Relationship between training load and injury in professional rugby league players. Importance of Various Training-Load Measures in Injury Incidence of Professional Rugby League Athletes. Musculoskeletal injuries in British Army recruits: a prospective study of diagnosis-specific incidence and rehabilitation times Risk factors of acute and overuse musculoskeletal injuries among young conscripts: a population-based cohort study Review article: Methodology for the ‘rapid review’ series on musculoskeletal injuries in the emergency department A step towards understanding the mechanisms of running-related injuries. What Risk Factors Are Associated With Musculoskeletal Injury in US Army Rangers? A Prospective Prognostic Study [An epidemiological study on the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and work load]. Effect of a general fitness program on musculoskeletal symptoms, clinical status, physiological capacity, and perceived work environment among home care service personnel Injury Patterns, Physiological Profile, and Performance in University Rugby Union. Training errors and running related injuries: a systematic review. The relationship between pre-season fitness testing and injury in elite junior Australian football players. An assessment of training volume in professional rugby union and its impact on the incidence, severity, and nature of match and training injuries Effect of Specific Resistance Training on Musculoskeletal Pain Symptoms: Dose-Response Relationship Epidemiological patterns of musculoskeletal injuries and physical training. Training load--injury paradox: is greater preseason participation associated with lower in-season injury risk in elite rugby league players? Does an Exercise Intervention Improving Aerobic Capacity Among Construction Workers Also Improve Musculoskeletal Pain, Work Ability, Productivity, Perceived Physical Exertion, and Sick Leave?: A Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between training load and injury in professional rugby league players ; DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study ; METHODS Seventy-nine professional rugby league players ( mean±SD age , 23.3±3.8 years ) participated in this four-year study . A periodized field , strength , and power training program was implemented , with training loads progressively increased in the general preparatory phase of the season and reduced during the competitive phase of the season . Training loads and injuries were recorded for each training session . RESULTS Training load was significantly related ( P<0.05 ) to overall injury ( r=0.82 ) , non-contact field injury ( r=0.82 ) , and contact field injury ( r=0.80 ) rates . Significant relationships were also observed between the field training load and overall field injury ( r=0.68 ) , non-contact field injury ( r=0.65 ) , and contact field injury ( r=0.63 ) rates . Strength and power training loads were significantly related to the incidence of strength and power injuries ( r=0.63 ) . There was no significant relationship between field training loads and the incidence of strength and power injuries . However , strength and power training loads were significantly ( P<0.01 ) associated with the incidence of contact ( r=0.75 ) and non-contact ( r=0.82 ) field training injuries . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the harder rugby league players train , the more injuries they will sustain , and that high strength and power training loads may contribute indirectly to field injuries . Monitoring of training loads and careful scheduling of field and gymnasium sessions to avoid residual fatigue is warranted to minimize the effect of training-related injuries on professional rugby league players PURPOSE To investigate the ability of various internal and external training-load ( TL ) monitoring measures to predict injury incidence among positional groups in professional rugby league athletes . METHODS TL and injury data were collected across 3 seasons ( 2013 - 2015 ) from 25 players competing in National Rugby League competition . Daily TL data were included in the analysis , including  session rating of perceived exertion ( sRPE-TL ) , total distance ( TD ) , high-speed-running distance ( > 5 m/s ) , and high-metabolic-power distance ( HPD ; > 20 W/kg ) . Rolling sums were calculated , nontraining days were removed , and athletes ' corresponding injury status was marked as " available " or " unavailable . " Linear ( generalized estimating equations ) and nonlinear ( r and om forest ; RF ) statistical methods were adopted . RESULTS Injury risk factors varied according to positional group . For adjustables , the TL variables associated most highly with injury were 7-d TD and 7-d HPD , whereas for hit-up forwards they were sRPE-TL ratio and 14-d TD . For outside backs , 21- and 28-d sRPE-TL were identified , and for wide-running forwards , sRPE-TL ratio . The individual RF models showed that the importance of the TL variables in injury incidence varied between athletes . CONCLUSIONS Differences in risk factors were recognized between positional groups and individual athletes , likely due to varied physiological capacities and physical dem and s. Furthermore , these results suggest that robust machine-learning techniques can appropriately monitor injury risk in professional team-sport athletes Background Musculoskeletal injuries during initial military training are a significant medical problem facing military organisations globally . In order to develop an injury management programme , this study aims to quantify the incidence and rehabilitation times for injury specific diagnoses . Methods This was a prospect i ve follow-up study of musculoskeletal injuries in 6608 British Army recruits during a 26-week initial military training programme over a 2-year period .  Incidence and rehabilitation times for injury specific diagnoses were recorded and analysed . Results During the study period the overall incidence of musculoskeletal injuries was 48.6 % , and the most common diagnosis was iliotibial b and syndrome ( 6.2 % ) . A significant proportion of the injuries occurred during the first 11 weeks of the programme . The longest rehabilitation times were for stress fractures of the femur , calcaneus and tibia ( 116 ± 17 days , 92 ± 12 days , and 85 ± 11 days , respectively ) . The combination of high incidence and lengthy rehabilitation indicates that medial tibial stress syndrome had the greatest impact on training , accounting for almost 20 % of all days spent in rehabilitation . Conclusion When setting prevention priorities consideration should be given to both the incidence of specific injury diagnoses and their associated time to recovery Background Military service in Finl and is compulsory for all male citizens and annually about 80 % of 19-year-old men enter into the service . The elevated risk for many chronic diseases and loss of function among those who are inactive and unfit can be often detected already in youth . On the other h and , activity-induced injuries among young are true public health issue . The purpose of the present prospect i ve cohort follow-up study was to evaluate predictive associations between acute or overuse injuries and their various intrinsic risk factors . Methods Four successive cohorts of conscripts who formed a representative sample of Finnish young men were followed for 6 months . At the beginning of the service , the risk factors of injuries were measured and recorded and then the acute and overuse injuries treated at the garrison clinic were identified . Predictive associations between injuries and their risk factors were examined by multivariate Cox ’s proportional hazard models . Results Of the 1411 participants , 27 % sustained an acute injury and 51 % suffered from overuse injury . Concerning acute injuries , highest risk for severe injuries were detected among conscripts with low fitness level in both the st and ing long-jump and push-up tests ( hazard rate , HR=5.9 ; 95 % CI : 1.6‒21.3 ) . A history of good degree in school sports was not a protective factor against acute injuries . High waist circumference and , on the other h and , being underweight according to BMI increased the HR for overuse injuries . Brisk leisure time physical activity before military entry was a protective factor against overuse injuries . Poor result in Cooper ’s test was a warning signal of elevated risk of overuse injuries . Conclusion We confirmed previous findings that low level of physical fitness is predictor for musculoskeletal injuries during intensive physical training . The U-shaped relationship between body composition and overuse injuries was noticed indicating that both obesity and underweight are risk factors for overuse injuries . Persons with excellent sports skills according to their earlier degrees in school sports had similar HR for acute injuries than those with poorer degrees . This indicates that school-age sports skills and fitness do not carry far and therefore preventive programmes are needed to prevent activity-induced injuries Musculoskeletal injuries are a common presentation to the ED , with significant costs involved in the management of these injuries , variances in care within the ED and associated morbidity . A series of rapid review papers were completed to guide best practice for the assessment and management of common musculoskeletal injuries presenting to the ED . This paper presents the methodology used across the rapid review s. PubMed , CINAHL , EMBASE , TRIP and the grey literature , including relevant organisational websites , were search ed in 2015 . The search was repeated consistently for each topic area ( injuries of the foot and ankle , knee , h and and wrist , elbow , shoulder , lumbar spine and cervical spine ) . English- language primary studies , systematic review s and guidelines that were published in the last 10 years and addressed acute musculoskeletal injury management were considered for inclusion . Data extraction of each included article was conducted , followed by a quality appraisal . The extracted data from each article was synthesis ed to group similar evidence together . For each rapid review , the evidence has been organised in a way that a clinician can direct their attention to a specific component of the clinical cycle of care in the ED , such as the assessment , diagnostic tests , management and follow-up considerations from ED . The series of rapid review s are design ed to foster evidence -based practice within the ED , targeting the injuries most commonly presenting . The review s provide clinicians in EDs with rapid access to the best current evidence , which has been synthesis ed and organised to assist decision-making OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between training-related characteristics and running-related injury using a new conceptual model for running-related injury generation , focusing on the synergy between training load and previous injuries , short-term running experience or body mass index ( > or < 25 kg m(-2 ) ) . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study with a 9-month follow-up . METHODS The data of two previous studies using the same methodology were revisited . Recreational runners ( n = 517 ) reported information about running training characteristics ( weekly distance , frequency , speed ) , other sport participation and injuries on a dedicated internet platform  . Weekly volume ( dichotomized into < 2h and ≥ 2 h ) and session frequency ( dichotomized into < 2 and ≥ 2 ) were the main exposures because they were considered necessary causes for running-related injury . Non-training-related characteristics were included in Cox regression analyses as effect-measure modifiers . Hazard ratio was the measure of association . The size of effect-measure modification was calculated as the relative excess risk due to interaction . RESULTS One hundred sixty-seven runners reported a running-related injury . Crude analyses revealed that weekly volume < 2h ( hazard ratio = 3.29 ; 95 % confidence intervals = 2.27 ; 4.79 ) and weekly session frequency < 2 ( hazard ratio = 2.41 ; 95 % confidence intervals = 1.71 ; 3.42 ) were associated with increased injury rate . Previous injury was identified as an effect-measure modifier on weekly volume ( relative excess risk due to interaction = 4.69 ; 95 % confidence intervals = 1.42 ; 7.95 ; p = 0.005 ) and session frequency ( relative excess risk due to interaction = 2.44 ; 95 % confidence intervals = 0.48 ; 4.39 ; p = 0.015 ) . A negative synergy was found between body mass index and weekly volume ( relative excess risk due to interaction = -2.88 ; 95 % confidence intervals = -5.10 ; -0.66 ; p = 0.018 ) . CONCLUSIONS The effect of a runner 's training load on running-related injury is influenced by body mass index and previous injury . These results show the importance to distinguish between confounding and effect-measure modification in running-related injury research Background Musculoskeletal injury is the most common reason that soldiers are medically not ready to deploy . Underst and ing intrinsic risk factors that may place an elite soldier at risk of musculoskeletal injury may be beneficial in preventing musculoskeletal injury and maintaining operational military readiness . Findings from this population may also be useful as hypothesis-generating work for particular civilian setting s such as law enforcement officers ( SWAT teams ) , firefighters ( smoke jumpers ) , or others in physically dem and ing professions . Questions / purpose sThe purpose s of this study were ( 1 ) to examine whether using baseline measures of self-report and physical performance can identify musculoskeletal injury risk ; and ( 2 ) to determine whether a combination of predictors would enhance the accuracy for determining future musculoskeletal injury risk in US Army Rangers . Methods Our study was a planned secondary analysis from a prospect i ve cohort examining how baseline factors predict musculoskeletal injury . Baseline predictors associated with musculoskeletal injury were collected using surveys and physical performance measures . Survey data included demographic variables , injury history , and biopsychosocial questions . Physical performance measures included  ankle dorsiflexion , Functional Movement Screen , lower and upper quarter Y-balance test , hop testing , pain provocation , and the Army Physical Fitness Test ( consisting of a 2-mile run and 2 minutes of sit-ups and push-ups ) . A total of 320 Rangers were invited to enroll and 211 participated ( 66 % ) . Occurrence of musculoskeletal injury was tracked for 1 year using monthly injury surveillance surveys , medical record review s , and a query of the Department of Defense healthcare utilization data base . Injury surveillance data were available on 100 % of the subjects . Receiver operator characteristic curves and accuracy statistics were calculated to identify predictors of interest . A logistic regression equation was then calculated to find the most pertinent set of predictors . Of the 188 Rangers ( age , 23.3 ± 3.7 years ; body mass index , 26.0 ± 2.4 kg/m2 ) remaining in the cohort , 85 ( 45.2 % ) sustained a musculoskeletal injury of interest .  Results Smoking , prior surgery , recurrent prior musculoskeletal injury , limited-duty days in the prior year for musculoskeletal injury , asymmetrical ankle dorsiflexion , pain with Functional Movement Screen clearing tests , and decreased performance on the 2-mile run and 2-minute sit-up test were associated with increased injury risk . Presenting with one or fewer predictors result ed in a sensitivity of 0.90 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.83–0.95 ) , and having three or more predictors result ed in a specificity of 0.98 ( 95 % CI , 0.93–0.99 ) . The combined factors that contribute to the final multivariable logistic regression equation yielded an odds ratio of 4.3 ( 95 % CI , 2.0–9.2 ) , relative risk of 1.9 ( 95 % CI , 1.4–2.6 ) , and an area under the curve of 0.64 . Conclusions Multiple factors ( musculoskeletal injury history , smoking , pain provocation , movement tests , and lower scores on physical performance measures ) were associated with individuals at risk for musculoskeletal injury . The summation of the number of risk factors produced a highly sensitive ( one or less factor ) and specific ( three or more factors ) model that could potentially be used to effectively identify and intervene in those persons with elevated risk for musculoskeletal injury . Future research should establish if screening and intervening can improve musculoskeletal health and if our findings among US Army Rangers translate to other occupations or athletes . Level of Evidence Level II , prognostic study 965 workers engaged in working tasks of work intensity grade 2 , 3 , 4 ( based on Chinese National St and ard ) were investigated on the musculoskeletal disorders with a question naire . The lumbar vertebra of 136 r and omly chosen workers were also radiologically examined . The result revealed that the prevalence of low-back disorders was 51.2 % on average and it was obviously correlated with such factors as age , st and ing , previous back injury , education level , sport activity , work intensity , working posture , satisfaction with the tools as well as work condition and house work . Heavy work load and unneutral working posture were proved to be the main factors as revealed by the multifactor analysis and further supported by the findings of X-ray examination The aim of the present controlled study was to evaluate the effect of a general fitness program , performed by an occupational health service , using pre-post assessment for a number of different outcome measures . A total of 160 employees working in the central home care service district of Umeå , Sweden were asked to participate in a program of a 1-year long exercise program . Of the 160 selected , 54 subjects declined to participate and nine subjects were rejected after a medical check up . The remaining 97 subjects participated in a schedule consisting of pre-post medical and physiotherapy examinations , question naires concerning sociodemography , musculoskeletal and general health complaints and work environment , physiological tests of cardiovascular fitness , and of strength and endurance of shoulder flexors and knee extensors , and registration of sick leave . The subjects were r and omly assigned to an exercise ( treatment ) or control group . The exercise group trained twice a week for 1 year using a mixed program including exercises for coordination , strength/endurance , and fitness . The test schedule was repeated for both groups after 1 year . The exercise intervention was associated with positive changes in prevalence and intensity of musculoskeletal and psychosomatic complaints , better physiotherapy status ( less muscle tightness , better neck mobility , and less tender points ) , increased shoulder strength and increased coordination in thigh muscles . However , the exercise group reported worse situations post-exercise concerning aspects of their physical and psychosocial work-environment ( i.e. , concerning ergonomy , influence , appreciation and communication with work manager ) , which might have been due to stress associated with the exercise situation CONTEXT Rugby union is a physically dem and ing collision sport with high injury rates . There is a common perception that higher training loads result in greater injury risk in field-based sports . OBJECTIVES To determine injury , anthropometric , and physical-performance characteristics in junior rugby union players and investigate the interaction between training load and injury across a competitive season . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . METHODS Fifty-one players ( age 19.2 ± 0.7 y ) from an under-20 university rugby union team ( forwards , n = 27 ; backs , n = 24 ) participated in a study conducted over a competition season . Training load , injury characteristics , anthropometry , physiological performance , and match time-loss injury incidence were observed . RESULTS Backs had significantly lower body mass ( ES [ 95 % CI ] = 1.6 [ 0.9 , 2.2 ] ) , skinfold thickness ( ES = 1.1 [ 0.5 , 1.7 ] ) , strength ( squat ES = 0.6 [ 0.0 , 1.2 ] , deadlift ES = 0.6 [ 0.0 , 1.1 ] , bench press ES = 0.9 [ 0.4 , 1.5 ] ) , lower-body power ( ES = 0.4 [ -0.2 , 1.0 ] ) , and higher maximal aerobic capacity ( ES = -0.3 [ -0.8 , 0.3 ] ) than forwards . Match injury incidence was 107.3 injuries/1000 player hours ( forwards 91.4/1000 , backs 125.5/1000 ) during preseason and 110.7 injuries/1000 player hours ( forwards 124.1/1000 , backs 95.2/1000 ) during in-season . Forwards showed higher incidence of joint and ligament ( P = .049 ) and upper-limb ( P = .011 ) injuries than backs . No significant relationship between overall training load and match injury incidence was found . However , lower match injury incidence was associated with higher weekly training volume in backs ( P = .007 ) . CONCLUSIONS Positional differences in body composition , performance , injury characteristics , and match injury patterns were identified in junior university rugby union players , indicating the need for position-specific training programs to reduce risk of injury PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the link between training characteristics ( volume , duration , frequency , and intensity ) and running related injuries .  METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed , Web of Science , Embase , and SportD iscus . Studies were included if they examined novice , recreational , or elite runners between the ages of 18 and 65 . Exposure variables were training characteristics defined as volume , distance or mileage , time or duration , frequency , intensity , speed or pace , or similar terms . The outcome of interest was Running Related Injuries ( RRI ) in general or specific RRI in the lower extremity or lower back . Method ological quality was evaluated using quality assessment tools of 11 to 16 items . RESULTS After examining 4561 titles and abstract s , 63 articles were identified as potentially relevant . Finally , nine retrospective cohort studies , 13 prospect i ve cohort studies , six case-control studies , and three r and omized controlled trials were included . The mean quality score was 44.1 % . Conflicting results were reported on the relationships between volume , duration , intensity , and frequency and RRI . CONCLUSION It was not possible to identify which training errors were related to running related injuries . Still , well supported data on which training errors relate to or cause running related injuries is highly important for determining proper prevention strategies . If method ological limitations in measuring training variables can be resolved , more work can be conducted to define training and the interactions between different training variables , create several hypotheses , test the hypotheses in a large scale prospect i ve study , and explore cause and effect relationships in r and omized controlled trials . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2a OBJECTIVES Australian Football ( AF ) is a collision sport containing high injury rates in junior competition . Successful performance at the elite junior level not only requires superior specific football knowledge and skills , but also well developed fitness qualities . However , no studies have examined the link between physical fitness qualities and injury in AF . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort . METHODS Injury data were collected through the use of a Player Movement Record ( PMR ) and a st and ardized Injury Report Form ( IRF ) . Fitness test data was collected during the pre-season of the 2010 and 2011 seasons . RESULTS 382 players consented to participate in the study . The cohort experienced an injury incidence rate of 24.29/st and ardized club ( 40 players/club ) . A faster 5-m sprint was associated with ' injury status ' ( p=0.016 ) and a ' knee ' region ( p≤0.001 ) injury . A faster planned agility score was associated with an increased risk of a ' hip/groin/thigh ' region ( p=0.010 ) injury , and specifically a ' quadriceps strain ' ( p=0.005 ) . A lower 20-m shuttle run was associated with an increased risk of a ' shin/ankle/foot ' ( p=0.045 ) injury . Increased injury severity was associated with a higher left foot running vertical jump ( VJ ) ( p=0.040 ) , and faster 5-m sprint ( p=0.043 ) . CONCLUSIONS Lower aerobic endurance , faster 5-m acceleration and greater planned agility were associated with an increased risk of various injury types in elite junior AF players . Furthermore , a higher left foot running VJ and faster 5-m acceleration were associated with injury severity . These results may largely relate to a greater work capacity placing a higher load upon the musculoskeletal system in contact and non-contact situations Abstract A prospect i ve cohort study was used to assess the influence of training volume on injuries sustained by 502 professional rugby union players in Engl and . Training volumes ( excluding warm-ups , cool-downs , and recovery sessions ) , player injuries , and player match exposure times were reported weekly . Higher training volumes ( > 9.1 hours per week ) did not increase the incidence of match or training injuries . However , higher training volumes did increase the severity of match injuries , particularly during the second half , and consequently result ed in a significant increase in the number of days ' absence due to match injuries . Although lower-limb injuries were the most common match and training injuries , shoulder dislocations/instabilities result ed in more days ' absence during weeks of higher training volumes , but the differences were not significant . The least number of days lost due to injuries occurred during weeks of intermediate training volumes ( 6.2–9.1 h per week ) . Training volume was not correlated with final league position . Fitness testing , defence , and rucking and mauling components were identified as being very high- or high-risk training activities . Our results provide evidence of the benefits of modifying the volume and content of rugby union training to reduce the risk associated with injuries to professional players Abstract Pedersen , MT , And ersen , LL , Jørgensen , MB , Søgaard , K , and Sjøgaard , G. Effect of specific resistance training on musculoskeletal pain symptoms : Dose-response relationship . J Strength Cond Res 27(1 ) : 229–235 , 2013—The purpose of this study was to investigate the dose-response of strength training for relieving  musculoskeletal pain in female office workers . The relation between the dose of training in terms of total training volume ( sets × repetitions × load reported in training diaries ) during a 16-week strength training program and changes in pain ( calculated as pain index , 0–100 % , from self-reported intensities and duration s of pain in the upper body and low back ) was determined by regression analysis . The women were part of a r and omized controlled trial with specific strength training ( SRT ) , all-round physical exercise ( APE ) , and a reference group ( REF ) . Results showed that pain index in SRT and APE decreased significantly from baseline to follow-up ( −25%/−22 % ) compared with changes in REF ( −15 % ) . In the dose-response analysis within the SRT group ( n = 125 ) , the total volume of training ( mean 18.056 kg , SD = 13.798 ) was negatively correlated with changes in pain index ( & bgr ; = −0.16 , p = 0.045 ) , and there was a significant dose-response relationship between training volume per session and change in pain index ( & bgr ; = −0.20 , p = 0.034 ) . In contrast , training attendance ( mean 1.69 sessions per week , SD = 0.8 ) was not significantly related to the change in pain index . In conclusion , achieving higher accumulated training volumes was important for reducing musculoskeletal pain in female office workers . The training volume per session should be optimized by securing a load at 10–15 repetition maximum and adhering to principles of progressive overload PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify rates of diagnosis-specific musculoskeletal injuries in U.S. Marine Corps recruits and to examine the association between patterns of physical training and these injuries . METHODS Subjects were 1,296 r and omly selected male Marine recruits , ages 17 to 28 yr , who reported to Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego for boot camp training between January 12 and September 14 , 1993 . Recruits were followed prospect ively through 12 wk of training for injury outcomes . Injury patterns were examined in relation to weekly volumes and types of vigorous physical training . RESULTS The overall injury rate was 39.6 % ( number of recruits injured/ population at risk ) , with 82 % of injuries occurring in the lower extremities . Overuse injuries accounted for 78 % of the diagnoses . The most frequent site of injury was the ankle/foot region ( 34.3 % of injuries ) , followed by the knee ( 28.1 % ) . Ankle sprains ( 6.2 % , N = 1,143 ) , iliotibial b and syndrome ( 5.3 % , N = 1,143 ) , and stress fractures ( 4.0 % , N = 1,296 ) were the most common diagnoses . Injury rates were highest during the weeks with high total volumes of vigorous physical training and the most hours of running and marching . Weekly injury rates were significantly correlated with hours of vigorous physical training ( overuse injuries r = 0.667 , P = 0.018 ; acute injuries r = 0.633 , P = 0.027 ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of this controlled epidemiological investigation indicate that volume of vigorous physical training may be an etiologic factor for exercise-related injuries . The findings also suggest that type of training , particularly running , and abrupt increases in training volume may further contribute to injury risk Aim To determine whether players who completed a greater number of planned preseason training sessions  were more or less likely to be injured during the competitive season . Methods A cohort of 30 elite rugby league players was prospect ively studied during their 17-week preseason and 26-round competitive season . Injuries were recorded using a match time loss definition . Preseason participation was quantified as the number of ‘ full ’ training sessions that players completed , excluding modified , rehabilitation or missed sessions . In-season training load variables , collected using global positioning system ( GPS ) data , included distance covered ( m ) , high-speed distance covered ( m ) and the percentage of distance covered at high speeds ( % ) . Multilevel logistic regression models were used to determine injury likelihood in the current and subsequent week , with r and om intercepts for each player . Odds ratios ( OR ) were used as effect size measures to determine the changes in injury likelihood with ( 1 ) a 10-session increase in preseason training participation or ( 2 ) st and ardised changes in training load variables . Results Controlling for training load in a given week , completing 10 additional preseason sessions was associated with a 17 % reduction in the odds of injury in the subsequent week ( OR=0.83 , 95 % CI=0.70 to 0.99 ) . Increased preseason participation was associated with a lower percentage of games missed due to injury ( r=−0.40 , p<0.05 ) , with 10 preseason sessions predicting a 5 % reduction in the percentage of games missed . Conclusions Maximising participation in preseason training may protect elite rugby league players against in-season injury Objective : To investigate whether an exercise intervention shown to increase aerobic capacity , would also lead to less musculoskeletal pain ; improved work ability , productivity , and perceived physical exertion ; and less sick leave . Methods : Sixty-seven construction workers were r and omized into an exercise group training 3 × 20 minutes per week and a control group . Question naires and text messages were completed before and after the 12-week intervention . Results : No significant changes were found in musculoskeletal pain , work ability , productivity , perceived physical exertion , and sick leave with the intervention . Question naires and text messages provided similar results of pain and work ability . Conclusions : Although the intervention improved aerobic capacity , it was not successful in improving musculoskeletal pain and other work-related factors . A detectable improvement presumably requires a more multifaceted intervention , larger sample size , or longer follow-up . Text messages may be a convenient data - collection method in future studies
Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the existence of a relationship between training load and injury continues to be well supported in the literature and is strongest for subjective internal training load .
The directionality of this relationship appears to depend on the type and timeframe of load measured
Background The relationship between training load and musculoskeletal injury is a rapidly advancing area of research in need of an up date d systematic review .