[The effect of fish oil on the secretion and effect of insulin in patients with type II diabetes]. A Randomized Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial Investigating the Effect of Fish Oil Supplementation on Gene Expression Related to Insulin Action, Blood Lipids, and Inflammation in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-Fish Oil Supplementation and Gestational Diabetes Fish oil, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in healthy people: is there any effect of fish oil supplementation in relation to the type of background diet and habitual dietary intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids? Influence of fish oil supplementation on in vivo and in vitro oxidation resistance of low-density lipoprotein in type 2 diabetes Fish oil supplemented for 9 months does not improve glycaemic control or insulin sensitivity in subjects with impaired glucose regulation: a parallel randomised controlled trial. Dietary supplementation with long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight loss in obese adults. An oily fish diet increases insulin sensitivity compared to a red meat diet in young iron-deficient women. Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich Fish Oil Supplementation Improves Body Composition without Influence of the PPARγ Pro12Ala Polymorphism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on peroxidation of serum lipids in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. A Comparison of Fish Oil or Corn Oil Supplements in Hyperlipidemic Subjects with NIDDM Increased n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids do not attenuate the effects of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin sensitivity or triacylglycerol reduction in Indian Asians. Fish oil supplementation in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. A Comparison of the Effects of n-3 Fatty Acids From Linseed Oil and Fish Oil in Well-Controlled Type II Diabetes Fish oil improves arterial compliance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Combining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors. FISH OIL AND VITAMIN E CHANGE LIPID PROFILES AND ANTI-LDL-ANTIBODIES IN TWO DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS OF WOMEN TRANSITIONING THROUGH MENOPAUSE. Fish Oil Supplements Lower Serum Lipids and Glucose in Correlation with a Reduction in Plasma Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Prostaglandin E2 in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Associated with Hyperlipidemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial
The metabolic effect of 3-week dietary supplementation with a fish oil concentrate was examined in not markedly obese , not hypertriglyceridemic men with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) treated with hypoglycemic agents . Ten patients were given 15 ml/d of fish oil ( Martens Oil , Norway ) equivalent to 3.1 g of n-3 fatty acid ( FA ) per day , and compared to 10 diabetics treated with placebo ( 15 ml/d saline ) . While fish oil leads to expected increase in the ratio of n-3 to n-6 FA intake , it does not alter fasting and mixed meal stimulated blood glucose , plasma insulin and C-peptide concentrations . There were no changes in insulin action estimated by the metabolic clearance rates of glucose at plasma insulin levels of about 100 microU/ml and 1400 microU/ml during hyperinsulinemic isoglycemic clamp , and no changes were seen in insulin binding to erythrocytes . Even though our short-term study does not warrant authoritative conclusions , no adverse effects of low-dose fish oil on glucose homeostasis have been found in not markedly obese NIDDM patients treated with oral hypoglycemics Gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) is a common complication of pregnancy , and it is mostly associated with postpartum diabetes , insulin resistance , and dyslipidemia . Fish oil ( omega-3 ) supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of different chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease , type 2 diabetes , and cancers , though the evidence of its impact on gestational diabetes is scarce . Our goal in this study was to determine the effect of fish oil administration on gene expression related to insulin action , blood lipids , and inflammation in women with GDM . Participants with GDM ( n = 40 ) , aged 18–40 years , were r and omized to take either 1000 mg fish oil capsules , containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid ( n = 20 ) , or placebo ( n = 20 ) twice a day for 6 weeks . Gene expression related to insulin , lipids , and inflammation was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) of GDM women using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction ( RT-PCR ) method . Results of RT-PCR indicated that omega-3 supplementation  upregulated gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPAR-γ ) ( P = 0.04 ) in P BMC s of patients with GDM , compared with the placebo . In addition , gene expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor ( LDLR ) ( P < 0.001 ) , interleukin-1 ( IL-1 ) ( P = 0.007 ) , and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) ( P = 0.01 ) was downregulated in P BMC s of women with GDM , following omega-3 supplementation . No significant effect of omega-3 supplementation was indicated on gene expression of IL-8 in P BMC s of patients with GDM . Overall , fish oil supplementation for 6 weeks in women with GDM  significantly improved gene expression of PPAR-γ , IL-1 , and TNF-α , but not gene expression of IL-8 AIM To evaluate whether a moderate supplementation of long-chain n-3 fatty acids is able to modulate insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion , beta-cell function and glucose tolerance in healthy individuals consuming a diet rich in either saturated or monounsaturated fat , also in relation to their habitual dietary intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid .  METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and sixty-two healthy individuals were r and omly assigned to follow either one of two isoenergetic diets for 3 months , one rich in monounsaturated fats and the other rich in saturated fats . Within each group there was a second r and omisation to fish oil ( n-3 fatty acids 3.6 g/day ) or placebo . At the beginning and at the end of the treatment periods insulin sensitivity ( SI ) , first phase insulin response ( FPIR ) and glucose tolerance ( K(G)-value ) were evaluated by the intravenous glucose tolerance test ( IVGTT ) . Fish oil did not have any effect on SI , FPIR , K(G)-value and disposition index in either diet . Even after dividing subjects according to the median value of n-6/n-3 ratio of serum phospholipids at baseline , there was no change in SI ( Delta SI 0.42+/-0.34 on fish oil vs 0.14+/-0.23 on placebo for those with n-6/n-3 < 4.85 ; -1.03+/-0.47 on fish oil vs -0.27+/-0.32 on placebo for those with n-6/n-3 > 4.85 ) ( M+/-SE ) , FPIR ( Delta FPIR 135.9+/-78.9 vs 157.2+/-157.5 pmol/L ; 38.8+/-181.7 vs 357.1+/-181.7 pmol/L ) , K(G)-value ( Delta K(G ) 0.14+/-0.15 vs 0.12+/-0.11 ; -0.32+/-0.16 vs 0.15+/-0.15 ) or disposition index ( Delta disposition index 1465.4+/-830.4 vs 953.8+/-690.0 ; -1641.6+/-1034.3 vs 446.6+/-905.1 ) . Considering the 75th percentile of n-6/n-3 ratio ( 5.82 ) the results on insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion and disposition index were confirmed , while , in this more extreme situation , n-3 fatty acid supplementation induced a significant deterioration of K(G)-value ( p=0.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS In healthy individuals a moderate supplementation of fish oil does not affect insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion , beta-cell function or glucose tolerance . The same is true even when the habitual dietary intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids is taken into account Objective : Fish oil supplement has been proposed as a non-pharmacological strategy to correct the atherogenic lipid profile associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus . However , fish oil may have deleterious effects on lipid peroxidation and glycemic control . Design : In this study , 44 type 2 diabetic patients were r and omized to vitamin E st and ardized ( 53.6 mg/day ) supplementation ( capsules ) with 4 g daily of either fish oil ( n=23 ) or corn oil ( n=21 ) for 8 weeks preceded by a 4 week run-in period of corn oil supplementation . LDL was isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation and oxidized in vitro with Cu2 + . As a marker of in vivo oxidation malondialdehyde concentration in LDL ( LDL-MDA ) was measured . Results : Fish oil reduced both mean lag time ( before , 57.8 ; after , 48.8 min , P<0.001 ) and mean propagation rate ( before , 0.018 ΔOD/min ; after , 0.015 ΔOD/min , P<0.001 ) , whereas corn oil had no influence on lag time and propagation rate . The changes in lag time and propagation rate differed significantly between fish oil and corn oil treatment . LDL-MDA changes differed borderline significantly between groups ( FO , 110.4 pmol/mg protein ; CO , 6.7 pmol/mg protein ; P=0.057 ) . Fish oil supplementation had no influence on glycemic control as assessed from HbA1c and fasting blood glucose . Conclusion : According to our findings , fish oil supplementation leads to increased in vivo oxidation and increased in vitro oxidation susceptibility of LDL particles . More studies are needed to clarify the clinical importance of this finding . Sponsorship : Financially supported by The Danish Heart Association and Dansk Droge A/S. Dansk Droge A/S generously provided the fish oil and corn oil capsules The effects of fish oil ( FO ) supplementation on glycaemic control are unclear , and positive effects may occur only when the phospholipid content of tissue membranes exceeds 14 % as n-3 PUFA . Subjects ( n 36 , thirty-three completed ) were paired based on metabolic parameters and allocated into a parallel double-blind r and omised trial with one of each pair offered daily either 6 g of FO ( 3·9 g n-3 PUFA ) or 6 g of maize oil ( MO ) for 9 months . Hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic-euaminoacidaemic ( HIEGEAA ) clamps ( with [ 6,6 2H2 glucose ] ) were performed at the start and end of the intervention . Endogenous glucose production ( EGP ) and whole-body protein turnover ( WBPT ) were each measured after an overnight fast . The primary outcome involved the effect of oil type on insulin sensitivity related to glycaemic control . The secondary outcome involved the effect of oil type on WBPT . Subjects on  FO ( n 16 ) had increased erythrocyte n-3 PUFA concentrations > 14 % , whereas subjects on MO ( n 17 ) had unaltered n-3 PUFA concentrations at 9 % . Type of oil had no effect on fasting EGP , insulin sensitivity or total glucose disposal during the HIEGEAA clamp . In contrast , under insulin-stimulated conditions , total protein disposal ( P=0·007 ) and endogenous WBPT ( P=0·001 ) were both increased with FO . In an associated pilot study ( n 4 , three completed ) , although n-3 PUFA in erythrocyte membranes increased to > 14 % with the FO supplement , the enrichment in muscle membranes remained lower ( 8 % ; P<0·001 ) . In conclusion , long-term supplementation with FO , at amounts near the safety limits set by regulatory authorities in Europe and the USA , did not alter glycaemic control but did have an impact on WBPT BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with elevated levels of inflammation and metabolic abnormalities , with increased risk of developing insulin resistance , type 2 diabetes , stroke and CVD . Nutrients that can assist in weight loss may also reduce the risk of obesity related co-morbidities . AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether LCn-3PUFA , combined with a reduced energy diet , facilitated weight loss and improvements in blood lipids and inflammatory mediators . DESIGN A double blind r and omised controlled trial with two parallel groups . Both groups followed a low energy diet for 12 weeks , one group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules/d monounsaturated oil ( Placebo ) ( n = 18 ) , the other 6 × 1 g capsules/d LCn-3PUFA ( fish oil ) ( n = 17 ) . Fasting blood sample s , anthropometric measurements and 3-day food diaries were collected at baseline and post intervention . RESULTS There was a two-fold increase in plasma levels of EPA and DHA in the fish oil group ( p < 0.001 ) . There were no significant difference within and between the placebo and the fish oil groups for weight reduction ( 3.37 % and 4.35 % respectively ) , fat mass reduction ( 8.95 % and 9.76 % respectively ) , or changes in inflammatory biomarkers and blood lipids apart from triglycerides , reduced by 27 % in fish oil group ( p < 0.05 ) . For fish oil group there were significant correlations between leptin and weight loss ( p = 0.01 ) and leptin and EPA and DHA ( p < 0.05 for both ) . CONCLUSION Dietary LCn-3PUFA supplementation during a weight loss program does not appear to assist weight loss . Poor dietary compliance may be a contributing factor in accurate assessment of the role of these fatty acids in weight loss Beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids on a variety of physiological functions have been reported , but information related to the effects of oily fish consumed within a varied diet on glucose metabolism and diabetes risk is scarce . The objective of the study was to compare the effects of a diet rich in oily fish to those of a diet rich in red meat on lipid profile , oxidative status , glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in young , iron-deficient women . The study was design ed attending the CONSORT statement guidelines . It was a r and omised crossover dietary intervention study with two 8-week periods . Two diets were design ed differing only in their oily fish or red meat content ( four portions per week ) . Twenty-five young iron-deficient women with normal lipid , glucose and insulin levels participated in the assay . Lipid profile ( total , LDL- and HDL-cholesterol , TAG ) , fasting glucose , fasting insulin , and oxidation ( lipoperoxides ) and inflammation ( soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ) biomarkers were analysed . Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment ( HOMA ) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index ( QUICKI ) . Insulin levels significantly decreased and insulin sensitivity significantly increased with the oily fish diet .  HDL-cholesterol significantly increased with the oily fish diet . Other parameters did not significantly differ between diets . An increase in oily fish consumption increases insulin sensitivity in young iron-deficient women . This outcome should be considered when giving dietary advice to this population Background : The aims of this research were to investigate ( 1 ) the impact of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil supplementation on body composition , plasma adiponectin level , and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ( PPARγ ) gene expression , and ( 2 ) whether the effect of DHA-rich fish oil supplementation on the aforementioned variables is modulated by PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism . Methods : We genotyped PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Ala carriers and non-Ala carriers were r and omly assigned to DHA-rich fish oil or placebo intake for 8 weeks . Results : Glycemic control was not affected by the intervention . The supplementation with DHA-rich fish oil decreased waist circumference ( p < 0.001 ) , body fat mass ( p = 0.01 ) , body fat percent ( p = 0.04 ) , and visceral fat rating ( p = 0.02 ) as well as trunk fat mass ( p = 0.04 ) . Weight , body mass index , fat-free mass , adiponectin level , and PPARγ gene expression changes showed no significant difference . No gene-diet interaction was found on body composition , adiponectin level , and PPARγ gene expression . Conclusions : DHA-rich fish oil supplementation favorably modulated body composition in patients with T2DM and could be useful to reduce visceral obesity . However , the PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism did not influence the changes in the desired variables Lipid peroxidation may be important in the development of cardiovascular disease , a common cause of mortality and morbidity in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) . We assessed the degree of lipid peroxidation by measuring plasma malondialdehyde , as thiobarbituric acid reacting substances ( TBARS ) , in 23 non-insulin diabetic patients .  Plasma levels of st and ardised alpha-tocopherol ( vitamin E ) , lipid content of whole plasma and lipoprotein fractions , glycosylated haemoglobin , glycosylated low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and fasting blood glucose were also measured . On completion of the baseline studies patients r and omly received either fish oil or matching olive oil capsules in a double blind crossover fashion for 6 weeks followed by a 6 week washout period and a final 6 week treatment phase . Studies , identical to the initial baseline studies , were performed at the end of the of the active treatment periods at 6 and 18 weeks . Treatment with olive oil did not change levels of TBARS , vitamin E or indices of glycaemic control compared with baseline . Total cholesterol and triglyceride ( TG ) content of plasma and lipoprotein fractions were not significantly altered . Treatment with fish oil result ed in elevation of TBARS ( P < 0.001 ) and reduction of vitamin E ( P < 0.01 ) compared with baseline and olive oil treatment . Plasma cholesterol was unchanged . A reduction in plasma TG compared with baseline occurred but failed to reach significance ( P = 0.07 ) . Changes in apo B containing lipoproteins induced by fish oil failed to reach significance . No significant changes were observed in concentration or composition of high density lipoprotein ( HDL ) .  Fish oil treatment showed no change in glycaemic control as assessed by glycosylated haemoglobin and LDL although a rise in fasting blood glucose just failed to reach significance ( P = 0.06 ) . Lipid peroxidation in NIDDM can be exacerbated by dietary fish oil . This potentially adverse reaction may limit the therapeutic use of fish oils in such patients OBJECTIVE To examine the effects on blood lipids and glycemic control of fish oil and corn oil supplementation at two levels in subjects with hyperlipidemia and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Forty subjects ( 18 men and 22 women ; aged 53.9 ± 7.0 years ) with NIDDM and hyperlipidemia were r and omly assigned to one of four treatment groups : 9 g of fish oil , 18 g of fish oil , 9 g of corn oil , or 18 g of corn oil daily supplementation for 12 weeks . RESULTS The level of oil supplements ( 9 g compared with 18 g ) did not have a significant effect within each oil group on glycemic control and lipids . Significant differences ( P < 0.05 ) in lipids were found when the 9-g and 18-g groups were combined . In subjects consuming fish oil , plasma very-low-density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) cholesterol ( P = 0.0001 ) , plasma triglyceride ( TG ) ( P = 0.0001 ) , and plasma VLDL TGs ( P = 0.02 at 6 weeks and P = 0.0001 at 12 weeks ) were significantly lowered compared with subjects consuming corn oil . Plasma VLDL cholesterol increased across time in the corn oil group ( P = 0.04 ) . Plasma low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol was temporarily increased ( P = 0.008 ) in the fish oil group at 6 weeks , but the effect was no longer present at 12 weeks . No significant differences between fish oil – or corn oil-supplemented diets were found in total plasma cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , fasting plasma glucose , glycosylated HbA1c , weight , and blood pressure . CONCLUSIONS In this study , fish oil supplementation improved plasma VLDL cholesterol , VLDL TGs , and total TGs while having a transient deterioration in LDL cholesterol in subjects with NIDDM . Furthermore , fish oil supplementation had no significant deleterious effect on glycemic control BACKGROUND Indian Asians in Western countries have a higher rate of coronary artery disease than do the indigenous white population s , and this higher rate may be influenced by a dietary imbalance of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that a high background dietary intake of n-6 PUFA attenuates the effects of fish-oil supplementation on insulin sensitivity and associated blood lipids of the metabolic syndrome . DESIGN Twenty-nine Indian Asian men were recruited to participate in a 12-wk dietary intervention trial . Volunteers were r and omly assigned to receive either a moderate or a high n-6 PUFA diet featuring modified oils and spreads over a 6-wk period . After this 6-wk period , both groups were supplemented with 4.0 g fish oil/d ( 2.5 g eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid ) for an additional 6 wk in combination with the dietary treatment . Volunteers participated in a postpr and ial study and an insulin sensitivity test after the 6-wk dietary intervention and again after the fish-oil supplementation period . RESULTS There was no significant time x treatment interaction for blood lipids or insulin action after dietary intervention with the moderate or high n-6 PUFA diets in combination with fish oil . After the 6-wk period of fish oil supplementation , fasting and postpr and ial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations decreased significantly . CONCLUSION The background dietary n-6 PUFA concentration did not modulate the effect of fish-oil supplementation on blood lipids or measures of insulin sensitivity in this ethnic group Familial hypercholesterolemia is associated with premature coronary heart disease . In patients with familial hypercholesterolemia , monotherapy with hydroxymethylglutaril coenzyme . A reductase inhibitors rarely achieves the goal of desirable low-density lipoprotein levels . Epidemiological studies suggest that population s with a high dietary intake of marine n3 fatty acids are protected against coronary heart disease . Hepatic synthesis and secretion of very low density lipoproteins are reduced during fish oil supplementation while other effects on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism are controversial . Fourteen patients affected by familial heterozygous hypercholesterolemia on chronic treatment with simvastatin  were enrolled in a double blind , placebo controlled , r and omized crossover trial that evaluated the effect of fish oil ethyl ester ( Esapent , 5.1 g/day ) on lipid and lipoprotein serum concentrations . Total cholesterol , low density lipoprotein cholesterol , high density lipoprotein cholesterol , triglycerides , apoprotein B , apoprotein AI , lipoprotein ( a ) did not show any significant variation during the four week treatment period with fish oil ethyl ester . The present data suggest that the possible favourable influence of fish oil on the progression of atherosclerosis in these high-risk patients might involve mechanisms which are different from lipid metabolism OBJECTIVE Supplementation of type II diabetic diets with n-3 fatty acids ( FAs ) from fish oil ( FO ) has been associated with lowered triglyceride and VLDL levels , although reports of impaired glycemic control have limited their use . Effects of n-3FAs from nonmarine sources are less well documented . Therefore , an investigation comparing the effects of linseed oil ( LO ) with FO supplementation was undertaken in subjects with type II diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eleven subjects with type II diabetes were given supplements with LO and FO for 3 months each in a r and omized double-blind crossover fashion after 3 months of olive oil placebo . Oils were given as 35 mg FA · kg body wt−1 · day−1 . After each 3-month period , fasting glucose and insulin levels , HbA1c , lipid profiles , insulin sensitivity ( SI ) , glucose effectiveness ( SG ) , and acute insulin response to glucose ( AIRG ) were evaluated . RESULTS HbA1c and lipid values were within the normal range at r and omization . Repeated measures analysis of variance testing found no significant differences in weight ; fasting glucose and insulin levels ; HbA1c ; total , LDL , and HDL cholesterol levels ; SI ; SG ; or AIRG with either active oil . FO was associated with significant reductions in triglycerides and a trend toward decreased SI . CONCLUSIONS In a population with well-controlled type II diabetes , 3 months of FO but not LO result ed in lowered triglyceride levels . Neither LO nor FO significantly affected glycemic control , cholesterol values , SG , or insulin secretion , while a nonsignificant trend toward decreased insulin sensitivity was found with FO In a double-blind , placebo-controlled study we investigated the effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on arterial wall characteristics in 20 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus . Estimates reflecting compliance values in the large arteries and more peripheral vasculature , as measured by pulse-contour analysis , improved significantly after 6 weeks of fish oil therapy compared with values recorded at baseline and after 6 weeks ' administration of olive oil . The large-artery compliance estimate increased from 1.50 ( confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.31 to 1.69 ) mL/mm Hg at baseline to 1.68 ( CI , 1.52 to 1.84 ) mL/mm Hg after fish oil administration ( P < .01 ) . The oscillatory compliance value increased from 0.015 ( CI , 0.011 to 0.019 ) mL/mm Hg at baseline to 0.022 ( CI , 0.016 to 0.028 ) mL/mm Hg after fish oil ingestion ( P < .05 ) . No changes occurred in arterial blood pressure , cardiac output , stroke volume , or systemic vascular resistance with either intervention . The improved compliance estimates with fish oil ingestion occurred without altering fasting blood glucose and cholesterol concentrations . These results support the hypothesis that fish oils alter vascular reactivity and favorably influence arterial wall characteristics in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus . These direct vascular effects , expressed at the level of the vessel wall , may contribute to the cardioprotective actions of fish oil in humans BACKGROUND Regular exercise and consuming long-chain n-3 fatty acids ( FAs ) from fish or fish oil can independently improve cardiovascular and metabolic health , but combining these lifestyle modifications may be more effective than either treatment alone . OBJECTIVE We examined the individual and combined effects of n-3 FA supplements and regular exercise on body composition and cardiovascular health . DESIGN Overweight volunteers [ body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m(2 ) ) : > 25 ] with high blood pressure , cholesterol , or triacylglycerols were r and omly assigned to one of the following interventions : fish oil ( FO ) , FO and exercise ( FOX ) , sunflower oil ( SO ; control ) , or SO and exercise ( SOX ) . Subjects consumed 6 g tuna FO/d ( approximately 1.9 g n-3 FA ) or 6 g SO/d . The exercise groups walked 3 d/wk for 45 min at 75 % age-predicted maximal heart rate . Plasma lipids , blood pressure , and arterial function were assessed at 0 , 6 , and 12 wk . Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 0 and 12 wk only . RESULTS FO supplementation  lowered triacylglycerols , increased HDL cholesterol , and improved endothelium-dependent arterial vasodilation ( P<0.05 ) . Exercise improved arterial compliance ( P<0.05 ) . Both fish oil and exercise independently reduced body fat ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS FO supplements and regular exercise both reduce body fat and improve cardiovascular and metabolic health . Increasing intake of n-3 FAs could be a useful adjunct to exercise programs aim ed at improving body composition and decreasing cardiovascular disease risk BACKGROUND studies have investigated the relationship between the transition through menopause and cardiovascular diseases . White population , generally , have lower levels of traditional coronary heart risk factors , particularly dyslipidemia , hypertension , obesity , and diabetes , and lower rates of coronary heart disease mortality , than black population . Furthermore many studies have shown the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid ) of marine origin . The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of omega-3 supplementation , combined or not with vitamin E , on oxidative biomarkers and lipid profiles in nonwhite and white women with dyslipidemia transitioning through menopause . METHODS a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted . Seventy-four eligible women were assigned to receive : fish oil , fish oil plus vitamin E and placebo for three months . At baseline , 45 and 90 days blood sample for biochemical variables and biomarkers of oxidative stress were taken . Socioeconomic and lifestyle variables were collected with st and ardized question naires . RESULTS after 90 days the fish oil plus vitamin E treated group had a significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-C. Furthermore , there was a decrease in anti- LDL- autoantibodies after 45 days . Plasma TBARS concentrations were increased after 90 days in the group receiving only fish oil when compared to the placebo and fish oil-vitamin E groups . All of the effects observed were independent of ethnic group . CONCLUSION supplementation with fish oil and vitamin E reduced total cholesterol and LDL-C , but had opposite effects on oxidative stress compared to supplementation with fish oil alone Fish oil has been used effectively in the treatment of cardiovascular disease via triglyceride reduction and inflammation modulation . This study aim ed to assess the effects of fish oil on patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) associated with hyperlipidemia . Eighty participants with NAFLD associated with hyperlipidemia were r and omly assigned to consume fish oil ( n=40 , 4 g/d ) or corn oil capsules ( n=40 , 4 g/d ) for 3 months in a double-blind , r and omized clinical trial . Blood levels of lipids , glucose and insulin , liver enzymes , kidney parameters and cytokines at baseline and the end of the study were measured . Seventy people finished the trial .  Plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid significantly increased in the fish oil group after intervention . After adjustment for age , gender and BMI , fish oil significantly decreased fasting serum concentrations of total cholesterol , triglyceride , apolipoprotein B and glucose ( by ( mean±SD ) 0.49±0.43 mmol/L , 0.58±0.89 mmol/L , 0.28±0.33 g/L and 0.76±0.56 mmol/L , respectively , P<0.05 ) , as well as alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase levels ( by ( median ( interquartile ) ) 9.0(0.5 , 21.5 ) and 7.0(2.2 , 20.0 ) IU/L , respectively , P<0.05 ) , significantly increased serum adiponectin levels ( by 1.29±0.62 μg/mL , P<0.001 ) , and reduced serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α , leukotrienes B4 , fibroblast growth factor 21 ( FGF21 ) , cytokeratin 18 fragment M30 and prostagl and in E2 ( by 1.70±1.18 pg/mL , 0.59±0.28 ng/mL , 121±31 pg/mL , 83±60 IU/L and 10.9±2.3 pg/mL , respectively , P<0.001 ) . Corn oil had no effect except for increasing serum creatinine concentrations by 7.7±8.9 μmol/L ( P=0.008 ) . The effects of fish oil on lipids , glucose and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were positively correlated with the reductions of serum FGF21 and prostagl and in E2 concentrations after adjustment for age , gender and BMI ( r = 0.275 to 0.360 and 0.261 to 0.375 , respectively , P<0.05 ) . In conclusion , our findings suggest that fish oil can benefit metabolic abnormalities associated with NAFLD treatment . Trial Registration
Conclusions Short-term fish oil supplementation is associated with increasing the insulin sensitivity among those people with metabolic disorders
Background Fish oil supplementation has been shown to be associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome and benefit a wide range of chronic diseases , such as cardiovascular disease , type 2 diabetes and several types of cancers .
However , the evidence of fish oil supplementation on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity is still controversial .
This meta- analysis summarized the exist evidence of the relationship between fish oil supplementation and insulin sensitivity and aim ed to evaluate whether fish oil supplementation could improve insulin sensitivity .