV co-infected persons in the SMART study . STUDY DESIGN All HIV/HCV co-infected persons with stored plasma at study entry and at six months of follow-up were included ( N=362 ) . D-dimer , IL-6 , sCD14 and hepatic synthesized coagulation markers were measured and compared according to the liver fibrosis marker hyaluronic acid ( HA ) at study entry . Percent difference in changes in biomarker levels from study entry to month 6 was compared between r and omization groups and according to study entry HA levels . RESULTS At study entry , persons with elevated HA ( > 75ng/mL vs. ≤75ng/mL ) had higher median ( IQR ) levels of IL-6 [ 4.14pg/mL ( 2.60 - 6.32 ) vs. 2.74pg/mL ( 1.88 - 3.97 ) ] and soluble CD14 [ 2163ng/mL ( 1952 - 2916 ) vs. 1979ng/mL ( 1742 - 2310 ) ] ( p<0.001 ) . Elevated HA was also associated with alterations of both pro- and anti-coagulation markers but the overall coagulation profile was not affected . Interruption of ART lead to a particularly pronounced increase in IL-6 levels in persons with elevated HA levels ( p=0.01 for interaction between r and omization group and continuous HA level ) . CONCLUSIONS HIV/HCV co-infected persons with impaired liver function are in an enhanced pro-inflammatory state which is further exacerbated upon interruption of ART AIM To study inflammatory response and nutritional biomarkers in operated endometrial cancer ( EC ) patients . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total 109 consecutive EC patients undergoing open laparotomy ( LT ) , laparoscopic ( LS ) or robot-assisted surgery ( RS ) were studied . Twenty four patients served as controls . Pre- and postoperative levels of inflammatory and nutritional biomarkers were analyzed prospect ively . RESULTS The estimated blood loss was significantly lower in RS compared to all other groups . C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) correlated with each other and exhibited positive correlation with age , body-mass index ( BMI ) , leukocyte count , platelet count , kynurenine , kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and urinary neopterin and a negative correlation with vitamin D and retinol . Hemoglobin , retinol , alpha-tocopherol , vitamin D and citrulline concentrations decreased and inflammatory biomarkers increased after surgery to a different extent in LT , LS , RS and control groups . CONCLUSION The present data demonstrate a differential response to surgical trauma in patients with endometrial carcinoma OBJECTIVE We have recently shown that a high-fat high-carbohydrate ( HFHC ) meal induces an increase in plasma concentrations of endotoxin ( lipopolysaccharide [ LPS ] ) and the expression of Toll-like receptor-4 ( TLR-4 ) and suppresser of cytokine signaling-3 ( SOCS3 ) in mononuclear cells ( MNCs ) in addition to oxidative stress and cellular inflammation . Saturated fat and carbohydrates , components of the HFHC meal , known to induce oxidative stress and inflammation , also induce an increase in LPS , TLR-4 , and SOCS3 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fasting normal subjects were given 300-calorie drinks of either glucose , saturated fat as cream , orange juice , or only water to ingest . Blood sample s were obtained at 0 , 1 , 3 , and 5 h for analysis . RESULTS Indexes of inflammation including nuclear factor-κB ( NF-κB ) binding , and the expression of SOCS3 , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , and interleukin (IL)-1β in MNCs , increased significantly after glucose and cream intake , but TLR-4 expression and plasma LPS concentrations increased only after cream intake . The intake of orange juice or water did not induce any change in any of the indexes measured . CONCLUSIONS Although both glucose and cream induce NF-κB binding and an increase in the expression of SOCS3 , TNF-α , and IL-1β in MNCs , only cream caused an increase in LPS concentration and TLR-4 expression . Equicaloric amounts of orange juice or water did not induce a change in any of these indexes . These changes are relevant to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance BACKGROUND In the present prospect i ve , controlled , observational cohort study , we investigated the effects of the use of a vitamin E-coated membrane dialyser ( VEM ) on markers of chronic inflammation , oxidative stress and endothelial cell apoptosis in end-stage renal disease ( ESRD ) patients on chronic haemodialysis ( HD )  , as long as evidence of their effects on these pathogenetic routes are inconclusive as yet , despite their use for the last several years . METHODS Thirty-five stable ESRD patients underwent HD with the use of VEM for 6 months . Another 25 age- and sex-matched ESRD patients , being dialysed with conventional dialysers , served as controls . In both patient groups , beyond complete haematology and biochemistry work-up , serum CRP , apolipoproteins A1 and B , lipoprotein ( a ) ( Lp(a ) ) , hsIL-6 , MCP-1 , sICAM-1 , sVCAM-1 , sE-selectin , sFas and sFasL as well as plasma oxLDL , TBARS and TAS levels were determined at baseline and at 6 months of the study . RESULTS In the VEM group at 6 months , a significant reduction in CRP ( P = 0.004 ) , IL-6 ( P = 0.004 ) and sICAM-1 ( P = 0.04 ) levels was observed compared with baseline , along with a remarkable change in all markers of oxidative stress , i.e. increase in TAS ( P = 0.005 ) and decrease in TBARS ( P = 0.04 ) and oxLDL ( P < 0.001 ) . No significant changes were noted in the other parameters studied in the VEM group or in any parameter studied in the controls . Between the groups , significant differences were found in the change of CRP ( P = 0.001 ) , sICAM-1 ( P = 0.03 ) and oxLDL ( P = 0.04 ) compared with baseline . CONCLUSIONS HD with the use of VEM result ed in a significant reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress markers . Larger prospect i ve r and omized studies will need to confirm the findings of the present observational study Background Studies show that obese individuals have prolonged elevations in postpr and ial lipemia and an exacerbated inflammatory response to high fat meals , which can increase risk for cardiovascular diseases . As epidemiological studies indicate an association between type of fat and circulating inflammatory markers , the purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of different fat sources on inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight and obese individuals . Methods Eleven overweight and obese subjects consumed three high fat milkshakes rich in monounsaturated fat ( MFA ) , saturated fat ( SFA ) , or long-chain omega 3 polyunsaturated fat ( O3FA ) in r and om order . Blood sample s collected at baseline , 1 , 2 , 4 , and 6 hours postpr and ial were analyzed for markers of inflammation ( soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1 ) , vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( VCAM-1 ) , tumor necrosis factor- α ( TNF-α ) , and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) ) , oxidative stress ( 8-epi-prostagl and in-F2α ( 8-epi ) and nuclear factor-κB ( NF-κB ) ) , and metabolic factors ( glucose , insulin , non-esterified free fatty acids , and triglycerides ( TG ) ) . Results O3FA enhanced NF-kB activation compared to SFA , but did not increase any inflammatory factors measured . Conversely , SFA led to higher ICAM-1 levels than MFA ( p = 0.051 ) , while MFA increased TG more than SFA ( p < 0.05 ) . CRP increased while TNF-α and 8-epi decreased with no difference between treatments . Conclusions While most of the inflammatory factors measured had modest or no change following the meal , ICAM-1 and NF-κB responded differently by meal type . These results are provocative and suggest that type of fat in meals may differentially influence postpr and ial inflammation and endothelial activation Although increased concentrations of plasma inflammatory markers are not one of the criteria to diagnose the metabolic syndrome , low- grade systemic inflammation is receiving large attention as a metabolic syndrome component and cardiovascular risk factor . As several epidemiological studies have suggested a negative relationship between low-fat dairy consumption and the metabolic syndrome , we decided to investigate the effects of low-fat dairy consumption on inflammatory markers and adhesion molecules in overweight and obese subjects in an intervention study . Thirty-five healthy subjects ( BMI > 27 kg/m² ) consumed , in a r and om order , low-fat dairy products ( 500 ml low-fat milk and 150 g low-fat yogurt ) or carbohydrate-rich control products ( 600 ml fruit juice and three fruit biscuits ) daily for 8 weeks . Plasma concentrations of TNF-α were decreased by 0.16 ( SD 0.50 ) pg/ml ( P = 0.070 ) , and soluble TNF-α receptor-1 ( s-TNFR-1 ) was increased by 110.0 ( SD 338.4 ) pg/ml ( P = 0.062 ) after the low-fat dairy period than after the control period . s-TNFR-2 was increased by 227.0 ( SD 449.0 ) pg/ml ( P = 0.020 ) by the dairy intervention . As a result , the TNF-α index , defined as the TNF-α : s-TNFR-2 ratio , was decreased by 0.000053 ( SD 0.00012 ) ( P = 0.015 ) after the dairy diet consumption . Low-fat dairy consumption had no effect on IL-6 , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 , intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 concentrations . The present results indicate that in overweight and obese subjects , low-fat dairy consumption for 8 weeks may increase concentrations of s-TNFR compared with carbohydrate-rich product consumption , but that it has no effects on other markers of chronic inflammation and endothelial function
Moreover , the changes in interleukin 6 concentration was dependent on study quality and intervention duration .
The current meta- analysis indicated that RS intake can improve some inflammatory biomarkers .
This study aim ed to summarize earlier studies on the effects of  RS consumption on the serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers .