Adhesive performance of dentin bonding agents applied in vivo and in vitro. Effect of intrapulpal pressure and dentin depth. Chemical exchange between glass-ionomer restorations and residual carious dentine in permanent molars: an in vivo study. Preliminary report of an experimental design for in vivo testing of bonded restorations applied to a new enamel-dentinal bonding agent. The effect of tooth-preparation cleansing protocol on the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement to dentin contaminated with a hemostatic agent. The use of collagen cross-linking agents to enhance dentin bond strength. Effect of different adhesive protocols vs calcium hydroxide on primary tooth pulp with different remaining dentin thicknesses:24-month results A clinical, radiographic, and scanning electron microscopic evaluation of adhesive restorations on carious dentin in primary teeth. Influence of endodontic irrigants on bond strength of a self-etching adhesive. Fluoride release and cariostatic ability of a compomer and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement used for orthodontic bonding. Evaluating the effects of fluoride-releasing dental materials on adjacent interproximal caries. The effect of smear layer removal on marginal contraction gaps. Shear-bond strength of a new self-adhering flowable restorative material to dentin of primary molars. Clinical efficacy of two dentin desensitizing agents. Influence of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA on the microtensile bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system Clinical Investigation of Two Glass–Ionomer Restoratives Used with the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment Approach in China: Two–Years Results Adjunctive application of chlorhexidine and ethanol-wet bonding on durability of bonds to sound and caries-affected dentine. Resin-dentin interfaces of endodontically-treated restored teeth.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of intrapulpal pressure and dentin depth on bond strengths of an etch- and -rinse and a self-etching bonding agent to dentin in vitro and in vivo . Twenty-four pairs of premolars were r and omly divided into four groups ( n = 6 ) according to the dentin bonding agent , Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond , and intrapulpal pressure , null or positive . Each tooth of the pair was further design ated to be treated in vivo or in vitro . The intrapulpal pressure was controlled in vivo by the delivery of local anesthetics containing or not a vasoconstrictor , while in vitro , it was achieved by keeping the teeth under hydrostatic pressure . Class I cavities were prepared and the dentin bonding agents were applied followed by incremental resin restoration . For the teeth treated in vitro , the same restorative procedures were performed after a 6 month-storage period . Beams with 1 mm(2 ) cross-sectional area were prepared and microtensile tested . Clearfil SE Bond was not influenced by any of the variables of the study , while bond strengths produced in vitro were significantly higher for Single Bond . Overall , lower bond strengths were produced in deep dentin , which reached statistical significance when Single Bond was applied under physiological or simulated intrapulpal pressure . In conclusion , in vitro bonding may overestimate the immediate adhesive performance of more technique-sensitive dentin bonding systems . The impact of intrapulpal pressure on bond strength seems to be more adhesive dependent than dentin morphological characteristics related to depth OBJECTIVE To evaluate the remineralization of carious dentine following the restoration of an extensive lesion in a permanent molar with a high strength glass-ionomer cement ( GIC ) .  MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirteen first permanent molars , which were scheduled for extraction because of the presence of extensive caries lesions , were selected for this study . They were first restored , according to the ART technique , using encapsulated Fuji IX(GP ) , which contains a strontium glass rather than the traditional calcium glass . The cavities were prepared with a clean enamel margin and minimal removal of the carious dentine around the walls . After a period of 1 - 3 months they were harvested and subsequently sectioned and examined using an electron probe micro analysis ( EPMA ) and scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . RESULTS EPMA demonstrated that both fluorine and strontium ions had penetrated deep into the underlying demineralized dentine . The only possible source of these ions was the GIC restoration . CONCLUSION The pattern of penetration of the fluorine and strontium ions into the dentine was consistent with a remineralization process Because of inconsistency often found between in vitro testing and in vivo performance , a new restorative bonding system was evaluated by the placement of  restorations in vivo in teeth to be extracted . The microleakage was determined following extraction after 3 months of clinical service . In each of the sample teeth , two restorations were placed on the labial surface , one in the middle of the enamel portion and the other extending over the cementoenamel portion . The results of this pilot study indicated that bonding to conditioned enamel with the new adhesive material is effective , and bonding to conditioned dentin appears to be clinical ly adequate This study evaluated the effect of tooth-preparation cleansing protocol s on the bond strength of a self-adhesive resin cement to dentin contaminated with two different types of hemostatic agents . The occlusal surface of extracted third molars was flattened to expose the dentin surface and prepared for a full crown . Acrylic temporary crowns were fabricated and placed using temporary cement . The specimens were stored at 100 % relative humidity for seven days . Following removal of the temporary crowns , the specimens were surface debrided using aluminum oxide abrasion with a particle size of 27 μm at 40 psi . The specimens were r and omly assigned to three groups , according to the hemostatic agents : Group I – an agent containing aluminum chloride was applied to the tooth surface ; Group II – an agent containing ferric sulfate was applied to the tooth surface and Group III – uncontaminated ( control ) . The contaminated specimens were then further subdivided into three subgroups ( A – C ; n=12 ) : Group A – tooth surface cleansing with water spray ; Group B – tooth surface cleansing with phosphoric acid etch and Group C – tooth surface cleansing with aluminum oxide abrasion with a particle size of 27 μm at 40 psi . Ceramic blocks were treated with a 9.5 % hydrofluoric acid-etch and silanized prior to being cemented with self-adhesive resin luting agent ( RelyX Unicem ) to the prepared dentin . The shear bond strength was determined at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute . The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA , followed by the Duncan multiple range test , to determine any significant differences between the testing groups . The microstructure morphology of the tooth surface was evaluated using SEM analysis . The results revealed that there was a significant difference between the bond strength of the control and the contaminated testing groups ( p<0.05 ) . A tooth preparation cleansing protocol using particle abrasion with low-pressure aluminum oxide particles provided a significant improvement in bond strength to contaminated dentin , while rinsing with water spray result ed in the lowest mean bond strength of the self-adhesive resin cement to dentin ( p<0.05 ) UNLABELLED Type I collagen is a major component of the hybrid layer , and improvement of its mechanical properties may be advantageous during bonding procedures . OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of three different cross-linking agents ( Glutaraldehyde [ GD ] , Grape seed extract [ GSE ] , and Genipin [ GE ] ) on the tensile bond strength ( TBS ) of resin-dentin bonds . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Sixty-four sound human molars were collected and their occlusal surfaces were ground flat to expose dentin . Dentin surfaces were etched using a phosphoric acid and then teeth were r and omly divided according to the dentin treatment : Control group ( no treatment ) , 5 % GD , 6.5 % GSE , or 0.5 % GE . Teeth were restored either with One Step Plus or Adper Single Bond Plus adhesive systems and resin composite . After 24 h , teeth were sectioned to produce a cross-sectional surface area of 1.0 mm(2 ) and tested for tensile bond strength . Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher 's PLSD tests ( p < 0.05 ) . There was a statistically significant interaction between factors ( treatment and adhesive p < 0.001 ) . Treatment affected TBS ( p < 0.0001 ) , while no differences were observed between the adhesive systems ( p = 0.6961 ) . CONCLUSION Chemical modification to the dentin matrix promoted by GD and GSE , but not GE , result ed in increased bond strength . The application of selective collagen cross-linkers during adhesive restorative procedures may be a new approach to improve dentin bond strength properties The aim of this r and omized , controlled , single-blind and prospect i ve study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic success rates of three different bonding protocol s vs calcium hydroxide liner for protection of the dentin – pulp complex of primary molars with different remaining dentin thicknesses . Two hundred forty primary molar teeth with moderate to deep occlusal caries were restored in 97 children who met inclusion criteria . After cavity preparation , the teeth were r and omly assigned into four groups ( n = 60/group ) with respect to the material used for protection of the dentin – pulp complex : ( 1 ) total-etching with 36 % phosphoric acid followed by an acetone-based adhesive ( Prime&Bond NT ) , ( 2 ) a self-etch adhesive system ( Xeno III ) , ( 3 ) an acetone-based adhesive ( Prime&Bond NT ) without prior acid conditioning , and ( 4 ) control : calcium hydroxide cement ( Dycal ) . Teeth in groups 1–3 were restored with a polyacid-modified resin-based composite ( Dyract AP ) and those in group 4 with amalgam . The remaining dentin thickness was calculated using image analysis software ( ImageJ ) . The teeth were evaluated clinical ly and radiographically for 24 months . The distribution of restored teeth with minimal remaining dentin thickness ( ≤0.5 mm ) was 3.3 , 8.3 , 8.3 , and 10 % for groups 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 , respectively . Despite the absence of pulpal protection in groups 1–3 , none of those teeth exhibited any significant clinical or radiographic symptom during the study period . After 2 years , the clinical and radiographic success rate of restorative treatments was 100 % . Protection of the dentin – pulp complex with the tested bonding protocol s result ed in similar outcomes in mainly shallow and medium deep cavities as compared to calcium hydroxide amalgam in more deep cavities , when indirect pulp treatment was performed in class I compomer restorations OBJECTIVE The purpose of this project was to evaluate the performance of a dentin adhesive system on carious and noncarious primary dentin in vivo . METHOD AND MATERIAL S Forty-eight primary molars with carious lesions were r and omly assigned to 2 different treatments : group 1 ( control , n = 24)--All identifiable , irreversibly infected dentin was removed prior to the application of the bonding agent and restorative material ; group 2 ( experimental , n = 24)--Irreversibly infected dentin was partially removed prior to the application of the bonding agent and restorative material . The control and experimental teeth were clinical ly monitored every 3 months and evaluated 12 months after restoration . The teeth were extracted around the time of exfoliation and processed for scanning electron microscopy . RESULTS Retention rate , marginal integrity , and pulpal symptoms were identical in both groups . Radiographically , the radiolucent area associated with the experimental restorations did not increase with time in 75 % of the cases . For the control group , the adhesive system formed a hybrid layer . In the experimental group , there was morphologic evidence of the formation of an acid-resistant " altered hybrid layer . " An acid-resistant tissue , result ing from the interdiffusion of adhesive resin within the area of carious dentin , was observed adjacent to and under the altered hybrid layer . CONCLUSION Application of an adhesive restorative system to irreversibly infected dentin did not affect the clinical performance of the restoration The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system to dentine irrigated with sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , chlorhexidine solution ( CX ) and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid ( EDTA ) by microtensile testing . Sixty human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal level and then r and omly divided into six groups : G1(control ) , without irrigant solution ; G2 , 1 % NaOCl ; G3 , 1 % NaOCl followed by the application of 17 % EDTA ; G4 , 2 % CX ; G5 , 2 % CX followed by the application of 17 % EDTA and G6 , 17 % EDTA . The specimens received the self-etching adhesive system were restored with composite resin , then sectioned and trimmed to obtain four hourglass-shaped slabs from each tooth . The specimens were su bmi tted to the microtensile test in a Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm min(-1 ) until fracture . The results were su bmi tted to statistical analysis by anova /Newman-Keuls . The means and st and ard deviations ( MPa ) were : G1 , 26.88 ( ±3.81 ) ; G2 , 19.08 ( ±3.89 ) ; G3 , 18.16 ( ±2.21 ) ; G4 , 18.14 ( ±4.32 ) ; G5 , 34.30 ( ±3.32 ) ; G6 , 13.61 ( ±1.21 ) . It was concluded that the application of 2 % CX followed by the application of 17 % EDTA result ed in increasing the bond strength of the self-etching adhesive system to dentine , when compared with the results obtained for the other tested groups OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to compare the local and systemic uptake of fluoride released from a compomer material ( Dyract Ortho ) and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement ( Vitremer ) with that of a conventional resin adhesive ( Right-On ) and to compare the cariostatic ability of each of the test material s with that of the resin control . METHODS Twenty six patients were r and omly allocated to have a bracket bonded to a premolar on one side of the arch with one of the test material s and on the opposite side with the control material . Premolars destined for extraction as part of an orthodontic treatment plan were selected for bonding . A non-fluoride toothpaste was used by all participants for 4 weeks prior to bracket bonding and throughout the 4 week trial period . Fluoride release was measured in saliva , plaque and urine sample s taken pre-bonding and 4 weeks post-bonding . Enamel demineralisation was assessed by scoring the buccal surface of each extracted tooth using a caries index . RESULTS Neither Vitremer nor  Dyract Ortho altered salivary or urinary fluoride concentration significantly 4 weeks post-bonding but plaque fluoride concentration increased significantly around premolars bonded with Vitremer . The test material s as a combined group were associated with significantly less demineralisation than the control material but there was no significant difference in cariostatic ability detected between either Dyract Ortho or Vitremer when each group was compared separately with the control . CONCLUSIONS Fluoride released from Dyract Ortho or Vitremer is likely to exert a local and not a systemic effect . In a 4-week clinical study , the cariostatic ability of the fluoride-releasing cements , as a combined group , was superior to that of the non-fluoride releasing control but there was no significant difference in cariostatic ability between the two test material s when each test group was compared separately with the control BACKGROUND The authors examined several restorative material s to evaluate their ability to inhibit demineralization and enhance remineralization of incipient carious lesions on the interproximal enamel of teeth adjacent to those restored with the material s. METHODS Twenty-one subjects in need of a crown on a m and ibular molar and a Class II inlay on an adjacent tooth took part in this six-phase study . Artificial enamel lesions were created and positioned within the interproximal portion of a crown . Lesions were photographed with polarized light microscopy and characterized before and after 30-day intraoral exposures . Each phase included the placement of a new section in the crown model and a new Class II inlay restorative material in the adjacent tooth . RESULTS Results demonstrated that nonfluori date d resin composite , fluori date d resin composite and resin-modified glass ionomer restorative material s , when placed in subjects who brushed with a fluori date d dentifrice , demonstrated significantly ( P < .05 ) less enamel demineralization than the nonfluori date d resin composite control placed in subjects who brushed with a nonfluori date d dentifrice . The resin-modified glass ionomer cement , however , even when brushed with a nonfluori date d dentifrice , exhibited significantly ( P < .05 ) less demineralization than the nonfluori date d resin composite control brushed with a nonfluori date d dentifrice . CONCLUSIONS Resin-modified glass ionomer cement appears to significantly inhibit demineralization of interproximal enamel of teeth adjacent to those restored with the material . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Resin-modified glass ionomer cement restorations can enhance prevention of enamel demineralization on adjacent teeth The presence of the smear layer prevents direct contact between dentine and a dentine adhesive . The use of agents to remove the smear layer theoretically should improve the bonding of composite resins to dentine . This study examined the effect of smear layer removal on the effectiveness of a dentine bonding agent in reducing marginal contraction gaps . The agent used for smear layer removal in this study was ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid ( EDTA ) .  Eighty cavities measuring 2 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in depth were prepared in dentine and r and omly assigned to two equal groups . The control group was restored with Prisma Universal Bond 2 Adhesive and Prisma Fil Resin . The experimental group was similarly restored after pretreatment of dentine with 0.5 % EDTA for 60 s. All specimens were thermocycled and the marginal contraction gaps were assessed using a Nikon Measures cope . The mean contraction gap was expressed as a percentage of the cavity diameter . Results showed that the experimental group registered smaller contraction gaps ( mean : 0.021 % ) than the control group ( mean : 0.027 % ) . No penetration of material into dentine was observed . Pretreatment with EDTA did not significantly improve the effectiveness of the dentine bonding agent used in terms of reduction of marginal contraction gaps OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength to dentin of primary molars of a new self-adhering flowable resin composite with two ionomer-based cements and one flowable resin composite in combination with two different adhesive systems . STUDY DESIGN Fifty primary molars were grinded on the occlusal surface to obtain flat dentin substrate and r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n = 10 ) : OFL : Phosphoric Acid/Optibond FL/Premise Flow ; OAO : Optibond All-In-One/Premise Flowable ; II : Polyacrylic Acid/Fuji II ; IX : Polyacrylic Acid/Fuji IX ; V : Vertise Flow . Cylinders ( 3 mm diameter - 5 mm height ) of restorative material were built-up in three increments over the dentin surfaces . A shear load was applied until failure . Bond strength values were statistically analysed with Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA followed by Dunn 's test ( P < .05 ) . Differences in failure mode distribution were assessed with Chi-square ( P < .05 ) . RESULTS OFL and OAO recorded significantly higher bond strengths than the other groups . Adhesive failures were evident in all groups except OFL and OAO , in which also cohesive failures in dentin were observed . CONCLUSIONS Vertise Flow established on primary dentin bond strengths values similar to those of glass ionomer cements routinely used for restorations of primary teeth . The combination of flowable resin with etch- and -rinse or all-in-one adhesives obtained higher bond strength values , thus involving a more complex h and ling PURPOSE To compare the clinical effect over 3 months of two commercially available desensitizing agents on the level of discomfort of patients with complaints of dentin sensitivity . MATERIAL S AND METHODS An oxalate-containing pre-polymerized resin suspension ( Pain-Free ) , a 0.7 % fluoride solution ( DentinBloc ) , and a distilled water placebo were compared in a clinical setting . Ten volunteer patients exhibiting three or more teeth that were sensitive to touch and to a stream of forced air were enrolled in the study ( 52 teeth total ) . Each patient 's level of sensitivity to tactile stimuli and to a forced air stream was recorded using a visual analog scale ( VAS ) . The tactile stimulus was a metal probe rubbed across the exposed dentin with a constant pressure of 40 grams . A 1-second blast of air from a dental unit air syringe was used to generate the air stream . The desensitizing agents were applied according to manufacturers ' guidelines . Sensitivity measurements were recorded at baseline , immediately after treatment , at 1 week , 1 month , and at 3 months . VAS pain scores were analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA ( alpha = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The pre-polymerized resin suspension ( Pain-Free ) , the fluoride-containing solution ( DentinBloc ) , and the placebo all decreased dentin sensitivity . No significant difference was found among the desensitizing agents at any time period ( P > 0.05 ) Chemical substances used during biomechanical preparation of root canals can alter the composition of dentin surface and affect the interaction with restorative material s. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength ( µTBS ) of a self-etching adhesive system to dentin irrigated with sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( eDTA ) . Material and Methods Thirty human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal surface , polished with 600- to 1200-grit silicon carbide papers , and r and omly divided into 3 groups : G1 ( control ) : no irrigating solution ; G2 : 1 % NaOCl ; and G3 : 1 % NaOCl followed by the application of 17 % eDTA . The specimens received the self-etching adhesive system ( XeNO III - Dentsply ) , restored with microhybrid composite resin ( Z250 - 3 M ESPE ) , sectioned and trimmed to create 4 hourglass-shaped slabs of each tooth . The slabs were tested in microtensile strength in a universal testing machine ( emic DL 2000 ) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture . The results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Newman-Keuls test . Results Mean µTBS values and st and ard deviations in MPa were : G1 = 11.89 ± 4.22 ; G2 = 19.41 ± 5.32 ; G3 = 11.34 ± 4.73 . 1 % NaOCl  increased the adhesive resistance significantly ( p<0.001/ F=22.5763 ) . The application of 1 % NaOCl/17 % eDTA result ed in statistically similar µTBS to the control group . Conclusions None of the irrigants affected negatively the µTBS of XeNO III to dentin . The use of 1 % NaOCl alone result ed in higher bond strength than the other treatments . The combination of 1 % NaOCl and 17 % eDTA produced similar bond strength to that of untreated dentin Objective : To compare the clinical performance of two glass – ionomer cements , ChemFlex ( Dentsply DeTrey ) and Fuji IX GP ( GC ) , when used with the atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) approach in China . Methods : Eighty – nine school children aged between 6 and 14 years who had bilateral matched pairs of carious posterior teeth were included . A split – mouth design was used in which the two material s were r and omly placed on contralateral sides . The performance of the restorations was assessed directly and also indirectly from die – stone replicas at baseline and after 6 , 12 , and 24 months . Results : The 24–month cumulative survival rates of ART restorations  in the primary teeth were 93 and 90 % for the ChemFlex and Fuji IX GP class I restorations , respectively , while 40 and 46 % of class II restorations placed with the respective material s were satisfactory . In the permanent dentition , only class I restorations were involved and the cumulative survival rates were 95 and 96 % for ChemFlex and Fuji IX GP . For the primary teeth after 24 months , net mean occlusal wear was 87 µm for ChemFlex and 85 µm for Fuji IX GP . The occlusal wear in the permanent teeth was 75 µm for ChemFlex and 79 µm for Fuji IX GP . Conclusion : The clinical performance of both material s over a 24–month period was similar and the survival rates of class I ART restorations  in both primary and permanent teeth were high OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of adjunctive application of chlorhexidine ( CHX ) and ethanol-wet bonding ( EWB ) on bond durability and nanoleakage of hydrophobic adhesive to sound ( SD ) and caries-affected dentine ( CAD ) . METHODS Dentine surfaces of molars were etched after caries removal and r and omly allocated to four groups ( n=12 ) . In Groups 1 and 2 , dentine surfaces were saturated with either 2 ml of 100 % ethanol or 2 ml of ethanol with 2 % CHX for 60s . In Groups 3 and 4 , dentine surfaces were saturated with either 15 μL of distilled water or 15 μL of distilled water with 2 % CHX for 60s . Two coats of primer , followed by neat resin were applied and light-cured for 40s . Resin composite build-ups were placed and bonded specimens were sectioned for bond strength testing after 24 h and 12 months ' storage in artificial saliva . Bond strength data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and SNK tests . Interfacial nanoleakage was evaluated after 24 h and 12 months using a field-emission scanning electron microscopy and data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test . RESULTS Significant differences were observed for the three factors : " substrate " ( p<0.001 ) , " rewetting agents " ( p<0.001 ) and " time " ( p<0.001 ) on bond strength . Incorporation of 2 % CHX to EWB preserved bond strength to SD and CAD and reduced interfacial nanoleakage after 12 months . Incorporation of 2 % CHX to WWB also preserved bond strength to SD after ageing . CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of chlorhexidine to ethanol-wet bonding has an interaction effect on preservation of bond durability to sound and caries-affected dentine . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Incorporation of chlorhexidine to ethanol-wet bonding with hydrophobic adhesive enhances the success rate of aesthetic bonded restorations PURPOSE To compare by confocal and scanning electron microscopy the post-resin-dentin interfaces of endodontically-treated teeth which had been restored with dentin-bonding systems and composite and needed to be extracted after 6 months to 6 years of clinical service . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Sixteen single rooted teeth showing proximal lesions penetrating the pulp chamber were included in the investigation and divided into two groups . Group 1 teeth were endodontically-treated , restored with carbon fiber posts and resin-based composite . Group 2 teeth were treated in the same way and covered with porcelain fused-to-metal crowns . RESULTS Two thirds of the observed interfaces showed resin penetration of the root dentin in the middle and coronal third of the post space preparation , while only one third of the interface showed resin infiltration in the apical third of the post space preparation . Debonding of the adhesive from the resin infiltrated dentin area and debonding of the composite cement from the adhesive were the most frequently observed failure modes and were observed in one third of the observed interfaces . There was no difference between the post-resin-dentin interfaces of teeth covered and teeth not covered with porcelain-fused to metal crowns . Teeth extracted after longer periods of clinical service showed more abundant areas of debonding of the adhesive from the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone . The presence of bacteria in resin infiltrated dentin tubules was observed in two specimens
Experimental  methacrylate-based adhesives , either when incorporating calcium/sodium phosphate-phyllosilicates or calcium silicate cements , demonstrated to promote therapeutic/protective effects on the micro-mechanical and ultramorphological properties of resin bonded-dentine interfaces associated with mineral deposition over time .
The origin of ion-releasing dentine bonding agents lies in a change in attitude regarding the qualities dem and ed of a restorative dental material .