Increased α-linolenic acid intake lowers C-reactive protein, but has no effect on markers of atherosclerosis Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients. Influence of dietary supplementation with long-chain n−3 or n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood inflammatory cell populations and functions and on plasma soluble adhesion molecules in healthy adults Dietary alpha-linolenic acid inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Background diet influences the anti-inflammatory effect of alpha-linolenic acid in dyslipidaemic subjects. The effect of dietary linoleic acid on blood pressure and erythrocyte sodium transport. Obesity modifies the association between plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids and markers of inflammation: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Decreasing linoleic acid with constant alpha-linolenic acid in dietary fats increases (n-3) eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma phospholipids in healthy men. Anti-inflammatory effects of conjugated linoleic acid on young athletic males. A high intake of trans fatty acids has little effect on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in humans. Reduced ex vivo interleukin-6 production by dietary fish oil is not modified by linoleic acid intake in healthy men. The effect of diet enriched with alpha-linolenic acid on soluble cellular adhesion molecules in dyslipidaemic patients. Dietary Cocoa Butter or Refined Olive Oil Does Not Alter Postprandial hsCRP and IL-6 Concentrations in Healthy Women Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Vitamin E, Alone or Combined on Immunity and Inflammatory Parameters in Adults with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial Dietary fatty acids affect plasma markers of inflammation in healthy men fed controlled diets: a randomized crossover study. Inhibition of circulating immune cell activation: a molecular antiinflammatory effect of the Mediterranean diet. Fatty acid supplements improve respiratory, inflammatory and nutritional parameters in adults with cystic fibrosis.
Objective : To investigate the effects of increased alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-intake on intima – media thickness ( IMT ) , oxidized low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) antibodies , soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( sICAM-1 ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and interleukins 6 and 10 . Design : R and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Subjects : Moderately hypercholesterolaemic men and women ( 55±10 y ) with two other cardiovascular risk factors (n=103).Intervention : Participants were assigned to a margarine enriched with ALA ( fatty acid composition 46 % LA , 15 % ALA ) or linoleic acid ( LA ) ( 58 % LA , 0.3 % ALA ) for 2 y. Results : Dietary ALA intake was 2.3 en% among ALA users , and 0.4 en% among LA users . The 2-y progression rate of the mean carotid IMT  ( ALA and LA : + 0.05 mm ) and femoral IMT ( ALA:+0.05 mm ; LA:+0.04 mm ) was similar , when adjusted for confounding variables . After 1 and 2 y , ALA users had a lower CRP level than LA users ( net differences −0.53 and −0.56 mg/l , respectively , P<0.05 ) . No significant effects were observed in oxidized LDL antibodies , and levels of sICAM-1 , interleukins 6 and 10 . Conclusions : A six-fold increased ALA intake lowers CRP , when compared to a control diet high in LA . The present study found no effects on markers for atherosclerosis . Sponsorship : The Dutch ‘ Praeventiefonds ’ BACKGROUND Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease . We examined whether dietary supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA , 18:3n-3 ) affects the levels of inflammatory markers in dyslipidaemic patients . METHODS We recruited 76 male dyslipidaemic patients ( mean age=51+/-8 years ) following a typical Greek diet . They were r and omly assigned either to 15 ml of linseed oil ( rich in ALA ) per day ( n=50 ) or to 15 ml of safflower oil ( rich in linoleic acid ( LA , 18:2n-6 ) ) per day ( n=26 ) . The ratio of n-6:n-3 in linseed oil supplemented group was 1.3:1 and in safflower oil supplemented group 13.2:1 . Dietary intervention lasted for 3 months . Blood lipids and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , serum amyloid A ( SAA ) , and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) levels were determined prior and after intervention . CRP and SAA were measured by nephelometry and IL-6 by immunoassay . RESULTS Dietary supplementation with ALA decreased significantly CRP , SAA and IL-6 levels . The median decrease of CRP was 38 % ( 1.24 vs. 0.93 mg/l , P=0.0008 ) , of SAA 23.1 % ( 3.24 vs. 2.39 mg/l , P=0.0001 ) and of IL-6 10.5 % ( 2.18 vs. 1.7 pg/ml , P=0.01 ) . The decrease of inflammatory markers was independent of lipid changes . Dietary supplementation with LA did not affect significantly CRP , SAA and IL-6 concentrations but decreased cholesterol levels . CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with ALA for 3 months decreases significantly CRP , SAA and IL-6 levels  in dyslipidaemic patients . This anti-inflammatory effect may provide a possible additional mechanism for the beneficial effect of plant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease Greatly increasing the amounts of flaxseed oil [ rich in α-linolenic acid ( ALNA ) ] or fish oil ( FO ) ; [ rich in eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ] in the diet can decrease inflammatory cell functions and so might impair host defense . The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with moderate levels of ALNA , γ-linolenic acid ( GLA ) , arachidonic acid ( ARA ) , DHA , or FO on inflammatory cell numbers and functions and on circulating levels of soluble adhesion molecules .  Healthy subjects aged 55 to 75 yr consumed nine capsules per day for 12 wk . The capsules contained placebo oil ( an 80∶20 mix of palm and sunflowerseed oils ) or blends of placebo oil with oils rich in ALNA , GLA , ARA , or DHA or FO . Subjects in these groups consumed 2 g ALNA ; approximately 700 mg GLA , ARA , or DHA ; or 1 g EPA plus DHA ( 720 mg EPA+280 mg DHA ) daily from the capsules . Total fat intake from the capsules was 4 g per day . None of the treatments affected inflammatory cell numbers in the bloodstream ; neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis or respiratory burst in response to E. coli ; production of tumor necrosis factor-α , interleukin-1β , and interleukin-6 in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide ; or plasma concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 . In contrast , the ALNA and FO treatments decreased the plasma concentrations of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( 16 and 28 % decrease , respectively ) and soluble E-selectin ( 23 and 17 % decrease , respectively ) . It is concluded that , in contrast to previous reports using higher amounts of these fatty acids , a moderate increase in consumption of long-chain n−6 or n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids does not significantly affect inflammatory cell numbers or neutrophil and monocyte responses in humans and so would not be expected to cause immune impairment . Furthermore , we conclude that moderate levels of ALNA and FO , which could be incorporated into the diet , can decrease some markers of endothelial activation and that this mechanism of action may contribute to the reported health benefits of n−3 fatty acids BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease . We previously reported that a diet high in alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) reduces lipid and inflammatory cardiovascular disease risk factors in hypercholesterolemic subjects . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effects of a diet high in ALA on serum proinflammatory cytokine concentrations and cytokine production by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) from subjects fed the experimental diets . DESIGN A r and omized , controlled , 3-diet , 3-period crossover study design was used . Hypercholesterolemic subjects ( n = 23 ) were assigned to 3 experimental diets : a diet high in ALA ( ALA diet ; 6.5 % of energy ) , a diet high in linoleic acid ( LA diet ; 12.6 % of energy ) , and an average American diet ( AAD ) for 6 wk . Serum interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-1beta , and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) concentrations and the production of IL-6 , IL-1beta , and TNF-alpha by P BMC s were measured . RESULTS IL-6 , IL-1beta , and TNF-alpha production by P BMC s and serum TNF-alpha concentrations were lower ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.08 , respectively ) with the ALA diet than with the LA diet or AAD .  P BMC production of TNF-alpha was inversely correlated with ALA ( r = -0.402 , P = 0.07 ) and with eicosapentaenoic acid ( r = -0.476 , P = 0.03 ) concentrations in P BMC lipids with the ALA diet . Changes in serum ALA were inversely correlated with changes in TNF-alpha produced by P BMC s ( r = -0.423 , P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Increased intakes of dietary ALA elicit antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting IL-6 , IL-1beta , and TNF-alpha production in cultured P BMC s. Changes in P BMC ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid ( derived from dietary ALA ) are associated with beneficial changes in TNF-alpha release . Thus , the cardioprotective effects of ALA are mediated in part by a reduction in the production of inflammatory cytokines Long-chain n-3 PUFA from fish oils are known to have anti-inflammatory effects . We evaluated the effect of alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) , precursor of n-3 fatty acids , on serum inflammatory markers and soluble cellular adhesion molecules ( sCAM ) of dyslipidaemic males , relative to their background diet . Participants were assigned to two groups , based upon food intake patterns : ( a ) twenty-one dyslipidaemic subjects who habitually ate a Mediterranean-Cretan-type diet ; ( b ) nineteen dyslipidaemic subjects who normally ate a Westernised Greek diet .  All were supplemented with 8.1 g ALA/d for 12 weeks . We determined serum amyloid A ( SAA ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( MCSF ) , IL-6 , soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( sVCAM-1 ) , soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble E-selectin concentrations at the beginning and the end of the ALA supplementation period . Serum baseline concentrations of inflammatory markers and sCAM were similar across the diet groups . Type of diet had a significant impact on the response of inflammatory markers to ALA supplementation . The Westernised Greek diet group showed a reduction in SAA ( P<0.001 ) , CRP ( P=0.002 ) , MCSF ( P=0.005 ) and IL-6 ( P=0.04 ) concentrations . The Mediterranean-Cretan-type background diet group showed a significant reduction only in MCSF concentrations ( P=0.003 ) . The sVCAM-1 concentrations were significantly reduced in both the Westernised Greek diet group ( P=0.001 ) and the Mediterranean-Cretan-type diet group ( P<0.001 ) . The present study demonstrated that ALA supplementation lowered the serum concentrations of inflammatory markers more profoundly when the background diet was rich in saturated fatty acids and poor in MUFA The influence of an increase in the polyunsaturated fat linoleic acid on blood pressure and erythrocyte membrane sodium transport was investigated in normotensive first degree relatives of hypertensive patients and controls by the double blind administration of safflower oil or paraffin oil ( placebo ) capsules for four weeks separated by a four week washout period . Systolic blood pressure fell in the controls with linoleic acid supplementation but there was no significant change in total sodium efflux rate constant . When the pattern of response was compared the changes in supine systolic blood pressure , plasma renin activity , total and ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux rate constant were significantly different in the controls compared to the relatives . These results show that dietary linoleic acid supplementation may have effects on ionic fluxes across cell membranes and cause a modest fall in blood pressure . In addition , since the response to the change in fat intake was different in the relatives and the controls , this provides further evidence of differences in the physicochemical structure of the plasma membrane in hypertensive subjects and their offspring Background and objective : Systemic inflammation is a well-known risk factor for diseases such as atherosclerosis and is augmented by the presence of obesity . In addition , it has been shown that inflammation may be negatively influenced by certain macronutrients , specifically the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids . The primary aim of this study is to determine whether obesity modifies the association between plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) and markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis ( MESA ) participants .Subjects : A sample of 2848 adults ( 25 % African American , Chinese , Hispanic , and White ) r and omly selected from the MESA cohort . Measurements : Relative plasma PUFA concentrations were determined using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection . Levels of three inflammatory markers ( high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-receptor 1 ) and two endothelial activation markers ( soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( sICAM-1 ) and E-selectin ) were determined with enzyme immunoassays . Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between these markers and plasma PUFAs . Results : Obesity modified the associations of linoleic acid ( Pint=0.01 ) , dihomo-γ-linolenic ( Pint=0.07 ) and eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) ( Pint=0.04 ) with sICAM-1 concentrations ; in addition , obesity modified the association of IL-6 with dihomo-γ-linolenic ( Pint=0.01 ) . In obese individuals  , sICAM-1 was inversely related to EPA levels ( P=0.02 ) , but directly related to linoleic acid levels ( P<0.001 ) . Conversely , sICAM-1 was inversely related to linoleic acid levels in normal weight individuals ( P=0.04 ) . IL-6 concentrations were significantly and directly related to dihomo-γ-linolenic acid ( DGLA ) in normal weight ( P=0.01 ) and obese participants ( P<0.001 ) , but the scale of increase across tertiles was greater in obese adults . Main effects of fatty acid and inflammatory marker associations are also reported . Conclusion : The modifying effect of obesity on the association of plasma PUFAs with IL-6 and sICAM-1 suggests differences in fatty acid metabolism and may also have implication s in dietary fatty acid intake for obese individuals , particularly for linoleic and EPAs . Further study is warranted to confirm and explain the strong associations of DGLA with inflammatory and endothelial activation markers High linoleic acid ( LA ) intakes have been suggested to reduce alpha-linolenic acid [ ALA , 18:3(n-3 ) ] metabolism to eicosapentaenoic acid [ EPA , 20:5(n-3 ) ] and docosahexaenoic acid [ DHA , 22:6(n-3 ) ] , and favor high arachidonic acid [ ARA , 20:4(n-6 ) ] . We used a r and omized cross-over study with men ( n = 22 ) to compare the effect of replacing vegetable oils high in LA with oils low in LA in foods , while maintaining constant ALA , for 4 wk each , on plasma ( n-3 ) fatty acids . Nonvegetable sources of fat , except fish and seafoods , were unrestricted . We determined plasma phospholipid fatty acids at wk 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , and 8 , and triglycerides , cholesterol , serum CRP , and IL-6 , and platelet aggregation at wk 0 , 4 , and 8 .  LA and ALA intakes were 3.8 + /- 0.12 % and 1.0 + /- 0.05 % , and 10.5 + /- 0.53 % and 1.1 + /- 0.06 % energy with LA : ALA ratios of 4:0 and 10:1 during the low and high LA diets , respectively . The plasma phospholipid LA was higher and EPA was lower during the high than during the low LA diet period ( P < 0.001 ) , but DHA declined over the 8-wk period ( r = -0.425 , P < 0.001 ) . The plasma phospholipid ARA : EPA ratios were ( mean + /- SEM ) 20.7 + /- 1.52 and 12.9 + /- 1.01 after 4 wk consuming the high or low LA diets , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) ; LA was inversely associated with EPA ( r = -0.729 , P < 0.001 ) but positively associated with ARA : EPA ( r = 0.432 , P < 0.001 ) . LA intake did not influence ALA , ARA , DPA , DHA , or total , LDL or HDL cholesterol , CRP or IL-6 , or platelet aggregation . In conclusion , high LA intakes decrease plasma phospholipid EPA and increase the ARA : EPA ratio , but do not favor higher ARA OBJECTIVE To explore the efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on some inflammatory factors in young healthy males during exhaustive exercise . METHODS The r and omised double-blind controlled study was conducted at Ardabil University of Medical Sciences , Iran , from December 2012 to March2013 , and comprised healthy male athletes 18 - 24 years of age . The subjects were r and omly distributed into control and intervention groups . About 5.6 g/day conjugated linoleic acid supplement and oral paraffin ( placebo ) were given to intervention and control groups respectively daily for two weeks . Fasting blood sample s were taken at baseline and at the end of the two weeks of intervention . The subjects underwent exhaustive exercise and then fasting blood sample s were taken . Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha , interleukin-6 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , matrix metalloproteinases-2 and 9 were measured . RESULTS There were 23 subjects in the study , with 13(56.5 % ) in the supplemented group and 10(43.4 % ) in the control group .  Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and tumour necrosis factor alpha were significantly decreased in the supplemented group ( p<0.05 ) . After exhaustive exercise , serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor alpha significantly decreased in the supplemented group compared to the control group(p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Two-week administration of conjugated linoleic acid reduced the inflammatory factors following exhaustive exercise in young healthy males Consumption of industrial trans fatty acids ( iTFA ) increases LDL cholesterol , decreases HDL cholesterol , and is strongly associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . However , changes in circulating cholesterol can not explain the entire effect . Therefore , we studied whether iTFA and conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) affect markers of inflammation and oxidative stress .  Sixty-one healthy adults consumed each of 3 diets for 3 wk , in r and om order . Diets were identical except for 7 % of energy provided by oleic acid ( control diet ) , iTFA , or CLA . At the end of the 3 wk , we measured plasma inflammatory markers IL-6 , C-reactive protein , tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II ( TNF-RI and -RII ) , monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and E-selectin , and urinary 8-iso-PGF(2α ) , a marker of lipid peroxidation . Consumption of iTFA caused 4 % lower TNF-RI concentrations and 6 % higher E-selectin concentrations compared with oleic acid ( control ) and had no significant effect on other inflammatory markers . CLA did not significantly affect inflammatory markers . The urine concentration of 8-iso-PGF(2α ) [ geometric mean ( 95 % CI ) ] was greater after the iTFA [ 0.54 ( 0.48 , 0.60 ) nmol/mmol creatinine ] and the CLA [ 1.2 ( 1.1 , 1.3 ) nmol/mmol creatinine ] diet periods than after the control period [ 0.45 ( 0.41 , 0.50 ) nmol/mmol creatinine ; P < 0.05 ] . In conclusion , high intakes of iTFA and CLA did not substantially affect plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers , but they increased the urine 8-iso-PGF(2α ) concentration . However , it is unlikely this plays a major role in the mechanism by which iTFA increase the risk of CVD . However , more research is needed to fully underst and the implication s of these findings Fish oil ( FO ) is considered antiinflammatory , but evidence regarding its effect on human cytokine production is conflicting . High linoleic acid ( LA ) intake may impair any effects of FO . The aim of this study was to investigate how FO combined with high or low LA intake affected ex vivo cytokine production from cultures of whole blood , peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC ) , and monocytes in healthy men . The study was a double-blinded , controlled , 2 x 2 factorial 8-wk intervention . Sixty-four healthy men were r and omized to 5 mL/d FO or olive oil ( OO ) provided in capsules and to spreads and oils with high or low LA content , result ing in LA intakes of 7 + /- 2 % and 4 + /- 1 % energy , respectively . We measured eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) in P BMC and stimulated cytokine production in whole blood and P BMC 24-h cultures before and immediately after intervention and after an 8-wk wash-out period , and in monocyte cultures immediately after intervention . P BMC -EPA was markedly increased by FO ( P < 0.001 ) . LA intake did not modify the incorporation of FO and tended to have only a slight effect on P BMC -EPA by itself ( P = 0.06 ) . Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole-blood interleukin (IL)-6 production immediately after intervention was lower with FO than OO ( P = 0.02 ) but did not correlate with P BMC -EPA in the FO groups ( r = -0.12 ; P = 0.53 ; n = 31 ) . The LA intake did not modify IL-6 production or the effect of FO . Neither FO nor LA intake affected the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha , IL-10 , or interferon-gamma in any of the cultures . In conclusion , FO intake reduced IL-6 production from LPS-stimulated whole blood in healthy men compared with OO , but the effect was not modified by the LA intake BACKGROUND Leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration , the critical pathogenic components in the development of atherosclerotic lesions , are largely mediated by cellular adhesion molecules ( CAMs ) . We examined whether dietary supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA , 18:3n-3 ) affects the levels of soluble forms of CAMs in dyslipidaemic patients . METHODS We recruited 90 male dyslipidaemic patients ( mean age=51+/-8 years ) following a typical Greek diet . They were r and omly assigned either to 15 ml of linseed oil ( rich in ALA ) per day ( n=60 ) or to 15 ml of safflower oil ( rich in linoleic acid [ LA , 18:2n-6 ] ) per day ( n=30 ) . The ratio of n-6:n-3 in linseed oil supplemented group was 1.3:1 and in safflower oil supplemented group 13.2:1 . Dietary intervention lasted for 12 weeks . Blood lipids , soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( sICAM-1 ) , soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( sVCAM-1 ) and soluble E-selectin ( sE-selectin ) were measured . RESULTS Dietary supplementation with ALA significantly decreased sVCAM-1 levels ( median decrease 18.7 % [ 577.5 ng/ml versus 487 ng/ml , P=0.0001 ] ) . In the LA supplemented group , sVCAM-1 was also significantly decreased but to a lesser extent ( median decrease 10.6 % [ 550.5 ng/ml versus 496 ng/ml , P=0.0001 ] ) . After controlling for smoking habits , no significant difference was observed in the reduction of sVCAM-1 levels between the two treatment arms ( P=0.205 ) . The decrease of sVCAM-1 was independent of lipid changes in both groups . CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with ALA for 12 weeks significantly decreases sVCAM-1 levels in dyslipidaemic patients . This effect presents a potential mechanism for the beneficial effect of plant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of coronary artery disease . In addition , dietary supplementation with LA significantly decreases sVCAM-1 levels , an effect which requires further investigation Contrary to other long chain saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) , fats high in stearic acid do not raise plasma cholesterol concentrations , however , a slight elevation in inflammatory markers , plasma fibrinogen and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , has been observed in the fasting state . The effect of stearic acid on inflammation in the postpr and ial state has not yet been reported . We conducted a single blind crossover , r and omized , postpr and ial study to compare the effects of a fat load of cocoa butter high in stearic acid and olive oil in ten healthy women . The test meals contained 1 g of fat per kg body weight ( mean 62 g ) . Blood sample s were collected at 0 ( fasting ) , 4 and 6 h. Both diets result ed in a significant increase in serum triacylglycerol ( TAG ) concentration over time ( P = 0.003 ) and a decrease in serum IL-6 concentration after 4 h followed by an increase to post absorptive values after 6 h ( P < 0.001 ) ; whereas serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) concentration was not affected . There was no difference between diets in effects on serum TAG , hsCRP and IL-6 concentrations and no association between postpr and ial lipemia and inflammatory markers . High intake of dietary fats increase postpr and ial serum TAG , however , may not affect inflammatory markers postpr and ially . Thus , fat rich in stearic acid does not seem to increase postpr and ial inflammation Background : Little information about the effects of conjugated linoleic acids ( CLAs ) on inflammation and immune function in humans is available . This study investigated the effects of CLAs , with and without Vitamin E on immunity and inflammatory parameters in adults with active rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) . Methods : In a double-blind clinical trial , 78 patients were r and omly divided into four groups , each group receiving one of the following daily supplement for 3 months ; group C : 2.5 g CLAs , group E : 400 mg Vitamin E , group CE : CLAs plus Vitamin E , group P : Placebo .  Cytokines , matrix metalloproteinase 3 ( MMP-3 ) and citrullinated antibody ( CCP-A ) were measured by ELISA method and Vitamin E by high-performance liquid chromatography . Results : Consider statistical methods there were no significant differences between groups in cytokines interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) , IL-4 , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , IL-1β , IL-2/IL-4 , CCP-A white blood cells and neutrophils , lymphocyte , monocytes , and eosinophils numbers . TNF-α decreased in all groups , but its reduction was significant in group CE . IL-1β increased in groups P ( P = 0.004 ) and E ( P = 0.041 ) but the difference between group P and CE was significant . IL-4 decreased in groups C , CE and E ( P = 0.03 , P = 0.03 , P = 0.07 respectively ) . IL2 did not change significantly within groups . CCP-A increased in groups P ( P = 0.035 ) and E ( P = 0.05 ) , while it decreased in groups CE ( P = 0.034 ) . CCP-A and MMP-3 decrease were significant between groups P and CE . MMP-3 reduction was significant in group CE . Conclusions : Co-supplementation CLAs and Vitamin E may be effective in the level of inflammatory markers in RA patients BACKGROUND The effect of individual dietary fatty acids on emerging risk factors for cardiovascular disease that are associated with sub clinical inflammation is unknown . OBJECTIVE The goal was to evaluate the role of dietary fat and specific fatty acids , especially trans fatty acids , in altering concentrations of markers of inflammation in humans fed controlled diets . DESIGN In a r and omized crossover design , 50 men consumed controlled diets for 5 wk that provided 15 % of energy from protein , 39 % of energy from fat , and 46 % of energy from carbohydrate . Eight percent of fat or fatty acids was replaced across diets with the following : cholesterol , oleic acid , trans fatty acids ( TFAs ) , stearic acid ( STE ) , TFA+STE ( 4 % of energy each ) , and 12:0 - 16:0 saturated fatty acids ( LMP ) . RESULTS Fibrinogen concentrations were higher after consumption of the diet enriched in stearic acid than after consumption of the carbohydrate diet . C-reactive protein concentrations were higher after consumption of the TFA diet than after consumption of the carbohydrate diet , but were not significantly different after consumption of the TFA and TFA+STE diets than after consumption of the LMP diet .  Interleukin 6 concentrations were lower after consumption of the oleic acid diet than after consumption of the LMP , TFA , and STE diets .  E-selectin concentrations were higher after consumption of the TFA diet than after consumption of the carbohydrate diet . Consumption of the TFA but not the TFA+STE diet result ed in higher E-selectin concentrations than did the LMP diet . CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that dietary fatty acids can modulate markers of inflammation . Although stearic acid minimally affects LDL cholesterol , it does appear to increase fibrinogen concentrations BACKGROUND Adherence to the Mediterranean diet ( Med-Diet ) is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . However , the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood . OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the effects of 2 Med-Diets with those of a low-fat diet on immune cell activation and soluble inflammatory biomarkers related to atherogenesis in subjects at high risk of CVD . DESIGN In a controlled study , we r and omly assigned 112 older subjects with diabetes or > or =3 CVD risk factors to 3 dietary intervention groups : Med-Diet with supplemental virgin olive oil ( VOO ) , Med-Diet with supplemental nuts , and low-fat diet . Changes from baseline in cellular and serum inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at 3 mo . RESULTS One hundred six participants ( 43 % women ; average age : 68 y ) completed the study . At 3 mo , monocyte expression of CD49d , an adhesion molecule crucial for leukocyte homing , and of CD40 , a proinflammatory lig and , decreased ( P < 0.05 ) after both Med-Diets but not after the low-fat diet . Serum interleukin-6 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 , inflammatory mediators crucial in firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial surfaces , decreased ( P < 0.05 ) in both Med-Diet groups . Soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 and C-reactive protein decreased only after the Med-Diet with VOO ( P < 0.05 ) , whereas interleukin-6 , soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 , and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 increased ( P < 0.05 ) after the low-fat diet . CONCLUSIONS Med-Diets supplemented with VOO or nuts down-regulate cellular and circulating inflammatory biomarkers related to atherogenesis in subjects at high risk of CVD . The results support the recommendation of the Med-Diet as a useful tool against CVD INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Chronic inflammation plays a major role in lung deterioration in cystic fibrosis ( CF ) patients and anti-inflammatory strategies have beneficial effects . To study the changes seen after a one-year course of low-dose dietary supplements with a mixture of fatty acids in adult patients with CF in chronic inflammation , pulmonary status ( lung function , respiratory exacerbations and antibiotic consumption ) , quality of life and anthropometric parameters . PATIENTS AND METHOD Seventeen adult subjects with CF received 324 mg of eicosapentaenoic , 216 mg of docosahexaenoic , 480 mg of linoleic and 258 mg of gammalinolenic acid daily . We assessed inflammation markers , spirometry parameters , number and severity of respiratory exacerbations , antibiotic consumption , quality of life ( St George 's QoL ) , anthropometric parameters and serum phospholipid fatty acid composition . RESULTS At the end of the treatment period TNF alpha levels fell significantly and its soluble receptors ( 60 and 80 ) rose significantly . Levels of IgG and IgM anti-oxidized LDL antibodies fell significantly . Spirometry improved significantly . Annual respiratory exacerbations and days of antibiotic treatment fell significantly . The improvement in QoL was not significant . Serum levels of docosahexaenoic , total omega-3 and linoleic acid rose significantly and more favourable profiles were seen in monoenoic acids , arachidonic acid and the arachidonic/docosahexaenoic ratio . The fat-free mass and h and grip dynamometry improved significantly . CONCLUSIONS Low-dose supplements of n-3 and gammalinolenic fatty acids over a long period ( one year ) appears to improve pulmonary status ( lung function , respiratory exacerbations and antibiotic consumption ) , inflammatory and anthropometric parameters in adults with CF
However , subgroup and meta-regression analysis suggested that in subjects with a more profound increase of dietary LA intake , LA might increase the blood CRP level .
Other acute phase reactants including fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and adhesion molecules were not significantly changed when LA was increased in diet .
Our meta- analysis suggested that increasing dietary LA intake does not have a significant effect on the blood concentrations of inflammatory markers .
However , the extent of change in dietary LA intake might affect the effect of LA supplementation on CRP
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of increasing dietary linoleic acid ( LA ) intake on the blood concentrations of inflammatory markers including cytokines , acute phase reactants and adhesion molecules in adults .