An investigation of the efficacy and safety of a new electric interdental plaque remover for the reduction of interproximal plaque and gingivitis. Enamel surfaces following interproximal reduction with different methods. Subgingival and interproximal plaque removal using a counter-rotational electric toothbrush and a manual toothbrush. Clinical trial of a novel interdental brush cleaning system. Interproximal plaque mass and fluoride retention after brushing and flossing--a comparative study of powered toothbrushing, manual toothbrushing and flossing. Caries risk after interproximal enamel reduction. Comparative effectiveness of flossing and brushing in reducing interproximal bleeding. An evaluation of proximal surface cleansing agents. Comparative plaque removal efficacy of a dual-action power toothbrush and a manual tooth: effects by tooth type. Comparative study of electric and manual toothbrushes in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Interproximal gingivitis and plaque reduction by four interdental products. Treatment of interproximal angular defects by guided tissue regeneration: 1 year follow-up. Interproximal vs midradicular effects of a counter-rotational powered brush during supportive periodontal therapy. A new in vivo interdental sampling method comparing a daily flossing regime versus a manual brush control. Comparison between manual and mechanical methods of interproximal hygiene. A comparison of second premolar extraction and mini-implant total arch distalization with interproximal stripping. Comparative effectiveness of an essential oil mouthrinse and dental floss in controlling interproximal gingivitis and plaque.
This clinical study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of the new Braun Oral-B Interclean ( ID2 ) with that of dental floss in healthy adults . Volunteers with sufficient dental plaque and gingivitis were r and omized to use the ID2 ( n = 24 ) or American Dental Association-approved dental floss ( n = 24 ) in conjunction with toothbrushing once nightly for 6 weeks . All subjects received a  supragingival prophylaxis and polishing at the start of the study . Over the study period , both devices produced significant reductions in interproximal plaque , gingivitis and bleeding ( p < 0.01 ) . With the ID2 , there were reductions in interproximal plaque scores ( all sites ) of approximately 40 % compared with 28 % with dental floss . A decrease in gingivitis of 15 % was observed with the ID2 compared with 12 % for floss users . Bleeding on probing was reduced by 25 % with the ID2 and by 34 % with dental floss . There was a trend in favor of the ID2 with respect to reduction in plaque which achieved statistical significance ( p = 0.05 ) for the posterior three interproximal sites . Differences between treatment groups with respect to gingivitis and bleeding reductions were not statistically significant . No adverse events were reported or observed during the study . It is concluded that the ID2 has equivalent efficacy to dental floss for the reduction of interproximal plaque and gingivitis OBJECTIVE To assess the surface roughness result ing after application of currently available interproximal polishing . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The analysis was carried out by means of digital subtraction radiography , profilometry , and scanning electron microscopy . The roughness of natural untreated enamel served as the reference . Five enamel reduction methods were tested ( Profin , New Metal Strips , O-Drive D30 , Air Rotor , and the Ortho-Strips ) and were applied in accordance with their manufacturers ' recommendations . Fifty-five teeth were treated by r and omly chosen methods , all of which were applied by one person . One proximal surface was only ground and left unpolished while the other received the finishing and polish recommended by the manufacturer . RESULTS Loss of tooth substance , as measured by subtraction radiography , was significantly lower ( P < .05 ) for the group treated with Ortho-Strips .  Profilometric analysis of enamel roughness showed that the use of Ortho-Strips , O-Drive D30 , and New Metal Strips in the grinding mode produced equally rough surfaces ( P > .05 ) . The Air Rotor and Profin system in the grinding mode produced the significantly ( P < .05 ) roughest surfaces . A significant ( P < .05 ) reduction of the mean roughness values was registered in all groups when treatment was followed by polishing . The Profin system and Ortho-Strips achieved the significantly smoothest surfaces ( P < .05 ) with polishing . CONCLUSIONS In general , interproximal enamel reduction should be followed by thorough polishing . Furthermore , oscillating systems seem to be advantageous The purpose of this study was to compare the subgingival and interproximal plaque removal of a manual toothbrush to that of an oscillating counter-rotational electric toothbrush .  Ninety teeth were divided into control , manual , and electric groups and test teeth received a total of 20 seconds of brushing . The teeth were then anesthetized , extracted , stained , dried , and examined with a computer-assisted video analysis system . The control group had 13.88 % plaque-free interproximal surfaces , compared to 30.57 % for the manual group and 53.23 % for the electric group . The mean subgingival plaque-free measurement was 0.05 mm for the control group , 0.64 mm for the manual group , and 1.36 mm for the electric group . The differences between the means were statistically significant for both measurements OBJECTIVE This single-blind , five parallel-arm , four-week r and omized clinical trial was design ed to compare the efficacy of a 0.05 % cetylpyridinium chloride gel-releasing interdental brush ( IDB ) with st and ard interproximal cleaning devices for plaque and gingivitis reduction , and decreased frequency in interproximal gingival bleeding . METHODOLOGY After consenting , participants meeting inclusion criteria brushed their teeth , received a baseline examination and a professional cleaning , and were then block-r and omized into five groups , with the plaque level serving as the blocking variable . All five groups performed st and ard tooth brushing as a background regimen . Three of the groups were respectively assigned to one of three interdental brush regimens , the fourth group was assigned to a st and ard flossing regimen ( positive control ) , and the fifth group was assigned to a st and ard tooth brushing only regimen ( control ) . Clinical outcome data were collected at two and four weeks . RESULTS Of a total of 162 starting participants , 152 completed the study . There were no baseline differences among the five groups with respect to age , interproximal plaque score , interproximal gingivitis score , or percent of interproximal bleeding on probing . After two and four weeks , the 3 IDB groups exhibited 30 - 40 percent lower plaque levels than the control ( p < 0.05 ) . With respect to interproximal gingival scores , the active agent IDB group exhibited a statistically significant effect after two weeks , and all three IDB groups demonstrated significantly better outcomes after four weeks ( p < 0.05 ) . At two and four weeks , the three IDB groups demonstrated a greater reduction in interproximal bleeding points upon probing compared to the two control groups ( p < 0.05 ) . The group using the 0.05 % cetylpyridinium gel-releasing IDB system did not demonstrate superior clinical results when compared to the two other IDB groups . CONCLUSION When compared to control and positive control interdental cleaning procedures , daily use of IDBs was effective in reducing interproximal plaque and gingivitis scores , as well as interproximal bleeding on probing . The benefits were evident at two weeks , but were more consistent after four weeks . The 0.05 % cetylpyridinium gel-releasing IDB system did not appear to confer a consistently independent incremental benefit PURPOSE To determine differences in interproximal plaque mass and fluoride retention with different modes of toothbrushing and flossing . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty-seven subjects in good health used four treatments in a four-period , r and omized , crossover design : 1 ) manual brushing only ; 2 ) manual brushing and daily flossing ; 3 ) electric brushing using a rotational oscillation toothbrush ; and 4 ) electric brushing using a sonic toothbrush . Subjects used a st and ard sodium fluoride dentifrice during the eight-day experimental periods and a fluoride-free dentifrice during the seven-day washout periods between treatments . Interproximal plaque sample s were taken on Day 1 and on Day 8 , weighed , and analyzed for fluoride content . RESULTS The amount of interproximal plaque was lowest with sonic brushing , which left 43 - 65 % less plaque than all other treatments . Manual brushing and flossing yielded less plaque than manual brushing alone and rotational oscillation brushing . Differences were statistically significant ( p < 0.05 ) for treatment ; there was no time effect on plaque mass . For fluoride retention , at Day 1 sonic brushing gave at least 54 % more fluoride in the interproximal plaque than all other treatments , which was significant . All treatments demonstrated a significant increase in fluoride concentration with time except manual brushing and flossing , which showed a significant decrease . At Day 8 , the fluoride concentration was significantly higher for sonic brushing than for manual brushing or rotational oscillation brushing by over 40 % , and all treatments exhibited significantly greater fluoride than the manual brushing and flossing combination . CONCLUSION The mode of toothbrushing may impact the amount of plaque retained interproximally and its fluoride concentration INTRODUCTION Air-rotor stripping ( ARS ) is a commonly used method to alleviate crowding in the permanent dentition . Its widespread acceptance , however , has been limited by the potential increase in caries risk of the abraded enamel surface . The aim of this study was to compare the susceptibility of ARS-treated enamel surfaces with intact surfaces in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy . METHODS Forty patients treated with ARS were examined clinical ly and radiographically for caries 1 to 6 years after interproximal enamel reduction . All patients were seen by their dentists for prophylaxis at 6-month intervals during active orthodontic treatment and were exposed to fluori date d water and toothpaste . Topical fluoride agents or sealants were not applied on the abraded surface after any ARS session . Caries incidence was compared between ARS-treated and unaltered surfaces within subjects . The decayed , missing , filled tooth ( DMFT ) and surface ( DMFS ) scores were used to evaluate the subjects ' overall caries risk . RESULTS Totals of 376 test and 376 control surfaces were examined . The number of interproximal lesions detected was found to be low with no statistically significant difference detected between the groups ( test = 3 ; control = 6 ; P = .33 ] . The DMFT and DMFS scores increased significantly during the study period , indicating that these patients were clearly at risk of tooth decay ( P < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that the risk of caries is not affected by ARS . Furthermore , our data show that the application of topical fluoride on the enamel surfaces immediately after ARS in patients exposed to fluori date d water and fluoride-containing toothpaste may not provide any additional benefit This study assesses the comparative effectiveness of three types of dental floss and toothbrushing in reducing interproximal bleeding sites , measured by stimulation with wooden interdental cleaners using the interdental bleeding index assessment method . The 119 adult subjects with gingival inflammation were r and omly assigned to one of four groups at the beginning of a supervised 2 week clinical trial . The toothbrushing only group achieved a 35 % reduction in bleeding sites and the three flossing groups all demonstrated dramatic reductions of about 67 % . The three varieties of dental flosses were about equally effective in reducing interproximal bleeding and doubly effective as toothbrushing alone . Compared to probing , the interdental bleeding index method is considered a simplified method of assessing interproximal gingival inflammation The effectiveness of the Interspace brush , Inter-Dens , and waxed dental floss as proximal surface cleansing agents was compared in 35 subjects . Each subject used all three methods of cleansing in r and om order of selection . Statistical analysis of the results showed that there was no difference in the effectiveness of any one of these three agents . However , proximal surfaces of anterior teeth where cleaned more effectively than posterior teeth . The coronal half of the proximal surfaces was cleaned more effectively than the apical half and the facial half more effectively than the lingual half when Inter-Dens was used . Comparison of cleansing effectiveness between facial and lingual halves of proximal surfaces for the Interspace brush and waxed dental floss showed no significant difference . Mesial and distal proximal surfaces were cleaned with similar effectiveness . Plaque control was only satisfactory on approximately half of the proximal surfaces , though a wide variation occurred . Significantly lower plaque scores were found 1 week after the initial instruction session , irrespective of the agent used . The majority of subjects preferred  Inter-Dens  whilst waxed dental floss was the least-liked method of cleansing PURPOSE To evaluate the plaque removal efficacy of a dual action power toothbrush ( Crest SpinBrush Pro Clean ) relative to an ADA reference manual toothbrush . In addition to overall plaque removal , emphasis was put on plaque reduction around the gingival margin , interproximal areas of the tooth and in the posterior segment of the dentition . METHODS The study was a r and omized , examiner-blind , two-treatment , four-period , crossover design . After an informed consent , 50 healthy volunteers were r and omized to four treatment sequences and used each toothbrush twice according to their assigned treatment sequence . At every visit , plaque removal was assessed at baseline and after a single brushing using the Rustogi-modified Navy Plaque Index that allows estimation of interproximal plaque and plaque at the gingival margin . Self-reported and examiner-observed adverse events were collected at every visit . Mean Plaque Index ( MPI ) scores were calculated for the whole mouth , gingival region , interproximal region and different areas of the dentition using an analysis of covariance for crossover design with baseline plaque score as the covariate . RESULTS 49 subjects provided complete data and were included in the analysis . Baseline MPI scores were not significantly different between the groups for any investigated tooth region or dentition area . Following a single brushing , the power toothbrush provided a reduction of 43 % ( P < 0.001 ) for the whole mouth MPI , 43 % ( P < 0.001 ) for the gingival margin MPI and 65 % ( P < 0.001 ) for the interproximal MPI relative to a manual brush . Use of the power toothbrush result ed in a significant reduction of whole-mouth and gingival margin MPI across all areas of the dentition compared to a manual toothbrush ( P < 0.001 ) . The power toothbrush also had superior interproximal plaque removal efficacy compared to the manual toothbrush for molars ( P < 0.001 , with 118 % greater removal score ) . Both brushes were well tolerated The objective of this three treatment , three period , single blind , cross-over trial was to evaluate the efficacy of three toothbrushes in a cohort of children undergoing fixed appliance orthodontic therapy .  The brushes used were : ( 1 ) Dental Logic HP550 with regular brush head HP5924 ( Philips , U.K. ) ; ( 2 ) Braun Oral B Plaque Remover ( D7 ) with dedicated orthodontic brush head OD5 - 1 ( Braun AG , Germany ) ; and ( 3 ) a manual dedicated orthodontic toothbrush ( P35 , Oral B Laboratories , Calif. ) . Sixty orthodontic patients , aged 10 to 16 years and wearing upper and lower fixed appliances , were screened and recruited with parental consent . After an oral soft tissue examination at baseline , the percentage of plaque-covered tooth surfaces and gingival bleeding sites were recorded using visible plaque and gingival bleeding indexes . Each subject was r and omly allocated to one of three groups ( n = 20 ) with brushing sequences 1 - 2 - 3 , 2 - 1 - 3 , 3 - 2 - 1 . The first brush was given 2 weeks after baseline ( visit 1 ) . The time interval for using each brush was 4 weeks at the end of which visible plaque and gingival bleeding indexes were recorded and a further prophylaxis given . Statistical analysis was undertaken with analysis of variance . Data were analyzed on a site-specific basis ; buccal smooth and interproximal surfaces , lingual smooth and interproximal surfaces . At baseline the mean visible plaque index for all subjects were ; buccal smooth , 52.5 % ( + /- 22.5 % ) ; buccal interproximal , 70.5 % ( + /- 18.5 % ) ; lingual smooth , 68.5 % ( + /- 21 % ) ; lingual interproximal , 76 % ( + /- 16 % ) . At visit 1 , the plaque scores at all surfaces had reduced significantly compared to baseline , but there had been no active treatment . This was attributed to a Hawthorne effect . Subsequently , there were no significant effects on visible plaque ( or gingival bleeding ) indexes with any toothbrush at any tooth surfaces . This suggests that the new HP550 is equally effective as specifically design ed orthodontic toothbrushes in removing plaque from patients with fixed orthodontic appliances OBJECTIVE The study was conducted to compare the performance of three interdental products to dental floss in the control and removal of plaque , and in the reduction of gingivitis . METHODOLOGY One-hundred and twenty subjects were screened for the presence of interproximal sites of a size suitable for a GUMO Go-Betweens cleaner , and for being in compliance with inclusion and exclusion criteria . They were then assessed with the Plaque , Gingivitis , and Eastman Interdental Bleeding Indices ( EIBI ) at baseline , given a prophylaxis , r and omly assigned to one of four products ( Glide dental floss , Butler flossers , GUM Go-Betweens cleaners , and GUM Soft-Picks cleaners ) , and given product use instructions . Subjects returned at three weeks for a compliance review and at six weeks for a final visit . Plaque was assessed at the final visit before and after using the assigned products . Plaque , gingivitis , and bleeding scores were evaluated by analysis of covariance using the baseline measurements as the covariate . RESULTS All four interdental products significantly reduced interdental plaque from baseline to before-use at the final visit ( after six weeks ) employing baseline plaque as a covariate . Reductions were 16 % to 24 % . Similarly , use of the products at the final visit result ed in 26 % to 31 % reductions in plaque with the before-use plaque as a covariate . Interdental gingivitis scores showed a reduction both lingually and buccally , with reductions ranging from 27 % to 36 % for the former and 34 % to 53 % for the latter ( baseline was the covariate ) . No statistical differences were found between the products on the lingual interdental sites . The Go-Betweens cleaners showed a statistically greater reduction in the Gingival Index score buccally than the other three products . No differences were noted among the products for the EIBI . CONCLUSION In this study , dental floss , the recognized " gold st and ard " for gingivitis reduction , was matched in performance by flossers and an interdental cleaner with small elastomeric fingers , and surpassed by an interdental brush . All products performed comparably for plaque reduction and removal The periodontal regeneration of interproximal bone defects of the posterior teeth produced by guided tissue regeneration ( GTR ) , with exp and ed Polytetrafluoroethylene barrier membranes and conventional therapy , was clinical ly evaluated in 20 intrabony periodontal defects in 10 patients . The material included the presence of at least two proximal angular lesions for the same patient , probing pocket depth > or = 6 mm , bone defect depth > or = 3 mm , and 2-wall defects with crestal involvement relative to the tooth circumference ranging from 90 to 270 degrees . Healing was clinical ly evaluated by surgical re-entry of GTR-treated sites ( 10 sites ) and debridement only sites ( 10 sites ) 1 year after initial surgery following a strict plaque control regimen . A significant correlation was observed between probing depth reduction , attachment gain and defect depth ( test sites ) ; there was increased bone fill in GTR-treated lesions of 2.95 + /- 1.3 mm corresponding to a 69.4 % improvement compared to control sites , and 1.3 + /- 1.0 mm corresponding to a 32 % improvement ( P < 0.0039 ) . The results demonstrated that bone regeneration is highly reliable , as compared to conventional therapy , in cases of severe periodontal bone loss from posterior teeth provided that the principles of GTR are applied Removing plaque from interproximal areas is critical in preventing periodontal disease recurrence . Studies have shown the INTERPLAK counter-rotational powered brush is more proficient at this than conventional methods . To compare the effectiveness of the counter-rotational powered brush with conventional methods on midradicular and interproximal surfaces , periodontal surgery patients who were in supportive periodontal therapy were grouped into those using the counter-rotational powered brush device and those using conventional methods . Various measures of periodontal health indicated that over the 6-month study period , the counter-rotational powered brush result ed in a 40 % to 60 % improvement in clinical periodontal conditions compared with a 15 % to 40 % improvement with conventional methods OBJECTIVE The impact of flossing the interdental space is typically assessed by visual methods of question able reliability , such as clinician observations and evaluations for scoring of plaque on visual tooth surfaces . The objective of this study was to develop and vali date a method to measure interproximal quantities of dental plaque , thereby permitting quantitative evaluations of between-teeth cleaning and biofilm removal . METHODOLOGY Laboratory studies were performed correlating the quantity of bacteria to the amount of measured protein in a sample using a st and ardized protein assay ( Bio-Rad Protein Assay ) and sample s containing single bacterial species and saliva/bacterial pellets . Analysis of the plaque was st and ardized against a bovine serum albumin ( BSA ) control . Pilot studies helped develop a technique for hygienist-applied interproximal flossing , reducing contamination from saliva and other possible sources of indeterminate error . Repeated sampling experiments were carried out to optimize the technique needed to remove the majority of quantifiable plaque , the best choice of flossing material , and establish the technique for collection . A pilot clinical trial assessed the benefits of daily flossing in reducing measurable quantities of interproximal plaque using the developed method . Thirty-nine subjects had six interdental sites ( distributed across all four quadrants , pre-molar and molar boundaries ) sample d on either side , over a three-week treatment period , in two balanced and equally sized treatment groups , with twice-daily manual brushing with or without daily flossing .  RESULTS Laboratory studies confirmed the accuracy of the protein detection kit in assaying bacterial plaque loads from single species or complex biofilms . In pilot developmental screens , single flossing sweeps with appropriate dental floss were sufficient to remove the majority of quantifiable biomass from interproximal sites . The clinical study demonstrated that after three weeks , interdental plaque in floss users was significantly reduced versus baseline scores . Non-floss users showed no significant reduction . In direct comparison , less interdental plaque was recovered from subjects who had followed a daily flossing regime compared to subjects who had used a manual toothbrush alone ( p = 0.0866 ) . CONCLUSION The sampling method quantified the cleaning effects of daily flossing on interproximal plaque levels . Daily flossing significantly reduced the amount of plaque found between the teeth compared to a manual brushing regimen alone . This new method should be useful in future studies on the evaluation of mechanical or chemical means of interproximal plaque control OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the automated Interclean Interdental Plaque Remover with that of interdental brushes and Ultrafloss . METHOD AND MATERIAL S The interdental hygiene effectiveness of 35 healthy patients suffering from gingivitis was studied by an examiner daily over a period of 1 week . The sizes of the interdental spaces were classified and corresponding-sized interdental brushes or floss was selected . In a r and om , split-mouth design both interdental cleaning methods , mechanical and manual , were applied while the patients continued to use st and ard brushing techniques . Disclosed proximal plaque , the papillary bleeding index , and interdental bleeding tendency on stimulation were evaluated . RESULTS The papillary bleeding index was reduced from an average value of 40 % to 25 % . Only 5 % of interproximal plaque remained after manual interdental cleaning , whereas 40 % of plaque was still present after use of the Interclean device . Cleaning efficiency of manual and mechanical methods was comparable in only 1 interproximal space size . At the end of the study , the interdental bleeding on stimulation was significantly higher in the automatically cleaned interspaces than in the manually cleaned spaces . CONCLUSION Manual interproximal cleaning  was more effective than the automated device OBJECTIVE The effect of total arch distalization using orthodontic mini-implants ( OMIs ) combined with interproximal stripping ( IPS ) and second premolar extraction was investigated in Class I malocclusion patients . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 66 consecutively treated Class I malocclusion ( Class I molar relationship ; 0 mm < overbite and overjet < 4.5 mm ) patients ranging in age from 17 to 44 years who received single-phase treatment were included in this study . Pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalograms and dental casts were measured and compared statistically . RESULTS In the distalization with IPS group , 3.6 mm and 3.8 mm of crowding in the upper and lower arches , respectively , were resolved , and 3.8 mm and 3.2 mm of upper and lower incisor retraction , respectively , were achieved simultaneously by the treatment . As a result of the second premolar extraction treatment , 3.9 mm and 3.6 mm of crowding in the upper and lower arches , respectively , were resolved , and 3.3 mm and 3.2 mm of incisor retraction , respectively , were achieved during treatment . There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of crowding and incisor retraction between the two groups . CONCLUSIONS Total arch distalization using an OMI with IPS did not yield a significantly different treatment result compared to second premolar extraction treatment PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of rinsing with an essential oil-containing antimicrobial mouthrinse with that of dental floss in reducing interproximal gingivitis and plaque in an unsupervised 6-month clinical trial design ed in accordance with ADA Acceptance Program Guidelines . MATERIAL S AND METHODS 319 qualifying subjects , aged 18 - 63 , were r and omized into one of three groups : essential oil mouthrinse ( Listerine Antiseptic ) ; dental floss ( Reach Dental Floss ) ; or a negative control rinse . At baseline , subjects received a complete oral soft tissue examination and scoring of the Modified Gingival Index ( MGI ) , modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index ( PI ) , and bleeding index ( BI ) . Following a complete dental prophylaxis and receiving flossing or rinsing instructions , subjects started on their respective regimen . They continued on their assigned regimen unsupervised at home , in addition to toothbrushing , and were reexamined at 3 and 6 months . The treatment groups were compared with respect to baseline demographic and clinical variables . The primary efficacy variables were mean interproximal MGI and PI at 6 months . Intergroup differences at 3 and 6 months were tested using a one-way analysis of covariance model with treatment as a factor and the respective baseline value as the covariate . In addition , the essential oil mouthrinse was compared to floss for interproximal gingivitis reduction using " at least as good as " statistical criteria . RESULTS 301 subjects were considered evaluable . There were no statistically significant differences among the 3 groups at baseline , with the exception of the essential oil mouthrinse group having significantly fewer AfroAmerican subjects than the other two groups . For the interproximal MGI , the essential oil mouthrinse and flossing were both significantly more effective than the negative control ( P < 0.001 ) at 3 and 6 months . The essential oil mouthrinse was shown to be " at least as good as " dental floss for the control of interproximal gingivitis . For the interproximal PI , the essential oil mouthrinse was significantly more effective than the negative control at 3 and 6 months ( P < 0.001 ) while flossing was significantly more effective than the negative control at 3 months ( P < 0.05 ) but not at 6 months . The essential oil mouthrinse was significantly more effective than floss ( P < 0.001 ) at both these time periods
Complications of interproximal enamel reduction are hypersensitivity , irreversible damage of dental pulp , increased formation of plaque , the risk of caries in the stripped enamel areas and periodontal diseases .
CONCLUSION Interproximal enamel reduction is an important part of orthodontic treatment for gaining space in the dental arch , and for the correction of the Bolton index discrepancy
OBJECTIVE Interproximal enamel reduction is a part of orthodontic treatment for gaining a modest amount of space in the treatment of crowding .
Today interproximal enamel reduction has become a viable alternative to the extraction of permanent teeth , and helps to adjust the Bolton Index discrepancy .
The aim of the study is to evaluate various interproximal enamel reduction techniques , its indications , contraindications and complications presented in recent scientific studies .