In vitro fracture resistance of roots obturated with epoxy resin-based, mineral trioxide aggregate-based, and bioceramic root canal sealers. Resistance to fracture of roots filled with different sealers. Sealer penetration and marginal permeability after apicoectomy varying retrocavity preparation and retrofilling material. A novel polyurethane-based root canal-obturation material and urethane-acrylate-based root canal sealer-part 2: evaluation of push-out bond strengths. A comparison of root fracture resistance using two root canal sealers. Apical sealing ability of a new glass ionomer root canal sealer. Cytotoxicity testing of endodontic sealers: a new method. Prevention of the ingress of a known virulent bacterium into the root canal system by intracanal medications. Effect of root canal sealers on bond strength of fibreglass posts cemented with self-adhesive resin cements. Comparing subcutaneous tissue responses to freshly mixed and set root canal sealers Evaluation of Effects on the Adhesion of Various Root Canal Sealers after Er:YAG Laser and Irrigants Are Used on the Dentin Surface. Adaptation and sealability of two contemporary obturation techniques in the absence of the dentinal smear layer. Effect of photo-activated disinfection on bond strength of three different root canal sealers Microbiological assessment of root canals following use of rotary and manual instruments in primary molars. The effect of two different root canal sealers and smear layer on resistance to root fracture. Resistance to Fracture of Dental Roots Obturated with Different Materials Drying protocol influence on the bond strength and apical sealing of three different endodontic sealers.
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of teeth filled with 3 different endodontic sealers . METHODS Seventy-five single-rooted extracted m and ibular premolars were decoronated to a length of 13 mm . The teeth were r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n = 15 for each group ) . In group 1 , the teeth were left unprepared and unfilled ( negative control ) , and in group 2 , the teeth were left unobturated ( positive control ) . The rest of the roots were prepared by using the ProTaper System up to a master apical file size of F3 : group 3 , bioceramic sealer ( Endosequence BC sealer ) + gutta-percha ; group 4 , mineral trioxide aggregate-based sealer ( Tech Biosealer Endo ) + gutta-percha ; and group 5 , epoxy resin-based sealer ( AH Plus Jet ) + gutta-percha . All root specimens were stored for 2 weeks at 100 % humidity to allow the complete setting of the sealers . Each specimen was then subjected to fracture testing by using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min(-1 ) until the root fractured . The force required to fracture each specimen was recorded , and the data were analyzed statistically . RESULTS The fracture values of groups 3 and 5 were significantly higher than those of group 4 ( P < .05 ) . There was no significant difference between groups 3 and 5 ( P > .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS In contrast to Tech Biosealer Endo , Endosequence BC and AH Plus Jet sealer increased the force to fracture in root-filled single-rooted premolar teeth The aim of this study was to compare the fracture resistance of roots filled with gutta percha ( GP ) and different root canal sealers .  Fifty-five human maxillary central incisors were selected and r and omly divided into three experimental groups ( Groups 1 - 3 ) and two control groups ( Groups 4 and 5 ) . They were Group 1 - 15 root canals filled with an epoxy resin-based sealer ( AH Plus ) and GP , Group 2 -15 root canals filled with a calcium silicate-based sealer ( iRoot SP ) and GP , Group 3 : 15 root canals filled with another calcium silicate-based sealer ( MTA Fillapex ) and GP , Group 4 : five roots were instrumented but not filled , and Group 5 : five roots were neither instrumented nor filled . Compressive loading was carried out using a universal testing machine until fracture occurred . Force applied at time of fracture was recorded as fracture strength of specimen in Newtons . There were no significant differences in fracture strength among the three experimental groups ( p>0.05 ) , whose results were significantly superior to that of Group 4 ( p<0.05 ) . In conclusion , all the root canal sealers used in the present study increased the fracture resistance of instrumented root canals Apicoectomy failure is generally related to inappropriate marginal sealing of the retrocavity , which allows percolation of microorganisms and their products from root canal system to periapex . This study evaluated tubular penetration of canal sealers and marginal permeability after retrocavity irradiation with Er;Cr : YSGG laser and retrofilling with MTA or cyanoacrylate .  Twenty-two single-rooted teeth were decoronated and endodontically treated , their apical 3 mm were resected and the root ends were retroprepared with a low-speed bur .  Twenty roots were r and omly assigned to 4 groups ( n=5 ) : GI and GII -- retrofilling with MTA and cyanoacrylate , respectively ; GIII and GIV -- retrocavity irradiation with Er;Cr : YSGG laser ( 2.78 microm , 4 W , 20 Hz , 70.8 J/cm(2 ) ) and retrofilling with MTA and cyanoacrylate , respectively . The remaining 2 roots served as positive and negative controls . The analysis of rhodamine B dye infiltration ( p=0.05 ) demonstrated that laser irradiation and MTA retrofilling presented significantly higher permeability rates ( p<0.05 ) . Retrofilling with cyanoacrylate showed significantly lower permeability , either when laser was used or not on retrocavity . SEM analysis depicted more cyanoacrylate penetration through dentinal tubules when compared to MTA , suggesting a more efficient marginal sealing . Based on these results , it may be concluded that cyanoacrylate provided a less permeable retrofilling regardless of the retropreparation method , suggesting a more favorable condition to the establishment of the periapical healing We have developed a visible-light curable urethane-acrylate/tripropylene glycol diacrylate ( UA/TPGDA ) oligomer to serve as a root canal sealer and a zinc oxide/thermoplastic polyurethane ( ZnO/TPU ) composite to serve as a root canal obturation material . The purpose of this study was to compare the push-out bond strengths of the following 8 groups of material s : ( 1 ) Tubliseal + gutta-percha ( TB/GP ) ; ( 2 ) Tubliseal + Resilon ( TB/R ) ; ( 3 ) Epiphany + gutta-percha ( EP/GP ) ; ( 4 ) Epiphany + Resilon ( EP/R ) ; ( 5 ) EndoREZ sealer + EndoREZ cone ( ES/EC ) ; ( 6 ) EndoREZ sealer + ZnO/TPU ( ES/PU ) ; ( 7 ) UA/TPGDA + EndoREZ cone ( UA/EC ) ; and ( 8) UA/TPGDA + ZnO/TPU ( UA/PU ) .  Eighty 1-mm-thick root slices prepared from extracted human permanent molars were r and omly divided into 8 groups with 10 specimens in each group . Root slices were filled with the above obturation material s , and then push-out test was performed with a universal testing machine . The results showed that the UA/EC and UA/PU groups had significantly higher bond strengths than the other groups AIM The aim of this study was to compare in vitro root fracture resistance following root canal filling with either Ketac-Endo or Roth 's root canal sealer . METHODOLOGY The roots of 40 teeth with single canals were instrumented and placed r and omly into four groups of 10 teeth . The prepared canals were obturated with lateral compaction using gutta-percha and Roth 's 801 sealer , lateral compaction and Ketac-Endo sealer or with a single cone and Ketac-Endo sealer ; the fourth group acted as unfilled controls . The roots were stored for 2 weeks in 100 % humidity prior to being mounted in acrylic resin blocks . A steel tipped rod attached to an Instron testing machine was positioned against the canal opening and a slowly increasing force was applied until root fracture occurred . The results were subjected to statistical analysis using Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA . RESULTS There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of force required to vertically fracture the roots . CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of this study , the use of Ketac-Endo sealer in conjunction with lateral compaction or single-cone obturation techniques does not increase the fracture resistance of root-filled teeth This study compared the sealing ability of Ketac Endo with and without smear layer and Tubli Seal .  Thirty upper central incisors and canines with straight canals were instrumented and r and omly divided into three equal groups of 10 . All teeth were obturated with laterally condensed gutta-percha . An additional group of five teeth with unobturated++ root canals served as positive controls . The sealers were Tubli Seal ( group A ) , Ketac Endo ( group B ) , and Ketac Endo preceded by the removal of the smear layer ( group C ) . The teeth were immersed in India ink for 7 days , centrifuged for 5 min at 3000 rpm , cleared , and then examined under a light microscope at X 50 magnification . The mean value of ink penetration for group A was 0.14 mm , for group B 0.24 mm , and for group C 0.48 mm . No statistically significant differences were observed among groups ( p > 0.05 ) The purpose of this study was to compare ISO st and ards versus a new technique for in vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of root canal sealers . The cytotoxicity of AH Plus , Cortisomol , and Sealapex was first recorded according to ISO st and ards on L 929 fibroblasts by the MTT assay . In parallel , 30 single-rooted teeth were cut at the cementum enamel junction ( CEJ ) , and the roots were prepared and sterilized before filling with the lateral condensation using one of three sealers ( n = 10 ) . The apexes of the roots were dipped into 1 ml of minimum essential medium for 1 , 2 , and 30 days renewing the medium every other day . After 24-h contact between the medium and the filled roots , the medium was used to measure the cytotoxicity on L 929 with the MTT assay . ISO st and ards always gave a statistically higher cytotoxicity than the root-dipping technique ( p < 0.0001 ) , whatever the sealer and the exposure time . The ISO st and ards showed statistically significant differences among the sealers ( p < 0.0001 ) . AH Plus was noncytotoxic , Cortisomol showed a high cytotoxicity decreasing over time ( p < 0.001 ) , and Sealapex displayed a high cytotoxicity that did not decrease over time ( NS ) . The new technique showed statistically significant differences among the sealers ( p = 0.001 ) , but the differences were so small that they were likely not clinical ly relevant . The high cytotoxicity of Sealapex decreased over time but the cytotoxicity of AH Plus and Cortisomol did not . The results show that the ISO st and ards may strongly over-evaluate the cytotoxicity of the endodontic sealers , emphasize the difference among the sealers , and may clinical ly correspond to a large overfilling . The new technique reduces the discrimination of the test and may clinical ly correspond to a classical filling . Therefore , both methods might be considered as clinical ly relevant , corresponding to classical and overfilling conditions Contamination of the root canal system by persistent , enteric bacteria via leakage through interim restorations has been well documented . This in vitro study evaluated the ability of interappointment medications to prevent contamination of the root canal system by Enterococcus faecalis . Coronally unsealed , medicated tooth roots fixed in a closed system were contaminated daily with a st and ardized , aerobic , broth culture of E. faecalis . Four medications were evaluated ( n = 15 ) : group A , calcium hydroxide/methylcellulose paste ; group B , camphorated parachlorophenol/calcium hydroxide paste ; group C , 1 % chlorhexidine/methylcellulose gel ; and group D , calcium hydroxide points . The mean number of days to contamination as indicated by turbidity in the closed system was the following : group A , 37 ; group B , 46 ; group C , 16 ; group D , 5 ; and a positive control ( no medication ) , 3 . A one-way analysis of variance with a Scheffe post hoc test ( p = 0.05 ) detected significant differences in effectiveness with A and B superior to C and D , and C superior to AIM This study evaluated the effects of different root canal sealers on the bond strength of a fibreglass post cemented with self-adhesive resin cements . METHODOLOGY The root canals of 50 extracted maxillary single-rooted canine teeth were prepared with the crown-down technique and r and omly divided into five groups according to the sealer used : group 1 : control group , gutta-percha points only ( no sealer ) ; group 2 : AH Plus ( resin-based sealer ) ; group 3 : self-etch Epiphany ( resin-based sealer ) ; group 4 : Sealer 26 ( calcium hydroxide-based sealer ) ; and group 5 : Endomethasone ( zinc oxide eugenol-based sealer ) . The root canals were filled with gutta-percha , the cold lateral compaction technique , except for group 3 where Resilon was used . Post spaces were prepared , and fibreglass posts were cemented with the self-adhesive cement RelyX Unicem . Bonded specimens were sectioned into 1-mm-thick slabs , and a push-out test was performed in a universal machine . Failure modes were observed and classified into five types : ( i ) adhesive between the post and resin cement ; ( ii ) mixed , with resin cement covering 0 - 50 % of the post diameter ; ( iii ) mixed , with resin cement covering 50 - 100 % of the post surface ; ( iv ) adhesive between resin cement and root canal ; and ( v ) cohesive in dentine . Data of bond strength were su bmi tted to anova and Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS No significant difference was detected between control group , AH Plus , Epiphany and Sealer 26 ( P > 0.05 ) . The Endomethasone group had significantly lower bond strength values than the other sealers ( P < 0.05 ) . The prevalence of mixed fractures and adhesive cement-dentine failure was verified in the eugenol-containing sealer group ; in the control group , the resin-based and calcium hydroxide-based sealer groups , the predominant mode of failure was the mixed type . CONCLUSION Endomethasone interfered negatively with the bond to root dentine ; however , AH Plus , Epiphany and Sealer 26 did not interfere in the bond strength of a fibreglass post cemented with self-adhesive resin cements INTRODUCTION : The purpose of this study was to compare the subcutaneous tissue responses of freshly mixed or set endodontic root canal sealers ( i.e. RoekoSeal , AH26 , AH Plus ) in Wistar Albino rats . MATERIAL S AND METHODS : Seventy-two male albino rats weighing 200 - 250 g were used . The animals were r and omly divided into six groups of 12 rats each . Root canal sealers were implanted in subcutaneous tissue in both freshly mixed and set conditions . The animals were sacrificed after 7 , 14 , and , 60 days . After histological preparation and Hematoxylin and Eosin ( H&E ) staining , the specimens were evaluated for capsule thickness , severity and extent of inflammation , and necrosis . Results were statistically analyzed using Multivariate ANOVA test . RESULTS : Differences between set and freshly mixed root canal sealers were significant ( P=0.014 ) , but not significant between test material s and controls , except for capsule thickness and extent of inflammation between control and AH26 ( P=0.019 and P=0.006 respectively ) . The interaction between the type of material and setting condition was significant for capsule thickness and severity of inflammation in AH26 specimens at 14 and 60 days ( P=0.001 ) . CONCLUSION : Based on the results of this study assessing the biocompatibility , both set and freshly mixed states can be used . [ Iranian Endodontic Journal 2009;4(4):152 - 7 INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of various root canal sealers after various irrigation solutions and Er : YAG laser irradiation were used on root canal dentin . METHODS One hundred fifty freshly extracted human maxillary single-rooted teeth were used in this study . Teeth were sectioned transversally 4 mm below the cementoenamel junction . The root canal of each specimen was prepared using a tapered bur . Teeth were divided into 3 main groups by sealer ( AH Plus Jet [ Dentsply DeTrey , Konstanz , Germany ] , EndoSequence BC Sealer [ Brasseler , Savannah , GA ] , and Real Seal [ SybronEndo , Orange , CA ] ) and then divided into 5 subgroups by dentin treatment ( distilled water , calcium hydroxide , sodium hypochlorite , EDTA , and Er : YAG laser ) . The specimens were placed immediately at 37 ° C and 100 % humidity for 1 week . Then , the push-out test was applied . The maximum failure load was recorded in newtons and was used to calculate the push-out bond strength in MPa . Then , 3 r and om specimens from each group were examined under scanning electron microscopy . RESULTS The resin root canal sealers had higher push-out bond strength than the bioceramic sealer , and the differences were statistically significant ( P < .05 ) except in the sodium hypochlorite groups . The EDTA and Er : YAG laser applications removed the smear layer and increased the bond strength . The highest adhesion was observed in EDTA groups when each sealer was evaluated in itself . CONCLUSIONS The bonding strength of root canal sealers is influenced by their properties and various dentin surface treatments . The scanning electron microscopic study showed that although the dentinal tubules were open , at the profile examination the sealers did not penetrate into the dentin canals in all specimens AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptation and short- and long-term sealability of two different thermoplastic techniques -- a core carrier technique , Thermafil ; and a warm vertical continuous wave of compaction technique , System B. METHODOLOGY Fifty-one mesial roots of m and ibular molars with separate canals , patent canal orifices and curvature greater than 15 degrees were cleaned and shaped with Orifice Shapers and ProFile.04/.06 taper Ni-Ti rotary files using 5.25 % NaOCl and 17 % REDTA to a size 30.04 taper Profile at the apex to create a continuous tapered preparation . Canals were r and omly obturated with Sealapex root canal sealer and either alpha-phase gutta-percha on a plastic Thermafil carrier , or nonst and ardized beta-phase gutta-percha using the System B heat source . Proximal radiographs of roots were evaluated by three examiners based on established criteria for overall material adaptation , apical adaptation and filling material extrusion . Teeth were r and omly separated into three groups of 17 each and placed in black India ink for 10 days , 24 h , or after 67 days storage in Hank 's Balanced Salt Solution . All roots were demineralized and rendered transparent . Three examiners evaluated the apical leakage by the linear measurement of dye penetration under the stereo-microscope . The movement of filling material into canal irregularities was also evaluated . RESULTS Both obturation techniques were not significantly different in the overall canal obturation and in the apical third adaptation ( P > 0.05 ) . Significantly more filling material extrusion beyond the apex was noted with the Thermafil technique ( P < 0.001 ) . No significant difference was found amongst the 67-day , 10-day and 24 h System B groups ( P > 0.05 ) . The 67-day Thermafil group showed significantly more leakage than the 10-day and 24 h Thermafil groups . There was a significant difference in the degree of leakage between the 67-day Thermafil group and the 67-day System B group ( P < 0.05 ) , but not between the 10-day and 24 h groups ( P > 0.05 ) . Both obturation techniques produced substantial filling material movement into canal irregularities . CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that Thermafil demonstrated more filling material extrusion beyond the apex and significantly more long-term apical leakage Introduction : The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of Photo-Activated Disinfection ( PAD ) system to dentin with different root canal sealers by using a push-out test design . Material s and Methods : A total of 30 extracted m and ibular premolar teeth with single and straight roots were used . The crowns were removed and the root canals were prepared by using ProTaper rotary files . The smear layer was removed and the roots were r and omly divided into two groups ( n = 15 ) according to the use of PAD system as the final disinfecting agent . Each group was then divided into 6 ( n = 5 ) subgroups and obturated with gutta-percha and 3 different root canal sealers . The groups were Group 1 : Sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-AH Plus sealer ; Group 2 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-AH Plus ; Group 3 : NaOCl + EDTA-Sealapex ; Group 4 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-Sealapex ; Group 5 : NaOCl + EDTA-mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Fiallapex ; and Group 6 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-MTA-Fillapex . 1-mm thickness horizontal sections ( n : 5 × 4 = 20 ) were sliced for the push-out bond strength measurement . Results : Group 3 and 4 showed significantly lower bond strengths compared with all the other groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No statistically significant difference was found among Groups 1 , 2 and 5 , but there was statistically significant difference between Group 5 and 6 ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : This in vitro study indicated that the PAD system adversely affected the bond strength of the MTA Fillapex root canal sealer AIM To assess the microflora of root canals in primary molars following use of rotary NiTi files and conventional h and NiTi and stainless steel files . STUDY DESIGN This r and omized clinical trial consisted of a total of 60 first and second primary molars requiring root canal treatment , who were selected from children aged 5 - 9 years . Based on type of root canal instrumentation , the teeth were r and omly assigned to three groups of twenty teeth each ; Group A : Rotary NiTi files , Group B : H and NiTi files and Group C : H and stainless steel files . Following administration of local anesthesia , isolation with rubber dam was carried out . For the purpose of instrumentation and sampling , the palatal canal of maxillary molars and the distal canal of m and ibular molars were selected . Prior to sampling , the orifices of other canals in these teeth were sealed , so as to prevent any contamination . Instrumentation was carried out in each group using respective instruments along with intermittent saline irrigation . Root canal sample s were obtained both before and after instrumentation , using sterile absorbent paper points and transferred to a sterile vial with transport fluid . Serial dilutions were prepared and cultured on suitable agar media . Both aerobic and anaerobic microbial counts were made . Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using Wilcoxon signed rank test and one-way Analysis of variance . RESULTS In all three groups , there was a significant reduction in both aerobic and anaerobic mean microbial count following root canal instrumentation . ( p < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Rotary NiTi files were as efficient as conventional h and instruments in significantly reducing the root canal microflora The purpose of this in vitro study was to test the effect of Ketac-Endo ( KE ) and AH 26 on resistance to root fracture and also to evaluate the effect of smear layer .  Seventy-two human maxillary canine teeth were r and omly divided into six groups ( n = 12 ) and were prepared using six different methods : group 1 : KE , without smear layer ( smear - ) ; group 2 : KE , with smear layer ( smear + ) ; group 3 : AH 26 , smear ( - ) ; group 4 : AH 26 , smear ( + ) ; group 5 ( negative control ) : nonprepared ; group 6 ( positive control ) : prepared but unfilled . After storing 1 week in 100 % humidity at 37 degrees C , the coronal lingual walls and root canal spaces were lowered 2 mm below the buccal walls of the roots . The sample s were placed into acrylic resin blocks so that 10 mm of buccal roots were exposed and were placed in a specially design ed steel pad at an angle of 15 degrees to the long axis of the root . A slowly increasing force was applied at the junction of the buccal wall and root canal space until fracture occurred . The force required to fracture each tooth was recorded as kg and statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan tests . The results indicated that instrumentation of the root canals significantly weakened the tooth structure to fracture ( p < 0.05 ) . The canals obturated with either sealer were significantly stronger than roots whose canals were instrumented but not obturated ( p < 0.05 ) , and there was no difference between the sealers . The presence or absence of the smear layer did not cause any significant effect on the root fracture resistance of the teeth ( p > 0.05 ) The aim of this study was to compare the vertical fracture resistance of roots obturated with different  root canal filling material s and sealers .  Crowns of 55 extracted m and ibular premolar teeth were removed to provide root lengths of 13 mm . Five roots were saved as negative control group ( canals unprepared and unfilled ) . Fifty root canals were instrumented and then five roots were saved as positive control group ( canals prepared but unfilled ) . The remaining 45 roots were r and omly divided into three experimental groups ( n = 15 root/group ) and obturated with the following procedures : in group 1 , glass ionomer-based sealer and cone ( ActiV GP obturation system ) ; in group 2 , bioceramic sealer and cone ( EndoSequence BC obturation system ) ; and in group 3 , roots were filled with bioceramic sealer and cone ( Smartpaste bio obturation system ) . All specimens were tested in a universal testing machine for measuring fracture resistance . For each root , the force at the time of fracture was recorded in Newtons . The statistical analysis was performed by using Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc test . There were no significant differences between the three experimental groups . The fracture values of three experimental and negative control groups were significantly higher than the positive control group . Within the limitations of this study , all material s increased the fracture resistance of instrumented roots The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of drying protocol s ( DP ) on the apical sealing ( AS ) and on the bond strength ( BS ) of teeth filled with different  sealers .  The root canals of one hundred and fifty-six roots of maxillary canines were prepared with Reciproc rotary files ( R50 ) . The teeth were r and omly divided into four groups ( n = 39 ) , according to the DP : GI-paper points ; GII-70 % isopropyl alcohol + aspiration with NaviTip points ; GIII-95 % ethanol + paper points ; GIV-EndoVac + paper points . Each group was divided into subgroups , according to the sealer used : AH Plus , Sealapex and MTA Fillapex , using a single-cone technique . Evaluation of AS and BS was performed with fluid filtration ( FF ) and push-out ( PO ) methods , respectively . The PO test consisted of sectioning the roots , and subjecting a single slice from each third to testing and analysis for failure type . The data was su bmi tted to two-way and three-way variance analysis ( ANOVA ) and Tukey ( α = 5 % ) . The AS showed no drying protocol influence . The FF results revealed a statistically significant difference between MTA and Sealapex ( p < 0.05 ) sealers . The BS test values showed that there was no statistical significant difference among the canal thirds ( p > 0.05 ) , but that there was such a difference among the sealers ( p < 0.05 ) , among the protocol s ( p < 0.05 ) , and in the interaction between sealers and protocol s ( p < 0.05 ) . AH Plus revealed the highest BS values among the sealers ; the highest BS results for the sealers occurred with the specimens used with isopropyl alcohol , compared with ethanol and EndoVac
In general , studies suggest that root canal sealers elicit mild to severe toxic effects and that several factors may influence biocompatibility , e.g. , material setting condition and time , material concentration , and type of exposure .
4 ) Conclusions : The available evidence shows that root canal sealers exhibit variable toxic potential at the cellular and tissue level .
However , the method ological heterogeneity among studies included in this systematic review and the somewhat conflicting results do not allow a conclusion on which type of sealer presents higher biocompatibility .
( 1 ) Aim : To perform a systematic review of the literature on the biocompatibility of  root canal sealers  that encompasses the various types of sealers that are commercially available as well as both in vitro and in vivo evidence . (