A prospective study of the association between obesity and burnout among apparently healthy men and women. Posttraumatic stress disorder and obesity: evidence for a risk association. Psychological and behavioral risk factors for obesity onset in adolescent girls: a prospective study. Body mass index and timing of pubertal initiation in boys. Obesity and hormone-dependent tumors: cohort and co-twin control studies based on the Swedish Twin Registry. Obesity and subcutaneous fat patterning in relation to survival of postmenopausal breast cancer patients participating in the DOM-project Obesity and Outcomes in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer The relative importance of predictors of body mass index change, overweight and obesity in adolescent girls. Testing a model of physical activity and obesity tracking from youth to adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study Is obesity an independent prognosis factor in woman breast cancer? Improvements in fitness reduce the risk of becoming overweight across puberty. The influence of puberty onset, body mass index, and pressure to be thin on disordered eating behaviors in children and adolescents. Challenge! Health Promotion/Obesity Prevention Mentorship Model Among Urban, Black Adolescents Is obesity associated with major depression? Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Development of socioeconomic inequalities in obesity among Dutch pre-school and school-aged children. Secular trends in the association between obesity and hypertension among adults in the United States, 1999-2014. The duration of obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes.
The authors prospect ively tested the hypothesis that obesity predicts burnout and the reverse-causation hypothesis that burnout predicts obesity . Respondents were 724 men and 340 women , apparently healthy employees , who underwent routine periodic health examinations at 2 points of time about 18 months apart . Obesity was assessed by body mass index , waist-hip ratio , and waist circumference . In regression analyses , done separately for men and women , the authors controlled for depressive symptomatology , sport activity , and Time 1 levels of the criterion . The hypothesis that burnout predicts obesity was not supported . The authors found that  Time 1 measures of obesity  predicted reductions rather than the hypothesized elevations of Time 2 burnout levels . The authors also found that for male respondents with relatively higher levels of Time 1 burnout , the higher their level of Time 1 obesity measure , the lower their level of T2 burnout BACKGROUND There is evidence from cross-sectional studies that posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) may be associated with obesity . The aim of this study was to examine prospect i ve longitudinal associations between PTSD and obesity in a community sample . METHODS A prospect i ve , longitudinal , epidemiologic study with a representative community sample of adolescents and young adults ( N=3021 , aged 14 - 24 years at baseline ) was conducted in Munich , Germany . Participants were assessed four times between 1995 and 2005 with the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview . Associations between obesity ( BMI > or = 30 ) and DSM-IV PTSD were evaluated in 2007 , using cross-sectional and prospect i ve data during young adulthood . RESULTS The cumulative lifetime incidence of obesity in the sample at 10-year follow-up during young adulthood was 4.3 % ( women , 4.6 % ; men , 4.0 % ) . Among women but not among men , obesity was associated with a lifetime history of PTSD ( OR=3.8 ; 95 % CI=1.4 , 10.7 ) in the cross-sectional analyses . Prospect i ve longitudinal analyses from 4-year follow-up to 10-year follow-up confirmed that obesity was predicted by antecedent subthreshold and full PTSD ( OR=3.0 ; 95 % CI=1.3 , 7.0 ) among women but not among men . There were no associations between other mental disorders and obesity in the prospect i ve analyses . CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate a possible causal pathway for the onset of obesity in females with PTSD symptoms . These findings need replication with regard to the pathophysiologic and behavioral mechanisms underlying this relationship Because little is known about risk factors for obesity , the authors tested whether certain psychological and behavioral variables predicted future onset of obesity . The authors used data from a prospect i ve study of 496 adolescent girls who completed a baseline assessment at age 11 - 15 years and 4 annual follow-ups .  Self-reported dietary restraint , radical weight-control behaviors , depressive symptoms , and perceived parental obesity -- but not high-fat food consumption , binge eating , or exercise frequency-predicted obesity onset . Results provide support for certain etiologic theories of obesity , including the affect regulation model . The fact that self-reported , weight-control behaviors  identified girls at risk for obesity implies that high-risk youths are not engaging in effective weight-control methods and suggests the need to promote more effective strategies OBJECTIVE To examine the association between body mass index ( BMI [ calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared ] ) and timing of pubertal onset in a population -based sample of US boys . DESIGN Longitudinal prospect i ve study . SETTING Ten US sites that participated in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development . PARTICIPANTS Of 705 boys initially enrolled in the study , information about height and weight measures and pubertal stage by age 11.5 years was available for 401 boys . MAIN EXPOSURE The BMI trajectory created from measured heights and weights at ages 2 , 3 , 4.5 , 7 , 9 , 9.5 , 10.5 , and 11.5 years . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Onset of puberty at age 11.5 years as measured by Tanner genitalia staging . RESULTS Boys in the highest BMI trajectory ( mean BMI z score at age 11.5 years , 1.84 ) had a greater relative risk of being prepubertal compared with boys in the lowest BMI trajectory ( mean BMI z score at age 11.5 years , -0.76 ) ( adjusted relative risk = 2.63 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.05 - 6.61 ; P = .04 ) . CONCLUSIONS The relationship between body fat and timing of pubertal onset is not the same in boys as it is in girls . Further studies are needed to better underst and the physiological link between body fat and timing of pubertal onset in both sexes Obesity increases the risk of certain cancer types , e.g. , cancer of the endometrium , colon and gallbladder . For some other cancer forms , e.g. , prostate cancer , the association is less clear . We examined the association between body mass index ( BMI ) and hormone-dependent tumors , utilizing a cohort of 21,884 Swedish twins born during 1886 - 1925 . Information about BMI at different ages and potential confounding factors was collected prospect ively . The Swedish Cancer Registry was used to identify cases of cancer in the prostate ( n = 666 ) , breast ( n = 607 ) , corpus uteri ( n = 150 ) and ovary ( n = 118 ) during 1969 - 1997 . The material was analyzed as a traditional cohort and with co-twin control analyses that allow for control of genetic influences . Obesity ( BMI > /=30 kg/m(2 ) ) at baseline was positively associated with cancer in the corpus uteri [ relative risk ( RR ) = 3.03 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 1.82 - 5.03 ] , as was BMI at age 25 , independently of BMI at baseline . Increased risk was also found for breast cancer but only in older women ( > /=70 years ) . Overweight at age 25 was associated with decreased risk of breast cancer ( RR = 0.51 , 95 % CI 0.33 - 0.78 ) . No association was found for prostate cancer . We conclude that age is an important effect modifier of cancer risk associated with obesity and that obesity and overweight in young adult life may affect cancer risk also later in life Summary The effect of obesity and fat distribution on survival of breast cancer patients was studied prospect ively in 241 women with a natural menopause who participated in a breast cancer screening project , the DOM-project in Utrecht , The Netherl and s. Mean follow-up time was 9.1 years and endpoint of interest was death from breast cancer . Fat distribution was assessed by contrasting groups of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness . No significant differences in survival time between more obese ( Quetelet 's index ≥ 26 kg/m2 ) and leaner ( Quetelet 's index < 26 kg/m2 ) patients or between patients with central fat distribution and patients with peripheral fat distribution were observed . Analyses were stratified by axillary node status , estrogen receptor status , and way of detection ( by first screening or afterwards ) . Results of the stratified analyses were suggestive of a modifying effect of these factors . The absence of an association between obesity and survival time might be explained by two counteracting mechanisms . On the one h and obesity might be related to impaired survival , due to a tumor growth promoting effect of extra-ovarian estrogens . On the other h and obesity might be related to improved survival in a screened population , because obese patients profit more from screening by earlier detection of tumors than leaner counterparts Purpose : Obesity is associated with adverse outcomes in postmenopausal women with breast cancer . In premenopausal women , the association is less clear . Methods : A population -based sample of 1,360 Australian women with breast cancer before the age of 60 years , 47 % diagnosed before age 40 , and 74 % premenopausal , was studied prospect ively for a median of 5 years ( range , 0.2 - 10.8 years ) . Obesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥30 kg/m2 . The hazard ratio ( HR ) for adverse clinical outcome associated with obesity was estimated using Cox proportional hazard survival models . Results : Obesity increased with age ( P < 0.001 ) and was associated with increased breast cancer recurrence ( P = 0.02 ) and death ( P = 0.06 ) , larger tumors ( P = 0.002 ) , and more involved axillary nodes ( P = 0.003 ) but not with hormone receptor status ( P ≥ 0.6 ) or with first cycle adjuvant chemotherapy dose reductions ( P = 0.1 ) . Adjusting for number of axillary nodes , age at diagnosis , tumor size , grade , and hormone receptor status , obese women of all ages were more likely than nonobese women to have disease recurrence [ HR , 1.57 ; 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) , 1.11 - 2.22 ; P = 0.02 ] and to die from any cause during follow-up ( HR , 1.56 ; 95 % CI , 1.01 - 2.40 ; P = 0.05 ) . In premenopausal women , the adjusted HRs were 1.50 ( 95 % CI , 1.00 - 2.26 ; P = 0.06 ) and 1.71 ( 95 % CI , 1.05 - 2.77 ; P = 0.04 ) , respectively . Conclusions : Obesity is independently associated with poorer outcomes in premenopausal women , as it is in postmenopausal women , and this is not entirely explained by differences in tumor size or nodal status . Given the high and increasing prevalence of obesity in western countries , more research on improving the treatment of obese breast cancer patients is warranted OBJECTIVE To determine the relative importance of familial , dietary , behavioral , psychological and social risk factors for predicting body mass index ( BMI ) change , and onset of  overweight and obesity among adolescent girls . METHODS Data from the NHLBI Growth and Health Study ( n = 2 150 ) , a longitudinal cohort of girls , were used to identify the most important predictors of change in BMI percentile between the ages of 9 and 19 years , and second , risk for becoming overweight and obese . Forty-one baseline predictors were assessed using a tree-based regression method ( R and om forest ) to rank the relative importance of risk factors . RESULTS The five factors that best predicted change in BMI percentile ( p < 0.05 ) were related to family socio-economic position ( income and parent education ) and drive to restrict eating and weight ( body dissatisfaction , drive for thinness and unhappiness with physical appearance ) . The factors that were statistically significant ( p < 0.05 ) predictors of both onset of overweight and obesity were income , ineffectiveness and race . CONCLUSIONS Family socio-economic position and emotion regulation appeared as the top predictors of both BMI change and onset of overweight and obesity . Our results build upon prior findings that policies to prevent the onset of obesity during adolescence be targeted towards girls from lower socio-economic position households . Our findings also suggest several novel psychological factors including ineffectiveness as predictors of obesity during adolescence . These predictive findings offer a direction for future inquiry into adolescent obesity etiology using causal methods Objective : To test a potential model of the relationship between physical activity and obesity from youth to adulthood . Design : Longitudinal study data from the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study .Subjects : A total of 1319 boys ( n=626 ) and girls ( n=693 ) aged 9 , 12 , 15 and 18 years were r and omly selected from five university towns and their rural surroundings in 1980 . They were followed up for 21 years . In 2001 they were 30 , 33 , 36 and 39 years old . Measurements :  Physical activity was assessed by a short question naire at two measurement points .  Obesity was measured by body mass index ( BMI ) and sum of skinfolds in 1980 and BMI and waist circumference in 2001 . Results : Structural equation analysis ( LISREL ) indicated that the prevalence of abdominal obesity in adulthood was directly affected by adult physical activity ( beta (β)=−0.16 , t=−4.02 , P < 0.05 for men , β=−0.12 , t=−3.35 , P<0.05 for women ) and indirectly via  youth physical activity  ( β=−0.10 , t=−4.68 , P < 0.05 for men , β=−0.07 , t=−4.54 , P<0.05 for women ) . Obesity tracked significantly from youth to adulthood ( β=0.41 , t=11.13 , P<0.05 for men , β=0.34 , t=9.39 , P<0.05 for women ) .  Youth physical activity  might reduce body weight in youth but was not directly associated with adult abdominal obesity in either men or women . The model accounted 19 % of abdominal obesity in men and 13 % in women . The path from  youth physical activity to adult obesity through youth obesity seemed to be stronger than the path through adult physical activity . Conclusions : This study lends general support to the hypothesized model that abdominal obesity in adulthood is directly related to adult physical activity and youth overall obesity in both sexes .  Youth physical activity had an indirect effect on abdominal obesity through the maintenance of physical activity in adulthood . Participation in and maintaining physical activity from youth to adulthood may have an important role in reducing obesity in adulthood Background Breast cancer and obesity represent important public health issues in most western countries . A number of studies found a negative prognosis effect of obesity or excess of weight in woman breast cancer . However , to date , this issue remains controversial . The objectives of this study were to confirm the prognosis role of obesity on a large cohort of patients and to investigate a potential independent effect . Material s and methods We constituted a cohort of 14,709 patients who were recruited and treated at the Curie Institute ( Paris ) from 1981 to 1999 . These patients were followed prospect ively for a first unilateral invasive breast cancer without distant metastasis . Obesity was defined by a Body Mass Index ( BMI ) above 30 kg/m2 according to the World Health Organization recommendations . Results Obese patients ( 8 % ) presented more extended tumors at diagnosis time suggesting a delayed breast cancer diagnosis . However , obesity appeared as a negative prognosis factor for several events in respectively univariate and multivariate survival analysis : metastasis recurrence ( HR = 1.32[1.19–1.48 ] ; HR = 1.12[1.00–1.26 ] ) , disease free interval ( 1.20[1.08–1.32 ] ; 1.10[0.99–1.22 ] ) , overall survival ( 1.43[1.28–1.60 ] ; 1.12[0.99–1.25 ] ) and second primary cancer outcome ( 1.57[1.19–2.07 ] ; 1.43[1.09–1.89 ] ) . Even if obese patients presented more advanced tumors at diagnosis time , multivariate analysis showed that there was a relevant independent effect . Other BMI codings , distinguishing overweight patients or using BMI as a continuous variable , showed a consistent correlation between BMI ’s value and prognosis effect . Interaction analysis revealed a more important obesity effect in the presence of tumor estrogen receptors and among limited extent tumors . Conclusions This survey confirms the prognosis role of obesity on one of the largest cohort by investigating several prognosis events . While independent obesity effect linked to hormonal disorders appeared consistent as obesity ’s mechanism , we stress that obesity prognosis effect was also related to breast cancer presentation at diagnosis time PURPOSE Information about factors related to overweight development in early stages of life is needed for design ing useful strategies to prevent overweight and related diseases . Longitudinal studies can contribute to this goal . The present study aim ed to identify factors in childhood that determine the development of overweight/obesity in adolescence . METHODS A prospect i ve study in 598 normal-weight Estonian and Swedish children age 9.5 ± 0.4 yr from the European Youth Heart Study , who were followed during 6 yr , was conducted . Weight and height were measured at baseline and follow-up , and weight status was ascertained according to the international criteria for body mass index . Cardiorespiratory fitness  ( expressed as  VO(2max ) ( mL·kg(-1)·min(-1 ) ) ) was assessed by a maximal bike test . Parents reported their weight , height , and educational level . RESULTS Being male ( vs female ) and Estonian ( vs Swedish ) was related to higher risk for incident overweight/obesity . Change in fitness was a stronger predictor of incident overweight/obesity than childhood fitness , parental overweight , or parental education . The risk of developing overweight/obesity was reduced 10 % every 1 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1 ) of VO(2max ) increase ( odds ratio = 0.90 and 95 % confidence interval = 0.84 - 0.95 ) after adjustment for a set of confounders including baseline body mass index and without differences by gender . CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that improvements in fitness from childhood to adolescence are associated with a lower risk of becoming overweight/obese in adolescence . The current findings highlight the importance of promoting fitness through physical exercise from early stages in life , as a promising strategy to fight against overweight and obesity . Gender and country differences observed in this study require social and political attention The main objective of this study is to verify the hypothesis that pubertal development , obesity , body satisfaction , as well as family and peer influences predict unhealthy eating habits in children and adolescents . A r and omized stratified sample of young Quebecers aged 9 , 13 , and 16 years on March 31 , 1999 [ 608 children aged of 9 years ( 325 girls and 283 boys ) and 662 adolescents aged of 13 and 16 years ( 349 girls and 313 boys ) ] were used . Children 's weight , height , and Body Mass Index ( BMI ) were recorded . Question naires were administered to children and a parent ( usually the mother ) . Among 9-year-old children , this study found that weight loss or weight control behaviors were predicted mainly by the onset of puberty , lower maternal abusive control , and the level of peer pressure . Among adolescents , mother 's BMI , income , peer pressure , and negative comments about the child 's weight most strongly predicted behaviors to control weight , strategies to lose weight and the frequency of such behaviors . The findings suggest that both parents and children need to underst and the impact of comments on a child 's behavior OBJECTIVES : The objective of this study was to evaluate a 12-session home/community-based health promotion/obesity prevention program ( Challenge ! ) on changes in BMI status , body composition , physical activity , and diet . METHODS : A total of 235 black adolescents ( aged 11–16 years ; 38 % overweight/obese ) were recruited from low-income urban communities . Baseline measures included weight , height , body composition , physical activity ( PA ) , and diet . PA was measured by 7-day play-equivalent physical activity ( ≥1800 activity counts per minute ) . Participants were r and omly assigned to health promotion/obesity prevention that is anchored in social cognitive theory and motivational interviewing and was delivered by college-aged black mentors or to control . Postintervention ( 11 months ) and delayed follow-up ( 24 months ) evaluations were conducted . Longitudinal analyses used multilevel models with r and om intercepts and generalized estimating equations , controlling for baseline age/gender . Stratified analyses examined baseline BMI category . RESULTS : Retention was 76 % over 2 years ; overweight/obese status declined 5 % among intervention adolescents and increased 11 % among control adolescents . Among overweight/obese youth , the intervention reduced total percentage of body fat and fat mass and increased fat-free mass at delayed follow-up and increased play-equivalent physical activity at postintervention but not at delayed follow-up . Intervention adolescents declined significantly more in snack/dessert consumption than control adolescents at both follow-up evaluations . CONCLUSIONS : At postintervention , there were intervention effects on diet and PA but not BMI category or body composition . At delayed follow-up , dietary changes were sustained and the intervention prevented an increase in BMI category . Body composition was improved for overweight/obese youth . Changes in body composition follow changes in diet and PA and may not be detected immediately after intervention Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( 1988 - 1994 ) were used to examine the relation between obesity and depression .  Past-month depression was defined using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Third Edition , and was measured with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule . Obesity was defined as a body mass index ( weight (kg)/height (m)2 ) of 30 or higher . The authors compared risks of depression in obese and normal-weight ( body mass index 18.5 - 24.9 ) persons . Obesity was associated with  past-month depression  in women ( odds ratio (OR)=1.82 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.01 , 3.3 ) but was not significantly associated in men ( OR=1.73 , 95 % CI : 0.56 , 5.37 ) . When obesity was stratified by severity , heterogeneity in the association with depression was observed . Class 3 ( severe ) obesity ( body mass index > or = 40 ) was associated with past-month depression in unadjusted analyses ( OR=4.98 , 95 % CI : 2.07 , 11.99 ) ; the association remained strong after results were controlled for age , education , marital status , physician 's health rating , dieting for medical reasons , use of psychiatric medicines , cigarette smoking , and use of alcohol , marijuana , and cocaine . These findings suggest that obesity is associated with depression mainly among persons with severe obesity . Prospect i ve studies will be necessary to clarify the obesity-depression relation but await the identification of potential risk factors for depression in the obese OBJECTIVE To investigate the emergence of the inverse socioeconomic gradient in body mass index ( BMI ) in the first 6 years of life . Furthermore , associations of socioeconomic position ( SEP ) with BMI and total fat mass ( % ) were assessed at age 6 , and potential mediating factors in the pathway between SEP and children 's body composition were investigated . METHODS Nearly 3,656 Dutch children participating in a prospect i ve cohort study in Rotterdam , the Netherl and s , were included from 2002 to 2006 .  Maternal educational level and net household income were used as indicators of SEP .  BMI and fat mass were both outcome measures . Associations and mediation analyses were investigated using linear mixed models and linear regression analyses . RESULTS The lowest SEP groups showed a larger increase in BMI over time as compared to the highest SEP groups ( P < 0.001 ) , which result ed in the emergence of the inverse SEP gradient around 3 - 4.5 years of age . In 6-year-old children , both BMI and total fat mass were significantly higher for children of low educated mothers ( difference in BMI SDS : 0.24 ; 95 % CI 0.15 , 0.33 ; and in total fat mass ( % ) : 2.68 ; 95 % CI 2.19 , 3.17 ) , which was also shown for children with a low household income . This was mainly explained by parental BMI and prenatal smoking . CONCLUSIONS The inverse socioeconomic gradient in obesity emerges during the preschool period , and widens with increasing age . A public health strategy aim ed at tackling the development of inequalities in obesity in early childhood needs to start before birth and should include the prevention of prenatal smoking and obesity of parents OBJECTIVE To examine the secular trends in the association between  obesity and hypertension among American adults between 1999 and 2014 . METHODS Data from the 1999 - 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( eight survey cycles ) were used . Obesity was determined from measured body mass index , with hypertension assessed from measured blood pressure and self-reported medication use . Meta-regression was used to examine the linear , quadratic , and cubic trends of the relationship between the observed odds ratio effect sizes ( obesity and hypertension ) and the NHANES cycles ( year ) using a r and om-effects model . RESULTS Across the years of 1999 to 2014 , there was a significant , positive linear trend ( p = .006 ) in the association between overweight/obesity and hypertension . CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the association between overweight/obesity and hypertension is becoming stronger over time . Continued surveillance of temporal changes associated with obesity and hypertension is necessary to monitor how such changes may underlie changes in the risk for chronic disease . SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This novel study evaluates whether the magnitude of association between obesity and hypertension has changed over the last 15-years OBJECTIVE The evidence for the association between obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes  has been derived mainly from the analysis of the degree of obesity . The role of the duration of obesity as an independent risk has not been fully explored . The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between the duration of obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING The Framingham Heart Study ( FHS ) , follow-up from 1948 to 1998 . SUBJECTS A total of 1256 FHS participants who were free from type 2 diabetes at baseline , but were obese on at least two consecutive of the study 's twenty-four biennial examinations , were included .  Type 2 diabetes status was collected throughout the 48 years of follow-up of the study . The relationship between duration of obesity and type 2 diabetes was analysed using time-dependent Cox models , adjusting for a number of covariates . RESULTS The unadjusted hazard ratio ( HR ) for the risk of type 2 diabetes for men was 1.13 ( 95 % CI 1.09 , 1.17 ) and for women was 1.12 ( 95 % CI 1.08 , 1.16 ) per additional 2-year increase in the duration of obesity . Adjustment for sociodemographic variables , family history of diabetes , health behaviour and physical activity made little difference to these HR . For women the evidence of a dose-response relationship was less clear than for men , particularly for women with an older age at obesity onset . CONCLUSIONS The duration of obesity is a relevant risk factor for type 2 diabetes , independent of the degree of BMI
There is no consistent result in the relationship between obesity and timing of pubertal onset in boys .
Obesity may contribute to early onset of puberty in girls , while in boys , there is insufficient data .
This systematic review and meta- analysis examined the associations between obesity and puberty timing based on scientific evidence .