The Relationship Between Physical Activity Levels and Pain in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Health-Related Quality of Life, Physical Function, Fatigue, and Disease Activity in Children with Established Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis A comprehensive physical activity promotion programme at elementary school: the effects on physical activity, physical fitness and psychosocial correlates of physical activity. Correlates of preschool children’s objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior: a cross-sectional analysis of the SPLASHY study A cluster-randomized controlled trial to reduce sedentary behavior and promote physical activity and health of 8-9 year olds: The Transform-Us! Study A school-based physical activity program to improve health and fitness in children aged 6–13 years ("Kinder-Sportstudie KISS"): study design of a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN15360785] Lean body mass, physical activity and quality of life in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease and in healthy controls. Effects of Child Care Intervention on Physical Activity and Body Composition. Kids Out; evaluation of a brief multimodal cluster randomized intervention integrated in health education lessons to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior among eighth graders Influence of extracurricular sport activities on body composition and physical fitness in boys: a 3-year longitudinal study The effects of vigorous exercise training on physical function in children with arthritis: a randomized, controlled, single-blinded trial. Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time: cross-sectional and prospective associations with adiposity in the Millennium Cohort Study Physical inactivity is a risk factor for physical activity-related injuries in children Association between bone stiffness and nutritional biomarkers combined with weight-bearing exercise, physical activity, and sedentary time in preadolescent children. A case-control study. Effects of modifying physical activity and sedentary behavior on psychosocial adjustment in overweight/obese children. One-year changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior among adolescents: the Croatian Physical Activity in Adolescence Longitudinal Study (CRO-PALS). Measuring health status in early juvenile idiopathic arthritis: determinants and responsiveness of the child health questionnaire.
Objective . Pain and reduced physical activity levels are common in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis ( JIA ) . Currently , there is no consensus about the role of physical activity in managing pain in JIA . The purpose of our study was to assess the relationship between physical activity level and pain in children ages 11 to 18 years with JIA . Methods . A r and om sample of 50 patients with JIA were approached by mailed question naires . Physical activity was determined using the Physical Activity Question naire ( PAQ ) .  Pain measures included the Numerical Rating Scale ( pain severity ) , SUPER-KIDZ body diagram ( number of painful areas ) , and the Child Activities Limitations Inventory-21 ( pain interference ) . Generalized linear models were used to assess the relationship between physical activity and pain , as well as the roles of sex and age . Results . The response rate was 84 % . Thirty-four respondents completed the question naire package . The median age was 15 years . The mean PAQ score was 2.16/5 . Physical activity declines with increasing age in youth with JIA ( r = 0.53 , p = 0.0014 ) . Lower physical activity is associated with greater pain interference ( r = 0.39 , p = 0.0217 ) and more severe pain ( r = 0.35 , p = 0.0422 ) . Conclusion . Children with JIA report significantly less activity than healthy children based on PAQ scores , with physical activity declining throughout adolescence . Physical activity is inversely related to pain interference and severity in children with JIA . Our findings suggest that physical activity interventions may play an important role in the management of pain in JIA Objective . To compare child  self-report and parent/proxy report of health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) , disability , and fatigue in children with active polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis ( JIA ) to that of children with inactive polyarticular JIA and to previous data from healthy controls . Methods . Cross-sectional survey of children with polyarticular JIA diagnosed and treated between 2000 to 2006 and their parent/proxy . The Childhood Health Assessment Question naire , Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory ( PedsQL ) Generic Core Scales , PedsQL Rheumatology Module , and PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale were administered . Disease activity data were collected from the physician clinic notes . Comparisons were performed with t tests . Correlations between patient and parent/proxy reports were measured with Pearson correlation coefficients . Results . Sixty children and /or their parents/proxies participated ( 79 % response rate ) . Disease activity status was available for 52 , and 32 met criteria for inactive disease ( 62 % ) . Participants reported lower scores on the PedsQL Generic Core Scales ( range 2.54–9.13 points lower ) and the PedsQL Rheumatology Module ( range 2.46–6.96 points lower ) than those with inactive disease . Participants also reported lower scores on the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale than did healthy controls , regardless of disease activity status ( range 0.06–9.2 points lower ) . Conclusion . Although children in this cohort with polyarticular JIA and inactive disease reported HRQOL scores similar to those of healthy controls , children with polyarticular JIA and their parents/proxies tended to report more fatigue than controls , regardless of disease activity . Application of these measures prospect ively to larger cohorts of children with JIA is needed to assess these differences OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a comprehensive physical activity ( PA ) promotion programme in elementary schools on children 's total PA levels , leisure-time PA , physical fitness and psychosocial correlates of PA . DESIGN A pre-test-post-test design over two school years . SETTING AND SUBJECTS Sixteen elementary schools ( 764 children , mean age : 11.2 + /- 0.7 years ) were r and omly assigned to the intervention condition ( n = 8) and the control condition ( n = 8) . The intervention included a health-related physical education programme , an extracurricular PA promotion programme and classroom-based PA education lessons . In the total sample , leisure-time PA , psychosocial correlates of PA and physical fitness were measured using a PA question naire and the Eurofit test battery . In a sub- sample , total PA levels were measured using an accelerometer . RESULTS According to accelerometer data , children 's moderate PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) levels decreased less in the intervention schools than in the control schools ( P < 0.01 ) . The average time spent on MVPA decreased by 9 min per day in the intervention schools compared with 33 min per day in the control schools . Children in the intervention schools reported significantly more moderate PA in leisure time than the controls ( P < 0.05 ) . No overall improvement of physical fitness and no effects on the psychosocial correlates of PA were found . CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive PA promotion programme was successful in preventing a decline in children 's  total activity levels . Furthermore , the intervention increased children 's PA engagement in leisure time . Therefore , implementation needs to be encouraged Background Identifying ways to promote physical activity and decrease sedentary time during childhood is a key public health issue . Research on the putative influences on preschool children ’s  physical activity ( PA ) and  sedentary behavior  ( SB ) is limited and has yielded inconsistent results . Our aim was to identify correlates of PA and SB in preschool children . Methods Cross-sectional data were drawn from the Swiss Preschoolers ’ Health Study ( SPLASHY ) , a Swiss population -based cohort study . Of 476 two to six year old children , 394 ( 54 % boys ) had valid PA data assessed by accelerometry .  Information on exposure data was directly measured or extracted from parental question naires . Multilevel linear regression modeling was used to separately assess associations between 35 potential correlates and  total PA ( TPA ) , moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) and SB . Results In total , 12 correlates from different domains were identified . TPA and MVPA were greater in boys than girls , increased with age and were positively associated with gross motor skills . Children from single parent families had a higher level of TPA and spent less time sedentary than those living with two parents . Time spent outdoors was positively associated with TPA and negatively with SB . The child ’s activity temperament was related all three outcomes , whereas parental sports club membership , living area per person and neighborhood safety were associated with SB only . Fixed and r and om factors in the final models accounted for 28 % , 32 % and 22 % of the total variance in TPA , MVPA and SB , respectively . Variance decomposition revealed that age , sex and activity temperament were the most influential correlates of both , TPA and MVPA , whereas the child ’s activity temperament , time outdoors and neighborhood safety were identified as the most important correlates of SB . Conclusions A multidimensional set of correlates of young children ’s  activity behavior has been identified . Personal factors had the greatest influence on PA , whereas environmental-level factors had the greatest influence on SB . Moreover , we identified a number of previously unreported , potentially modifiable correlates of young children ’s PA and SB . These factors could serve to define target groups or become valuable targets for change in future interventions .Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N41045021 ( date of registration : 21.03.14 ) Background Physical activity ( PA ) is associated with positive cardio-metabolic health and emerging evidence suggests sedentary behavior ( SB ) may be detrimental to children 's health independent of PA . The primary aim of the Transform-Us ! study is to determine whether an 18-month , behavioral and environmental intervention in the school and family setting s results in higher levels of PA and lower rates of SB among 8 - 9 year old children compared with usual practice ( post-intervention and 12-months follow-up ) . The secondary aims are to determine the independent and combined effects of PA and SB on  children 's cardio-metabolic health risk factors ; identify the factors that mediate the success of the intervention ; and determine whether the intervention is cost-effective . Methods / design A four-arm cluster-r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) with a 2 × 2 factorial design , with schools as the unit of r and omization . Twenty schools will be allocated to one of four intervention groups , sedentary behavior ( SB-I ) , physical activity ( PA-I ) , combined SB and PA ( SB+PA-I ) or current practice control ( C ) , which will be evaluated among approximately 600 children aged 8 - 9 years in school year 3 living in Melbourne , Australia . All children in year 3 at intervention schools in 2010 ( 8 - 9 years ) will receive the intervention over an 18-month period with a maintenance ' booster ' delivered in 2012 and children at all schools will be invited to participate in the evaluation assessment s. To maximize the sample and to capture new students arriving at intervention and control schools , recruitment will be on-going up to the post-intervention time point . Primary outcomes are time spent sitting and in PA assessed via accelerometers and inclinometers and survey . Discussion To our knowledge , Transform-Us ! is the first RCT to examine the effectiveness of intervention strategies for reducing children 's overall sedentary time , promoting PA and optimizing health outcomes . The integration of consistent strategies and messages to children from teachers and parents in both school and family setting s is a critical component of this study , and if shown to be effective , may have a significant impact on educational policies as well as on pedagogical and parenting practice s . Trial registration ACTRN12609000715279 ; Current Controlled Trials IS RCT Background Childhood obesity is the result of a long lasting imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure . A major contributing factor is physical inactivity which is closely linked to bone health , cardiovascular disease risk , fitness and psychological factors . The school seems to provide an excellent setting to enhance levels of  physical activity ( PA ) .  However , there is insufficient data from previous school-based intervention trials on how to enhance overall PA . It is also unknown whether an intervention aim ed at increasing PA is effective in improving the children 's health . The purpose of this paper is to outline the design of a school-based r and omized , controlled trial ( RCT ) aim ing to increase overall PA and to improve fitness and health in 6- to 13-year-old children . Methods / Design 15 schools were r and omized to the intervention ( n = 9 ) or the control ( n = 6 ) group , stratified by geographic region ( urban vs. rural ) and by age ( 1st and 5th grade ) . Participation was given for all children in the intervention group since in this group the intervention was part of the normal school curriculum . The intervention during one academic year consisted of : 1 . two additional physical education classes per week given by trained physical education teachers adding up to a total of five PA classes per week , 2 . short PA breaks ( 2–5 min each ) during academic lessons , 3 . PA home work , and 4 . adaptation of recreational areas around the school . All children underwent  anthropometric measurements , blood pressure assessment , fitness testing , measurement of PA  and they filled out question naires . At least 70 % of all children agreed to blood sampling and measurements of body composition and bone mineral measurements by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry . The primary endpoints of the study after one year were an increase in total PA by accelerometry , an increase in aerobic fitness measured by the 20 m shuttle run , a decrease in percent body fat derived from skinfold measurements and an increase in quality of life as assessed by the child health question naire in the intervention group compared to the control group . Secondary outcomes were overall fitness , differences in body composition including body fat distribution , cardiovascular risk factors , psychosocial health , bone mineral content and density of femur , lumbar spine and total body and food intake . Discussion Our preliminary data suggest that the children were representative of Swiss children with respect to sex , socio-demographic status , and body mass index . Short-term results can be expected by the beginning of 2007 . We hypothesized that our intervention will lead to an increase in PA , fitness and overall health . Based on our data , we aim to provide important information regarding the influence of such an intervention on these outcome measures in school-aged children and to provide nationwide guidelines to improve PA in children BACKGROUND AND AIMS Physical activity is important for muscle and bone strength in the growing child and may be impaired in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) even during quiescent disease . The SenseWearPro(2 ) armb and allows to measure physical activity under everyday life conditions . METHODS Thirty-nine IBD patients ( 27 Crohn 's disease , 12 ulcerative colitis , 24 boys ) in remission ( n=26 ) or with only mild disease activity ( n=13 ) were compared to 39 healthy age and sex-matched controls .  Body weight , height , body mass index ( BMI ) , lean body mass as phase angle α ( determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis ) , and dynamometric grip force were expressed as age- and sex-related Z-scores . SenseWearPro(2 ) armb and s were applied for three consecutive days to record number of steps , duration of physical activity and sleeping time . Quality of life was assessed with the German KINDL and IMPACT III question naires , energy intake with prospect i ve food protocol s. Differences between patients and pair-matched controls were analysed by paired t-test . RESULTS Patients showed lower Z-scores for phase angle α ( difference -0.72 ; 95 % CI [ -1.10 ; -0.34 ] ) and lower grip strength ( -1.02 [ -1.58 ; -0.47 ] ) than controls . They tended towards lesser number of steps per day ( -1339 [ -2760 ; 83 ] ) and shorter duration of physical activity ( -0.44 h [ -0.94 ; 0.06 ] ) , particularly in females and patients with mild disease . Quality of life and energy intake did not differ between patients and controls . CONCLUSION In spite of quiescent disease lean body mass and physical activity were reduced . Interventions to encourage physical activity may be beneficial in this lifelong disease INTRODUCTION This study evaluated whether intervening with child care providers would increase physical activity ( PA )  and reduce adiposity in preschoolers . METHODS This was a two-arm , parallel group , cluster RCT whereby six child care centers were r and omly assigned in equal numbers to intervention ( n=40 children ) or control ( n=43 children ) . Participants were aged 3 - 5 years and attended licensed child care centers . Child care providers received two 3-hour train-the-trainer workshops and a training manual at program initiation aim ed at increasing structured and unstructured PA through active play . Control child care centers implemented their st and ard curriculum .  PA and sedentary behavior were measured by accelerometry , and body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance at baseline and 6 months . Data were collected in 2011 - 2012 and analyzed in April 2015 . RESULTS Linear mixed-effects modeling showed that at 6 months , children in the intervention group demonstrated greater increases in minutes per preschool day spent in overall PA ( 22.5 minutes , 95 % CI=8.9 , 36.1 , p=0.002 ) , and light-intensity PA ( 16.1 minutes , 95 % CI=5.2 , 26.7 , p=0.004 ) , but changes between groups in moderate to vigorous PA did not differ . The intervention group showed greater reductions in body fat percentage ( -1.9 % , 95 % CI=-3.5 , -0.3 , p=0.023 ) and fat mass ( -0.3 kg , 95 % CI=-0.7 , -0.1 , p=0.018 ) , but groups did not differ on fat-free mass , BMI , or z- BMI . CONCLUSIONS Provider-led intervention in child care centers increased preschoolers '  PA and reduced adiposity , therefore may represent a viable approach to promoting PA and related health benefits in preschool-aged children . TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at www . clinical trials.gov NCT02293278 Background Most Finnish adolescents are not sufficiently physically active . Health education ( HE ) provides beneficial starting point for physical activity ( PA ) promotion in schools . This study evaluates an intervention integrated into three HE lessons to increase  PA and reduce sedentary behavior ( SB )  among eighth grade rs . Methods All public secondary schools in Tampere , Finl and participated and were r and omized to intervention ( INT , n = 7 ) and comparison group ( COM , n = 7 ) . In INT ( 690 students , 36 classes ) the teachers ( n = 14 ) implemented behavioral theory-driven content during three HE lessons . In COM ( 860 students , 41 classes ) the teachers ( n = 14 ) carried out st and ard lessons . The evaluation was based on RE- AIM : Effectiveness was assessed from baseline to 4 weeks ( Follow-up 1 ) and Maintenance from 4 weeks to 7 months ( Follow-up 2 ) with change in students ’ PA and SB and related psychosocial and parental factors . Methods included question naire , accelerometer  and  activity diary . Linear mixed models with baseline adjustments and r and om effect correction were used to compare the difference in change between INT and COM . Data on Reach , Adoption and Implementation were collected during the process . Results Intervention effects were only seen in the self-reported data favoring INT in the weekly number of days with at least 1 h of brisk leisure PA ( 0.3 [ 95%CI 0.1 to 0.6 ] ) , proportion of students meeting PA recommendations ( 4.1 [ 95%CI 2.5 to 5.7 ] ) , proportion of students reporting that their family sets limitations for screen time ( 5.4 [ 95%CI 3.3 to 7.4 ] ) and in the number of days on which the students intended to do leisure PA in the following week ( 0.3 [ 95%CI 0.1 to 0.6 ] ) . The effects on PA were still beneficial for INT at Follow-up 2 . The intervention reached 96 % of the students , was adopted in all 7 schools and was implemented by 13/14 teachers in 35/36 classes . Conclusions The intervention was feasible and had small favorable effects on students ’ self-reported PA , intention to do PA and family norm in screen time . The effects on PA persisted until Follow-up 2 . It is likely that for greater impacts the HE lessons should have been supported with other actions without compromising feasibility . Trial registration NCT01633918 ( June 27th , 2012 ) Objective : To analyse the effect of extracurricular physical activities on fat mass accumulation and physical fitness during growth in early pubertal males . Design : Longitudinal study .Subjects : A total of 42 male children ( 9.4±1.4 years , Tanner I – II and 12.7±1.5 years , Tanner III – IV , before and after the 3.3 years follow-up , respectively ) , r and omly sample d from the population of Gran Canaria ( Spain ) , 26 of them physically active ( PA , at least 3 h per week during 3 years ) and 16 non-physically active ( non-PA ) . Measurements : Body composition ( dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) , anthropometrics ( body circumferences and skinfolds ) and physical fitness variables ( dynamic and isometric force , anaerobic capacity and maximal aerobic power ) were determined in all subjects . Results : Both groups had comparable body sizes at the start and the end of the study . Body mass index increased with growth more in the PA than in the non-PA group ( P<0.05 ) . However , fat mass accumulation with growth was lower in the PA than in the non-PA ( P<0.05 ) . There was a positive relationship between the increment of total and trunkal fat mass , especially in non-active children ( r 2=0.93 ) . In contrast , there was an inverse relationship between the total lean mass growth and the accumulation of total and regional fat mass ( r=−0.37 to −0.41 , all P<0.05 ) . Physical fitness was maintained in the PA , while it worsened in the non-PA children . Conclusions : Without any dietary intervention , children who regularly participate in at least 3 h per week of sports activities are more protected against total and regional fat mass accumulation . They also increase their total lean and bone mass to a greater extent than children who do not participate in extracurricular sport activities . In addition , PA children maintain their physical fitness during growth , while it deteriorates in the non-PA children OBJECTIVE To examine the effectiveness of high-intensity aerobic training compared with low-intensity training in terms of energy cost of locomotion , peak oxygen uptake , peak power , and self-reported physical function in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis ( JIA ) . METHODS Eighty children with JIA , ages 8 - 16 years , were enrolled in a r and omized , single-blind controlled trial . Both groups participated in a 12-week , 3-times-weekly training program consisting of high-intensity aerobics in the experimental group and qigong in the control group . Subjects underwent exercise testing measuring submaximal oxygen uptake at 3 km/hour ( VO(2submax ) ) as the primary outcome , maximal oxygen uptake , and peak power at the beginning and end of the program . Physical function was measured using the Child Health Assessment Question naire ( C-HAQ ) . RESULTS The exercise program was well tolerated in both groups . There was no difference in VO(2submax ) or any other exercise testing measures between the groups through the study period and no indication of improvement . Both groups showed significant improvements in C-HAQ with no difference between the groups . Adherence was higher in the control group than the experimental group . CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that activity programs with or without an aerobic training component are safe and may result in an important improvement in physical function . The intensity of aerobic training did not seem to provide any additional benefits , but higher adherence in the qigong program may suggest that less intensive regimens are easier for children with JIA to comply with , and provide a degree of benefit equivalent to more intensive programs Objective To examine whether physical activity ( PA ) and sedentary time ( ST ) in primary school-aged children are associated with adiposity at the start of secondary school , and whether these associations differ by sex or ethnic group . Design Nationally representative prospect i ve cohort study . Setting Children born across the UK , between 2000 and 2002 . Participants 6497 singleton children . Outcome measures Measures of adiposity ( body mass index ( BMI ) , fat mass index ( FMI ) and fat free mass index (FFMI))—obtained at 7 and 11 years . Explanatory measures  Total daily PA ( mean counts per minute ( cpm ) ) ; minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) ; and ST .  All assessed at 7 years using accelerometers . Results In cross-sectional analyses , total PA was inversely associated with FMI ( 3.7 % ( 95 % CI 2.7 % to 4.7 % ) reduction per 150 cpm increase ) , as was MVPA ( 4.2 % ( CI 3.2 % to 5.2 % ) reduction per 20 min/day increase ) . Associations were stronger in black and South Asian ethnic groups . Total PA and MVPA were not associated with FFMI . ST was positively associated with FMI ( 1.3 % ( CI 0.2 % to 2.3 % ) increase per 50 min/day increase ) and inversely associated with FFMI ( 0.5 % ( CI 0.2 % to 0.7 % ) reduction per 50 min/day increase ) . Longitudinally , MVPA at age 7 years remained inversely associated with FMI at age 11 years ( 1.5 % ( CI 0.4 % to 2.6 % ) reduction per 20 min/day increase ) . No association was found between total PA and ST and any of the later adiposity measures . Conclusions 7-year-old children who are more physically active are less likely to be obese at that age and at age 11 years . These associations were particularly evident in children from black or South Asian ethnicity at age 7 years and in boys at age 11 years . Measurements of fat mass provide valuable insights into ethnic differences in associations between adiposity and activity Objectives To describe the risk factors associated with injuries result ing from physical education ( PE ) , leisure time physical activity ( leisure time PA ) and sports in 9–12-year-old children . Design Prospect i ve cohort study . Setting Primary schools . Participants Nine hundred and ninety-five children aged 9–12 years . Main outcome measures Injuries occurring during either PE class  , leisure time PA or sports , and caused the child to at least stop the current activity were recorded prospect ively . Individual weekly exposure was estimated from baseline and follow-up question naires . Potential risk factors were gender , age , socioeconomic status , ethnicity , habitual level of PA , body mass index and a motor fitness . A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was developed , accounting for clustering within schools . Results Gender , age and level of PA were independent significant risk factors for injury . Different modalities of PA had different injury risk factors . Most importantly , the low levels of habitual PA  significantly increased injury risk . Conclusions The children at highest injury risk are the target audience of the contemporary PA promotion efforts . PA promotion should also focus on injury prevention Physical activity ( PA ) and micronutrients such as calcium ( Ca ) , vitamin D ( 25OHD ) , and phosphate ( PO ) are important determinants of skeletal development . This case-control study examined the association of these nutritional biomarkers and different PA behaviours , such as habitual PA , weight-bearing exercise ( WBE ) and sedentary time ( SED ) with bone stiffness ( SI ) in 1819 2 - 9-year-old children from the IDEFICS study ( 2007 - 2008 ) .  SI was measured on the calcaneus using quantitative ultrasound .  Serum and urine Ca and PO and serum 25OHD were determined . Children 's sports activities were reported by parents using a st and ardised question naire . A sub sample of 1089 children had accelerometer-based PA data ( counts per minute , cpm ) . Moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) and SED were estimated . Children with poor SI ( below the 15th age-/sex-/height-specific percentile ) were defined as cases ( N=603 ) . R and omly selected controls ( N=1216 ) were matched by age , sex , and country . Odds ratios ( OR ) for poor SI were calculated by conditional logistic regression for all biomarkers and PA behaviour variables separately and combined ( expressed as tertiles and dichotomised variables , respectively ) . ORs were adjusted for fat-free mass , dairy product consumption , and daylight duration . We observed increased ORs for no sports ( OR=1.39 , p<0.05 ) , PA levels below 524 cpm ( OR=1.85 , p<0.05 ) and MVPA below 4.2 % a day ( OR=1.69 , p<0.05 ) compared to WBE , high PA levels ( < 688 cpm ) and high MVPA ( 6.7 % ) , respectively . SED was not associated with SI . ORs were moderately elevated for low serum Ca and 25OHD . However , biomarkers were not statistically significantly associated with SI and did not modify the association between PA behaviours and SI . Although nutritional biomarkers appear to play a minor role compared to the osteogenic effect of PA and WBE , it is noteworthy that the highest risk for poor SI was observed for no sports or low MVPA combined with lower serum Ca ( < 2.5 mmol/l ) or lower 25OHD ( < 43.0 nmol/l ) OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationship between changes in  physical activity ( PA ) , sedentary behavior , and physical self-perceptions and global self-worth in 30 , 8 - 12 years old , overweight/obese children ( 13 boys , 17 girls ) . METHODS Secondary analyses from a r and omized controlled trial design ed to increase PA and reduce sedentary behavior . PA was measured by accelerometers worn by participants every day for 8 weeks .  Sedentary behavior , defined as minutes per day spent in television viewing , was assessed by self-report . RESULTS Increases in PA were associated with increases in perceived physical conditioning ( r = .54 , p < .01 ) , body satisfaction ( r = .55 , p < .01 ) , and overall physical self-worth ( r = .44 , p < .05 ) independent of changes in body mass index ( BMI ) . Reductions in TV viewing were also related to increased physical and global self-worth . CONCLUSIONS Increases in PA are associated with improvements in physical self-perceptions but not global self-worth , while reductions in TV viewing are associated with increased physical and global self-worth , and these psychosocial benefits appear to be independent of changes in adiposity Background Little is known about the concurrent change in  physical activity ( PA )  ,  sedentary behavior ( SB ) and  sport participation  ( SP ) during adolescence . The main purpose of this prospect i ve and partly objective study was to simultaneously investigate PA , SBs and SP changes between the 1st and 2nd grade s of high school in urban adolescents . Methods In this 1-year follow-up study , the participants were 81 secondary -school students ( 28 boys and 53 girls ) aged 15.5 years at the baseline .  PA was assessed with the SenseWear Armb and multi-sensor activity monitor , while SBs were assessed by using School Health Action , Planning and Evaluation System ( SHAPES ) PA question naire . The SHAPES question naire was supplemented with two questions inquiring about SP in organized sports in school and outside of school . Results PA decreased markedly in both genders between the 1st and 2nd grade s of high school . Total energy expenditure ( TEE ) was reduced by 13 kcal/kg/day on average in boys and by 10 kcal/kg/day in girls ( p for both < 0.001 ) , while mean daily active energy expenditure ( AEE ) decreased by 7 kcal/kg/day ( p < 0.001 ) and 3 kcal/kg/day ( p = 0.04 ) in boys and girls , respectively . Similarly , the amount of moderate PA declined by 49 min/day in boys and 21 min/day in girls ( p for both < 0.001 ) . At the same time vigorous PA was cut by 14 min/day ( p < 0.001 ) and 3 min/day ( p = 0.003 ) in boys and girls , respectively . Conversely , time spent in SBs did not show any change . Conclusion In conclusion , a decline in PA between the 1st and 2nd grade s of high school was marked but was not accompanied with an increase in SBs . Policies aim ed at increasing PA should be targeting the period of entering secondary school to offset the observed drop in PA OBJECTIVE To assess the determinants and responsiveness of the Norwegian version of the Child Health Question naire ( CHQ ) in patients with early juvenile idiopathic arthritis ( JIA ) and to compare health status in patients and controls . METHODS A total of 116 children ( median age 8.4 yrs ) with JIA and < 2.5 years of disease duration ( median 11.0 mo ) were examined by a pediatric rheumatologist and reassessed after a median of 10.0 months . Physical and psychosocial health were assessed by means of the CHQ , which provides summary scores for physical and psychosocial health , the Childhood Health Assessment Question naire ( CHAQ ) , and the Child Behavior Checklist ( CBCL , n = 32 ) . Matched controls ( n = 116 ) , r and omly selected from the general population , completed the CHQ at baseline . RESULTS The patients with JIA had poorer physical health and slightly impaired psychosocial health compared with the controls [ 41.2 + /- 13.6 vs 55.2 + /- 7.3 ( p < 0.001 ) and 51.0 + /- 7.5 vs 54.1 + /- 5.7 ( p = 0.002 ) , respectively ] . The most important determinants of the CHQ physical summary score were the child 's pain , morning stiffness , the CHAQ disability index , erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ) , overall well-being , and physician 's global assessment of disease activity . The psychosocial summary score correlated with the CBCL level of internalizing , externalizing , and total behavior problems . The st and ardized response mean for the physical summary score was large ( 0.96 ) for those who improved , and moderate ( -0.60 ) for those who became worse . CONCLUSION The CHQ discriminated between patients with early JIA and controls . The most important determinants of the CHQ physical summary score were the child 's pain , morning stiffness , CHAQ , ESR , overall well-being , and physician 's global assessment of disease activity . The CHQ was sensitive to clinical changes in children with JIA
Results The literature review and meta- analysis identified decreased PA and increased time spent in SB in these population s , which may exacerbate both their lower physical fitness and the symptoms of their health disorders .
Background Physical activity ( PA ) is essential for children throughout their growth and maturation .
It improves physiological and psychological health and limits the risk of developing metabolic disorders .
However , some chronic physiological and metabolic diseases may lead to decreased PA .
The diversity of outcomes in the literature offers no consensus for physical activity and sedentary levels in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis ( JIA ) or inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) .
The aim was to examine  PA and SB  in children with JIA or IBD compared to their healthy peers .