Randomization to a low-carbohydrate diet advice improves health related quality of life compared with a low-fat diet at similar weight-loss in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Year-long weight loss treatment for obese patients with type II diabetes: does including an intermittent very-low-calorie diet improve outcome? In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss Effect of low-calorie versus low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes. Two diets with different haemoglobin A1c and antiglycaemic medication effects despite similar weight loss in type 2 diabetes. Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet A randomized controlled trial of 130 g/day low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control. VLCD versus LCD in long-term treatment of obesity Efficacy of Meal Replacements Versus a Standard Food-Based Diet for Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes A Controlled Clinical Trial Weight loss on low-fat vs. low-carbohydrate diets by insulin resistance status among overweight adults and adults with obesity: A randomized pilot trial. Effects of a very-low-calorie diet on long-term glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetic subjects. Five year results of a prospective very low calorie diet or conventional weight loss programme in type 2 diabetes. The Effect of Short Periods of Caloric Restriction on Weight Loss and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Change in food cravings, food preferences, and appetite during a low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet. One-year outcome of a combination of weight loss therapies for subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Effects on food cravings of a very low calorie diet or a balanced, low calorie diet [An analysis of the efficacy of low-calorie and isocaloric diets in obese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis].
AIMS To compare the effects on health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) of a 2-year intervention with a low-fat diet ( LFD ) or a low-carbohydrate diet ( LCD ) based on four group-meetings to achieve compliance . To describe different aspects of taking part in the intervention following the LFD or LCD . METHODS Prospect i ve , r and omized trial of 61 adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus . The SF-36 question naire was used at baseline , 6 , 12 and 24 months . Patients on LFD aim ed for 55 - 60 energy percent ( E% ) and those on LCD for 20 E% from carbohydrates . The patients were interviewed about their experiences of the intervention . RESULTS Mean body-mass-index was 32.7 ± 5.4 kg/m(2 ) at baseline . Weight-loss did not differ between groups and was maximal at 6 months , LFD : -3.99 ± 4.1 kg , LCD : -4.31 ± 3.6 kg ( p<0.001 within groups ) . There was an increase in the physical component score of SF-36 from 44.1 ( 10.0 ) to 46.7 ( 10.5 ) at 12 months in the LCD group ( p < 0.009 ) while no change occurred in the LFD group ( p < 0.03 between groups ) . At 12 months the physical function , bodily pain and general health scores improved within the LCD group ( p values 0.042 - 0.009 ) while there was no change within the LFD group . CONCLUSIONS Weight-changes did not differ between the diet groups while improvements in HRQoL only occurred after one year during treatment with LCD . No changes of HRQoL occurred in the LFD group in spite of a similar reduction in body weight PURPOSE To evaluate a year-long behavioral weight control program , used with and without an intermittent very-low-calorie diet ( VLCD ) in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus . PATIENTS AND METHODS Subjects ( n = 93 ) were r and omly assigned to 50-week treatment programs that used either a balanced low-calorie diet ( LCD ) of 1,000 to 1,000 kilocalories ( kcal ) per day throughout or included 2 12-week periods of a VLCD of 400 to 500 kcal per day alternating with the balanced LCD .  Weight , glycemic control , blood pressure , and lipids were assessed at baseline , at the end of the year-long treatment , and at 2-year follow-up . RESULTS Subjects in the VLCD program lost significantly more weight than did LCD subjects at the end of the 50-week program ( 14.2 kg versus 10.5 kg ; P = 0.057 ) and remained off diabetes medication longer ( P < 0.05 ) . These benefits of the VLCD were due primarily to the first 12 weeks of the diet ; the second diet maintained , but did not increase , these effects . Subjects in both groups experienced marked improvements in glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors over the year-long program , but attendance declined in the latter weeks of treatment and weight was regained . There was also marked recidivism in both groups in the year following treatment . CONCLUSIONS The intermittent VLCD improved weight loss and glycemic control , but these effects were quite modest and do not appear to justify the clinical use of an intermittent VLCD . Moreover , lengthening treatment to a full year did not prevent relapse . Thus , further research is needed to develop a successful approach to long-term weight control Aims /hypothesisThe study aim ed to compare the effects of a 2 year intervention with a low-fat diet ( LFD ) or a low-carbohydrate diet ( LCD ) , based on four group meetings to achieve compliance . Methods This was a prospect i ve r and omised parallel trial involving 61 adults with type 2 diabetes consecutively recruited in primary care and r and omised by drawing ballots . Patients that did not speak Swedish could not be recruited . The primary outcomes in this non-blinded study were weight and HbA1c . Patients on the LFD aim ed for 55–60 energy per cent ( E% ) and those on LCD for 20 E% from carbohydrate . Results The mean BMI and HbA1c of the participants were 32.7 ± 5.4 kg/m2 and 57.0 ± 9.2 mmol/mol , respectively . No patients were lost to follow-up . Weight loss did not differ between groups and was maximal at 6 months : LFD −3.99 ± 4.1 kg ( n = 31 ) ; LCD −4.31 ± 3.6 kg ( n = 30 ) ; p < 0.001 within groups . At 24 months , patients on the LFD had lost −2.97 ± 4.9 kg and those on LCD −2.34 ± 5.1 kg compared with baseline ( p = 0.002 and p = 0.020 within groups , respectively ) . HbA1c fell in the LCD group only ( LCD at 6 months −4.8 ± 8.3 mmol/mol , p = 0.004 , at 12 months −2.2 ± 7.7 mmol/mol , p = 0.12 ; LFD at 6 months −0.9 ± 8.8 mmol/mol , p = 0.56 ) . At 6 months , HDL-cholesterol had increased with the LCD ( from 1.13 ± 0.33 mmol/l to 1.25 ± 0.47 mmol/l , p = 0.018 ) while LDL-cholesterol did not differ between groups . Insulin doses were reduced in the LCD group ( 0 months , LCD 42 ± 65 E , LFD 39 ± 51 E ; 6 months , LCD 30 ± 47 E , LFD 38 ± 48 E ; p = 0.046 for between-group change ) . Conclusions /interpretationWeight changes did not differ between the diet groups , while insulin doses were reduced significantly more with the LCD at 6 months , when compliance was good . Thus , aim ing for 20 % of energy intake from carbohydrates is safe with respect to cardiovascular risk compared with the traditional LFD and this approach could constitute a treatment alternative . Trial registration : Clinical Trials.gov NCT01005498 Funding : University Hospital of Linköping Research Funds , Linköping University , the County Council of Östergötl and , and the Diabetes Research Centre of Linköping OBJECTIVE Effective diabetic management requires reasonable weight control . Previous studies from our laboratory have shown the beneficial effects of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet ( LCKD ) in patients with type 2 diabetes after its long term administration . Furthermore , it favorably alters the cardiac risk factors even in hyperlipidemic obese subjects . These studies have indicated that , in addition to decreasing body weight and improving glycemia , LCKD can be effective in decreasing antidiabetic medication dosage . Similar to the LCKD , the conventional low-calorie , high nutritional value diet is also used for weight loss . The purpose of this study was to underst and the beneficial effects of LCKD compared with the low-calorie diet ( LCD ) in improving glycemia . METHODS Three hundred and sixty-three overweight and obese participants were recruited from the Al-Shaab Clinic for a 24-wk diet intervention trial ; 102 of them had type 2 diabetes . The participants were advised to choose LCD or LDKD , depending on their preference . Body weight , body mass index , changes in waist circumference , blood glucose level , changes in hemoglobin and glycosylated hemoglobin , total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triglycerides , uric acid , urea and creatinine were determined before and at 4 , 8 , 12 , 16 , 20 , and 24 wk after the administration of the LCD or LCKD . The initial dose of some antidiabetic medications was decreased to half and some were discontinued at the beginning of the dietary program in the LCKD group . Dietary counseling and further medication adjustment were done on a biweekly basis . RESULTS The LCD and LCKD had beneficial effects on all the parameters examined . Interestingly , these changes were more significant in subjects who were on the LCKD as compared with those on the LCD . Changes in the level of creatinine were not statistically significant . CONCLUSION This study shows the beneficial effects of a ketogenic diet over the conventional LCD in obese diabetic subjects . The ketogenic diet appears to improve glycemic control . Therefore , diabetic patients on a ketogenic diet should be under strict medical supervision because the LCKD can significantly lower blood glucose levels We analysed participants with type 2 diabetes ( n = 46 ) within a larger weight loss trial ( n = 146 ) who were r and omized to 48 weeks of a low-carbohydrate diet ( LCD ; n = 22 ) or a low-fat diet + orlistat ( LFD + O ; n = 24 ) . At baseline , mean body mass index ( BMI ) was 39.5 kg/m(2 ) ( s.d . 6.5 ) and haemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) 7.6 % ( s.d . 1.3 ) . Although the interventions reduced BMI similarly ( LCD -2.4 kg/m(2 ) ; LFD + O -2.7 kg/m(2 ) , p = 0.7 ) , LCD led to a relative improvement in HbA1c : -0.7 % in LCD versus + 0.2 % in LFD + O [ difference -0.8 % , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = -1.6 , -0.02 ; p = 0.045 ] . LCD also led to a greater reduction in antiglycaemic medications using a novel medication effect score ( MES ) based on medication potency and total daily dose ; 70.6 % of LCD versus 30.4 % LFD + O decreased their MES by ≥50 % ( p = 0.01 ) . Lowering dietary carbohydrate intake demonstrated benefits on glycaemic control beyond its weight loss effects , while at the same time lowering antiglycaemic medication requirements Abstract Background . Inflammation may play an important role in type 2 diabetes . It has been proposed that dietary strategies can modulate inflammatory activity . Methods . We investigated the effects of diet on inflammation in type 2 diabetes by comparing a traditional low-fat diet ( LFD ) with a low-carbohydrate diet ( LCD ) .  Patients with type 2 diabetes were r and omized to follow either LFD aim ing for 55–60 energy per cent ( E% ) from carbohydrates ( n = 30 ) or LCD aim ing for 20 E% from carbohydrates ( n = 29 ) . Plasma was collected at baseline and after 6 months . C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin-1 receptor antagonist ( IL-1Ra ) , IL-6 , tumour necrosis factor receptor ( TNFR ) 1 and TNFR2 were determined . Results . Both LFD and LCD led to similar reductions in body weight , while beneficial effects on glycaemic control were observed in the LCD group only . After 6 months , the levels of IL-1Ra and IL-6 were significantly lower in the LCD group than in the LFD group , 978 ( 664–1385 ) versus 1216 ( 974–1822 ) pg/mL and 2.15 ( 1.65–4.27 ) versus 3.39 ( 2.25–4.79 ) pg/mL , both P < 0.05 . Conclusions . To conclude , advice to follow LCD or LFD had similar effects on weight reduction while effects on inflammation differed . Only LCD was found significantly to improve the sub clinical inflammatory state in type 2 diabetes . Trial registration : Clinical Trials.gov identifier : NCT01005498 BACKGROUND & AIMS The usefulness of low-carbohydrate diet ( LCD ) for Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) has not been fully investigated . Therefore , we compared the effectiveness and safety of LCD with calorie restricted diet ( CRD ) . METHODS This prospect i ve , r and omized , open-label , comparative study included 66 T2DM patients with HbA1c > 7.5 % even after receiving repeated education programs on CRD .  They were r and omly allocated to either the 130g/day LCD group ( n = 33 ) or CRD group ( n = 33 ) . Patients received personal nutrition education of CRD or LCD for 30 min at baseline , 1 , 2 , 4 , and 6 months . Patients of the CRD group were advised to maintain the intake of calories and balance of macronutrients ( 28 × ideal body weight calories per day ) . Patients of the LCD group were advised to maintain the intake of 130 g/day carbohydrate without other specific restrictions . Several parameters were assessed at baseline and 6 months after each intervention . The primary endpoint was a change in HbA1c level from baseline to the end of the study . RESULTS At baseline , BMI and HbA1c were 26.5 ( 24.6 - 30.1 ) and 8.3 ( 8.0 - 9.3 ) , and 26.7 ( 25.0 - 30.0 ) kg/m2 and 8.0 ( 7.6 - 8.9 ) % , in the CRD and LCD , respectively . At the end of the study , HbA1c decreased by -0.65 ( -1.53 to -0.10 ) % in the LCD group , compared with 0.00 ( -0.68 to 0.40 ) % in the CRD group ( p < 0.01 ) . Also , the decrease in BMI in the LCD group [ -0.58 ( -1.51 to -0.16 ) kg/m2 ] exceeded that observed in the CRD group ( p = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that 6-month 130 g/day LCD reduced HbA1c and BMI in poorly controlled Japanese patients with T2DM . LCD is a potentially useful nutrition therapy for Japanese patients who can not adhere to CRD . This trial was registered at http://www.umin.ac.jp/english/ ( University Hospital Medical Information Network : study ID number 000010663 ) OBJECTIVE : To compare the long-term effects of three different programs including initial 6 weeks (V)LCD diets 420 kcal/d , 530 kcal/d , 880 kcal/d ) on sustained weight loss , attrition and obesity associated conventional cardio-vascular risk factors . DESIGN : Prospect i ve , r and omized clinical 52 weeks trial . Two weeks of a booster (V)LCD period after week 26 . SETTING : University outpatient obesity clinic . SUBJECTS : Ninety-three middle-aged obese patients ( 30 men ) , initial mean BMI 38.7 kg/m2 , age 20–65 y , from the waiting list . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Weight loss pattern , attrition , reported side effects , blood pressure , blood glucose and serum lipid levels . Repeated frequent measurements up to week 26 , intermittently up to final measurements at week 52 . RESULTS : One year attrition ( 30–45 % ) , sustained weight loss ( 8–15 % of initial body weight ) and changes in obesity associated risk parameters were similar in all three group . Fewer adverse events were reported in the LCD group . CONCLUSION : The results compare favorably with most previous reports of similar design . VLCD ( 420 kcal or 530 kcal/d and LCD 880 kcal/d ) were equally effective in long term treatment of obesity . The tendency to less side effects with LCD suggests that such preparations deserve further attention PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of a portion-controlled meal replacement diet ( PCD ) to a st and ard diet ( SD ) based on recommendations by the American Diabetes Association in achieving and maintaining weight loss among obese participants with type 2 diabetes . METHODS This study is a university-based , controlled clinical trial . Participants were 119 men and women with diabetes with a body mass index between 25 and 40 kg/m(2 ) , assigned r and omly to one of two 34-week , 75 % of predicted energy need diets ( portion controlled or st and ard , self-selected , food based ) and then followed by 1-year maintenance . RESULTS Using intention-to-treat analyses , weight loss at 34 weeks and weight maintenance at 86 weeks was significantly better on PCD versus SD . Approximately 40 % of the PCD participants lost > or = 5 % of their initial weight compared with 12 % of those on the SD . Significant improvements in biochemical and metabolic measures were observed at 34 weeks in both groups . The retention rate and self-reported ease of adherence in the PCD group were significantly higher throughout the study . CONCLUSIONS A diet using portion-controlled meal replacements yielded significantly greater initial weight loss and less regain after 1 year of maintenance than a st and ard , self-selected , food-based diet . As PCDs may help obese patients with type 2 diabetes adhere to a weight control program , diabetes educators may consider recommending them as part of a comprehensive approach to weight control OBJECTIVE To test for differential weight loss response to low-fat ( LF ) vs. low-carbohydrate ( LC ) diets by insulin resistance status with emphasis on overall quality of both diets . METHODS Sixty-one adults , BMI 28 - 40 kg/m(2 ) , were r and omized in a 2 × 2 design to LF or LC by insulin resistance status in this pilot study . Primary outcome was 6-month weight change . Participants were characterized as more insulin resistant ( IR ) or more insulin sensitive ( IS ) by median split of baseline insulin-area-under-the-curve from an oral glucose tolerance test . Intervention consisted of 14 one-hour class-based educational sessions . RESULTS Baseline % carbohydrate:% fat:% protein was 44:38:18 . At 6 months , the LF group reported 57:21:22 and the LC group reported 22:53:25 ( IR and IS combined ) . Six-month weight loss ( kg ) was 7.4 ± 6.0 ( LF-IR ) , 10.4 ± 7.8 ( LF-IS ) , 9.6 ± 6.6 ( LC-IR ) , and 8.6 ± 5.6 ( LC-IS ) . No significant main effects were detected for weight loss by diet group or IR status ; there was no significant diet × IR interaction . Significant differences in several secondary outcomes were observed . CONCLUSIONS Substantial weight loss was achieved overall , but a significant diet × IR status interaction was not observed . Opportunity to detect differential response may have been limited by the focus on high diet quality for both diet groups and sample size We tested the hypothesis that the use of a very-low-calorie diet ( VLCD ) in combination with behavior modification would promote long-term glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetic subjects . Thirty-six diabetic subjects were r and omly assigned to a st and ard behavior therapy program or to a behavior therapy program that included an 8-week period of VLCD . The behavior therapy group consumed a balanced diet of 4200 to 6300 J/d throughout the 20-week program . The VLCD group consumed a balanced diet of 4200 to 6300 J for weeks 1 to 4 , followed by a VLCD ( 1680 J/d of lean meat , fish , and fowl ) for weeks 5 to 12 . The VLCD group then gradually reintroduced other foods during weeks 13 to 16 and consumed a balanced diet of 4200 to 6300 J/d for weeks 17 to 20 . Thirty-three of the 36 subjects completed the 20-week program and the 1-year follow-up . Use of the VLCD produced greater decreases in fasting glucose at the end of the 20-week program and at 1-year follow-up and greater long-term reductions in HbA1 . The VLCD group also had greater weight losses at week 20 , but weight losses from pretreatment to 1-year follow-up were similar in the two treatment groups . The improved glycemic control with the VLCD appeared to be due to increased insulin secretion , but further research is needed to confirm this AIMS To complete 5-year follow-up of an intensive weight loss programme in established type 2 diabetic subjects . METHODS Forty-five obese type 2 diabetic subjects , Body mass index ( BMI ) > 30 , expressed interest in an intensive weight loss programme . Group 1 comprised 15 who selected very low calorie diet ( VLCD ) , Group 2 , 15 selected intensive conventional diet and exercise ( ICD ) , 15 failed to follow either programme .  Group sessions of eight to 15 subjects continued weekly for 6 months , then monthly for 12 months with prospect i ve recording at 3 , 6 and 12 months and then annually of quality of life , BMI , waist/hip ratio , blood pressure , fasting blood glucose , serum fructosamine and serum lipids . RESULTS Weight loss was slower in the intensive conventional diet group than in the VLCD group , but better maintained at 5 years : group 1 , 4.8 + /- 6 kg ; group 2 , 8.9 + /- 4 kg . In the intensive conventional diet group , 5 year high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased 1.78 + /- 0.26 mmol L-1 vs. 1.10 + /- 0.32 mmol L-1 at baseline , and diastolic blood pressure reduced 74.5 + /- 13.3 vs. 85.5 + /- 13.3 at baseline , both P < 0.05 . CONCLUSIONS Out-patient VLCD treatment proved safe and effective in overweight diabetic subjects but those who chose conventional diet and exercise had a slower but more sustained weight loss .  Diabetic patients willing to attempt VLCD may safely lose sufficient weight to allow major surgery , but weight regain is inevitable . Patients willing to undertake a long-term group programme of conventional diet can sustain significant weight loss for 5 years , but still require antidiabetic medication OBJECTIVE To determine whether an intermittent very-low-calorie diet ( VLCD )  improves weight loss and glycemic control more than moderate caloric restriction alone . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Individuals with type 2 diabetes ( n = 54 ) who were ≥ 20 % over ideal body weight participated in a 20-week behavioral weight control program . Subjects were r and omized to either a st and ard behavioral therapy ( SBT ) group or to one of two VLCD groups . SBT subjects received a 1,500−1,800 kcal/day diet throughout . Both VLCD groups followed a VLCD for 5 consecutive days during week 2 , followed by either intermittent VLCD therapy for 1 day/week for 15 weeks ( 1-day ) or for 5 consecutive days every 5 weeks ( 5-day ) , with a 1,500−1,800 kcal/day diet at other times . RESULTS Both VLCD groups lost more weight than the SBT group over the 20 weeks ( P = 0.04 ) . Although the groups did not differ in fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) changes at 20 weeks , more subjects in the 5-day group attained a normal HbA1c when compared with the SBT group ( P = 0.04 ) . This benefit was independent of the effects of weight loss . The best predictor of overall change in FPG and HbA1c was the FPG response during the first 3 weeks of the program . CONCLUSIONS Periodic VLCDs  improved weight loss  in diabetic subjects . A regimen with intermittent 5-day VLCD therapy seemed particularly promising , because more subjects in this group attained a normal HbA1c . Moreover , the glucose response to a 3-week period of diet therapy predicted glycemic response at 20 weeks , and it was a better predictor of the 20-week response than initial or overall weight loss The study objective was to evaluate the effect of prescribing a low-carbohydrate diet ( LCD ) and a low-fat diet ( LFD ) on food cravings , food preferences , and appetite .  Obese adults were r and omly assigned to a LCD ( n = 134 ) or a LFD ( n = 136 ) for 2 years . Cravings for specific types of foods ( sweets , high-fats , fast-food fats , and carbohydrates/starches ) ; preferences for high-sugar , high-carbohydrate , and low-carbohydrate/high-protein foods ; and appetite were measured during the trial and evaluated during this secondary analysis of trial data . Differences between the LCD and LFD on change in outcome variables were examined with mixed linear models . Compared to the LFD , the LCD had significantly larger decreases in cravings for carbohydrates/starches and preferences for high-carbohydrate and high-sugar foods . The LCD group reported being less bothered by hunger compared to the LFD group . Compared to the LCD group , the LFD group had significantly larger decreases in cravings for high-fat foods and preference for low-carbohydrate/high-protein foods . Men had larger decreases in appetite ratings compared to women . Prescription of diets that promoted restriction of specific types of foods result ed in decreased cravings and preferences for the foods that were targeted for restriction . The results also indicate that the LCD group was less bothered by hunger compared to the LFD group and that men had larger reductions in appetite compared to women OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination weight loss program using intermittent low-calorie diets , energy-controlled meal replacement products , and sibutramine on weight loss , diabetes control , and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight or obese subjects with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Overweight or obese individuals with type 2 diabetes treated with diet or oral medication were r and omly assigned to either a st and ard therapy or combination therapy group . Both groups received a st and ardized program to facilitate weight loss . The combination therapy group also received 10 - 15 mg sibutramine daily , low-calorie diets using meal replacement products for 1 week every 2 months , and between low-calorie diet weeks , once daily use of meal replacement product and snack bars to replace one usual meal and snack . Primary outcome measures were changes in body weight , glycemic control , plasma lipids , blood pressure , pulse , and body composition at 1 year . RESULTS At 1 year , combination therapy , compared with st and ard therapy , result ed in significantly more weight loss ( -7.3 + /- 1.3 kg vs. -0.8 + /- 0.9 kg , P < 0.001 ) and reduction in HbA(1c ) ( -0.6 + /- 0.3 vs. 0.0 + /- 0.2 % , P = 0.05 ) . Combination therapy result ed in reduced requirement for diabetes medications and decreased fat mass and lean body mass . A 5-kg decrease in weight at 1 year was associated with a decrease of 0.4 % in HbA(1c ) ( P = 0.006 ) . Changes in fasting glucose , lipids , pulse , and blood pressure did not differ between groups . CONCLUSIONS This combination weight loss  program result ed in greater weight loss and improved diabetes control compared with a st and ard weight loss program in overweight or obese subjects with type 2 diabetes It is commonly believed that dieting and the restriction of specific types of foods produces cravings for these foods . This study , therefore , compared changes in self-reported cravings experienced by 93 obese subjects with Type II diabetes who were r and omly assigned to behavioral treatment programmes which used either : ( a ) a balanced , low-calorie diet ( LCD ) of 1000 - 1200 kcal/day throughout , with all foods allowed in moderation , or ( b ) a programme which included a 12-week period of a very low calorie diet ( VLCD ) , where intake was restricted to 400 kcal/day with only lean meat , fish , or fowl allowed . There were significant decreases in cravings for all types of foods over the 20 weeks of the study for both the VLCD and the LCD conditions . The decreases in cravings were particularly pronounced for the VLCD condition for low-fat , high-protein foods ( the only foods allowed on the VLCD ) and for complex carbohydrates , especially grains ( one of the types of foods prohibited on this diet ) . There was no evidence to support the belief that restricting intake of certain foods leads to increased craving for these foods or that the magnitude of weight loss is related to food cravings Diet modification is widely used for the treatment of non.alcoholic steatohepatitis ( NASH ) . Caloric restriction was shown to be effective in normalizing bldod lipid profile , increasing insulin sensitivity and subsequent normalization of aminotrasferases blood level . The aim of the study was to compare low-calorie diet ( LCD ) with isocaloric diet ( ICD ) in patients w , ith NASH . 174 NASH patients [ 86 females ( 39,43±1,53 years old ) and 88 males ( 41,7±2,0 ) , BMI 36,8±0,8 kg/m2 ] were r and omly assigned ( as 1:2 ) for LCD ( 1600 - 1700 kcal/day ) or ICD ( 2500 - 2700 kcal/day ) calculated according to patients ' sex , age , resting energy expenditures and daily physical activity . Caloric restriction was achieved by decreasing consumption of carbohydrates and fat in LCD , whereas for ICD the caloric consumption was established according to the recommended daily values for proteins , fat and carbohydrates for ideal BMI for every patient . Blood chemistry and body composition were assessed at baseline and after 1 mo of prescribed diets . Compliance for the diet was also evaluated using previously vali date d question naire . After 1 mo of dietetic interventions total body mass and lean mass significantly decreased in both groups , but in LCD group it was significantly more prominent decrease in compare to ICD group ( 9,3±1,8 vs 6,2±1,7 kg and 6,6±0,4 vs 1,4±0,6 kg , p<0,05 ) , whereas fat mass decreased better in ICD group ( 4,8±0,7 vs 2 , 7±0,8 kg , p<0,05 ) . Mean ALT level was decreased in ICD group ( 77,5±41,7 vs 98,8±45,7 , p<0,01 ) , but not in LCD group ( 81,2±50,6 vs 77,2±31,8 , p = NS ) whereas blood cholesterol , triglycerides , high density lipoprotein woere significantly decreased in both groups . Moreover during the diet intervention in 72 % of patients from LCD group ALT increased . Compliance index was much higher in ICD group , than in LCD group ( 85 % vs 54 % ) . Thus , one month of lCD leads to decrease in ALT activity in majority of NASH patients , higher loss of fat mass , lower loss of lean mass and associated with better compliance in compare to LCD
The longest trial intervention studies did not show a difference in weight change .
This review shows that there are no consistent differences in weight and A1C changes over the long-term treatment with LCD and LFD , UCD or LGID
INTRODUCTION Low carbohydrate diets ( LCD ) have shown beneficial effects on short-term weight reduction programs for obese individuals without diabetes , but the long-term evidence of efficacy on individuals with type 2 diabetes is not conclusive .
OBJECTIVE To evaluate , the effectiveness of 12 or more weeks of LCD compared to Low Fat Diet ( LFD ) , Usual Care Diet ( UCD ) or Low Glycemic Index Diet ( LGID ) on weight reduction and AIC on type 2 diabetes individuals .