Resistant starch supplementation influences blood lipid concentrations and glucose control in overweight subjects. Acute ingestion of resistant starch reduces food intake in healthy adults. Efficacy of increased resistant starch consumption in human type 2 diabetes [Effects of resistant starch on insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients]. The Therapeutic Potential of Resistant Starch in Modulation of Insulin Resistance, Endotoxemia, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Is there any place for resistant starch, as alimentary prebiotic, for patients with type 2 diabetes? Resistant Starches Types 2 and 4 Have Differential Effects on the Composition of the Fecal Microbiota in Human Subjects Dietary treatment with rice containing resistant starch improves markers of endothelial function with reduction of postprandial blood glucose and oxidative stress in patients with prediabetes or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Limited effect of consumption of uncooked (RS2) or retrograded (RS3) resistant starch on putative risk factors for colon cancer in healthy men. Resistant starch intake at breakfast affects postprandial responses in type 2 diabetics and enhances the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide--insulin relationship following a second meal. Prior short-term consumption of resistant starch enhances postprandial insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects Effects of resistant starch on the colon in healthy volunteers: possible implications for cancer prevention. Amylose resistant starch (HAM-RS2) supplementation increases the proportion of Faecalibacterium bacteria in end-stage renal disease patients: Microbial analysis from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Variable responses of human microbiomes to dietary supplementation with resistant starch Resistant starch lowers postprandial glucose and leptin in overweight adults consuming a moderate-to-high-fat diet: a randomized-controlled trial A Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial to Determine the Impact of Digestion Resistant Starch MSPrebiotic® on Glucose, Insulin, and Insulin Resistance in Elderly and Mid-Age Adults Impact of Resistant Starch on Body Fat Patterning and Central Appetite Regulation
Resistant starch ( RS ) includes the sum of starch and degradation products of starch that resist small intestinal digestion and enter the colon . This study was planned to examine the effect of resistant starch on hypolipidemic actions , blood glucose , insulin levels and humoral immune responses in healthy overweight subjects . Healthy overweight subjects ( over 120 % of their ideal body weights ) were fed either 24 g/d of resistant corn starch ( RS ) or regular corn starch ( CS ) for 21 d with their regular meals . Although this double-blind feeding regiment result ed in no significant changes in their weights or other physical parameters for the relatively acute period of intakes , there were significant lowering effects of serum total cholesterol ( p < 0.05 ) and serum LDL-cholesterol ( p < 0.05 ) in subjects supplemented RS . Compared with the control starch group , the RS supplementation also reduced the mean fasting serum glucose concentrations ( p < 0.05 ) . Resistant starch supplement result ed in the increase in serum immunoglobulin G ( IgG ) concentrations . Serum insulin and complement 3 ( C3 ) were unaffected . Tested resistant starch supplementation was reported to be palatable with minimal bowel discomfort . These results suggest that RS supplementation improves the blood lipid profile and controls the blood glucose levels in healthy overweight subjects without bowel discomfort . Therefore , RS has a potential to be used as one of the promising food ingredients for reducing risk factors involved in the development of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes in overweight individuals . However , in order to prove RS as a novel therapeutic agent of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes , controlled trials with larger sample sizes and longer duration are warranted Resistant starch ( RS ) , a non-viscous dietary fibre , may have postpr and ial effects on appetite regulation and metabolism , although the exact effects and mechanisms are unknown . An acute r and omised , single-blind crossover study , aim ed to determine the effects of consumption of 48 g RS on appetite compared to energy and available carbohydrate-matched placebo .  Twenty young healthy adult males consumed either 48 g RS or the placebo divided equally between two mixed meals on two separate occasions . Effects on appetite were assessed , using an ad libitum test meal and 24-h diet diaries for energy intake , and using visual analogue scales for subjective measures . Changes to postpr and ial glucose , insulin and C-peptide were also assessed . There was a significantly lower energy intake following the RS supplement compared to the placebo supplement at both the ad libitum test meal ( 5241 ( sem 313 ) v. 5606 ( sem 345 ) kJ , P = 0.033 ) and over the 24 h ( 12 603 ( sem 519 ) v. 13 949 ( sem 755 ) kJ , P = 0.044 ) . However , there was no associated effect on subjective appetite measures . Postpr and ial plasma glucose concentrations were not significantly different between supplements , but there was a significantly lower postpr and ial insulin response following the RS supplement ( P = 0.029 ) . The corresponding C-peptide concentrations were not significantly different , although the ratio of C-peptide to insulin was higher following the RS supplement compared to placebo ( P = 0.059 ) . These results suggest that consumption of 48 g RS , over a 24-h period , may be useful in the management of the metabolic syndrome and appetite . Further studies are required to determine the exact mechanisms Resistant starch ( RS ) has been shown to beneficially affect insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals and those with metabolic syndrome , but its effects on human type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) are unknown . This study aim ed to determine the effects of increased RS consumption on insulin sensitivity and glucose control and changes in postpr and ial metabolites and body fat in T2DM . Seventeen individuals with well-controlled T2DM ( HbA1c 46.6±2 mmol/mol ) consumed , in a r and om order , either 40 g of type 2 RS ( HAM-RS2 ) or a placebo  , daily for 12 weeks with a 12-week washout period in between . At the end of each intervention period , participants attended for three metabolic investigations : a two-step euglycemic – hyperinsulinemic clamp combined with an infusion of [ 6,6 - 2H2 ] glucose , a meal tolerance test ( MTT ) with arterio-venous sampling across the forearm , and whole-body imaging . HAM-RS2 result ed in significantly lower postpr and ial glucose concentrations ( P=0.045 ) and a trend for greater glucose uptake across the forearm muscle ( P=0.077 ) ; however , there was no effect of HAM-RS2 on hepatic or peripheral insulin sensitivity , or on HbA1c . Fasting non-esterified fatty acid ( NEFA ) concentrations were significantly lower ( P=0.004 ) and NEFA suppression was greater during the clamp with HAM-RS2 ( P=0.001 ) . Fasting triglyceride ( TG ) concentrations and soleus intramuscular TG concentrations were significantly higher following the consumption of HAM-RS2 ( P=0.039 and P=0.027 respectively ) . Although fasting GLP1 concentrations were significantly lower following HAM-RS2 consumption ( P=0.049 ) , postpr and ial GLP1 excursions during the MTT were significantly greater ( P=0.009 ) . HAM-RS2 did not improve tissue insulin sensitivity in well-controlled T2DM , but demonstrated beneficial effects on meal h and ling , possibly due to higher postpr and ial GLP1 OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of resistant starch ( RS ) on insulin resistance ( IR ) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients . METHODS All 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were r and omly divided into two groups : Group A and Group B. Cross- design of two stages ( I , II ) was used during observation . Group A received RS 30 g/d as an intervention group for ahead of 4 weeks ( I stage ) , while group B as a control group . Group B was given RS in late 4 weeks ( II stage ) , while Group A as served control group . Blood was taken the first day and on the latest day in each stage . Fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) , post blood glucose ( PBG ) , fructosamine ( FMN ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglyceridemic ( TG ) , insulin sensitive index ( ISI ) , and body mass index ( BMI ) were measured , respectively . RESULTS As Compared with the control group , ISI was higher and FBG , PBG , TC , TG , FMN and BMI were significantly lower in intervention group ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION RS should be effective in improving IR of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients Aims : This trial aims to determine the effects of resistant starch ( RS ) subtype 2 ( RS2 ) on glycemic status , metabolic endotoxemia and markers of oxidative stress . Methods : A r and omized , controlled , parallel-group clinical trial group of 56 females with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) was divided to 2 groups . The intervention group ( n = 28 ) and control group ( n = 28 ) received 10 g/day RS2 or placebo for 8 weeks , respectively . Fasting blood sample s were taken to determine glycemic status , endotoxin , high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) , antioxidant enzymes concentrations as well as uric acid at baseline and after the intervention . Results : After 8 weeks , RS2 caused a significant decrease in the levels of MDA ( -34.10 % ) , glycosylated hemoglobin ( -9.40 % ) , insulin ( -29.36 % ) , homeostasis model of insulin resistance ( -32.85 % ) and endotoxin ( -25.00 % ) , a significant increase in TAC ( 18.10 % ) and glutathione peroxidase ( 11.60 % ) as compared with control . No significant changes were observed in fasting plasma glucose , quantitative insulin sensitivity check index , hs-CRP , superoxide dismutase , catalase and uric acid in the RS2 group as compared with the control group . Conclusion : Supplementation with RS2 may be improved glycemic status , endotoxemia and markers of oxidative stress in patients with T2DM OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine effects of Resistant Starch ( RS2 ) on metabolic parameters and inflammation in women with type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) . METHODS In this r and omized controlled clinical trial , 60 females with T2DM were divided into intervention ( n = 28 ) and placebo groups ( n = 32 ) . They received 10 g/d RS2 or placebo for 8 weeks , respectively . Fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) , glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , lipid profile , high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) were measured at baseline and at the end of the trial . Paired t test , unpaired t-test and ANCOVA were used to compare the quantitative variables . The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 13.0 . RESULTS RS2  decreased HbA1c ( -0.3 % , -3.6 % ) , TNF-α ( -3.4 pg/mL , -18.9 % ) , triglyceride ( -33.4 mg/dL , -15.4 % ) , and it increased HDL-c ( + 9.4 mg/dL , + 24.6 % ) significantly compared with the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . Changes in FBS , total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein , hs-CRP and IL-6 were not significant in the RS2 group compared with the control group . RS2 can improve glycemic status , inflammatory markers and lipid profile in women with T2DM . CONCLUSIONS Although findings of the present study indicated positive effects of RS2  on inflammation and metabolic parameters , more studies are needed to confirm efficacy of RS2 as an adjunct therapy in diabetes Background To systematic ally develop dietary strategies based on resistant starch ( RS ) that modulate the human gut microbiome , detailed in vivo studies that evaluate the effects of different forms of RS on the community structure and population dynamics of the gut microbiota are necessary . The aim of the present study was to gain a community wide perspective of the effects of RS types 2 ( RS2 ) and 4 ( RS4 ) on the fecal microbiota in human individuals . Methods and Findings Ten human subjects consumed crackers for three weeks each containing either RS2 , RS4 , or native starch in a double-blind , crossover design . Multiplex sequencing of 16S rRNA tags revealed that both types of RS induced several significant compositional alterations in the fecal microbial population s , with differential effects on community structure . RS4 but not RS2 induced phylum-level changes , significantly increasing Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes while decreasing Firmicutes . At the species level , the changes evoked by RS4 were increases in Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Parabacteroides distasonis , while RS2 significantly raised the proportions of Ruminococcus bromii and Eubacterium rectale when compared to RS4 . The population shifts caused by RS4 were numerically substantial for several taxa , leading for example , to a ten-fold increase in bifidobacteria in three of the subjects , enriching them to 18–30 % of the fecal microbial community . The responses to RS and their magnitudes varied between individuals , and they were reversible and tightly associated with the consumption of RS . Conclusion Our results demonstrate that RS2 and RS4 show functional differences in their effect on human fecal microbiota composition , indicating that the chemical structure of RS determines its accessibility by groups of colonic bacteria . The findings imply that specific bacterial population s could be selectively targeted by well design ed functional carbohydrates , but the inter-subject variations in the response to RS indicates that such strategies might benefit from more personalized approaches OBJECTIVE We aim ed to evaluate whether 4-week of dietary treatment with rice containing resistant starch reduces blood glucose and oxidative stress as well as improves endothelial function . METHODS Patients with impaired fasting glucose ( IFG ) , impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes ( n = 90 ) were r and omly assigned to either a group ingesting rice containing 6.51 g resistant starch daily or a control rice group for 4-weeks . We assessed fasting and postpr and ial levels of glucose and insulin , oxidative stress markers and endothelial function using reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry  ( RH-PAT ) . RESULTS The diet containing rice with resistant starch  reduced fasting insulin and insulin resistance , postpr and ial glucose ( P = 0.010 ) and insulin levels at 30 min , and glucose and insulin areas under the response curve after the st and ard meal . Rice with resistant starch also decreased urinary 8-epi-PGF(2α ) and plasma malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and increased the RH-PAT index ( P < 0.001 ) and total nitric oxide ( NO ) . Postpr and ial changes in glucose at 60 and 120 min and areas under the glucose response curve , MDA , RH-PAT , and total NO of the test group differed significantly from those in the control even after adjusting for baseline values . Overall , changes in the RH-PAT index correlated positively with changes in total NO ( r = 0.336 , P = 0.003 ) and superoxide dismutase activity ( r = 0.381 , P = 0.001 ) and negatively with changes in MDA ( r = -0.358 , P = 0.002 ) and 8-epi-PGF(2α ) . CONCLUSIONS In patients with IFG , IGT or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes , 4-weeks of dietary treatment with rice containing resistant starch was associated with improved endothelial function with reduction of postpr and ial glucose and oxidative stress compared with control To investigate whether resistant starch ( RS ) affects putative risk factors for colon cancer , 24 healthy men consumed a daily RS supplement for 4 wk in addition to their habitual diet in a single-blind , r and omized , balanced multiple crossover trial . During the first week , all subjects consumed the control supplement containing glucose . Subsequently , each subject consumed , in r and om order , a supplement with RS2 ( uncooked high-amylose cornstarch ) , RS3 ( extruded and retro grade d high-amylose cornstarch ) , and glucose , each for 1 wk . The RS2 and RS3 supplements provided 32 g RS/d . Lithium was added to the supplements to measure compliance . Feces , 24-h urine , and breath sample s , as well as a 24-h food-consumption recall were obtained weekly from each subject . Compliance as measured by urinary lithium recovery was satisfactory . The mean composition of the background diet did not differ between the various supplementation periods . Breath-hydrogen excretion , stool weight , and fecal starch excretion were significantly higher during RS than during glucose supplementation , but did not differ during RS2 and RS3 supplementation . There were no significant differences in fecal dry weight , pH , or short-chain fatty acid concentrations , nor in the pH , bile acid concentrations , cytotoxicity , or osmolality of fecal water . It is concluded that in healthy men , supplementing the habitual diet for 1 wk with 32 g RS2 or RS3/d compared with glucose had no effect on putative risk factors for colon cancer , except for increasing stool weight and colonic fermentative activity . There were no significant differences between the effects of RS2 and RS3 on the indexes studied Resistant starch ( RS ) consumption can modulate postpr and ial metabolic responses , but its effects on carbohydrate ( CHO ) h and ling in type 2 diabetics ( T2D ) are unclear . It was hypothesized that a bagel high in RS would improve glucose and insulin homeostasis following the 1st meal , regardless of the amount of available CHO , and that in association with incretins , the effects would carry over to a 2nd meal . Using a r and omized crossover design , 12 T2D ingested four different bagel treatments ( their 1st meal ) determined by available CHO and the weight or amount of bagel consumed : treatment A , without RS ( 50 g of available CHO ) ; treatment B , with RS ( same total CHO as in A ) ; treatment C , with RS ( same available CHO as in A ) ; and treatment D , with the same RS as in B and available CHO as in A and C. A st and ard 2nd meal was ingested 3 h later . Following the first meal , B elicited a lower glucose incremental area under the curve ( iAUC ) than C ( P < 0.05 ) , D ( P < 0.05 ) , and A ( trend ; P = 0.07 ) , lower insulin iAUC than A ( P < 0.05 ) and C ( P < 0.05 ) , and lower glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP ) iAUC than A ( P < 0.05 ) . There was a positive correlation ( P < 0.05 ) between GIP and insulin iAUCs after the 2nd meal , and C had a 3 times greater slope than the other treatments ( r = 0.91 , P < 0.001 ) , yet lacked a significant concomitant improvement in glucose disposal . These results show that for the 1st meal , RS was effective when it replaced a portion of the available CHO , while ingesting more RS influenced the GIP-insulin axis following the 2nd meal Aims /hypothesisDiets rich in insoluble-fibre are linked to a reduced risk of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease ; however , the mechanism of action remains unclear . The aim of this study was to assess whether acute changes in the insoluble-fibre ( resistant starch ) content of the diet would have effects on postpr and ial carbohydrate and lipid h and ling . Methods Ten healthy subjects consumed two identical , low-residue diets on separate occasions for 24 h ( 33 % fat ; < 2 g dietary fibre ) . Of the diets one was supplemented with 60 g resistant starch ( Novelose 260 ) . On the following morning a fibre-free meal tolerance test ( MTT ) was carried out ( 59 g carbohydrate ; 21 g fat ; 2.1 kJ ) and postpr and ial insulin sensitivity ( SIORAL ) assessed using a minimal model approach . Results Prior resistant starch consumption led to lower postpr and ial plasma glucose ( p=0.037 ) and insulin ( p=0.038 ) with a higher insulin sensitivity(44±7.5 vs 26±3.5 × 10−4 dl kg−1 min−1 per µUml−1 ; p=0.028 ) and C-peptide-to-insulin molar ratio ( 18.7±6.5 vs 9.7±0.69 ; p=0.017 ) . There was no effect of resistant starch consumption on plasma triacylglycerol although non-esterified fatty acid and 3-hydroxybutyrate levels were suppressed 5 h after the meal tolerance test . Conclusion Prior acute consumption of a high-dose of resistant starch  enhanced carbohydrate h and ling in the postpr and ial period the following day potentially due to the increased rate of colonic fermentation Recent evidence suggests that resistant starch ( RS ) is the single most important substrate for bacterial carbohydrate fermentation in the human colon . During two 4-wk periods . 12 healthy volunteers consumed a controlled basal diet enriched with either amylomaize starch ( 55.2 + /- 3.5 g RS/d ; high-RS diet ) or available cornstarch ( 7.7 + /- 0.3 g RS/d ; low-RS diet ) . Approximately 90 % of the RS consumed disappeared during intestinal passage ; increased fermentation was verified by elevated breath-hydrogen excretion . During the high-RS diet , fecal wet and dry weight increased 49 % and 56 % , respectively ( P < or = 0.005 ) , whereas stool water content did not change significantly . Fecal concentrations and daily excretion of short-chain fatty acids were not different in the two study periods . During the high-RS diet , bacterial beta-glucosidase activity decreased by 26 % ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Fecal concentrations of total and secondary bile acids were significantly lower during the high-RS than during the low-RS period [ a decrease of 30 % ( P < or = 0.05 ) and 32 % ( P < or = 0.01 ) , respectively , in total and secondary bile acids ] whereas concentrations of primary bile acids were unaffected by RS consumption . During the high-RS diet , fecal concentrations of total neutral sterols decreased by 30 % ( P < or = 0.005 ) and fecal concentrations of 4-cholesten-3-one decreased by 36 % ( P < or = 0.05 ) . These data suggest that RS has potentially important effects on bacterial metabolism in the human colon that may be relevant for cancer prevention INTRODUCTION Many of the deleterious effects associated with chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) are secondary to the result ant systemic inflammation . The gut microbial changes caused by CKD are thought to perpetuate systemic inflammation . Therefore , strategies aim ed at modulating the gut microbiota may be helpful in reducing complications associated with CKD . We hypothesized that supplementation with high-amylose maize resistant starch type 2 ( HAM-RS2 ) would beneficially alter the gut microbiome and lead to lower levels of systemic inflammation . METHODS A double-blind , parallel , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial was performed comparing dietary supplementation of HAM-RS2 with placebo in patients with end-stage CKD .  Fecal microbial data were obtained from a subset of patients after DNA extraction and 16s sequencing . FINDINGS Supplementation of HAM-RS2 led to a decrease in serum urea , IL-6 , TNFα , and malondialdehyde ( P < 0.05 ) . The Faecalibacterium genus was significantly increased in relative abundance following HAM-RS2 supplementation ( HAM-RS2-Day 0 : 0.40 ± 0.50 vs. HAM-RS2-Day 56 : 3.21 ± 4.97 P = 0.03 ) and was unchanged by placebo ( Control-Day 0 : 0.72 ± 0.72 vs. Control-Day 56 : 0.83 ± 1.57 P = 0.5 ) . DISCUSSION Supplementation of amylose resistant starch , HAM-RS2 , in patients with CKD led to an elevation in Faecalibacterium and decrease in systemic inflammation . Microbial manipulation in CKD patients by using the prebiotic fiber may exert an anti-inflammatory effect through an elevation in the bacterial genera Faecalibacterium Background The fermentation of dietary fiber to various organic acids is a beneficial function provided by the microbiota in the human large intestine . In particular , butyric acid contributes to host health by facilitating maintenance of epithelial integrity , regulating inflammation , and influencing gene expression in colonocytes . We sought to increase the concentration of butyrate in 20 healthy young adults through dietary supplementation with resistant starch ( unmodified potato starch — resistant starch ( RS ) type 2 ) . Methods Fecal sample s were collected from individuals to characterize butyrate concentration via liquid chromatography and composition of the microbiota via surveys of 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequences from the Illumina MiSeq platform . R and om Forest and LEfSe analyses were used to associate responses in butyrate production to features of the microbiota . Results RS supplementation increased fecal butyrate concentrations in this cohort from 8 to 12 mmol/kg wet feces , but responses varied widely between individuals . Individuals could be categorized into three groups based upon butyrate concentrations before and during RS : enhanced , high , and low ( n = 11 , 3 , and 6 , respectively ) . Fecal butyrate increased by 67 % in the enhanced group ( from 9 to 15 mmol/kg ) , while it remained ≥11 mmol/kg in the high group and ≤8 mmol/kg in the low group . Microbiota analyses revealed that the relative abundance of RS-degrading organisms — Bifidobacterium adolescentis or Ruminococcus bromii — increased from ~2 to 9 % in the enhanced and high groups , but remained at ~1.5 % in the low group . The lack of increase in RS-degrading bacteria in the low group may explain why there was no increase in fecal butyrate in response to RS . The microbiota of individuals in the high group were characterized by an elevated abundance of the butyrogenic microbe Eubacterium rectale ( ~6 % in high vs. 3 % in enhanced and low groups ) throughout the study . Conclusions We document the heterogeneous responses in butyrate concentrations  upon RS supplementation and identify characteristic of the microbiota that appear to underlie this variation . This study complements and extends other studies that call for personalized approaches to manage beneficial functions provided by gut microbiomes Background High-amylose maize resistant starch type 2 ( HAM-RS2 ) stimulates gut-derived satiety peptides and reduces adiposity in animals . Human studies have not supported these findings despite improvements in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity after HAM-RS2 intake which can lower adiposity-related disease risk . The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of HAM-RS2 consumption on blood glucose homeostasis in overweight , healthy adults . We also examined changes in biomarkers of satiety ( glucagon-like peptide-1 [ GLP-1 ] , peptide YY [ PYY ] , and leptin ) and body composition determined by anthropometrics and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry , dietary intake , and subjective satiety measured by a visual analogue scale following HAM-RS2 consumption . Methods Using a r and omized-controlled , parallel-arm , double-blind design , 18 overweight , healthy adults consumed either muffins enriched with 30 g HAM-RS2 ( n = 11 ) or 0 g HAM-RS2 ( control ; n = 7 ) daily for 6 weeks . The HAM-RS2 and control muffins were similar in total calories and available carbohydrate . Results At baseline , total PYY concentrations were significantly higher 120 min following the consumption of study muffins in the HAM-RS2 group than control group ( P = 0.043 ) . Within the HAM-RS2 group , the area under the curve ( AUC ) glucose ( P = 0.028 ) , AUC leptin ( P = 0.022 ) , and postpr and ial 120-min leptin ( P = 0.028 ) decreased independent of changes in body composition or overall energy intake at the end of 6 weeks . Fasting total PYY increased ( P = 0.033 ) in the HAM-RS2 group , but changes in insulin or total GLP-1 were not observed . Mean overall change in subjective satiety score did not correlate with mean AUC biomarker changes suggesting the satiety peptides did not elicit a satiation response or change in overall total caloric intake . The metabolic response from HAM-RS2 occurred despite the habitual intake of a moderate-to-high-fat diet ( mean range 34.5 % to 39.4 % of total calories ) . Conclusion Consuming 30 g HAM-RS2 daily for 6 weeks can improve glucose homeostasis , lower leptin concentrations , and increase fasting PYY in healthy overweight adults without impacting body composition and may aid in the prevention of chronic disease . However , between-group differences in biomarkers were not observed and future research is warranted before specific recommendations can be made . Trial registration None Introduction Type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) has reached epidemic proportions in North America . Recent evidence suggests that prebiotics can modulate the gut microbiome , which then plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism , blood glucose , and insulin sensitivity . As such , prebiotics are appealing potential therapeutic strategies for prediabetes and T2D . The key objectives of this study were to determine the tolerability as well as the glucose and insulin modulating ability of  MSPrebiotic ® digestion resistant starch ( DRS ) in healthy mid-age ( MID ) and elderly ( ELD ) adults . Material s and methods This was a prospect i ve , blinded , placebo-controlled study . Prediabetes and diabetes were among the exclusion factors . ELD ( > 70 years ) and MID ( 30–50 years ) Canadian adults were recruited and , after 2 weeks of consuming placebo , they were r and omized to consume 30 g of either MSPrebiotic ® or placebo per day for 12 weeks . In total , 42 ELD and 42 MID participants completed the study . Blood sample s were collected over the 14-week study and analyzed for glucose , lipid profile , and CRP , lipid particles , TNF-α , IL-10 , insulin , and insulin resistance ( IR ) . Results At baseline , the ELD population had a significantly higher percentage ( p < 0.01 ) with elevated glucose and significantly higher TNF-α ( p < 0.01 ) compared to MID adults .  MSPrebiotic ® DRS was well tolerated in both MID and ELD adults . There was a significant difference over time in blood glucose ( p = 0.0301 ) and insulin levels ( p = 0.009 ) , as well as IR ( HOMA-IR ; p = 0.009 ) in ELD adults who consumed MSPrebiotic ® compared to placebo . No significant changes were found in MID adults . Conclusion Our results suggest that dietary supplementation with prebiotics such as MSPrebiotic ® may be part of an effective strategy to reduce IR , a major risk factor for developing T2D , in the ELD . Clinical Trial Registration NCT01977183 listed on NIH website : Clinical Trials.gov , The meta data generated in this study have been su bmi tted to the NCBI Sequence Read Archive ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/381931 ) Background Adipose tissue patterning has a major influence on the risk of developing chronic disease . Environmental influences on both body fat patterning and appetite regulation are not fully understood . This study was performed to investigate the impact of resistant starch ( RS ) on adipose tissue deposition and central regulation of appetite in mice . Methodology and Principle Findings Forty mice were r and omised to a diet supplemented with either the high resistant starch ( HRS ) , or the readily digestible starch ( LRS ) . Using 1H magnetic resonance ( MR ) methods , whole body adiposity , intrahepatocellular lipids ( IHCL ) and intramyocellular lipids ( IMCL ) were measured . Manganese-enhanced MRI ( MEMRI ) was used to investigate neuronal activity in hypothalamic regions involved in appetite control when fed ad libitum . At the end of the interventional period , adipocytes were isolated from epididymal adipose tissue and fasting plasma collected for hormonal and adipokine measurement . Mice on the HRS and LRS diet had similar body weights although total body adiposity , subcutaneous and visceral fat , IHCL , plasma leptin , plasma adiponectin plasma insulin/glucose ratios was significantly greater in the latter group . Adipocytes isolated from the LRS group were significantly larger and had lower insulin-stimulated glucose uptake . MEMRI data obtained from the ventromedial and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei suggests a satiating effect of the HRS diet despite a lower energy intake . Conclusion and Significance Dietary RS significantly impacts on adipose tissue patterning , adipocyte morphology and metabolism , glucose and insulin metabolism , as well as affecting appetite regulation , supported by changes in neuronal activity in hypothalamic appetite regulation centres which are suggestive of satiation
The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the amelioration of BMI , HOMA-%S and HOMA-%B in T2DM patients between RS and the non-RS supplementation .
There was no significant difference between RS and non-RS supplements in patients with simple obesity .
Conclusion RS supplementation can ameliorate IR in T2DM , especially for the patients of T2DM with obesity , but not in simple obesity
Background Resistant starch ( RS ) is a starch that can be fermented by the microbial flora within gut lumen .
Insulin resistance ( IR ) is a pathophysiological condition related to diabetes and obesity .
RS could reduce blood glucose and ameliorate IR in animals , but its effect in human population is controversial .
Objective The authors conducted a systematic literature review to evaluate the effect of RS diet supplement on ameliorating IR in patients with T2DM and simple obesity .