Follow-up Outcomes at 1 and 2 Years of Infants Born Less Than 32 Weeks After Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program EFFECT OF EARLY NEURODEVELOPMENTAL THERAPY IN NORMAL AND AT-RISK SURVIVORS OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE The Infant Behavioral Assessment and Intervention Program for very low birth weight infants at 6 months corrected age. Randomized outcome trial of nutrient-enriched formula and neurodevelopment outcome in preterm infants Effects of universally offered parenting interventions for parents with infants: a systematic review Pediatric Physical Therapy in Infancy: From Nightmare to Dream? A Two-Arm Randomized Trial Effect of an early intervention programme on development of moderate and late preterm infants at 36 months: a randomized controlled study. Preterm infant follow-up project: a multi-site field experiment of hospital and home intervention programs for mothers and preterm infants. Early Intervention Improves Cognitive Outcomes for Preterm Infants: Randomized Controlled Trial The effects of an early developmental mother-child intervention program on neurodevelopment outcome in very low birth weight infants: a pilot study. Early experience alters brain function and structure. EFFECT OF BREASTMILK CONSUMPTION ON NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES AT 6 AND 12 MONTHS OF AGE IN VLBW INFANTS Randomized trial of a parenting intervention for very preterm infants: outcome at 2 years. A randomized clinical trial of home intervention for children with failure to thrive. Is the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) effective for preterm infants with intrauterine growth restriction? Randomised trial of parental support for families with very preterm children: outcome at 5 years A randomized controlled trial of routines-based early intervention for children with or at risk for developmental delay.
OBJECTIVE . This was a r and omized , controlled trial to investigate the effect of Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program on growth , cognitive , psychomotor , and neuromotor development at 1 and 2 years in infants born at < 32 weeks ’ gestational age . METHODS . Infants were r and omly assigned within 48 hours of birth to the  newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program group ( intervention ) or basic developmental care group ( control group [ ie , incubator covers and nests ] ) . At 1 and 2 years ’ corrected age , growth was measured and st and ardized neurologic examinations were administered . Mental and psychomotor development was assessed by using the Dutch version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II . Neurologic outcome , Psychomotor Developmental Index , and Mental Developmental Index scores were combined a total outcome measure . RESULTS . One hundred sixty-eight infants were recruited ( intervention : 84 ; control : 84 ) . Four infants ( newborn intervention : 3 ; control : 1 ) were excluded because they were admitted less than or died within the first 5 days , leaving a total of 164 infants who met inclusion criteria .  In-hospital mortality was 8 of 81 in the intervention group and 3 of 83 in the control group . At 1 year of age 148 children ( intervention : 70 ; control : 78 ) and at 2 years of age 146 children ( intervention : 68 ; control : 78 ) were assessed . There was no significant difference in growth at 1 and 2 years of age . There was no significant difference found in neurologic outcomes or mental and psychomotor development at 1 and 2 years of age . When neurologic outcome , Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index scores were combined , there still remained no significant difference . CONCLUSIONS . Newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program developmental care showed no effect on growth or neurologic , mental , or psychomotor development at 1 and 2 years of age in infants born at < 32 weeks . Duration of the intervention was not associated with neurologic and developmental outcome At a corrected age of 3 months , 80 low birth-weight infants were assigned to normal or at-risk groups on the basis of a neurodevelopmental assessment scale . Both groups were further divided into intervention and non-intervention sub-groups ( 20 infants in each ) . Intervention consisted of monthly hospital-based neurodevelopmental therapy in addition to a home exercise programme . Infants were re-assessed by a physiotherapist at 6 , 9 , and 12 months , and were tested at 12 months by an independent psychologist blinded for infant group . Mean birthweight and gestational age were similar for normal and at-risk groups . At-risk infants had higher mean neurodevelopmental scores throughout the study period and lower 1-year development quotients ( DQ ) than normals . In neither normal nor at-risk groups did neurodevelopmental therapy alter the pattern of development or the outcome OBJECTIVE To determine whether the Infant Behavioral Assessment and Intervention Program ( IBAIP ) , design ed to support and enhance infants ' self-regulatory competence , improved developmental and neurobehavioral outcomes in very low birth weight ( VLBW ) infants . STUDY DESIGN We r and omized 86 infants to 1 intervention before discharge and to 6 to 8 home interventions until 6 months corrected age , and 90 control infants received st and ard care .  Developmental and behavioral outcomes were evaluated at 6 months corrected age with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II ( BSID-II ) . Neurobehavioral functioning was evaluated with the  Infant Behavioral Assessment ( IBA ) at baseline and at 6 months corrected age . RESULTS Despite r and omization , some differences in neonatal characteristics were found between the intervention and control infants . After adjustment , intervention effects of 7.2 points ( + /- st and ard error 3.1 ) on the Mental Developmental Index and 6.4 + /- 2.4 points on the Psychomotor Developmental Index favored the intervention infants . The Behavioral Rating Scale of the BSID-II ( P = .000 ) and the  IBA  ( more approach [ P = .003 ] and less stress [ P = .001 ] over time ) also favored the intervention infants . CONCLUSIONS The IBAIP improved the mental , motor , and behavioral outcomes  of VLBW infants at 6 months corrected age Background Preterm infants are at risk for adverse neurodevelopment . Furthermore , nutrition may play a key role in supporting neurodevelopment . The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a nutrient-enriched formula fed to preterm infants after hospital discharge could improve their neurodevelopment at 24 months ( term-corrected age ) . Methods We conducted an observer-blinded , single-center , r and omized controlled trial in infants admitted to the Fondazione IRCCS Cà Gr and a Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , University of Milan , Italy between 2009 and 2011 . Inclusion criteria were gestational age < 32 weeks and /or birth weight < 1500 g , and being fed human milk for < 20 % of the total milk intake . Exclusion criteria were congenital malformations or conditions that could interfere with growth or body composition . Included infants were r and omized to  receive a st and ard full-term formula or a nutrient-enriched formula  up until 6 months of corrected age , using two computer-generated r and omization lists ; one appropriate for gestational age ( AGA ) and one for small for gestational age ( SGA ) infants . We assessed neurodevelopment at 24 months of corrected age using the Griffiths Mental Development Scale and related subscales ( locomotor , personal-social , hearing and speech , h and and eye coordination , and performance ) . Results Of the 207 r and omized infants , 181 completed the study . 52 AGA and 35 SGA infants were fed a nutrient-enriched formula , whereas 56 AGA and 38 SGA infants were fed a st and ard full-term formula . The general quotient at 24 months of corrected age was not significantly different between infants r and omized to receive a nutrient-enriched formula compared with a st and ard term formula up until 6 months of corrected age ( AGA infants : 93.8 ± 12.6 vs. 92.4 ± 10.4 , respectively ; SGA infants : 96.1 ± 9.9 vs. 98.2 ± 9 , respectively ) . The scores of related subscales were also similar among groups . Conclusions This study found that feeding preterm infants a nutrient-enriched formula after discharge does not affect neurodevelopment at 24 months of corrected age , in either AGA or SGA infants , free from major comorbidities . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ( http://www.controlled-trials.com/IS RCT N30189842 ) London , UK Objectives From a developmental perspective , infancy is a critical stage of life . Early childhood interventions aim to support caretakers , but the effects of universal interventions for parents with infants are unknown . The objective is to determine the effects of universal parenting interventions offered to parents with infants 0–12 months on measures of child development and parent – child relationship . Design A systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review s and Meta- Analysis . We extracted publications from 10 data bases in June 2013 , January 2015 and June 2016 and supplemented with grey and h and search . Risk of bias was assessed , and effect sizes were calculated . Participants Inclusion criteria are : ( 1 ) r and omised controlled trials of structured , psychosocial interventions offered to a universal population of parents with infants 0–12 months old in western OECD countries , ( 2 ) interventions that include a minimum of 3 sessions with at least half of the sessions delivered postnatally and ( 3 ) programme outcomes reported for child development or parent – child relationship . Results 14 papers representing 7 studies are included . There were no statistically significant effects of the intervention for the majority of the primary outcomes across the studies . Conclusions The findings of this review are mixed . No clear conclusions can be drawn regarding the effects of universally offered parenting interventions on child development and parent – child relationship for this age group Background Systematic review s have suggested that early intervention by means of specific motor training programs and general developmental programs in which parents learn how to promote infant development may be the most promising ways to promote infant motor and cognitive development of infants with or at high risk for developmental motor disorders . Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a recently developed pediatric physical therapy intervention program ( “ Coping With and Caring for Infants With Special Needs ” [ COPCA ] ) on the development of infants at high risk for developmental disorders using a combined approach of a 2-arm r and omized trial and process evaluation . Setting The study was conducted at the University Medical Center Groningen in the Netherl and s. Participants and Intervention Forty-six infants at high risk for developmental disorders were r and omly assigned to receive  COPCA ( a family-centered program ) ( n=21 ) or traditional infant physical therapy ( TIP ) ( n=25 ) between 3 to 6 months corrected age ( CA ) . Developmental outcome was assessed by blinded assessors at 3 , 6 , and 18 months CA with a neurological examination , the Alberta Infant Motor Scales , the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory , and the Mental Developmental Index ( MDI ) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development . Contents of the intervention were analyzed by a quantitative video analysis of therapy sessions . Quantified physical therapy actions were correlated to evaluate associations between intervention and developmental outcome components . Results The trial revealed that developmental outcome in both groups was largely identical . Process evaluation showed that typical COPCA actions—(1 ) family involvement and educational actions , ( 2 ) application of a wide variation in challenging the infant to produce motor behavior by himself or herself and allowing the infant to continue this activity , and ( 3 ) stimulation of motor behavior at the limit of the infant 's capabilities — had positive correlations with developmental outcome at 18 months CA . The use of h and ling techniques was negatively associated with the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory outcome at 18 months CA . Limitations Major limitations were the limited size of the groups studied and the differences between the groups in frequency and duration of physical therapy sessions . Conclusion Extending the r and omized trial with process evaluation was needed to obtain insight into associations between the components of intervention and developmental outcome . Specific therapist behaviors of parent coaching are associated with improved developmental outcome measures . Further studies are needed to examine whether these associations are caused by therapist behavior or whether therapist behavior is modified by children 's motor skills UNLABELLED Aim of the present study was to examine the long-term effect of an early intervention for preterm infants on cognitive , gross motor and behavioural outcomes at 36 months corrected age . One hundred and eighteen preterm infants born 2005 - 2006 with gestational age ≥ 30.0 and < 36.0 weeks were r and omized to an early intervention involving the Mother-Infant Transaction Program ( n = 61 ) or a control group ( n = 57 ) . At 36 months , 32 children in the intervention and 30 in the control group were assessed . OUTCOME MEASURES Ages & Stages Question naire , Ages & Stages Question naire : Social-Emotional , Child Behaviour Checklist 1½-5 and Mullen Scale of Early Learning . The intervention programme had no effect on cognitive , motor or behavioural development in this group of mainly moderate and late preterm infants at 36 months corrected age . Four explanations may be proposed : the programme has a less effect on moderate and late preterm infants than in more preterm infants ; modifications of the intervention might increase efficacy ; a cumulative effect of the intervention leads to more obvious effects at later ages , and an improved st and ard care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units may support infant development This study was design ed as a multi-site field experiment to test the efficacy of hospital and home visit interventions to improve interaction between mothers and preterm infants .  Hospital intervention consisted of State Modulation ( SM ) treatment , which focused on teaching  mothers to read the behavioral cues and modulate the states of consciousness of preterm infants during feedings . Home visit intervention was a field-tested program , Nursing Systems for Effective Parenting-Preterm ( NSTEP-P ) , implemented during the first five months after the infant 's hospital discharge . A hospital program on car seats ( CS ) and st and ard public health nursing home visits ( PHN ) served as comparison treatments . The sample consisted of 327 mothers and their preterm infants who were less than 36 weeks of gestational age at hospital discharge . Mothers were r and omly assigned to intervention groups on the basis of their education . High education ( HE ) was > or = 13 years of education , while low education ( LE ) was < or = 12 years of education . HE mothers were only assigned to hospital programs , while LE mothers were assigned to combinations of hospital and home visit programs . Evaluations were conducted at 40 weeks conceptual age ( expected date of birth ) , at 46 weeks conceptual age ( 1.5-months-corrected age ) , and 60 weeks conceptual age ( 5-months-corrected age ) . Comparisons were made within each educational group . For HE groups , SM infants gave significantly more clear cues during observations of feeding interactions at 1.5-months-corrected age and teaching interactions at 5-months-corrected age than infants in the CS group . During the teaching interaction , well-educated SM mothers provided significantly more social-emotional and cognitive stimulation than CS mothers . For LE groups , infants in the SM group combined with either PHN or NSTEP-P exhibited significantly more responsive behavior during feeding observations than those infants in the CS/PHN group at 1.5-months-corrected age . LE mothers in the SM/NSTEP-P group demonstrated more sensitivity and more stimulation during teaching interactions at 5-months-corrected age than mothers in the SM/PHN or CS/PHN groups . Findings suggest that State Modulation treatment is effective in influencing positive social interaction of infants regardless of the level of maternal education . State modulation treatment combined with NSTEP-P is most effective in improving the social interaction between preterm infants and mothers with limited formal education . Such treatment-specific programs suggest avenues for providing cost-effective care that complements the changing transactional needs of mothers and preterm infants OBJECTIVE : The goal was to examine the effectiveness of an early intervention on cognitive and motor outcomes at corrected ages of 3 and 5 years for children with birth weights ( BWs ) of < 2000 g. METHODS : A r and omized controlled trial of a modified version of the Mother-Infant Transaction Program was performed . Outcomes were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised at 3 and 5 years , respectively . McCarthy Scales of Children 's Abilities and the grooved pegboard test were used to test motor outcomes at 5 years . RESULTS : A total of 146 infants were assigned r and omly ( intervention group : 72 infants ; control group : 74 infants ) . The mean  BWs were 1396 ± 429 g for the intervention group and 1381 ± 436 g for the control group . After adjustment for maternal education , a nonsignificant difference in Mental Developmental Index scores at 3 years of 4.5 points ( 95 % confidence interval : −0.3 to 9.3 points ) in favor of the intervention group was found , whereas the intervention effect on full-scale IQ scores at 5 years was 6.4 points ( 95 % confidence interval : 0.6–12.2 points ) . Significantly more children in the intervention group had IQ scores of ≥85 at 3 and 5 years . There were no differences between the groups with respect to motor outcomes . CONCLUSION : This modified version of the Mother-Infant Transaction Program  improved cognitive outcomes at corrected age of 5 years for children with BWs of < 2000 BACKGROUND Several studies report increased minor neurodevelopment dysfunctions in children born very low birth weight ( VLBW ) . Usefulness of preventive early intervention programs to improve neurodevelopment outcome of VLBW infants is still under investigation . AIMS To evaluate the effects of an early post-discharge developmental mother-child intervention program on neurodevelopment outcome at 36 months in VLBW infants . STUDY DESIGN Prospect i ve study . SUBJECTS 36 VLBW infants ( [ mean ( S.D. ) ] birthweight=864 g ( 204 g ) ; gestational age=27.9 weeks ( 2.4 weeks ) ) , consecutively born January-August 2001 , r and omized in intervention and control groups . OUTCOME MEASURES Neurodevelopment assessment at 36 months of chronological age with use of the Griffiths Mental Development Scale and related subscales . RESULTS At 36 months of chronological age , as compared to controls , children in intervention group exhibited higher scores in personal-social subscales ( [ mean (S.D.)]=101.4 ( 9.3 ) vs. 92.9 ( 12.1 ) , P=0.02 ) , eye-h and coordination ( 92.7 ( 4.5 ) vs. 87.1 ( 9.9 ) , P=0.041 ) , practical reasoning ( 98.6 ( 8.2 ) vs. 89.4 ( 10.1 ) , P=0.01 ) . Development Scale were 97.6 ( 5.5 ) and 92.4 ( 9.9 ) , respectively , in intervention and control groups ( P=0.074 ) . CONCLUSIONS Early post-discharge developmental mother-child intervention program may have a positive effect on later neurodevelopment outcome of VLBW children OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of early experience on brain function and structure . METHODS A r and omized clinical trial tested the neurodevelopmental effectiveness of the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program ( NIDCAP ) .  Thirty preterm infants , 28 to 33 weeks ' gestational age ( GA ) at birth and free of known developmental risk factors , participated in the trial . NIDCAP was initiated within 72 hours of intensive care unit admission and continued to the age of 2 weeks , corrected for prematurity . Control ( 14 ) and experimental ( 16 ) infants were assessed at 2 weeks ' and 9 months ' corrected age on health status , growth , and neurobehavior , and at 2 weeks ' corrected age additionally on electroencephalogram spectral coherence , magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging , and measurements of transverse relaxation time . RESULTS The groups were medically and demographically comparable before as well as after the treatment . However , the experimental group showed significantly better neurobehavioral functioning , increased coherence between frontal and a broad spectrum of mainly occipital brain regions , and higher relative anisotropy in left internal capsule , with a trend for right internal capsule and frontal white matter . Transverse relaxation time showed no difference . Behavioral function was improved also at 9 months ' corrected age . The relationship among the 3 neurodevelopmental domains was significant . The results indicated consistently better function and more mature fiber structure for experimental infants compared with their controls . CONCLUSIONS This is the first in vivo evidence of enhanced brain function and structure due to the NIDCAP . The study demonstrates that quality of experience before term may influence brain development significantly PURPOSE To determine the influence of breastmilk consumption , as a dose response , in very low-birth-weight ( VLBW ) infants ( < 1,500 g ) on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 6 and 12 months corrected age , and to determine the influence of selected sociodemographic and infant variables on neurodevelopmental outcomes . SUBJECTSVLBW infants ( n = 148 ) who were fed mother 's milk or formula by parental choice . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort with longitudinal follow-up at 6 and 12 months corrected age . METHODS Self-administered question naires given to mothers at study entry , before discharge , and at 3- , 6- , and 12-month follow-up visits . During hospitalization , mothers recorded the 24-hour volume of expressed milk once per week . At each follow-up visit , the volume of a  single feeding was assessed by pre- and postbreastfeeding test weights of infants measured on an electronic scale accurate to 1.0 g. The amount of breastfeeding was also assessed by feeding records and mother 's report . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The Bayley Scales of Infant Development ( 2nd Edition ) , the Mental Development Index ( MDI ) , and the Psychomotor Development Index ( PDI ) . PRINCIPAL RESULTS After controlling for specific sociodemographic and infant variables , this study of VLBW infants showed no statistically significant effect of predominantly breastfeeding compared with predominantly formula feeding on neurodevelopmental outcomes to 12 months corrected age . The most significant predictor of MDI scores at 6 and 12 months corrected age was birth weight , in which higher birth weights predicted higher MDI scores . CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of statistically significant differences , the findings suggest a small but consistent advantage in developmental scores in infants who were fed their mother 's milk compared with those who were predominantly formula fed . Supporting parents to breastfeed preterm infants may maximize the potential advantages of early nutrition in the neurodevelopmental outcome of VLBW infants OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of a neonatal parenting intervention for improving development in very preterm infants . STUDY DESIGN A cluster-r and omized , controlled trial with a cross-over design and washout period was conducted in 6 neonatal centers . Two hundred thirty-three babies < 32 weeks ' gestation were recruited ( intervention = 112 ; control = 121 ) . Intervention families received weekly Parent Baby Interaction Programme ( PBIP ) sessions during neonatal intensive care unit admission and up to 6 weeks after discharge . Control families received st and ard care . All 195 infants remaining in the study at 24 months ' corrected age were assessed by psychologists blinded to group allocation . RESULTS There was no significant difference in Mental Development Index ( -0.9 points ; 95 % CI , -5.0 , 3.2 ) or Psychomotor Development Index ( 2.5 ; -3.3 , 8.4 ) scores between the intervention and control groups and no significant effect of intervention on Mental Development Index or Psychomotor Development Index scores for subgroups dichotomized by gestational age ( < 28 weeks/ > or = 28 weeks ) , parity ( 1st/other child ) or mother 's cohabiting status ( supported/unsupported ) . CONCLUSIONS There was no effect of PBIP on infant development at 2 years ' corrected age . Parenting interventions may be better delivered after discharge or targeted for preterm infants with high biological and social risk OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a home-based intervention on the growth and development of children with nonorganic failure to thrive ( NOFTT ) . DESIGN R and omized clinical trial . PARTICIPANTS The NOFTT sample included 130 children ( mean age , 12.7 months ; SD , 6.4 ) recruited from urban pediatric primary care clinics serving low income families . All children were younger than 25 months with weight for age below the fifth percentile . Eligibility criteria included gestational age of at least 36 weeks , birth weight appropriate for gestational age , and no significant history of perinatal complications , congenital disorders , chronic illnesses , or developmental disabilities . Children were r and omized into two groups : clinic plus home intervention ( HI ) ( n = 64 ) or clinic only ( n = 66 ) . There were no group differences in children 's age , gender , race , or growth parameters , or on any of the family background variables . Most children were raised by single , African-American mothers who received public assistance . Eighty-nine percent of the families ( 116 of 130 ) completed the 1-year evaluation . INTERVENTIONS All children received services in a multidisciplinary growth and nutrition clinic . A community-based agency provided the home intervention . Families in the HI group were scheduled to receive weekly home visits for 1 year by lay home visitors , supervised by a community health nurse . The intervention provided maternal support and promoted parenting , child development , use of informal and formal re sources , and parent advocacy . MEASUREMENTS Growth was measured by st and ard procedures and converted to z scores for weight for height and height for age to assess wasting and stunting . Cognitive and motor development were measured with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development , and language development was measured by the Receptive/Expressive Emergent Language Scale . Both scales were administered at recruitment and at the 12-month follow-up . Parent-child interaction was measured by observing mothers and children during feeding at recruitment and at the 12-month follow-up , and the quality of the home was measured by the Home Observation Measure of the Environment 18 months after recruitment . ANALYSES Repeated- measures multivariate analyses of covariance were used to examine changes in children 's growth and development and parent-child interaction . Analyses of covariance were used to examine the quality of the home . Independent variables were intervention status and age at recruitment ( 1.0 to 12.0 vs 12.1 to 24.9 months ) . Maternal education was a covariate in all analyses . When changes in developmental status and parent-child interaction were examined , weight for height and height for age at recruitment were included as covariates . RESULTS Children 's weight for age , weight for height , and height for age improved significantly during the 12-month study period , regardless of intervention status . Children in the HI group had better receptive language over time and more child-oriented home environments than children in the clinic-only group . The impact of intervention status on cognitive development varied as a function of children 's ages at recruitment , with younger children showing beneficial effects of home intervention . There were no changes in motor development associated with intervention status . During the study period , children gained skills in interactive competence during feeding , and their parents became more controlling during feeding , but differences were not associated with intervention status . CONCLUSIONS Findings support a cautious optimism regarding home intervention during the first year of life provided by trained lay home visitors . Early home intervention can promote a nurturant home environment effectively and can reduce the developmental delays often experienced by low income , urban infants with NOFTT : Subsequent investigations of home intervention should consider alternative options for toddlers with NOFTT Objective : This study investigates the effectiveness of the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program ( NIDCAP ) on neurobehavioral and electrophysiological functioning of preterm infants with severe intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR ) . Study Design : Thirty IUGR infants , 28 to 33 weeks gestational age , r and omized to st and ard care ( control/C=18 ) , or NIDCAP ( experimental/E=12 ) , were assessed at 2 weeks corrected age ( 2wCA ) and 9 months corrected age ( 9mCA ) in regard to health , anthropometrics , and neurobehavior , and additionally at 2wCA in regard to electrophysiology ( EEG ) . Result : The two groups were comparable in health and anthropometrics at 2wCA and 9mCA . The E-group at 2wCA showed significantly better autonomic , motor , and self-regulation functioning , improved motility , intensity and response thresholds , and reduced EEG connectivity among several adjacent brain regions . At 9mCA , the E-group showed significantly better mental performance . Conclusion : This is the first study to show NIDCAP effectiveness for IUGR preterm infants Aims : To test the effectiveness of a home based developmental education intervention in improving outcome at 5 years for very preterm infants . Methods : The Avon Premature Infant Project ( APIP ) is a r and omised controlled trial in which the parents of 284 babies born <33 weeks gestational age received a developmental education programme , a social support intervention , or st and ard care .  A term reference population was also recruited . This study reports outcomes at 5 years ( mean age 58 months 15 days ) for 187 ( 66 % ) of these children without disability . Outcomes were assessed using the British Ability Scales II for cognitive development , the Movement ABC for motor impairment , and the Child Behavior Checklist for behavioural problems . Results : Preterm infants showed poorer cognitive performance than their term peers . Mean ( SD ) general conceptual ability ( GCA ) scores were : Portage 99.2 ( 15.7 ) ; parent adviser 100.3 ( 14.8 ) ; preterm control 101.1 ( 15.0 ) ; term reference 107.2 ( 13.4 ) . There were no significant differences between preterm groups in GCA scores indicating no effect of either intervention . Similarly , there was no significant effect of intervention on behavioural or motor outcomes . Further analyses , in which outcome data were adjusted for social factors , did not reveal any differences between the three preterm groups or by subgroups classified by a range of perinatal variables . Conclusion : The small advantage shown at 2 years of age is no longer detectable at 5 years . These results question the effectiveness of early intervention in enhancing cognitive , behavioural , and motor function at 5 years Routines-based early intervention ( RBEI ) for children with or at risk for developmental delay encourages collaboration between professionals and families to enhance children 's participation in family routines with family-selected goals . We conducted the first single-blinded r and omized control trial to examine the effectiveness of a 6-month RBEI vs. traditional home visiting ( THV ) , which uses a curriculum focused on children 's developmental domains . Thirty-one families with children aged 5 - 30 months ( mean age 17.4 months ) with or at risk for developmental delay were r and omly assigned to an RBEI group ( n=15 ) or a THV group ( n=16 ) . The enrolled children were evaluated using the Chinese version of Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory ( PEDI-C ) and the Comprehensive Development Inventory for Infants and Toddlers ( CDIIT ) at 5 time points . Two-way mixed analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) was used to examine the group by stage interactions . Goal Attainment Scaling ( GAS ) and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure ( COPM ) were applied to explore between-group differences on individualized goal achievement . PEDI-C showed that the RBEI group had a faster progress rate in self-care functions and independence in social functions in the first 3 months of intervention and at the 6-month follow-up . The RBEI group also scored higher on the GAS in the first 3 months of intervention . However , between-group differences in changes in the developmental domains on the CDIIT were not significant . Thus , RBEI was more effective than THV in promoting functional outcomes and reaching family-selected goals , while both interventions allowed equal improvement in developmental domains
Conclusion : Positive clinical ly meaningful effects ( > 5 points ) are seen to an age of 36 months , but are no longer present at 5 years
Objective : To determine in a systematic review , whether interventions for infant development that involve parents , improve neurodevelopment at 12 months corrected age or older .