[Benefits of a home-based physical exercise program in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. Effects of aerobic physical exercise in the elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Effects of 12 weeks combined aerobic and resistance exercise on heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients A pilot program for physical exercise promotion in adults with type 1 diabetes: the PEP-1 program. Increasing physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes. Effect of exercise versus relaxation on haemoglobin A1C in Black females with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physical Activity/Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes Effects of a 12-week aerobic training on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus male patients. Coronary risk factors in type II diabetes: response to low-intensity aerobic exercise. Effects of a 12-month physical activity counselling intervention on glycaemic control and on the status of cardiovascular risk factors in people with Type 2 diabetes Will older sedentary people with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus start exercising? A health promotion model. Effect of an intensive exercise intervention strategy on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial: the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). Exercise Is Associated with a Reduction in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Glycemic load, exercise, and monitoring blood glucose (GEM): A paradigm shift in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycemic control and fitness in type 2 diabetes. Enhanced fitness: a randomized controlled trial of the effects of home-based physical activity counseling on glycemic control in older adults with prediabetes mellitus. Continuous glucose monitoring reveals delayed nocturnal hypoglycemia after intermittent high-intensity exercise in nontrained patients with type 1 diabetes.
OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects of a home-based physical exercise program on quality of life , metabolic control , and anthropometric and biochemical parameters in people over 60 years of age with type 2 diabetes mellitus . METHODS Eighty-four Spanish patients aged over 60 years were finally r and omized to participate in a home-based , combined physical exercise program ( aerobic and anaerobic exercises ) or to receive conventional treatment for diabetes . At 6 months , effects on quality of life ( EuroQoL question naire ) . HbA1c , fasting glucose , hypoglycemic events , weight , BMI , waist circumference , blood pressure , and biochemical parameters were assessed . RESULTS Mean age of study participants was 66.7 ( 8.0 ) years . Patients in the exercise group showed an improved quality of life at six months based on EuroQol : 0.48 ( 0.38 ) vs 0.66 ( 0.35 ) and analogic scale 67.97 ( 18.92 ) vs 76.26 ( 20.14 ) . An improved glycemic control was also seen : HbA1c 6.35 vs 6.0 % and fasting glucose 151.2 ( 36.7 ) vs 137.6 ( 23.5 ) mg/dL , as well as a weight reduction by 1.7 kg . Hypoglycemic events did not increase . No benefits were seen in the control group . Ten subjects withdrew from the study before 6 months . CONCLUSIONS A home-based physical exercise program improves quality of life , glycemic control , and weight in type 2 diabetic patients older than 60 years The objective of this study was to determine the impact of an aerobic physical exercise program in the treatment of a group of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) in relation to metabolic control , physical capacity , quality of life ( QOL ) and attitudes toward diabetes . Patients were r and omly assigned to either an experimental ( n=19 ) or a control ( n=20 ) group . The following measurements were conducted at baseline and after week 16 : glycosylated hemoglobin ( hbA1c ) , fructosamine , 3 h oral glucose tolerance test , treadmill test ( Balke-Naughton ) , and a question naire on QOL and attitudes toward DM . After the intervention , the experimental group showed a significant decrease of glucose excursion during the oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) ( area under the curve ) ( 16.6+/-3.8 vs. 15.3+/-3.1 , P<0.05 ) and an increase in total time on the treadmill ( s ) ( 423+/-207 vs. 471+/-230 , P<0.05 ) . An improvement in the attitudes toward DM was observed in the experimental group ( P=0.01 ) but not in the control group . Female gender , higher body mass index and hbA1c were factors associated with a response to the intervention . This study suggests that physical exercise has significant effects on glucose excursion during an OGTT and exercise tolerance in elderly patients with type 2 DM [ Purpose ] This study evaluated the effects of 12 weeks combined aerobic and resistance exercise on heart rate variability in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus . [ Subjects and Methods ] The subjects were 16 female patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus selected among the participants of a chronic disease management exercise class at C Region Public Health Center in South Korea . Subjects were r and omly assigned to the exercise group ( n=8 ; age , 55.97 ± 7.37 ) or the control group ( n=8 ; age , 57.53 ± 4.63 ) The exercise group performed aerobic and resistance exercises for 60 minutes per day , 3 times per week for 12 weeks . Anthropometric measurements , biochemical markers , physical fitness , and heart rate variability were examined . [ Results ] After 12 weeks of  exercise , weight , body fat percentage , waist circumference , blood glucose , insulin resistance , glycated hemoglobin level , systolic blood pressure , and diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased and cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength significantly increased in the exercise group . Although heart rate variability measures showed favorable changes with the exercise program , none were significant . [ Conclusion ] Although the exercise program did not show notable changes in heart rate variability in patients with Type 2 diabetes within the timeframe of the study , exercise may contribute to the prevention and control of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy Physical inactivity is highly common in adults with type 1 diabetes ( T1D ) as specific barriers ( i.e. , hypoglycemia ) may prevent them from being active . The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of the Physical Exercise Promotion program in type 1 diabetes ( PEP-1 ) program , a group program of physical activity ( PA ) promotion ( intervention ) compared with an information leaflet ( control ) , to improve total energy expenditure ( TEE ) in adults with T1D after 12 weeks . TEE was measured with a motion sensor over a 7-day period at inclusion , after the program ( 12 weeks ) and 1-year after inclusion . The 12 weekly sessions of the program included a 30-min information session ( glycemic control and PA ) and 60 min of PA .  A total of 48 adults , aged 18 to 65 years with a reported PA practice < 150 min per week , were recruited ( 45.8 % men ; aged 44.6 ± 13.3 years ; 8.0 % ± 1.1 % glycated hemoglobin ( A1c ) ) and r and omized in this pilot trial . Ninety percent of participants completed the program and 88 % completed the 1-year follow-up . No change was observed for TEE and A1c in both groups . After the 12-week program , the mean peak oxygen uptake increased ( 14 % ; p = 0.003 ) in the intervention group ; however , at the 1-year follow-up , it was no longer different from baseline . In the control group , no difference was observed for the peak oxygen uptake . These results suggest that the PEP-1 pilot program could increase cardiorespiratory fitness . However , this benefit is not sustained over a long-term period . The PEP-1 program did not increase TEE in patients with T1D and other strategies remain necessary to counteract physical inactivity in this population OBJECTIVE To evaluate effect of exercise consultation on physical activity and result ant physiological and biochemical variables at 6 months in people with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 70 inactive people with type 2 diabetes were given st and ard exercise information and were r and omized to receive an exercise consultation ( n = 35 ) or not ( n = 35 ) . Exercise consultation , based on the transtheoretical model , combines motivational theory and cognitive behavioral strategies into an individualized intervention to promote physical activity . Changes from baseline to 6 months were assessed in 1 ) physical activity ( 7-day recall , accelerometer , cardiorespiratory fitness , stage , and processes of change ) , 2 ) physiological variables ( blood pressure and BMI ) , and 3 ) biochemical variables ( HbA(1c ) , lipid profile , and fibrinogen ) . RESULTS Between-group differences were recorded for the change in minutes of moderate activity ( P < 0.001 ) and activity counts ( P < 0.001 ) per week . Experimental participants recorded an increase in activity counts per week and minutes of moderate activity per week ( P < 0.001 ) . The control group recorded no significant changes . More experimental participants increased stage of change ( chi(2 ) = 22.6 , P < 0.001 ) . Between-group differences were recorded for the change in total exercise duration and peak gradient ( P < 0.005 ) , HbA(1c ) ( P = 0.02 ) , systolic BP ( P = 0.02 ) , and fibrinogen ( P = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Exercise consultation increased physical activity and improved glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that population s in Africa develop Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) at an increasing rate as they reject their traditional lifestyles . Diabetes is the tenth most common cause for total life years lost in females in South Africa . Physical activity is under-used in the management of type 2 DM in South Africa . AIM To investigate the efficacy of an exercise intervention programme compared to relaxation exercises to decrease HbA1c over a period of 12 weeks , in type 2 DM female subjects . DESIGN Single blind , double-intervention r and omized trial . METHODS Clinical measurements were done before and after the 12-week exercise and relaxation interventions . The interventions consisted of education and aerobic exercise for the exercise group , and education and relaxation for the second group . RESULTS Adjusted baseline HbA1c change from baseline in the exercise group after 12 weeks was -0.39 % ( 95%CI -0.80 to 0.02 ) and in the relaxation group -0.97 % ( 95%CI -1.38 to 0.55 ) ( p = 0.052 ) . The results for the BMI were -0.07 % kg/m2 ( 95%CI -0.2 to 0.14 ) in the exercise group versus -0.23 kg/m2 ( 95%CI -0.44 to 0.02 ) in the relaxation group ( p = 0.28 ) . The difference from baseline in distances covered following the 6 min walk test was statistically significantly greater ( p < 0.01 ) in the exercise group : 46.76 m ( 95%CI 36.20 - 57.32 ) vs the relaxation group 22.7 m ( 95%CI 12.07 - 33.33 ) . DISCUSSION The exercise intervention failed to reduce the HbA1c to a greater extent than in the relaxation control group . Both groups improved significantly from baseline , probably due to the study effect For decades , exercise has been considered a cornerstone of diabetes management , along with diet and medication . However , high- quality evidence on the importance of exercise and fitness in diabetes was lacking until recent years . The present document summarizes the most clinical ly relevant recent advances related to people with type 2 diabetes and the recommendations that follow from these . Our recently published technical review on physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes ( 1 ) includes greater detail on individual studies , on prevention of diabetes , and on the physiology of exercise . The present statement focuses on type 2 diabetes . Issues primarily germane to type 1 diabetes will be covered in a subsequent technical review and ADA Statement . The levels of evidence used are defined by the ADA in ref . 2 . Two r and omized trials each found that lifestyle interventions including ∼150 min/week of physical activity and  diet-induced weight loss of 5–7 % reduced the risk of progression from impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) to type 2 diabetes by 58 % ( 3,4 ) . A cluster-r and omized trial found that diet alone , exercise alone , and combined diet and exercise were equally effective in reducting the progression from IGT to diabetes ( 5 ) . Therefore , there is firm and consistent evidence that programs of increased physical activity  and modest weight loss reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in individuals with IGT . Boule et al. ( 6 ) undertook a systematic review and meta- analysis on the effects of structured exercise interventions in clinical trials of ≥8 weeks duration on HbA1c ( A1C ) and body mass in people with type 2 diabetes . Postintervention A1C was significantly lower in exercise than control groups ( 7.65 vs. 8.31 % , weighted mean difference −0.66 % ; P < 0.001 ) . In contrast , postintervention body weight did not differ between the exercise and control groups . Meta-regression confirmed that the beneficial effect of exercise on A1C T 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) is a metabolic disease affecting the metabolism of carbohydrates , proteins and lipids due to initial insulin resistance at the cellular levels followed by progressive insulin deficiency . The consequence of that is gradual increment of serum blood glucose , which binds independent of the enzymes to the proteins in the blood , as well as the tissue proteins ; one of these measurable protein is the red blood cells hemoglobin , which enabled the clinician to assess diabetes control by the percentage of glycosylation of this protein every 3 months , which correlates well to the other tissue involvement and the disease control . Diabetes-related complications are related to the micro and macro vascular derangement due to glycosylated protein in these vessels tissues , leading to nephropathy , retinopathy , neuropathy , myocardial infa rct ion , stroke , and death found to be more frequent and seen at earlier age.1 Estimate of global T2DM indicates that diabetes now affects 246 million people worldwide , and is expected to affect approximately 380 million by 2025 , representing 7.1 % of the world adult population .2 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ( KSA ) has one of the highest prevalence of T2DM worldwide since the percentage of diabetes mellitus is estimated to be 23.7 % of the overall population .3 Structured exercise interventions have been shown to be at least as efficacious as the pharmaceutical agents for improving glycemic control.4 Most people with T2DM do not do enough physical activity to benefit their health , and in comparison with the general population , people with diabetes experience a higher frequency of relapse to sedentary behavior.5 Our primary objective is to investigate the effects of supervised aerobic exercise on glycemic control , the glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) level , as well as the effect on medication doses adjustments , before and after the study in T2DM Saudi male patients . Our secondary objective was to assess its effect on their lipid profile . This study was performed as collaboration between the Department of Physical Education at the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals ( KFUPM ) and King Fahd Hospital of the University ( KFHU ) , University of Dammam from July to October 2012 . Fifty male patients registered in the diabetes clinic records at KFHU , Al-Khobar , KSA were r and omly selected using the stratified r and om sampling and pooled in the study for inclusion and exclusion criteria filtering . Twenty-four patients diagnosed with T2DM , age range of 25 - 55 years ( 43.86±10.3 years ) were selected to be enrolled in the study . Their medication profiles were documented at the beginning and at the end of the program from their medical files . Diet and lifestyle of patients were not controlled by the study . We excluded patients known to have cardiovascular disease , hypertension , retinopathy , neuropathy , bronchial asthma , arthritis , and morbidly obese . We also excluded those who were involved in any physical exercise program or subjects living very far from KFUPM , the site of the physical exercise . After initial screening and baseline assessment s , all 24 subjects were r and omly allocated to 2 different groups namely ; intervention group ( n=12 ) and control group ( n=12 ) . The exercise group subjects signed a written informed consent after being informed regarding all possible risks associated with exercise training programme .  Comprehensive clinical examination , as well as laboratory testing and fitness assessment were performed for each subject before participation in the exercise training programme , as well as at the end of the programme . All subjects went through one week of familiarization before the start of the programme . After a few weeks , 2 subjects withdrew from the intervention group due to personal reasons . Only 10 subjects completed the 12 weeks of the exercise training programme  . The exercise training programme was given at the fitness centre of KFUPM . The entire duration of the 12-week exercise training programme was closely supervised by 2 qualified personnel . Attendance was verified every day through direct observation and documented records . Exercise data were recorded every day on a chart . The exercise session includes running or walking on treadmill , and cycling on bicycle ergometer . We provided 10 minutes of warming up period and 10 minutes of cooling down period in each exercise session . Each participant had to check his blood glucose levels before and after the exercise . Subjects performed exercise 3 times per week on alternate days with no more than a 2-day gap . The training was design ed to provide an alternate day as a replacement for missed training sessions during the week . Subjects started with training intensity of 40 - 50 % of maximum heart rate Brief Patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes are at greatly increased risk for coronary artery disease . Although exercise training has been shown to decrease risk factors , the presence of obesity , older age , and a sedentary lifestyle make a high-intensity exercise program an unrealistic choice of therapy . Therefore , we examined the effect of a low-to-moderate-intensity ( mean 69 per cent of maximal heart rate ) walking program on lipids , glucose , insulin , glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular fitness .  Nine women and seven men , mean age 56 , were r and omly assigned to a control or an exercise group which exercised three times per week for two months . Supervised exercise sessions consisted of 40 - 45 minutes of walking and /or slow jogging . Subjects continued on their usual diets . The trained group showed a significant improvement in VO2max from 1.65 to 1.95 L/min . Resting systolic blood pressure decreased from 141 to 130 mm Hg after training , and resting heart rate decreased from 88 to 81 . Glycosylated hemoglobin decreased in the exercise group in seven or eight subjects and in only two of eight controls . Triglycerides decreased in the exercise group from 285 to 223 mg/dl . Body weight , total and HDL cholesterol , glucose , and insulin did not change in either group . These data indicate that a low-to-moderate level of aerobic training , independent of dietary changes , is an effective and feasible method of improving cardiovascular risk factors : physical fitness , systolic blood pressure , plasma triglycerides , and glycemic control in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects Aims /hypothesisThe aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of physical activity counselling in promoting physical activity in people with Type 2 diabetes and to evaluate result ant physiological and biochemical effects . Methods A total of 70 inactive people with Type 2 diabetes were given st and ard exercise information and r and omised to receive physical activity counselling ( n=35 , experimental ) or not ( n=35 , control ) . Physical activity consultations were delivered at baseline and after 6 months , with follow-up phone calls after 1 , 3 , 6 and 9 months . Changes from baseline after 6 and 12 months were assessed for physical activity ( 7-day recall and accelerometer ) , for physiological characteristics ( body mass index and blood pressure ) and for biochemical variables ( HbA1c , lipid profile , fibrinogen , tissue plasminogen activator and microalbuminuria ) . Results Significant differences between groups were recorded for physical activity after 6 and 12 months ( p<0.01 ) . The experimental group had increased levels of physical activity from baseline to 6 months ( p<0.01 ) , with no decrease from 6 to 12 months ( p>0.05 ) . In the control group , accelerometer counts per week decreased from baseline to 12 months ( p=0.03 ) . Between-group differences ( p<0.05 ) were recorded for the change in HbA1c ( experimental : 0.26 % decrease ; control : 0.15 % increase ) , for systolic blood pressure ( experimental : 7.7 mm Hg decrease ; control : 5.6 mm Hg increase ) and for fibrinogen ( experimental : 0.28 mmol/l decrease ; control : 1.43 mmol/l increase ) from baseline to 6 months , and for total cholesterol ( experimental : 0.33 mmol/l decrease ; control : 0.04 mmol/l increase ) from baseline to 12 months ( p<0.05 ) . No significant differences were recorded in other measured variables . Conclusions /interpretationsPhysical activity counselling was effective in promoting physical activity in people with Type 2 diabetes . The counselling improved glycaemic control as well as the status of cardiovascular risk factors in these patients Exercise and diet are the cornerstones of management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) . Many older people have difficulty in exercising , missing benefits on glycaemic control , weight , cardiac disease and mood . We report the outcomes of a 6 month structured exercise and support programme based on a health promotion model , on physical activity , glycaemic control and parameters of cardiovascular risk in non-exercisers , compared with st and ard outpatient clinic education . A total of 26 non-exercising patients were r and omised to an intervention or control group ( ten men , 16 women ; mean age ( + /- S.D. ) 60 + /- 8 years ) . Programme participation was not associated with any significant increase in activity . Glycated hemoglobin ( HbAtc ) levels tended to stabilise in the intervention group during the 6 month programme and to deteriorate in the control group ( P = 0.03 ) ; by 12 months HbA1C levels deteriorated to a similar level in both . Programme participation did not cause significant change in anthropometric or metabolic parameters . Examining the cohort as a whole , increased activity over 6 months was associated with improvements in weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , body fat and fasting insulin . Activity increases over 12 months were associated with improvements in weight and BMI . These changes could not be attributed to changes in energy intake or dietary composition . We conclude that while exercise can benefit older people with NIDDM , a programme based on a model of health promotion was not effective in increasing physical activity BACKGROUND This study aim ed to assess the efficacy of an intensive exercise intervention strategy in promoting physical activity ( PA ) and improving hemoglobin A(1c)(HbA(1c ) ) level and other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . METHODS Of 691 eligible sedentary patients with T2DM and the metabolic syndrome , 606 were enrolled in 22 outpatient diabetes clinics across Italy and r and omized by center , age , and diabetes treatment to twice-a-week supervised aerobic and resistance training plus structured exercise counseling ( exercise group ) vs counseling alone ( control group )  for 12 months . End points included HbA(1c ) level ( primary ) and other cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease risk scores ( secondary ) . RESULTS The mean ( SD ) volume of PA ( metabolic equivalent hours per week ) was significantly higher ( P < .001 ) in the exercise ( total PA [ nonsupervised conditioning PA + supervised PA ] , 20.0 [ 0.9 ] , and nonsupervised , 12.4 [ 7.4 ] ) vs control ( 10.0 [ 8.7 ] ) group . Compared with the control group , supervised exercise produced significant improvements ( mean difference [ 95 % confidence interval ] ) in physical fitness ; HbA(1c ) level ( -0.30 % [ -0.49 % to -0.10 % ] ; P < .001 ) ; systolic ( -4.2 mm Hg [ -6.9 to -1.6 mm Hg ] ; P = .002 ) and diastolic ( -1.7 mm Hg [ -3.3 to -1.1 mm Hg ] ; P = .03 ) blood pressure ; high-density lipoprotein ( 3.7 mg/dL [ 2.2 to 5.3 mg/dL ] ; P < .001 ) and low-density lipoprotein ( -9.6 mg/dL [ -15.9 to -3.3 mg/dL ] ; P = .003 ) cholesterol level ; waist circumference ( -3.6 cm [ -4.4 to -2.9 cm ] ; P < .001 ) ; body mass index ; insulin resistance ; inflammation ; and risk scores . These parameters improved only marginally in controls . CONCLUSIONS This exercise intervention strategy was effective in promoting PA and improving HbA(1c ) and cardiovascular risk profile . Conversely , counseling alone , though successful in achieving the currently recommended amount of activity , was of limited efficacy on cardiovascular risk factors , suggesting the need for a larger volume of PA in these high-risk subjects . Trial Registration is rct n.org Identifier : IS RCT N04252749 PURPOSE The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a maternal exercise program ( l and /aquatic activities , both aerobic and muscular conditioning ) in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) . METHODS Three hundred and forty-two pregnant women from Spain ( age , 33.24 ± 4.3 yr ) without obstetric contraindications were recruited for a clinical r and omized controlled trial . The intervention group ( IG , n = 101 ) exercised for 60 and 50 min on l and and in water , respectively , three times per week . The control group ( n = 156 ) received usual st and ard care .  RESULTS The prevalence of GDM was reduced in the IG group ( IG , 1 % , n = 1 , vs control group , 8.8 % , n = 13 ( χ1 = 6.84 , P = 0.009 ) ) with a significant risk estimate ( odds ratio = 0.103 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.013 - 0.803 ) . CONCLUSION The exercise program performed during pregnancy reduced the prevalence of GDM by preserving glucose tolerance AIMS This preliminary RCT investigated whether an integrated lifestyle modification program that focuses on reducing postpr and ial blood glucose through replacing high with low glycemic load foods and increasing routine physical activities guided by systematic self-monitoring of blood glucose ( GEM ) could improve metabolic control of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus , without compromising other physiological parameters . METHODS Forty-seven adults ( mean age 55.3 years ) who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus for less than 5 years ( mean 2.1 years ) , had HbA1c ≥ 7 % ( mean 8.4 % ) and were not taking blood glucose lowering medications , were r and omized to routine care or five 1-h instructional sessions of GEM .  Assessment s at baseline and 6 months included a physical exam , metabolic and lipid panels , and psychological question naires . RESULTS The GEM intervention led to significant improvements in HbA1c ( decreasing from 8.4 to 7.4 % [ 69 - 57 mmol/mol ] compared with 8.3 to 8.3 % [ 68 - 68 mmol/mol ] for routine care ; Interaction p<.01 ) and psychological functioning without compromising other physiological parameters . CONCLUSIONS Consistent with a patient-centered approach , GEM appears to be an effective lifestyle modification option for adults recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus We investigated the effect of an 8 week circuit training ( CT ) program , combining aerobic and resistance exercise , on indices of glycemic control , cardiorespiratory fitness , muscular strength and body composition in 16 subjects ( age 52 + /- 2 years ) with type 2 diabetes using a prospect i ve r and omised crossover protocol . Submaximal exercise heart rate and rate pressure product were significantly lower after training ( P<0.05 ) , whilst ventilatory threshold increased ( 11.8 + /- 0.7 vs 13.8 + /- 0.6 ml kg(-1)min(-1 ) , P<0.001 ) . Muscular strength also increased with training ( 403 + /- 30 to 456 + /- 31 kg , P<0.001 ) , whilst skinfolds ( 148.7 + /- 11.5 vs 141.1 + /- 10.7 mm , P<0.05 ) , % body fat ( 29.5 + /- 1.0 vs 28.7 + /- 1.1 % , P<0.05 ) and waist : hip ratio ( 99.2 + /- 1.5 vs 97.9 + /- 1.4 % , P<0.05 ) significantly decreased . Concurrently , peak oxygen uptake ( P<0.05 ) and exercise test duration ( P<0.001 ) increased following training , whilst glycated hemoglobin ( P<0.05 ) and fasting blood glucose ( P<0.05 ) decreased . CT is an effective method of training that improved functional capacity , lean body mass , strength and glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes OBJECTIVES To determine whether a home-based multicomponent physical activity counseling ( PAC ) intervention is effective in reducing glycemic measures in older out patients with prediabetes mellitus . DESIGN Controlled clinical trial . SETTING Primary care clinics of the Durham Veterans Affairs ( VA ) Medical Center between September 29 , 2008 , and March 25 , 2010 . PARTICIPANTS Three hundred two overweight ( body mass index 25 - 45 kg/m(2 ) ) , older ( 60 - 89 ) out patients with impaired glucose tolerance ( fasting blood glucose 100 - 125 mg/dL , glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) < 7 % ) r and omly assigned to a  PAC intervention group  ( n = 180 ) or a usual care control group ( n = 122 ) . INTERVENTION A 12-month , home-based multicomponent PAC program including one in-person baseline counseling session , regular telephone counseling , physician endorsement in clinic with monthly automated encouragement , and customized mailed material s. All study participants , including controls , received a consultation in a VA weight management program . MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , calculated from fasting insulin and glucose levels at baseline and 3 and 12 months . HbA1c was the secondary indicator of glycemic control . Other secondary outcomes were anthropometric measures and self-reported physical activity , health-related quality of life , and physical function . RESULTS There were no significant differences between the PAC and control groups over time for any of the glycemic indicators . Both groups had small declines over time of approximately 6 % in fasting blood glucose ( P < .001 ) , and other glycemic indicators remained stable . The declines in glucose were not sufficient to affect the change in HOMA-IR scores due to fluctuations in insulin over time . Endurance physical activity increased significantly in the PAC group ( P < .001 ) and not in the usual care group . CONCLUSION Home-based telephone counseling increased physical activity levels but was insufficient to improve glycemic indicators in older out patients with prediabetes mellitus OBJECTIVE Exercise is a cornerstone of diabetes therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus ( DMT1 ) patients . The type of exercise is important in determining the propensity to hypoglycemia . We assessed , by continuous glucose monitoring ( CGM ) , the glucose profiles during and in the following 20h after a session of two different types of exercise . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eight male volunteers with well-controlled DMT1 were studied . They underwent 30min of both intermittent high-intensity exercise ( IHE ) and moderate-intensity exercise ( MOD ) in r and om order . Expired air was recorded during exercise , while metabolic and hormonal determinations  were performed before and for 120 min after exercises . The CGM system and activity monitor were applied for the subsequent 20h . RESULTS Blood glucose level declined during both type of exercise . At 150 min following the start of exercise , plasma glucose content was slightly higher after IHE . No changes were observed in plasma insulin concentration . A significant increase of norepinephrine concentration was noticed during IHE . Between midnight and 6:00 a.m. the glucose levels were significantly lower after IHE than those observed after MOD ( area under the curve , 23.3 ± 3 vs. 16 ± 3 mg/dL/420 min [ P = 0.04 ] ; mean glycemia at 3 a.m. , 225 ± 31 vs. 147 ± 17 mg/dL [ P<0.05 ] ) . The number of hypoglycemic episodes after IHE was higher than that observed after MOD ( seven vs. two [ P<0.05 ] ) . CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that ( 1 ) CGM is a useful approach in DMT1 patients who undergo an exercise program and ( 2 ) IHE is associated with delayed nocturnal hypoglycemia
For blood glucose there was little difference between groups at any time point .
Objective Type 1 diabetes mellitus rates are rising worldwide .
The health benefits of physical exercise in this condition are many , but more than 60 % do not participate , mainly from fear of hypoglycemia .
This systematic review explores the effects of physical exercise modes on blood glucose levels in adults for hypoglycemia prevention .