Patients with Fibromyalgia Benefit from Aerobic Endurance Exercise Internet-enhanced management of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial Efficacy of the "body movement and perception" method in the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: an open pilot study. A pragmatic community-based intervention of multimodal physiotherapy plus deep water running (DWR) for fibromyalgia syndrome: a pilot study Management of patients with fibromyalgia using biofeedback: a randomized control trial. A psychological profile of fibromyalgia patients: a chiropractic case study. An exercise program in the treatment of fibromyalgia. The efficacy of the Rességuier method in the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Effectiveness of dance in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized, single-blind, controlled study. Land- and water-based exercise intervention in women with fibromyalgia: the al-andalus physical activity randomised controlled trial Fibromyalgia: a randomised, controlled trial of a treatment programme based on self management Effects of Lifestyle Physical Activity in Adults With Fibromyalgia: Results at Follow-Up Feasibility and effectiveness of an aerobic exercise program in children with fibromyalgia: results of a randomized controlled pilot trial. Multidisciplinary treatment of fibromyalgia: does cognitive behavior therapy increase the response to treatment? Zumba dancing can improve the pain and functional capacity in women with fibromyalgia. The effects of balneotherapy on fibromyalgia patients Effect of music as nursing intervention for people diagnosed with fibromyalgia.
Abstract : Fibromyalgia ( FM ) is a disorder characterised by diffuse widespread musculoskeletal aching and stiffness and multiple tender points [ 1 ] . Its pathophysiology is poorly understood . The influence of aerobic endurance exercise on pain in patients with FM was investigated . Twenty-seven patients ( 25 female , 2 male ) participated in a controlled clinical study and performed 12 weeks of jogging , walking , cycling or swimming following a given schedule .  Twelve sedentary FM patients ( 11 female , 1 male ) served as controls . Before and after training both the study and the control groups were evaluated spiroergometrically .  Tender point pain was quantified by dolorimetry . The painful body surface was estimated by a pain body diagram , and its intensity by a visual analogue scale and a ranking scale . Patients trained for an average of 25 min two to three times a week , with an average intensity of 50 % of maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) . Unlike the control group , the training group exhibited a decrease in heart rate and VO2 and an increase in respiratory quotient during submaximal workload . Maximal performance capacity and VO2max remained unchanged , whereas the wattpulse ( watt/heart rate ) improved at maximal workload . Pain parameters remained unchanged in the control group , but in the training group the mean number of positive tender points ( 15.4/12.7 ) , the mean pain threshold of the gluteal tender point ( 2.89 kp/3.50 kp ) and the painful body surface ( 18%/15 % body surface ) decreased significantly . Subjective general pain condition deteriorated in two patients but improved in 17 . Our results suggest a positive effect of aerobic endurance exercise on fitness and well-being in patients with FM & NA ; Both pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions have demonstrated efficacy in the management of fibromyalgia ( FM ) .  Non‐pharmacological interventions however are far less likely to be used in clinical setting s , in part due to limited access . This manuscript presents the findings of a r and omized controlled trail of an Internet‐based exercise and behavioral self‐management program for FM design ed for use in the context of a routine clinical care . 118 individuals with FM were r and omly assigned to either ( a ) st and ard care or ( b ) st and ard care plus access to a Web‐Enhanced Behavioral Self‐Management program ( WEB‐SM ) grounded in cognitive and behavioral pain management principles . Individuals were assessed at baseline and again at 6 months for primary endpoints : reduction of pain and an improvement in physical functioning . Secondary outcomes included fatigue , sleep , anxiety and depressive symptoms , and a patient global impression of improvement . Individuals assigned to the WEB‐SM condition reported significantly greater improvement in pain , physical functioning , and overall global improvement . Exercise and relaxation techniques were the most commonly used skills throughout the 6 month period . A no‐contact , Internet‐based , self‐management intervention demonstrated efficacy on key outcomes for FM . While not everyone is expected to benefit from this approach , this study demonstrated that non‐pharmacological interventions can be efficiently integrated into routine clinical practice with positive outcomes OBJECTIVES Group exercises may be useful in fibromyalgia syndrome ( FMS ) .  The ' Body movement and perception ' ( BMP ) method is based on low impact exercises , awareness of body perception and relaxation , aim ed at treating small groups of patients following the Resseguier method ( RM ) and integrating RM with exercises derived from soft gymnastics . We assessed the effects of BMP method on FMS . METHODS 40 women with FMS ( age and disease duration : 51.7±7.2 and 4.9±3.8 years ) participated in an open pilot study . BMP sessions were performer twice a week ( 50 minutes each ) for 8 weeks . Patients were assessed at enrolment ( T0 ) and at the end of the study ( T1 ) by a self-administered question naire ( temporal characteristics of pain , pain interference in working and recreational activities and in night-time rest , awareness of pain , fatigue , irritability , well-being , quality of movement , ability to focus on perception and to perceive whole body , postural selfcontrol , ability to relax ) and a clinical evaluation ( tender points , assumption of analgesics/NSAIDs , distribution of pain , pain in sitting and st and ing position , pain during postural passages and gait , postural body alignment , muscular contractures ) . RESULTS At T1 , FMS patients significantly improved with respect to T0 in pain , fatigue , irritability , well-being , quality of movement , postural self-control , ability to relax mind and body , movement perception , tender point scores , assumption of analgesic/NSAIDs , body alignment and muscle contractures ( p<0.05 for all the comparisons T1 versus T0 ) . CONCLUSIONS In FMS patients , rehabilitation with BMP  improves pain and well being , reduces the number of tender points and muscle contractures , thus it is useful in FMS management Evidence -based recommendations support the use of multimodal therapy and hydrotherapy for fibromyalgia syndrome ; however , there is little st and ardisation of such programmes . The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a pool-based exercise using deep water running ( DWR ) as part of a multimodal physiotherapy programme for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome . For a non-r and omised clinical study , 44 patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia were recruited from primary care . Patients in the experimental group received a multimodal programme incorporating pool-based exercise using DWR three times a week for an 8-week period . The control group received a leaflet containing advice and continued with normal activities . Patients were evaluated for physical function ( Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire , FIQ ) , pain , general health ( Short Form-12 Health Survey ) and quality of life ( European Quality of Life Scale-5D ) pre- and post intervention . Statistically significant results were found for the experimental group for FIQ total score , incorporating physical function , pain , fatigue , stiffness and psychological variables ( p < 0.05 ) . Statistically significant differences between the experimental group and control were also found for general health ( p < 0.05 ) and quality of life ( p < 0.05 ) . The results of this pilot study and the high level of compliance and adherence and low level of attrition suggest that this multimodal programme incorporating DWR is a safe and effective intervention for fibromyalgia syndrome that is acceptable to patients OBJECTIVE Fibromyalgia syndrome ( FMS ) is a chronic rheumatological condition which could be characterized by generalized pain and fatigue . Cognitive and behavioral therapy has been found to be a suitable technique in the management of FMS . This study intends to evaluate the efficacy of electromyography ( EMG ) biofeedback to reduce pain in patients with FMS . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A r and omized controlled trial involving two groups of FMS patients , one receiving EMG biofeedback and the other a sham biofeedback  , was carried out . The assessment tools included in the study were fibromyalgia impact question naire ( FIQ ) , visual analogue scale ( VAS ) , six-minute walk test ( SMWT ) and number of tender points ; and tenderness of each tender point was done for both the groups . STATISTICS A Student 's ' t ' test was used to study the test for significance . RESULTS After using biofeedback , the mean VAS scores and the mean number of tender points were found to be 3 out of 10 and 6 out of 18 respectively . Subjective analysis from both groups showed improvement in physical and psychological realms . Statistical significance . CONCLUSION Biofeedback as a treatment modality reduces pain in patients with FMS , along with improvements in FIQ , SMWT and the number of tender points BACKGROUND Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and tenderness . Reversible modulation of the pain threshold is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of this condition , and psychosocial stress is known to alter the pain threshold . OBJECTIVE To describe and compare the psychological profile of fibromyalgia patients attending chiropractic clinics in Australia . SETTING Chiropractic clinics located in 5 Australian states and the Australian capital territory with practice s in inner city , suburban , coastal , and rural areas were included . SUBJECTS Chiropractic patients with acute and chronic biomechanical conditions , fibromyalgia , and who were undergoing maintenance care were included in the study . METHOD A case study to explore the psychological profile of fibromyalgia patients was undertaken . The  Distress and Risk Assessment Method ( DRAM ) and Sense of Coherence ( SOC ) question naires were used to ascertain and compare the distress , sense of coherence , and manageability levels of patients with fibromyalgia with patients having maintenance chiropractic care . Purposive sampling of practitioners and convenience sampling of patients fulfilling the study 's inclusion criteria were undertaken . Patients were asked to complete two question naires and chiropractors to complete one question naire and an interview . RESULTS While more than half of the patients in the fibromyalgia group were distressed , fewer than 1 in 7 maintenance patients were found to be distressed according to the DRAM question naire . With several individual exceptions , fibromyalgia patients also tended to have lower SOC and manageability scores than the maintenance group . CONCLUSION This study supports the view that fibromyalgia may represent a problem of coping with various environmental stresses , including psychosocial stresses . However , owing to individual variation , a diagnosis of fibromyalgia at the clinical level does not accurately predict whether a particular patient is distressed or has a low SOC score . Screening of fibromyalgia patients may help determine whether intensive counseling and stress management by the chiropractor or another health professional should be contemplated OBJECTIVE To assess the utility of an exercise program , which included aerobic , flexibility and strengthening elements , in the treatment of fibromyalgia ( FM ) . FM is a chronic musculoskeletal condition characterized by diffuse musculoskeletal pain and aching . It has been suggested that aerobic exercise is helpful in its treatment . METHODS We studied 60 patients who met American College of Rheumatology criteria for FM and had no significant comorbidities . Measurements performed on each patient at the pre and post study assessment included the number of tender points ( TP ) , total myalgic scores ( TM ) , aerobic fitness ( AF ) , flexibility and isokinetic strength . After initial evaluation patients were r and omly assigned to either an exercise or a relaxation group . Each group met 3 times per week for 6 weeks for 1 h of supervised exercise or relaxation . All patients data were stored in a computerized data base and statistical analysis was performed on all pre and post study assessment s. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients ( 18 exercise and 20 relaxation ) completed the study . Analysis of our data showed no significant difference between the groups in their pre study assessment . Post study assessment s , however , showed a significant improvement between the exercise and relaxation groups in TP ( p < 0.05 ) , TM ( p < 0.05 ) , and AF ( p < 0.05 ) . Similar improvements were also found when the pre and post study assessment of the exercise group were compared . CONCLUSION Exercise is helpful in the management of FM in the short term . It also shows that FM patients can undertake an exercise program which includes aerobic , flexibility , and strength training exercises without adverse effects . The long term utility of this type of exercise requires further evaluation OBJECTIVES In fibromyalgia syndrome ( FMS ) defined rehabilitation guidelines are yet to be vali date d. Our aim is to evaluate the efficacy of the Rességuier method ( RM ) in FMS . METHODS Forty-one patients were r and omly assigned to Interventional ( 22 pts ) and Observational ( 19 pts ) Group ( IG and OG ) . The study lasted 8 months . Patients were assessed at baseline ( T0 ) after a 2-month rehabilitation ( T1 ) and at a 6-month follow-up ( T2 ) ( only IG ) with SF-36 Physical ( PSI ) and Mental Synthetic Index ( MSI ) , Regional Pain Scale ( RPS ) , Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire ( FIQ ) , Number Rating Scales 0 - 10 to measure pain , movement quality , sleep , relax ability , analgesics number/per week . OG patients maintained their lifestyle for the duration of the study . RM aims to obtain patient awareness and control of bodily perceptions , thus reaching a modulation of responses to pain . Therapist controls patient attention and perception by verbal and manual contacts and leads them to perform bodily and respiratory active and conscious movements . RESULTS In IG , at T1 all items were improved : PSI and MSI ( p<0.001 and = 0.001 ) , FIQ ( p<0.0001 ) , RPS ( p<0.001 ) , pain ( p<0.0001 ) , movement quality ( p=0.001 ) , relax ability ( p<0.0001 ) , sleep ( p<0.001 ) ; analgesics number/per week was reduced ( p<0.001 ) . All results obtained at T1 , except FIQ , were maintained at T2 . In OG at T1 versus T0 , no difference in any of the assessed parameters was observed . CONCLUSION In FMS patients , the rehabilitation with RM  improves HRQoL , FMS-related disability and perceived pain , thus reducing the assumption of analgesics OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of belly dance as a treatment option for patients with fibromyalgia . METHODS Eighty female patients with fibromyalgia between 18 to 65 years were r and omly allocated to a dance group ( n=40 ) and control group ( n=40 ) . Patients in the dance group underwent 16 weeks of belly dance twice a week , while the patients in the control group remained on a waiting list . The patients were evaluated with regard to pain ( VAS ) , function ( 6MWT ) , quality of life ( FIQ and SF-36 ) , depression ( Beck Inventory ) , anxiety ( STAI ) and self-image ( BDDE ) . Evaluations were carried out at baseline , 16 weeks and 32 weeks by a blinded assessor . RESULTS The dance group achieved significant improvements in VAS for pain ( p<0.001 ) , six-minute walk test ( p<0.001 ) , FIQ ( p=0.003 ) , BDDE ( p<0.009 ) as well as the pain ( p<0.001 ) , emotional aspects ( p<0.003 ) and mental health ( p<0.021 ) subscales on the SF-36 . CONCLUSIONS Belly dance can be used in the treatment of fibromyalgia to reduce pain and improve functional capacity , quality of life and self-image Background The al- And alus physical activity intervention study is a r and omised control trial to investigate the effectiveness of a l and - and water-based exercise intervention for reducing the overall impact of fibromyalgia ( primary outcome ) , and for improving tenderness and pain-related measures , body composition , functional capacity , physical activity and sedentary behaviour , fatigue , sleep quality , health-related quality of life , and cognitive function ( secondary outcomes ) in women with fibromyalgia . Methods / Design One hundred eighty women with fibromyalgia ( age range : 35 - 65 years ) will be recruited from local associations of fibromyalgia patients in And alucía ( Southern Spain ) . Patients will be r and omly assigned to a usual care ( control ) group ( n = 60 ) , a water-based exercise intervention group ( n = 60 ) or a l and -based exercise intervention group ( n = 60 ) . Participants in the usual care group will receive general physical activity guidelines and participants allocated in the intervention groups will attend three non-consecutive training sessions ( 60 min each ) per week during 24 weeks . Both exercise interventions will consist of aerobic , muscular strength and flexibility exercises . We will also study the effect of a detraining period ( i.e. , 12 weeks with no exercise intervention ) on the studied variables . Discussion Our study attempts to reduce the impact of fibromyalgia and improve patients ' health status by implementing two types of exercise interventions . Results from this study will help to assess the efficacy of  exercise interventions for the treatment of fibromyalgia . If the interventions would be effective , this study will provide low-cost and feasible alternatives for health professionals in the management of fibromyalgia . Results from the al- And alus physical activity intervention will help to better underst and the potential of regular physical activity for improving the well-being of women with fibromyalgia . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov ID : Objective : To evaluate the efficacy of a treatment programme for patients with fibromyalgia ( FM ) based on self management , using pool exercises and education . Methods : R and omised controlled trial with a 6 month follow up to evaluate an outpatient multidisciplinary programme ; 164 patients with FM were allocated to an immediate 6 week programme ( n = 84 ) or to a waiting list control group ( n = 80 ) . The main outcomes were changes in quality of life , functional consequences , patient satisfaction and pain , using a combination of patient question naires and clinical examinations . The question naires included the Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire ( FIQ ) , Psychological General Well-Being ( PGWB ) index , regional pain score diagrams , and patient satisfaction measures . Results : 61 participants in the treatment group and 68 controls completed the programme and 6 month follow up examinations . Six months after programme completion , significant improvements in quality of life and functional consequences of FM were seen in the treatment group as compared with the controls and as measured by scores on both the FIQ ( total score p = 0.025 ; fatigue p = 0.003 ; depression p = 0.031 ) and PGWB ( total score p = 0.032 ; anxiety p = 0.011 ; vitality p = 0.013 , ) . All four major areas of patient satisfaction showed greater improvement in the treatment than the control groups ; between-group differences were statistically significant for “ control of symptoms ” , “ psychosocial factors ” , and “ physical therapy ” No change in pain was seen . Conclusion : A 6 week self management based programme of pool exercises and education can improve the quality of life of patients with FM and their satisfaction with treatment . These improvements are sustained for at least 6 months after programme completion Background : In a 12-week r and omized controlled trial of the effects of lifestyle physical activity ( LPA ) on symptoms and function among adults with fibromyalgia , we found that  LPA participants increased their average daily step count by 54 % , improved their self-reported functioning by 18 % , and reduced their pain by 35 % . Objectives : The objective of the study was to evaluate the intermediate ( 6 months ) and long-term ( 12 months ) effects of the LPA intervention on outcomes . Methods : Participants completed follow-up assessment s of physical activity , pain , fibromyalgia-related function , fatigue , depression , number of tender points , 6-minute walk test , and perceived improvement at 6 and 12 months after intervention . Results : Of the 73 participants who completed the 12-week trial , 53 ( 73 % ) completed both the 6- and 12-month follow-up . Although the LPA participants reported greater perceived improvement at each follow-up , they did not differ from controls on pain , physical activity , tenderness , fatigue , depression , or the 6-minute walk test . Self-reported functioning declined markedly at follow-up for the LPA participants . Conclusions : Although participants reported greater perceived improvement at each assessment , the beneficial effects of LPA on physical activity , function , and pain found after the 12-week intervention were not sustained over time . This recidivism is seen in studies of activity and exercise in nearly any condition , and innovative methods that may prevent this are a focus of future studies OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility of conducting a r and omized controlled trial of a 12-week exercise intervention in children with fibromyalgia ( FM ) and to explore the effectiveness of aerobic exercise on physical fitness , function , pain , FM symptoms , and quality of life ( QOL ) . METHODS FM patients ages 8 - 18 years were r and omized to a 12-week exercise intervention of either aerobics or qigong . Both groups participated in 3 weekly training sessions . Program adherence and safety were monitored at each session . Data were collected at 3 testing sessions , 2 prior to and 1 after the intervention , and included FM symptoms , function , pain , QOL , and fitness measures . RESULTS Thirty patients participated in the trial . Twenty-four patients completed the program ; 4 patients dropped out prior to training and 2 dropped out of the aerobics program . Better adherence was reported in the aerobics group than in the qigong group ( 67 % versus 61 % ) . Significant improvements in physical function , functional capacity , QOL , and fatigue were observed in the aerobics group . Anaerobic function , tender point count , pain , and symptom severity improved similarly in both groups . CONCLUSION It is feasible to conduct an exercise intervention trial in children with FM . Children with FM tolerate moderate-intensity exercise without exacerbation of their disease . Significant improvements in physical function , FM symptoms , QOL , and pain were demonstrated in both exercise groups ; the aerobics group performed better in several measures compared with the qigong group . Future studies may need larger sample sizes to confirm clinical improvement and to detect differences in fitness in childhood FM OBJECTIVE Multidisciplinary treatments ( MTs ) are usually recommended for reducing fibromyalgia ( FM ) symptoms and include physical exercise , drug management , education , and cognitive behavior therapy ( CBT ) . However , there is no evidence that CBT adds efficacy to the other therapeutic components . This r and omized controlled trial analyzed the response of FM patients to two MTs , with and without CBT , according to the presence of concurrent symptoms . METHODS Eighty-three women with FM were r and omly assigned to MT or combined MT and CBT . The MT included medical intervention , physical training , education , and discussion of the syndrome . The CBT focused on coping with stress , modifying lifestyles , and changing pain behaviors . Demographic and clinical data , information regarding tender points , and question naire responses about functional capability [ Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire ( FIQ ) ] , health status [ 36-item Short Form Health Survey ( SF-36 ) ] , and mental health [ Symptom Checklist-90-Revised ( SCL-90-R ) ] were obtained at the beginning , at the end of the 15-week treatment , and at 6-month follow-up . Subgroups are identified in relation to treatment response . RESULTS Sixty-six women ( 80 % ) completed treatment . Although the variance of the total sample had changed at posttreatment ( F=2.67 , P=.031 ) , there was no significant effect for the TimexTreatment interaction ( F=1.65 , P=.16 ) . Univariate tests detected a significant fall in the FIQ score . The subgroup of patients with fatigue showed a better response with MT+CBT than with MT . At 6-month follow-up , the statistical differences had been maintained . Intention-to-treat analysis ratified these results . CONCLUSIONS MT improves functional capability and reduces symptom impact . CBT increases mildly the effect of MT in patients with fatigue INTRODUCTION The importance of physical exercise for patients with fibromyalgia ( FM ) is very clear in the literature . Dancing is a type of aerobic exercise that has great acceptance . In addition to the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise , Zumba works on motor coordination and also has socializing as a part that should be included in patients with fibromyalgia . OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of Zumba dancing in improving pain , functional capacity , quality of sleep and quality of life of women with fibromyalgia . DESIGN A pre-post treatment design . METHODS We evaluated 19 women with fibromyalgia , selected by convenience . Data were collected in the second half of 2016 . Zumba dancing was performed twice a week for 12 weeks . Patients were evaluated at week 0 ( T0 ) and at week 12 ( T12 ) , by the following instruments : VAS ( Visual Analogic Scale ) , Likert Scale , TUG ( Timed Up an Go Test ) , 6MWT ( Six-minute Walk Test ) , FIQ ( Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire ) , PSQI ( Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ) , ESS ( Epworth Sleepiness Scale ) and SF-36 quality of life . RESULTS We found differences in pain ( VAST0 = 6.21 and VAST12 = 4.53 ) with p = 0.001 and in the domain physical functioning of SF36 ( T0 = 42.37 and T12 = 52.11 ) with p = 0.04 . No differences were found for the other variables between the times . CONCLUSION Zumba dancing as a form of treatment for three months for patients with fibromyalgia was effective in improving pain and physical functioning . Future controlled and r and omized clinical trials should be performed to improve the evidence of Zumba dancing in women with fibromyalgia Abstract . Fibromyalgia syndrome ( FMS ) is a very common rheumatological diagnosis . There are various treatment modalities . This study was planned to investigate the effects of balneotherapy in the treatment of FMS . A total of 42 primary fibromyalgia patients diagnosed according to American College of Rheumatology criteria were included in the study . Their ages ranged between 30 and 55 years . Patients were r and omly assigned to two groups . None of them had had a cardiovascular disease before . Group 1 ( n=22 ) received 20-min bathing , once a day and five times per week . Patients participated in the study for 3 weeks ( total of 15 sessions ) . Group 2 ( n=20 ) was accepted as the control group . Patients were evaluated by the number of tender points , Visual Analogue Scale for pain , Beck 's Depression Index for depression , and Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire for functional capacity . Measurements were assessed initially , after the therapy , and at the end of the 6th month . In group 1 , there were statistically significant differences in numbers of tender points , Visual Analogue scores , Beck 's Depression Index , and Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire scores after the therapy program ( P<0.001 ) . Also , 6 months later in group 1 , there was still an improvement in the number of tender points ( P<0.001 ) , Visual Analogue scores , and Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire ( P<0.005 ) . But there was not a statistical difference in Beck 's Depression Index scores compared to the control group ( P>0.05 ) . Patients with FMS mostly complain about pain , anxiety , and the difficulty in daily living activities . This study shows that balneotherapy is effective and may be an alternative method in treating fibromyalgia patients Primary fibromyalgia , a poorly understood chronic pain syndrome , is a disorder of uncertain etiology . The ultimate goal of fibromyalgia treatment is to develop a multimodal therapy . In recent years , the use of music as an intervention for the pain management and other symptoms has increased . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of music on pain and depression for people diagnosed with fibromyalgia using Rogers ' theory of the unitary human being as the theoretical framework . An experimental 4-week longitudinal trial design was undertaken . Sixty patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia were r and omly assigned to either a music intervention group or a control group . Music interventions consisted of listening to music once a day for 4 consecutive weeks using two types of CDs .  Pain was measured with the McGill Pain Question naire Long Form and depression with the Beck inventory ; a 100-mm visual analog scale was used to measure pain and depression . The treatment group reported a significant reduction in pain and depression at week 4 compared with the control group . Members of the control group reported no differences in pain . The findings of this pilot study suggest the importance of music therapy as a nursing intervention and justify further investigation into music as a self-management intervention to reduce pain and depression
To our knowledge this will be the first attempt to systematic ally identify knowledge of dance as a potential intervention for adults with fibromyalgia .
This scoping review offers a feasible means for describing the evidence specific to dance and fibromyalgia ; results will provide unique insights concerning the breadth and depth of literature in the area .
An analysis of this body of literature as a whole may reveal new research directions or unknown ways this intervention could strengthen current management approaches of the disease
BACKGROUND Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread muscular tenderness , pain , fatigue , and cognitive difficulties .
Nonpharmacological treatment options , such as physical activity , are important for people with fibromyalgia .
There are strong recommendations to support engagement in physical activity for symptom management among adults with fibromyalgia .
Dance is a mode of physical activity that may allow individuals with fibromyalgia to improve their physical function , health , and well-being .
Dance has the potential to promote improved pain processing while simultaneously providing the health and social benefits of engaging in physical activity that contributes to symptom management .
However , we are unaware of current evidence on dance as a nonpharmacological/physical activity intervention for adults with fibromyalgia .
OBJECTIVE The aims of the study are to provide an overview of the extant evidence to underst and how dance is used for individuals with fibromyalgia ; to examine the extent , range , and nature of research activity in the area ; and to determine the value of undertaking a full systematic review .