Correlates of cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness among Brazilian adolescents. Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Childhood and Adolescence Affects Future Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Cross sectional analysis of the association between mode of school transportation and physical fitness in children and adolescents The association of physical activity and physical fitness with pre-adolescent obesity: an observational study in Metromanila, Philippines. Low physical fitness in childhood is associated with the development of asthma in young adulthood: the Odense schoolchild study. Body mass index, fitness and physical activity from childhood through adolescence Relations of moderate and vigorous physical activity to fitness and fatness in adolescents. Socioeconomic position and the tracking of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness from childhood to adulthood. Improvements in fundamental movement skill competency mediate the effect of the SCORES intervention on physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in children Effect of fitness and physical activity on bone mass in adolescents: the HELENA Study Physical activity and obesity mediate the association between childhood motor function and adolescents’ academic achievement Physical activity and skills intervention: SCORES cluster randomized controlled trial. Childhood cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and adult measures of glucose homeostasis. Physical fitness as a protective factor for cognitive impairment in a prospective population-based study in Germany. Effects of Physical Training on Functional Status in Patients With Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation Physical fitness and shapes of subcortical brain structures in children. Comparison of the effects that two different respiratory physical therapy techniques have on cardiorespiratory parameters in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis.
OBJECTIVE To analyze socioeconomic indicators , physical activity ( PA ) opportunities , and behavioral correlates of cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness among Brazilian boys and girls . METHODS A sample of 1555 adolescents was r and omly selected . Age- and sex-specific st and ard scores were calculated for each fitness component . RESULTS Among boys , head of household 's schooling , involvement in organized PA , meeting the PA recommendations , and computer/games use were associated with cardiorespiratory fitness . Involvement in organized PA and active time in Physical Education ( PE ) classes were predictors of muscular fitness . Among girls , active time in PE classes and TV watching were predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness . Meeting the PA recommendations was associated with muscular fitness . CONCLUSION PA variables and sedentary behaviors should be independently considered for physical fitness promotion in youth Background Although cardiorespiratory fitness ( CRF ) in childhood and adolescence may be linked to future cardiovascular health , there is currently limited evidence for a longitudinal association . Objectives To provide a systematic review on the prospect i ve association between CRF in childhood and adolescence and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors at least 2 years later . Methods Using a systematic search of Medline , Embase , and SPORTD iscus , relevant articles were identified by the following criteria : generally healthy children and adolescents between 3 and 18 years of age with CRF assessed at baseline , and a follow-up period of ≥ 2 years . The outcome measures were CVD risk factors . We appraised quality of the included articles with STROBE and QUIPS checklists . Results After screening 7524 titles and abstract s , we included 38 articles , assessing 44,169 children and adolescents followed up for a median of 6 years . Eleven articles were of high quality . There was considerable heterogeneity in methodology , measurement of CRF , and outcomes , which hampered meta- analysis . In approximately half of the included articles higher CRF in childhood and adolescence was associated with lower body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , body fatness and lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in later life . No associations between CRF in childhood and adolescence and future waist-to-hip ratio , blood pressure , lipid profile , and glucose homeostasis were observed . Conclusion Although about half of the included articles reported inverse associations between CRF in childhood and adolescence and future BMI , body fatness , and metabolic syndrome , evidence for other CVD risk factors was unconvincing . Many articles did not account for important confounding factors such as adiposity . Recommendations for future research include st and ardizing the measurement of CRF , i.e. by reporting VO2max , using st and ardized outcome assessment s , and performing individual patient data meta-analyses Objective To investigate the associations between body composition , cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in relation to travel mode to school in children and adolescents . Method Children and adolescents from 40 elementary schools and 23 high schools representing all regions in Norway were invited to participate in the study . Anthropometry , cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness  were tested at the school location . Question naires were used in order to register mode of transport to school , age , gender and levels of leisure time physical activity . Results A total of 1694 ( i.e. 60 % of all invited participants ) children and adolescents at a mean age of 9.6 and 15.6 respectively ( SD = 0.4 for both groups ) were analyzed for associations with physical fitness variables . Males cycling to school had lower sum of skin folds than adolescents walking to school . Higher cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents and male cyclists compared to walkers and passive commuters were observed . Among children , cycling and walking to school , higher isometric muscle endurance in the back extensors compared to passive commuters was observed . Conclusion Based on this national representative cross-sectional examination of r and omly selected children and adolescents there is evidence that active commuting , especially cycling , is associated with a favourable body composition and better cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness as compared to passive commuting BACKGROUND Childhood obesity has been inconsistently associated with decreased levels of physical activity and fitness . Moreover , little is known about this relationship among Filipino preteens . METHODS This cross sectional study reports the association between childhood obesity , measures of physical activity , and fitness .  Children aged 11 to 12 from r and omly selected schools from San Juan , Metromanila were included . Outcome measures were body mass index , Filipino modified Physical Activity Question naire for Older children ( F_PAQ-C ) ,  st and ing broad jump , 50 m sprint  and  20 m multistage shuttle run .  RESULTS 380 children participated in the study . Obese children had significantly lower median scores in the F_PAQ-C compared with overweight children . Overweight children had lower scores in the st and ing broad jump , 50 m sprints and predicted VO2max as compared with children with normal BMI . There were modest associations between the 50 m sprint , predicted VO2max , and F_PAQ-C. CONCLUSION Our study has showed that physical activity and fitness scores were strongly correlated with childhood obesity . If childhood physical fitness is a predictor of physical fitness in adulthood which is a risk factor in cardiovascular diseases , there is a strong possibility that the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the Philippines will increase dramatically in the future Intense physical activity in  children may either improve fitness and protect against asthma , or may trigger symptoms . The aim of this study was to determine whether physical fitness in childhood has an impact on the development of asthma . In this prospect i ve , community-based study , 757 ( 84 % ) asymptomatic children with an average age at inclusion of 9.7 yrs were followed for 10.5 yrs . In both surveys a maximal progressive exercise test on a bicycle ergometer was used to measure physical fitness ( maximal workload ) and to induce airway narrowing . A methacholine provocation test was performed in the subjects at follow-up . During the 10-yr study period , 51 ( 6.7 % ) of the previously asymptomatic children developed  asthma . These subjects had a lower mean physical fitness in 1985 than their peers : ( 3.63 versus 3.89 W x kg(-1 ) ; p=0.02 ) in boys and ( 3.17 versus 3.33 W x kg(-1 ) ; p=0.02 ) in girls . A weak correlation was found between physical fitness in childhood and airway responsiveness to methacholine at follow-up when adjusted for body mass index , age and sex ( r=0.11 ; p<0.01 ) . In a multiple regression analysis , physical fitness was inversely related to the development of physician diagnosed asthma , odds ratio=0.93 ( 0.87 - 0.99 ) . Thus , the risk for the development of asthma during adolescence is reduced 7 % by increasing the maximal workload 1 W x kg(-1 ) . In conclusion , this study showed that physical fitness in childhood is weakly correlated with the development of asthma during adolescence and that high physical fitness seems to be associated with a reduced risk for the development of asthma Background Obesity , sedentary lifestyle and poor cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood may increase the risk of health problems later in life . Purpose The authors studied the association of early childhood weight status with cardiorespiratory fitness and leisure-time physical activity ( LTPA ) in adolescence . The stability and associations of LTPA and fitness from childhood through adolescence were also studied . Methods  Body mass index ( BMI ) was assessed annually since birth in a prospect i ve , longitudinal study . The mean BMI between ages 2 and 7 years indicated weight status at preschool age . Fitness was studied with a shuttle run test at age 9 and with a maximal cycle ergometer test at age 17 . The same question naire was used to assess LTPA at age 9 , 13 and 17 . Complete data on preschool BMI , LTPA at ages 13 and 17 and fitness at age 17 years was provided by 351 children , while fitness and LTPA data were available for 74 children at ages 9 and 17 . Results Preschool BMI was inversely associated with fitness in adolescence independently of adolescent LTPA ( p=0.0001 ) . Children who had a high preschool BMI but whose weight status was reduced in adolescence had similar fitness in adolescence as the children with a persistently low BMI . Regardless of the fitness level in childhood , the children whose LTPA increased between age 9 and 17 had a similar adolescent fitness level as persistently active subjects . Conclusions It is important to maintain a healthy body weight and a physically active lifestyle from very childhood through adolescence to improve fitness during adolescence BACKGROUND It is unclear how moderate and vigorous intensities of physical activity ( PA ) are associated with cardiovascular fitness ( CVF ) and percentage of body fat ( % BF ) in adolescents . OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that vigorous PA , to a greater degree than moderate PA , would be associated with better CVF and lower % BF . DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study of 421 black and white high school students ( x age : 16 y ) .  PA was measured with 5 d of accelerometry and expressed in min/d of moderate or vigorous PA .  CVF was measured with a multistage treadmill test and was expressed as the oxygen consumption at a heart rate of 170 bpm . % BF was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Multiple regressions were used to determine the degree to which variance in CVF and % BF was explained by PA , after control for age , sex , race , and the sex x race interaction . RESULTS A higher index for CVF was associated with higher amounts of moderate and vigorous PA ;  more variance was explained by vigorous than by moderate PA .  Lower % BF was associated with higher amounts of vigorous PA but not with the amount of moderate PA . CONCLUSION Black and white adolescents who engaged in relatively large amounts of free-living vigorous exercise were likely to be relatively fit and lean This study examined the influence of childhood socioeconomic position ( SEP ) and social mobility on activity and fitness tracking from childhood into adulthood . In a prospect i ve cohort of 2,185 Australian adults ( aged 26 - 36 years ) , first examined in 1985 ( at ages 7 - 15 years ) , self-reported physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness ( sub sample only ) were measured .  SEP  measures included retrospectively reported parental education ( baseline ) and own education ( follow-up ) . There was little evidence of a relation between childhood SEP and activity tracking , but high childhood SEP  ( maternal education ) was associated with a 59 % increased likelihood of persistent fitness , and medium childhood SEP  ( paternal and parental education ) was associated with a 33%-36 % decreased likelihood of persistent fitness . Upward social mobility was associated with a greater likelihood of increasing activity ( 38%-49 % ) and fitness ( 90 % ) , and persistently high SEP was associated with a greater likelihood of increasing activity ( males : 58 % ) and fitness ( males and females combined : 89 % ) . In conclusion , persistently high SEP and upward social mobility were associated with increases in activity and fitness from childhood to adulthood . Findings highlight socioeconomic differentials in activity and fitness patterns and suggest that improvements in education may represent a pathway through which physical activity levels can be increased and health benefits achieved Abstract Numerous studies have identified a positive association between fundamental movement skill ( FMS ) competency and physical activity in children ; however , the causal pathways have not been established . The aim of this study is to determine if changes in FMS competency mediated the effect of the Supporting Children ’s Outcomes using Rewards , Exercise and Skills ( SCORES ) intervention on physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in children . Eight primary schools ( 25 classes ) and 460 children ( aged 8.5 ± 0.6 , 54 % girls ) were r and omised to the SCORES intervention or control group for the 12-month study . The outcomes were accelerometer-determined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) and cardiorespiratory fitness . The hypothesised mediators were actual FMS competency and perceived sport competence . Mediation analyses were conducted using multilevel linear analysis in MPlus . From the original sample , 138 ( 30.0 % ) and 370 ( 80.4 % ) children provided useable physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness data at post-test assessment s. There were significant treatment effects for locomotor skills and overall FMSs . Changes in MVPA were associated with changes in object-control skills , overall FMSs and perceived competence . The overall FMSs had a significant mediating effect on MVPA ( AB = 2.09 , CI = 0.01–4.55 ) . Overall FMSs ( AB = 1.19 , CI = 0.002–2.79 ) and locomotor skills ( AB = 0.74 , CI = 0.01–1.69 ) had a significant mediating effect on cardiorespiratory fitness . The results of this study conclude that actual but not perceived movement skill competency mediated the effect of the SCORES intervention on physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness Our aim is to analyse the effect on bone mass of : ( 1 ) physical fitness performance on a specific group of physical activity ( PA ) and , ( 2 ) PA on a specific physical fitness performance group . Bone mineral content ( BMC ) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) and PA by accelerometers was assessed in 373 Spanish adolescents ( 182 males ) . Adolescents were classified as : active and non-active ( ≥60 or < 60 min day−1 of moderate-vigorous PA ) . Fitness was assessed through speed/agility , strength and cardiorespiratory tests . Adolescents were classified by tertiles ( T1 , T2 and T3 ) . ANCOVA was used for the analysis with sex , height , lean mass , calcium intake and pubertal status as covariates . Adolescents with lower strength , speed/agility and cardiorespiratory fitness ( CRF ) showed lower BMC in the whole body and extremities compared with adolescents with better results in these tests , mainly those non-active adolescents . Non-active adolescents with high fitness levels showed higher BMC ( whole body and upper limbs ) than active ones . The conclusions included : ( 1 ) within the non-active group , lower levels of fitness were associated with lower BMC ; this might be through PA or trough an effect of PA on muscle mass . ( 2 ) Non-active adolescents with high level of fitness in most fitness tests showed higher BMC than their active peers , in spite of their lower PA levels . These unexpected results could be influenced by several factors such as genetics , nutrition , type of exercise or sport , hormones and skeletal age The global epidemic of obesity and physical inactivity may have detrimental implication s for young people ’s  cognitive function and academic achievement . This prospect i ve study investigated whether childhood motor function predicts later academic achievement via physical activity , fitness , and obesity . The study sample included 8,061 children from the Northern Finl and Birth Cohort 1986 , which contains data about parent-reported motor function at age 8 y and self-reported physical activity , predicted cardiorespiratory fitness ( cycle ergometer test ) , obesity ( body weight and height ) , and academic achievement ( grade s ) at age 16 y.  Structural equation models with unst and ardized ( B ) and st and ardized ( β ) coefficients were used to test whether , and to what extent , physical activity , cardiorespiratory fitness , and obesity at age 16 mediated the association between childhood motor function and adolescents ’ academic achievement . Physical activity was associated with a higher grade -point average , and obesity was associated with a lower grade -point average in adolescence . Furthermore , compromised motor function in childhood had a negative indirect effect on adolescents ’ academic achievement via physical inactivity ( B = –0.023 , 95 % confidence interval = –0.031 , –0.015 ) and obesity ( B = –0.025 , 95 % confidence interval = –0.039 , –0.011 ) , but not via cardiorespiratory fitness . These results suggest that physical activity and obesity may mediate the association between childhood motor function and adolescents ’ academic achievement . Compromised motor function in childhood may represent an important factor driving the effects of obesity and physical inactivity on academic underachievement PURPOSE  Physical activity ( PA  ) declines dramatically during adolescence , and activity levels are consistently lower among children living in low-income communities . Competency in a range of fundamental movement skills ( FMS ) may serve as a protective factor against the decline in PA typically observed during adolescence . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 12-month multicomponent PA and FMS intervention on children attending primary schools in low-income communities . METHODS The Supporting Children 's Outcomes using Rewards , Exercise , and Skills intervention was evaluated using a cluster r and omized controlled trial . The sample included 25 classes from eight primary schools located in low-income communities . Participants were 460 children ( 54.1 % girls ) age 8.5 ± 0.6 yr . Primary outcomes were objective ly measured PA ( ActiGraph GT3X and GT3X+ accelerometers ) , FMS competency ( Test of Gross Motor Development 2 , six locomotor and six object control skills ) , and cardiorespiratory fitness ( 20-m multistage fitness test ) assessed at baseline , midprogram ( 6-months ) , and at posttest ( 12 months ) . Linear mixed models , adjusted for sex , age , body mass index z-score , socioeconomic status , ethnicity , and school class as a r and om factor , were used to assess the effect of the intervention . RESULTS At midprogram , there were no significant intervention effects for any of the outcomes . At posttest ( study 's primary time point ) , there were intervention effects for daily moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) ( adjusted mean difference , 12.7 min·d of MVPA ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 5.0 - 20.5 ) , overall FMS competency ( 4.9 units ; 95 % CI , -0.04 to 9.8 ) , and cardiorespiratory fitness ( 5.4 laps ; 95 % CI , 2.3 - 8.6 ) . CONCLUSIONS A school-based multicomponent PA and FMS intervention maintained daily MVPA , improved overall FMS competency , and increased cardiorespiratory fitness among children attending primary schools in low-income communities OBJECTIVES To assess whether childhood cardiorespiratory fitness ( CRF ) and muscular fitness phenotypes ( strength , power , endurance ) predict adult glucose homeostasis measures . DESIGN Prospect i ve longitudinal study . METHODS Study examining participants who had physical fitness measured in childhood ( aged 7 - 15 years ) and who attended follow-up clinics approximately 20 years later  and provided  a fasting blood sample which was tested for glucose and insulin . Physical fitness measurements included muscular strength ( right and left grip , shoulder flexion , shoulder and leg extension ) , power ( st and ing long jump distance ) and endurance ( number of push-ups in 30s ) , and CRF ( 1.6 km run duration ) . In adulthood , fasting glucose and insulin levels were used to derive glucose homeostasis measures of insulin resistance ( HOMA2-IR ) and beta cell function ( HOMA2-β ) . RESULTS A st and ard deviation increase in childhood CRF or muscular strength ( males ) was associated with fasting glucose ( CRF : β=-0.06mmol/L ) , fasting insulin ( CRF : β=-0.73mU/L ; strength : β=-0.40mU/L ) , HOMA2-IR ( CRF : β=-0.06 ; strength : β=-0.05 ) and HOMA2-β ( CRF : β=-3.06 % ; strength : β=-2.62 % ) in adulthood , independent of the alternative fitness phenotype ( all p<0.01 ) . Adjustment for childhood waist circumference reduced the effect by 17 - 35 % for CRF and 0 - 15 % for muscular strength ( males ) and statistical significance remained for all associations expect between CRF , fasting glucose and HOMA2-β ( p>0.06 ) . CONCLUSIONS CRF and muscular fitness in childhood were inversely associated with measures of fasting insulin , insulin resistance and beta cell function in adulthood . Childhood CRF and muscular fitness could both be potential independent targets for strategies to help reduce the development of adverse glucose homeostasis To evaluate the predictive effects of subjective measures of physical activity ( PA ) and objective measures of physical fitness ( PF ) on dementia risk , Participants of the prospect i ve population -based ILSE- study ( * 1930 - 1932 ; 12-year follow-up ) were examined at three examination waves ( t1 : 1993/94 ; t2 : 1997/98 ; t3 : 2005/07 ) . 381 subjects of the original cohort ( n = 500 ) were re-examined at t3 . 29 % of the subjects who were cognitively healthy at baseline received the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) and 7 % of Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) . Subjects were screened for physical and mental health using medical interviews , physical , and neuropsychological examinations . Participants completed a question naire on their current and past PA at t1 . Subjects were classified as physically active if they reported a regular sport activity for at least 2 hours per week in the past year . Muscular strength ( h and grip ) and motor coordination ( balance ) served as objective indicators of PF . Subjects who passed the balance-test at t1 had a reduced risk of developing MCI/AD at t3 ( OR = 0.35 , 95%CI 0.19 - 0.66 , p < 0.01 ) and performed significantly better on various neuropsychological measures . Muscular strength or subjective reports of PA did not predict MCI/AD development . Our results confirm the hypothesis that PF acts as a protective factor for the development of cognitive disorders . In our study , context , motor coordination served as a better predictor than muscular strength or self-rated PA . Since subjects with cognitive disorders due to cerebral and /or systemic disorders were excluded from the analyses , our findings suggest that the effect of skill-related PF extends beyond the reduction of cardiovascular risk factors Background and Purpose . Patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation ( PMV ) are frequently deconditioned because of respiratory failure precipitated by the underlying disease , the adverse effects of medications , and a period of prolonged immobilization . The effects of 6 weeks of physical training on the strength of respiratory and limb muscles , on ventilator-free time , and on functional status in patients requiring PMV were examined . Subjects . Thirty-nine patients with PMV were initially enrolled in the study and were assigned to either a treatment group ( n=20 ) or a control group ( n=19 ) . Three subjects in the treatment group and 4 subjects in the control group died during the 6-week intervention period and thus their data were excluded from the final analysis . Methods . Subjects in the treatment group received physical training 5 days a week for 6 weeks . Strength of respiratory and limb muscles , ventilator-free time , and functional status , which was measured by the Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living ( BI ) and Functional Independence Measure ( FIM ) , were examined at baseline and at the third and sixth weeks of the study period . Results . Respiratory and limb muscle strength improved significantly at the third and sixth weeks in the treatment group compared with baseline measurements . Total BI and FIM scores increased significantly in the treatment group and remained unchanged in the control group . Effect sizes of the BI and FIM scores were 2.02 and 1.93 , respectively , at the sixth week . Discussion and Conclusion . The results show that a 6-week physical training program may improve limb muscle strength and ventilator-free time and thus improve functional outcomes in patients requiring PMV A few studies have recently reported that higher cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with higher volumes of subcortical brain structures in children . It is , however , unknown how different fitness measures relate to shapes of subcortical brain nuclei . We aim ed to examine the association of the main health-related physical fitness components with shapes of subcortical brain structures in a sample of forty-four Spanish children aged 9·7 ( sd 0·2 ) years from the NUtraceuticals for a HEALthier life project . Cardiorespiratory fitness , muscular strength and speed agility were assessed using valid and reliable tests ( ALPHA-fitness test battery ) . Shape of the subcortical brain structures was assessed by MRI , and its relationship with fitness was examined after controlling for a set of potential confounders using a partial correlation permutation approach . Our results showed that all physical fitness components studied were significantly related to the shapes of subcortical brain nuclei . These associations were both positive and negative , indicating that a higher level of fitness in childhood is related to both expansions and contractions in certain regions of the accumbens , amygdala , cau date , hippocampus , pallidum , putamen and thalamus . Cardiorespiratory fitness was mainly associated with expansions , whereas h and grip was mostly associated with contractions in the structures studied . Future r and omised-controlled trials will confirm or contrast our findings , demonstrating whether changes in fitness modify the shapes of brain structures and the extent to which those changes influence cognitive function OBJECTIVE To compare the expiratory flow increase technique ( EFIT ) and vibration accompanied by postural drainage ( PD ) in terms of their effects on the heart rate ( HR ) , respiratory rate ( RR ) and SpO(2 ) of infants with acute viral bronchiolitis ( AVB ) . METHODS Infants with clinical and radiological diagnosis of AVB were analyzed . The HR , RR and SpO(2 ) were registered at four time points : prior to the procedure ; and at 10 , 30 and 60 min after the procedure . The patients were divided into three groups : su bmi tted to the EFIT ; su bmi tted to vibration/PD ; and control . RESULTS We included 81 infants , 27 per group , with a mean age of 4.52 years and a mean weight of 6.56 kg . Using ANOVA , we found that the EFIT and vibration/PD groups presented no significant differences in relation to the control group in terms of the mean values for HR , RR or SpO(2 ) ( p > 0.05 ) . Considering only the four time points evaluated , the mean RR was significantly lower in the EFIT and vibration/PD groups than in the control group ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS In terms of overall improvement of cardiorespiratory parameters , neither the EFIT nor vibration/PD provided any benefit to infants with BVA . However , over time , respiratory physical therapy seems to contribute to decreasing the RR in these patients
Results Strong evidence was found for an inverse association between MF and total and central adiposity , and CVD and metabolic risk factors .
Strong evidence was also found for a positive association between MF and bone health and self-esteem .
Conclusion The findings of this review highlight the importance of developing MF in youth for a number of health-related benefits
Background Physical fitness during childhood and adolescence has been identified as an important determinant of current and future health status .
While research has traditionally focused on the association between cardio-respiratory fitness and health outcomes , the association between muscular fitness ( MF ) and health status has recently received increased attention .
Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to evaluate the potential physiological and psychological benefits associated with MF among children and adolescents .