Olive oil- and fish oil-enriched diets modify plasma lipids and susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in free-living male patients with peripheral vascular disease: the Spanish Nutrition Study. Effect of extra-virgin olive oil and fish-oil supplementation on plasma lipids and susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative alteration in free-living spanish male patients with peripheral vascular disease. Does additional treatment with fish oil mitigate the side effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in dialysis patients? Pitfalls in the use of randomised controlled trials for fish oil studies with cardiac patients. Effect of a 6-month intervention with cooking oils containing a high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (olive and canola oils) compared with control oil in male Asian Indians with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Palm oil and cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial of the effects of hybrid palm oil supplementation on human plasma lipid patterns. Effects of palm olein and olive oil on serum lipids in a Chinese population: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. Benefits of foods supplemented with vegetable oils rich in α-linolenic, stearidonic or docosahexaenoic acid in hypertriglyceridemic subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trail Phenolic content of virgin olive oil improves ischemic reactive hyperemia in hypercholesterolemic patients. A prospective study of plasma fish oil levels and incidence of myocardial infarction in U.S. male physicians. Phytosterols mixed with medium-chain triglycerides and high-oleic canola oil decrease plasma lipids in overweight men. Effects of dietary marine oils and olive oil on fatty acid composition, platelet membrane fluidity, platelet responses, and serum lipids in healthy humans Beneficial effects of polyphenol-rich olive oil in patients with early atherosclerosis The comparative effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma fibrinogen levels: a controlled clinical trial in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. n-3 fatty acids in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on peroxidation of serum lipids in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Effects of differing phenolic content in dietary olive oils on lipids and LDL oxidation
The present study describes a clinical trial in which Spanish patients suffering from peripheral vascular disease ( Fontaine stage II ) were given specific lipid supplements . Design ed as a longitudinal intervention study , patients were provided with olive oil for 3 months , followed by a 3 month wash-out period , then supplemented with a combination of fish oil and olive oil for the final 3 months . Changes in plasma and lipoprotein fatty acid composition and susceptibility of LDL to in vitro oxidation were examined . Furthermore , lipid-supplement-induced changes in LDL properties were measured as relative electrophoretic mobility and macrophage uptake . In addition , thirteen patients not provided with olive oil and fish oil were included as a control group and twenty healthy age-matched individuals were used as a reference group . A complete clinical study and a nutritional survey concerning food habits and lifestyle were performed every 3 months . Yao indices and claudicometry did not change significantly with dietary intervention although changes in plasma lipid composition suggested an improvement in the condition of the patients . The intake of the fish-oil supplement result ed in significantly increased plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20:5n-3 ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( 22:6n-3 ) in comparison with baseline concentrations , olive-oil and control groups . Fish-oil consumption significantly decreased plasma triacylglycerol levels compared with the olive-oil period , control and reference groups . The susceptibility of LDL to Cu-mediated oxidation was lower in the patients consuming olive oil and the fish-oil supplement than in the control group , and the uptake of LDL by macrophages was significantly lower in the group supplemented with fish oil . In conclusion , consumption of olive oil together with a dietary supplement of fish oil may be useful in the nutritional management of patients suffering from peripheral vascular disease in terms of increasing plasma n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreasing susceptibility of LDL to oxidation The aim of this study was to analyse the in vivo effect of a diet rich in extra-virgin olive oil and a fish-oil supplement on plasma and lipoprotein fatty-acid composition and on LDL susceptibility to oxidative modification in free-living Spanish male patients with peripheral vascular disease . A total of 12 patients were included in the experimental group which received extra virgin olive oil and a fish oil supplement ( group OF ) . On the other h and , 13 patients which had refined olive oil as the main visible fat were considered as Control group . Plasma triglycerides decreased significantly after three months of dietary intervention . The LDL and plasma fatty-acid pattern in the group OF was characterized by a significant increase in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids , mainly 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 . The slopes of LDL oxidative susceptibility were similar between baseline and endpoint values in both groups . However , the uptake of oxidized LDL by macrophages was significantly reduced in OF patients in comparison with the Control group . In conclusion , the daily intake of about 40 g/d of extra-virgin olive oil in combination with a daily supplement of 16 g of fish oil for 3 months in patients with peripheral vascular disease leads to a plasma-lipid profile less atherogenic than in patients having refined olive oil as the main visible food fat . The simultaneous consumption of alpha-tocopherol and natural antioxidants provided by extra-virgin olive oil seems to have a protective effect on the LDL susceptibility to oxidative modifications in spite of a higher proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Since fish oil has been reported to reduce platelet aggregability , to reduce blood viscosity by increasing red blood cell deformability and to lower blood pressure , we studied the effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil on the occurrence of adverse effects in patients receiving recombinant human erythropoietin ( rHuEPO ) .  In a prospect i ve , r and omized , double blind cross-over design we studied the effect of daily ingestion of 3 g fish oil versus 3 g corn oil ( placebo ) for 5 months , with a wash-out period of 3 months in between . Thirty-two dialysis patients newly treated with rHuEPO participated . rHuEP0 was given using a low and slow dose regimen ( 25 U/kg twice weekly s.c . ) . Target Hct was 35 % . Blood pressure , red blood cell deformability , plasma viscosity , fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids , and fibrinogen levels were measured at 0 , 5 , 8 and 13 months . In both groups a stable target Hct ( 35 % ) was reached within 3 months . Blood pressure was not significantly different between the groups at any time point . In 4 patients ( 2 on fish oil and 2 on placebo ) antihypertensives had to be increased to regulate blood pressure adequately , whereas shunt occlusion occurred in one patient on placebo . Despite a significant increase in the omega-3 fatty acid content of plasma phospholipids during ingestion of fish oil , no significant changes in red blood cell deformability were observed . Since hypertension and shunt occlusion occurred at rates comparable to those reported in the literature , long-term ingestion of fish oil does not appear to mitigate the side effects of low and slow dose rHuEPO R and omised controlled trials ( RCT ) examining the effects of  fish oil supplementation  on cardiac outcomes have yielded varying results over time . Although RCT are placed at the top of the evidence hierarchy , this methodology arose in the framework of pharmaceutical development . RCT with pharmaceuticals differ in important ways from RCT involving fish oil interventions . In particular , in pharmaceutical RCT , the test agent is present only in the intervention group and not in the control group , whereas in fish oil RCT , n-3 fats are present in the diet and in the tissues of both groups . Also , early phase studies with pharmaceuticals determine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to design the dose of the RCT intervention so that it is in a predicted linear dose-response range . None of this happens in fish oil RCT , and there is evidence that both baseline n-3 intake and tissue levels may be sufficiently high in the dose-response range that it is not possible to demonstrate a clinical effect with a RCT . When these issues are considered , it is possible that the changing pattern of fish consumption and fish oil use over time , especially in cardiac patients , can explain the disparity where benefit was observed in the early fish oil trials but not in the more recent trials OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of dietary intervention with canola or olive oil in comparison with commonly used refined oil in Asian Indians with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) . SUBJECTS AND METHODS This was a 6-month intervention study including 93 males with NAFLD , matched for age and body mass index ( BMI ) . Subjects were r and omized into three groups to receive olive oil ( n=30 ) , canola oil ( n=33 ) , and commonly used soyabean/safflower oil ( control ; n=30 ) as cooking medium ( not exceeding 20 g/day ) along with counseling for therapeutic lifestyle changes . The BMI , fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) and insulin levels , lipids , homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , HOMA denoting β-cell function ( HOMA-βCF ) , and disposition index ( DI ) were measured at pre- and post-intervention . Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and Tukey 's Honestly Significant Difference multiple comparison test procedures . RESULTS Olive oil intervention led to a significant decrease in weight and BMI ( ANOVA , P=0.01 ) compared with the control oil group . In a comparison of olive and canola oil , a significant decrease in fasting insulin level , HOMA-IR , HOMA-βCF , and DI ( P<0.001 ) was observed in the olive oil group . Pre- and post-intervention analysis revealed a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein level ( P=0.004 ) in the olive oil group and a significant decrease in FBG ( P=0.03 ) and triglyceride ( P=0.02 ) levels in the canola oil group . The pre- and post-intervention difference in liver span was significant only in the olive ( 1.14 ± 2 cm ; P<0.05 ) and canola ( 0.66 ± 0.33 cm ; P<0.05 ) oil groups . In the olive and canola oil  groups , post-intervention grading of fatty liver was reduced significantly ( grade I , from 73.3 % to 23.3 % and from 60.5 % to 20 % , respectively [ P<0.01 ] ; grade II , from 20 % to 10 % and from 33.4 % to 3.3 % , respectively [ P<0.01 ] ; and grade III , from 6.7 % to none and from 6.1 % to none , respectively ) . In contrast , in the control oil group no significant change was observed . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest significant improvements in grading of fatty liver , liver span , measures of insulin resistance , and lipids with use of canola and olive oil compared with control oils in Asian Indians with NAFLD This study examines , for the first time , the effect of  hybrid Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis palm oil supplementation on human plasma lipids related to CVD risk factors . One hundred sixty eligible participants were r and omized and assigned to one of the two treatments : 25 mL hybrid palm oil ( HPO group ) or 25 mL extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO group ) daily for 3 months . Fasting venous sample s were obtained at baseline and after 1 , 2 and 3 months for measurement of plasma lipids ( TC , LDL-C , HDL-C and TAGs ) . Changes in body mass index and waist circumference were also assessed . Although there was an overall reduction in TC ( 7.4 % , p < 0.001 ) and in LDL-C ( 15.6 % , p < 0.001 ) , no significant differences were found between the treatment groups in a repeated measures analysis of variance for TC ( p = 0.0525 ) , LDL-C ( p = 0.2356 ) , HDL-C ( p = 0.8293 ) or TAGs ( p = 0.3749 ) . Furthermore , HPO consumption had similar effects on plasma lipids to EVOO , thus providing additional support for the concept that hybrid Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis palm oil can be seen as a " tropical equivalent of olive oil " BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES As the most widely produced edible vegetable oil , palm oil is known as to contain a high level of saturated fatty acid , which was thought to adversely affect serum lipid profiles . However , recent studies have shown no influence or benefits of palm oil on serum lipids . The potential nutritional value of palm oil is attributed to the high mono-unsaturation at the crucial sn2-position of the oil 's triacylglycerols , as with the so-called ' healthy ' olive oil ( OO ) . The aim of this study was to further test this hypothesis and evaluate the effects of consuming palm olein versus olive oil on serum lipid profiles in a Chinese population . METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN In total , 120 participants were recruited from a spinnery in Yixing city and r and omly divided into two groups ( palm olein or olive oil ) to conduct a 2 × 2 crossover trial for 2 months ' intervention with 2-week washout periods . Each participant was provided 48 g of test oil per day . At the end of each period , anthropometry , and blood lipid indices were measured to determine the effects of palm olein and olive oil . RESULTS Palm olein and olive oil consumption had no significantly different effect on BMI , on serum total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triacylglycerol ( TG ) , Apo B , fasting glucose , or insulin concentrations ( all p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS In a dietary crossover trial , palm olein and olive oil had no recognisably different effects on body fatness or blood lipids in a healthy Chinese population Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of foods enriched with vegetable oils varying in their n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile on  cardiovascular risk factors for hypertriglyceridemic subjects . Methods Fifty-nine hypertriglyceridemic subjects ( triglycerides ≥ 1.5 mmol/L ) were included in the r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study . The placebo group received sunflower oil [ linoleic acid ( LA ) group ; 10 g LA/day ] . The intervention groups received linseed oil [ α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) group ; 7 g ALA/day ] , echium oil [ stearidonic acid ( SDA ) group ; 2 g SDA/day ] or microalgae oil [ docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) group ; 2 g DHA/day ] over 10 weeks . Blood sample s were collected at baseline and at the end of each period . Results Total cholesterol ( TC ) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in the LA and ALA groups ( LA : P ≤ 0.01 , ALA : P ≤ 0.05 ) . No changes in blood lipids were observed in the SDA group . Significant increases in TC and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol occurred in the DHA group ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . In the ALA and SDA groups , the content of eicosapentaenoic acid in erythrocyte lipids increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) after 10 weeks ( ALA group : 38 ± 37 % , SDA group : 73 ± 59 % ) . Conclusion Foods enriched with different vegetable oils rich in ALA or SDA are able to increase the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids content in erythrocyte lipids ; echium oil is more potent in comparison with linseed oil . Blood lipids were beneficially modified through the consumption of food products enriched with sunflower , linseed and microalgae oils , whereas echium oil did not affect blood lipids . Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01437930 OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of the phenolic content of virgin olive oil on endothelial reactivity . BACKGROUND Endothelial-dependent vasodilatation is impaired during the postpr and ial state , and oxidative stress could play a key role in its development . METHODS Twenty-one hypercholesterolemic volunteers received two breakfasts , using a r and omized sequential crossover design . Both arms received the same olive oil , but one had its phenolic acid content reduced from 400 to 80 ppm . Ischemic reactive hyperemia ( IRH ) was measured with a laser-Doppler procedure at baseline and 2 h and 4 h after oil intake . Postpr and ial plasma concentrations of lipid fractions , lipoperoxides ( LPO ) , 8-epi prostagl and in-F(2alpha ) , and nitrates/nitrites ( NO(x ) ) were obtained at baseline and after 2 h of the fat meal . RESULTS The intake of the polyphenol-rich breakfast was associated with an improvement in endothelial function , as well as a greater increase in concentrations of NO(x ) ( p < 0.001 ) and a lower increase in LPO ( p < 0.005 ) and 8-epi prostagl and in-F2alpha ( p < 0.001 ) than the ones induced by the low polyphenol fat meal . A positive correlation was found to exist between NO(x ) and enhanced endothelial function at the second hour ( r = 0.669 ; p < 0.01 ) . Furthermore , a negative correlation was found between IRH and LPO ( r = -0.203 ; p < 0.05 ) and 8-epi prostagl and in-F2alpha levels ( r = -0.440 ; p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS A meal containing high-phenolic virgin olive oil improves ischemic reactive hyperemia during the postpr and ial state . This phenomenon might be mediated via reduction in oxidative stress and the increase of nitric oxide metabolites OBJECTIVES This study evaluated whether increased intake of fish oils ( eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids ) might reduce the risk of coronary heart disease .  BACKGROUND Observational and clinical studies have suggested that increased intake of fish oils , as reflected in plasma levels of fish oils , may reduce the risk of myocardial infa rct ion . METHODS A nested case-control study was conducted among the 14,916 participants in the Physicians ' Health Study with a sample of plasma before r and omization . Each participant with myocardial infa rct ion occurring during the first 5 years of follow-up was matched by smoking status and age with a r and omly chosen control participant who had not developed coronary heart disease . RESULTS Mean levels of fish oils  ( with 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] for paired differences and p values ) in case and control participants , expressed as percent of total fatty acids , were , for eicosapentaenoic acid , 0.26 versus 0.25 ( 95 % CI -0.03 to 0.05 , p = 0.70 ) in cholesterol esters and 0.56 versus 0.54 ( 95 % CI -0.04 to 0.09 , p = 0.44 ) in phospholipids , and for docosahexaenoic acid , 0.23 versus 0.24 ( 95 % CI -0.07 to 0.04 , p = 0.64 ) in cholesterol esters and 2.22 versus 2.14 ( 95 % CI -0.10 to 0.27 , p = 0.36 ) in phospholipids . Results adjusted for major cardiovascular risk factors showed a very similar lack of association between fish oil levels and the incidence of myocardial infa rct ion . CONCLUSIONS These results indicate no beneficial effect of increased fish oil consumption on the incidence of a first myocardial infa rct ion . However , the effect of very high levels of fish oils could not be evaluated Phytosterols ( PSs ) have been recently added to various mediums . Nevertheless , matrices with functional properties , such as medium-chain triglycerides ( MCTs ) , should be precisely examined for supplementary advantages . The objective of this study was to identify the existence of combined biological actions of a functional oil enriched in PSs within MCTs and high-oleic canola ( HOC ) , relative to a control ( olive oil ) , in overweight , hyperlipidemic men using a rigorously controlled dietary intervention . Twenty-three overweight , hyperlipidemic men consumed both types of oil in a r and omized , crossover trial for 6 weeks each . Fasted plasma sample s were collected on the first and last 2 days of each study period . Body weight decreased -1.22 + /- 0.35 kg ( P = .0019 ) and -1.68 + /- 0.47 kg ( P = .0016 ) after the 6-week study period in the olive oil and functional oil groups , respectively . The end points for total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) in the functional oil group ( P = .0006 ) were lower than in the olive oil group ( P = .0002 ) . Total cholesterol values decreased from comparable baseline to end point of 4.71 + /- 0.16 mmol/L ( P < .0001 ) in the functional oil phase and 5.14 + /- 0.19 mmol/L ( P = .0001 ) in the olive oil phase ( P = .0592 ) . In addition , LDL-C demonstrated a similar drop , to an end point of 3.12 + /- 0.16 mmol/L ( P < .0001 ) and 3.54 + /- 0.18 mmol/L ( P = .0002 ) , for the functional oil and olive oil groups , respectively , with significant changes ( P = .0221 ) . High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels did not change in either treatment . Triacylglycerol end points decreased in functional oil and olive oil groups ( P = .0195 and .0105 , respectively ) to the same extent from baseline . Results indicate that PSs mixed within an MCT- and HOC-rich matrix lower plasma LDL-C , without significantly changing the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations , in hyperlipidemic , overweight men , and may therefore decrease the risk of cardiovascular events The influence of various dietary marine oils and olive oil on fatty acid composition of  serum and platelets and effects on platelets and serum lipids were investigated as part of an extensive study of the effects of these oils on parameters associated with cardiovascular/thrombotic diseases . Healthy volunteers ( 266 ) consumed 15 mL/d of cod liver oil ( CLO ) ; whale blubber oil ( refined or unrefined ) ; mixtures of seal blubber oil and CLO ; or olive oil/CLO for 12 wk . In the CLO , seal oil/CLO , and whale oil groups , serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) were increased . In platelets , EPA was increased in the CLO , seal/CLO , and olive oil/CLO groups . The localization of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the triacylglycerols did not seem to influence their absorption . Intake of oleic acid is poorly reflected in serum and platelets . No significant differences in triacylglycerols ( IG ) , total cholesterol , or high density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed , even though TG were reduced in the CLO , CLO/seal oil , and whale oil groups . Mean platelet volume increased significantly in both whale oil groups and the CLO/olive oil group . Platelet count was significantly reduced in the refined whale oil group only . Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blood tended to generate less thromboxane B2 in CLO , CLO/seal , and CLO/olive groups . The whale oils tended to reduce in vivo release of β-thromboglobulin . In conclusion , intake of various marine oils causes changes in platelet membranes that are favorably antithrombotic . The combination of CLO and olive oil may produce better effects than these oils given separately . The changes in platelet function are directly associated with alterations of fatty acid composition in platelet membranes Purpose Diets rich in plant-derived polyphenols such as olive oil ( OO ) and /or catechins such as epigallocatechin 3-gallate ( EGCG ) have been shown to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases , potentially by improving endothelial function , an important surrogate for atherosclerosis . The possible augmentation of endothelial function with the combined efforts of OO and EGCG is intriguing , yet unknown . Methods Eighty-two patients with early atherosclerosis ( presence of endothelial dysfunction ) were enrolled in this double-blind , r and omized trial with 52 completing the study . The aim of the study was to compare the effect of a daily intake of 30 ml simple OO , with 30 ml of EGCG-supplemented OO , on endothelial function as well as on inflammation and oxidative stress after a period of 4 months . Endothelial function was assessed noninvasively via peripheral arterial tonometry ( Endo-PAT ® ) . Results After 4 months , when OO and EGCG-supplemented OO groups were combined , OO significantly improved endothelial function ( RHI , 1.59 ± 0.25–1.75 ± 0.45 ; p < 0.05 ) . However , there were no significant differences in results between the two olive oil groups . Interestingly , with OO supplementation there was a significant reduction in inflammatory parameters : sICAM ( 196 to 183 ng/mL , p = < 0.001 ) ; white blood cells ( WBCs ) ( 6.0 × 109/L–5.8 × 109/L , p < 0.05 ) ; monocytes ( 0.48 × 109/L to 0.44 × 109/L , p = 0.05 ) ; lymphocytes ( 1.85 × 109/L to 1.6 × 109/L , p = 0.01 ) ; and platelets ( 242–229 × 109/L , p = 0.047 ) . Conclusions Improvement in endothelial dysfunction in patients with early atherosclerosis in association with significant reduction in leukocytes may suggest an important role of early cellular inflammatory mediators on endothelial function . The current study supports one potential mechanism for the role of olive oil , independent of EGCG , modestly supplemented to a healthy cardiovascular diet It has previously been shown that fish oil supplementation , compared to olive oil , reduces plasma fibrinogen . Presented here are the results of a r and omized , double-blind , crossover controlled trail that compared the effects of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acid supplementation on plasma fibrinogen levels in 10 patients with hyperlipoproteinemia types IIb or IV .  Plasma fibrinogen levels showed statistically significant reductions during both the fish oil and corn oil treatment periods . Other variables related to hemostasis which showed no significant changes from baseline included tissue plasminogen activator activity and inhibitor , protein C antigen , antithrombin III activity , bleeding time , and platelet counts . These data confirm the two previous reports that fish oil supplementation is associated with reductions in plasma fibrinogen levels , thereby modifying a potential nonlipid risk factor for cardiovascular disease . Unlike previous reports , however , n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were also associated with significant reductions in fibrinogen levels . Therefore , it is premature to conclude that the fibrinogen-lowering effects of dietary fish oil are unique to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids BACKGROUND Trials have shown a beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with a previous myocardial infa rct ion or heart failure . We evaluated the potential benefit of such therapy in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors or atherosclerotic vascular disease who had not had a myocardial infa rct ion . METHODS In this double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , we enrolled a cohort of patients who were followed by a network of 860 general practitioners in Italy . Eligible patients were men and women with multiple cardiovascular risk factors or atherosclerotic vascular disease but not myocardial infa rct ion . Patients were r and omly assigned to n-3 fatty acids ( 1 g daily ) or placebo ( olive oil ) . The initially specified primary end point was the cumulative rate of death , nonfatal myocardial infa rct ion , and nonfatal stroke . At 1 year , after the event rate was found to be lower than anticipated , the primary end point was revised as time to death from cardiovascular causes or admission to the hospital for cardiovascular causes . RESULTS Of the 12,513 patients enrolled , 6244 were r and omly assigned to n-3 fatty acids and 6269 to placebo . With a median of 5 years of follow-up , the primary end point occurred in 1478 of 12,505 patients included in the analysis ( 11.8 % ) , of whom 733 of 6239 ( 11.7 % ) had received n-3 fatty acids and 745 of 6266 ( 11.9 % ) had received placebo ( adjusted hazard ratio with n-3 fatty acids , 0.97 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.88 to 1.08 ; P=0.58 ) . The same null results were observed for all the secondary end points . CONCLUSIONS In a large general- practice cohort of patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors , daily treatment with n-3 fatty acids did not reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity . ( Funded by Società Prodotti Antibiotici and others ; Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00317707 . ) Lipid peroxidation may be important in the development of cardiovascular disease , a common cause of mortality and morbidity in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) . We assessed the degree of lipid peroxidation by measuring plasma malondialdehyde , as thiobarbituric acid reacting substances ( TBARS ) , in 23 non-insulin diabetic patients .  Plasma levels of st and ardised alpha-tocopherol ( vitamin E ) , lipid content of whole plasma and lipoprotein fractions , glycosylated haemoglobin , glycosylated low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and fasting blood glucose were also measured . On completion of the baseline studies patients r and omly received either fish oil or matching olive oil capsules in a double blind crossover fashion for 6 weeks followed by a 6 week washout period and a final 6 week treatment phase . Studies , identical to the initial baseline studies , were performed at the end of the of the active treatment periods at 6 and 18 weeks . Treatment with olive oil did not change levels of TBARS , vitamin E or indices of glycaemic control compared with baseline . Total cholesterol and triglyceride ( TG ) content of plasma and lipoprotein fractions were not significantly altered . Treatment with fish oil result ed in elevation of TBARS ( P < 0.001 ) and reduction of vitamin E ( P < 0.01 ) compared with baseline and olive oil treatment . Plasma cholesterol was unchanged . A reduction in plasma TG compared with baseline occurred but failed to reach significance ( P = 0.07 ) . Changes in apo B containing lipoproteins induced by fish oil failed to reach significance . No significant changes were observed in concentration or composition of high density lipoprotein ( HDL ) .  Fish oil treatment showed no change in glycaemic control as assessed by glycosylated haemoglobin and LDL although a rise in fasting blood glucose just failed to reach significance ( P = 0.06 ) . Lipid peroxidation in NIDDM can be exacerbated by dietary fish oil . This potentially adverse reaction may limit the therapeutic use of fish oils in such patients Summary . Background : Evidence from in vitro studies suggests that antioxidant olive oil phenolic compounds can prevent LDL oxidation . However , in vivo evidence in support of this hypothesis is sparse . Aim of the study : to establish the antioxidant effect of olive oils with differences in their phenolic compounds content in humans Methods : A controlled , double blind , cross-over , r and omized , clinical trial using three similar olive oils with increasing phenolic concentration ( from 0 to 150 mg/Kg ) was conducted in 30 healthy volunteers .  Olive oils were administered over three periods of 3 weeks preceded by two-week washout periods . Results : Urinary tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol increased ( p < 0.020 ) , in vivo plasma oxidized LDL decreased ( p = 0.006 ) , and ex vivo resistance of LDL to oxidation increased ( p = 0.012 ) with the phenolic content of the olive oil administered . After virgin olive oil administration , an increase ( p = 0.029 ) was observed in HDL cholesterol levels . Conclusions : Sustained consumption of virgin olive oil with the high phenolic content was more effective in protecting LDL from oxidation and in rising HDL cholesterol levels than that of other type of olive oils . Dose-dependent changes in oxidative stress markers , and phenolic compounds in urine , were observed with the phenolic content of the olive oil administered . Our results support the hypothesis that virgin olive oil consumption could provide benefits in the prevention of oxidative processes
There were no significant effects on Apo lipoprotein A1 and Apo lipoprotein B. Conclusion : This meta- analysis suggested that OO consumption decreased serum TC , LDL-c , and TG less but increased HDL-c more than other plant oils
ABSTRACT Objective : We aim to report a systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) on effects of olive oil consumption compared with other plant oils on blood lipids .