A pharmaco-EEG study on antipsychotic drugs in healthy volunteers Quantitative electroencephalogram examination of effects of risperidone in schizophrenic patients. Quantitative EEG in Schizophrenic Patients before and during Pharmacotherapy The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on quantitative electroencephalograms. Relationship to clinical outcome. The significance of clinical EEG abnormalities in depressed patients treated with ECT. Quantitative EEG and psychometric analyses in assessing CNS-activity of Ro 13-5057--a cerebral insufficiency improver. [Effects of electro-acupuncture on electroencephalography in patients with vascular dementia]. OBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF EEG AMPLITUDE IN CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS DURING A CONTROLLED TRIAL OF PIMOZIDE AND TRIFLUOPERAZINE Assessment of CNS effects of antiepileptic drugs by using quantitative EEG measures. Quantitative analysis of the electroencephalogram during cranial electrotherapy stimulation Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first-episode psychosis. Effects of Systematic Treatment Based on OvernightSi multaneous Monitoring of Electroencephalography and Cystometry Lamotrigine decreases EEG synchronization in a use-dependent manner in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy Effects of Methylphenidate on performance of a practical pistol shooting task: a quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) study Computerized EEG profiles of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, clozapine and placebo in treatment resistant schizophrenia. Initial EEG predicts outcomes in a trial of levetiracetam vs. fosphenytoin for seizure prevention Comparison of the effects of vigabatrin, lamotrigine, and topiramate on quantitative EEGs in patients with epilepsy.
Rationale Both psychotropic drugs and mental disorders have typical signatures in quantitative electroencephalography ( EEG ) . Previous studies found that some psychotropic drugs had EEG effects opposite to the EEG effects of the mental disorders treated with these drugs ( key – lock principle ) . Objectives We performed a placebo-controlled pharmaco-EEG study on two conventional antipsychotics ( chlorpromazine and haloperidol ) and four atypical antipsychotics ( olanzapine , perospirone , quetiapine , and risperidone ) in healthy volunteers . We investigated differences between conventional and atypical drug effects and whether the drug effects were compatible with the key – lock principle . Methods Fourteen subjects underwent seven EEG recording sessions , one for each drug ( dosage equivalent of 1 mg haloperidol )  . In a time-domain analysis , we quantified the EEG by identifying clusters of transiently stable EEG topographies ( microstates ) . Frequency-domain analysis used absolute power across electrodes and the location of the center of gravity ( centroid ) of the spatial distribution of power in different frequency b and s. Results Perospirone increased duration of a microstate class typically shortened in schizophrenics . Haloperidol  increased mean microstate duration of all classes , increased alpha 1 and beta 1 power , and tended to shift the beta 1 centroid posterior . Quetiapine decreased alpha 1 power and shifted the centroid anterior in both alpha b and s. Olanzapine shifted the centroid anterior in alpha 2 and beta 1 . Conclusions The increased microstate duration under perospirone and haloperidol was opposite to effects previously reported in schizophrenic patients , suggesting a key – lock mechanism . The opposite centroid changes induced by olanzapine and quetiapine compared to haloperidol might characterize the difference between conventional and atypical antipsychotics The objective of this study was twofold : ( 1 ) to describe the effects of risperidone on the quantitative electroencephalogram ( EEG ) in schizophrenic patients and ( 2 ) to explore the relationships between EEG changes and clinical improvement . The subjects were nine male schizophrenic patients participating in a placebo-controlled , double-blind clinical trial ( duration , 9 weeks ) aim ed to assess the effects of risperidone . The EEG effects of risperidone were compared with those of haloperidol .  Nine haloperidol patients were selected from a separate treatment study that had a similar design and selection criteria and used identical EEG methods . We found that risperidone treatment induced widespread changes in interhemispheric power asymmetry . Furthermore , overall clinical improvement was related to two EEG measures : ( 1 ) absolute power changes in the beta frequency b and and ( 2 ) power asymmetry in the theta and delta b and s. Both relationships were most expressed in the anterior areas . The first relationship could not be linked to any specific cluster of behavioral symptoms . The second relationship was linked to improvements of affective symptoms and hostility-suspiciousness . The relationships observed in the risperidone group could not be detected in the haloperidol-treated patients . We hypothesized that the first relationship is attributable to an interaction between the serotonergic and dopaminergic system ; the second relationship was associated with serotonergic mechanisms The aim of the study was to determine the possible differences in quantitative EEG parameters of schizophrenic patients before and during therapy with neuroleptics .  First EEG recordings were obtained from schizophrenic patients ( n = 50 ) who had not been taking any medicaments during the preceding 2 months . Second EEG recordings were obtained during the administration of neuroleptic therapy . Amplitude values of particular spectral segment , i.e. delta , theta , alpha 1 , alpha 2 , beta 1 and beta 2 ( after fast Fourier transformation ) were analyzed . The F3 , F4 , C3 , C4 , T3 , T4 , P3 , P4 , O1 and O2 regions were observed . The effect of pharmacotherapy manifested as a decrease in delta and beta 2 activities . The alterations of the delta spectrum were recorded in each patient subgroup ( regardless of the neuroleptic used ) . The changes in beta 2 activity were registered in patients on haloperidol and fluphenazine BACKGROUND The efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) is determined by stimulus electrical intensity and electrode placement . Three theories offer different accounts for why increasing the stimulus dosage of right unilateral ECT enhances antidepressant effects . This study examined the effects of ECT on interictal quantitative electroencephalograms ( EEGs ) , contrasting these theories in their predictions regarding global , lateralized , and topographic changes in ECT-induced slow-wave activity . The time course of EEG changes and associations with efficacy were also determined . METHODS Sixty-two in patients with major depressive disorder were r and omized to ECT conditions that differed in stimulus intensity  ( low vs high dosage ) and electrode placement  ( right unilateral vs bilateral ) . Resting , eyes closed , 19-lead EEG recordings were obtained at pretreatment , following a single treatment , following an average of 7 treatments , during the week following the ECT course , and after a 2-month follow-up period . RESULTS Electroconvulsive therapy produced a marked short-term increase in delta and theta power . At a 2-month follow-up , there were no significant alterations in any frequency b and . The ECT treatment conditions differed markedly in efficacy . Global and lateralized EEG effects did not distinguish effective and ineffective forms of treatment . Effective forms of ECT result ed in increased delta power in prefrontal regions , and this change was associated with the magnitude of symptomatic improvement . CONCLUSION The induction of slow-wave activity in prefrontal cortex is linked to the efficacy of ECT St and ard pretreatment clinical electroencephalograms ( EEGs ) were abnormal in 18.6 % of 140 consecutive patients with Research Diagnostic Criteria ( RDC ) endogenous major depression . The patients were r and omized to unilateral or bilateral and low- and high-dosage electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) conditions . Clinical features , short-term treatment response , and the rate and timing of relapse were contrasted in patients with normal and abnormal clinical EEG examinations . Psychotic depression was more common among abnormal EEG ( 61.5 % ) than normal EEG ( 38.9 % ) patients . Otherwise , the two groups were equivalent in a variety of demographic , clinical , and pharmacological variables . Patients with abnormal EEG  findings tended to show a poorer rate of response to unilateral ECT , but a strong rate of response to  bilateral ECT .  Rates and timing of relapse were equivalent in the two groups . Other than the suggestion that bilateral ECT may be preferable in patients with clinical EEG abnormalities , little evidence was found that such abnormalities characterize discrete subgroups or have preductive utility with respect to ECT outcome In a double-blind , placebo-controlled cross-over study , the encephalotropic , psychotropic and pharmacodynamic properties of Ro 13 - 5057/001 , a new 2-pyrrolidinone derivative , were investigated in 10 geriatric subjects . They received in r and omized order at weekly intervals , single oral doses of placebo , 250 mg , 500 mg and 1000 mg Ro 13 - 5057 , as well as 2000 mg pirazetam as reference drug . EEG recordings , psychometric testing and evaluation of blood pressure , pulse rate and side effects were carried out at the hours 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 and 24 . Power spectral density analysis of the EEG demonstrated Ro 13 - 5057 to be an encephalotropic drug , as statistically significant CNS changes occurred in comparison to placebo , which were characterized by a decrease of delta activity , increase of alpha activity and slow beta activity and acceleration of dominant frequency . The reference drug 2000 mg pirazetam induced similar changes . Such alterations were previously described by us as typical for certain antihypoxidotic/nootropic drugs and are indicative of improvement in vigilance . Psychometric data confirmed this interpretation of neurophysiological alterations as shortening of reaction time , acceleration of tapping speed , CNS activation as measured by the Archimedean spiral , improvement in mood as well as improvement in qualitative but deterioration of quantitative aspects of attention were observed at various times after the active substances as compared with placebo . Regarding time-efficacy , the peak effect in CNS changes was noted in the 2nd hour after Ro 13 - 5057 , but interestingly there were also alterations as late as 24 hours after oral administration . Dose-efficacy curves suggested 1000 mg Ro 13 - 5057 as the most effective compound of the study . The lack of side effects and clinical ly relevant changes in blood pressure and pulse rate indicates that the drug is well tolerated in man OBJECTIVE To study the effects of electro-acupuncture ( EA ) on electroencephalography ( EEG ) in vascular dementia ( VD ) patients . METHODS According to the Hasegawa dementia scale ( HDS ) , the severity of 46 VD patients were classified into three grade s as gentle , medium and severe , in the same time , they were divided into the EA group ( n = 23 ) and the nimotop group ( n = 23 ) r and omly . Changes of EEG in the patients were observed before and after treatment . RESULTS The degree of normality of EEG in VD patients were positively correlated with the severity of their illness , i. e. the severer VD , the more obvious the abnormal EEG changes . CONCLUSION EEG can be accessible for evaluating the severity of VD , and the electrical activity of brain in VD patients could be improved by EA therapy Continuous monitoring of EEG amplitude with the integration technique proposed byDrohocki ( 1948 ) and successively applied and improved by Goldstein and his group ( Goldstein & Beck 1965 ) has proved to be a suitable approach to the study of the action of different drugs in schizophrenic patients and in controls ( Goldstein et al. 1963 , Stlgerman et al. 1964 , Goldstein & Beck 1965 , Murphree et al. 1963 , 1964 a , b ) . As concerns schizophrenic patients , ( Goldstein and his co-workers 1963 , 1965 a , b , Sugerman e t al. 1964 and Burdick e t al. 1967 ) presented results supporting the opinion that electrical brain activity analyzed in terms of mean amplitude and particularly variability over the course of time might enable schizophrenic patients to be distinguished from controls . In a very careful investigation Goldstein et al. ( 1965b ) , using 20 sec. as a convenient analysis interval , found marked differences in variability between patients and normal groups , with the patients showing an overall value for the coefficient of variation only one half that in normal patients . Goldstein et al. considered the lower variability in patients to be associated with higher arousal and absence of periods of drowsiness . These results have later been confirmed elsewhere by other authors ( Ma ~ jerrison et al. 1968 ) . Hallucinogenic drugs ( LSD ) administered orally to normal subjects produce a decrease in mean integrated amplitude ( MIA ) and in variability . The decreased EEG variability due to the influence of hallucinogenic drugs is very similar to that found in the resting EEG of the chronic schizophrenic ( Goldstein et al. 1963 , 1965 a ) . Antipsychotic medication seems to produce changes in both the mean integrated amplitude and in the coefficient of variation , Thus , for instance , trials of chlorpromazine in schizophrenic patients ( Sugerman e t al. 1964 , Murphree et al. 1963 , Goldstein G Beck 1965 ) produced a slight increase of the overall mean integrated amplitude and a nonsignificant increase in the coefficient of variation after one month of treatment with 300 mg daily . Trials of perphenazine carried out by the same authors ( dosage 16 - 32 mg daily for several months ) produced a PURPOSE Antiepileptic drugs ( AEDs ) can be associated with adverse neurologic effects including cognitive dysfunction . Objective methods for recognizing AED effects on the brain could be valuable for long-term management . We compared quantitative EEG measures and cognitive tests in a group of patients beginning or ending AED therapy .  METHODS Subjects included 20 patients beginning AED therapy ( AEDon ) , 12 patients stopping AED therapy ( AEDoff ) , 33 patient controls receiving stable AED therapy ( AEDco ) , and 73 healthy controls ( Nco ) . All subjects underwent structured EEG recording and a cognitive test battery before change in AED dose and again 12 - 16 weeks later , > or=4 weeks after the last dose change . Four occipital EEG measures ( peak frequency , median frequency , relative theta and delta power ) were analyzed . Cognitive test changes were scored by using test-retest regression equations based on the Nco subjects . Wilcoxon tests were used for two-group comparisons . RESULTS AEDons had a significant decrease , and AEDoffs , a significant increase in the peak frequency of the EEG rhythm , as compared with controls . Results for median frequency and theta power were similar . Change in the EEG peak frequency correlated with an aggregate cognitive change measure ( r2= 0.71 ; p < 0.001 ) , individual cognitive measures , and subjective complaints . Of the combined AEDon/AEDoff patients , 58 % exceeded the 95 % confidence interval for test-retest change in EEG peak frequency . CONCLUSIONS Quantitative measures derived from the occipital EEG are sensitive to AEDs and correlate with AED-related cognitive effects and subjective complaints . Although this correlation does not indicate a direct relation , quantified EEG may be a practical measure of AED impact on the brain OBJECTIVE Normal individuals were used to quantitate electroencephalographic ( EEG ) changes during concurrent administration of 0.5 and 100 Hz cranial electrotherapy stimulation ( CES ) . METHODS Twelve normal , right-h and ed males were used in a r and omized , double-blind crossover design study . A 3 amplifier system incorporating noise-cancellation was used to collect one channel of EEG ( O1-Cz configuration ) for 30 min . Either 0.5 , 100 Hz , or sham CES treatment was administered for 20 min of each session . Statistical analyses were applied to time- and frequency-domain EEG variables . RESULTS Relative to sham control , 0.5 and 100 Hz CES caused the alpha b and mean frequency to shift downward . Additionally , 100 Hz CES also caused a decrease of the alpha b and median frequency and beta b and power fraction . CONCLUSIONS Both 0.5 and 100 Hz CES provide frequency distribution shifts that suggest beneficial changes in mental state . However , compared to 0.5 Hz CES , 100 Hz CES effected a greater overall change . It is suggested that similar tests be performed on individuals with various behavioral and neurological disorders to determine if comparable EEG changes can be realized and correlated with beneficial effects of CES therapy BACKGROUND Pathomorphologic brain changes occurring as early as first-episode schizophrenia have been extensively described . Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that these changes may be progressive and associated with clinical outcome . This raises the possibility that antipsychotics might alter such pathomorphologic progression in early-stage schizophrenia . OBJECTIVE To test a priori hypotheses that olanzapine-treated patients have less change over time in whole brain gray matter volumes and lateral ventricle volumes than haloperidol-treated patients and that gray matter and lateral ventricle volume changes are associated with changes in psychopathology and neurocognition . DESIGN Longitudinal , r and omized , controlled , multisite , double-blind study . Patients treated and followed up for up to 104 weeks .  Neurocognitive and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) assessment  s performed at weeks 0 ( baseline ) , 12 , 24 , 52 , and 104 . Mixed-models analyses with time-dependent covariates evaluated treatment effects on MRI end points and explored relationships between MRI , psychopathologic , and neurocognitive outcomes . SETTING Fourteen academic medical centers ( United States , 11 ; Canada , 1 ; Netherl and s , 1 ; Engl and , 1 ) . PARTICIPANTS Patients with first-episode psychosis ( DSM-IV ) and healthy volunteers . INTERVENTIONS R and om allocation to a conventional antipsychotic , haloperidol ( 2 - 20 mg/d ) , or an atypical antipsychotic , olanzapine ( 5 - 20 mg/d ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Brain volume changes assessed by MRI . RESULTS Of 263 r and omized patients , 161 had baseline and at least 1 postbaseline MRI evaluation .  Haloperidol-treated patients exhibited significant decreases in gray matter volume , whereas olanzapine-treated patients did not . A matched sample of healthy volunteers ( n = 58 ) examined contemporaneously showed no change in gray matter volume . CONCLUSIONS Patients with first-episode psychosis exhibited a significant between-treatment difference in MRI volume changes .  Haloperidol was associated with significant reductions in gray matter volume , whereas olanzapine was not . Post hoc analyses suggested that treatment effects on brain volume and psychopathology of schizophrenia may be associated . The differential treatment effects on brain morphology could be due to haloperidol-associated toxicity or greater therapeutic effects of olanzapine Objective : To clarify the effects of systematic treatment based on overnight simultaneous monitoring by electroencephalography ( EEG ) and cystometry ( CM ) on each type of enuresis . Methods : For enuresis type I , the change in the awakening response during the conditioning treatment with a therapeutic machine was observed . For enuresis type IIa , the effect of imipramine on the EEG was observed . For enuresis type IIb , the effect of oxybutynin hydrochloride on the cystometrogram ( CMG ) was observed . Results : Values , in which the awakening score on the second night was subtracted from the score on the last night , were significantly higher in the effective cases than in the unchanged cases . Out of the 3 patients in whom imipramine was effective , an awakening response on the EEG was observed in 2 . Neither of the 2 unchanged cases showed an awakening response . Out of 4 patients in whom oxybutynin hydrochloride was effective , uninhibited contractions ( UIC ) on the CMG disappeared in 3 . UIC stopped in neither of the 2 unchanged cases . Conclusions : Improvement of the awakening response plays an important role in the effectiveness of conditioning treatment with our therapeutic machine . The generation of awakening response is thought to be the most important result of imipramine directly concerned with its clinical effect on enuresis type IIa . The main result with oxybutynin hydrochloride in enuresis type IIb is thought to be related to its antispasmodic effect OBJECTIVE To investigate the quantitative EEG effects of lamotrigine ( LTG ) monotherapy . HYPOTHESIS LTG was predicted to decrease thalamo-cortical neuronal synchronization in idiopathic generalized epilepsy ( IGE ) . METHODS Waking EEG background activity of 19 IGE patients was investigated before treatment and in the course of LTG monotherapy .  Raw absolute power ( RAP ) , raw percent power ( RRP ) , and raw mean frequency ( RMF ) were computed for 19 electrodes and four frequency b and s ( delta=1.5 - 3.5Hz , theta=3.5 - 7.5Hz , alpha=7.5 - 12.5Hz , and beta=12.5 - 25.0Hz ) . Inter- and intrahemispheric coherence was computed for eight electrode pairs and the four frequency b and s. In addition , scalp-averages were calculated for each variable . Group differences were computed by means of nonparametric statistics including correction for multiple comparisons . RESULTS Main results were decreased delta and theta RAP ( p<0.05 for scalp-averages ) . LTG compressed the delta , theta , and alpha RAP data sets , reducing the upper limit of the scatter in particular . Spearman r-values indicated marked correlation between the starting values ( RAPuntreated ) and the LTG-related decrease ( RAPtreated-RAPuntreated ) in three b and s : delta ( r=-0.72 ; p=0.0005 ) , theta ( r=-0.59 ; p=0.007 ) , and alpha ( r=-0.61 ; p=0.006 ) . Thus , the greater the baseline neuronal synchronization , the marked the dampening effect of LTG on it . The remaining findings were decreased theta RRP , theta RMF , and increased alpha RMF ( p<0.05 for scalp-averages ) . The electrode-related changes were small but topographically consistent across the 19 electrode sites . LTG did not affect coherence . CONCLUSIONS 1 . LTG partially normalized the spectral composition of EEG background activity . LTG decreased pathological thalamo-cortical synchronization in use-dependent manner . 2 . LTG did not cause quantitative EEG alterations suggesting worsening of the physiological brain functions . Instead , its profile suggested a mild psychostimulant effect . SIGNIFICANCE The results contribute to the underst and ing of the effect of LTG at the network level Background The present study examined absolute alpha power using quantitative electroencephalogram ( qEEG ) in bilateral temporal and parietal cortices in novice soldiers under the influence of methylpheni date ( MPH )  during the preparatory aim ing period in a practical pistol-shooting task . We anticipated higher bi-hemispheric cortical activation in the preparatory period relative to pre-shot baseline in the methylpheni date group when compared with the control group because methylpheni date has been shown to enhance task-related cognitive functions . Methods Twenty healthy , novice soldiers were equally distributed in control ( CG ; n = 10 ) and MPH groups 10 mg ( MG ; n = 10 ) using a r and omized , double blind design . Subjects performed a pistol-shooting task while electroencephalographic activity was acquired . Results We found main effects for group and practice blocks on behavioral measures , and interactions between group and phases on electroencephalographic measures for the electrodes T3 , T4 , P3 and P4 . Regarding the behavioral measures , the MPH group demonstrated significantly poorer in shooting performance when compared with the control and , in addition , significant increases in the scores over practice blocks were found on both groups . In addition , regarding the electroencephalographic data , we observed a significant increase in alpha power over practice blocks , but alpha power was significantly lower for the MPH group when compared with the placebo group . Moreover , we observed a significant decrease in alpha power in electrodes T4 and P4 during PTM . Conclusion Although we found no correlation between behavioral and EEG data , our findings show that MPH did not prevent the learning of the task in healthy subjects . However , during the practice blocks ( PBs ) it also did not favor the performance when compared with control group performance . It seems that the CNS effects of MPH dem and ed an initial readjustment period of integrated operations relative to the sensorimotor system . In other words , MPH seems to provoke a period of initial instability due to a possible modulation in neural activity , which can be explained by lower levels of alpha power ( i.e. , higher cortical activity ) . However , after the end of the PB1 a new stabilization was established in neural circuits , due to repetition of the task , result ing higher cortical activity during the task . In conclusion , MPH group performance was not initially superior to that of the control group , but eventually exceeded it , albeit without achieving statistical significance In this paper we have described early applications of computerized EEG techniques in psychopharmacology . Perhaps our most remarkable finding was there were practically no differences between very chronic drug free schizophrenic patients and normals , which contradicts much of the EEG imaging literature . To us , the most likely explanation is that most of the anterior slowing observed in other studies was due to contamination from orbital artifacts , which we took exceptional pains to remove . Lingering effects of neuroleptic medications may also have contributed . Alternatively , EEG deviations in schizophrenia may recede when the illness reaches a very chronic stage , although this hypothesis is less tenable . There were significant differences between placebo and the three neuroleptics in terms of increased amplitudes in the delta and theta frequency b and s in the anterior head regions , which is compatible with data from other studies . These changes were most pronounced with clozapine and least prominent with haloperidol , with chlorpromazine occupying an intermediate position . This order happens to parallel their relative antiserotonergic , antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties . The latter may have been partially obscured by the addition of benztropine . In a subgroup of patients who were recorded under each of the treatment conditions , there were more fast frequencies with clozapine than with the other neuroleptics agreeing with Roubicek and Major . This could be a function of clozapine 's increased adrenergic activity as reported by Ackenheil . An unexpected finding was that patients who responded to clozapine had higher amplitudes in the alpha spectrum , most pronounced in the left anterior quadrant , than did the nonresponders . These differences between responders and nonresponders obtained whether patients were on placebo , haloperidol or clozapine . Curiously , Buchsbaum et al. found that anxious patients who responded to benzodiazepines also had higher alpha amplitudes in the same brain regions , which differentiated them from nonresponders . These findings clearly warrant future scientific investigation . In this regard , the generalizability of our data is limited by the extremely chronic , treatment-resistant population studied . However , promising directions for further research in EEG and psychopharmacology have been identified Continuous electroencephalography ( cEEG ) is increasingly used to detect both clinical and sub clinical seizures in patients with traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) or subarachnoid hemorrhage ( SAH ) . We assess whether EEG findings predict outcomes in TBI/SAH patients enrolled in a levetiracetam ( LEV ) vs. fosphenytoin ( fos-PHT ) seizure prevention trial ( NCT00618436 ) . This prospect i ve , single-blinded , comparative trial r and omized 52 patients with TBI or SAH to receive prophylactic LEV or fos-PHT . Continuous video EEG monitoring was conducted for the initial 72 h of medication administration . The association between EEG findings ( degree of generalized and focal slowing , presence and frequency of epileptiform discharges and seizures ) and outcomes ( Glasgow Outcomes Scale-Extended ( GOS-E ) and Disability Rating Scale ( DRS ) ) at discharge , 3 and 6 months was assessed using a generalized linear model . Severity of generalized slowing tended to be associated with outcomes in both treatment groups ( discharge DRS , p=0.042 ; discharge GOS-E , p=0.026 ; 3 month DRS , p=0.051 ) . The presence of focal slowing , the presence and frequency of epileptiform discharges and the presence of seizures were not predictive of outcome in either treatment group ( all p>0.15 ) . While it has been shown that LEV is associated with better outcome than fos-PHT when used as seizure prophylaxis in brain injury , aside from severity of generalized slowing , electrographic findings of focal slowing , epileptiform discharges , and seizures were not themselves associated with outcomes in patients with TBI or SAH enrolled in a r and omized clinical trial Information on the effects of newer antiepileptic drug ( AEDs ) on the electroencephalogram ( EEG ) is sparse and contradictory . Quantitative EEG ( qEEG ) provides a method of estimating the effects of drugs on the central nervous system . Twenty-three adult patients with difficult-to-control complex partial seizures , with or without secondary generalization , participated in an add-on study with one of three newer AEDs : vigabatrin ( n = 10 ) , lamotrigine ( n = 6 ) , and topiramate ( n = 7 ) . Frequency analysis and topographic mapping of awake EEGs before and during treatment with the drug were compared . Statistical analysis was performed using 2-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) with repeated measures . Vigabatrin administration was followed by a diffuse decrease in the absolute alpha ( p < 0.05 ) and beta ( p < 0.02 ) activities and a decrease in the absolute theta in the frontal and parieto-occipital regions ( p < 0.03 ) . Lamotrigine caused a significant diffuse increase in the faster frequencies ( relative alpha p < 0.04 and relative beta p < 0.02 ) , and decrease in the slower activities ( relative theta in the posterior head regions p < 0.03 and relative delta diffusely p < 0.05 ) . Topiramate increased the absolute beta ( p < 0.05 ) and theta ( p < 0.02 ) activities diffusely and decreased the relative alpha activity over the left hemisphere ( p < 0.03 ) . The different effect profiles of the newer AEDs on the electrical brain activity may reflect their different mechanisms of action
RESULTS Following an extensive review of selected studies from the 201 articles , the studies indicate that each of the psychotropic medications review ed impact alpha , beta , delta and theta waves independently and differently from each other .
Additionally , certain medications , particularly haloperidol and valproic acid , have dissimilar results exemplified in all waveforms .
OBJECTIVES It is known that psychotropic medications have an impact on the readings found in Electroencephalogram ( EEG ) .
In the field of psychiatry , there are several psychotropics utilized by clinicians .
This review seeks to investigate all the available data for psychotropic drugs and their impact on EEG changes .