The effects of four hypocaloric diets containing different levels of sucrose or high fructose corn syrup on weight loss and related parameters Consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks reduces net fat oxidation and energy expenditure in overweight/obese men and women Effects of 4-week very-high-fructose/glucose diets on insulin sensitivity, visceral fat and intrahepatic lipids: an exploratory trial. The Effect of Normally Consumed Amounts of Sucrose or High Fructose Corn Syrup on Lipid Profiles, Body Composition and Related Parameters in Overweight/Obese Subjects Effects of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose consumption on circulating glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and on appetite in normal-weight women. Effect of oligofructose supplementation on body weight in overweight and obese children: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Effects of fructose vs glucose on regional cerebral blood flow in brain regions involved with appetite and reward pathways. Simultaneous ingestion of fructose and fat exacerbates postprandial exogenous lipidemia in young healthy Japanese women. Consumption of fructose- but not glucose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks increases circulating concentrations of uric acid, retinol binding protein-4, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in overweight/obese humans High-fructose corn syrup and sucrose have equivalent effects on energy-regulating hormones at normal human consumption levels. Effect of a High-Fructose Weight-Maintaining Diet on Lipogenesis and Liver Fat. Consumption of a Diet Low in Advanced Glycation End Products for 4 Weeks Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Women Comparative effects of fructose, aspartame, glucose, and water preloads on calorie and macronutrient intake. Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight. Dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate, sugar, and colorectal cancer risk in men and women. Differential effects of fructose versus glucose on brain and appetitive responses to food cues and decisions for food rewards Effects of pure sugar vs. mixed starch fructose loads on food intake
Background The replacement of sucrose with HFCS in food products has been suggested as playing a role in the development of obesity as a public health issue . The objective of this study was to examine the effects of four equally hypocaloric diets containing different levels of sucrose or high fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) . Methods This was a r and omized , prospect i ve , double blind trial , with overweight/obese participants measured for body composition and blood chemistry before and after the completion of 12 weeks following a hypocaloric diet .  The average caloric deficit achieved on the hypocaloric diets was 309 kcal . Results Reductions were observed in all measures of adiposity including body mass , BMI , % body fat , waist circumference and fat mass for all four hypocaloric groups , as well as reductions in the exercise only group for body mass , BMI and waist circumference . Conclusions Similar decreases in weight and indices of adiposity are observed when overweight or obese individuals are fed hypocaloric diets containing levels of sucrose or high fructose corn syrup typically consumed by adults in the United States Background / Objectives : The results of short-term studies in humans suggest that , compared with glucose , acute consumption of fructose leads to increased postpr and ial energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation and decreased postpr and ial fat oxidation . The objective of this study was to determine the potential effects of increased fructose consumption compared with isocaloric glucose consumption on substrate utilization and energy expenditure following sustained consumption and under energy-balanced conditions . Subjects/ Methods : As part of a parallel arm study , overweight/obese male and female subjects , 40–72 years , consumed glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages providing 25 % of energy requirements for 10 weeks . Energy expenditure and substrate utilization were assessed using indirect calorimetry at baseline and during the 10th week of intervention . Results : Consumption of fructose , but not glucose , led to significant decreases of net postpr and ial fat oxidation and significant increases of net postpr and ial carbohydrate oxidation ( P<0.0001 for both ) . Resting energy expenditure ( REE ) decreased significantly from baseline values in subjects consuming fructose ( P=0.031 ) but not in those consuming glucose . Conclusions : Increased consumption of fructose for 10 weeks leads to marked changes of postpr and ial substrate utilization including a significant reduction of net fat oxidation . In addition , we report that REE is reduced compared with baseline values in subjects consuming fructose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks An increasing amount of fructose in the diet is suggested to play a causal role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome , type 2 diabetes and fatty liver . Our aim was to investigate and compare the effects of very high fructose and very high glucose in hyperenergetic diets on glucose and lipid metabolism and on fat depots in healthy humans . We conducted an exploratory , prospect i ve , r and omised , single-blinded , intervention trial . Participants in addition to a balanced weight-maintaining diet received 150 g of fructose or glucose/d for 4 weeks . Insulin sensitivity was estimated from oral glucose tolerance tests . Visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat was determined with MRI . Liver fat and intramyocellular lipids of the tibialis anterior muscle were measured with (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy . A total of twenty healthy subjects ( fructose group n 10 and glucose group n 10 ; twelve males and eight females ) completed the study . They had a mean age of 30·5 ( SEM 2·0 ) years and a mean BMI of 25·9 ( SEM 0·5 ) kg/m(2 ) . Insulin sensitivity appeared to decrease both in the fructose and glucose groups . TAG markedly increased in the fructose group . No strong alterations or treatment effects were found for liver fat , visceral fat , subcutaneous abdominal fat and intramyocellular lipids of the tibialis anterior muscle . In conclusion , the effects of very high fructose and very high glucose in hyperenergetic diets on glucose metabolism and body fat composition were not different in the healthy participants of the present study . However , elevation of plasma TAG seemed to be fructose-specific The American Heart Association ( AHA ) has advocated that women and men not consume more than 100 and 150 kcal/day , respectively , from added sugars . These levels are currently exceeded by over 90 % of the adult population in the United States . Few data exist on longer-term metabolic effects when sucrose and High Fructose Corn Syrup ( HFCS ) , the principal sources of added dietary sugars , are consumed at levels typical of the general population . Sixty five overweight and obese individuals were placed on a eucaloric ( weight stable ) diet for 10-weeks , which incorporated sucrose- or HFCS-sweetened , low-fat milk at 10 % or 20 % of calories in a r and omized , double-blinded study . All groups responded similarly ( interaction p > 0.05 ) . There was no change in body weight in any of the groups over the 10-week study , or in systolic or diastolic blood pressure . Likewise , there were no changes in total cholesterol , triglycerides , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , or apolipoprotein B ( Apo B ) . We conclude that ( 1 ) when consumed as part of a eucaloric diet fructose — when given with glucose ( as normally consumed ) does not promote weight gain or an atherogenic lipid profile even when consumed at two to four times the level recently recommended by the AHA . ( 2 ) There were no differences between HFCS and sucrose on these parameters OBJECTIVE Fructose has been implicated in obesity , partly due to lack of insulin-mediated leptin stimulation and ghrelin suppression . Most work has examined effects of pure fructose , rather than high-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) , the most commonly consumed form of fructose . This study examined effects of beverages sweetened with HFCS or sucrose ( Suc ) , when consumed with mixed meals , on blood glucose , insulin , leptin , ghrelin , and appetite . METHODS Thirty lean women were studied on two r and omized 2-d visits during which HFCS- and Suc-sweetened beverages were consumed as 30 % of energy on isocaloric diets during day 1 while blood was sample d. On day 2 , food was eaten ad libitum . Subjects rated appetite at design ated times throughout visits . RESULTS No significant differences between the two sweeteners were seen in fasting plasma glucose , insulin , leptin , and ghrelin ( P > 0.05 ) . The within-day variation in all four items was not different between the two visits ( P > 0.05 ) . Net areas under the curve were similar for glucose , insulin , and leptin ( P > 0.05 ) . There were no differences in energy or macronutrient intake on day 2 . The only appetite variable that differed between sweeteners was desire to eat , which had a higher area under the curve the day after Suc compared with HFCS . CONCLUSION These short-term results suggest that , when fructose is consumed in the form of HFCS , the measured metabolic responses do not differ from Suc in lean women . Further research is required to examine appetite responses and to determine if these findings hold true for obese individuals , males , or longer periods Limited evidence suggests that the dietary inclusion of oligofructose , an inulin-type fructan with prebiotic properties , may increase satiety and , thus , reduce energy intake and body weight in overweight and obese adults . The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of oligofructose supplementation for 12 weeks on the BMI of overweight and obese children . A total of ninety-seven children aged 7 - 18 years who were overweight and obese ( BMI > 85th percentile ) were r and omly assigned to receive placebo ( maltodextrin ) or oligofructose ( both at an age-dependent dose : 8 g/d for children aged 7 - 11 years and 15 g/d for children aged 12 - 18 years ) for 12 weeks . Before the intervention , all children received dietetic advice and they were encouraged to engage in physical activity . The primary outcome measure was the BMI -for-age z-score difference between the groups at the end of the intervention . Data from seventy-nine ( 81 % ) children were available for analysis . At 12 weeks , the BMI -for-age z-score difference did not differ between the experimental ( n 40 ) and control ( n 39 ) groups ( mean difference 0.002 , 95 % CI - 0.11 , 0.1 ) . There were also no significant differences between the groups with regard to any of the secondary outcomes , such as the mean BMI -for-age z-score , percentage of body weight reduction and the difference in total body fat . Adverse effects were similar in both groups . In conclusion , oligofructose supplementation for 12 weeks has no effect on body weight in overweight and obese children IMPORTANCE Increases in fructose consumption have paralleled the increasing prevalence of obesity , and high-fructose diets are thought to promote weight gain and insulin resistance . Fructose ingestion produces smaller increases in circulating satiety hormones compared with glucose ingestion , and central administration of fructose provokes feeding in rodents , whereas central ly administered glucose promotes satiety . OBJECTIVE To study neurophysiological factors that might underlie associations between fructose consumption and weight gain . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Twenty healthy adult volunteers underwent 2 magnetic resonance imaging sessions at Yale University in conjunction with fructose or glucose drink ingestion in a blinded , r and om-order , crossover design . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relative changes in hypothalamic regional cerebral blood flow ( CBF ) after glucose or fructose ingestion . Secondary outcomes included whole-brain analyses to explore regional CBF changes , functional connectivity analysis to investigate correlations between the hypothalamus and other brain region responses , and hormone responses to fructose and glucose ingestion . RESULTS There was a significantly greater reduction in hypothalamic CBF after glucose vs fructose ingestion ( -5.45 vs 2.84 mL/g per minute , respectively ; mean difference , 8.3 mL/g per minute [ 95 % CI of mean difference , 1.87 - 14.70 ] ; P = .01 ) . Glucose ingestion ( compared with baseline ) increased functional connectivity between the hypothalamus and the thalamus and striatum . Fructose  increased connectivity between the hypothalamus and thalamus but not the striatum . Regional CBF within the hypothalamus , thalamus , insula , anterior cingulate , and striatum ( appetite and reward regions ) was reduced after glucose ingestion compared with baseline ( P < .05 significance threshold , family-wise error [ FWE ] whole-brain corrected ) . In contrast , fructose  reduced regional CBF in the thalamus , hippocampus , posterior cingulate cortex , fusiform , and visual cortex ( P < .05 significance threshold , FWE whole-brain corrected ) . In whole-brain voxel-level analyses , there were no significant differences between direct comparisons of fructose vs glucose sessions following correction for multiple comparisons . Fructose vs glucose ingestion result ed in lower peak levels of serum glucose ( mean difference , 41.0 mg/dL [ 95 % CI , 27.7 - 54.5 ] ; P < .001 ) , insulin ( mean difference , 49.6 μU/mL [ 95 % CI , 38.2 - 61.1 ] ; P < .001 ) , and glucagon-like polypeptide 1 ( mean difference , 2.1 pmol/L [ 95 % CI , 0.9 - 3.2 ] ; P = .01 ) . CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE In a series of exploratory analyses , consumption of fructose compared with glucose result ed in a distinct pattern of regional CBF and a smaller increase in systemic glucose , insulin , and glucagon-like polypeptide 1 levels AIM To investigate the acute effects of the simultaneous ingestion of fructose and fat on postpr and ial lipoprotein metabolism in healthy young women . METHODS Nine young healthy Japanese women with a normal weight ( body mass index : 18.5≤- < 25 kg/m(2 ) ) , a normal ovarian cycle and an apolipoprotein E 3/3 phenotype were enrolled as participants and studied on four occasions . At each session , the subjects ingested one of four beverages containing either glucose or fructose ( 0.5 g/kg body weight each ) with or without OFTT cream ( 1 g/kg , 0.35 g/ kg as fat ) in a r and omized crossover design . Blood sample s were collected at baseline and at 0.5 , 1 , 2 , 4 and 6 hours after ingestion . RESULTS The ingestion of fructose combined with fat led to significantly higher rises in the serum triglyceride ( TG ) , remnant-like particle (RLP)-TG , remnant lipoprotein-cholesterol ( RemL-C ) and apolipoprotein B-48 ( apoB48 ) concentrations with delayed peaks compared with that observed following ingestion of the other three types of beverages . The incremental area under the curve (ΔAUC)-TG and ΔAUC-apoB48 were larger than those observed for the ingestion of fat only . The serum RLP-TG and apoB48 concentrations returned to the fasting levels ( 0 hours ) at the end of the test ( 6 hours ) following the ingestion of fat only ; however , these concentrations did not return to the fasting levels following the intake of fructose combined with fat . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a delay in the clearance of intestinal TG-rich lipoproteins , namely chylomicron and its remnant , following the ingestion of fructose combined with fat . The simultaneous ingestion of fructose and fat markedly enhances postpr and ial exogenous lipidemia in young healthy Japanese women Background Prospect i ve studies in humans examining the effects of fructose consumption on biological markers associated with the development of metabolic syndrome are lacking . Therefore we investigated the relative effects of 10 wks of fructose or glucose consumption on plasma uric acid and RBP-4 concentrations , as well as liver enzyme ( AST , ALT , and GGT ) activities in men and women . Methods As part of a parallel arm study , older ( age 40–72 ) , overweight and obese male and female subjects ( BMI 25–35 kg/m2 ) consumed glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages providing 25 % of energy requirements for 10 wks . Fasting and 24-h blood collection s were performed at baseline and following 10 wks of intervention and plasma concentrations of uric acid , RBP-4 and liver enzyme activities were measured . Results Consumption of fructose , but not glucose , led to significant increases of 24-h uric acid profiles ( P < 0.0001 ) and RBP-4 concentrations ( P = 0.012 ) , as well as plasma GGT activity ( P = 0.04 ) . Fasting plasma uric acid concentrations increased in both groups ; however , the response was significantly greater in subjects consuming fructose ( P = 0.002 for effect of sugar ) . Within the fructose group male subjects exhibited larger increases of RBP-4 levels than women ( P = 0.024 ) . Conclusions These findings suggest that consumption of fructose at 25 % of energy requirements for 10 wks , compared with isocaloric consumption of glucose , may contribute to the development of components of the metabolic syndrome by increasing circulating uric acid , GGT activity , suggesting alteration of hepatic function , and the production of RBP-4 Intake of high-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) has been suggested to contribute to the increased prevalence of obesity , whereas a number of studies and organizations have reported metabolic equivalence between HFCS and sucrose . We hypothesized that HFCS and sucrose would have similar effects on energy-regulating hormones and metabolic substrates at normal levels of human consumption and that these values would not change over a 10-week , free-living period at these consumption levels . This was a r and omized , prospect i ve , double-blind , parallel group study in which 138 adult men and women consumed 10 weeks of low-fat milk sweetened with either HFCS or sucrose at levels of the 25th , 50th , and 90th percentile population consumption of fructose ( the equivalent of 40 , 90 , or 150 g of sugar per day in a 2000-kcal diet ) . Before and after the 10-week intervention , 24-hour blood sample s were collected . The area under the curve ( AUC ) for glucose , insulin , leptin , active ghrelin , triglyceride , and uric acid was measured . There were no group differences at baseline or posttesting for all outcomes ( interaction , P > .05 ) . The AUC response of glucose , active ghrelin , and uric acid did not change between baseline and posttesting ( P > .05 ) , whereas the AUC response of insulin ( P < .05 ) , leptin ( P < .001 ) , and triglyceride ( P < .01 ) increased over the course of the intervention when the 6 groups were averaged . We conclude that there are no differences in the metabolic effects of HFCS and sucrose when compared at low , medium , and high levels of consumption CONTEXT Consumption of high-fructose diets promotes hepatic fatty acid synthesis ( de novo lipogenesis [ DNL ] ) and an atherogenic lipid profile . It is unclear whether these effects occur independent of positive energy balance and weight gain . OBJECTIVES We compared the effects of a high-fructose , ( 25 % of energy content ) weight-maintaining diet to those of an isocaloric diet with the same macronutrient distribution but in which complex carbohydrate ( CCHO ) was substituted for fructose . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Eight healthy men were studied as in patients for consecutive 9-day periods . Stable isotope tracers were used to measure fractional hepatic DNL and endogenous glucose production ( EGP ) and its suppression during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp . Liver fat was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy . RESULTS Weight remained stable . Regardless of the order in which the diets were fed , the high-fructose diet was associated with both higher DNL ( average , 18.6 ± 1.4 % vs 11.0 ± 1.4 % for CCHO ; P = .001 ) and higher liver fat ( median , + 137 % of CCHO ; P = .016 ) in all participants . Fasting EGP and insulin-mediated glucose disposal did not differ significantly , but EGP during hyperinsulinemia was greater ( 0.60 ± 0.07 vs 0.46 ± 0.06 mg/kg/min ; P = .013 ) with the high-fructose diet , suggesting blunted suppression of EGP . CONCLUSION Short-term high-fructose intake was associated with increased DNL and liver fat in healthy men fed weight-maintaining diets OBJECTIVE High-heat cooking of food induces the formation of advanced glycation end products ( AGEs ) , which are thought to impair glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients . High intake of fructose might additionally affect endogenous formation of AGEs . This parallel intervention study investigated whether the addition of fructose or cooking methods influencing the AGE content of food affect insulin sensitivity in overweight individuals . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Seventy-four overweight women were r and omized to follow either a high- or low-AGE diet for 4 weeks , together with consumption of either fructose or glucose drinks .  Glucose and insulin concentrations — after fasting and 2 h after an oral glucose tolerance test — were measured before and after the intervention . Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) and insulin sensitivity index were calculated . Dietary and urinary AGE concentrations were measured ( liquid chromatography t and em mass spectrometry ) to estimate AGE intake and excretion . RESULTS When adjusted for changes in anthropometric measures during the intervention , the low-AGE diet decreased urinary AGEs , fasting insulin concentrations , and HOMA-IR , compared with the high-AGE diet . Addition of fructose did not affect any outcomes . CONCLUSIONS Diets with high AGE content may increase the development of insulin resistance . AGEs can be reduced by modulation of cooking methods but is unaffected by moderate fructose intake Using a within-subjects design , we gave over-weight and normal-weight subjects a 500-mL drink of fructose , glucose , or aspartame diluted in lemon-flavored water or plain water in a r and omized fashion at about weekly intervals . Food intake was assessed at a buffet lunch that began 38 min after the preload was completed . Blood was drawn throughout and assayed for concentrations of glucose , insulin , glucagon , and free fatty acid . When subjects drank the fructose preload , they subsequently ate fewer overall calories and fewer grams of fat than when they drank any of the other preloads . The aspartame load did not stimulate intake beyond the plain-water control . The effects of the oxidation of fructose as a possible mechanism for the reduction in food intake is discussed . The effects of insulin in stimulating intake are also discussed To examine whether artificial sweeteners aid in the control of long-term food intake and body weight , we gave free-living , normal-weight subjects 1150 g soda sweetened with aspartame ( APM ) or high-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) per day . Relative to when no soda was given , drinking APM-sweetened soda for 3 wk significantly reduced calorie intake of both females ( n = 9 ) and males ( n = 21 ) and decreased the body weight of males but not of females . However , drinking HFCS-sweetened soda for 3 wk significantly increased the calorie intake and body weight of both sexes . Ingesting either type of soda reduced intake of sugar from the diet without affecting intake of other nutrients . Drinking large volumes of APM-sweetened soda , in contrast to drinking HFCS-sweetened soda , reduces sugar intake and thus may facilitate the control of calorie intake and body weight Hyperinsulinemia may explain excess colorectal cancer among individuals who are overweight or inactive . Recent studies have observed elevated colorectal cancer risk among individuals with elevated insulin levels 2 hours after oral glucose challenge or with elevated plasma C-peptide levels . The effect of consuming a high glycemic diet on colorectal risk , however , remains uncertain . Two prospect i ve cohort studies , the Nurses ' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study , contributed up to 20 years of follow-up . After exclusions , 1,809 incident colorectal cancers were available for analyses .  Dietary glycemic load ( GL ) was calculated as a function of glycemic index ( postpr and ial blood glucose response as compared with a reference food ) , carbohydrate content , and frequency of intake of individual foods reported on food frequency question naires . Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for potential confounders . Intakes of dietary carbohydrate , GL , overall glycemic index , sucrose , and fructose were not associated with  colorectal cancer risk in women . A small increase in risk was observed in men with high dietary GL ( multivariate relative risk , 1.32 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.98 - 1.79 ; highest versus lowest quintile ) , sucrose or fructose ( multivariate relative risk , 1.37 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.05 - 1.78 ; highest versus lowest quintile of fructose , P = 0.008 ) . Associations were slightly stronger among men with elevated body mass index ( > or = 25 kg/m(2 ) ) . Results among women were similar after stratifying by body mass index or physical activity . High intakes of GL , fructose , and sucrose were related to an elevated  colorectal cancer risk among men . For women , however , these factors did not seem to increase the risk of colorectal cancer Significance Fructose compared with glucose may be a weaker suppressor of appetite . Here we sought to determine the effects of fructose versus glucose on brain , hormone , and appetitive responses to food cues and food-approach behavior . We show that the ingestion of fructose compared with glucose result ed in smaller increases in plasma insulin levels and greater brain responses to food cues in the visual cortex and left orbital frontal cortex . Ingestion of fructose versus glucose also led to greater hunger and desire for food and a greater willingness to give up long-term monetary rewards to obtain immediate high-calorie foods . These findings suggest that ingestion of fructose relative to glucose activates brain regions involved in attention and reward processing and may promote feeding behavior . Prior studies suggest that fructose compared with glucose may be a weaker suppressor of appetite , and neuroimaging research shows that food cues trigger greater brain reward responses in a fasted relative to a fed state . We sought to determine the effects of ingesting fructose versus glucose on brain , hormone , and appetitive responses to food cues and food-approach behavior . Twenty-four healthy volunteers underwent two functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) sessions with ingestion of either fructose or glucose in a double-blinded , r and om-order cross-over design . fMRI was performed while participants viewed images of high-calorie foods and nonfood items using a block design . After each block , participants rated hunger and desire for food . Participants also performed a decision task in which they chose between immediate food rewards and delayed monetary bonuses . Hormones were measured at baseline and 30 and 60 min after drink ingestion . Ingestion of fructose relative to glucose result ed in smaller increases in plasma insulin levels and greater brain reactivity to food cues in the visual cortex ( in whole-brain analysis ) and left orbital frontal cortex ( in region-of-interest analysis ) . Parallel to the neuroimaging findings , fructose versus glucose led to greater hunger and desire for food and a greater willingness to give up long-term monetary rewards to obtain immediate high-calorie foods . These findings suggest that ingestion of fructose relative to glucose results in greater activation of brain regions involved in attention and reward processing and may promote feeding behavior Using a within-subject design , we gave subjects three different 520 - 530 kcal preloads in the form of puddings in a r and omized fashion at weekly intervals . The puddings contained either 50 g of fructose or glucose as the sole carbohydrate source in a protein and fat mixture , or 50 g fructose plus 15 g of starch .  Food intake was assessed 2.25 h after the preload was completed . Blood was drawn throughout and assayed for concentrations of glucose and insulin . When the preload contained fructose alone as the sole source of carbohydrate , subjects ate significantly fewer calories and less fat than when the preload contained glucose alone . When starch was added to the fructose preload , there was no significant reduction in calorie and fat intake . Effects on food intake paralleled the rise in plasma insulin levels produced by the different preloads . Implication s for use of fructose as an adjunct to weight control efforts are discussed
The weight-increasing effect of fructose in hypercaloric trials may have been attributable to excess energy rather than fructose itself .
Fructose does not seem to cause weight gain when it is substituted for other carbohydrates in diets providing similar calories .
Free fructose at high doses that provided excess calories modestly increased body weight , an effect that may be due to the extra calories rather than the fructose .
BACKGROUND The contribution of fructose consumption in Western diets to overweight and obesity in population s remains uncertain .
PURPOSE To review the effects of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials .