Palm oil and cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial of the effects of hybrid palm oil supplementation on human plasma lipid patterns. Effects of red palm oil on serum lipids and plasma carotenoids level in Chinese male adults. [Changes in of plasma lipoproteins after the use of palm oil in the diet of a group healthy adults]. Replacement of dietary fat with palm oil: effect on human serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. Effects of increasing dietary palmitoleic acid compared with palmitic and oleic acids on plasma lipids of hypercholesterolemic men. Palm Olein and Olive Oil Cause a Higher Increase in Postprandial Lipemia Compared with Lard but Had No Effect on Plasma Glucose, Insulin and Adipocytokines Effects of palm olein and olive oil on serum lipids in a Chinese population: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. Effects of similar intakes of marine n-3 fatty acids from enriched food products and fish oil on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy human subjects. The effect of red palm olein and refined palm olein on lipids and haemostatic factors in hyperfibrinogenaemic subjects. Palm olein increases plasma cholesterol moderately compared with olive oil in healthy individuals. Effect on plasma lipids of interesterifying a mix of edible oils. Comparison of palmolein and olive oil: effects on plasma lipids and vitamin E in young adults. Comparing palmolein with different predominantly monounsaturated oils: effect on plasma lipids Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Concentration and Oxidative Susceptibility Changes after Consumption of Soybean Oil, Rice Bran Oil, Palm Oil and Mixed Rice Bran/Palm Oil in Hypercholesterolaemic Women Comparison of plasma lipids and vitamin E in young and middle-aged subjects on potato crisps fried in palmolein and highly oleic sunflower oil. Diets high in palmitic acid (16:0), lauric and myristic acids (12:0 + 14:0), or oleic acid (18:1) do not alter postprandial or fasting plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers in healthy Malaysian adults. Positional distribution of fatty acids in dietary triglycerides: effects on fasting blood lipoprotein concentrations in humans.
This study examines , for the first time , the effect of  hybrid Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis palm oil supplementation on human plasma lipids related to CVD risk factors . One hundred sixty eligible participants were r and omized and assigned to one of the two treatments : 25 mL hybrid palm oil ( HPO group ) or 25 mL extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO group ) daily for 3 months . Fasting venous sample s were obtained at baseline and after 1 , 2 and 3 months for measurement of plasma lipids ( TC , LDL-C , HDL-C and TAGs ) . Changes in body mass index and waist circumference were also assessed . Although there was an overall reduction in TC ( 7.4 % , p < 0.001 ) and in LDL-C ( 15.6 % , p < 0.001 ) , no significant differences were found between the treatment groups in a repeated measures analysis of variance for TC ( p = 0.0525 ) , LDL-C ( p = 0.2356 ) , HDL-C ( p = 0.8293 ) or TAGs ( p = 0.3749 ) . Furthermore , HPO consumption had similar effects on plasma lipids to EVOO , thus providing additional support for the concept that hybrid Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis palm oil can be seen as a " tropical equivalent of olive oil " OBJECTIVE Effects of red palm oil on major plasma carotenoids , tocopherol , retinol and serum lipids were evaluated when used in Chinese diet . METHODS Red palm oil group ( RPO ) composed of 20 male subjects(aged 18 - 32 ) and soybean oil group ( SBO ) composed of 22 male subjects ( aged 18 - 32 ) . Dietary fat provided about 28 % of total calories , and the test oil accounted for about 60 % of total dietary fat . In the 3 weeks of pretest period , diets were prepared with soybean oil , and then in the next 6 weeks subjects in each group consumed the diet prepared by test oil . RESULTS Plasma alpha-carotene , beta-carotene and lycopene concentration of RPO group significantly increased at the time of interim ( 21 days ) and of the end ( 42 days ) ( P < 0.05 ) , and alpha-tocopherol concentration significantly increased at the time of the end ( 42 days ) in this study . Though Chinese plasma retinol level was relatively low when compared with that of Westerners , red palm oil diet showed no significant effect on adult Chinese plasma retinol level . Serum concentration of total cholesterol , triglyceride , high density lipoprotein cholesterol , apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein B of all subjects showed no significant changes in RPO group during the study . CONCLUSIONS The data in our study suggest that red palm oil is a good source of carotenoids and vitamin E when used in Chinese diet preparation , and it can significantly increase plasma concentration of alpha-carotene , beta-carotene , lycopene and alpha-tocopherol UNLABELLED Although saturated fat acids have long known to have harmful effects on cholesterol and triacylglycerides levels in blood , new concepts have emerged form recent research on this matter . The purpose of this study was to know the effect of the consumption of palm olein on triacylglycerides and cholesterol levels as well as lipoprotein fractions in the blood plasma of healthy individuals from both sexes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Different types of fats were administered for 12 weeks to 60 subjects , 45 male , 15 female , between 19 and 45 years of age , who were divided into three groups : the mix group ( MG ) was administered oil , margarine , and mayonnaise prepared with 50 % olein ; the olein group ( OG ) consumed fats prepared with 100 % olein ; and the control group ( CG ) consumed regular fats of customary use by the population . The diets provided 25 to 30 % of calories . Blood sample s were obtained for lipid analysis at the beginning and the end of the study . Plasma triacylglycerides and cholesterol concentrations were determined by means of enzyme and lipoprotein methods ( VLDL , LDL ; and HDL ) by ultracentrifugation . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION By comparing the groups ' means no significant differences were found ( p > 0.05 ) in blood lipids . Individual differences show a slight increase in VLDL-C in OG compared to MG and CG . No differences were found in LDL concentration . CONCLUSIONS These results contribute evidence to differentiate between the effects of saturated vegetables oils , such as coconut oil , and of palm olein . The authors recommend not extrapolate the effects of type of oil to another in connection with TC increase in blood Thirty-eight male volunteers participated in a double-blind cross-over trial evaluating the effect of replacing the usual sources of saturated fat in the Dutch diet ( animal fats and hydrogenated oils ) by palm oil , which is virtually free of cholesterol and trans-fatty acids , on serum lipids , lipoproteins and apolipoproteins . Maximum ( about 70 % ) replacement had no significant effect on serum total cholesterol or most lipoprotein fractions , but result ed in an 11 % increase in serum high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)2-cholesterol relative to the control ( P2 = 0.01 ) . The palm-oil diet also caused an 8 % decrease in low-density-lipoprotein (LDL):HDL2 + HDL3-cholesterol ratio ( P2 = 0.02 ) as well as a 9 % decrease in triacylglycerols in the low-density-lipoprotein fractions ( P2 = 0.01 ) . Palm oil consumption result ed in a 4 % increase in serum apolipoprotein AI ( P2 = 0.008 ) and a 4 % decrease in apolipoprotein B ( P2 = 0.01 ) relative to the control diet ; the B : AI apolipoprotein ratio was decreased by 8 % ( P2 < 0.0001 ) . These results were not significantly affected by the different lipoprotein E phenotypes of the volunteers . Although the observed differences were relatively modest , the present study , nonetheless , indicates that dietary palm oil , when replacing a major part of the normal fat content in a Dutch diet , may slightly reduce the lipoprotein- and apolipoprotein-associated cardiovascular risk profiles Palmitoleic acid is a minor monounsaturated fatty acid in the human diet and in blood plasma . Because macadamia oil is at least one potentially large source of palmitoleic acid , we tested its effect on plasma lipid levels against two other dietary fatty acids , oleic acid and palmitic acid . The dietary adjustments , through the use of supplements , provided comparisons of the three test fatty acids in which palmitoleic could be judged as behaving either like a saturated or a monounsaturated acid . Thirty-four hypercholesterolemic men ate the three test diets in r and om order in 3-week periods . Plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol concentrations were similar with palmitic and palmitoleic acids and significantly higher than with oleic acid .  High density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol was significantly lower with palmitoleic than with palmitic acid . The study confirms that , at least in hypercholesterolemic men , a modest increase in palmitic  acid ( + 4 % en ) raises LDL cholesterol relative to oleic acid ( + 3 % en ) , even when dietary cholesterol is low ( < 165 mg/day ) . Palmitoleic acid ( + 4 % en ) behaves like a saturated and not a monounsaturated fatty acid in its effect on LDL cholesterol Postpr and ial lipemia impairs insulin sensitivity and triggers the pro-inflammatory state which may lead to the progression of cardiovascular diseases . A r and omized , crossover single-blind study ( n = 10 healthy men ) was design ed to compare the effects of a high-fat load ( 50 g fat ) , rich in palmitic acid from both plant ( palm olein ) or animal source ( lard ) versus an oleic acid-rich fat ( virgin olive oil ) on lipemia , plasma glucose , insulin and adipocytokines . Serum triacylglycerol ( TAG ) concentrations were significantly lower after the lard meal than after the olive oil and palm olein meals ( meal effect P = 0.003 ; time effect P < 0.001 ) . The greater reduction in the plasma non-esterified free fatty acids levels in the lard group compared to the olive oil meal was mirrored by the changes observed for serum TAG levels ( P < 0.05 ) . The magnitude of response for plasma glucose , insulin and adipocytokines [ interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , interleukin-1β ( IL-1β ) and leptin ] were not altered by the type of dietary fats . A significant difference in plasma IL-1β was found over time following the three high fat loads ( time effect P = 0.036 ) . The physical characteristics and changes in TAG structure of lard may contribute to the smaller increase in postpr and ial lipemia compared with palm olein . A high fat load but not the type of fats influences concentrations of plasma IL-1β over time but had no effect on other pro-inflammatory markers tested in the postpr and ial state BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES As the most widely produced edible vegetable oil , palm oil is known as to contain a high level of saturated fatty acid , which was thought to adversely affect serum lipid profiles . However , recent studies have shown no influence or benefits of palm oil on serum lipids . The potential nutritional value of palm oil is attributed to the high mono-unsaturation at the crucial sn2-position of the oil 's triacylglycerols , as with the so-called ' healthy ' olive oil ( OO ) . The aim of this study was to further test this hypothesis and evaluate the effects of consuming palm olein versus olive oil on serum lipid profiles in a Chinese population . METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN In total , 120 participants were recruited from a spinnery in Yixing city and r and omly divided into two groups ( palm olein or olive oil ) to conduct a 2 × 2 crossover trial for 2 months ' intervention with 2-week washout periods . Each participant was provided 48 g of test oil per day . At the end of each period , anthropometry , and blood lipid indices were measured to determine the effects of palm olein and olive oil . RESULTS Palm olein and olive oil consumption had no significantly different effect on BMI , on serum total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triacylglycerol ( TG ) , Apo B , fasting glucose , or insulin concentrations ( all p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS In a dietary crossover trial , palm olein and olive oil had no recognisably different effects on body fatness or blood lipids in a healthy Chinese population There is convincing evidence that consumption of fish and fish oil rich in long-chain ( LC ) n-3 PUFA ( n-3 LCPUFA ) , EPA ( 20 : 5n-3 ) and DHA ( 22 : 6n-3 ) reduce the risk of CHD . The aim of the present study was to investigate whether n-3 LCPUFA-enriched food products provide similar beneficial effects as fish oil with regard to incorporation into plasma lipids and effects on cardiovascular risk markers . A parallel 7-week intervention trial was performed where 159 healthy men and women were r and omised to consume either 34 g fish pâté ( n 44 ) , 500 ml fruit juice ( n 38 ) or three capsules of concentrated fish oil ( n 40 ) , all contributing to a daily intake of approximately 1 g EPA and DHA . A fourth group did not receive any supplementation or food product and served as controls ( n 37 ) . Plasma fatty acid composition , serum lipids , and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were measured . Compared with the control group , plasma n-3 LCPUFA and EPA : arachidonic acid ratio increased equally in all intervention groups . However , no significant changes in blood lipids and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were observed . In conclusion , enriched fish pâté and fruit juice represent suitable delivery systems for n-3 LCPUFA . However , although the dose given is known to reduce the risk of CVD , no significant changes were observed on cardiovascular risk markers in this healthy population Little is known about the physiological effects of red palm olein ( RPO ) . The effects of red palm olein and palm olein ( POL ) compared to sunflower oil ( SFO ) , on lipids , haemostatic factors and fibrin network characteristics in hyperfibrinogenaemic volunteers were investigated . Fifty-nine free-living , hyperfibrinogenaemic volunteers participated in this r and omized , controlled , single blind parallel study . After a 4-week run-in , during which subjects received sunflower oil products , they were paired and r and omly assigned to one of three intervention groups receiving products containing 25 g/day ( approximately 12 % of total energy intake ) of either red palm olein , palm olein or sunflower oil for another 4 weeks . Anthropometric measurements , blood sample s and dietary intakes were measured before run-in , and before and after intervention . The differences in changes in total serum cholesterol response between palm olein and red palm olein ( + 0.59 vs. + 0.18 mmol/l ; p=0.053 ) , and between palm olein and sunflower oil ( + 0.59 vs. -0.003 mmol/l ; p < or = 0.01 ) were significant . The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDLC ) response in the palm olein- and sunflower oil-groups also differed significantly ( + 0.42 vs. -0.11 mmol/l ; p < or = 0.01 ) . Tissue plasminogen activator antigen ( tPA(ag ) ) decreased significantly in the red palm olein group compared to the palm olein- and sunflower oil-groups . No effects were found in other haemostatic variables .  Palm olein and red palm olein had no independent effect on fibrin network characteristics . In conclusion , compared to palm olein , red palm olein had less detrimental effects on the lipid profile and decreased tissue plasminogen activator antigen . Studies in larger groups are advised for confirmation of results , elucidation of mechanisms and effects of nonglyceride constituents of red palm oil ( PO ) BACKGROUND Despite the high content of palmitic acid , palm olein has been shown to have a neutral effect on plasma cholesterol concentrations when compared with olive oil , which is suggested to be attributable to palmitic acid in the sn-1 and sn-3 position . In contrast , palmitic acid is in the sn-2 position in lard . OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effects of a diet rich in palm olein , fractionated palm oil , olive oil , and lard on plasma blood lipids , inflammatory markers , glucose , and insulin . DESIGN A controlled double-blinded , r and omized 3 × 3 wk crossover dietary intervention study included 32 healthy men who daily replaced part of their habitual dietary fat intake with ~ 17 % of energy from palm olein , olive oil , or lard , respectively . RESULTS Compared with intake of olive oil , palm olein and lard  increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol ( P < 0.0001 ) . Palm olein result ed in a lower plasma triacylglycerol concentration than did olive oil ( P < 0.01 ) . No difference in effects was observed in plasma HDL-cholesterol , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , plasminogen activator-1 , insulin , and glucose concentrations . CONCLUSIONS The current study did not support the previous finding that the effect of palm olein on total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in healthy individuals with normal plasma cholesterol concentrations is neutral compared with that of olive oil . Thus , sn-positioning was not confirmed to be important with regard to the effect on plasma cholesterol . The relatively lower plasma triacylglycerol concentration  after the palm olein diet than after the olive oil diet was unexpected . This trial is registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00743301 The aim was to establish whether interesterification of oils , an alternative to the use of trans fatty acids in margarine manufacture , adversely affects plasma lipids .  Twenty-seven hypercholesterolemic men participated in a double-blind , crossover trial of three margarines : 1 ) high-linoleic acid , moderate trans fatty acids ; 2 ) high-palm oil blend ( predominantly lauric , myristic , palmitic , oleic , and linoleic acids ) ; and 3 ) an interesterified form of the high-palm oil margarine . Both high-palm oil margarines led to similar low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol concentrations ( 4.43 + /- 0.94 and 4.54 + /- 0.88 mmol/L , respectively ) , which were significantly higher than the LDL concentrations after the high-linoleic acid margarine ( 4.02 + /- 0.85 mmol/L , P < 0.001 ) . Interesterification transferred substantial proportions of palmitic acid into the sn-2 position of glycerides and unsaturated fatty acids into the sn-1,3 positions , and this was reflected in plasma chylomicrons . This study shows that interesterification of oils used to harden margarines does not raise plasma cholesterol more than does the margarine 's constituent fatty acids Twenty-one healthy normocholesterolemic young adults , men and women , completed a r and omized 30-d/30-d crossover comparison of the effect of palmolein and olive oil on plasma lipids . The subjects were free-living volunteers who changed to low-fat diets  to which one of the test oils was added ( used as a spread , for baking , or for frying ) in turn . Complete food records were kept throughout : the test oils were compared at 17 % of total dietary energy . Under the conditions of this experiment plasma total and low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol were almost identical with the two oils , so that when the palmitic acid ( 16:0 ) in palm oil replaced oleic acid ( 18:1 ) in olive oil the expected increase in LDL cholesterol was not seen . These results indicate that 16:0 , though saturated , is not always a plasma cholesterol-raising fatty acid . Palmolein is rich in vitamin E , alpha-tocopherol , and especially tocotrienols , but the latter were barely detectable in plasma Our group has compared plasma lipids in r and omised crossover trials in which approximately half the fat intake of subjects was changed from palmolein to each of three predominantly monounsaturated oils in a series of experiments in free living volunteers . With canola oil total cholesterols were lower than on palmolein ; part of this reduction was due to lower HDL-cholesterol ( HDL-c ) so that total cholesterol/ HDL-c was only 2 % lower . With olive oil mean total cholesterols were the same as on palmolein but HDL-cholesterols were a little lower and LDL-cholesterols a little higher . Plasma lipid fatty acid patterns confirmed the diet change , showing 5 % higher 16 : 0 on palmolein and 11 % higher 18 : 1 on olive oil . To test the possibility that lack of effect of the extra palmitic acid in the palmolein – olive oil comparison was because subjects were young , thin and active , comparison of a third oil , high oleic sunflower oil ( HOSO ) with palmolein was made in both young and middleaged subjects .  Plasma total and LDL-cholesterols were 7 % lower in the whole group on HOSO but HDL-c was also 5 % lower so total cholesterol/HDL-c was only 3 % lower than on palmolein . There was no difference in lowering of LDL-c on HOSO between young and older subjects . In comparisons of all three predominantly monounsaturated oils with palmolein a higher HDL-c on palmolein reduced the presumed health benefit of lower total cholesterols on canola and high oleic sunflower oil . The reason for no reduction of total cholesterol on olive oil compared with palmolein was presumably due to the higher linoleic and higher phytosterols in palmolein and higher squalene in the olive oil The effects of a diet containing soybean oil ( SBO ) , rice bran oil ( RBO ) , palm oil ( PO ) or a RBO/PO ( 3:1 ) mixture on the composition and oxidation of small dense low-density lipoproteins ( sdLDL ) in 16 hypercholesterolaemic women were investigated . During the 8-week control period , participants consumed a free-choice weight-maintaining diet comprising carbohydrate ( 55 % energy ) , protein ( 15 % energy ) and fat ( 30 % energy ) with < 300 mg/day of cholesterol . During each 10-week study period , participants consumed this same diet but with the addition of one of the three test oils or the RBO/PO mixture .  Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels were significantly reduced during SBO , RBO and RBO/PO consumption , while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly decreased by SBO consumption . There was a significant reduction in sdLDL-cholesterol levels only after using SBO and it tended to be reduced during RBO/PO consumption , whereas it was significantly increased following PO consumption . The sdLDL oxidation lag time was significantly increased during PO , RBO/PO and RBO consumption , but significantly reduced following SBO . The results for the RBO/PO mixture suggest that this oil mixture might further reduce the risk of atherosclerosis We previously found no difference in healthy young adults '  plasma cholesterols between palmolein and olive oil as the major dietary lipid , although the former is high in palmitic acid ( 16:0 ) but the latter in oleic acid ( 18:1 cis ) . In the experiment reported here we compared the effects of palmolein against another monounsaturated oil , highly oleic sunflower oil ( HOSO ) , on plasma cholesterol in both young and middle-aged healthy adults . The test oils were provided as frying oil of potato crisps ( 150 g/day in men ; 100 g/day in women ) against low-fat background diets in free-living motivated volunteers . The design was a r and omised double-blind 4-week/3-week crossover trial . Compliance was monitored with continuous dietary diaries and by measuring ( fasting ) plasma lipid fatty-acid pattern . Plasma lipids and vitamin-E compounds were measured at the start and twice at the end of each test period . In combined young plus older subjects ( n = 42 )  mean plasma total and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-c ) values were both 7 % ( significantly ) lower on HOSO than on palmolein , but because high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-c ) was also 5 % lower , the LDL-c/HDL-c ratio was only 3 % lower on HOSO than on palmolein . The difference between the present results with HOSO and previous results with olive oil both compared against palmolein suggest that olive oil is associated with higher plasma cholesterols than other monounsaturated oils . In both the young and older subgroup , LDL-c was lower on HOSO but because HDL-c moved down too in the young subgroup , the LDL-c/HDL-c ratio was lower on HOSO only in the older subjects . Palmolein has an unusual pattern of E vitamins , with a high content of tocotrienols , notably the gamma-isomer . Unlike alpha-tocopherol however , there was no sign of these tocotrienols in subjects ' plasmas BACKGROUND Dietary fat type is known to modulate the plasma lipid profile , but its effects on plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers are unclear . OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of high-protein Malaysian diets prepared with palm olein , coconut oil ( CO ) , or virgin olive oil on plasma homocysteine and selected markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) in healthy adults . DESIGN A r and omized-crossover intervention with 3 dietary sequences of 5 wk each was conducted in 45 healthy subjects . The 3 test fats , namely palmitic acid (16:0)-rich palm olein ( PO ) , lauric and myristic acid ( 12:0 + 14:0)-rich CO , and oleic acid (18:1)-rich virgin olive oil ( OO ) , were incorporated at two-thirds of 30 % fat calories into high-protein Malaysian diets . RESULTS No significant differences were observed in the effects of the 3 diets on plasma total homocysteine ( tHcy ) and the inflammatory markers TNF-α , IL-1β , IL-6 , and IL-8 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , and interferon-γ . Diets prepared with PO and OO had comparable nonhypercholesterolemic effects ; the postpr and ial total cholesterol for both diets and all fasting lipid indexes for the OO diet were significantly lower ( P < 0.05 ) than for the CO diet . Unlike the PO and OO diets , the CO diet was shown to decrease postpr and ial lipoprotein(a ) . CONCLUSION Diets that were rich in saturated fatty acids prepared with either PO or CO , and an OO diet that was high in oleic acid , did not alter postpr and ial or fasting plasma concentrations of tHcy and selected inflammatory markers . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00941837 We examined the effect of the positional distribution of fatty acids within dietary triglycerides on  serum lipoproteins . Sixty subjects consumed two diets of equal fatty acid composition for 3 wk each . In the palm oil diet 82 % of palmitic acid was attached to the outer two carbon atoms of glycerol , and 18 % to the middle carbon . In the diet rich in enzymatically modified palm oil these figures were 35 % and 65 % , respectively . On the modified-fat diet , average lipoprotein concentrations showed nonsignificant ( P > 0.13 ) increases of 0.06 mmol/L for total , 0.03 mmol/L for HDL , and 0.04 mmol/L for LDL cholesterol compared with palm oil . The small increases in total and LDL cholesterol were statistically significant in the men ( n = 23 ) but not in the women ( n = 37 ) . The ratio of HDL to LDL cholesterol and serum triglyceride concentrations were unchanged . Thus , a large difference in dietary fatty acid configuration had little effect on lipoprotein concentrations in humans
Subgroup analyses revealed that palm oil has a beneficial effect on High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels when more than 30 % of total dietary energy was constituted by fat .
This review revealed that palm oil does not induce increases in cardiovascular disease risk risk-related biomarkers relative to unsaturated fatty acids .
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The precise association between palm oil consumption and  lipid-related cardiovascular disease risk remains unclear .
A systematic review was thus performed to assess whether palm oil consumption has a negative effect on plasma lipid-related cardiovascular disease marker levels .