Children, parents, and pets exercising together (CPET) randomised controlled trial: study rationale, design, and methods Effects of worksite physical exercise intervention on physical fitness, perceived health status, and work ability among home care workers: five-year follow-up. Design of the Quality of Life in Motion (QLIM) study: a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a combined physical exercise and psychosocial training program to improve physical fitness in children with cancer Effects of a combined physical training and nutrition intervention on physical performance and health-related quality of life in prefrail older women living in the community: a randomized controlled trial. Children, parents and pets exercising together (CPET): exploratory randomised controlled trial Dogs motivate obese children for physical activity: key elements of a motivational theory of animal-assisted interventions Effects of training on functional performance in 65, 75 and 85 year-old women: experiences deriving from community based studies in Odense, Denmark. Physical exercise at the workplace prevents deterioration of work ability among healthcare workers: cluster randomized controlled trial Improved Physical Fitness Among Older Female Participants in a Nationally Disseminated, Community-Based Exercise Program Integrative neuromuscular training and sex-specific fitness performance in 7-year-old children: an exploratory investigation. Psychosocial benefits of workplace physical exercise: cluster randomized controlled trial Health promotion in older Chinese: a 12-month cluster randomized controlled trial of pedometry and "peer support". A multicentre year-long randomised controlled trial of exercise training targeting physical functioning in men with prostate cancer previously treated with androgen suppression and radiation from TROG 03.04 RADAR. Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of aerobic exercise training in healthy older men and women. Effectiveness of workplace exercise supervised by a physical therapist among nurses conducting shift work: A randomized controlled trial Workplace Exercise and Educational Program for Improving Fitness Outcomes Related to Health in Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial The effect of three different exercise training modalities on cognitive and physical function in a healthy older population
Background Objective ly measured physical activity is low in British children , and declines as childhood progresses . Observational studies suggest that dog-walking might be a useful approach to physical activity promotion in children and adults , but there are no published public health interventions based on dog-walking with children . The Children , Parents , and Pets Exercising Together Study aims to develop and evaluate a theory driven , generalisable , family-based , dog walking intervention for 9 - 11 year olds . Methods / design The Children , Parents , and Pets Exercising Together Study is an exploratory , assessor-blinded , r and omised controlled trial as defined in the UK MRC Framework on the development and evaluation of complex interventions in public health . The trial will follow CONSORT guidance . Approximately 40 dog-owning families will be allocated r and omly in a ratio of 1.5:1 to receive a simple behavioural intervention lasting for 10 weeks or to a ' waiting list ' control group . The primary outcome is change in objective ly measured child physical activity using Actigraph accelerometry . Secondary outcomes in the child , included in part to shape a future more definitive r and omised controlled trial , are : total time spent sedentary and patterning of sedentary behaviour ( Actigraph accelerometry ) ; body composition and bone health from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry ; body weight , height and BMI ; and finally , health-related quality of life using the PedsQL . Secondary outcomes in parents and dogs are : changes in body weight ; changes in Actigraph accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour . Process evaluation will consist of assessment of simultaneous child , parent , and dog accelerometry data and brief interviews with participating families . Discussion The Children , Parents , and Pets Exercising Together trial should be the first r and omised controlled study to establish and evaluate an intervention aim ed at dog-based physical activity promotion in families . It should advance our underst and ing of whether and how to use  pet dogs to promote physical activity and /or to reduce sedentary behaviour in children and adults . The trial is intended to lead to a subsequent more definitive r and omised controlled trial , and the work should inform future dog-based public health interventions such as secondary prevention interventions in children or adults . Trial registration numberIS RCT OBJECTIVE The effects and constancy of a worksite physical exercise intervention were examined in relation to the physical fitness , perceived health status , and work ability of female service workers during periods of 1 and 5 years . METHODS The subjects comprised female home care workers divided into an intervention group ( n = 50 , mean age 41.8 ( SD 10.4 ) years ) and a control group ( n = 37 , mean age 43.3 ( SD 8.8 ) years ) . The intervention group participated in 9 months of supervised exercise intervention twice a week during the workday . Functional capacity , perceived health , and work ability were assessed at the beginning of the study and after a 1- and a 5-year period of follow-up . RESULTS In the 1-year follow-up measurements , body fat had decreased ( 4 % ) and dynamic muscle performance and maximal oxygen consumption in relation to body mass ( 30 - 38 and 7 % , respectively ) had increased in the intervention group . The differences in outcome variables between the intervention and the control groups were significant ( from P = 0.014 to P < 0.001 ) . These positive effects of worksite exercise were observed despite the age of the subjects , and the changes were consistent during a 5-year period . In the control group the decline of the work ability index ( L smean ) was about three times faster than in the intervention group during the 5-year period . CONCLUSIONS Physical exercise executed in work units can be used to improve the physical capacity of female home care aides and prevent the early decline of their work ability . In jobs that are physically dem and ing , such as home care work , early prevention must start before the age-related deterioration of health and physical capacity Background Childhood cancer and its treatment have considerable impact on a child 's physical and mental wellbeing . Especially long-term administration of chemotherapy and /or radiotherapy impairs physical fitness both during and after therapy , when children often present with muscle weakness and /or low cardiorespiratory fitness . Physical exercise can improve these two elements of physical fitness , but the positive effects of physical exercise might be further increased when a child 's wellbeing is simultaneously enhanced by psychosocial training . Feeling better may increase the willingness and motivation to engage in sports activities . Therefore , this multi-centre study evaluates the short and long-term changes in physical fitness of a child with a childhood malignancy , using a combined physical exercise and psychosocial intervention program , implemented during or shortly after treatment . Also examined is whether positive effects on physical fitness reduce inactivity-related adverse health problems , improve quality of life , and are cost-effective . Methods This multi-centre r and omized controlled trial compares a combined physical and psychosocial intervention program for children with cancer , with care as usual ( controls ) . Children with cancer ( aged 8 - 18 years ) treated with chemotherapy and /or radiotherapy , and who are no longer than 1 year post-treatment , are eligible for participation . A total of 100 children are being recruited from the paediatric oncology/haematology departments of three Dutch university medical centres . Patients are stratified according to pubertal stage ( girls : age ≤10 or > 10 years ; boys : ≤11 or > 11 years ) , type of malignancy ( haematological or solid tumour ) , and moment of inclusion into the study ( during or after treatment ) , and are r and omly assigned to the intervention or control group . Discussion Childhood cancer patients undergoing long-term cancer therapy may benefit from a combined physical exercise and psychosocial intervention program since it may maintain or enhance their physical fitness and increase their quality of life . However , the feasibility , patient need , and effectiveness of such a program should be established before the program can be implemented as part of st and ard care . Trial registration numberNTR1531 ( The Netherl and s National Trial Register OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine whether a 12-week combined physical exercise training and nutritional intervention improves physical performance and enhances health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) among prefrail elderly women living in the community . DESIGN This was a r and omized controlled trial in which participants were recruited and r and omly assigned to the exercise and nutrition group ( EN , n = 30 ) , exercise only group ( E , n = 28 ) , and control group ( C , n = 31 ) . SETTING Group training classes were held at a research center in Itabashi Ward , Tokyo , Japan . PARTICIPANTS Eighty-nine prefrail women aged 70 years or older . INTERVENTION The EN group participated in an exercise training and nutritional program ( cooking class ) once a week , and the E group participated in the exercise training program only . MEASUREMENTS Outcome measures that included physical performance ( h and grip strength , balance , walking speed ) and HRQOL ( Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey ) were obtained at entry , the end of the 12-week intervention , and 6 months after completion of the intervention program . RESULTS At the end of the 12-week intervention , significant improvements in the physical component summary score and 3 ( role physical , bodily pain , role emotional ) of the 8 domains of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey were observed in the EN group . The E group exhibited a significantly increased h and grip strength at postintervention . The positive effects , however , were not maintained at 6-month follow-up , but were reduced . CONCLUSIONS The combined physical exercise training and nutritional intervention program has beneficial effects on several domains of HRQOL and h and grip strength in prefrail elderly women living in the community . However , further studies are needed to examine approaches that facilitate maintenance of the improved outcomes by combined exercise training and nutritional intervention Background Levels of physical activity ( PA ) in UK children are much lower than recommended and novel approaches to its promotion are needed . The Children , Parents and Pets Exercising Together ( CPET ) study is the first exploratory r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) to develop and evaluate an intervention aim ed at dog-based PA promotion in families . CPET aim ed to assess the feasibility , acceptability and potential efficacy of a theory-driven , family-based , dog walking intervention for 9–11 year olds . Methods Twenty-eight families were allocated r and omly to either receive a 10-week dog based PA intervention or to a control group . Families in the intervention group were motivated and supported to increase the frequency , intensity and duration of dog walking using a number of behaviour change techniques . Parents in the intervention group were asked to complete a short study exit question naire . In addition , focus groups with parents and children in the intervention group , and with key stakeholders were undertaken . The primary outcome measure was 10 week change in total volume of PA using the mean accelerometer count per minute ( cpm ) . Intervention and control groups were compared using analysis of covariance . Analysis was performed on an intention to treat basis . Results Twenty five families were retained at follow up ( 89 % ) and 97 % of all outcome data were collected at baseline and follow up . Thirteen of 14 ( 93 % ) intervention group parents available at follow up completed the study exit question naire and noted that study outcome measures were acceptable . There was a mean difference in child total volume of PA of 27 cpm ( 95 % CI -70 , 123 ) and -3 cpm ( 95 % CI -60 , 54 ) for intervention and control group children , respectively . This was not statistically significant . Approximately 21 % of dog walking time for parents and 39 % of dog walking time for children was moderate-vigorous PA . Conclusions The acceptability of the CPET intervention and outcome measures was high . Using pet dogs as the agent of lifestyle change in PA interventions in children and their parents is both feasible and acceptable , but did not result in a significant increase in child PA in this exploratory trial . Trial registration IS RCT Background : There is empirical evidence that the presence of a companion animal can have a positive impact on performance . The available evidence can be viewed in terms of differing hypotheses that attempt to explain the mechanisms behind the positive effects . Little attention has been given to motivation as a potential mode of action with regards to human-animal interactions . First we give an overview of evidence that animals might promote motivation . Second we present a study to examine the effect of a therapy dog on exercise performance in children with obesity . Methods : Twelve children , aged 8–12 years old , were r and omly assigned to two groups in a crossover design : dog-group and human confederate group . Several types of physical activities via accelerometer and subjective ratings of wellbeing , satisfaction , and motivation were assessed . Data were analyzed using analysis of variance for repeated measures on one factor . Results : The main effect of condition was significant for all performance variables . There was less passive behavior and more physical activity for all performance variables in the presence of the dog than in that of the human confederate . Between dog- and human- condition there was no difference in the subjective rating of motivation , wellbeing , or satisfaction . Discussion : The results demonstrate that the presence of a therapy dog has the potential to increase physical activity in obese children .  Task performance as a declarative measure was increased by the presence of the dog in comparison to a human confederate , but self-report measures of motivation , satisfaction or wellbeing did not differ between the two conditions . Therefore , it st and s to reason that a dog could trigger implicit motives which enhance motivation for activity . The results of our study indicate the potentially beneficial effect of incorporating dogs into outpatient training for obese children The aim of the Odense training studies is to eluci date if regular physical training influences the expected decline in physical functional ability in order to assess capacity for postponing dependence in old age . All participants were healthy community-dwelling women representing three different age-cohorts of 65 , 75 and 85 year-old subjects . The 65 and 85 year-old participants of the training group took part in physical class-based exercises for eight months with one session of 60 min a week , whereas the 75 year-old women trained twice a week over eight months . The multicomponent training consisted of various exercises typically involving body awareness , rhythm , aerobic performance ( walking ) , muscle strength and muscle endurance , flexibility , reaction and balance exercises . Physical ability was measured as physical performance test ( PPT ) , isometric muscle strength of the trunk , hip and leg , aerobic capacity and walking speed . This shows that regular training can significantly improve physical ability of elderly women with regard to PPT , maximal oxygen uptake and maximal walking speed , suggesting that both young-old and old-old women are able to benefit from regular tailored exercise training . Thus , physical training of old community-dwelling women appears to represent a prophylactic remedy that merits further research aim ed at evaluating the preliminary findings of the present studies in larger , less selective groups of participants Background Imbalance between individual re sources and work dem and s can lead to musculoskeletal disorders and reduced work ability . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of workplace- versus home-based physical exercise on work ability among healthcare workers . Methods Two hundred female healthcare workers ( Age : 42.0 , BMI : 24.1 , work ability index [ WAI ] : 43.1 ) from 18 departments at three Danish hospitals participated ( Copenhagen , Denmark , Aug 2013—Jan 2014 ) . Participants were r and omly allocated at the cluster level to 10 weeks of : 1 ) workplace physical exercise ( WORK ) performed during working hours for 5x10 min per week and up to 5 group-based coaching sessions on motivation for regular physical exercise , or 2 ) home-based physical exercise ( HOME ) performed during leisure time for 5x10 min per week . Both groups received ergonomic counseling on patient h and ling and use of lifting aides . The main outcome measure was the change from baseline to 10-week follow-up in WAI . Results Significant group by time interaction was observed for WAI ( p < 0.05 ) . WAI at follow-up was 1.1 ( 0.3 to 1.8 ) higher in WORK compared with HOME corresponding to a small effect size ( Cohens’d = 0.24 ) . Within-group changes indicated that between-group differences were mainly caused by a reduction in WAI in HOME . Of the seven items of WAI , item 2 ( work ability in relation to the dem and s of the job ) and item 5 ( sickness absence during the past year ) were improved in WORK compared with HOME ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions Performing physical exercise together with colleagues at the workplace prevents deterioration of work ability among female healthcare workers . Trial registration number Clinical Trials.gov NCT01921764 . Registered 10 August 2013 Background . Strength training ( ST ) is an important health behavior for aging women ; it helps maintain strength and function and reduces risk for chronic diseases . This study assessed change in physical fitness following participation in a ST program implemented and evaluated by community leaders . Method . The StrongWomen Program is a nationally disseminated , research -based , community ST program active in 40 states . The Senior Fitness Test is used to assess upper and lower body strength , upper and lower body flexibility , aerobic fitness , and agility ; data are collected prior to and following program participation . Results . For these analyses , five states provided deidentified data for 367 female participants , mean age 63 ( ±11 ) years .  Attendance in approximately 10 weeks of twice-weekly classes was 69.4 % . Paired t tests were used to analyze pre – post change . Significant improvements were observed ( p < .01 ) in all Senior Fitness Test measures . Data are stratified by age-group and compared with published , age-based norms . Conclusions . This study demonstrates that it is feasible for community leaders to conduct pre – post physical fitness evaluations with participants and that participants experienced improvements across several important domains of physical fitness CONTEXT Integrative neuromuscular training ( INT ) has successfully enhanced physical fitness and reduced abnormal biomechanics , which appear to decrease injury rates in adolescent female athletes . If not addressed at the proper time , low levels of physical fitness and abnormal mechanics may predispose female athletes to an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries . OBJECTIVES To evaluate sex-specific effects of INT on selected measures of health- and skill-related fitness in children during physical education ( PE ) . DESIGN Cohort study . SETTING Public primary school . PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Forty children ( 16 boys , 24 girls ; age = 7.6 ± 0.3 years , height = 124.5 ± 6.4 cm , mass = 29.5 ± 7.6 kg ) from 2 second- grade PE classes . INTERVENTION(S ) The classes were r and omized into the PE-plus-INT group ( 10 boys , 11 girls ) or the control group ( 6 boys , 13 girls ) that participated in traditional PE . The INT was performed 2 times per week during the first approximately 15 minutes of each PE class and consisted of body weight exercises . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Push-up , curl-up , st and ing long jump , single-legged hop , single-legged balance , sit- and -reach flexibility test , shuttle run , and 0.8-km run . RESULTS At baseline , the boys demonstrated higher levels of performance in most of the fitness measurements as evidence d by greater performance on the push-up , st and ing long jump , single-legged hop , shuttle run , and 0.8-km run ( P < .05 ) . In the evaluation of the training effects , we found intervention effects in the girls for  enhanced INT-induced gains in performance relative to the control group on the curl-up , long jump , single-legged hop , and 0.8-km run ( P < .05 ) after controlling for baseline . Boys did not demonstrate similar adaptations from the INT program ( P ≥ .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that INT is an effective and time-efficient  addition to PE for enhancing motor skills and promoting physical activity in children . Seven-year-old girls appeared to be more sensitive to the effects of INT than 7-year-old boys . Future research is warranted to confirm these effects in larger cohorts of children Background While benefits of workplace physical exercise on physical health is well known , little is known about the psychosocial effects of such initiatives . This study evaluates the effect of workplace versus home-based physical exercise on psychosocial factors among healthcare workers . Methods A total of 200 female healthcare workers ( Age : 42.0 , BMI : 24.1 ) from 18 departments at three hospitals were cluster-r and omized to 10 weeks of : 1 ) home-based physical exercise ( HOME ) performed alone during leisure time for 10 min 5 days per week or 2 ) workplace physical exercise ( WORK ) performed in groups during working hours for 10 min 5 days per week and up to 5 group-based coaching sessions on motivation for regular physical exercise . Vitality and mental health ( SF-36 , scale 0–100 ) , psychosocial work environment ( COPSOQ , scale 0–100 ) , work- and leisure disability ( DASH , 0–100 ) , control- ( Bournemouth , scale 0–10 ) and concern about pain ( Pain Catastrophizing Scale , scale 0–10 ) were assessed at baseline and at 10-week follow-up . Results Vitality as well as control and concern about pain improved more following WORK than HOME ( all p < 0.05 ) in spite of increased work pace ( p < 0.05 ) . Work- and leisure disability , emotional dem and s , influence at work , sense of community , social support and mental health remained unchanged . Between-group differences at follow-up ( WORK vs. HOME ) were 7 [ 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) 3 to 10 ] for vitality , −0.8 [ 95 % CI -1.3 to −0.3 ] for control of pain and −0.9 [ 95 % CI -1.4 to −0.5 ] for concern about pain , respectively . Conclusions Performing physical exercise together with colleagues during working hours was more effective than home-based exercise in improving vitality and concern and control of pain among healthcare workers . These benefits occurred in spite of increased work pace . Trial registration NCT01921764 at Clinical Trials.gov . Registered 10 August 2013 PURPOSE Aging , in conjunction with decreasing physical activity , is associated with a range of health problems . Simple , low-maintenance , population -based means of promoting activity to counteract the age-associated decline are required . We therefore assessed the effect of pedometry and buddy support to increase physical activity . METHODS We undertook a clustered r and omized trial ( HKCTR-346 ) of 24 community centers involving 399 older Chinese participants ( ≥ 60 yr ) . Centers were r and omly allocated to 1 ) pedometry and buddy , 2 ) pedometry and no buddy , 3 ) no pedometry and buddy , and 4 ) no pedometry and no buddy with a 2 × 2 factorial design . The trial simultaneously tested the individual and combined effects of the interventions . The intervention groups also received monthly organized group activities to provide encouragement and support . Outcome measures were assessed at 6 and 12 months , including physical fitness and activity and cardiovascular disease risk factors ( anthropometry and blood pressure ) . RESULTS From the 24 centers , 356 volunteers ( 89.2 % ) completed the study . Those receiving the interventions had higher mean physical activity levels at 12 months of 1820 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 1360 - 2290 ) and 1260 ( 95 % CI = 780 - 1740 ) MET·min·wk(-1 ) , respectively relative to the decrease in the control groups . The buddy peer support intervention  significantly improved mean aerobic fitness ( 12 % [ 95 % CI = 4%-21 % ] ) and reduced both body fat ( -0.6 % [ 95 % CI = -1.1 % to 0.0 % ] ) and time to complete the 2.5-m get-up- and -go test ( -0.27 [ 95 % CI = -0.53 to -0.01 ] s ) . No other improvements in the cardiovascular disease risk factors were observed . The combination of motivational tools was no better than the individual interventions . CONCLUSIONS Both motivational interventions increased physical activity levels , and the buddy style improved fitness . These tools could be useful adjuncts in the prevention of obesity and age-related complications BACKGROUND Long-term prostate cancer ( PCa ) survivors are at increased risk for comorbidities and physical deconditioning . OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of a year-long r and omised controlled trial of exercise training in PCa survivors > 5 yr postdiagnosis on physical functioning . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Between 2010 and 2011 , 100 long-term PCa survivors from Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group 03.04 R and omised And rogen Deprivation and Radiotherapy previously treated with and rogen-deprivation therapy and radiation therapy were r and omly assigned to 6 mo of supervised exercise followed by 6 mo of a home-based maintenance programme ( n=50 ) or printed educational material about physical activity ( n=50 ) for 12 mo across 13 university-affiliated exercise clinics in Australia and New Zeal and . INTERVENTION Supervised resistance and aerobic exercise or printed educational material about physical activity . OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The primary end point was a 400-m walk as a measure of cardiovascular fitness . Secondary end points were physical function , patient-reported outcomes , muscle strength , body composition , and biomarkers . Analysis of covariance was used to compare outcomes for groups at 6 and 12 mo adjusted for baseline values . RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Participants undergoing supervised exercise showed improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness performance at 6 mo ( -19 s [ p=0.029 ] ) and 12 mo ( -13 s [ p=0.028 ] ) and better lower-body physical function across the 12-mo period ( p<0.01 ) . Supervised exercise also improved self-reported physical functioning at 6 ( p=.006 ) and 12 mo ( p=0.002 ) , appendicular skeletal muscle at 6 mo ( p=0.019 ) , and objective measures of muscle strength at 6 and 12 mo ( p<0.050 ) . Limitations included the restricted number of participants undertaking body composition assessment , no blinding to group assignment for physical functioning measures , and inclusion of well-functioning individuals . CONCLUSIONS Supervised exercise training in long-term PCa survivors is more effective than physical activity educational material for increasing cardiorespiratory fitness , physical function , muscle strength , and self-reported physical functioning at 6 mo . Importantly , these benefits were maintained in the long term with a home-based programme with follow-up at 12 mo . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY The effect of an exercise intervention on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in prostate cancer patients from the RADAR study , ACTRN : ACTRN12609000729224 The cardiovascular and behavioral adaptations associated with a 4-month program of aerobic exercise training were examined in 101 older men and women ( mean age = 67 years ) . Subjects were r and omly assigned to an Aerobic Exercise group , a Yoga and Flexibility control group , or a Waiting List control group . Prior to and following the 4-month program , subjects underwent comprehensive physiological and psychological evaluations . Physiological measures included measurement of blood pressure , lipids , bone density , and cardiorespiratory fitness including direct measurements of peak oxygen consumption ( VO2 ) and anaerobic threshold . Psychological measures included measures of mood , psychiatric symptoms , and neuropsychological functioning . This study demonstrated that 4 months of aerobic exercise training produced an overall 11.6 % improvement in peak VO2 and a 13 % increase in anaerobic threshold . In contrast , the Yoga and Waiting List control groups experienced no change in cardiorespiratory fitness . Other favorable physiological changes observed among aerobic exercise participants included lower cholesterol levels , diastolic blood pressure levels , and for subjects at risk for bone fracture , a trend toward an increase in bone mineral content . Although few significant psychological changes could be attributed to aerobic exercise training , participants in the two active treatment groups perceived themselves as improving on a number of psychological and behavioral dimensions Objectives : This study aim ed to evaluate the effectiveness of supervised exercise among nurses conducting shift work for health promotion . Methods : A total of 30 healthy female nurses conducting shift work participated in this study and they were r and omly assigned to one of the following 2 groups : The supervised exercise group ( SG ; participants exercised under the supervision of a physical therapist ( PT ) ) and the voluntary exercise group ( VG ; participants exercised without supervision ) . The study participants were asked to exercise twice/week for 12 weeks for 24 sessions . The primary outcome was aerobic fitness , and the secondary outcomes were muscle strength , anthropometric data , biochemical parameters , and mental health . We compared all the outcomes before and after the intervention within each group and between both groups at follow-up . Results : Aerobic fitness increased in the SG whereas it decreased in the VG , but these changes were not statistically significant ( p=0.053 and 0.073 , respectively ) . However , the between-group difference was significant in the intervention effect ( p=0.010 ) . Muscle strength , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and metabolic profile ( high-molecular weight adiponectin ) , and depressive symptom significantly improved in the SG over time , even though the SG exercised less as compared with the VG . Moreover , significant differences in muscle strength , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and reactive oxygen metabolite levels were observed between both groups , and these parameters were better in the SG than in the VG . Conclusions : Our data -suggest the effectiveness of exercise supervised by a PT at the workplace of nurses conducting shift work for health promotion Objective : To investigate the effects of a workplace fitness and education program intervention on physical fitness of workers . Methods : Employees from a chemical plant ( n = 60 ) participated in a 4-month longitudinal study . They were r and omly distributed in control and experimental groups . The experimental group had 4 months of exercise training in 15-minute sessions . The following evaluations were performed before and after the training period : body composition , localized muscle strength , and flexibility . Results : The experimental group showed a significant decrease in body fat ( 24.7 % ) and a significant increase in lean mass ( 6.1 % ) , flexibility ( 17.9 % ) , sit-up test performance ( 39.8 % ) , and push-up test performance ( 29.8 % ) after the workplace fitness and education program compared with initial values . Conclusions : A structured program of physical exercise was effective in improving body composition , abdominal strength , upper limb strength , and flexibility in workers Background Older adults are encouraged to participate in regular physical activity to counter the age-related declines in physical and cognitive health . Literature on the effect of different exercise training modalities ( aerobic vs resistance ) on these health-related outcomes is not only sparse , but results are inconsistent . In general , it is believed that exercise has a positive effect on executive cognitive function , possibly because of the physiological adaptations through increases in fitness . Indications are that high-intensity interval training is a potent stimulus to improve cardiovascular fitness , even in older adults ; however , its effect on cognitive function has not been studied before . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training , high-intensity aerobic interval training and moderate continuous aerobic training on the cognitive and physical functioning of healthy older adults . Methods Sixty-seven inactive individuals ( 55 to 75 years ) were r and omly assigned to a resistance training ( RT ) group ( n = 22 ) , high-intensity aerobic interval training ( HIIT ) group ( n = 13 ) , moderate continuous aerobic training ( MCT ) group ( n = 13 ) and a control ( CON ) group ( n = 19 ) for a period of 16 weeks . Cognitive function was assessed with a Stroop task and physical function with the Timed-Up- and -Go ( TUG ) and submaximal Bruce treadmill tests . Results No significant GROUP x TIME interaction was found for Stroop reaction time ( P > .05 ) . The HIIT group showed the greatest practical significant improvement in reaction time on the information processing task , i.e. Stroop Neutral ( ES = 1.11 ) . MCT group participants had very large practical significant improvements in reaction time on the executive cognitive tasks , i.e. Stroop Incongruent and Interference ( ES = 1.28 and 1.31 , respectively ) . The HIIT group showed the largest practically significant increase in measures of physical function , i.e. walking endurance ( ES = 0.91 ) and functional mobility ( ES = 0.36 ) . Conclusions MCT and RT proved to be superior to HIIT for the enhancement of older individuals ’ executive cognitive function ; whereas HIIT were most beneficial for improvement in information processing speed . HIIT also induced the largest gains in physical function
PET effects on physical fitness in  healthy workers  are moderated by age ( CRF ) and occupation type ( muscular endurance ) .
Further , independently computed subgroup analyses indicated that the training period of the PET programs may play an important role in improving CRF in workers
There is evidence that physical exercise training ( PET ) conducted at the workplace is effective in improving physical fitness and thus health .
However , there is no current systematic review available that provides high-level evidence regarding the effects of PET on physical fitness in the workforce .
To quantify sex- , age- , and occupation type-specific effects of PET on physical fitness and to characterize dose – response relationships of PET modalities that could maximize gains in physical fitness in the working population .