The effect of N-6 and N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on hemostasis, blood lipids and blood pressure. Fish Oil Supplementation Alters the Plasma Lipidomic Profile and Increases Long-Chain PUFAs of Phospholipids and Triglycerides in Healthy Subjects Increased n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids do not attenuate the effects of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin sensitivity or triacylglycerol reduction in Indian Asians. Benefits of foods supplemented with vegetable oils rich in α-linolenic, stearidonic or docosahexaenoic acid in hypertriglyceridemic subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trail A good response to oil with medium- and long-chain fatty acids in body fat and blood lipid profiles of male hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Effects of dietary marine oils and olive oil on fatty acid composition, platelet membrane fluidity, platelet responses, and serum lipids in healthy humans The influence of different combinations of gamma-linolenic, stearidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids on the fatty acid composition of blood lipids and mononuclear cells in human volunteers. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seal oils on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hyperlipidemia. The Effect of Three Intravenous Fat Emulsions Containing Different Concentrations of Linoleic and α‐Linolenic Acids on the Plasma Total Fatty Acid Profile of Neonates The comparative effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma fibrinogen levels: a controlled clinical trial in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Alpha-linolenic acid and marine long-chain n-3 fatty acids differ only slightly in their effects on hemostatic factors in healthy subjects. High-quality fish oil has a more favourable effect than oxidised fish oil on intermediate-density lipoprotein and LDL subclasses: a randomised controlled trial. Effect on plasma lipids of interesterifying a mix of edible oils. [Changes in of plasma lipoproteins after the use of palm oil in the diet of a group healthy adults]. Effect of a 6-month intervention with cooking oils containing a high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (olive and canola oils) compared with control oil in male Asian Indians with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Effect of n−3 fatty acid-rich fish oil supplementation on the oxidation of low density lipoproteins Repeated fasting and refeeding with 20:5, n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA): a novel approach for rapid fatty acid exchange and its effect on blood pressure, plasma lipids and hemostasis.
Diverging results from studies of marine oil supplementation to western diets initiated the undertaking of a double-blind crossover study , with administration to healthy volunteers for 4 weeks of either 10 g of fish oil or 10 g of vegetable oil . Each oil containing approx . 40 % of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) respectively . During the n-3 PUFA period , systolic blood pressure , plasma total lipids , triglycerides and VLDL concentrations fell significantly whereas plasma antithrombin-III ( AT-III ) rose . Cutaneous bleeding time increased significantly . In contrast only AT-III rose during the n-6 PUFA feeding , however , more marked than during the n-3 oil period . It is concluded that a n-3 PUFA oil supplement to the western diet exerts an effect that generally is considered as beneficial in terms of the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases . It is in this respect superior to that of n-6 PUFA , stressing the necessity of a more differentiated approach to advice on dietary PUFA enrichment than presently is exerted Background While beneficial health effects of fish and fish oil consumption are well documented , the incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma lipid classes is not completely understood . The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fish oil supplementation on the plasma lipidomic profile in healthy subjects . Methodology /Principal Findings In a double-blinded r and omized controlled parallel-group study , healthy subjects received capsules containing either 8 g/d of fish oil ( FO ) ( 1.6 g/d EPA+DHA ) ( n = 16 ) or 8 g/d of high oleic sunflower oil ( HOSO ) ( n = 17 ) for seven weeks . During the first three weeks of intervention , the subjects completed a fully controlled diet period . BMI and total serum triglycerides , total- , LDL- and HDL-cholesterol were unchanged during the intervention period . Lipidomic analyses were performed using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ( UPLC ) coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry ( QTOFMS ) , where 568 lipids were detected and 260 identified . Both t-tests and Multi-Block Partial Least Square Regression ( MBPLSR ) analysis were performed for analysing differences between the intervention groups . The intervention groups were well separated by the lipidomic data after three weeks of intervention . Several lipid classes such as phosphatidylcholine , phosphatidylethanolamine , lysophosphatidylcholine , sphingomyelin , phosphatidylserine , phosphatidylglycerol , and triglycerides contributed strongly to this separation . Twenty-three lipids were significantly decreased ( FDR<0.05 ) in the FO group after three weeks compared with the HOSO group , whereas fifty-one were increased including selected phospholipids and triglycerides of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids . After seven weeks of intervention the two intervention groups showed similar grouping . Conclusions / Significance In healthy subjects , fish oil supplementation alters lipid metabolism and increases the proportion of phospholipids and triglycerides containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids . Whether the beneficial effects of fish oil supplementation may be explained by a remodeling of the plasma lipids into phospholipids and triglycerides of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids needs to be further investigated . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov BACKGROUND Indian Asians in Western countries have a higher rate of coronary artery disease than do the indigenous white population s , and this higher rate may be influenced by a dietary imbalance of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that a high background dietary intake of n-6 PUFA attenuates the effects of fish-oil supplementation on insulin sensitivity and associated blood lipids of the metabolic syndrome . DESIGN Twenty-nine Indian Asian men were recruited to participate in a 12-wk dietary intervention trial . Volunteers were r and omly assigned to receive either a moderate or a high n-6 PUFA diet featuring modified oils and spreads over a 6-wk period . After this 6-wk period , both groups were supplemented with 4.0 g fish oil/d ( 2.5 g eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid ) for an additional 6 wk in combination with the dietary treatment . Volunteers participated in a postpr and ial study and an insulin sensitivity test after the 6-wk dietary intervention and again after the fish-oil supplementation period . RESULTS There was no significant time x treatment interaction for blood lipids or insulin action after dietary intervention with the moderate or high n-6 PUFA diets in combination with fish oil . After the 6-wk period of fish oil supplementation , fasting and postpr and ial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations decreased significantly . CONCLUSION The background dietary n-6 PUFA concentration did not modulate the effect of fish-oil supplementation on blood lipids or measures of insulin sensitivity in this ethnic group Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of foods enriched with vegetable oils varying in their n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile on  cardiovascular risk factors for hypertriglyceridemic subjects . Methods Fifty-nine hypertriglyceridemic subjects ( triglycerides ≥ 1.5 mmol/L ) were included in the r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study . The placebo group received sunflower oil [ linoleic acid ( LA ) group ; 10 g LA/day ] . The intervention groups received linseed oil [ α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) group ; 7 g ALA/day ] , echium oil [ stearidonic acid ( SDA ) group ; 2 g SDA/day ] or microalgae oil [ docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) group ; 2 g DHA/day ] over 10 weeks . Blood sample s were collected at baseline and at the end of each period . Results Total cholesterol ( TC ) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in the LA and ALA groups ( LA : P ≤ 0.01 , ALA : P ≤ 0.05 ) . No changes in blood lipids were observed in the SDA group . Significant increases in TC and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol occurred in the DHA group ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . In the ALA and SDA groups , the content of eicosapentaenoic acid in erythrocyte lipids increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) after 10 weeks ( ALA group : 38 ± 37 % , SDA group : 73 ± 59 % ) . Conclusion Foods enriched with different vegetable oils rich in ALA or SDA are able to increase the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids content in erythrocyte lipids ; echium oil is more potent in comparison with linseed oil . Blood lipids were beneficially modified through the consumption of food products enriched with sunflower , linseed and microalgae oils , whereas echium oil did not affect blood lipids . Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01437930 A double blind clinical trial was carried out to clarify the effects of oil with medium- and long-chain triglyceride ( MLCT ) on body fat and blood lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic subjects . One-hundred- and -twelve subjects were enrolled and divided into two groups ; those that consumed MLCT oil and those that consumed long-chain triglyceride ( LCT ) oil for 8 weeks . All subjects were requested to consume 25 - 30 g of the oils daily and maintain a fixed level of energy intake and exercise . Anthropometric and blood biochemical parameters were measured when the study was initiated and completed . The  LCT group consisted of 50 subjects ( 34 men and 16 women ) , while the MLCT group consisted of 51 subjects ( 33 men and 18 women ) who completed the study . Larger decreases in body weight , body mass index , waist circumference , body fat , total fat area and subcutaneous fat area in the abdomen and serum triglycerides , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , apolipoprotein B , C2 , C3 and E were observed in male subjects in the MLCT group than those in the LCT group . However , no significant differences in these parameters between the female subjects in the two groups were observed . Data from this study indicate that consumption of medium- and long-chain triglycerides can reduce body weight and body fat and improve blood lipid profiles in male hypertriglyceridemic subjects The influence of various dietary marine oils and olive oil on fatty acid composition of  serum and platelets and effects on platelets and serum lipids were investigated as part of an extensive study of the effects of these oils on parameters associated with cardiovascular/thrombotic diseases . Healthy volunteers ( 266 ) consumed 15 mL/d of cod liver oil ( CLO ) ; whale blubber oil ( refined or unrefined ) ; mixtures of seal blubber oil and CLO ; or olive oil/CLO for 12 wk . In the CLO , seal oil/CLO , and whale oil groups , serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) were increased . In platelets , EPA was increased in the CLO , seal/CLO , and olive oil/CLO groups . The localization of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the triacylglycerols did not seem to influence their absorption . Intake of oleic acid is poorly reflected in serum and platelets . No significant differences in triacylglycerols ( IG ) , total cholesterol , or high density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed , even though TG were reduced in the CLO , CLO/seal oil , and whale oil groups . Mean platelet volume increased significantly in both whale oil groups and the CLO/olive oil group . Platelet count was significantly reduced in the refined whale oil group only . Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blood tended to generate less thromboxane B2 in CLO , CLO/seal , and CLO/olive groups . The whale oils tended to reduce in vivo release of β-thromboglobulin . In conclusion , intake of various marine oils causes changes in platelet membranes that are favorably antithrombotic . The combination of CLO and olive oil may produce better effects than these oils given separately . The changes in platelet function are directly associated with alterations of fatty acid composition in platelet membranes This study set out to identify whether stearidonic acid ( 18:4n-3 ; STA ) can be used to increase the eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20:5n-3 ; EPA ) content of plasma lipids and cells in humans and to underst and more about the effects of increased consumption of gamma-linolenic acid ( 18:3n-3 ; GLA ) , STA and EPA in humans . Healthy young males were r and omised to consume one of seven oil blends for a period of 12 weeks ( 9 g oil/day ) ( n = 8 - 12 subjects/group ) . Palm oil , sunflower oil , an EPA-rich oil , borage oil ( rich in GLA ) , and Echium oil ( rich in STA ) were blended in various combinations to generate a placebo oil and oils providing approximately 2 g GLA + STA + EPA per day , but in different combinations . Blood was collected at 0 , 4 , 8 and 12 weeks and the fatty acid compositions of plasma triacylglycerols , cholesteryl esters and phospholipids and of peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) determined . Significant effects were observed with each lipid fraction . Neither STA nor its derivative 20:4n-3 appeared in any of the lipid fractions studied when STA ( up to 1g/day ) was consumed . However , STA ( 1g/day ) , in combination with GLA ( 0.9 g/day ) , increased the proportion of EPA in some lipid fractions , suggesting that STA-rich plant oils may offer a novel means of increasing EPA status . Furthermore , this combination tended to increase the dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid ( 20:3n-6 ; DGLA ) content of P BMC s , without an increase in arachidonic acid ( AA ) ( 20:4n-6 ) content . EPA consumption increased the EPA content of all lipid fractions studied . Consumption of GLA ( 2g/day ) , in the absence of STA or EPA , increased DGLA content with a tendency to increase AA content in some fractions . This effect was prevented by inclusion of EPA in combination with GLA . Thus , this study indicates that STA may be used as a precursor to increase the EPA content of human lipids and that combinations of GLA , STA and EPA can be used to manipulate the fatty acid compositions of lipid pools in subtle ways . Such effects may offer new strategies for manipulation of cell composition in order to influence cellular responses and functions in desirable ways AIM To investigate the efficacy and safety of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) from seal oils for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) associated with hyperlipidemia . METHODS One hundred and forty-four patients with NAFLD associated with hyperlipidemia were included in the 24-wk , r and omized , controlled trial . The patients were r and omized into two groups . Group A ( n=72 ) received recommended diet and 2 g n-3 PUFA from seal oils , three times a day . Group B ( n=72 ) received recommended diet and 2 g placebo , three times a day . Primary endpoints were fatty liver assessed by symptom scores , liver alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) and serum lipid levels after 8 , 12 , 16 , and 24 wk . Hepatic fat infiltration was detected by ultrasonography at weeks 12 and 24 after treatment . RESULTS A total of 134 patients ( 66 in group A , 68 in group B ) were included in the study except for 10 patients who were excluded from the study . After 24 wk of treatment , no change was observed in body weight , fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) , renal function and blood cells of these patients . Total symptom scores , ALT and triglyceride ( TG ) levels decreased more significantly in group A than in group B ( P<0.05 ) . As expected , there was a tendency toward improvement in aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ) , gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase ( GGT ) , and total cholesterol ( TCHO ) and high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol levels ( P<0.05 ) after administration in the two groups . However , no significant differences were found between the two groups . The values of low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) were significantly improved in group A ( P<0.05 ) , but no significant change was found in group B at different time points and after a 24-wk treatment . After treatment , complete fatty liver regression was observed in 19.70 % ( 13/66 ) of the patients , and an overall reduction was found in 53.03 % ( 35/66 ) of the patients in group A. In contrast , in group B , only five patients ( 7.35 % , 5/68 ) achieved complete fatty liver regression ( P=0.04 ) , whereas 24 patients ( 35.29 % , 24/68 ) had a certain improvement in fatty liver ( P=0.04 ) . No serious adverse events occurred in all the patients who completed the treatment . CONCLUSION Our results indicate that n-3 PUFA from seal oils is safe and efficacious for patients with NAFLD associated with hyperlipidemia and can improve their total symptom scores , ALT , serum lipid levels and normalization of ultrasonographic evidence . Further study is needed to confirm these results We determined the fatty acid profile of total plasma lipids in infants who received one of three intravenous fat emulsions  that differed primarily in their linoleic and α-linolenic acid content : ( I ) a safflower oil emulsion , ( II ) a 50:50 mixture of safflower and soybean oils , or ( III ) a soybean oil emulsion . After 2 weeks of fat therapy , oleic acid , expressed as a percentage of total plasma lipid fatty acids , decreased in all groups , but less so in group III ( p < 0.01 ) . The linoleic acid percentage increased in all groups , but group I had the greatest increase ( p < 0.05 ) . Group II patients had higher percentages of the linoleic acid metabolites , dihomo – γ-linolenic acid ( II > I , p < 0.05 ; II > III , p < 0.01 ) and arachidonic acid ( II > III , p < 0.05 ) . Group II patients also had higher levels of α-linolenic acid ( II > I , p < 0.05 ) and its metabolite , eicosapentaenoic acid ( II > I , p < 0.05 ) . Another α-linolenic acid metabolite , docosahexaenoic acid , however , increased in group III , remained stable in group II , and decreased in group I ( III and II > I , p < 0.05 ) . We conclude that the content of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in intravenous fat emulsions results in statistically significant changes in the fatty acid profile of total plasma lipids in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition It has previously been shown that fish oil supplementation , compared to olive oil , reduces plasma fibrinogen . Presented here are the results of a r and omized , double-blind , crossover controlled trail that compared the effects of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acid supplementation on plasma fibrinogen levels in 10 patients with hyperlipoproteinemia types IIb or IV .  Plasma fibrinogen levels showed statistically significant reductions during both the fish oil and corn oil treatment periods . Other variables related to hemostasis which showed no significant changes from baseline included tissue plasminogen activator activity and inhibitor , protein C antigen , antithrombin III activity , bleeding time , and platelet counts . These data confirm the two previous reports that fish oil supplementation is associated with reductions in plasma fibrinogen levels , thereby modifying a potential nonlipid risk factor for cardiovascular disease . Unlike previous reports , however , n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were also associated with significant reductions in fibrinogen levels . Therefore , it is premature to conclude that the fibrinogen-lowering effects of dietary fish oil are unique to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids The effects of alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA , 18:3n-3 ) , eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA , 20:5n-3 ) , and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22:6n-3 ) on hemostatic factors were compared . Healthy subjects ( 29 women and 17 men aged 20 - 44 y ) received either linseed oil ( average ALA intake : 5.9 g/d ) or fish oil plus sunflower oil ( average EPA + DHA intake : 5.2 g/d ) for 4 wk . The supplemented amount of fat was 1.19 mg/kJ ( 1 g/200 kcal ) calculated energy expenditure . Stability of habitual diets was monitored . Blood sample s were collected at baseline , at the end of the experimental period , and after a 12-wk follow-up period . Different changes in the study groups were seen only in serum cholesterol and triacylglycerols , platelet fatty acid composition , and ADP-induced platelet aggregation . The treatments did not differ in their effects on collagen-induced platelet aggregation and thromboxane production , aggregation to the thromboxane A2 mimic I-BOP , urinary excretion of 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 and beta-thromboglobulin , bleeding time , plasma fibrinogen concentration , antithrombin III activity , factor VII coagulant activity , or activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 . The results indicate that supplemented ALA from vegetable oil and EPA and DHA from a marine source have largely parallel effects on hemostatic factors Fish oil ( FO ) supplementation reduces the risk of CVD . However , it is not known if FO of different qualities have different effects on lipoprotein subclasses in humans . We aim ed at investigating the effects of oxidised FO and high- quality FO supplementation on lipoprotein subclasses and their lipid concentrations in healthy humans . In all , fifty-four subjects completed a double-blind r and omised controlled intervention study . The subjects were r and omly assigned to receive high- quality FO ( n 17 ) , oxidised FO ( n 18 ) or high-oleic sunflower oil capsules ( HOSO , n 19 ) for 7 weeks . The concentration of marine n-3 fatty acids was equal in high- quality FO and oxidised FO ( 1·6 g EPA+DHA/d ) . The peroxide value ( PV ) and anisidine value ( AV ) were 4 mEq/kg and 3 in high- quality FO and HOSO , whereas the PV and AV in the oxidised FO were 18 mEq/kg and 9 . Blood sample s were collected at baseline and end of study . NMR spectroscopy was applied for the analysis of lipoprotein subclasses and their lipid concentrations . High- quality FO reduced the concentration of intermediate-density lipoprotein ( IDL ) particles and large , medium and small LDL particles , as well as the concentrations of total lipids , phospholipids , total cholesterol , cholesteryl esters and free cholesterol in IDL and LDL subclasses compared with oxidised FO and HOSO . Hence , high- quality FO and oxidised FO differently affect lipid composition in lipoprotein subclasses , with a more favourable effect mediated by high- quality FO . In future trials , reporting the oxidation levels of FO would be useful The aim was to establish whether interesterification of oils , an alternative to the use of trans fatty acids in margarine manufacture , adversely affects plasma lipids .  Twenty-seven hypercholesterolemic men participated in a double-blind , crossover trial of three margarines : 1 ) high-linoleic acid , moderate trans fatty acids ; 2 ) high-palm oil blend ( predominantly lauric , myristic , palmitic , oleic , and linoleic acids ) ; and 3 ) an interesterified form of the high-palm oil margarine . Both high-palm oil margarines led to similar low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol concentrations ( 4.43 + /- 0.94 and 4.54 + /- 0.88 mmol/L , respectively ) , which were significantly higher than the LDL concentrations after the high-linoleic acid margarine ( 4.02 + /- 0.85 mmol/L , P < 0.001 ) . Interesterification transferred substantial proportions of palmitic acid into the sn-2 position of glycerides and unsaturated fatty acids into the sn-1,3 positions , and this was reflected in plasma chylomicrons . This study shows that interesterification of oils used to harden margarines does not raise plasma cholesterol more than does the margarine 's constituent fatty acids UNLABELLED Although saturated fat acids have long known to have harmful effects on cholesterol and triacylglycerides levels in blood , new concepts have emerged form recent research on this matter . The purpose of this study was to know the effect of the consumption of palm olein on triacylglycerides and cholesterol levels as well as lipoprotein fractions in the blood plasma of healthy individuals from both sexes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Different types of fats were administered for 12 weeks to 60 subjects , 45 male , 15 female , between 19 and 45 years of age , who were divided into three groups : the mix group ( MG ) was administered oil , margarine , and mayonnaise prepared with 50 % olein ; the olein group ( OG ) consumed fats prepared with 100 % olein ; and the control group ( CG ) consumed regular fats of customary use by the population . The diets provided 25 to 30 % of calories . Blood sample s were obtained for lipid analysis at the beginning and the end of the study . Plasma triacylglycerides and cholesterol concentrations were determined by means of enzyme and lipoprotein methods ( VLDL , LDL ; and HDL ) by ultracentrifugation . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION By comparing the groups ' means no significant differences were found ( p > 0.05 ) in blood lipids . Individual differences show a slight increase in VLDL-C in OG compared to MG and CG . No differences were found in LDL concentration . CONCLUSIONS These results contribute evidence to differentiate between the effects of saturated vegetables oils , such as coconut oil , and of palm olein . The authors recommend not extrapolate the effects of type of oil to another in connection with TC increase in blood OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of dietary intervention with canola or olive oil in comparison with commonly used refined oil in Asian Indians with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) . SUBJECTS AND METHODS This was a 6-month intervention study including 93 males with NAFLD , matched for age and body mass index ( BMI ) . Subjects were r and omized into three groups to receive olive oil ( n=30 ) , canola oil ( n=33 ) , and commonly used soyabean/safflower oil ( control ; n=30 ) as cooking medium ( not exceeding 20 g/day ) along with counseling for therapeutic lifestyle changes . The BMI , fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) and insulin levels , lipids , homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , HOMA denoting β-cell function ( HOMA-βCF ) , and disposition index ( DI ) were measured at pre- and post-intervention . Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and Tukey 's Honestly Significant Difference multiple comparison test procedures . RESULTS Olive oil intervention led to a significant decrease in weight and BMI ( ANOVA , P=0.01 ) compared with the control oil group . In a comparison of olive and canola oil , a significant decrease in fasting insulin level , HOMA-IR , HOMA-βCF , and DI ( P<0.001 ) was observed in the olive oil group . Pre- and post-intervention analysis revealed a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein level ( P=0.004 ) in the olive oil group and a significant decrease in FBG ( P=0.03 ) and triglyceride ( P=0.02 ) levels in the canola oil group . The pre- and post-intervention difference in liver span was significant only in the olive ( 1.14 ± 2 cm ; P<0.05 ) and canola ( 0.66 ± 0.33 cm ; P<0.05 ) oil groups . In the olive and canola oil  groups , post-intervention grading of fatty liver was reduced significantly ( grade I , from 73.3 % to 23.3 % and from 60.5 % to 20 % , respectively [ P<0.01 ] ; grade II , from 20 % to 10 % and from 33.4 % to 3.3 % , respectively [ P<0.01 ] ; and grade III , from 6.7 % to none and from 6.1 % to none , respectively ) . In contrast , in the control oil group no significant change was observed . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest significant improvements in grading of fatty liver , liver span , measures of insulin resistance , and lipids with use of canola and olive oil compared with control oils in Asian Indians with NAFLD This study was aim ed at determining the effect of fish oil supplementation on copper-catalyzed oxidation of low density lipoproteins ( LDL ) from nine hypertriglyceridemic human subjects . A rapid headspace gas chromatographic method was used to measure the volatile oxidation products from LDL . Propanal and hexanal were the major volatile products formed in the oxidation of n−3 and n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) , respectively . Fish oil supplementation result ed in a significant increase in propanal formation from 3.7 to 13.4 nmol/mL LDL ( P<0.01 ) ; it also result ed in small decreases in pentanal formation from 14.7 to 11.4 nmol/mL LDL and in hexanal formation from 138 to 108 nmol/mL LDL ( P<0.05 ) . The changes in peroxidation products paralleled the changes in LDL composition , which showed a significant increase in n−3 PUFA from 3.2 to 14.6 % ( P<0.01 ) and a decrease in n−6 PUFA from 43.7 to 35.0 % ( P<0.05 ) . Propanal formation was highly and significantly correlated with n−3 PUFA content ( r=0.950,P<0.001 ) . Since total volatiles remained unchanged , this indicated that the two groups of LDL sample s did not differ in overall oxidative susceptibility . Although fish oil intake did not alter the oxidative susceptibility of LDL , the chemically modified LDL particles generated a distinct pattern of volatile oxidation products that reflected changes in their fatty acid composition Twenty hypertensive subjects participated in three clinical trials of 13 days each , to examine the effects of Alsepa fish oil [ 20:5 , n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) 180 mg , and 22:6 n-3 docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) 120 mg ] on n-3 for n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) exchange on serum phospholipids , blood pressure ( BP ) , triglycerides ( TG ) and primary hemostasis . After 13 days , plasma phospholipids showed an increase in sigma n-3 ( EPA and DHA ) from 2.0 to 5.9 % ( P < 0.01 ) , and a decrease in sigma n-6 ( arachidonic acid and linoleic acid ) from 29.8 to 22.6 % ( P < 0.01 ) . A concomitantly significant reduction in systolic BP ( SBP ) ( 158.7 + /- 23.8 mm Hg to 146.5 + /- 17.0 mm Hg , P = 0.04 ) , and diastolic BP ( DBP ) ( 80.8 + /- 8.4 mm Hg to 72.9 + /- 14.9 mm Hg , P = 0.04 ) as well as a significant decrease in platelet adhesion and aggregation on extra cellular matrix measured as a percentage of surface coverage ( 11.9 + /- 4.8 % to 4.2 + /- 3.2 % , P = 0.0001 ) was observed . In addition , a significant reduction in baseline dependent TG was observed ; the higher the baseline level TG , the more pronounced the reduction ( average 159.2 + /- 74.6 mg% to 108.0 + /- 46.1 mg% , P = 0.001 ) . No change was observed in total cholesterol , high and low density lipoprotein ( HDL , LDL ) , platelet and fibrinogen . Repeated fasting and refeeding with fish oil facilitated plasma exchange of n-3 for n-6 PUFA , improved BP , clinical metabolic parameters and lowered platelet reactivity in the vessel wall ( primary hemostasis ) . In severe and life-threatening situations , the beneficial effects of fish oil should be considered for rapid exchange of n-3 for n-6 PUFA . In this study we describe a novel approach for rapid fatty acid exchange by fasting/refeeding with fish oil supplementation , as well as improved BP , plasma lipids and primary hemostasis . Further research is required on the therapeutic use of fish oils and the physiological mechanisms involved in fatty acid exchange
Despite limitations in these data , our NMA findings are in line with existing evidence on the metabolic effects of fat and support current recommendations to replace high saturated-fat food with unsaturated oils
The aim of this network meta- analysis ( NMA ) is to compare the effects of different oils/solid fats on blood lipids .