Bonding efficacy of etch-and-rinse adhesives after dentin biomodification using ethanol saturation and collagen cross-linker pretreatment Adhesive performance of dentin bonding agents applied in vivo and in vitro. Effect of intrapulpal pressure and dentin depth. In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Chlorhexidine Pretreatment on Immediate and Aged Dentin Bond Strengths. Effect of ferric sulfate contamination on the bonding effectiveness of etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives to superficial dentin Bonding Performance of a Multimode Adhesive to Artificially-induced Caries-affected Primary Dentin. In vivo outcomes of indirect pulp treatment using a self-etching primer versus calcium hydroxide over the demineralized dentin in primary molars. Shear bond strength of composite to deep dentin after treatment with two different collagen cross-linking agents at varying time intervals. The in vitro morphological effects of some current pre-treatments on dentin surface: a SEM evaluation. In situ antimicrobial activity and inhibition of secondary caries of self-etching adhesives containing an antibacterial agent and/or fluoride. Primary dentin etching time, bond strength and ultra-structure characterization of dentin surfaces. A randomized, controlled clinical trial of one-step self-etching adhesive systems in non-carious cervical lesions. Effect of chemomechanical caries removal on bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin. Total-etch versus self-etch adhesive: effect on postoperative sensitivity. Comparison of different dentin pretreatment protocols on the bond strength of glass fiber post using self-etching adhesive. Four-year clinical evaluation of two self-etching dentin adhesives of different pH values used to restore non-retentive cervical lesions. Eight-year clinical evaluation of a 2-step self-etch adhesive with and without selective enamel etching. Micromorphological spectrum from overdrying to overwetting acid-conditioned dentin in water-free acetone-based, single-bottle primer/adhesives.
Aim : To evaluate whether the application of two simplified etch- and -rinse adhesives to biomodified dentin using ethanol-wet bonding ( EWB ) and collagen cross-linker ( CCL ) pretreatment improves their sealing ability . Material s and Methods : In 176 extracted human molars , the pulp-chambers were deroofed , and teeth were sectioned horizontally . Sample s were r and omly divided into eight groups according to four bonding techniques using two simplified etch- and -rinse adhesives ; Adper Single Bond 2 ( ASB ) and XP Bond ( XPB ) . The bonding protocol s included : ( a ) Water-wet bonding ( WWB ) ; ( b ) EWB ; ( c ) WWB and CCL application ; ( d ) EWB and CCL application . After composite resin restorations , dye leakage evaluation and scanning electron microscope analysis were done . Leakage scores were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at a significance level of P < 0.05 . Result : For both ASB and XPB adhesives , least dye leakage was observed in EWB groups ( b and d ) ( P = 0.918 and P = 0.399 respectively ) which showed no significant difference , while maximum leakage scores were seen in WWB groups ( a and c ) . Regardless of CCL application and adhesives used , EWB technique depicted ( P = 0.003 and P = 0.004 ) significantly greater sealing ability than WWB . Conclusion : Bonding of ASB and XPB using EWB significantly improved their sealing ability . Biomodification using CCL pretreatment had no significant effect on the sealing ability of adhesives bonded with either WWB or EWB The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of intrapulpal pressure and dentin depth on bond strengths of an etch- and -rinse and a self-etching bonding agent to dentin in vitro and in vivo . Twenty-four pairs of premolars were r and omly divided into four groups ( n = 6 ) according to the dentin bonding agent , Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond , and intrapulpal pressure , null or positive . Each tooth of the pair was further design ated to be treated in vivo or in vitro . The intrapulpal pressure was controlled in vivo by the delivery of local anesthetics containing or not a vasoconstrictor , while in vitro , it was achieved by keeping the teeth under hydrostatic pressure . Class I cavities were prepared and the dentin bonding agents were applied followed by incremental resin restoration . For the teeth treated in vitro , the same restorative procedures were performed after a 6 month-storage period . Beams with 1 mm(2 ) cross-sectional area were prepared and microtensile tested . Clearfil SE Bond was not influenced by any of the variables of the study , while bond strengths produced in vitro were significantly higher for Single Bond . Overall , lower bond strengths were produced in deep dentin , which reached statistical significance when Single Bond was applied under physiological or simulated intrapulpal pressure . In conclusion , in vitro bonding may overestimate the immediate adhesive performance of more technique-sensitive dentin bonding systems . The impact of intrapulpal pressure on bond strength seems to be more adhesive dependent than dentin morphological characteristics related to depth This study evaluated the effect of 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) pretreatment of dentin on the immediate and aged microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) of different adhesives to dentin in vivo and in vitro . Class I cavities were prepared in 80 caries-free human third molars of 40 patients in a split-mouth fashion . In each tooth pair , one tooth received 2 % CHX pretreatment after which both teeth were r and omly assigned to one of the following groups with respect to the type of adhesive system applied : Adper Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) , Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etch ) , Clearfil S(3 ) Bond ( one-step self-etch ) , and Adper Prompt-L-Pop ( all-in-one self-etch ) . The teeth were restored with resin composite and extracted for μTBS testing either immediately or after six months in function . In vitro specimen pairs were prepared as with the clinical protocol in intact , freshly extracted human molars , and thereafter , subjected to testing immediately or after 5000 × thermocycling . Data were analyzed with four-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) . Bonferroni test was utilized for pair-wise comparisons . The immediate bond strength values were significantly higher than " aged " ones for all tested adhesives ( p=0.00 ) . The in vitro immediate bond strength values were statistically higher than in vivo bond strength values ( p<0.05 ) . While the bond strength of in vitro aged , CHX-treated sample s were higher than their in vivo counterparts ( p<0.05 ) , no difference was observed in non-CHX treated groups ( p>0.05 ) . In the absence of CHX pretreatment , all adhesives showed significantly higher immediate bond strength values than CHX-treated groups , while all " aged " , non-pretreated adhesives exhibited significantly lower bond strength values ( both p<0.05 ) . By contrast , chlorhexidine pretreatment result ed in significantly higher aged bond strengths , regardless of the adhesive system and testing condition . Aging-associated decline in dentin bond strength of etch- and rinse and self-etch adhesives can be counteracted by chlorhexidine application Aim : This study investigated the effect of one hemostatic agent on the shear bond strength of  self-etch and etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Material s and Methods : Sixty extracted third molars were selected . After preparing a flat surface of superficial dentin , they were r and omly divided into six groups . Adhesives were Tetric N-Bond , AdheSE , and AdheSE One F. Before applying adhesives , surfaces were contaminated with ViscoStat for 60 s in three groups and rinsed . Then composite were attached to surfaces and light cured . After thermocycling , the bond strength was calculated and failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by t-test and one-way ANOVA with P < 0.05 as the level of significance . Results : ViscoStat had significantly decreased the shear bond strength of AdheSE ( P < 0.0001 ) to dentin . Modes of failures in all groups were mainly adhesive . Conclusion : Contamination had an adverse effect on the shear bond strength of AdheSE and reduced it PURPOSE To investigate the bonding of a new universal adhesive applied using different etching strategies on sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from 50 primary molars were r and omly assigned to 10 groups according to substrate ( sound dentin [ SD ] vs caries-affected dentin [ CAD ] pH cycled for 14 days ) and bonding approach ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive : self-etching , vs dry or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse strategies ; Adper Single Bond Plus [ two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive ] and Clearfil SE Bond [ two-step self-etching system ] as controls ) . After 24 h of water storage , bonded sticks with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were tested for microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) . Two sticks from each tooth were immersed in silver nitrate solution in order to evaluate nanoleakage ( NL ) with SEM . The μTBS means were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests . For NL , the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The influence of the etching strategy on the bonding performance of the universal adhesive was substrate dependent . The self-etching approach result ed in lower μTBS values and higher silver nitrate uptake into hybrid layers for Scotchbond Universal Adhesive on SD , while no difference among experimental groups was observed in CAD . CONCLUSION It is preferable to use the universal adhesive following either a dry- or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse approach on both sound and caries-affected primary dentin OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes ( 24 months ) of indirect pulp treatment ( IPT ) in primary teeth when a self-etching primer or a calcium hydroxide layer was used over the remaining carious dentin . STUDY DESIGN Primary molar teeth with deep carious lesions without signs and symptoms of irreversible pulpitis were divided into two groups , according to the capping material : Experimental group ( 1 ) : self-etching adhesive system ( Clearfill SE Bond ) ; and Control group ( 2 ) : calcium hydroxide liner ( Dycal ) . Both groups were followed up after application of a resin restoration ( 3 M - Z250 ) . RESULTS After 2 years of clinical and radiographic follow-up , no statistical difference was found between groups ( p = 1 ) . The overall success rate reached 87 % . CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that IPT has a high clinical and radiographic performance in primary teeth and is not dependent on the capping material used over the demineralized dentin OBJECTIVE This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength of composite resin to deep dentin using a total etch adhesive after treatment with two collagen cross-linking agents at varying time intervals . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors were sectioned longitudinally into equal mesial and distal halves ( n=60 ) . The proximal deep dentin was exposed , maintaining a remaining dentin thickness ( RDT ) of approximately 1 mm . The specimens were r and omly divided into three groups based on the surface treatment of dentin prior to bonding as follows : group I ( n=12 , control ) : no prior dentin surface treatment ; group II ( n=24 ) : dentin surface pretreated with 10 % sodium ascorbate ; and group III ( n=24 ) : dentin surface pretreated with 6.5 % proanthocyanidin . Groups II and III were further subdivided into two subgroups of 12 specimens each , based on the pretreatment time of five minutes ( subgroup A ) and 10 minutes ( subgroup B ) . Shear bond strength of the specimens was tested with a universal testing machine , and the data were statistically analyzed . RESULTS Significantly higher shear bond strength to deep dentin was observed in teeth treated with 10 % sodium ascorbate ( group II ) and 6.5 % proanthocyanidin ( group III ) compared to the control group ( group I ) . Among the collagen cross-linkers used , specimens treated with proanthocyanidin showed significantly higher shear bond strength values than those treated with sodium ascorbate . No significant difference was observed between the five-minute and 10-minute pretreatment times in groups II and III . CONCLUSION It can be concluded that dentin surface pretreatment with both 10 % sodium ascorbate and 6.5 % proanthocyanidin result ed in significant improvement in bond strength of resin composite to deep dentin This in vitro study morphologically evaluated the effect of some current surface pre-treatments on dentin , using scanning electron microscopy , and related these morphological alterations to clinical implication s. The labial surfaces of 30 bovine lower incisors were ground to obtain a flat dentin surface and were finished with 600-grit SiC paper to produce st and ardized smear layers . The teeth were r and omly divided into six groups of five each . Group 1 was the control group , smear layer covered dentin ; Group 2 was etched with 37 % phosphoric acid ( PA ) for 15 seconds ; Group 3 , 37 % PA for 15 seconds , followed by 10 % NaOCl for 60 seconds ; Group 4 , 10 % NaOCl for 60 seconds ; Group 5 , a self-etching primer ( Clearfil SE Bond , CSEB-primer ) was applied for 20 seconds ; Group 6 , CSEB-primer for 20 seconds , followed by NaOCl for 60 seconds . The specimens were fixed , dehydrated , dried and analyzed by SEM . Treatment with 37 % PA removed the smear layer , funneled the tubules and result ed in a collagen-rich surface which appeared to have collapsed in its outermost part , producing a dense surface layer covered with silica particles . When 37 % PA treatment was followed by 10 % NaOCl , the collagen network was removed to reveal an eroded , rough mineral surface with numerous lateral branches and larger than normal tubular orifices . The action of 10 % NaOCl on the smear layer-covered dentin showed no significant alteration in surface morphology . The treatment with CSEB-primer dissolved the smear layer but only partially dissolved the smear plugs . The tubules did not present the typical funnel shape seen following PA treatment . These morphological aspects on dentin surface must influence bonding results . The dentin surface alterations produced by PA appeared to be a very severe demineralization pattern , quite irregular and less permeable to monomer infiltration , while the surface provided by the self-etching primer appeared to be a more uniform , less porous surface , and the association with simultaneous monomer infiltration may reduce the occurrence of mistakes in clinical bonding procedures PURPOSE To evaluate the in situ effect of fluoride and MDPB-containing adhesives on antibacterial activity around  restorations in conditions of high caries risk . METHODS Bovine enamel and dentin blocks were restored with a fluoride-containing ( One-up Bond F Plus - OP ) or a MDPB and fluoride-containing adhesive ( Clearfil Protect Bond - PB ) .  Volunteers ( n = 17 ) wore an intra-oral appliance containing three enamel and three dentin blocks , aligned side-by-side and restored with OP or PB and one enamel and dentin block ( controls ) . The cariogenic challenge was carried out in two phases of 14 days each . The counts of total streptococci ( TM ) , mutans streptococci ( MS ) and lactobacilli ( LB ) were analyzed in the biofilm formed . Cross-sectional microhardness ( CSM ) and polarized light microscopy ( PLM ) evaluated caries lesions around the restorations and the demineralization extension . Data obtained by CSM testing was analyzed by Split-Split Plot ANOVA ( P < 0.05 ) . PLM and microbiota results were analyzed by Wilcoxon test ( P < 0.05 ) . RESULTS TM and MS counts were highest for the OP enamel restorations , and these presented higher lesion depths than PB in both the enamel and dentin . The CSM in dentin was the lowest at 60 μm from the restoration wall . None of the adhesives prevented demineralization and bacteria growth , but PB reduced the amount of oral pathogens in enamel and demineralization around restorations in enamel and dentin OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of shortening the etching time on roughness , microhardness and bond strength of three adhesive systems to primary tooth dentin . METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from primary molars were r and omly assigned to six experimental groups . Three different adhesive systems were used : an etch- and -rinse adhesive ( Single Bond ) , a two-step self-etching ( Clearfil SE Bond ) , and a one-step self-etching ( One-Up Bond F ) adhesive . In half of the specimens , the recommended etching time was used , in the other half the etching time was 50 % reduced . After applying the adhesive , resin composite build-ups were constructed and stored in a humid environment for 24h at 37 degrees C. Specimens were sectioned into 1mm(2 ) beams and tested for microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) . Debonded surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . Additional surfaces were conditioned for microhardness measurements ( KHN ) and for atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) analysis . Intertubular and total surface roughness ( Ra ) were recorded . Results were analyzed with ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests ( P<0.05 ) . RESULTS Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond showed higher MTBS than One-Up Bond F. Bond strength and intertubular roughness increased when Single Bond and One-Up Bond F were used with a reduced etching time . For Clearfil SE Bond no differences in MTBS were detected when reducing the etching time . The application of phosphoric acid , Clearfil SE Bond primer and One-Up Bond F decreases dentin microhardness . CONCLUSIONS Shortening One-Up Bond F application time and reducing the etching time of phosphoric acid to one-half of the manufacturer 's recommended etching time when using Single Bond are recommended when bonding to primary dentin PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of two different one-step self-etching adhesives . METHODS Two single-step self-etching adhesive systems , Clearfil Tri-S Bond and G-Bond , were evaluated . As a control , a two-step self-etching adhesive system , Clearfil SE Bond , was used . The teeth to be restored were r and omly assigned . The resin composite used to restore the teeth was Clearfil AP-X. The three adhesive systems were evaluated by Modified USPHS at baseline , 3 months , 6 months , and 12 months . The evaluation consisted of retention rate , color match , marginal discoloration ( interfacial staining ) , marginal adaptation ( integrity ) , wear , post-operative sensitivity , caries recurrence , and other failures . Changes over time and across groups were evaluated statistically using generalized estimating equations . RESULTS During the 12-month study period , no statistical differences were observed among the three groups ( P > 0.05 ) in retention rate , color match , marginal discoloration ( interfacial staining ) , marginal adaptation ( integrity ) . No wear , post-operative sensitivity , caries recurrence , or other failures were detected in any groups . The two one-step self-etching adhesives tested showed good clinical performance at the end of 12 months PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of enzyme-based ( Papacárie ) and sodium-hypochlorite-based ( Carisolv ) chemomechanical caries removal methods on bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin , in comparison to the st and ard rotary-instrument caries removal method . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-eight carious permanent molars exhibiting frank cavitation into dentin were used . Forty-eight teeth were r and omly divided into three groups , according to the caries excavation methods : ( i ) Papacárie , ( ii ) Carisolv and ( iii ) a round steel bur . After caries removal , each group was subdivided into two groups for two-step ( Clearfil SE Bond ) or one-step ( Clearfil S3 Bond ) self-etching adhesive application and resin composite buildups . Bonded specimens were sectioned into beams for microtensile bond strength testing . Bond strength data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey 's test . For interfacial nanoleakage evaluation using a field-emission scanning electron microscope , caries was similarly removed from the remaining thirty carious molars , bonding was performed as for bond strength testing , and the teeth were sectioned . RESULTS RESULTS of three-way ANOVA revealed that bond strength was significantly affected by " adhesive " ( p<0.001 ) and " dentin " ( p<0.001 ) , but not " caries excavation methods " ( p>0.05 ) . The bond strength of the two-step self-etching adhesive was significantly higher than that of the one-step self-etching adhesive ( p<0.001 ) . Conversely , the bond strength of self-etching adhesives to sound dentin was significantly higher than to residual caries-affected dentin ( p<0.001 ) . Greater silver penetration was observed in the bonded interfaces of residual caries-affected dentin and in interfaces bonded with the one-step self-etching adhesive vs those bonded with the two-step self-etching adhesive . CONCLUSION Chemomechanical caries removal did not affect the bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin as compared to caries excavation with rotary instruments BACKGROUND Self-etching adhesives are believed to prevent postoperative sensitivity when used under posterior resin-based composite restorations . The authors tested a twofold hypothesis : a self-etch , or SE , adhesive would result in less postoperative sensitivity than a total-etch , or TE , adhesive ; an SE adhesive would result in poorer enamel marginal integrity than a TE adhesive . METHODS Patients were selected on the basis of requiring Class I and II restorations in molars and premolars . The authors placed 30 restorations with the SE material ( Clearfil SE Bond , Kuraray America , New York ) and 36 restorations with Prime & Bond NT ( Dentsply Caulk , Milford , Del. ) , which uses 34 percent phosphoric acid to etch enamel and dentin simultaneously . Preparations were of st and ard design , with all margins in enamel without beveling . Upon rubber dam isolation , the authors conditioned the enamel and dentin walls with the self-etching primer ( for Clearfil SE Bond ) or etched with the proprietary 34 percent phosphoric acid ( for Prime & Bond NT ) , followed by application of the corresponding dentin adhesive . Teeth were restored with the proprietary hybrid resin-based composite indicated for posterior restorations : Clearfil AP-X for Clearfil SE Bond or Esthet-X Micro Matrix Restorative for Prime & Bond NT . The restored teeth were evaluated preoperatively and at two weeks , eight weeks and six months postoperatively for sensitivity to cold ( ice ) , air and masticatory forces , as well as for marginal discoloration . RESULTS Analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences in postoperative sensitivity between the SE and TE material s at any recall time . Marginal discoloration was rated as " absent " for all restorations at six months . Only one tooth displayed sensitivity to occlusal forces at six months . CONCLUSION The SE adhesive did not differ from the TE adhesive in regard to sensitivity and marginal discoloration . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Postoperative sensitivity may depend on the restorative technique rather than on the type of dentin adhesive used INTRODUCTION This study compared the influence of different irrigants with and without ultrasound or laser irradiation on the bond strength of glass fiber posts using a self-etching adhesive in a supplementary dentin pretreatment . METHODS Ninety bovine incisor roots were divided into 3 groups according to the irrigant tested : 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) ( n = 30 ) ; 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) ( n = 30 ) , and saline solution ( control ) ( n = 30 ) . Each group was r and omly divided into 3 subgroups according to the supplementary dentin pretreatment : ultrasound , Nd : YAG laser , and nonsupplemented ( control ) . A self-etching adhesive system ( Futurabond DC ; VOCO GmbH , Cuxhaven , Germany ) was used , and the glass fiber posts were cemented with dual-cure epoxy-based luting agent ( Bifix QM , VOCO GmbH ) . All roots were sectioned transversely , and the push-out test was performed . Failure mode analysis was also evaluated . RESULTS Bond strength decreased significantly after the use of 2.5 % NaOCl in all root thirds ( P < .05 ) . CHX showed no difference in the mean bond strength value compared with saline solution ( P > .05 ) . The supplementary dentin pretreatment using the Nd : YAG laser or ultrasound did not improve the bond strength values for both NaOCl and CHX ( P > .05 ) . Moreover , the apical third exhibited the lowest mean bond strength values ( P < .05 ) . Analysis indicated that the predominant failure mode was the mixed type . CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the irrigant used , the supplementary dentin pretreatment with ultrasound or laser irradiation showed no improvement in bond strength . Also , the use of NaOCl decreased the bond strength of glass fiber posts using a self-etching adhesive system , whereas CHX preserved it PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical performance of two self-etching adhesives of different pH values when used to restore non-retentive cervical lesions . METHODS 84 paired non-retentive class 5 restorations were originally placed in 21 subjects in need of 2 , 4 or 6 restorations in incisors , canines and premolars . The retention of the placed restorations relied on the two adhesives only , which were iBOND NG plus B ( iB ) , now marketed as iBOND Self Etch , and Clearfil SE ( CB ) . Lesions were restored with a micro-hybrid composite ( Venus ) . Following a baseline evaluation , the subjects were recalled and evaluated after 3 months , 1 year , 2 years and 4 years . RESULTS At the 4-year evaluation , 17 subjects remained who had originally received 66 restorations ( 33 of each adhesive ) . Eight of these 66 restorations had dropped out during the 4 years ( 4 iB and 4 CB ) for different reasons . Two of the drop-outs ( one iB and one CB ) had fractured in the same patient , leaving a large piece of the composite still bonded to the dentin . Two other drop outs ( both material iB ) were not available for evaluation because they had been crowned ( one after endodontic treatment and one after cusp fracture ) , while the remaining drop-out iB restoration had debonded . Regarding material CB , except for the fractured and partly retained drop-out restoration , the remaining three drop-outs had debonded . Pair-wise comparison of the evaluated parameters using Fishers Exact Test revealed no statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ) differences between the two material OBJECTIVES The objective of this r and omized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the 8-year clinical performance of a mild 2-step self-etch adhesive in non-carious Class-V lesions with and without prior selective phosphoric acid-etching of the enamel cavity margins . METHODS A total of 100 non-carious Class-V lesions in 29 patients were restored with Clearfil AP-X ( Kuraray ) .  The composite restorations were bonded following two different approaches : ( 1 ) application of Clearfil SE ( Kuraray ) following a self-etch approach ( control group ; C-SE non-etch ) , ( 2 ) selective phosphoric acid-etching of the enamel cavity margins before application of Clearfil SE ( experimental group ; C-SE etch ) . The restorations were evaluated after 6 months , 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 and 8 years of clinical service regarding their retention , marginal integrity and discoloration , caries occurrence , preservation of tooth vitality and post-operative sensitivity . RESULTS The recall rate at 8 years was 76 % . Only two restorations , one of the C-SE non-etch group and one of the C-SE etch group , were clinical ly unacceptable due to loss of retention leading to a retention rate and a clinical success rate of 97 % in both groups . Aging of the restorations was characterized by an increase in the percentage of restorations with a small but clinical ly acceptable marginal defect ( C-SE non-etch : 92 % ; C-SE etch : 84 % ) and /or a superficial marginal discoloration ( C-SE non-etch : 44 % ; C-SE etch : 28 % ) . At the enamel side , the presence of small marginal defects ( C-SE non-etch : 86 % ; C-SE etch : 65 % ) and superficial marginal discoloration ( C-SE non-etch : 11 % ; C-SE etch% ) was more frequently noticed in the control group than in the experimental group . The difference , however , was only statistically significant for the presence of superficial marginal discoloration ( McNemar , p=0.01 ) . SIGNIFICANCE After 8 years of clinical functioning , the clinical effectiveness of Clearfil SE remained excellent , with selective acid-etching of the enamel cavity margins only having some minor positive effect on marginal integrity and absence of marginal discoloration at enamel OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to illustrate and define the micromorphological spectrum which exists at the resin-dentin interface when two water-free , acetone-based , single-bottle primer/adhesive systems ( One-Step , Bisco , and Prime & Bond , Dentsply/L.D. Caulk ) were applied to acid-conditioned dentin under different dry and wet bonding conditions . METHODS Forty-eight 1 mm dentin discs were each conditioned with 10 % phosphoric acid and rinsed for 20 s. They were r and omly divided into 4 groups based upon the status of the remaining surface moisture ; Group I ( 30 s dry ) ; Group II ( 3 s dry ) ; Group III ( blot dry ) and Group IV ( overwet ) . Bonded dentin disc pairs were then demineralized in EDTA and embedded in epoxy resin for transmission electron microscopic examination . RESULTS The micromorphological spectra of the two bonding systems were essentially similar . Both were effected by even mild desiccation ( 3 s ) , result ing in incomplete intertubular resin infiltration . Optimal intertubular resin infiltration was achieved when the collagen network was kept moist and appeared relatively unaffected by the presence of excess surface moisture . On the other h and , intratubular resin infiltration was severely compromised in the presence of excess water within the dentinal tubules and at their openings in the dentin surface . The continuity of the resin layer deteriorated ; blister-like spaces formed on the dentin surface and resin globules were found around the tubular orifices and on the surface of the hybrid layer . In addition , a complex phase separation pattern was observed in Prime & Bond that was characterized by phase inversion in the presence of surface moisture . SIGNIFICANCE The " window of opportunity " for optimal interfacial integrity for both water-free systems appeared to depend upon keeping the demineralized collagen network moist , coupled with the complete evaporation of excess and " displaced " water from tissues prior to light-curing the prime/adhesives
Conclusions In light of the currently available scientific evidence , dentin surface pretreatment with deproteinizing agents does not enhance the bonding of SE adhesives to dentin .
The HOCl deproteinizing agent exhibited minimal adverse effects on bonding to dentin in comparison with NaOCl solutions
Objectives The aim of this systematic review was to critically analyze previously published studies of the effects of dentin surface pretreatment with deproteinizing agents on the bonding of  self-etch ( SE ) adhesives to dentin .
Additionally , a meta- analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of the above-mentioned surface pretreatment methods on the bonding of SE adhesives to dentin .