A paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischemic heart disease A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease Paleolithic nutrition improves plasma lipid concentrations of hypercholesterolemic adults to a greater extent than traditional heart-healthy dietary recommendations. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study Plant-rich mixed meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles have a dramatic impact on incretin, peptide YY and satiety response, but show little effect on glucose and insulin homeostasis: an acute-effects randomised study. Paleolithic nutrition: twenty-five years later. Postprandial levels of GLP-1, GIP and glucagon after 2 years of weight loss with a Paleolithic diet: a randomised controlled trial in healthy obese women Palaeolithic diet decreases fasting plasma leptin concentrations more than a diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised cross-over trial Randomized control trial evaluation of a modified Paleolithic dietary intervention in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a pilot study Subjective satiety and other experiences of a Paleolithic diet compared to a diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes A heterogeneous response of liver and skeletal muscle fat to the combination of a Paleolithic diet and exercise in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial A Multicomponent Intervention Reduces Body Weight and Cardiovascular Risk at a GEICO Corporate Site A Paleolithic Diet with and without Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Increases Functional Brain Responses and Hippocampal Volume in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Long-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in obese postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized trial Two Healthy Diets Modulate Gut Microbial Community Improving Insulin Sensitivity in a Human Obese Population. Influence of a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern on Body Fat Distribution: Results of the PREDIMED–Canarias Intervention Randomized Trial Relation of the traditional Mediterranean diet to cerebrovascular disease in a Mediterranean population.
Background We found marked improvement of glucose tolerance and lower dietary  energy  intake in ischemic heart disease ( IHD ) patients after advice to follow a Paleolithic diet  , as compared to a Mediterranean-like diet . We now report findings on subjective ratings of satiety at meals and data on the satiety hormone leptin and the soluble leptin receptor from the same study . Methods Twenty-nine male IHD patients with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes type 2 , and waist circumference > 94 cm , were r and omized to ad libitum consumption of a Paleolithic diet ( n = 14 ) based on lean meat , fish , fruit , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs , and nuts , or a Mediterranean-like diet ( n = 15 ) based on whole grains , low-fat dairy products , vegetables , fruit , fish , and oils and margarines during 12 weeks . In parallel with a four day weighed food record the participants recorded their subjective rating of satiety . Satiety Quotients were calculated , as the intra-meal quotient of change in satiety during meal and consumed energy or weight of food and drink for that specific meal . Leptin and leptin receptor was measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks . Free leptin index was calculated as the ratio leptin/leptin receptor . Results The Paleolithic group were as satiated as the Mediterranean group but consumed less energy per day ( 5.8 MJ/day vs. 7.6 MJ/day , Paleolithic vs. Mediterranean , p = 0.04 ) . Consequently , the quotients of mean change in satiety during meal and mean consumed energy from food and drink were higher in the Paleolithic group ( p = 0.03 ) . Also , there was a strong trend for greater Satiety Quotient for energy in the Paleolithic group ( p = 0.057 ) . Leptin decreased by 31 % in the Paleolithic group and by 18 % in the Mediterranean group with a trend for greater relative decrease of leptin in the Paleolithic group . Relative changes in leptin and changes in weight and waist circumference correlated significantly in the Paleolithic group ( p < 0.001 ) but not in the Mediterranean group . Changes in leptin receptor and free leptin index were not significant . Conclusions A Paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a Mediterranean-like diet . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Aims /hypothesisMost studies of diet in glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes have focused on intakes of fat , carbohydrate , fibre , fruits and vegetables . Instead , we aim ed to compare diets that were available during human evolution with more recently introduced ones . Methods Twenty-nine patients with ischaemic heart disease plus either glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes were r and omised to receive ( 1 ) a Palaeolithic ( ‘ Old Stone Age ’ ) diet ( n = 14 ) , based on lean meat , fish , fruits , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs and nuts ; or ( 2 ) a Consensus ( Mediterranean-like ) diet ( n = 15 ) , based on whole grains , low-fat dairy products , vegetables , fruits , fish , oils and margarines . Primary outcome variables were changes in weight , waist circumference and plasma glucose AUC ( AUC Glucose0–120 ) and plasma insulin AUC ( AUC Insulin0–120 ) in OGTTs . Results Over 12 weeks , there was a 26 % decrease of AUC Glucose0–120 ( p = 0.0001 ) in the Palaeolithic group and a 7 % decrease ( p = 0.08 ) in the Consensus group . The larger ( p = 0.001 ) improvement in the Palaeolithic group was independent ( p = 0.0008 ) of change in waist circumference ( −5.6 cm in the Palaeolithic group , −2.9 cm in the Consensus group ; p = 0.03 ) . In the study population as a whole , there was no relationship between change in AUC Glucose0–120 and changes in weight ( r = −0.06 , p = 0.9 ) or waist circumference ( r = 0.01 , p = 1.0 ) . There was a tendency for a larger decrease of AUC Insulin0–120 in the Palaeolithic group , but because of the strong association between change in AUC Insulin0–120 and change in waist circumference ( r = 0.64 , p = 0.0003 ) , this did not remain after multivariate analysis . Conclusions /interpretationA Palaeolithic diet may improve glucose tolerance independently of decreased waist circumference Recent research suggests that traditional grain-based heart-healthy diet recommendations , which replace dietary saturated fat with carbohydrate and reduce total fat intake , may result in unfavorable plasma lipid ratios , with reduced high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) and an elevation of low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and triacylglycerols ( TG ) . The current study tested the hypothesis that a grain-free Paleolithic diet would induce weight loss and improve plasma total cholesterol , HDL , LDL , and TG concentrations in nondiabetic adults with hyperlipidemia to a greater extent than a grain-based heart-healthy diet , based on the recommendations of the American Heart Association . Twenty volunteers ( 10 male and 10 female ) aged 40 to 62 years were selected based on diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia . Volunteers were not taking any cholesterol-lowering medications and adhered to a traditional heart-healthy diet for 4 months , followed by a Paleolithic diet for 4 months . Regression analysis was used to determine whether change in body weight contributed to observed changes in plasma lipid concentrations . Differences in dietary intakes and plasma lipid measures were assessed using repeated- measures analysis of variance . Four months of Paleolithic nutrition significantly lowered ( P < .001 ) mean total cholesterol , LDL , and TG and increased ( P < .001 ) HDL , independent of changes in body weight , relative to both baseline and the traditional heart-healthy diet . Paleolithic nutrition offers promising potential for nutritional management of hyperlipidemia in adults whose lipid profiles have not improved after following more traditional heart-healthy dietary recommendations Background Our aim was to compare the effects of a Paleolithic ( ' Old Stone Age ' ) diet and a diabetes diet as generally recommended on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with insulin . Methods In a r and omized cross-over study , 13 patients with type 2 diabetes , 3 women and 10 men , were instructed to eat a Paleolithic diet based on lean meat , fish , fruits , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs and nuts ; and a Diabetes diet design ed in accordance with dietary guidelines during two consecutive 3-month periods . Outcome variables included changes in weight , waist circumference , serum lipids , C-reactive protein , blood pressure , glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , and areas under the curve for plasma glucose and plasma insulin  in the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test . Dietary intake was evaluated by use of 4-day weighed food records . Results Study participants had on average a diabetes duration of 9 years , a mean HbA1c of 6,6 % units by Mono-S st and ard and were usually treated with metformin alone ( 3 subjects ) or metformin in combination with a sulfonylurea ( 3 subjects ) or a thiazolidinedione ( 3 subjects ) . Mean average dose of metformin was 1031 mg per day . Compared to the diabetes diet , the Paleolithic diet result ed in lower mean values of HbA1c ( -0.4 % units , p = 0.01 ) , triacylglycerol ( -0.4 mmol/L , p = 0.003 ) , diastolic blood pressure ( -4 mmHg , p = 0.03 ) , weight ( -3 kg , p = 0.01 ) , BMI ( -1 kg/m2 , p = 0.04 ) and waist circumference ( -4 cm , p = 0.02 ) , and higher mean values of high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( + 0.08 mmol/L , p = 0.03 ) . The Paleolithic diet was mainly lower in cereals and dairy products , and higher in fruits , vegetables , meat and eggs , as compared with the Diabetes diet . Further , the Paleolithic diet was lower in total energy , energy density , carbohydrate , dietary glycemic load , saturated fatty acids and calcium , and higher in unsaturated fatty acids , dietary cholesterol and several vitamins . Dietary GI was slightly lower in the Paleolithic diet ( GI = 50 ) than in the Diabetic diet ( GI = 55 ) . Conclusion Over a 3-month study period , a Paleolithic diet improved glycemic control and several cardiovascular risk factors compared to a Diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT00435240 There is evidence for health benefits from ' Palaeolithic ' diets ; however , there are a few data on the acute effects of rationally design ed Palaeolithic-type meals . In the present study , we used Palaeolithic diet principles to construct meals comprising readily available ingredients : fish and a variety of plants , selected to be rich in fibre and phyto-nutrients . We investigated the acute effects of  two Palaeolithic-type meals ( PAL 1 and PAL 2 ) and a reference meal based on WHO guidelines ( REF ) , on blood glucose control , gut hormone responses and appetite regulation . Using a r and omised cross-over trial design , healthy subjects were given three meals on separate occasions . PAL2 and REF were matched for energy , protein , fat and carbohydrates ; PAL1 contained more protein and energy . Plasma glucose , insulin , glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) , glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP ) and peptide YY ( PYY ) concentrations were measured over a period of 180 min . Satiation was assessed using electronic visual analogue scale ( EVAS ) scores . GLP-1 and PYY concentrations were significantly increased across 180 min for both PAL1 ( P= 0·001 and P < 0·001 ) and PAL2 ( P= 0·011 and P= 0·003 ) compared with the REF . Concomitant EVAS scores showed increased satiety . By contrast , GIP concentration was significantly suppressed . Positive incremental AUC over 120 min for glucose and insulin did not differ between the meals . Consumption of meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles result ed in significant increases in incretin and anorectic gut hormones and increased perceived satiety . Surprisingly , this was independent of the energy or protein content of the meal and therefore suggests potential benefits for reduced risk of obesity A quarter century has passed since the first publication of the evolutionary discordance hypothesis , according to which departures from the nutrition and activity patterns of our hunter-gatherer ancestors have contributed greatly and in specifically definable ways to the endemic chronic diseases of modern civilization . Refinements of the model have changed it in some respects , but anthropological evidence continues to indicate that ancestral human diets prevalent during our evolution were characterized by much lower levels of refined carbohydrates and sodium , much higher levels of fiber and protein , and comparable levels of fat ( primarily unsaturated fat ) and cholesterol . Physical activity levels were also much higher than current levels , result ing in higher energy throughput . We said at the outset that such evidence could only suggest testable hypotheses and that recommendations must ultimately rest on more conventional epidemiological , clinical , and laboratory studies . Such studies have multiplied and have supported many aspects of our model , to the extent that in some respects , official recommendations today have targets closer to those prevalent among hunter-gatherers than did comparable recommendations 25 years ago . Furthermore , doubts have been raised about the necessity for very low levels of protein , fat , and cholesterol intake common in official recommendations . Most impressively , r and omized controlled trials have begun to confirm the value of  hunter-gatherer diets  in some high-risk groups , even as compared with routinely recommended diets . Much more research needs to be done , but the past quarter century has proven the interest and heuristic value , if not yet the ultimate validity , of the model Objective To investigate how weight loss by different diets impacts postpr and ial levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1 ) , glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP ) and glucagon . Methods In this single-centre , parallel group 2-year trial , 70 healthy postmenopausal obese women were r and omised to the Paleolithic diet or a healthy control diet based on Nordic Nutrition Recommendations . Both diets were without calorie restriction . The primary outcome was the change in fat mass . Here , secondary analyses on GLP-1 , GIP and glucagon measured during an OGTT are described . Results In the Paleolithic diet group , mean weight loss compared to baseline was 11 % at 6 months and 10 % at 24 months . In the control diet group , mean weight loss was 6 % after 6 and 24 months ( P = 0.0001 and P = 0.049 for the comparison between groups at 6 and 24 months respectively ) . Compared to baseline , the mean incremental area under the curve ( iAUC ) for GLP-1 increased by 34 and 45 % after 6 and 24 months in the Paleolithic diet group and increased by 59 % after 24 months in the control diet group . The mean iAUC for GIP increased only in the Paleolithic diet group . The area under the curve ( AUC ) for glucagon increased during the first 6 months in both groups . The fasting glucagon increase correlated with the β-hydroxybutyrate increase . Conclusions Weight loss caused an increase in postpr and ial GLP-1 levels and a further rise occurred during weight maintenance . Postpr and ial GIP levels increased only after the Paleolithic diet . Reduced postpr and ial glucagon suppression may be caused by a catabolic state Abstract Background We have previously shown that a Palaeolithic diet consisting of the typical food groups that our ancestors ate during the Palaeolithic era , improves cardiovascular disease risk factors and glucose control compared to the currently recommended diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes . To eluci date the mechanisms behind these effects , we evaluated fasting plasma concentrations of glucagon , insulin , incretins , ghrelin , C-peptide and adipokines from the same study . Methods In a r and omised , open-label , cross-over study , 13 patients with type 2 diabetes were r and omly assigned to eat a Palaeolithic diet based on lean meat , fish , fruits , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs and nuts , or a diabetes diet design ed in accordance with current diabetes dietary guidelines during two consecutive 3-month periods . The patients were recruited from primary health-care units and included three women and 10 men [ age ( mean ± SD ) 64 ± 6 years ; BMI 30 ± 7 kg/m2 ; diabetes duration 8 ± 5 years ; glycated haemoglobin 6.6 ± 0.6 % ( 57.3 ± 6 mmol/mol ) ] with unaltered diabetes treatment and stable body weight for 3 months prior to the start of the study . Outcome variables included fasting plasma concentrations of leptin , adiponectin , adipsin , visfatin , resistin , glucagon , insulin , C-peptide , glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide , glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin . Dietary intake was evaluated by use of 4-day weighed food records . Results Seven participants started with the Palaeolithic diet and six with the diabetes diet . The Palaeolithic diet result ed in a large effect size ( Cohen ’s d = −1.26 ) at lowering fasting plasma leptin levels compared to the diabetes diet [ mean difference ( 95 % CI ) , −2.3 ( −5.1 to 0.4 ) ng/ml , p = 0.023 ] . No statistically significant differences between the diets for the other variables , analysed in this study , were observed . Conclusions Over a 3-month study period , a Palaeolithic diet result ed in reduced fasting plasma leptin levels , but did not change fasting levels of insulin , C-peptide , glucagon , incretins , ghrelin and adipokines compared to the currently recommended diabetes diet . Trial registration : Clinical Trials.gov Background / objective A Paleolithic diet may improve fatigue and quality of life in progressive multiple sclerosis ( MS ) patients , but past research has evaluated the effects of this dietary intervention in combination with other treatments such as exercise . Thus , the purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate a modified Paleolithic dietary intervention ( MPDI ) in the treatment of fatigue and other symptoms in relapsing-remitting MS ( RRMS ) . Methods We measured the effects of a MPDI in 17 individuals with RRMS . Of 34 subjects r and omly assigned to control ( maintain usual diet ) and intervention ( MPDI ) groups , nine subjects ( one man ) completed the control group and eight subjects ( one man ) completed the MPDI .  Results Significant improvements were seen in Fatigue Severity Scale score and also in Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 and time to complete ( dominant h and ) 9-Hole Peg Test from baseline in MPDI subjects compared to controls . Increased vitamin K serum levels were also observed in MPDI subjects post protocol compared to controls . Conclusion A Paleolithic diet may be useful in the treatment and management of MS , by reducing perceived fatigue , increasing mental and physical quality of life , increasing exercise capacity , and improving h and and leg function . By increasing vitamin K serum levels , the MPDI may also reduce inflammation Background We found marked improvement of glycemic control and several cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes given advice to follow a Paleolithic diet  , as compared to a diabetes diet . We now report findings on subjective ratings of satiety at meal times and participants ’ other experiences of the two diets from the same study . Methods In a r and omized cross-over study , 13 patients with type 2 diabetes ( 3 women and 10 men ) , were instructed to eat a Paleolithic diet based on lean meat , fish , fruits , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs and nuts , and a diabetes diet design ed in accordance with dietary guidelines , during two consecutive 3-month periods . In parallel with a four-day weighed food record , the participants recorded their subjective rating of satiety . Satiety quotients were calculated as the intra-meal quotient of change in satiety during a meal and consumed energy or weight of food and drink for that specific meal . All participants answered the same three open-ended questions in a survey following each diet : “ What thoughts do you have about this diet ? ” , “ Describe your positive and negative experiences with this diet ” and “ How do you think this diet has affected your health ? ” . Results The participants were equally satiated on both diets . The Paleolithic diet result ed in greater satiety quotients for energy per meal ( p = 0.004 ) , energy density per meal ( p = 0.01 ) and glycemic load per meal ( p = 0.02 ) . The distribution of positive and negative comments from the survey did not differ between the two diets , and the comments were mostly positive . Among comments relating to recurring topics , there was no difference in distribution between the two diets for comments relating to tastelessness , but there was a trend towards more comments on the Paleolithic diet being satiating and improving blood sugar values , and significantly more comments on weight loss and difficulty adhering to the Paleolithic diet . Conclusions A Paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes . The Paleolithic diet was seen as instrumental in weight loss , albeit it was difficult to adhere to . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov : Aims /hypothesisThe aim of the study was to investigate ectopic fat deposition and insulin sensitivity , in a parallel single-blinded r and omised controlled trial , comparing Paleolithic diet alone with the combination of Paleolithic diet and exercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes . Methods Thirty-two individuals with type 2 diabetes with BMI 25–40 kg/m2 and 30–70 years of age followed a Paleolithic diet ad libitum for 12 weeks . In addition , study participants were r and omised by computer program to either supervised combined exercise training ( PD-EX group ) or st and ard care exercise recommendations ( PD group ) . Staff performing examinations and assessing outcomes were blinded to group assignment . Thirteen participants were analysed in each group :  hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity were measured using the hyperinsulinaemic – euglycaemic clamp technique combined with [6,6 - 2H2]glucose infusion , and liver fat was assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; both analyses were secondary endpoints . Intramyocellular lipid ( IMCL ) content was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a secondary analysis . All examinations were performed at Umeå University Hospital , Umeå , Sweden . Results Both study groups showed a median body weight loss of 7 kg . Fat mass decreased by 5.7 kg in the PD group and by 6.5 kg in the PD-EX group . Maximum oxygen uptake increased in the PD-EX group only . Liver fat showed a consistent reduction ( 74 % decrease ) in the PD group , while the response in the PD-EX group was heterogeneous ( p < 0.05 for the difference between groups ) . IMCL content of the soleus muscle decreased by 40 % in the PD group and by 22 % in the PD-EX group ( p < 0.05 for the difference between groups ) . Both groups improved their peripheral and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity , but not their hepatic insulin sensitivity . Plasma fetuin-A decreased by 11 % in the PD group ( p < 0.05 ) and remained unchanged in the PD-EX group . Liver fat changes during the intervention were correlated with changes in fetuin-A ( rS = 0.63 , p < 0.01 ) . Participants did not report any important adverse events caused by the intervention . Conclusions /interpretationA Paleolithic diet reduced liver fat and IMCL content , while there was a tissue-specific heterogeneous response to added exercise training . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01513798 Funding Swedish Diabetes Research Foundation , County Council of Västerbotten , Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation , King Gustav V and Queen Victoria ’s Purpose . To determine whether a multicomponent nutrition intervention program at a corporate site reduces body weight and improves other cardiovascular risk factors in overweight individuals . Design . Prospect i ve clinical intervention study . Subjects/ Setting . Employees of the Government Employees Insurance Company ( GEICO ) ( N = 113 ) , aged 21 to 65 years , with a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 and /or previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes . Intervention . A 22-week intervention including a low-fat , vegan diet . Measures . Changes in body weight , anthropometric measures , blood pressure , lipid profile , and dietary intake . Analysis . Multivariate analyses of variance were calculated for clinical and nutrient measures , followed by univariate analyses of variance , to determine the significance of differences between groups in changes over time . Results . Intervention-group participants  experienced greater weight changes compared with control-group participants ( mean , – 5.1 [ SE , .6 ] kg vs. + .1 [ SE , .6 ] kg , p < .0001 ) , as well as greater changes in waist circumference ( mean , – 4.7 [ SE , .6 ] cm vs. + .8 [ SE , .6 ] cm , p < .0001 ) and waist : hip ratio ( mean , – .006 [ SE , .003 ] vs. + .014 [ SE , .005 ] , p = .0007 ) . Weight loss of 5 % of body weight was more frequently observed in the intervention group ( 48.5 % ) compared with the control group ( 11.1 % ) ( χ2[1 , N= 113 ] = 16.99 , p < .0001 ) . Conclusions . Among individuals volunteering for a 22-week worksite research study , an intervention using a low-fat , vegan diet effectively reduced body weight and waist circumference Type 2 diabetes is associated with impaired episodic memory functions and increased risk of different dementing disorders . Diet and exercise may potentially reverse these impairments . In this study , sedentary individuals with type 2 diabetes treated by lifestyle ± metformin were r and omized  to a Paleolithic diet ( PD , n = 12 ) with and without high intensity exercise ( PDEX , n = 12 ) for 12 weeks . Episodic memory function , associated functional brain responses and hippocampal gray matter volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging . A matched , but not r and omized , non-interventional group was included as a reference ( n = 6 ) . The PD included a high intake of unsaturated fatty acids and protein , and excluded the intake of dairy products , grains , refined sugar and salt . The exercise intervention consisted of 180 min of supervised aerobic and resistance exercise per week . Both interventions induced a significant weight loss , improved insulin sensitivity and increased peak oxygen uptake without any significant group differences . Furthermore , both interventions were associated with increased functional brain responses within the right anterior hippocampus , right inferior occipital gyrus and increased volume of the right posterior hippocampus . There were no changes in memory performance . We conclude that life-style modification may improve neuronal plasticity in brain areas linked to cognitive function in type 2 diabetes . Putative long-term effects on cognitive functions including decreased risk of dementing disorders await further studies . Clinical trials registration number : Clinical trials . gov NCT01513798 Background / Objectives : Short-term studies have suggested beneficial effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet ( PD ) on body weight and metabolic balance . We now report the long-term effects of a PD on anthropometric measurements and metabolic balance in obese postmenopausal women , in comparison with a diet according to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR).Subjects/ Methods : Seventy obese postmenopausal women ( mean age 60 years , body mass index 33 kg/m2 ) were assigned to an ad libitum PD or NNR diet in a 2-year r and omized controlled trial . The primary outcome was change in fat mass as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Results : Both groups significantly decreased total fat mass at 6 months ( −6.5 and −2.6 kg ) and 24 months ( −4.6 and −2.9 kg ) , with a more pronounced fat loss in the PD group at 6 months ( P<0.001 ) but not at 24 months ( P=0.095 ) . Waist circumference and sagittal diameter also decreased in both the groups , with a more pronounced decrease in the PD group at 6 months ( −11.1 vs−5.8 cm , P=0.001 and −3.7 vs−2.0 cm , P<0.001 , respectively ) . Triglyceride levels decreased significantly more at 6 and 24 months in the PD group than in the NNR group ( P<0.001 and P=0.004 ) . Nitrogen excretion did not differ between the groups . Conclusions : A PD has greater beneficial effects vs an NNR diet regarding fat mass , abdominal obesity and triglyceride levels in obese postmenopausal women ; effects not sustained for anthropometric measurements at 24 months . Adherence to protein intake was poor in  the PD group . The long-term consequences of these changes remain to be studied CONTEXT Gut microbiota , which acts collectively as a fully integrated organ in the host metabolism , can be shaped by long-term dietary interventions after a specific diet . OBJECTIVE The aim was to study the changes in microbiota after 1 year 's consumption of a Mediterranean diet ( Med diet ) or a low-fat , high-complex carbohydrate diet ( LFHCC diet ) in an obese population . DESIGN Participants were r and omized to receive the Med diet ( 35 % fat , 22 % monounsaturated ) and the LFHCC diet ( 28 % fat , 12 % monounsaturated ) . SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The study was conducted in 20 obese patients ( men ) within the Coronary Diet Intervention With Olive Oil and Cardiovascular Prevention ( CORDIOPREV ) study , an ongoing prospect i ve , r and omized , opened , controlled trial in patients with coronary heart disease . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE We evaluated the bacterial composition and its relationship with the whole fecal and plasma metabolome . RESULTS The LFHCC diet increased the Prevotella and decreased the Roseburia genera , whereas the Med diet decreased the Prevotella and increased the Roseburia and Oscillospira genera ( P = .028 , .002 , and .016 , respectively ) . The abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis ( P = .025 ) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ( P = .020 ) increased after long-term consumption of the Med diet and the LFHCC diet , respectively . The changes in the abundance of 7 of 572 metabolites found in feces , including mainly amino acid , peptide , and sphingolipid metabolism , could be linked to the changes in the gut microbiota . CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that long-term consumption of the Med and LFHCC diets exerts a protective effect on the development of type 2 diabetes by different specific changes in the gut microbiota , increasing the abundance of the Roseburia genus and F. prausnitzii , respectively Objective : To assess the influence of a Mediterranean dietary pattern ( MeDiet ) on anthropometric and body composition parameters in one of the centers of the PREDIMED r and omized dietary trial . Subjects/ Setting s : 351 Canarian free-living subjects aged 55 to 80 years , with type 2 diabetes or ≥3 cardiovascular risk factors . Intervention : Participants were r and omly assigned to one of 3 different dietary interventions : MeDiet + extra-virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) , MeDiet + nuts ( walnuts , almonds , and hazelnuts ) , or a control low-fat diet . Total energy intake was ad libitum . Outcome measures : Measures included changes in anthropometric measures ( weight , body mass index [ BMI ] and waist circumference [ WC ] ) , body fat distribution , energy , and nutrient intake after 1 year . Body composition ( percentage of total body fat [ % TBF ] , total fat mass [ TFM ] , free fat mass [ FFM ] , percentage of truncal fat [ % TrF ] , truncal fat mass [ TrFM ] ) and total body water ( TBW ) were estimated by octapolar electrical impedance analysis . Statistical analyses : Paired t tests were conducted to assess within-group changes . Analyses of variance ( ANOVAs ) were used to assess the effect of the dietary intervention on the percentage change in anthropometric variables , body composition , and dietary intake profile . All pairwise comparisons that were statistically significant in ANOVA were subsequently adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg test , which penalizes for multiple comparisons . Results : After 1 year of intervention , significant within-group reductions in all anthropometric variables were observed for the MeDiet + EVOO and the control group . The MeDiet + nuts group exhibited a significant reduction in WC and TBW . The control group showed a significant increase in % TBF and a reduction in TBW . The control group showed a significant increase in the percentage of total body fat and a reduction in TBW . However , we did not find any between-group significant difference in anthropometric or body composition changes . Conclusions : Mediterranean diets enriched with EVOO or specific mixed nuts ( walnuts , almonds , hazelnuts ) that contain approximately 40 % total fat can be alternative options to low-fat diets for weight maintenance regimes in older overweight or obese adults The authors aim ed to evaluate the association of the traditional Mediterranean diet and major food groups with incidence of and mortality from cerebrovascular disease ( CBVD ) in a Mediterranean population . The study population was a cohort of 23,601 participants from the Greek segment of the EPIC Study ( European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ) who were free of cardiovascular diseases and cancer at baseline ( 1994 - 1999 ) .  Diet was assessed by means of a vali date d food frequency question naire . A 10-point scale integrating key Mediterranean diet characteristics was used to assess the participants ' degree of adherence to this diet . During a median follow-up period of 10.6 years ( 1994 - 2009 ) , 395 confirmed incident cases and 196 deaths from CBVD were recorded . Using Cox proportional hazards regression and adjusting for potential confounders , increased adherence to the Mediterranean diet , as measured by 2-point increments in score , was inversely associated with CBVD incidence ( adjusted hazard ratio = 0.85 , 95 % confidence interval : 0.74 , 0.96 ) and mortality ( adjusted hazard ratio = 0.88 , 95 % CI : 0.73 , 1.06 ) . These inverse trends were mostly evident among women and with respect to ischemic rather than hemorrhagic CBVD and were largely driven by consumption of vegetables , legumes , and olive oil . These data provide support for an inverse association of adherence to the Mediterranean diet with CBVD incidence and mortality
The analysis showed a positive association of adopting the Paleolithic diet in relation to weight loss .
Conclusion The Paleolithic diet may assist in controlling weight and waist circumference and in the management of chronic diseases .
Background The Paleolithic diet has been studied in the scope of prevention and control of chronic noncommunicable diseases ( CNCD ) .
The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the Paleolithic diet on the prevention and control of CNCD in humans , specifically on anthropometric markers , through a systematic review with meta- analysis .
Methods What is the effect of the Paleolithic diet on anthropometric parameters ( weight , body mass index and waist circumference ) compared to other control diets based on recommendations in adults ?