Effects of 4-week very-high-fructose/glucose diets on insulin sensitivity, visceral fat and intrahepatic lipids: an exploratory trial. Consumption of fructose- but not glucose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks increases circulating concentrations of uric acid, retinol binding protein-4, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in overweight/obese humans Moderate Amounts of Fructose Consumption Impair Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Young Men The ingestion of a fructose-containing beverage combined with fat cream exacerbates postprandial lipidemia in young healthy women. Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging response to glucose and fructose infusions in humans. Influence of glucose and fructose ingestion on the capacity for long-term exercise in well-trained men. Effects of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose consumption on circulating glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and on appetite in normal-weight women. Consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks reduces net fat oxidation and energy expenditure in overweight/obese men and women Dietary triggers of abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: randomized placebo-controlled evidence. Simultaneous ingestion of fructose and fat exacerbates postprandial exogenous lipidemia in young healthy Japanese women. Symptomatic response to varying levels of fructo-oligosaccharides consumed occasionally or regularly. High-fructose corn syrup and sucrose have equivalent effects on energy-regulating hormones at normal human consumption levels. Acute effects of fructose and glucose ingestion with and without caffeine in young and old humans. Acute Effects of Glucose and Fructose Administration on the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Functioning in Healthy Subjects: A Pilot Study Impaired cellular insulin binding and insulin sensitivity induced by high-fructose feeding in normal subjects. Acute effects of feeding fructose, glucose and sucrose on blood lipid levels and systemic inflammation Fructose and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes.
An increasing amount of fructose in the diet is suggested to play a causal role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome , type 2 diabetes and fatty liver . Our aim was to investigate and compare the effects of very high fructose and very high glucose in hyperenergetic diets on glucose and lipid metabolism and on fat depots in healthy humans . We conducted an exploratory , prospect i ve , r and omised , single-blinded , intervention trial . Participants in addition to a balanced weight-maintaining diet received 150 g of fructose or glucose/d for 4 weeks . Insulin sensitivity was estimated from oral glucose tolerance tests . Visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat was determined with MRI . Liver fat and intramyocellular lipids of the tibialis anterior muscle were measured with (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy . A total of twenty healthy subjects ( fructose group n 10 and glucose group n 10 ; twelve males and eight females ) completed the study . They had a mean age of 30·5 ( SEM 2·0 ) years and a mean BMI of 25·9 ( SEM 0·5 ) kg/m(2 ) . Insulin sensitivity appeared to decrease both in the fructose and glucose groups . TAG markedly increased in the fructose group . No strong alterations or treatment effects were found for liver fat , visceral fat , subcutaneous abdominal fat and intramyocellular lipids of the tibialis anterior muscle . In conclusion , the effects of very high fructose and very high glucose in hyperenergetic diets on glucose metabolism and body fat composition were not different in the healthy participants of the present study . However , elevation of plasma TAG seemed to be fructose-specific Background Prospect i ve studies in humans examining the effects of fructose consumption on biological markers associated with the development of metabolic syndrome are lacking . Therefore we investigated the relative effects of 10 wks of fructose or glucose consumption on plasma uric acid and RBP-4 concentrations , as well as liver enzyme ( AST , ALT , and GGT ) activities in men and women . Methods As part of a parallel arm study , older ( age 40–72 ) , overweight and obese male and female subjects ( BMI 25–35 kg/m2 ) consumed glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages providing 25 % of energy requirements for 10 wks . Fasting and 24-h blood collection s were performed at baseline and following 10 wks of intervention and plasma concentrations of uric acid , RBP-4 and liver enzyme activities were measured . Results Consumption of fructose , but not glucose , led to significant increases of 24-h uric acid profiles ( P < 0.0001 ) and RBP-4 concentrations ( P = 0.012 ) , as well as plasma GGT activity ( P = 0.04 ) . Fasting plasma uric acid concentrations increased in both groups ; however , the response was significantly greater in subjects consuming fructose ( P = 0.002 for effect of sugar ) . Within the fructose group male subjects exhibited larger increases of RBP-4 levels than women ( P = 0.024 ) . Conclusions These findings suggest that consumption of fructose at 25 % of energy requirements for 10 wks , compared with isocaloric consumption of glucose , may contribute to the development of components of the metabolic syndrome by increasing circulating uric acid , GGT activity , suggesting alteration of hepatic function , and the production of RBP-4 OBJECTIVE Adverse effects of hypercaloric , high-fructose diets on insulin sensitivity and lipids in human subjects have been shown repeatedly . The implication s of fructose in amounts close to usual daily consumption , however , have not been well studied . This study assessed the effect of moderate amounts of fructose and sucrose compared with glucose on glucose and lipid metabolism . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Nine healthy , normal-weight male volunteers ( aged 21–25 years ) were studied in this double-blind , r and omized , cross-over trial . All subjects consumed four different sweetened beverages ( 600 mL/day ) for 3 weeks each : medium fructose ( MF ) at 40 g/day , and high fructose ( HF ) , high glucose ( HG ) , and high sucrose ( HS ) each at 80 g/day . Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps with [6,6]-2H2 glucose labeling were used to measure endogenous glucose production . Lipid profile , glucose , and insulin were measured in fasting sample s. RESULTS Hepatic suppression of glucose production during the clamp was significantly lower after HF ( 59.4 ± 11.0 % ) than HG ( 70.3 ± 10.5 % , P < 0.05 ) , whereas fasting glucose , insulin , and C-peptide did not differ between the interventions . Compared with HG , LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol were significantly higher after MF , HF , and HS , and free fatty acids were significantly increased after MF , but not after the two other interventions ( P < 0.05 ) . Subjects ’ energy intake during the interventions did not differ significantly from baseline intake . CONCLUSIONS This study clearly shows that moderate amounts of fructose and sucrose significantly alter hepatic insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism compared with similar amounts of glucose AIM To investigate the acute effects of the ingestion of a fructose-containing beverage combined with fat on postpr and ial lipoprotein metabolism . METHODS Twelve young healthy Japanese women with apolipoprotein E phenotype 3/3 were enrolled in this study . At each of four sessions , the subjects ingested one of four sugar beverages containing fructose and /or glucose ( total : 0.5 g/kg body weight ) combined with OFTT cream ( 1 g/kg , 0.35 g/kg as fat ) in a r and omized crossover design . The four sugar beverages were as follows : 100 % ( w/w ) fructose ( F100 ) , 90 % fructose + 10 % glucose ( F90G10 ) , 55 % fructose + 45 % glucose ( F55G45 ) and 100 % glucose ( G100 ) . Venous blood sample s were obtained at baseline and 0.5 , one , two , four and six hours after ingestion . RESULTS The serum concentrations of TG in the F100 , F90G10 and F55G45 trials were significantly higher than each fasting value at two and four hours , and returned to baseline at six hours , except in the F100 trial . The concentrations at four hours and the incremental areas under the curve for the hepatic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein-triglyceride ( VLDL-TG(TM ) ) levels in the F100 and F90G10 trials were significantly higher and larger , respectively , than those observed in the G100 trial . Meanwhile , the concentrations of RLP-TG and apolipoprotein B-48 peaked at two hours in the G100 trial , versus four hours in the other trials , and did not return to baseline at six hours , except in the G100 trial . At four hours , the ⊿apoB48 tended to be higher in the F100 trial than in the G100 trial . CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of a high-fructose-containing beverage with fat cream delays the clearance of chylomicron and its remnant derived from the intestine and enhances the secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles from the liver , thereby inducing postpr and ial lipidemia , even in young healthy women AIMS In animals , intracerebroventricular glucose and fructose have opposing effects on appetite and weight regulation . In humans , functional brain magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) studies during glucose ingestion or infusion have demonstrated suppression of hypothalamic signalling , but no studies have compared the effects of glucose and fructose . We therefore sought to determine if the brain response differed to glucose vs. fructose in humans independently of the ingestive process . METHODS Nine healthy , normal weight subjects underwent blood oxygenation level dependent ( BOLD ) fMRI measurements during either intravenous ( IV ) glucose ( 0.3 mg/kg ) , fructose ( 0.3 mg/kg ) or saline , administered over 2 min in a r and omized , double-blind , crossover study . Blood was sample d every 5 min during a baseline period and following infusion for 60 min in total for glucose , fructose , lactate and insulin levels . RESULTS No significant brain BOLD signal changes were detected in response to IV saline .  BOLD signal in the cortical control areas increased during glucose infusion ( p = 0.002 ) , corresponding with increased plasma glucose and insulin levels . In contrast , BOLD signal decreased in the cortical control areas during fructose infusion ( p = 0.006 ) , corresponding with increases of plasma fructose and lactate . Neither glucose nor fructose infusions significantly altered BOLD signal in the hypothalamus . CONCLUSION In normal weight humans , cortical responses as assessed by BOLD fMRI to infused glucose are opposite to those of fructose . Differential brain responses to these sugars and their metabolites may provide insight into the neurologic basis for dysregulation of food intake during high dietary fructose intake The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of glucose and fructose ingestion on the capacity to perform prolonged heavy exercise . Eight well-trained healthy volunteers exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 68 + /- 3 % of their VO2 max until exhaustion , on three occasions , with 8-day intervals . During the exercise they ingested either glucose ( 250 ml , 7 % ) , fructose ( 250 ml , 7 % ) or water ( 250 ml ) every 20 min in a double-blind r and omized study design . Arterial blood sample s were collected at rest and during exercise for the determination of substrates and hormones . Muscle glycogen content ( m. quadriceps femoris ) was measured before and after exercise . The duration of exercise lengthened with repeated exercise ( 3rd test : 136 + /- 13 min v. 1st test : 110 + /- 12 min , P less than 0.01 ) . Corrected for the sequence effect , total work time until exhaustion was significantly longer with glucose ( 137 + /- 13 min ) than with either fructose ( 114 + /- 12 min ) or water ( 116 + /- 13 min ) ( both P less than 0.01 ) . When glucose or fructose was ingested , the arterial plasma glucose concentration was maintained at the normoglycaemic level ; with water ingestion , plasma glucose values fell during exercise in seven subjects and remained at the resting level in the eighth subject . The muscle glycogen concentration was 467 + /- 29 mmol kg d.w.-1 at rest and fell to approximately half the initial value at exhaustion . In the subgroup of seven subjects in whom glucose values decreased with water intake , the mean rate of glycogen degradation was significantly lower ( P less than 0.05 ) with the ingestion of glucose ( 1.3 + /- 0.4 mmol kg d.w.-1 min-1 ) as compared to fructose ( 2.1 + /- 0.5 mmol kg d.w.-1 min-1 ) or water ( 2.3 + /- 0.5 mmol kg d.w.-1 min-1 ) . Intermittent glucose ingestion ( 3 X 17.5 g h-1 ) during prolonged , heavy bicycle exercise postpones exhaustion and exerts a glycogen-conserving effect in the working muscles . In contrast , fructose ingestion during exercise maintains the glucose concentration at the basal level but fails to influence either muscle glycogen degradation or endurance performance OBJECTIVE Fructose has been implicated in obesity , partly due to lack of insulin-mediated leptin stimulation and ghrelin suppression . Most work has examined effects of pure fructose , rather than high-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) , the most commonly consumed form of fructose . This study examined effects of beverages sweetened with HFCS or sucrose ( Suc ) , when consumed with mixed meals , on blood glucose , insulin , leptin , ghrelin , and appetite . METHODS Thirty lean women were studied on two r and omized 2-d visits during which HFCS- and Suc-sweetened beverages were consumed as 30 % of energy on isocaloric diets during day 1 while blood was sample d. On day 2 , food was eaten ad libitum . Subjects rated appetite at design ated times throughout visits . RESULTS No significant differences between the two sweeteners were seen in fasting plasma glucose , insulin , leptin , and ghrelin ( P > 0.05 ) . The within-day variation in all four items was not different between the two visits ( P > 0.05 ) . Net areas under the curve were similar for glucose , insulin , and leptin ( P > 0.05 ) . There were no differences in energy or macronutrient intake on day 2 . The only appetite variable that differed between sweeteners was desire to eat , which had a higher area under the curve the day after Suc compared with HFCS . CONCLUSION These short-term results suggest that , when fructose is consumed in the form of HFCS , the measured metabolic responses do not differ from Suc in lean women . Further research is required to examine appetite responses and to determine if these findings hold true for obese individuals , males , or longer periods Background / Objectives : The results of short-term studies in humans suggest that , compared with glucose , acute consumption of fructose leads to increased postpr and ial energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation and decreased postpr and ial fat oxidation . The objective of this study was to determine the potential effects of increased fructose consumption compared with isocaloric glucose consumption on substrate utilization and energy expenditure following sustained consumption and under energy-balanced conditions . Subjects/ Methods : As part of a parallel arm study , overweight/obese male and female subjects , 40–72 years , consumed glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages providing 25 % of energy requirements for 10 weeks . Energy expenditure and substrate utilization were assessed using indirect calorimetry at baseline and during the 10th week of intervention . Results : Consumption of fructose , but not glucose , led to significant decreases of net postpr and ial fat oxidation and significant increases of net postpr and ial carbohydrate oxidation ( P<0.0001 for both ) . Resting energy expenditure ( REE ) decreased significantly from baseline values in subjects consuming fructose ( P=0.031 ) but not in those consuming glucose . Conclusions : Increased consumption of fructose for 10 weeks leads to marked changes of postpr and ial substrate utilization including a significant reduction of net fat oxidation . In addition , we report that REE is reduced compared with baseline values in subjects consuming fructose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks BACKGROUND & AIMS Observational studies suggest dietary fructose restriction might lead to sustained symptomatic response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) and fructose malabsorption . The aims of this study were first to determine whether the efficacy of this dietary change is due to dietary fructose restriction and second to define whether symptom relief was specific to free fructose or to poorly absorbed short-chain carbohydrates in general . METHODS The double-blinded , r and omized , quadruple arm , placebo-controlled rechallenge trial took place in the general community . The 25 patients who had responded to dietary change were provided all food , low in free fructose and fructans , for the duration of the study . Patients were r and omly challenged by grade d dose introduction of fructose , fructans , alone or in combination , or glucose taken as drinks with meals for maximum test period of 2 weeks , with at least 10-day washout period between . For the main outcome measures , symptoms were monitored by daily diary entries and responses to a global symptom question . RESULTS Seventy percent of patients receiving fructose , 77 % receiving fructans , and 79 % receiving a mixture reported symptoms were not adequately controlled , compared with 14 % receiving glucose ( P < or = 0.002 , McNemar test ) . Similarly , the severity of overall and individual symptoms was significantly and markedly less for glucose than other substances . Symptoms were induced in a dose-dependent manner and mimicked previous IBS symptoms . CONCLUSIONS In patients with IBS and fructose malabsorption , dietary restriction of fructose and /or fructans is likely to be responsible for symptomatic improvement , suggesting efficacy is due to restriction of poorly absorbed short-chain carbohydrates in general AIM To investigate the acute effects of the simultaneous ingestion of fructose and fat on postpr and ial lipoprotein metabolism in healthy young women . METHODS Nine young healthy Japanese women with a normal weight ( body mass index : 18.5≤- < 25 kg/m(2 ) ) , a normal ovarian cycle and an apolipoprotein E 3/3 phenotype were enrolled as participants and studied on four occasions . At each session , the subjects ingested one of four beverages containing either glucose or fructose ( 0.5 g/kg body weight each ) with or without OFTT cream ( 1 g/kg , 0.35 g/ kg as fat ) in a r and omized crossover design . Blood sample s were collected at baseline and at 0.5 , 1 , 2 , 4 and 6 hours after ingestion . RESULTS The ingestion of fructose combined with fat led to significantly higher rises in the serum triglyceride ( TG ) , remnant-like particle (RLP)-TG , remnant lipoprotein-cholesterol ( RemL-C ) and apolipoprotein B-48 ( apoB48 ) concentrations with delayed peaks compared with that observed following ingestion of the other three types of beverages . The incremental area under the curve (ΔAUC)-TG and ΔAUC-apoB48 were larger than those observed for the ingestion of fat only . The serum RLP-TG and apoB48 concentrations returned to the fasting levels ( 0 hours ) at the end of the test ( 6 hours ) following the ingestion of fat only ; however , these concentrations did not return to the fasting levels following the intake of fructose combined with fat . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a delay in the clearance of intestinal TG-rich lipoproteins , namely chylomicron and its remnant , following the ingestion of fructose combined with fat . The simultaneous ingestion of fructose and fat markedly enhances postpr and ial exogenous lipidemia in young healthy Japanese women OBJECTIVE To evaluate in 14 healthy volunteers the gastrointestinal tolerance to an indigestible bulking sweetener containing fructo-oligosaccharides ( FOS ) . DESIGN In order to mimic their usual pattern of consumption , FOS were ingested throughout the day either occasionally ( once a week , first period ) or regularly ( every day , second period ) . In the two patterns of consumption , daily sugar doses were increased until diarrhoea and /or a symptom grade d 3 ( i.e. severe ) occurred , or when subjects did not want to ingest more c and ies . SETTING Clinical Nutrition Unit , Hôpital Saint-Lazare , Paris . RESULTS In both periods , the first symptom which occurred was excessive flatus ( > 30 g FOS/day ) : borborygmi and bloating appeared at a higher level ( > 40 g/day ) ; lastly , abdominal cramps and diarrhoea occurred at a very much higher level ( 50 g/day ) . The volumes of hydrogen excreted in breath in response to the same load of FOS were not different between the two periods . CONCLUSIONS Chronic consumption of FOS initiated cautiously with subsequent gradual increase did not improve tolerance , nor reduce breath excretion of hydrogen Intake of high-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) has been suggested to contribute to the increased prevalence of obesity , whereas a number of studies and organizations have reported metabolic equivalence between HFCS and sucrose . We hypothesized that HFCS and sucrose would have similar effects on energy-regulating hormones and metabolic substrates at normal levels of human consumption and that these values would not change over a 10-week , free-living period at these consumption levels . This was a r and omized , prospect i ve , double-blind , parallel group study in which 138 adult men and women consumed 10 weeks of low-fat milk sweetened with either HFCS or sucrose at levels of the 25th , 50th , and 90th percentile population consumption of fructose ( the equivalent of 40 , 90 , or 150 g of sugar per day in a 2000-kcal diet ) . Before and after the 10-week intervention , 24-hour blood sample s were collected . The area under the curve ( AUC ) for glucose , insulin , leptin , active ghrelin , triglyceride , and uric acid was measured . There were no group differences at baseline or posttesting for all outcomes ( interaction , P > .05 ) . The AUC response of glucose , active ghrelin , and uric acid did not change between baseline and posttesting ( P > .05 ) , whereas the AUC response of insulin ( P < .05 ) , leptin ( P < .001 ) , and triglyceride ( P < .01 ) increased over the course of the intervention when the 6 groups were averaged . We conclude that there are no differences in the metabolic effects of HFCS and sucrose when compared at low , medium , and high levels of consumption Aging is associated with a decline in energy expenditure ( EE ) , glucose intolerance , and a reduction in body nitrogen content . In addition , a reduction in the thermic response to glucose but not to fructose or protein has been reported in the elderly . The present study was conducted to further examine nutrient-induced thermogenesis and the effects of specific sugars on amino acid metabolism in relation to age . After 3 days on a weight-maintaining , 250-g carbohydrate diet , 16 healthy non-obese men and women in two age groups ( 18 to 29 and 66 to 80 years ) consumed on 4 different days 500 mL of either a 75-g fructose or 75-g glucose solution , with or without 300 mg caffeine or vitamin C as a placebo .  Blood substrate and hormone levels and EE , using indirect calorimetry , were measured at timed intervals for 3 hours after consumption of the drinks . There was no difference in the carbohydrate-induced increase in EE in either young or old even after adjustments for body weight and fat-free mass ( FFM ) . An approximately 20-fold increase in serum caffeine levels increased EE in both groups ( P < .003 ) , but had minimal effects on substrate and hormone responses . In contrast to glucose , fructose induced a marked elevation in plasma alanine from combined basal levels of 301 + /- 24 to approximately 500 + /- 18 mumol/L ( mean + /- SEM ) in both groups ( P < .001 ) . However , both fructose and glucose ingestion result ed in a similar decline in branched-chain and aromatic amino acids . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS The present r and omized double-blinded cross-over study aims to extensively study the neural correlates underpinning cognitive functions in healthy subjects after acute glucose and fructose administration , using an integrative multimodal neuroimaging approach . Five minutes after glucose , fructose , or placebo administration through a nasogastric tube , 12 participants underwent 3 complementary neuroimaging techniques : 2 task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) sequences to assess working memory ( N-back ) and response inhibition ( Go/No-Go ) and one resting state fMRI sequence to address the cognition-related fronto-parietal network ( FPN ) and salience network ( SN ) . During working memory processing , glucose intake decreased activation in the anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) relative to placebo , while fructose  decreased activation in the ACC and sensory cortex relative to placebo and glucose . During response inhibition ,  glucose and fructose decreased activation in the ACC , insula and visual cortex relative to placebo . Resting state fMRI indicated increased global connectivity strength of the FPN and the SN during glucose and fructose intake . The results demonstrate that glucose and fructose lead to partially different partially overlapping changes in regional brain activities that underpin cognitive performance in different tasks We have studied whether the sucrose-induced reduction of insulin sensitivity and cellular insulin binding in normal man is related to the fructose or the glucose moiety . Seven young healthy subjects were fed their usual diets plus 1000 kcal extra glucose per day and eight young healthy subjects were fed their usual diets with addition of 1000 kcal extra fructose per day . The dietary regimens continued for 1 week . Before change of diet there were no statistically significant differences between body weight and fasting plasma concentrations of glucose , insulin , and ketone bodies in the two groups studied . High-glucose feeding caused no significant changes in insulin binding or insulin sensitivity whereas high-fructose feeding was accompanied by a significant reduction both of insulin binding ( P less than 0.05 ) and insulin sensitivity ( P less than 0.05 ) . The changes in insulin binding and insulin sensitivity correlated linearly ( r = 0.52 , P less than 0.01 ) . We conclude that fructose seems to be responsible for the impaired insulin binding and insulin sensitivity induced by sucrose Background Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between fructose consumption and risk of developing metabolic syndrome . Mechanisms by which dietary fructose mediates metabolic changes are poorly understood . This study compared the effects of fructose , glucose and sucrose consumption on post-postpr and ial lipemia and low grade inflammation measured as hs-CRP . Methods This was a r and omized , single blinded , cross-over trial involving healthy subjects ( n = 14 ) . After an overnight fast , participants were given one of 3 different isocaloric drinks , containing 50 g of either fructose or glucose or sucrose dissolved in water .  Blood sample s were collected at baseline , 30 , 60 and 120 minutes post intervention for the analysis of blood lipids , glucose , insulin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) . Results Glucose and sucrose supplementation initially result ed in a significant increase in glucose and insulin levels compared to fructose supplementation and returned to near baseline values within 2 hours . Change in plasma cholesterol , LDL and HDL-cholesterol ( measured as area under curve , AUC ) was significantly higher when participants consumed fructose compared with glucose or sucrose ( P < 0.05 ) . AUC for plasma triglyceride levels however remained unchanged regardless of the dietary intervention . Change in AUC for hs-CRP was also significantly higher in subjects consuming fructose compared with those consuming glucose ( P < 0.05 ) , but not sucrose ( P = 0.07 ) . Conclusion This study demonstrates that fructose as a sole source of energy modulates plasma lipids and hsCRP levels in healthy individuals . The significance of increase in HDL-cholesterol with a concurrent increase in LDL-cholesterol and elevated hs-CRP levels remains to be delineated when considering health effects of feeding fructose-rich diets . Registration number for clinical The effect of dietary fructose ( 20 % of carbohydrate calories , 45 - 65 g day-1 for 4 weeks ) on glycaemic control , serum lipid , lipoprotein and apoprotein A-I and A-II concentrations and on insulin sensitivity was studied in 10 type 2 diabetic patients . The study was done in a r and omized , double-blind fashion with crystalline fructose or placebo administered evenly during 4 meals or snacks per day . The patients were hospitalized throughout the study periods . The fasting plasma glucose concentration decreased during the fructose ( from 10.7 + /- 1.4 mmol l-1 to 8.0 + /- 0.8 mmol l-1 , P < 0.02 ) and the control diet ( from 10.1 + /- 0.9 mmol l-1 to 8.0 + /- 0.7 mmol l-1 , P < 0.05 ) . The mean diurnal blood glucose concentration also fell both during the fructose ( from 10.8 + /- 0.5 mmol l-1 to 8.4 + /- 0.3 mmol l-1 , P < 0.001 ) and the control diet ( from 10.3 + /- 0.3 mmol l-1 to 8.8 + /- 0.9 mmol l-1 , P < 0.01 ) . The HbA1 concentration improved ( P < 0.02 ) only during the fructose diet . Insulin sensitivity increased by 34 % ( P < 0.05 ) during the fructose diet , but remained unchanged during the control period . Serum insulin , triglyceride , apoprotein A-I and A-II concentrations , body weight , blood pressure and blood lactate remained unchanged during both diets . In conclusion , substitution of moderate amounts of fructose for complex carbohydrates can improve glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes
The results did not show any evidence of publication bias .
CONCLUSION Fructose consumption from industrialized foods has significant effects on most components of metabolic syndrome
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the current corpus of human studies to determine the association of various doses and duration s of fructose consumption on metabolic syndrome .