Improved bonding of zirconia substructures to resin using a "glaze-on" technique. Effects of different surface treatments on bond strength between resin cements and zirconia ceramics. Effect of surface pre-treatments on the zirconia ceramic-resin cement microtensile bond strength. Resistance to bond degradation between dual-cure resin cements and pre-treated sintered CAD-CAM dental ceramics Evaluation of four surface coating treatments for resin to zirconia bonding. Bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic with different surface treatments The Effect of Laser Treatment on Bonding Between Zirconia Ceramic Surface and Resin Cement Effect of surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of luting cement to ceramics. Pilot evaluation of resin composite cement adhesion to zirconia using a novel silane system Association of different primers and resin cements for adhesive bonding to zirconia ceramics. Influence of sandblasting granulometry and resin cement composition on microtensile bond strength to zirconia ceramic for dental prosthetic frameworks. Bond strength of resin cements to a zirconia ceramic with different surface treatments. Effect of different surface treatments on adhesion of In-Ceram Zirconia to enamel and dentin substrates. Can the Application of Multi-Mode Adhesive be a Substitute to Silicatized/Silanized Y-TZP Ceramics? Enhanced resin-composite bonding to zirconia framework after pretreatment with selected silane monomers. Silica-based nano-coating on zirconia surfaces using reactive magnetron sputtering: effect on chemical adhesion of resin cements. Effect of chemical etching solutions versus air abrasion on the adhesion of self-adhesive resin cement  to IPS e.max ZirCAD with and  without aging.
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of applying thin intermediary coatings of acid-etchable glasses on the shear bond strength between a methacrylate resin based cement and an yttria-stabilized zirconia dental ceramic substrate . METHODS The upper and lower surfaces of 110 sintered yttria-stabilised tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline disc-shaped specimens were polished using sequential grade s of Silicon Carbide , then air-abraded with 25 μm diameter alumina particles . Specimens were r and omly allocated to 11 groups ( A-K ) ( n=10 ) , group A acting as control . The upper surface of Group A specimens was subjected to a tribochemical coating regime ( CoJet , 3 M ESPE ) . Five glazing ceramics were applied and fired according to the manufacturer 's recommended firing regime . The glaze was etched with 10 % HF acid and all specimens coated with a silane primer . Two differing storage regimes were employed ( wet storage vs thermocycling ) . Shear bond strength testing specimens were created by cementing resin-based composite cylinders to the centre of the prepared ceramic surface using Rely-X Unicem ( 3 M ESPE ) resin based cement . Shear bond strength testing was performed and load at failure recorded . RESULTS A factorial analysis of variance at a 95 % significance level demonstrated that all glazing techniques result ed in a significant increase in the shear bond strength compared with using the resin based cement alone ( P<0.01 ) , with the different glazing ceramics result ing in significant differences in mean shear bond strength ( P=0.008 ) . The differences were a function of the storage state ( wet storage vs thermocycling ( P=0.013 ) ) . CONCLUSION The glazing techniques used in the current investigation result ed in a significantly enhanced shear bond stress to the resin based cement when compared with the current ' gold st and ard ' - tribochemical coating This study compares the bond strength of resin cement and yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline ( Y-TZP ) ceramic with different surface conditioning methods . Two hundred presintered Y-TZP ceramic specimens were prepared , sintered ( 4 × 4 × 4 mm ) , and r and omly assigned to four equal groups as control ( C , no conditioning ) ; airborne particle abraded ( APA , air abrasion with 11 μm Al2O3 ) ; tribochemical silica coating/silane coupling system ( TSC , Rocatec , air abrasion with 110 μm Al2O3 , 30 μm silica-coated Al2O3 and silane ) ; and laser ( L , Er : YAG laser irradiation treated at a power setting of 200 mJ ) . After specimen preparation , composite resin cylinders were prepared and cemented with resin cements ( Clearfil Esthetic , Panavia F 2.0 , Rely X-U100 , Super Bond C&B , and Multilink Automix ) on the ceramic surfaces and kept in an incubator at 37 ° C for 60 days . All specimens were tested for shear bond strength with a universal testing machine , and fractured surfaces were evaluated by environmental scanning electron microscopy . Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests ( α=0.05 ) . The bond strengths for C and L groups were not significantly different according to adhesive resin cement . APA and TSC result ed in increased bond strength for Panavia F 2.0 and Rely X-U100 resin cements . Additionally , TSC presented higher bond strength with Multilink Automix . Adhesive fracture between the ceramic and resin cement was the most common failure . Complete cohesive fracture at the ceramic or composite cylinders was not observed . Regardless of the adhesive resin cement used , laser treatment did not improve resin bond strength OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twelve cylinder-shaped ( ∅ 12 × 5.25 mm high ) blocks of a commercial zirconium-oxide ceramic ( Cercon ® Zirconia , DENTSPLY ) were r and omly divided into 4 groups ( n=3 ) , based on the surface treatment to be performed : ( 1 ) airborne particle abrasion with 125 μm Al₂O₃ particles ( S ) ; ( 2 ) selective infiltration etching ( SIE ) ; ( 3 ) experimental hot etching solution applied for 30 min ( ST ) and ( 4 ) no treatment ( C ) . Paradigm MZ100 blocks ( 3 M ESPE ) were cut into twelve cylinders of 4 mm in thickness . Composite cylinders were bonded to conditioned ceramics using a resin cement ( Calibra ® , DENTSPLY ) , in combination with the proprietary adhesive system . After 24h bonded specimens were cut into microtensile sticks and loaded in tension until failure . Bond strength data were analyzed with Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn 's Multiple Range test for multiple comparisons ( p < 0.05 ) . Failure mode distribution was recorded and the interfacial morphology of debonded specimens was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . RESULTS Bond strength values achieved after SIE and ST treatment were significantly higher than after S treatment and without any treatment ( p < 0.05 ) . Premature failures were mostly recorded in the S group . SIGNIFICANCE Conditioning the high-strength ceramic surface with SIE and ST treatments yielded higher bond strengths of the resin cement than when zirconia ceramic was treated with airborne particle abrasion or left untreated Objective : To evaluate the bond stability of resin cements when luted to glass-reinforced alumina and zirconia CAD/CAM dental ceramics . Study design : Eighteen glass-infiltrated alumina and eighteen densely sintered zirconia blocks were r and omly conditioned as follows : Group 1 : No treatment ; Group 2 : S and blasting ( 125 µm Al2O3-particles ) ; and Group 3 : Silica-coating ( 50 µm silica-modified Al2O3-particles ) . Composite sample s were r and omly bonded to the pre-treated ceramic surfaces using different resin cements : Subgroup 1 : Clearfil Esthetic Cement ( CEC ) ; Subgroup 2 : RelyX Unicem ( RXU ) ; and Subgroup 3 : Calibra ( CAL ) . After 24 h , bonded specimens were cut into 1 ± 0.1 mm2 sticks . One-half of the beams were tested for microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) . The remaining one-half was immersed in 10 % NaOCl aqueous solution ( NaOClaq ) for 5 h before testing . The fracture pattern and morphology of the debonded surfaces were assessed with a field emission gun scanning electron microscope ( FEG-SEM ) . A multiple ANOVA was conducted to analyze the contributions of ceramic composition , surface treatment , resin cement type , and chemical challenging to MTBS . The Tukey test was run for multiple comparisons ( p < 0.05 ) . Results : After 24 h , CEC luted to pre-treated zirconia achieved the highest MTBS . Using RXU , alumina and zirconia registered comparable MTBS . CAL failed prematurely , except when luted to s and blasted zirconia . After NaOClaq storage , CEC significantly lowered MTBS when luted to zirconia or alumina . RXU decreased MTBS only when bonded to silica-coated alumina . CAL recorded 100 % of pre-testing failures . Micromorphological alterations were evident after NaOClaq immersion . Conclusions : Resin-ceramic interfacial longevity depended on cement selection rather than on surface pre-treatments . The MDP-containing and the self-adhesive resin cements were both suitable for luting CAD/CAM ceramics . Despite both cements being prone to degradation , RXU luted to zirconia or untreated or s and blasted alumina showed the most stable interfaces . CAL experimented spontaneous debonding in all tested groups . Key words : CAD/CAM ceramic , alumina , zirconia , resin cement , surface pre-treatment , s and blasting , silica-coating , chemical aging , bond degradation , microtensile bond strength OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of four surface coating methods on resin to zirconia  shear bond strength . MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty pre-sintered zirconia discs were prepared and r and omly divided into five study groups according to the corresponding methods of surface treatments as follows : group C ( control group , fully sintered without any surface treatment ) , group S ( fully sintered and then s and blasted with silica coated alumina powder ) , group G ( fully sintered and then coated with glazing porcelain followed by acid etching ) , group Si ( pre-coated with silica slurry then fully sintered ) , and group Z ( coated with zirconia particles and then fully sintered ) . The observation of surface morphology and elemental composition analysis were conducted by SEM and EDX . Self-adhesive resin cement stubs ( diameter 3.6 mm and height 3 mm ) were then bonded on the zirconia discs with a cylindrical shape . Both initial and artificial aged ( including 30-day water storage , thermal cycling for 3000 and 6000 cycles ) shear bond strengths were then evaluated . RESULTS All the tested coating methods showed significantly higher shear bond strengths than the control group , in both dry and aged conditions . Group S produced the strongest initial zirconia/resin bonding ( 19.7MPa ) and the control group had the lowest value ( 8.8MPa ) . However , after thermal cycling , group Z exhibited the highest mean value . All the sample s in the control group failed in the thermal cycling . Both different coating methods ( p<0.001 ) and various aging treatments ( p<0.001 ) produced significant influence on resin-zirconia shear bond strength . CONCLUSIONS A reliable and durable resin zirconia bonding is vital for the longevity of dental restorations . Silica coating might be a reliable way in enhancing adhesion between resin and zirconia Zirconia-based ceramics offer strong restorations in dentistry , but the adhesive bond strength of resin cements to such ceramics is not optimal . This study evaluated the influence of surface treatments on the bond strength of resin cement to yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic . Seventy-five plates of Y-TZP ceramic were r and omly assigned to five groups ( n = 15 ) according to the surface treatments [ airborne particle abrasion , neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet ( Nd : YAG ) laser irradiation ( Fidelis Plus 3 , Fotona ; 2 W , 200 mJ , 10 Hz , with two different pulse duration s 180 or 320 μs ) , glaze applied , and then 9.5 % hydrofluoric acid gel conditioned , control ] . One specimen from each group was r and omly selected , and specimens were evaluated with x-ray diffraction and SEM analysis . The resin cement ( Clearfil Esthetic Cement , Kuraray ) was adhered onto the zirconia surfaces with its corresponding adhesive components . Shear bond strength of each sample was measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . Bond strengths were analyzed through one-way ANOVA/Tukey tests . Surface treatments significantly modified the topography of the Y-TZP ceramic . The Nd : YAG laser-irradiated specimens result ed in both increased surface roughness and bond strength of the resin cement . The highest surface roughness and bond strength values were achieved with short pulse duration . Nd : YAG laser irradiation increased both surface roughness of Y-TZP surfaces and bond strength of resin cement to the zirconia surface Abstract Objective . The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects of different surface treatments and laser irradiation on the shear bond strength of resin cement to zirconia-based ceramic . Material and methods . Forty zirconia core specimens ( 10-mm diameter , 2-mm thickness ) were produced and embedded in the centers of autopolymerizing acrylic resin blocks . Subsequently , specimens were r and omly divided into four groups , each containing 10 specimens , for different surface treatment methods . The details of the groups are as follows : Group C , no treatment applied ( control ) ; Group SB , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were airborne particle-abraded with 110-μm alumina oxide particles ; Group HF , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were etched with 9.6 % hydrofluoric acid ; and Group L , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were irradiated by a CO2 laser . A total of 40 composite resin disks were fabricated and cemented with an adhesive resin cement to the specimen surfaces . A universal test machine was used for the shear bond strength test at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . Results . The highest shear bond strength values were obtained with Group L ( 20.99 ± 3.77 MPa ) and the lowest values with Group C ( 13.39 ± 3.10 MPa ) . Although there was no significant difference between Groups C , HF and SB ( P > 0.05 ) , Group L showed a significant difference from all other groups ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion . All surface treatment methods improved the bond strength between resin cement and the zirconium oxide ceramic surface . CO2 laser etching may represent an effective method for conditioning zirconia surfaces , enhancing micromechanical retention and improving the bond strength of resin cement on zirconia ceramic OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of three different surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of a Bis-GMA based luting cement to six commercial dental ceramics . METHODS Six disc shaped ceramic specimens ( glass ceramics , glass infiltrated alumina , glass infiltrated zirconium dioxide reinforced alumina ) were used for each test group yielding a total number of 216 specimens . The specimens in each group were r and omly assigned to one of the each following treatment conditions : ( 1 ) hydrofluoric acid etching , ( 2 ) airborne particle abrasion , ( 3 ) tribochemical silica coating . The resin composite luting cement was bonded to the conditioned and silanized ceramics using polyethylene molds . All specimens were tested at dry and thermocycled ( 6.000 , 5 - 55 degrees C , 30 s ) conditions . The shear bond strength of luting cement to ceramics was measured in a universal testing machine ( 1 mm/min ) . RESULTS In dry conditions , acid etched glass ceramics exhibited significantly higher results ( 26.4 - 29.4 MPa ) than those of glass infiltrated alumina ceramics ( 5.3 - 18.1 MPa ) or zirconium dioxide ( 8.1 MPa ) ( ANOVA , P<0.001 ) . Silica coating with silanization increased the bond strength significantly for high-alumina ceramics ( 8.5 - 21.8 MPa ) and glass infiltrated zirconium dioxide ceramic ( 17.4 MPa ) compared to that of airborne particle abrasion ( ANOVA , P<0.001 ) . Thermocycling decreased the bond strengths significantly after all of the conditioning methods tested . SIGNIFICANCE Bond strengths of the luting cement tested on the dental ceramics following surface conditioning methods varied in accordance with the ceramic types . Hydrofluoric acid gel was effective mostly on the ceramics having glassy matrix in their structures . Roughening the ceramic surfaces with air particle abrasion provided higher bond strengths for high-alumina ceramics and the values increased more significantly after silica coating/silanization Objective . In this study , we evaluated the effect of two silane coupling agents and their blends with a cross-linker silane on the bond strength of a dimethacrylate-based resin composite cement to surface-conditioned zirconia . Material and Methods . A total of 40 planar zirconia specimens were used for 8 test groups . After alumina particle abrasion , followed by tribochemical silica-coating , the specimens were r and omly assigned to four silanizations : with 1.0 vol% 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane or 1.0 vol% 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane or their blends with 1.0 vol% 1,2-bis-(triethoxysilyl)ethane ( all in ethanol/water ) . The resin composite ( RelyX ™ ARC , 3 M ESPE ) stubs ( n=10/group ) were light-polymerized onto zirconia specimens . Four test groups were tested without water storage and 4 thermo-cycled at 6000 cycles ( 5±1 ° C to 55±1 ° C ) , with a dwelling time of 30 s. The shear bond strength of the cement stubs to zirconia was measured using a universal testing machine at a constant cross-head speed of 1 mm/min . Scanning electron microscopy was employed for imaging the zirconia surface after conditioning and testing . Failure mode was evaluated visually . A surface chemical analysis was carried out with the EDXA system . Results . The highest shear bond strength was 21.9±8.7 MPa , obtained with a blend of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and 1,2-bis-(triethoxysilyl)ethane ( dry storage ) , and 16.0±1.5 MPa , with 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane ( thermo-cycled ) . Thermo-cycling decreased the bond strengths significantly ( ANOVA , p<0.01 ) , and the silanes differed significantly ( p<0.005 ) . Some specimens suffered from spontaneous debonding during thermo-cycling . Conclusions . The luting cement adhesion might be promoted to silica-coated zirconia with 1.0 vol% 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and with a blend of 1.0 vol% 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and 1.0 vol% 1,2-bis-(triethoxysilyl)ethane PURPOSE To evaluate the shear bond strength ( SBS ) to zirconia ceramics using different associations of primers and resin cements . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Two blocks of LAVA zirconia ( 3Y-TZP ) were r and omly su bmi tted to an application of three different commercially available primers : Alloy Primer ( AP ) , Z-Prime Plus ( ZP ) , and Signum Zirconia Bond ( SZB ) . Nonprimed specimens were considered controls . After treatment , the 80 specimens ( 5 mm × 5 mm × 2 mm ) were r and omly cemented with one of the resin cements : Panavia F , Multilink , seT , and NX3 . For cementation , cylinders of resin cement were built on the ceramic surfaces using the SDI SBS apparatus . The specimens were su bmi tted to the SBS test . Fractured surfaces were observed under stereomicroscopy to determine the failure mode , and mean bond strength values were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS Signum Zirconia Bond had the highest SBS compared to all other primers and the control group , regardless of the resin cement used . The highest values were obtained when associating Panavia F with Signum Zirconia Bond . Alloy Primer increased bonding values when associated with seT cement only . When no primer was used , no statistical difference was observed among resin cements . All specimens fractured due to adhesive failure . CONCLUSION Signum Zirconia Bond is capable of increasing bonding values of resin cements to zirconia ceramics . Its association with Panavia F shows enhanced results when considering short-term adhesion to zirconia OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of the particle size of s and blasting and the composition of the resin cement on the microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) to zirconia . METHODS Forty zirconia blocks ( Cercon , Dentsply ) were polished and r and omly treated as follows : Group 1 ( NT ) : no treatment ; Group 2 ( APA-I ) : airborne particle abrasion ( Cobra , Renfert ) using 25-μm aluminium-oxide ( Al(2)O(3))-particles ; Group 3 ( APA-II ) : APA with 50-μm Al(2)O(3)-particles ; and Group 4 ( APA-III ) : APA using 110-μm Al(2)O(3)-particles . Ceramic blocks were duplicated in composite resin . Sample s of each pretreatment group were r and omly divided into two subgroups depending on the resin cement used for bonding the composite disks to the treated zirconia surfaces . Subgroup 1 ( PAN ) , which was a 10-MDP-containing luting system , used Clearfil Ceramic Primer plus Panavia F 2.0 ( Kuraray ) and Subgroup 2 ( BIF ) used Bifix SE ( VOCO ) self-adhesive cement . After 24h , bonded specimens were cut into 1±0.1mm(2 ) sticks . MTBS values were obtained using a universal testing machine ( cross-head speed=0.5mm/min ) . Failure modes were recorded and the interfacial morphology of the debonded microbars was SEM-assessed . Two-way ANOVA , Student-Newman-Keuls tests , and the step-wise linear regression analysis were performed with the MTBS being the dependent variable ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Despite the s and blasting granulometry , PAN bonded to air-abraded surfaces attained the highest MTBS and frequently showed mixed fractures . BIF recorded no significant differences in MTBS depending on the conditioning method , and registered the highest rates of premature and adhesive failures . CONCLUSIONS The 10-MDP-containing luting system seems to be the most suitable to bond zirconium-oxide ceramic , mainly after s and blasting This study evaluated the influence of surface treatments and metal primers on the bond strength of resin cements to a yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic . Two-hundred and forty plates of Y-TZP ceramic were r and omly assigned to 24 groups ( n = 10 ) according to the combination of surface treatment  ( none , air abrasion with Al2O3 particles , Er : YAG laser irradiation ) , metal primer ( none , Alloy Primer , Metal Primer II or Metaltite ) and resin cement ( Calibra [ Bis-GMA-based ] or Panavia F2.0 [ MDP-based ] ) . Fragments of dentin with a cylindrical edge ( 0.8 mm in diameter ) were fixed to ceramic surfaces with the resin cements . The micro-shear bond test was carried out at a 1 mm/minute speed until failure , and the ceramic surfaces were examined after debonding . Bond strengths were analyzed through three-way ANOVA/Tukey test with a 5 % significance level . Changes in topography after surface treatments were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy . Surface treatments significantly modified the topography of the Y-TZP ceramic . Air abrasion result ed in increased bond strength for both resin cements . However , air abraded and laser irradiated specimens presented higher bond strength with the Bis-GMA-based resin cement than with the MDP-based cement . Both cements presented similar behavior on untreated surfaces . The three metal primers yielded a significant increase in bond strength , regardless of the surface treatment and resin cement . Adhesive failures were the most prevalent . Air abrasion with Al2O3 particles and the application of metal primers  increased bond strength to Y-TZP surfaces for both resin cements PURPOSE Resin bonding of In-Ceram Zirconia ( ICZ ) ceramics is still a challenge , especially for minimally invasive applications . This study evaluated the adhesion of ICZ to enamel and dentin after different surface treatments of the ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS ICZ ceramic specimens ( diameter : 6 mm ; thickness : 2 mm ) ( N = 100 ) were fabricated following the manufacturer 's instructions and r and omly assigned to 5 groups ( n = 20 ) , according to the surface treatment methods applied . The groups were as follows : group C : no treatment ; group SB : s and blasting ; group SCS-S : CoJet+silane ; group SCS-P : CoJet+Alloy Primer ; group GE-S : glaze+ hydrofluoric acid etching ( 9.6 % ) for 60 s+silane . Each group was r and omly divided into two subgroups to be bonded to either enamel or dentin ( n = 10 per group ) using MDP-based resin cement ( Panavia F2.0 ) . All the specimens were subjected to thermocycling ( 5000x , 5 ° C-55 ° C ) . The specimens were mounted in a universal testing machine and tensile force was applied to the ceramic/cement interface until failure occurred ( 1 mm/min ) . After evaluating all the debonded specimens under SEM , the failure types were defined as either " adhesive " with no cement left on the ceramic surface ( score 0 ) or " mixed " with less than 1/2 of the cement left adhered to the surface with no cohesive failure of the substrate ( score 1 ) . The data were statistically evaluated using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The highest tensile bond strength for the enamel surfaces was obtained in group GE-S ( 18.1 ± 2 MPa ) and the lowest in group SB ( 7.1 ± 1.4 MPa ) . Regarding dentin , group CSC-P showed the highest ( 12 ± 1.3 MPa ) and SB the lowest tensile bond strength ( 5.7 ± 0.4 MPa ) . Groups SB , CSC-S , CSC-P , and GE-S did not show significant differences between the different surface treatments on either enamel or dentin surfaces ( p < 0.05 , p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Groups CSC-P and GE-S presented similar bond strength for both the enamel and dentin substrates ( p < 0.8 and p < 0.9 ) , respectively . While on enamel substrates , exclusively adhesive failures from ICZ ( score 0 ) were found , on dentin exclusively mixed failures were observed ( score 1 ) . CONCLUSION Adhesion of ICZ to both enamel and dentin can be improved when ceramics are glazed , etched , and silanized , or s and blasted , primed , and cemented with an MDP-based cement This study evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-mode adhesive ( SBU-Scotch Bond Universal/3 M ) as a substitute for silica coating and silane application on the bonding of zirconia ceramics to resin cement . One-hundred and twenty sintered zirconia ceramic blocks ( 5 x 5 x 5 mm ) were obtained , finished by grounding with silicon carbide paper ( # 600 , # 800 , # 1000 and # 1200 ) and r and omly divided into 12 groups ( n=10 ) in accordance with the factors " surface treatment " ( ScSi - silicatization + silanization ; ScSBU - silicatization + SBU ; SBU - SBU without photoactivation and SBUp - SBU photoactivated ) and " ceramic " ( Lava / 3 M ESPE , Ceramill Zirconia / Amann Girrbach and Zirkonzahn / Zirkonzahn ) . Dual resin cement cylinders ( RelyX Ultimate/3 M ESPE ) were subsequently produced in the center of each block using a silicon matrix ( Ø=2 mm , h=5 mm ) and photoactivated for 40 s ( 1200 mW/cm2 ) . The sample s were stored for 30 days in distilled water ( 37ºC ) and su bmi tted to shear bond strength test ( 1 mm/min , 100 KgF ) . Data ( MPa ) were analyzed under ANOVA ( 2 levels ) and Tukey test ( 5 % ) . Complementary analyzes were also performed . ANOVA revealed that only the factor " surface treatment " was significant ( p=0.0001 ) . The ScSi treatment ( 14.28A ) promoted statistically higher bond strength values than the other ScSBU ( 9.03B ) , SBU ( 8.47B ) and SBUp ( 7.82B ) , which were similar to each other ( Tukey ) . Failure analysis revealed that 100 % of the failures were mixed . The silica coating followed by the silanization promoted higher bond strength values of resin cement and ceramic , regardless of the zirconia ceramic or SBU OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of five experimental silane monomer primers in vitro on the shear bond strength of a phosphate ester resin-composite cement bonded to a silicatized zirconia framework . METHODS A total of 144 planar zirconia ( Procera AllZircon ) specimens were subjected to tribochemical silica treatment , r and omly divided into 12 sub-groups ( n=12 ) , and silanized with 1.0%(v/v ) activated solutions of 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane , 3 glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane , 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane , styrylethyltrimethoxysilane , and 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane , which had been prepared in 95 % ethanol ( pH 4.5 ) . A ready-to-use 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane ( RelyX ™ Ceramic Primer ) was used as the control . One resincomposite cement ( RelyX ™ Unicem ) stub was bonded to each silicatized and silanized zirconia specimen . Half of the specimen groups were dry-tested and half were thermo-cycled at 6000 cycles between 5 ° C and 55 ° C , with a constant dwelling time of 30s . The shear bond strengths of the cement stubs bonded to zirconia were measured using a universal testing machine using a constant cross-head speed of 1mm/min . The silane primer activation was evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy . RESULTS The highest shear bond strength was obtained for 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane in dry storage , 11.7 MPa ( SD , 2.3 MPa ) and after thermo-cycling 17.6 ( 4.1 ) MPa for glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane . The lowest shear bond strength values were obtained with control silane : in dry storage , 4.5 ( 1.3 ) MPa , after thermo-cycling 6.5 ( 2.6 ) MPa . Thermo-cycling increased the bond strengths significantly ( ANOVA , p<0.001 ) and differently for each type of silane ( ANOVA , p<0.001 ) . SIGNIFICANCE Silanization with five experimental silane primers in vitro produced significantly greater shear bond strengths than the ready-to-use control silane PURPOSE To compare the effect of silica (Si)-based nano-coating deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering ( RMP ) with that of conventional surface conditioning using metal/zirconia primer alone or after air-particle abrasion on the adhesion of resin cements to zirconia ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Two hundred forty zirconia ceramic blocks ( Cercon ) were sintered , finished with 1200- grit SiC paper under water cooling , and cleaned ultrasonically in distilled water for 10 min . The blocks ( 4.5 mm x 3.5 mm x 4.5 mm ) were r and omly divided into 24 groups ( n = 10 ) according to 3 testing parameters : a ) resin cements ( Multilink , Panavia F , RelyX U100 ) , b ) surface conditioning ( no conditioning as control group ; Metal/Zirconia Primer ; air abrasion + Metal/Zirconia Primer ; Si-based nanofilm + Monobond s ) ; c ) aging ( no aging vs thermocycling at 5 ° C to 55 ° C , 6000 cycles ) . The nanofilm was deposited by direct current using argon/oxygen plasma ( 8:1 in flux ) on the zirconia surface . Resin cements were bonded to zirconia surfaces using polyethylene molds . The shear bond strength ( SBS ) test was performed using a universal testing machine ( 1 mm/min ) , and after debonding , the substrate and adherent surfaces were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopes to categorize the failure types . The data were statistically evaluated using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey 's test ( 5 % ) . RESULTS Resin cement type ( p < 0.05 ) , surface conditioning method ( p < 0.05 ) , and aging condition ( p < 0.05 ) had a significant effect on the bond strength results . Interactions were also significant ( p < 0.05 ) . In the nonaged condition , while control groups presented the lowest results with all cements ( 0 to 5.2 MPa ) , the airabraded group in combination with RelyX U100 result ed in the highest SBS ( 21.8 ± 6.7 MPa ) . After aging , the SBS results decreased in the air-abraded groups for all cements ( 4.54 to 9.44 MPa ) and showed no statistical significance compared to the Si-based nanocoated groups ( 4.24 to 6.44 MPa ) . After air-abrasion and primer application , only Panavia F and RelyX U100 cements showed exclusively mixed failures , but after nanofilm coating and silanization , all cements showed exclusively mixed failures with and without aging . CONCLUSION Chemical adhesion of the resin cements tested to zirconia was similar after silica-based nanofilm deposition and air abrasion followed by primer application OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the adhesion of self-adhesive resin cement to zirconia after various surface conditioning methods in non-aged and aged conditions . METHODS Zirconia ( IPS e.max ZirCAD , Ivoclar Vivadent ) and resin composite blocks were obtained and r and omly divided into four groups according to one of the following surface conditioning methods : C : No surface treatment ( Control ) ; AS : Air abrasion ( 50 µm Al2O3 ) at low pressure ( 0.2 MPa ) plus silane ( Monobond Plus , Ivoclar Vivadent ) ; MC : Methylene chloride for 60 min ; CE : Chemical etching solution at 100 ° C for 60  min . Surface roughness ( Ra ) measurements were performed on the control and conditioned zirconia specimens using a profilometer . Each conditioned zirconia block was bonded to its corresponding resin composite block using self-adhesive resin cement ( RelyX Unicem Aplicap , 3 M ESPE ) under a load of 300 g. Half of the groups were tested without aging ; the other half were tested after x6000 thermocycling . Sticks were obtained from bonded specimens and subjected to microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) testing in a universal testing machine ( 0.5 mm/min ) . Failure types were classified after debonding . Data ( MPa ) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The highest mean Ra value was obtained in Group CE ( 0.52 µm ) , and the lowest in Group C ( 0.25 µm ) . Significantly lower MTBS test results were obtained in Group C , both in non-aged ( 17.4 ± 1.1 MPa ) and aged ( 5.11 ± 0.5 MPa ) conditions than in the other groups ( 34.6 ± 1.5 to 51.2 ± 1.1 MPa ; 28.0 ± 0.9 to 49.5 ± 1.0 MPa in non-aged and aged conditions , respectively ) ( P < 0.05 ) . Group CE presented the highest MTBS test results in both non-aged and aged conditions ( 51.2 ± 1.1 MPa and 49.5 ± 1 MPa , respectively ) ( P < 0.05 ) . Failure types were predominantly adhesive in all groups before and after aging . After aging , less adhesive and more mixed and cohesive failures in cement were observed in Groups AS and CE than in the other groups . CONCLUSION Chemical etching of zirconia may have potential use as a substitute for air abrasion as a surface conditioning method for zirconia
Conclusions .
Airborne-particle abrasion and tribo-chemical silica coating are the pre-treatment methods with more evidence in the literature .
Increased adhesion could be expected after physico-chemical conditioning of zirconia .
Surface contamination has a negative effect on adhesion .
There is no evidence to support a universal adhesion protocol
Background .
Reliable bonding between resin composite cements and high strength ceramics is difficult to achieve because of their chemical inertness and lack of silica content that makes etching impossible .
The purpose of this review is to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s suggested to improve the adhesion of zirconia to dental substrate by using composite resins , in order to explore current trends in surface conditioning methods with predictable results .
Methods .