Effects of Oral L-Carnitine Supplementation on Leptin and Adiponectin Levels and Body Weight of Hemodialysis Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial. L-carnitine supplementation and adipokines in patients with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis. Effects of L-carnitine supplement on serum inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein, lipoprotein (a), and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with Lp (a) hyperlipoproteinemia. L-carnitine supplementation in hemodialysis patients. Safety Measures of L‐Carnitine L‐Tartrate Supplementation in Healthy Men Effects of L-Carnitine supplement on plasma coagulation and anticoagulation factors in hemodialysis patients Efficacy of L-Carnitine in Reducing Hyperammonaemia and Improving Neuropsychological Test Performance in Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis Quality of life during and between hemodialysis treatments: role of L-carnitine supplementation. Correlation between increased serum and tissue L-carnitine levels and improved muscle symptoms in hemodialyzed patients. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of L-carnitine in suspected acute myocardial infarction. L-carnitine supplementation for the management of fatigue in patients with cancer: an eastern cooperative oncology group phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. L-carnitine infusions may suppress serum C-reactive protein and improve nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis patients. l-carnitine as an Adjunct Therapy to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Effect of Oral L-Carnitine Administration on Insulin Sensitivity and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Results of a single blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to study the effect of intravenous L-carnitine supplementation on health-related quality of life in Indian patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation in comparison with moderate aerobic training on serum inflammatory parameters in healthy obese women. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on respiratory distress syndrome development and prognosis in premature infants: A single blind randomized controlled trial.
INTRODUCTION Carnitine supplementation may improve the general health and quality of life of hemodialysis patients by improving adipokines levels . The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on leptin levels , adiponectin levels , and body weight of hemodialysis patients . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Fifty hemodialysis patients were r and omly divided into the carnitine group , who received oral L-carnitine , 1 g/L for 3 months , and the control group . Anthropometric measurements and serum levels of adipokines were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention . RESULTS Forty-two participants completed the study . Serum leptin concentrations decreased after 12 weeks of the intervention in both groups , but these changes were not significant . The mean change of leptin concentration were , -1.7 ± 19.0 µg/mL and -7.1 ± 20.0 µg/mL in the carnitine group and the control group , respectively ( P = .39 ) . The mean adiponectin levels at baseline and after the intervention were 8.6 ± 11.19 µg/mL and 9.8 ± 4.1 µg/mL in the carnitine group ( P = .67 ) and 5.0 ± 2.5 µg/mL and 11.2 ± 5.4 µg/mL in the control group , respectively ( P < .001 ) . Serum adiponectin levels increased significantly in the control group only . The decrease in body mass index was not significant . CONCLUSIONS This study showed that a daily supplementation of 1000 mg oral syrup of L-carnitine for 12 weeks did not affect leptin and adiponectin levels or the body weight or body mass index of hemodialysis patients Chronic hemodialysis ( HD ) patients frequently encounter carnitine depletion , elevated adipose tissue-derived hormones/cytokines , that may contribute to accelerated arteriosclerosis . 10 non-diabetic HD patients were studied over 28 weeks . In the 12 weeks treatment period 1 g L-carnitine was given iv after each HD session . Measurements of plasma free- and acylcarnitines , insulin , leptin , adiponectin , resistin and ghrelin were performed at baseline , at weeks 2 , 4 , 8 , 12 ( treatment period ) and at weeks 24 - 28 ( post-treatment period ) . L-carnitine supplementation result ed in progressive increase of free- and acylcarnitine levels . Plasma levels of insulin , resistin , leptin and ghrelin remained at the already elevated baseline values . L-carnitine therapy induced a significant increase in plasma adiponectin from 20.2 ± 12.7 μg/ml ( baseline ) to 32.7 ± 20.2 μg/ml in week 2 ( p<0.05 ) and 35.4 ± 19.6 μg/ml in week 12 ( p < 0.03 ) , which remained unchanged in the post-carnitine period . Plasma insulin levels correlated positively with leptin ( r = 0.525 , p<0.0001 ) and resistin ( r = 0.284 , p<0.005 ) ; adiponectin levels correlated inversely with leptin ( r = -0.255 , p<0.02 ) and resistin ( r = -0.213 , p<0.04 ) irrespective of carnitine status . Plasma levels of adipokines and related hormones are greatly elevated in patients on regular HD  . L-carnitine administration further augmented the plasma levels of protective adiponectin , therefore it may have a role in preventing cardiovascular complications of uremia Inflammation , oxidative stress , and high concentration of serum lipoprotein ( a ) [ Lp ( a ) ] are common complications in hemodialysis patients . The present study was design ed to investigate the effects of L-carnitine supplement on serum inflammatory cytokines , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , Lp ( a ) , and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with Lp ( a ) hyperlipoproteinemia [ hyper Lp ( a ) ] . This was an unblinded , r and omized clinical trial . Thirty-six hyper Lp ( a ) hemodialysis patients ( 23 men and 13 women ) were r and omly assigned to either a carnitine or control group . Patients in the carnitine group received 1000 mg/d oral L-carnitine for 12 weeks , whereas patients in the control group did not receive any L-carnitine supplement . At baseline and the end of week 12 , 5 mL of blood were collected after a 12- to 14-hours fast and serum free carnitine , CRP , interleukin-1β , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α , Lp ( a ) , and oxidized low-density lipoprotein were measured . Serum free carnitine concentration increased significantly by 86 % in the carnitine group at the end of week 12 compared with baseline ( P<0.001 ) , while serum CRP and IL-6 showed a significant decrease of 29 % ( P<0.05 ) and 61 % ( P<0.001 ) , respectively . No significant changes were observed in serum free carnitine , CRP , and IL-6 in the control group . There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean changes of serum interleukin-1β , tumor necrosis factor-α , Lp ( a ) , and oxidized low-density lipoprotein concentrations . L-carnitine supplement  reduces inflammation in hemodialysis patients , but has no effect on hyper Lp ( a ) and oxidative stress L-Carnitine supplementation has shown beneficial effects in patients on hemodialysis . We studied 36 ESRD adult patients with a mean age of 47.5 + /- 15 years to evaluate the effect of L-Carnitine supplementation on hemoglobin , lipid levels and physical performance in patients on hemodialysis . The study group consisted of 18 r and omly selected patients who received L-Carnitine 15 mg/kg  and the  control group consisted of 18 r and omly selected patients who received equal volume of normal saline as a placebo three times a week for six months . Laboratory tests were performed at baseline , then monthly until the end of the study . A significant increase in the hemoglobin ( Hb ) and hematocrit ( HCT ) in the presence of unchanged doses of erythropoietin hormonal supplementation was observed ( pre 79 + /- 7.5 gm/l , post 103 + /- 10.6 gm/l ) P < 0.001 ( pre 24+/- 2 % , post 33 + /- 4 % ) P < 0.001 respectively ) in the L-Carnitine treated group . Similarly total serum cholesterol ( TCL ) and serum triglyceride ( TG ) levels showed a statistically significant decrease in the study group , TCL ( pre 4.6 + /- 1.2 , post 3.7 + /- 1.1 mmol/L ) , P < 0.03 and TG ( pre 3.1 + /- 1.7 , post 1.8 + /- 0.6 mmol/L ) P < 0.004 . The physical performance as assessed by mild and moderate exercise showed a trend towards improvement . There was a significant increase in free carnitine and total carnitine levels in the L-Carnitine treated group . In conclusion , these results demostrate positive effect of L-Carnitine supplementation in the hemodialysis patients marked by an increase in Hb , HCT , a decrease in TCL and TG and improved physical performance in comparison to the control group The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of ingestion of L-CARNIPURE ( L-carnitine L-tartrate [ LCLT ] ) on alterations in a complete blood cell profile and in circulating metabolic enzymes . Using a balanced , placebo ( P ) , cross-over design ( 1 week washout ) , 10 healthy , active men volunteered and acted as their own control taking either a  P or LCLT supplement ( 3 gday−1 ) for 3 weeks  . Postabsorptive morning blood sample s were obtained both before and after 21 days of P and LCLT supplementation . Serum sample s were analyzed for clinical chemistries including a complete chemistry panel with markers of liver and renal function along with various minerals and electrolytes . In addition , whole blood was analyzed for a complete blood count with differential . It was determined that there were no statistically significant differences between the LCLT and the placebo conditions for any of the variables examined . The results of this study suggest that LCLT , when used as a dietary supplement , has no adverse effects on metabolic and hemato-logical safety variables in normally healthy en Background : Hypercoagulability is an important risk factor for thrombosis and its complications in hemodialysis patients . This study was design ed to investigate the effects of l-carnitine supplement on plasma coagulation and anticoagulation factors in hemodialysis patients . Methods : Thirty-six hemodialysis patients were r and omly assigned to either a carnitine or a placebo group . Patients in the carnitine group received 1000 mg/day oral l-carnitine for 12 weeks , whereas patients in the placebo group received a corresponding placebo . At baseline and the end of week 12 , 5 mL blood was collected after a 12- to 14-hour fast and plasma fibrinogen concentration , activity of plasma protein C , coagulation factors V , VII , IX , and serum concentrations of tissue plasminogen activator ( tPA ) , plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 ( PAI-1 ) , free carnitine , and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) were measured . Results : In the carnitine group , mean serum free carnitine concentration increased significantly to 150 % of baseline ( p < 0.001 ) , whereas plasma fibrinogen and serum CRP had 98 mg/dL ( p < 0.01 ) and 41 % ( p < 0.01 ) significant decreases , respectively , at the end of week 12 compared with baseline . The reductions were significant compared with the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . No significant differences were observed between the two groups with regard to mean changes of the activity of plasma protein C , coagulation factors V , VII , IX , and serum PAI-1 to tPA ratio . Conclusion : l-Carnitine supplement reduces serum CRP , a marker of systemic inflammation , and plasma fibrinogen , an inflammation-related coagulation factor , in hemodialysis patients . Therefore , l-carnitine may play an effective role in preventing cardiovascular diseases in these patients Abstract Objectives : To determine the efficacy of L-carnitine in reducing hyperammonaemia and improving neuropsychological performance in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and sub clinical hepatic encephalopathy ( SHE ) . Design : R and omised , parallel group , controlled trial . Patients and Methods : The study enrolled 31 patients with hepatic cirrhosis result ing from hepatitis C and /or hepatitis B , alcohol abuse and other causes . Patients r and omised to active treatment , received oral L-carnitine 6 g/day in two divided doses for 4 weeks . Diagnosis of SHE was based on psychometric tests ( subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery ) carried out at beginning and end of study . Serum ammonia levels were measured before treatment and weekly thereafter . Results : A total of 27 patients completed the study . Sixteen patients received L-carnitine and 11 served as controls ( no treatment ) . L-carnitine caused rapid and significant reductions in ammonia levels , sustained over the 4-week treatment period ( mean reductions 60.1 and 1.4 ( μmol/L in the treated and control groups , respectively ) . Normal ammonia levels were attained in 14 of 16 patients receiving L-carnitine . Based on psychometric test results , seven patients ( 43.7 % ) in the L-carnitine group and five ( 45.5 % ) in the control group had SHE at baseline . L-carnitine treatment for 4 weeks caused a net overall improvement in psychometric test results compared with controls . No clinical ly significant adverse events were reported and all patients receiving L-carnitine reported subjective improvements in their condition . Conclusions : Results of this preliminary study indicate that L-carnitine reduces hyperammonaemia and improves the clinical symptoms of SHE in patients with hepatic cirrhosis End-stage renal disease affects every aspect of a patient 's life , including perception of health and quality of life . It is likely that a hemodialysis patient 's perceptions of health-related quality of life directly influence compliance with medical , nursing , and nutritional prescriptions . Because L-carnitine supplementation is known to enhance muscle strength and energy in hemodialysis patients , we hypothesized that L-carnitine supplementation would enhance a hemodialysis patient 's perception of health-related quality of life . To test this hypothesis , 1 g L-carnitine or placebo was administered orally to 101 patients immediately before and after every hemodialysis treatment for 6 months . To assess health-related quality of life from the patient 's perspective , the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 instrument was administered before the study and at 1.5-month intervals for the duration of the study . In addition , a 10-item question naire design ed to assess common intradialytic symptoms was administered at the end of each dialysis treatment . Other parameters analyzed included Kt/V(urea ) and level of nutrition . In the 6-month group , oral L-carnitine supplementation had an early positive effect on general health ( P < 0.02 ) and physical function ( P < 0.03 ) , but the perceived effect was not sustained throughout the 6 months of the study . In the 3-month group , L-carnitine supplementation improved vitality ( P < 0.02 ) and general health ( P < 0.01 ) . There was no association between Kt/V(urea ) and perceived health-related quality of life . Serum albumin concentration was directly correlated to how patients perceived the quality of their lives A group of 14 uremic patients on intermittent hemodialysis was admitted to a cross-over double-blind trial in order to evaluate serum and muscle carnitine levels before and after 60 days of L-carnitine oral ( 2 g/day ) treatment . The morphology of muscle fragments was studied by light and electron microscopy . Symptoms ( asthenia , cramps ) occurring during hemodialysis were also recorded . After L-carnitine treatment the blood and muscle levels of the metabolite increased simultaneously to reduced asthenia and cramps . Morphological examination of the muscle of 13 of 14 patients did not reveal any pre- or posttreatment pathological alterations . The presence of nemaline rods was morphologically diagnosed in only one case and was no longer observed at the second biopsy at 2 months of L-carnitine treatment In a r and omised , double-blind placebo-controlled trial , the effects of the administration of oral L-carnitine ( 2 g/day ) for 28 days were compared in the management of 51 ( carnitine group ) and 50 ( placebo group ) patients with suspected acute myocardial infa rct ion . At study entry , the extent of cardiac disease , cardiac enzymes and lipid peroxides were comparable between the groups , although both groups showed an increase in cardiac enzymes and lipid peroxides . At the end of the 28-day treatment period , the mean infa rct size assessed by cardiac enzymes showed a significant reduction in the carnitine group compared to placebo . Electrocardiographic assessment of infa rct size revealed that the QRS-score was significantly less in the carnitine group compared to placebo ( 7.4 + /- 1.2 vs 10.7 + /- 2.0 ) , while serum aspartate transaminase and lipid peroxides showed significant reduction in the carnitine group . Lactate dehydrogenase measured on the sixth or seventh day following infa rct ion showed a smaller rise in the carnitine group compared to placebo . Angina pectoris ( 17.6 vs 36.0 % ) , New York Heart Association class III and IV heart failure plus left ventricular enlargement ( 23.4 vs 36.0 % ) and total arrhythmias ( 13.7 vs 28.0 % ) were significantly less in the carnitine group compared to placebo . Total cardiac events including cardiac deaths and nonfatal infa rct ion were 15.6 % in the carnitine group vs 26.0 % in the placebo group . It is possible that L-carnitine supplementation in patients with suspected acute myocardial infa rct ion may be protective against cardiac necrosis and complications during the first 28 days PURPOSE L-carnitine , a popular complementary and alternative medicine product , is used by patients with cancer for the treatment of fatigue , the most commonly reported symptom in this patient population . The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of L-carnitine supplementation as a treatment for fatigue in patients with cancer . PATIENTS AND METHODS In this double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , patients with invasive malignancies and fatigue were r and omly assigned to either 2 g/d of L-carnitine oral supplementation or matching placebo . The primary end point was the change in average daily fatigue from baseline to week 4 using the Brief Fatigue Inventory ( BFI ) . RESULTS Three hundred seventy-six patients were r and omly assigned to treatment with L-carnitine supplementation or placebo . L-carnitine supplementation result ed in significant carnitine plasma level increase by week 4 . The primary outcome , fatigue , measured using the BFI , improved in both arms compared with baseline ( L-carnitine : -0.96 , 95 % CI , -1.32 to -0.60 ; placebo : -1.11 , 95 % CI -1.44 to -0.78 ) . There were no statistically significant differences between arms ( P = .57 ) . Secondary outcomes , including fatigue measured by the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue instrument , depression , and pain , did not show significant difference between arms . A separate analysis of patients who were carnitine-deficient at baseline did not show statistically significant improvement in fatigue or other outcomes after L-carnitine supplementation . CONCLUSION Four weeks of 2 g of L-carnitine supplementation did not improve fatigue in patients with invasive malignancies and good performance status Scattered reports indicate that L-carnitine may suppress proinflammatory cytokines in sick individuals without renal disease and may improve protein synthesis or nitrogen balance either in patients without renal disease or in maintenance hemodialysis ( MHD ) or chronic peritoneal dialysis patients . We conducted an experimental study in MHD patients to evaluate the effects of L-carnitine treatment on inflammatory and protein-energy nutritional status .  MHD patients were assigned to receive intravenous injections of L-carnitine 20 mg/kg ( n = 48 ) or placebo ( n = 65 ) thrice weekly at the end of each hemodialysis treatment for 6 months . The carnitine-treated group showed a statistically significant decrease in serum C-reactive protein and increase in serum albumin and transferrin , blood hemoglobin , and body mass index . Conversely , in the placebo-treated group , a significant decrease was reported for serum albumin , serum transferrin , and body mass index , whereas the other considered measures did not change significantly . These preliminary findings suggest that in MHD patients , L-carnitine therapy may suppress inflammation , particularly among those patients with C-reactive protein > or =3 mg/dL , and may improve protein-energy nutritional status Objectives To evaluate the effects of l-carnitine as an adjunct therapy to percutanenous coronary intervention ( PCI ) for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome ( NSTEMI ) . Material s and methods Ninety-six consecutive patients with NSTEMI were r and omized into treatment group ( l-carnitine 5 g IV bolus followed by 10 g/day IV infusion for 3 days ) , and control group .  All patients also underwent PCI  within 24 h from the onset of chest pain . The peak values of creatine kinase-MB and troponin-I before and after PCI were observed . Results In the treatment group , the peak values of creatine kinase-MB were significantly lower than the control group at 12 h and 24 h after PCI ( P < 0.01 ) . The peak values of troponin-I in the treatment group were also lower than the control group at 8 h after PCI ( P < 0.01 ) . Multivariate regression analysis showed that l-carnitine therapy was an independent predictor for the reduction of creatine kinase-MB ( r = 0.596 , P < 0.001 ) or troponin-I ( r = 0.633 , P < 0.001 ) . Conclusion l-carnitine adjunct therapy appears to be associated with a reduced level of cardiac markers in patients with NSTEMI . These results support a larger clinical trial to investigate the effect of l-carnitine on cardiac events following PCI Aim : It was the aim of this study to evaluate the effect of oral L-carnitine administration on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Subjects and Methods : A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in 12 subjects with type 2 diabetes . Six subjects received L-carnitine 1 g orally 3 times a day before meals for a period of 4 weeks . Six other individuals took a placebo for the same period of time , as the control group . Before and after the intervention , insulin sensitivity and the lipid profile were estimated . To assess insulin sensitivity , the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique was performed . Wilcoxon ’s signed rank and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for the statistical analyses . Results : There were no significant differences in basal clinical characteristics between the 2 groups . Insulin sensitivity and the basal lipid profile were similar . There were no significant changes in either group after the intervention in insulin sensitivity ( 3.2 ± 1.2 vs. 4.5 ± 1.7 mg/kg/min , p = 0.115 , and 3.5 ± 0.6 vs. 3.5 ± 0.4 mg/kg/min , p = 0.917 , for the placebo and L-carnitine groups , respectively ) and in lipid profile . Conclusion : L-Carnitine orally administered for a period of 4 weeks did not modify insulin sensitivity or the lipid profile BACKGROUND Carnitine insufficiency is responsible for various co-morbid conditions in maintenance hemodialysis ( MHD ) patients .  L-carnitine supplementation is expected to improve the quality of life ( QoL ) of patients on MHD . AIMS To study the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on QoL of Indian patients on MHD . SETTING AND DESIGN This was a single ( patient ) blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted on patients on MHD attending hemodialysis unit of the study center . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twenty patients on MHD suffering from hemodialysis-related symptoms were r and omly assigned to receive intravenous L-carnitine 20 mg/kg or placebo after every dialysis session for 8 weeks . SF36 ( Short Form with 36 questions ) score for QoL , laboratory investigations and dialysis related symptoms were recorded at baseline and after 8 weeks . Improvement in QoL , laboratory parameters and dialysis related symptoms in the two groups after 8 weeks was compared . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Depending on normality of data , unpaired T test or Mann Whitney U test was used for comparison of change ( 8 weeks-baseline ) in SF36 scores and laboratory parameters observed in the two groups . RESULTS L-carnitine supplementation increased total SF36 score by 18.29 + /- 12.71 ( 95 % CI : 10.41 to 26 ) while placebo result ed in reduction in total SF36 score by 6.4 + /- 16.39 ( 95 % CI : -16.59 to 3.73 ) . L-carnitine also result ed in significant increase in hemoglobin and serum albumin and decrease in serum creatinine as compared to placebo . More patients were relieved of dialysis related symptoms in L-carnitine group . CONCLUSION Intravenous L-carnitine supplementation improves QoL in patients on MHD AIM Obesity is an important worldwide public health problem and considered a disease of chronic low- grade inflammation . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine supplementation in comparison with moderate aerobic exercise training on serum inflammatory parameters in healthy obese women . METHODS In this double-blind r and omized controlled clinical trial , 44 obese women were r and omly assigned to 4 groups ( N.=11 ) as follows : 1 : L-carnitine supplementation ( 2 g/day ) ( CAR ) , 2 : aerobic training + placebo ( EXR+PLA ) , 3 : L-carnitine supplementation + aerobic training ( CAR+EXR ) and 4 : placebo ( PLA ) . All intervention periods were eight weeks and subjects of aerobic training groups underwent 8-week aerobic training protocol ( 3 sessions a week [ 24 sessions ] ) . Body Mass Index , daily dietary intake and serum free L-carnitine , IL-6 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( Hs-CRP ) and IL-10 levels of subjects were measured before and after interventions . RESULTS Interventions had no significant effects on body weight , BMI , daily dietary intake and serum IL-10 levels of subjects in all groups . Serum free L-carnitine concentration increased significantly after interventions in CAR and CAR+EXR groups . Significant decreases of IL-6 were observed in EXR+PLA and CAR+EXR groups compared with placebo group . L-carnitine supplementation plus aerobic training led to significant decrease of serum Hs-CRP levels in CAR+EXR group compared with baseline values . CONCLUSION L-carnitine supplementation did not affect serum IL-6 , Hs-CRP and IL-10 levels in obese women .  Aerobic training alone or in combination with L-carnitine had favorable effect on serum Il-6 and Hs-CRP levels as markers of inflammation in studied subjects The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of L-carnitine therapy on the occurrence and prognosis of respiratory distress syndrome ( RDS ) . A single blind , r and omized controlled trial study was conducted on 130 infants with gestational ages of 28 - 36 weeks . Infants were assigned to experimental groups ( groups 1 and 2 ) and control groups ( groups 3 and 4 ) . Groups 1 and 3 consisted of infants with RDS , and groups 2 and 4 groups were composed of infants without RDS . The experimental groups were treated with carnitine . No statistically significant differences in serum carnitine levels were detected between the study and the control groups on day 1 of treatment ( P=0.06 ) . However , on day 7 of treatment , serum carnitine levels in the experimental groups were significantly increased ( P=0.02 ) , as compared with the control groups . The surfactant requirement value , which is how many rounds of surfactant therapy were required , was 1.56±0.97 in group 1 , and 2.12±0.99 in group 3 ( P<0.001 ) . The mean duration of mechanical ventilation required was 3.04±3.60 days in group 1 , and 4.73±5.63 days in group 3 ( P<0.001 ) . The present results indicate that carnitine supplementation in premature infants with RDS may help to increase carnitine levels , thus decreasing the duration of mechanical ventilation and surfactant requirement
Conclusion l-carnitine consumption does not reduce serum leptin significantly .
However , a significant effect on leptin was observed in diabetic patients and patients who received doses more than 3 mg per day in the course of < 12 weeks
Purpose The actual effects of l-carnitine administration on leptin serum level is inconsistent .
In order to assess the efficacy of l-carnitine supplementation on serum leptin we conducted a meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) .