Respiratory training as strategy to prevent cognitive decline in aging: a randomized controlled trial Cerebral oxygenation during hyperoxia-induced increase in exercise tolerance for untrained men Training with supplemental oxygen in patients with COPD and hypoxaemia at peak exercise. Effects of multicomponent training on functional fitness in older adults. Large energetic adaptations of elderly muscle to resistance and endurance training. Ventilatory muscle training in the elderly. Effects of exercise training on frailty in community-dwelling older adults: results of a randomized, controlled trial. The Effect of Strength Training on Functional Fitness in Older Patients with Chronic Lung Disease Enrolled in Pulmonary Rehabilitation Improving aerobic capacity in healthy older adults does not necessarily lead to improved cognitive performance. Older adults recently discharged from the hospital: effect of aerobic interval exercise on health-related quality of life, physical fitness, and physical activity. The effects of a water-based exercise program on strength and functionality of older adults. Exercise: effects on physical functional performance in independent older adults. Oxygen compared to air during exercise training in COPD with exercise-induced desaturation The impact of noninvasive ventilation during the physical training in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Effects of Oxygen Supply During Training on Subjects With COPD Who Are Normoxemic at Rest and During Exercise: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial Effects of interval training at the ventilatory threshold on clinical and cardiorespiratory responses in elderly humans Improved skeletal muscle performance after individualized exercise training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Background Inadequate oxygenation may cause lesions and brain atrophy during aging . Studies show a positive association between pulmonary function and the cognitive performance of individuals from middle age on . Objective To investigate the effect of aerobic physical exercises and respiratory training on the blood oxygenation , pulmonary functions , and cognition of the elderly . Design This was a r and omized and controlled trial with three parallel groups . A total of 195 community-dwelling elderly were assessed for eligibility ; only n=102 were included and allocated into the three groups , but after 6 months , n=68 were analyzed in the final sample . Participants were r and omized into a social interaction group ( the control group ) , an aerobic exercise group ( the “ walking ” group ) , or a respiratory training group ( the “ breathing ” group ) . The main outcome measures were the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale , Wechsler Memory Scale , Wisconsin Card Sorting Test , respiratory muscular strength , cirtometry ( thoracic – abdominal circumference ) ; oxygen saturation in arterial blood ( SpO2 ) , and hemogram . Results No differences were observed for any of the blood parameters . Aerobic exercise and respiratory training were effective in improving the pulmonary parameters . Better cognitive performance was observed for the breathing group as regards abstract ion and mental flexibility . The walking group remained stable in the cognitive performance of most of the tests , except attention . The control group presented worst performance in mental manipulation of information , abstract ion , mental flexibility , and attention . Conclusion Our results showed that both the walking and breathing groups presented improvement of pulmonary function . However , only the breathing group showed improved cognitive function ( abstract ion , mental flexibility ) . The improvement in cognitive functions can not be explained by blood parameters , such as SpO2 , erythrocytes , hemoglobin , and hematocrit This study aim ed to investigate the involvement of cerebral oxygenation in limitation of maximal exercise . We hypothesized that O2 supplementation improves physical performance in relation to its effect on cerebral oxygenation during exercise . Eight untrained men ( age 27 ± 6 years ; $ $ { \dot{\text{V}}}$$O2max 45 ± 8 ml min−1 kg−1 ) performed two r and omized exhaustive ramp exercises on a cycle ergometer ( 1 W/3 s ) under normoxia and hyperoxia ( FIO2 = 0.3 ) . Cerebral ( ΔCOx ) and muscular ( ΔMOx ) oxygenation responses to exercise were monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy . Power outputs corresponding to maximal exercise intensity , to threshold of ΔCOx decline ( ThCOx ) and to the respiratory compensation point ( RCP ) were determined . Power output ( $ $ { \dot{\text{W}}}$$max = 302 ± 20 vs. 319 ± 28 W ) and arterial O2 saturation estimated by pulse oximetry ( SpO2 = 95.7 ± 0.9 vs. 97.0 ± 0.5 % ) at maximal exercise were increased by hyperoxia ( P < 0.05 ) . However , the ΔMOx response during exercise was not significantly modified with hyperoxia . RCP ( 259 ± 17 vs. 281 ± 25 W ) and ThCOx ( 259 ± 23 vs. 288 ± 30 W ) were , however , improved ( P < 0.05 ) with hyperoxia and the ThCOx shift was related to the $ $ { \dot{\text{W}}}$$max improvement with hyperoxia ( r = 0.71 , P < 0.05 ) . The relationship between the change in cerebral oxygenation response to exercise and the performance improvement with hyperoxia supports that cerebral oxygenation is limiting the exercise performance in healthy young subjects Supplemental oxygen has acute beneficial effects on exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . The purpose of this study was to investigate whether oxygen-supplemented training enhances the effects of training while breathing room air in patients with severe COPD . A r and omized controlled trial was performed in 24 patients with severe COPD who developed hypoxaemia during incremental cycle exercise ( arterial oxygen saturation ( Sa , O2 ) < 90 % at peak exercise ) . All patients participated in an in-patient pulmonary rehabilitation programme of 10 weeks duration . They were assigned either to general exercise training while breathing room air ( GET/RA group : forced expiratory volume in one second ( FEV1 ) 38 % of predicted ; arterial oxygen tension ( Pa , O2 ) 10.5 kPa at rest ; Pa , O2 7.3 kPa at peak exercise ) , or to GET while breathing supplemental oxygen ( GET/O2 group : FEV1 29 % pred ; Pa , O2 10.2 kPa at rest ; Pa , O2 7.2 kPa at peak exercise ) . Sa , O2 was not allowed to fall below 90 % during the training . The effects on exercise performance while breathing air and oxygen , and on quality of life were compared . Maximum workload ( Wmax ) significantly increased in the GET/RA group ( mean ( SD ) 17 ( 15 ) W , p<0.01 ) , but not in the GET/O2 group ( 7 ( 25 ) W ) . Six minute walking distance ( 6MWD ) , stair-climbing , weight-lifting exercise ( all while breathing room air ) and quality of life significantly increased in both groups . Acute administration of oxygen improved exercise performance before and after training . Training significantly increased Wmax , peak carbon dioxide production ( V'CO2 ) and 6MWD while breathing oxygen in both groups . Differences between groups were not significant . Pulmonary rehabilitation improved exercise performance and quality of life in both groups . Supplementation of oxygen during the training did not add to the effects of training on room air The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 9-week supervised multicomponent exercise program on functional fitness and body composition in independent older adults . Forty-two adults age 60 - 86 years were r and omly assigned to an exercise or a control group and were evaluated before and after training . The training program consisted of 3 sessions of walking , strengthening , and flexibility exercises per week . The multicomponent training program result ed in significant ( p < .005 ) improvements on the chair st and , arm curl , 6-min walk , and up- and -go tests . The findings of this study indicate that a 9-week training program increased upper and lower body strength , aerobic endurance , and agility/dynamic balance in older adults . The most affected components of functional fitness were lower body strength and aerobic endurance . There was no effect of the 9-week training on body composition This study determined the cellular energetic and structural adaptations of elderly muscle to exercise training .  Forty male and female subjects ( 69.2 + /- 0.6 yr ) were assigned to a control group or 6 mo of endurance ( ET ) or resistance training ( RT ) . We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging to characterize energetic properties and size of the quadriceps femoris muscle . The phosphocreatine and pH changes during exercise yielded the muscle oxidative properties , glycolytic ATP synthesis , and contractile ATP dem and . Muscle biopsies taken from the same site as the magnetic resonance measurements were used to determine myosin heavy chain isoforms , metabolite concentrations , and mitochondrial volume densities . The ET group showed changes in all energetic pathways : oxidative capacity ( + 31 % ) , contractile ATP dem and ( -21 % ) , and glycolytic ATP supply ( -56 % ) . The RT group had a large increase in oxidative capacity ( 57 % ) . Only the RT group exhibited change in structural properties : a rise in mitochondrial volume density ( 31 % ) and muscle size ( 10 % ) . These results demonstrate large energetic , but smaller structural , adaptations by elderly muscle with exercise training . The rise in oxidative properties with both ET and RT suggests that the aerobic pathway is particularly sensitive to exercise training in elderly muscle . Thus elderly muscle remains adaptable to chronic exercise , with large energetic changes accompanying both ET and RT To test the hypothesis that declining ventilatory function in the elderly impairs exercise capacity , we tested maximal exercise capacity and ventilatory function before and after a program of ventilatory muscle training in 25 elderly subjects ( ages 65 - 75 yr ) .  Ventilatory muscle training was performed by means of isocapnic hyperpnea for 30 min/day , 4 days/wk for 8 wk . Before and after the training , we measured maximal exercise capacity by means of an incremental exercise test ( IET ) and ventilatory muscle endurance by means of the maximum sustained ventilatory capacity ( MSVC ) . Ratings of perceived exercise ( RPE ) for breathlessness and leg effort were evaluated each minute by means of a modified Borg scale during both the IET and a 12-min single-stage exercise test ( SST ) performed at approximately 70 % of the maximal exercise capacity . The trained group showed a significant increase in the MSVC , from 71.9 + /- 26.4 to 86.9 + /- 20.9 l/min ( P less than 0.01 ) , whereas the control group showed no change ( 66.3 + /- 22.5 to 65.1 + /- 22.1 l/min ) . In addition , the maximal voluntary ventilation increased in the trained group , from 115 + /- 41 to 135 + /- 36 l/min ( P less than 0.01 ) . Neither the trained nor the control group showed an increase in maximum O2 uptake , maximum CO2 consumption , or maximum minute ventilation during the IET . Evaluation of the RPE during both the IET and SST showed that although there was a small decrease in RPE for breathing and leg discomfort , changes between the control and treated groups were similar . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS OBJECTIVES Although deficits in skeletal muscle strength , gait , balance , and oxygen uptake are potentially reversible causes of frailty , the efficacy of exercise in reversing frailty in community-dwelling older adults has not been proven . The aim of this study was to determine the effects of intensive exercise training ( ET ) on measures of physical frailty in older community-dwelling men and women . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Medical school research center . PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifteen sedentary men and women ( mean age + /- st and ard deviation = 83 + /- 4 ) with mild to moderate physical frailty , as defined by two of the following three criteria : Modified Physical Performance Test ( modified PPT ) score between 18 and 32 , peak oxygen uptake ( VO2 peak ) between 10 and 18 mL/kg/min , and self-report of difficulty or assistance with one basic activity of daily living ( ADL ) , or two instrumental ADLs . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omly assigned to a control group that performed a 9-month low-intensity home exercise program ( control ) or an exercise-training program ( ET ) . The control intervention primarily consisted of flexibility exercises . ET began with 3 months of flexibility , light-resistance , and balance training . During the next 3 months , resistance training was added , and , during the next 3 months , endurance training was added . MEASUREMENTS Modified PPT score , VO2 peak , performance of ADLs as measured by the Older Americans Re sources and Services instrument , and the Functional Status Question naire ( FSQ ) . RESULTS ET result ed in significantly greater improvements than home exercise in three of the four primary outcome measures . Adjusted 95 % confidence bounds on the magnitude of improvement in the ET group compared with the control group were 1.0 to 5.2 points for the modified PPT score , 0.9 to 3.6 mL/kg/min for VO2 peak , and 1.6 to 4.9 points for the FSQ score . CONCLUSIONS Our results show that intensive ET can improve measures of physical function and pre clinical disability in older adults who have impairments in physical performance and oxygen uptake and are not taking hormone replacement therapy better than a low-intensity home exercise program & NA ; The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a strength training‐enhanced program and a traditional pulmonary rehabilitation ( PR ) program on functional fitness ( FF ) in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , using the Senior Fitness Test . Twenty patients were recruited from an outpatient PR program . After completing baseline measures , including muscular strength and the Senior Fitness Test , patients were r and omly assigned to the strength training program ( TR+ST , n = 10 ) or traditional PR program ( TR , n = 10 ) . Patients completed 16 exercise sessions that were conducted twice a week for 8–10 weeks , after which patients repeated outcome measurements . Independent t tests were conducted to determine whether groups differed between measures . Both the TR+ST and TR groups improved on all FF measures . Moderate effect sizes were found for two of the FF measures when the groups were compared . The addition of strength training to PR may have a favorable impact on FF in older patients with COPD The effects of aerobic exercise training in a sample of 85 older adults were investigated . Ss were assigned r and omly to either an aerobic exercise group , a nonaerobic exercise ( yoga ) group , or a waiting-list control group . Following 16 weeks of the group-specific protocol , all of the older Ss received 16 weeks of aerobic exercise training . The older adults demonstrated a significant increase in aerobic capacity ( cardiorespiratory fitness ) . Performance on reaction-time tests of attention and memory retrieval was slower for the older adults than for a comparison group of 24 young adults , and there was no improvement in the older adults ' performance on these tests as a function of aerobic exercise training . Results suggest that exercise-related changes in older adults ' cognitive performance are due either to extended periods of training or to cohort differences between physically active and sedentary individuals OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of high-intensity aerobic interval exercise ( HIA ) with home-based exercise ( HB ) in older adults with chronic disease soon after discharge from the hospital . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Hospital . PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling older adults aged 70 to 92 ( N = 115 ) were recruited while in the hospital . After discharge , they were r and omized to HIA group ( n = 59 ) or HB ( n = 56 ) . INTERVENTION High-intensity aerobic interval exercise ( HIA ) consisted of endurance , strength , and balance exercises . The HB consisted of low-intensity exercises and telephone follow-up from a physical therapist . MEASUREMENTS Health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Survey , physical fitness was measured using the Senior Fitness Test , and physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly . RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis showed that both groups improved their HRQOL and physical activity after 3 months . Improvements on the Senior Fitness Test ( chair st and , arm curl and 6-minute walk ( 6MWT ) ) were significantly greater in the HIA group than the HB group . The mean difference was 25.9 m on the 6MWT ( P = .001 , effect size d = 0.2 ) , 1.3 per 30 seconds on the chair st and s mean ( P = .001 , effect size d = 0.3 ) , and 1.6 per 30 seconds on the arm curl ( P = .001 , effect size d = 0.4 ) . CONCLUSION High-intensity aerobic interval exercise ( HIA ) participants significantly improved their physical fitness . Both groups increased their HRQOL and physical activity . The findings suggest that exercise therapy should be incorporated as a part of the treatment for older people at risk for functional decline OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects of a water-based exercise program on peak torque ( PT ) and rate of torque development ( RTD ) during maximal voluntary ballistic isometric contractions of the lower limb muscles and the performance of a number of functional tests in the elderly . METHOD Thirty-seven elderly were r and omly assigned to water-based training ( 3 d/wk for 12 wk ) or a control group .  Extensor and flexor PT and RTD of the ankle , knee , and hip joints and functional tests were evaluated before and after training . RESULTS PT increased after training for the hip flexors ( 18 % ) and extensors ( 40 % ) and the plantar-flexor ( 42 % ) muscles in the water-based group . RTD increased after training for the hip-extensor ( 10 % ) , knee-extensor ( 11 % ) , and ankle plantar-flexor ( 27 % ) muscles in the water-based group . Functional tests also improved after training in the water-based group ( p < .05 ) . CONCLUSION The water-based program improved PT and RTD and functional performance in the elderly BACKGROUND Age-related loss in physiologic capacities contributes to the decline in physical function in the elderly population . Despite the beneficial effects of exercise interventions on maximal physiologic capacity measures , the functional benefits have not been shown in independently living older adults . The objective of this study was to evaluate exercise in independent older adults for significant and meaningful improvements in physical function , not detected by commonly used measures of physical function . METHODS In a r and omized controlled study , 49 independently living men and women were assigned to either a nonexercise control group ( Control ; n = 26 ) or an exercise training group ( Exercise ; n = 23 ) . Participants ( age = 76+/-4 ) in good general health were recruited from retirement communities or apartments . The combined endurance and strength training was performed at 75 % to 80 % intensity ; the groups met 3 times/week for 6 months of supervised sessions . Outcome measures included physical capacity , health status , and physical function using a newly developed performance test -- the Continuous Scale-Physical Functional Performance test ( CS-PFP ) . RESULTS Compared to the Control group , the Exercise group showed significant increases in maximal oxygen consumption ( 11 % ) and muscle strength ( 33 % ) . No significant differences were found between groups for changes in the Sickness Impact Profile , SF-36 scales , or the 6-minute walk . However , the CS-PFP score improved significantly in the Exercise group ( 14 % , effect size 0.80 ) . CONCLUSIONS Independent older adults gain meaningful functional benefits from several months of exercise training . The public health importance of physical activity may relate not just to its role in preventing decline , but also to its role in enhancing physical function Almost half the patients referred to pulmonary rehabilitation with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) desaturate during exercise . Although oxygen supplementation may ameliorate oxygen desaturation , the effects on outcomes of exercise training have not been rigorously evaluated . This study aim ed to determine whether supplemental oxygen during exercise training was more effective than medical air in improving exercise capacity and health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) in people with COPD . People with COPD who demonstrated oxygen desaturation < 90 % during the 6-min walk test were recruited to this multicentre trial with r and omisation ( independent , concealed allocation ) to either an Oxygen group or Air group , blinding ( participants , exercise trainers and European Respiratory Journal assessors ) and intention-to-treat analysis . Both groups received the respective gas from concentrators via nasal prongs at 5 L·min−1 during exercise training consisting of treadmill and cycle exercise , three times per week for 8 weeks . Primary outcomes were the endurance shuttle walk test ( ESWT ) time and Chronic Respiratory Disease Question naire (CRQ)-Total score . 111 participants ( 60 males ) , mean±sd age 69±7 years , with moderate to severe COPD were recruited and 97 completed ( Oxygen  group n=52 ; Air group n=45 ) . At the end of the 8-week training programme there were no between-group differences in change in ESWT ( mean difference 15 s ( 95 % CI −106–136 s ) or change in CRQ-Total ( 0.0 points ( 95 % CI −0.3–0.3 points ) ) . Within-group changes at end-training were significant for ESWT and CRQ-Total ( all p<0.01 ) . Exercise capacity and HRQoL improved in both groups , with no greater benefit from training with supplemental oxygen than medical air . Exercise training improved exercise capacity and quality of life in normoxaemic COPD patients who demonstrated oxygen desaturation during exercise , with no greater improvement with supplemental oxygen during exercise training compared to air OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of physical training with or without noninvasive ventilation at 2 levels of pressure in the airways ( BiPAP ) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . METHODS Eighteen patients with FEV(1 ) = 34 + /- 8 % of predicted values , mean age of 68 + /- 9 years were r and omly distributed into 2 groups , one group performing physical training on a treadmill and the other group performing physical training associated with BiPAP ( physical training+B ) , for 30 minutes , 3 times a week for 12 weeks . The training velocity was based on a test of cardiopulmonary force performed pre- and postintervention , which registered the values for heart rate , systolic blood pressure , diastolic blood pressure , peripheral oxygen saturation , blood lactate , sensation of dyspnea , respiratory muscle strength , and analysis of gases expired such as oxygen consumption and the production of carbon dioxide . RESULTS For both groups , there was a significant improvement in dyspnea and peripheral oxygen saturation at identical levels of physical exercise , in distance walked during the physical training , and in respiratory muscle strength ( P < 0.05 ) . Only the physical training+B group had a significant improvement in heart rate , systolic blood pressure , and oxygen consumption after training ( P < 0.05 ) . Significant reductions of blood lactate were observed at identical levels of exercise in physical training+B when compared to isolated physical training ( from 1.3 + /- 0.7 mMol/L versus 2.5 + /- 0.9 mMol/L , ( P < 0.05 ) , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Physical training associated with BiPAP enhanced the oxidative muscular capacity and could be an adjunctive recourse for physical rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease BACKGROUND : It is well established that physical training enhances functionality and quality of life in patients with COPD . However , little data exist concerning the effects of the usefulness of oxygen supply during exercise training for > 3 months in patients with COPD who are normoxemic at rest and during exercise . We hypothesized that oxygen supply during training sessions enables higher training intensity and thus optimizes training results in patients with COPD . METHODS : In this blinded r and omized controlled study , we carried out a 24-week training program with progressively increasing loads involving large muscle groups . In addition , we compared the influences of oxygen supplementation .  Thirty-six subjects with moderate-to-severe COPD who were not dependent on long-term oxygen therapy trained under supervision for 24 weeks ( 3 times/week at 30 min/session ) . Subjects were r and omized into 2 groups : oxygen supply via nasal cannula at a flow of 4 L/min and compressed air at the same flow throughout the training program . Lung function tests at rest ( inspiratory vital capacity , FEV1 , Tiffeneau index ) , cycle spiroergometry ( peak ventilation , peak oxygen uptake , peak respiratory exchange rate , submaximal and peak lactic acid concentrations ) , 6-min walk tests , and quality -of-life assessment s ( Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form question naire ) were conducted before and after 12 and 24 weeks . RESULTS : Independent of oxygen supplementation , statistically significant improvements occurred in quality of life , maximal tolerated load during cycling , peak oxygen uptake , and 6-min walk test after 12 weeks of training . Notably , there were no further improvements from 12 to 24 weeks despite progressively increased training loads . CONCLUSIONS : Endurance training 3 times/week result ed in significant improvements in quality of life and exercise capacity in subjects with moderate-to-severe COPD within the initial 12 weeks , followed by a stable period over the following 12 weeks with no further benefits of supplemental oxygen Abstract This study assessed clinical and cardiorespiratory responses after an interval training programme in sedentary elderly adults using the ventilatory threshold ( Vth ) as the index of exercise training intensity . A selection of 22 subjects were r and omized into two groups : 11 subjects served as the training group ( TG ) and the others as controls  ( CG ) . Maximal exercise tests were performed on a treadmill before ( T0 ) , each month ( T1 , T2 ) and after the 3-month interval training programme period ( T3 ) . The TG subjects were individually trained at the heart rate corresponding to Vth measured at T0 , T1 and T2 as the breakpoint in the oxygen uptake-carbon dioxide production relationship . Their training programme consisted of walking/jogging sessions on a running track twice a week . The sessions consisted of varying duration s of exercise alternating with active recovery in such a way that the subjects slowly increased their total exercise time from an initial duration of 30 min to a final duration of 1 h. During training the heart rate was continuously monitored by a cardiofrequency meter . Compared with the daily activities of the controls , no training programme-related injuries were observed in TG . Moreover , programme adherence ( 73 % ) and attendance ( 97.3 % ) were high . The maximal oxygen uptake and Vth were increased in TG , by 20 % ( P<0.05 ) and 26 % ( P<0.01 ) , respectively . Interval training at Vth also significantly increased maximal O2 pulse ( P<0.05 ) and maximal ventilation ( P<0.01 ) . A significant decrease in submaximal ventilation ( P<0.05 ) and heart rate ( P<0.01 ) was also noted . These results would suggest that for untrained elderly adults , an interval training programme at the intensity of Vth may be well-tolerated clinical ly and may significantly improve both maximal aerobic power and submaximal exercise tolerance BACKGROUND In addition to the respiratory limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , skeletal muscle abnormalities may occur and contribute to the exercise intolerance . This study assessed the ability of the skeletal muscle of patients with COPD to adapt to individualized exercise training at the gas exchange threshold ( GET ) METHODS : Fourteen patients ( 8 in a training group and 6 controls ) performed the following exercise tests before and after a 3-week training period : an incremental exercise test , maximal voluntary contraction of the quadriceps , and three endurance tests consisting of dynamic contractions of the quadriceps until exhaustion . These endurance tests , characterized by three different power outputs , were used to determine muscle limit times and critical power . RESULTS The results showed that training increased exercise tolerance ( + 11 % for symptom limited peak oxygen consumption ( VO2 sl ] , P < 0.05 ) , maximum voluntary contraction ( + 8 % , P < 0.05 ) , limit times ( from + 45 % to + 161 % , P < 0.05 ) and critical power ( + 39 % , P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate greater muscle strength and endurance after training in COPD patients and suggest better muscular recruitment and improved oxidative capacity in the exercising muscles . The sharp differences in the magnitude of VO2 sl and limit times suggest that the kinetics of peripheral and central changes in response to training are different . In conclusion , peripheral muscle performance can be increased rapidly in response to an individualized training program at the GET in COPD patients
After a long-term resistance training , healthy older adults showed enhanced muscle oxygen extraction capacity , regulation of vessels and vascular endothelium function ; endurance training is reported to improve microvascular blood flow and matching of oxygen delivery to oxygen utilization , muscle oxidative capacity and muscle saturation , and walking sessions results in better muscle oxygen availability and muscle oxygen extraction capacity in older adults with peripheral arterial disease .
This review supports the fact that depending on the clinical status of the participants and the modality , exercise training improves different aspects of the muscle oxygenation in older adults
AIM To determine the effects of different modality of exercise training programs on muscle oxygenation in older adults .