Effect of 2% chlorhexidine on microtensile bond strength of composite to dentin. Influence of chlorhexidine concentration on microtensile bond strength of contemporary adhesive systems. Influence of chlorhexidine and ethanol on the bond strength and durability of the adhesion of the fiber posts to root dentin using a total etching adhesive system. Adjunctive application of chlorhexidine and ethanol-wet bonding on durability of bonds to sound and caries-affected dentine. In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Chlorhexidine Pretreatment on Immediate and Aged Dentin Bond Strengths. Influence of endodontic irrigants on bond strength of a self-etching adhesive. The effect of sustained-release varnish of chlorhexidine in dental plastic shells on salivary Streptococcus mutans. Randomized, double-blind study on effectiveness of intra-alveolar chlorhexidine gel in reducing the incidence of alveolar osteitis in mandibular third molar surgery. A double-blind randomized study evaluating the effect of intra-alveolar chlorhexidine gel on alveolar osteitis after removal of mandibular third molars. Effect of silver diamine fluoride on microtensile bond strength to dentin. Intra-alveolar chlorhexidine gel for the prevention of dry socket in mandibular third molar surgery. A pilot study. Influence of endodontic irrigants on resin sealer bond strength to radicular dentin. Effect of chlorhexidine on the durability of a new universal adhesive system Effectiveness of intra-alveolar chlorhexidine gel in reducing dry socket following surgical extraction of lower third molars. A pilot study The effect of a chlorhexidine containing cavity disinfectant on the clinical performance of high-viscosity glass-ionomer cement following ART: 24-month results. A 12-month clinical evaluation of composite resins in class III restorations. Effect of EDTA, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine gluconate with or without surface modifiers on dentin microhardness.
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of 2 % chlorhexidine on the microtensile bond strength of composite resin to dentin treated with three dentin bonding systems . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentinal surfaces were prepared in 24 extracted human third molars . Teeth were r and omly divided into 8 distinct experimental groups according to the adhesive applied ( Prime & Bond NT , Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond ) , the application ( yes/no ) of chlorhexidine , and the time point at which it was applied ( before or after acid etching the dentin ) . Composite resin blocks were built up over treated surfaces , and teeth were then stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Sample s were thermocycled , stored under the same conditions , and then vertically sectioned , thus obtaining specimens with 1.0 + /- 0.1 mm2 cross-sectional area . Specimens were stressed in tension at 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed . Bond strength results were evaluated using a one-way ANOVA ( p < 0.05 ) . The modes of failures were verified using optical microscopy . Dentin disks were obtained from 3 additional teeth treated in the same manner for observation under SEM . The most representative sample s of fractured specimens were also observed under SEM . RESULTS No statistically significant differences of bond strength values were found between any groups . Failures occurred mainly within the bond ; exclusively adhesive fractures ( adhesive-dentin ) were not observed . CONCLUSION The 2 % chlorhexidine solution , applied before or after acid etching of the dentin , did not interfere with the microtensile bond strength of composite resin to the dentin treated with Prime & Bond NT , Single Bond , or Clearfil SE Bond bonding systems The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chlorhexidine ( CHX ) concentration on the microtensile bond strength ( muTBS ) of contemporary adhesive systems . Eighty bovine central incisors were used in this study . The facial enamel surface of the crowns was abraded with 600-grit silicon carbide paper to expose flat , mid-coronal dentin surfaces . The tested material s were Scotchbond Multi purpose ( SMP ) , Single-Bond ( SB ) , Clearfil SE Bond ( CSEB ) and Clearfil Tri S Bond ( CTSB ) . All the material s were applied according to manufacturer 's instructions and followed by composite application ( Z250 ) . The teeth were r and omly divided into 16 groups : for the etch- and -rinse adhesives ( SMP and SB ) , 0.12 % or 2 % CHX was applied prior to or after the acid etching procedure . For the self-etch adhesives ( CSEB and CTSB ) 0.12 % or 2 % CHX was applied prior to the primer . Control groups for each one of the adhesive systems were also set up . The specimens were immediately su bmi tted to muTBS testing and the data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and the Tukey post hoc test ( alpha = .01 ) . The failure patterns of the specimens were observed using scanning electron microscopy . The effects of 2 % CHX were statistically significant ( p < 0.01 ) for the self-etch adhesives but were not significant for the etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Analysis of the data demonstrated no statistical difference between the etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . CHX-based cavity disinfectants in concentrations higher than 0.12 % should be avoided prior to the self-etch adhesive systems evaluated in this study to diminish the possibilities of reduction in bond strength INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pretreatment of gel chlorhexidine ( CHX ) and ethanol ( EtOH ) on the bond strength and durability of the adhesion of the fiber post relined with resin composite to the root dentin using a total etch adhesive system . METHODS Forty bovine incisor roots were divided into four groups after phosphoric acid etching : irrigation with physiologic solution ( control ) , 5 minutes with CHX , 1 minute with EtOH , and 5 minutes with chlorhexidine followed by 1 minute with EtOH . Fiber posts relined with resin composite were cemented with either RelyX ARC ( 3 M ESPE , St Paul , MN ) and a total etch adhesive system Scotchbond Multi- Purpose ( 3 M ESPE ) . Each group was r and omly divided into two subgroups : 24 hours of storage and 12 months of storage . All roots were sectioned transversely , and the push-out test was performed . Failure modes were observed , and the bond strength means were analyzed by analysis of variance and the Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS CHX irrigation result ed in homogeneous bond strength values at 24 hours and 12 months of storage ( P < .05 ) . A significant bond strength decrease was noticed after 12 months of storage when irrigations were performed with physiologic solution and EtOH application only or associated with CHX ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The use of CHX pretreatment could preserve the bond strength of the fiber post relined with resin composite to root dentin for 12 months . The use of EtOH and CHX followed by EtOH did not preserve the bond strength of the total etch adhesive system Scotchbond Multi- Purpose OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of adjunctive application of chlorhexidine ( CHX ) and ethanol-wet bonding ( EWB ) on bond durability and nanoleakage of hydrophobic adhesive to sound ( SD ) and caries-affected dentine ( CAD ) . METHODS Dentine surfaces of molars were etched after caries removal and r and omly allocated to four groups ( n=12 ) . In Groups 1 and 2 , dentine surfaces were saturated with either 2 ml of 100 % ethanol or 2 ml of ethanol with 2 % CHX for 60s . In Groups 3 and 4 , dentine surfaces were saturated with either 15 μL of distilled water or 15 μL of distilled water with 2 % CHX for 60s . Two coats of primer , followed by neat resin were applied and light-cured for 40s . Resin composite build-ups were placed and bonded specimens were sectioned for bond strength testing after 24 h and 12 months ' storage in artificial saliva . Bond strength data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and SNK tests . Interfacial nanoleakage was evaluated after 24 h and 12 months using a field-emission scanning electron microscopy and data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test . RESULTS Significant differences were observed for the three factors : " substrate " ( p<0.001 ) , " rewetting agents " ( p<0.001 ) and " time " ( p<0.001 ) on bond strength . Incorporation of 2 % CHX to EWB preserved bond strength to SD and CAD and reduced interfacial nanoleakage after 12 months . Incorporation of 2 % CHX to WWB also preserved bond strength to SD after ageing . CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of chlorhexidine to ethanol-wet bonding has an interaction effect on preservation of bond durability to sound and caries-affected dentine . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Incorporation of chlorhexidine to ethanol-wet bonding with hydrophobic adhesive enhances the success rate of aesthetic bonded restorations This study evaluated the effect of 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) pretreatment of dentin on the immediate and aged microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) of different adhesives to dentin in vivo and in vitro . Class I cavities were prepared in 80 caries-free human third molars of 40 patients in a split-mouth fashion . In each tooth pair , one tooth received 2 % CHX pretreatment after which both teeth were r and omly assigned to one of the following groups with respect to the type of adhesive system applied : Adper Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) , Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etch ) , Clearfil S(3 ) Bond ( one-step self-etch ) , and Adper Prompt-L-Pop ( all-in-one self-etch ) . The teeth were restored with resin composite and extracted for μTBS testing either immediately or after six months in function . In vitro specimen pairs were prepared as with the clinical protocol in intact , freshly extracted human molars , and thereafter , subjected to testing immediately or after 5000 × thermocycling . Data were analyzed with four-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) . Bonferroni test was utilized for pair-wise comparisons . The immediate bond strength values were significantly higher than " aged " ones for all tested adhesives ( p=0.00 ) . The in vitro immediate bond strength values were statistically higher than in vivo bond strength values ( p<0.05 ) . While the bond strength of in vitro aged , CHX-treated sample s were higher than their in vivo counterparts ( p<0.05 ) , no difference was observed in non-CHX treated groups ( p>0.05 ) . In the absence of CHX pretreatment , all adhesives showed significantly higher immediate bond strength values than CHX-treated groups , while all " aged " , non-pretreated adhesives exhibited significantly lower bond strength values ( both p<0.05 ) . By contrast , chlorhexidine pretreatment result ed in significantly higher aged bond strengths , regardless of the adhesive system and testing condition . Aging-associated decline in dentin bond strength of etch- and rinse and self-etch adhesives can be counteracted by chlorhexidine application The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system to dentine irrigated with sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , chlorhexidine solution ( CX ) and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid ( EDTA ) by microtensile testing . Sixty human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal level and then r and omly divided into six groups : G1(control ) , without irrigant solution ; G2 , 1 % NaOCl ; G3 , 1 % NaOCl followed by the application of 17 % EDTA ; G4 , 2 % CX ; G5 , 2 % CX followed by the application of 17 % EDTA and G6 , 17 % EDTA . The specimens received the self-etching adhesive system were restored with composite resin , then sectioned and trimmed to obtain four hourglass-shaped slabs from each tooth . The specimens were su bmi tted to the microtensile test in a Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm min(-1 ) until fracture . The results were su bmi tted to statistical analysis by anova /Newman-Keuls . The means and st and ard deviations ( MPa ) were : G1 , 26.88 ( ±3.81 ) ; G2 , 19.08 ( ±3.89 ) ; G3 , 18.16 ( ±2.21 ) ; G4 , 18.14 ( ±4.32 ) ; G5 , 34.30 ( ±3.32 ) ; G6 , 13.61 ( ±1.21 ) . It was concluded that the application of 2 % CX followed by the application of 17 % EDTA result ed in increasing the bond strength of the self-etching adhesive system to dentine , when compared with the results obtained for the other tested groups The suppression of S. mutans is a predominate factor in preventing tooth decay . Sustained-release-delivery varnish of chlorhexidine was applied to dental plastic shells and administered to eight volunteers to be worn while sleeping . Salivary bacterial sample s were taken on days 0 , 7 , 14 , 21 , 28 , 35 . A statistically significant reduction in S. mutans counts was recorded during the course of the study while a non-significant reduction in the total bacterial counts was found . Our results indicate that the application of chlorhexidine in the form of slow-release varnish in plastic shells is an effective intraoral drug delivery system result ing in reduction of S. mutans Chlorhexidine ( CHX ) mouthwash is a good prophylactic agent for post extraction alveolar osteitis ( AO ) , a very common complication . Recently , a bio-adhesive gel to deliver the active substance , CHX , has been introduced . The intra-alveolar positioning of the bio-adhesive gel allows more direct and prolonged action of CHX , which could be useful in the prevention of AO following extraction of impacted third molars . Presented here is a double-blind , r and omised and parallel-group study evaluating the efficacy of the bio-adhesive 0.2 % CHX gel ( n=53 ) applied once within the alveolus during third molar surgery , compared to placebo gel only ( n=50 ) , in reducing the incidence of impacted third-molar post extraction AO . A 63.33 % reduction in the occurrence of AO ( P=0.019 ) was observed in the experimental group . In the control group , the occurrence of AO was 30 % compared to 11 % in the experimental group .  Bio-adhesive 0.2 % CHX gel , applied only once within the alveolus site at the time of surgery , may reduce the incidence of AO following removal of impacted third molars PURPOSE The main purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether intra-alveolar chlorhexidine ( CHX ) gel is an effective preventative treatment for alveolar osteitis ( AO ) , as has been strongly suggested by previous investigators . Another goal was to evaluate whether there is a correlation between the use of analgesics during the postoperative week and the development of AO , a correlation that could be a supplement to the commonly used diagnostic criteria for AO . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A double-blinded r and omized study was performed to assess whether intra-alveolar administration of CHX decreases AO . To achieve this objective , the extraction and postoperative course of 100 impacted m and ibular third molars were studied . Ninety-seven percent of teeth operated on had a diagnosed pathology . The extraction alveoli were treated with CHX or placebo . The intake of analgesics was recorded for 7 days after the operation . RESULTS Statistically important differences in AO between the control and experimental groups were not found . The intake of analgesics reflected the occurrence of AO with a high degree of importance . CONCLUSION The present study did not verify that application of CHX gel improves healing after removal of impacted third molars . The patients ' postoperative analgesic intake reflected the development of AO The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of the cariostatic and preventive agent silver diamine fluoride ( SDF ) on the microtensile bond strength of resin composite to dentin . Forty-two caries-free , extracted molars were flattened occlusally and apically using a diamond saw , and the exposed occlusal dentin was polished with a series of silicon carbide papers , all under water irrigation . The teeth were then r and omly divided into six groups of seven teeth each that were treated as follows : 1 ) Peak SE self-etch bonding agent ; 2 ) 12 % SDF + Peak SE ; 3 ) 38 % SDF + Peak SE ; 4 ) Peak LC etch- and -rinse bonding agent ; 5 ) 12 % SDF + Peak LC ; and 6 ) 38 % SDF + Peak LC . Four-millimeter buildups of Amelogen Plus were incrementally placed on all teeth ; after a 24-hour storage period in distilled water , the specimens were sectioned perpendicular to the adhesive interface to produce beams of cross-sectional surface area measuring approximately 1 mm(2 ) . The beams were placed on a microtensile testing machine , which utilized a single-speed pump motor and force gauge at 20 kgf × 0.01 second to record maximum tensile force before failure occurred . Two-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests were performed to compare the effects of the SDF  on microtensile bond strength , with statistical significance set at α = 0.05 . None of the experimental groups treated with different concentrations of SDF showed a significant difference in bond strength compared to the control groups , and there was no significant difference in bond strength between self-etch and etch- and -rinse groups . However , the effect of SDF  on self-etch bonded teeth compared to etch- and -rinse bonded teeth was statistically significant ( p=0.0363 ) , specifically at the 12 % concentration . SDF does not adversely affect the bond strength of resin composite to noncarious dentin PURPOSE Chlorhexidine is a good prophylactic agent for post- extraction dry socket alveolitis . The bio-adhesive 0.2 % chlorhexidine gel could improve this action since its intra-alveolar positioning would allow a more direct action on the alveolus and more prolonged action of the medication . MATERIAL S AND METHOD We present a single blind , r and omised study on 30 patients to evaluate the efficacy of the bio-adhesive 0.2 % chlorhexidine gel , placed only once within the alveolus , on the reduction of the incidence of impacted third molar post- extraction dry socket alveolitis  and its post-operative effects on patients . RESULTS A reduction of 42.65 % in the occurrence of alveolitis and a more favourable post-operative period in the experimental group was observed . In the control group , the appearance of alveolitis was 30.76 % opposite to 17.64 % in the experimental group . CONCLUSIONS The bio-adhesive 0.2 % chlorhexidine gel , applied only once after the extraction of impacted third molars , seems to be an appropriate option for the reduction of alveolitis . It improves the buccal aperture and oedema in the post-operative period , although further double blind studies with larger sample s are necessary The present study evaluated the influence of 2 % chlorhexidine and 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite on the resin sealer/dentin interface bond strength of AH Plus/gutta-percha and Epiphany/Resilon .  Seventy-two extracted bovine incisors were r and omly distributed into 6 groups according to irrigant and sealers : G(S+AH)=physiologic saline solution+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; G(S+Ep)=physiologic saline solution+Epiphany/Resilon ; G(H+AH)=2.5 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; G(H+Ep)=2.5 % NaOCl+Epiphany/Resilon ; G(C+AH)=2 % chlorhexidine (CHX)+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; and G(C+Ep)=2 % CHX+Epiphany/Resilon . After 7 days at 37 ° C and 100 % humidity , the roots were cut transversally on the long axis of the tooth in 0.8 mm (±0.09)-thick slices ; these slices were then subjected to the push-out test . Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA and Tukey tests at 5 % significance . The AH Plus/gutta-percha groups showed significantly higher bond strength than the Epiphany/Resilon groups , regardless of the irrigant used ( p<0.001 ) . Sodium hypochlorite adversely affected bond strength in the AH Plus group , whereas chlorhexidine did not influence the push-out bond strength of either sealer ( p<0.05 ) . Two percent chlorhexidine did not adversely affect the bond strength of the sealers , whereas 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite solution damaged AH Plus/gutta-percha bond strength Background The effect of chlorhexidine on bond durability of universal adhesives is not clear . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine on 6-month water storage bond strength of adhesive systems . Material and Methods 72 freshly sound human extracted molars were selected . In each tooth both buccal and lingual sides were prepared by bur to reach superficial dentin and r and omly divided into 6 groups and 12 sub-groups and bonded with Scotchbond Universal ( SBU ) or Scotchbond Multi- purpose ( SBMP ) with/without chlorhexidine ( CHX ) usage . Group 1 : SBU , group2 : SBU+CHX , group3 : Etch+SBU , group4 : Etch+CHX+SBU , group5 : Etch+SBMP , group6 : Etch+CHX+SBMP . After composite curing , water storage and thermocycling was done . Each group was divided into two subgroups . One was tested immediately , and the other was thermocycled for 5000 cycles ( 5 - 55 ° C ) ( it was equivalent to 6 months of storage in distilled water ) . Shear bond strength test was done and failure modes were determined by Stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA , Tukey post-hoc test and Paired Two test with P<0.050 as the level of significance . Results Shear bond strength in late SBU ( Self etch ) was significantly lower than late SBU [ Etch and rinse ( ER ) ] , P value= 0.0001 , also shear bond strength in late SBU [ self-etch ( SE ) ] was significantly lower than immediate SBU ( SE ) , P value= 0.01 . There were no significant differences between other sub-groups and conditions . The most failure mode was adhesive in all the groups . Conclusions Long term bonding durability of SBU(ER ) was better than SBU ( SE ) . CHX usage had prevented bond strength decrease in SBU and SBMP in long term . CHX usage did not have any effect on immediate shear bond strength of SBU and SBMP . Immediate and late shear bond strength of SBMP with/without CHX usage was similar to SBU(SE , ER ) . Key words : Dentin Bonding , Shear Bond Strength , chlorhexidine , 6-month storage Background Dry socket is one of the most studied complications in dentistry and several studies have sought an effective and safe method for its prevention and treatment . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intra-alveolar gel chlorhexidine in preventing dry socket after the surgical removal of third molars . Material and Methods The sample involved the treatment of 40 patients who required extraction of third molars impacted , which were r and omly assigned to research groups : experimental group ( chlorhexidine gel 0.12 % ) and control group ( placebo gel ) . Performed the extraction was administered 1 mL of chlorhexidine gel or 1 mL of placebo gel within the socket . The removal of suture was on the fifth postoperative day in which the presence or absence of dry socket was evaluated . Results No relationship between the appearance of dry socket after application of chlorhexidine gel or placebo gel ( X2 test , p = 0.311 ) was found . However , significant differences ( U Mann-Whitney test , p = 0.036 ) in the pain presented on the fifth postoperative day were evident ( VAS ) . Conclusions The administration of intra-alveolar chlorhexidine gel 0.12 % could generate a better response to postoperative pain after the removal of third molars . Key words : Third molar surgery , dry socket , chorhexidine gel PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of a chlorhexidine-gluconate-based cavity disinfectant on the clinical performance of high viscosity glass-ionomer cement following the ART approach under field conditions after 24 months . METHODS 126 school children 6 - 8 years old who had bilateral matched pairs of carious Class I and II primary molars were included . A split mouth design was used in which Ketac Molar was r and omly placed with or without the use of chlorhexidine-gluconate-based cavity disinfectant on contralateral sides by three dentists . The restorations were evaluated after 6 , 12 and 24 months by two experienced examiners using USPHS-Ryge criteria . RESULTS The 24-month mean cumulative survival rates of Ketac Molar without the use of disinfectant were 97.7 % and 69.4 % while in the disinfectant group , the survival rates were 95.2 % and 63.9 % in Class I and II restorations , respectively with no significant difference between the groups in both class types . In the non-disinfected group , large Class II cavities had significantly better survival rates than did small Class II cavities ( P = 0.023 ) . In the disinfected group , the failure rates in mean cumulative survivals from 6 to 12 months and 12 to 24 months significantly increased with time ( P = 0.004 and P = 0.016 respectively ) PURPOSE This paired-tooth r and omized controlled prospect i ve clinical study compared the clinical performance of three composite resins in Class III cavities after 12 months . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Three material s were evaluated : a microfilled composite resin ( Durafill VS ) , a hybrid composite resin ( Filtek Z250 ) , and a nanofilled composite resin ( Filtek Supreme ) .  Thirty-eight patients having at least three Class III restorations were enrolled in this study . A total of 114 restorations were placed by two calibrated operators according to the manufacturers ' instructions . The adhesive system ( Clearfil SE Bond ) was either applied according to manufacturer 's instructions ( CSE non-etch ) or enamel margins were first etched with phosphoric acid ( CSE etch ) . One week later , the restorations were finished and polished . Two other independent examiners evaluated the restorations at baseline according to the USPHS criteria and USPHS modified criteria for the items color match and surface appearance . The restoration location was taken into consideration during the analysis of each item . A nonparametric analysis of variance ( Friedman test ) and the Wilcoxon test were used for statistical analysis ( alpha = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The restoration location did not influence the evaluated items . Filtek Z250 showed the best color match at baseline , and after 6 and 12 months . No significant difference in the item surface appearance was detected at baseline ; however , after 6 and 12 months , Filtek Z250 showed the worst performance on this item . No significant difference was found between CSE non-etch and CSE etch groups . CONCLUSION The hybrid composite resin showed an excellent immediate and 12-month color match , which was superior to the nanofilled and microfilled composites tested . On the other h and , the nanofilled and microfilled composites showed the best surface appearance after 12 months . Additional etching of the enamel cavity margins did not influence the clinical performance of the adhesive Clearfil SE Bond INTRODUCTION This study aim ed to evaluate the effects of  root canal irrigants on the microhardness of root canal dentin in the presence and absence of surface-modifying agents . METHODS Forty-eight root halves were prepared by longitudinal splitting of the distal roots of 24 freshly extracted m and ibular human third molars and embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin , leaving the dentin surface exposed . After polishing , the microhardness values of the untreated dentin surfaces were recorded by using Vickers tester at the mid-root level . The root halves were r and omly assigned to 6 groups composed of 8 sample s each and treated for 5 minutes with one of the following irrigants : 17 % EDTA , REDTA , 2 % chlorhexidine gluconate ( CHX ) , 2 % CHX with surface modifiers ( CHX-Plus ) , 6 % NaOCl , or 6 % NaOCl with surface modifiers ( Chlor-XTRA ) . After surface treatment , dentin microhardness values were recorded at close proximity to the initial indentation areas . Experimental data were statistically analyzed by using the t test and one-way analysis of variance , followed by Tukey honestly significant difference test at α = 0.05 . RESULTS EDTA , REDTA , NaOCl , and Chlor-XTRA significantly decreased the microhardness of root dentin compared with intact controls ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The addition of surface modifiers to the irrigants did not affect the microhardness of the sample
Conclusions : The application of a 2 % chlorhexidine solution after acid etching increased the microtensile bond strength significantly for follow-up times of 6 months or more .
The adhesive type had no influence
Background and Objectives : The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effect of 2 % chlorhexidine following acid etching on the microtensile bond strength of resin restorations for different follow-up times .