The effectiveness of yoga to prevent diabetes mellitus type 2 The Influence of Yoga-Based Programs on Risk Profiles in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review A yoga intervention for type 2 diabetes risk reduction: a pilot randomized controlled trial Combined influence of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on cardiovascular disease risk factors among 8-18 year old youth: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Biological cardiovascular risk factors cluster in Danish children and adolescents: the European Youth Heart Study. Effect of exercise therapy on lipid profile and oxidative stress indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes Effects of exercise and weight loss on cardiac risk factors associated with syndrome X. A Randomized controlled trial of the effect of yoga and peer support on glycaemic outcomes in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a feasibility study Utilization of 3-Month Yoga Program for Adults at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study Diabetes and Glucose Tolerance as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Study Effect of 3-Month Yoga on Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes With or Without Complications Community based yoga classes for type 2 diabetes: an exploratory randomised controlled trial Effects of a yoga intervention on lipid profiles of diabetes patients with dyslipidemia. Complications and cardiovascular risk factors in South Asians and Europeans with early-onset type 2 diabetes. A randomized lifestyle intervention with 5-year follow-up in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: Pronounced short-term impact but long-term adherence problems Clinical and biochemical characterization of women with polycystic ovary syndrome in North Rhine-Westphalia. Changes in Physical Fitness Predict Improvements in Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors Independently of Body Weight Loss in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Participating in the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES)
Background : Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) is becoming a leading problem worldwide . Emerging reports reveal alarming evidence of increasing prevalence of T2DM that has reached p and emic levels . Despite the significant incidence , there are limited reliable data re sources and comprehensive systematic review and meta- analysis on the effects of yoga on people who are a prediabetic or high risk for developing T2DM . Objective : The objective of this protocol is to conduct a full-scale systematic review and meta-analyses on the effects of yoga on people who are prediabetes or high risk of developing T2DM . Methods : The articles enrolled in the study will be retrieved from the online data bases between 2002 and the date the search es are executed . The search es will be repeated just before the final analyses and further relevant studies for inclusion . We will conduct a bibliographic search in data bases : Medline / PubMed , Scopus , Cochrane Library , EBSCO , and IndMED using keywords including prediabetes state , high risk for diabetes , metabolic syndrome , and yoga . A defined search strategy will be implemented along with selection criteria to obtain full-text articles of relevant studies . This study protocol was prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review s and Meta- Analysis for Protocol s 2015 guidelines . There will be no language restrictions . Ethics and dissemination : The proposed study will be based on published studies and publicly available anonymized data without directly involving human participants and therefore requires neither formal human ethical review nor approval by a human research ethics committee . We published an outline of the protocol in the International Prospect i ve Register of Systematic Review s ( PROSPERO ) in 2018 . We plan to disseminate the findings of this systematic review and meta- analysis through publication in a peer- review ed journal and presentation at relevant conference proceedings . In addition , we believe the results of the systematic review will have implication s for policy and practice . We will prepare policymaker summary using a vali date d format , disseminate through social media and email discussion groups . Review registration number : PROSPERO registration number CRD There is growing evidence that yoga may offer a safe and cost-effective intervention for Type 2 Diabetes mellitus ( DM 2 ) . However , systematic review s are lacking . This article critically review s the published literature regarding the effects of yoga-based programs on physiologic and anthropometric risk profiles and related clinical outcomes in adults with DM 2 . We performed a comprehensive literature search using four computerized English and Indian scientific data bases . The search was restricted to original studies ( 1970–2006 ) that evaluated the metabolic and clinical effects of  yoga in adults with DM 2 . Studies targeting clinical population s with cardiovascular disorders that included adults with comorbid DM were also evaluated . Data were extracted regarding study design , setting , target population , intervention , comparison group or condition , outcome assessment , data analysis and presentation , follow-up , and key results , and the quality of each study was evaluated according to specific predetermined criteria . We identified 25 eligible studies , including 15 uncontrolled trials , 6 non-r and omized controlled trials and 4 r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) . Overall , these studies suggest beneficial changes in several risk indices , including glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity , lipid profiles , anthropometric characteristics , blood pressure , oxidative stress , coagulation profiles , sympathetic activation and pulmonary function , as well as improvement in specific clinical outcomes .  Yoga may improve risk profiles in adults with DM 2 , and may have promise for the prevention and management of cardiovascular complications in this population . However , the limitations characterizing most studies preclude drawing firm conclusions . Additional high- quality RCTs are needed to confirm and further eluci date the effects of st and ardized yoga programs in population s with DM 2 Background Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem in many countries including India .  Yoga may be an effective type 2 diabetes prevention strategy in India , particularly given its cultural familiarity . Methods This was a parallel , r and omized controlled pilot study to collect feasibility and preliminary efficacy data on yoga for diabetes risk factors among people at high risk of diabetes . Primary outcomes included : changes in BMI , waist circumference , fasting blood glucose , postpr and ial blood glucose , insulin , insulin resistance , blood pressure , and cholesterol . We also looked at measures of psychological well-being including changes in depression , anxiety , positive and negative affect and perceived stress . Forty-one participants with elevated fasting blood glucose in Bangalore , India were r and omized to either  yoga  ( n = 21 ) or a walking control ( n = 20 ) . Participants were asked to either attend yoga classes or complete monitored walking 3–6 days per week for eight weeks . R and omization and allocation was performed using computer-generated r and om numbers and group assignments delivered in sealed , opaque envelopes generated by off-site study staff . Data were analyzed based on intention to treat . Results This study was feasible in terms of recruitment , retention and adherence . In addition , yoga participants had significantly greater reductions in weight , waist circumference and BMI versus control ( weight −0.8 ± 2.1 vs. 1.4 ± 3.6 , p = 0.02 ; waist circumference −4.2 ± 4.8 vs. 0.7 ± 4.2 , p < 0.01 ; BMI −0.2 ± 0.8 vs. 0.6 ± 1.6 , p = 0.05 ) . There were no between group differences in fasting blood glucose , postpr and ial blood glucose , insulin resistance or any other factors related to diabetes risk or psychological well-being . There were significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure , total cholesterol , anxiety , depression , negative affect and perceived stress in both the yoga intervention and walking control over the course of the study . Conclusion Among Indians with elevated fasting blood glucose , we found that participation in an 8-week yoga intervention was feasible and result ed in greater weight loss and reduction in waist circumference when compared to a walking control . Yoga offers a promising lifestyle intervention for decreasing weight-related type 2 diabetes risk factors and potentially increasing psychological well-being . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identified NCT00090506 OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine differences in cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors across four cross-tabulated groups of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index in 8- to 18-year-old children and adolescents . METHODS The sample included 296 boys and 188 girls ( mean age=15.7 years ) participating in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study . Participants were cross tabulated into four groups using a median split of age-adjusted treadmill time to exhaustion ( TM ) and body mass index ( BMI ) . Group differences in CVD risk factors ( blood pressure [ BP ] , fasting total cholesterol [ TC ] , low density lipoprotein-cholesterol [ LDL-C ] , high density lipoprotein-cholesterol [ HDL-C ] , TC : HDL-C , triglycerides [ TG ] , glucose , and a metabolic syndrome score ) were examined by ANCOVA , controlling for age . RESULTS In males , significant differences across groups were observed for systolic BP , mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) , TC , LDL-C , TC : HDL-C and the metabolic syndrome score ( p<0.05 ) . In females , only TG was significantly different across groups ( p<0.05 ) . A trend for significance was also observed for DBP and TG in males ( p=0.09 to 0.11 ) and diastolic BP , MAP , HDL-C , and the metabolic syndrome score in females ( p=0.14 to 0.16 ) . In general , males and females in the low BMI group , either fit or unfit , had lower BP and blood lipid values than those in the high BMI group . In both sexes , the high BMI /low fit group had the highest ( most adverse ) metabolic syndrome score . CONCLUSION This study utilized a unique approach to examine the possible interaction of fitness and fatness on CVD risk factors in children and adolescents . The results provide some evidence for the consideration of both variables when interpreting CVD risk factors in young people BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine whether the number of participants with multiple coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk factors exceeded the number expected from a r and om distribution . METHODS A cross-sectional study of 1020 r and omly selected boys and girls , 9 and 15 years old , was conducted . Risk factors were total cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , triglyceride , serum insulin , and blood pressure . Physical fitness was assessed from a maximal cycle test and body fat from the sum of four skinfolds . Risk factors selected in the analysis were those related to the metabolic syndrome . RESULTS More participants than expected had four or five CHD risk factors . Four risk factors were found in 3.03 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 2.24 - 4.10 ) times as many participants as expected from a r and om distribution and five risk factors were found in 8.70 ( 95 % CI : 4.35 - 17.4 ) times as many participants as expected . Fifty ( 5.4 % ) had four or five risk factors and in these individuals physical fitness was 1.2 st and ard deviation ( SD ) lower and body mass index ( BMI ) 1.6 SD higher than mean values for the population . CONCLUSION Clustering of risk factors for the metabolic syndrome was found in children and adolescents . Low levels of physical fitness and raised BMI in these individuals indicate that lifestyle factors such as physical activity and diet may influence the development of these unhealthy risk profiles Background Yoga has been shown to be a simple and economical therapeutic modality that may be considered as a beneficial adjuvant for type 2 diabetes mellitus . This study investigated the impact of Hatha yoga and conventional physical training ( PT ) exercise regimens on biochemical , oxidative stress indicators and oxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes . Methods This prospect i ve r and omized study consisted of 77 type 2 diabetic patients in the Hatha yoga exercise group that were matched with a similar number of type 2 diabetic patients in the conventional PT exercise and control groups . Biochemical parameters such as fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) , serum total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglycerides , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , very low-density lipoproteins ( VLDL ) and high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) were determined at baseline and at two consecutive three monthly intervals . The oxidative stress indicators ( malondialdehyde – MDA , protein oxidation – POX , phospholipase A2 – PLA2 activity ) and oxidative status [ superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and catalase activities ] were measured . Results The concentrations of FBG in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups after six months decreased by 29.48 % and 27.43 % respectively ( P < 0.0001 ) and there was a significant reduction in serum TC in both groups ( P < 0.0001 ) . The concentrations of VLDL in the managed groups after six months differed significantly from baseline values ( P = 0.036 ) . Lipid peroxidation as indicated by MDA significantly decreased by 19.9 % and 18.1 % in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively ( P < 0.0001 ) ; whilst the activity of SOD significantly increased by 24.08 % and 20.18 % respectively ( P = 0.031 ) . There was no significant difference in the baseline and 6 months activities of PLA2 and catalase after six months although the latter increased by 13.68 % and 13.19 % in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively ( P = 0.144 ) . Conclusion The study demonstrate the efficacy of Hatha yoga exercise on fasting blood glucose , lipid profile , oxidative stress markers and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes and suggest that Hatha yoga exercise and conventional PT exercise may have therapeutic preventative and protective effects on diabetes mellitus by decreasing oxidative stress and improving antioxidant status . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ( ANZCTR ) : BACKGROUND Patients with high blood pressure ( BP ) often exhibit syndrome X , an aggregation of abnormalities in carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . The present study evaluated the effects of a 6-month intervention involving either aerobic exercise training alone ( EX only ) or exercise combined with a structured weight loss program ( EX + WL ) on CHD risk factors associated with syndrome X. METHODS A total of 53 men and women were selected from a larger behavioral intervention trial , who showed the hyperinsulinemia , dyslipidemia , and high BP characteristic of syndrome X. Participants were r and omly assigned to EX only ( n = 21 ) , EX + WL ( n = 21 ) , or a waiting list control group ( n = 11 ) . Before and following treatment , participants underwent measurement of  glucose tolerance , lipid levels , and clinical BP . RESULTS Hyperinsulinemic responses to glucose challenge were significantly reduced in both the EX + WL group ( P<.001 ) and the EX-only group ( P = .003 ) . Participants who showed the largest amount of weight loss showed the most robust improvements in abnormal insulin responses ( EX + WL group , 47 % reduction ; EX-only group , 27 % reduction ) . Diastolic BP was significantly reduced in the EX + WL group ( 96 + /- 4 to 87 + /- 5 mm Hg [ mean + /- SD ] ; P = .01 ) , but not in the EX-only group ( 93 + /- 4 to 89 + /- 5 mm Hg [ mean + /- SD ] ; P = .08 ) . Lipid profile was not significantly improved by either intervention . CONCLUSION These results suggest that EX + WL is an effective treatment for hyperinsulinemia and lowering of diastolic BP in patients with the syndrome Background Type two diabetes is a complex and dem and ing chronic disease and its impact in a state ( Kerala ) which leads India in terms of the number of people with Diabetes is profound . Though the male to female ratio among the people with diabetes is roughly equal , women are uniquely and more severely affected . Management of type two Diabetes requires considerable dexterity on the part of the patient to manage drugs , diet and exercise . Therefore , in a low middle-income country like India it is necessary to look at low cost interventions that can empower the patient and build on available re sources to help manage diabetes . Hence , we studied the feasibility and effect of two low cost interventions ; yoga and peer support on glycaemic and other outcomes among women with type two diabetes . Methods An open label parallel three armed r and omized control trial was conducted among 124 recruited women with Diabetes for three months . Block r and omization with a block length of six was carried out with each group having at least 41 women . In the Yoga arm , sessions by an instructor , consisting of a group of postures coordinated with breathing were conducted for an hour , two days a week . In the peer support arm each peer mentor after training visited 13–14 women with diabetes every week followed by a phone call . The meeting was about applying disease management or prevention plans in daily life . Results There was a trend in decline of fasting plasma glucose in the peer and yoga group and of glycosylated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) in the yoga group only , though not significant . A significant decrease was observed in diastolic blood pressure and hip circumference in the yoga group . The process indicated that most ( 80 % ) of the women in the yoga group attended classes regularly and 90 % of the women in the peer group reported that peer mentoring was useful . Conclusion The effect of yoga and peer support on glycaemic outcomes was incremental . Longer term studies are necessary to ascertain the benefits shown by this feasibility study .Trial registration CTRI/2011/12/002227 date d 14/12/2011 Various modes of physical activity , combined with dieting , have been widely recommended to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes . Among these , yoga holds promise for reducing risk factors for type 2 diabetes by promoting weight loss , improving glucose levels and reducing blood pressure and lipid levels . This pilot study aim ed to assess the feasibility of implementing a 12-week yoga program among adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes . Twenty-three adults ( 19 Whites and 4 non-Whites ) were r and omly assigned to the  yoga intervention group or the educational group . The yoga group participated in a 3-month yoga intervention with sessions twice per week and the educational group received general health educational material s every 2 weeks . All participants completed question naires and had blood tests at baseline and at the end of 3 months . Effect sizes were reported to summarize the efficacy of the intervention . All participants assigned to the yoga intervention completed the yoga program without complication and expressed high satisfaction with the program ( 99.2 % ) . Their yoga session attendance ranged from 58.3 to 100 % . Compared with the education group , the yoga group experienced improvements in weight , blood pressure , insulin , triglycerides and exercise self-efficacy indicated by small to large effect sizes . This preliminary study indicates that a yoga program would be a possible risk reduction option for adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes . In addition , yoga holds promise as an approach to reducing cardiometabolic risk factors and increasing exercise self-efficacy for this group This report examines prospect ively , in the Framingham cohort , the relation of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance to each of the cardiovascular sequelae , taking into account age , sex , and associated cardiovascular risk factors . The incidence of cardiovascular disease , as well as the levels of cardiovascular risk factors , were found to be higher in diabetic than in nondiabetic men and women . The relative impact of diabetes on coronary heart disease , peripheral vascular disease , or stroke incidence was the same in men and women , but for cardiovascular mortality and cardiac failure the impact is greater for women . Present evidence suggests that alleviation of associated cardiovascular risk factors is the most promising course in reducing cardiovascular sequelae in diabetic patients OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of yoga on anthropometry , blood pressure , glycemic control , and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients on st and ard care  in comparison with st and ard care alone . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study involved 123 patients stratified according to groups with microvascular complications , macrovascular complications , and peripheral neuropathy and without complications and assigned to receive either st and ard care or st and ard care along with additional yoga for 3 months . RESULTS In comparison with st and ard care alone , yoga result ed in significant reduction in BMI , glycemic control , and malondialdehyde and increase in glutathione and vitamin C. There were no differences in waist circumference , waist-to-hip ratio , blood pressure , vitamin E , or superoxide dismutase in the yoga group at follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Yoga can be used as an effective therapy in reducing oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes . Yoga in addition to st and ard care helps reduce BMI and improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients Background Yoga is a popular therapy for diabetes but its efficacy is contested . The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of research ing community based yoga classes in Type 2 diabetes with a view to informing the design of a definitive , multi-centre trial Methods The study design was an exploratory r and omised controlled trial with in-depth process evaluation . The setting was two multi-ethnic boroughs in London , UK ; one with average and one with low mean socio-economic deprivation score . Classes were held at a sports centre or GP surgery . Participants were 59 people with Type 2 diabetes not taking insulin , recruited from general practice lists or opportunistically by general practice staff . The intervention group were offered 12 weeks of a twice-weekly 90-minute yoga class ; the control group was a waiting list for the yoga classes . Both groups received advice and leaflets on healthy lifestyle and were encouraged to exercise . Primary outcome measure was HbA1c . Secondary outcome measures included attendance , weight , waist circumference , lipid levels , blood pressure , UKPDS cardiovascular risk score , diabetes-related quality of life ( ADDQoL ) , and self-efficacy . Process measures were attendance at yoga sessions , self-reported frequency of practice between taught sessions , and qualitative data ( interviews with patients and therapists , ethnographic observation of the yoga classes , and analysis of documents including minutes of meetings , correspondence , and exercise plans ) . Results Despite broad inclusion criteria , around two-thirds of the patients on GP diabetic registers proved ineligible , and 90 % of the remainder declined to participate . Mean age of participants was 60 + /- 10 years .  Attendance at yoga classes was around 50 % . Nobody did the exercises regularly at home . Yoga teachers felt that most participants were unsuitable for ' st and ard ' yoga exercises because of limited flexibility , lack of basic fitness , co-morbidity , and lack of confidence . There was a small fall in HbA1c in the yoga group which was not statistically significant and which was not sustained six months later , and no significant change in other outcome measures . Conclusion The benefits of yoga in type 2 diabetes suggested in some previous studies were not confirmed . Possible explanations ( apart from lack of efficacy ) include recruitment challenges ; practical and motivational barriers to class attendance ; physical and motivational barriers to engaging in the exercises ; inadequate intensity and /or duration of yoga intervention ; and insufficient personalisation of exercises to individual needs . All these factors should be considered when design ing future trials . Trial registration National Research Register ( 1410 ) and Current Controlled Trials ( IS RCT N63637211 ) OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of yoga in the management of dyslipidemia in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus . METHODS This r and omized parallel study was carried out in Medical College Triv and rum , Kerala , India . Hundred type 2 diabetics with dyslipidemia were r and omized into control and yoga groups . The control group was prescribed oral hypoglycemic drugs . The yoga group practice d yoga daily for 1 h duration along with oral hypoglycemic drugs for 3 months . The lipid profiles of both the groups were compared at the start and at the end of 3 months . RESULTS After intervention with yoga for a period of 3 months the study group showed a decrease in total cholesterol , triglycerides and LDL , with an improvement in HDL . CONCLUSION Yoga , being a lifestyle incorporating exercise and stress management training , targets the elevated lipid levels in patients with diabetes through integrated approaches BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is a major cardiovascular risk factor , and early-onset ( < 40 years ) type 2 diabetes is becoming more common . AIM To determine the prevalence of complications , and cardiovascular risk factors at diagnosis , in early-onset type 2 diabetes , and to compare these between South Asians and Europeans . DESIGN Prospect i ve study of newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients aged < 40 years , attending hospital and primary care clinics 1999 - 2001 . METHODS Patients were assessed for signs of macrovascular disease , retinopathy , neuropathy and nephropathy . Cardiovascular risk factors  were also determined . RESULTS Overall , 292 patients were enrolled ( 165 South Asians ) .  Macrovascular disease was more prevalent in South Asians ( 15.7 % vs. 9.4 % , p<0.001 ) , as was microvascular disease ( 27.3 % vs. 16.5 % , p<0.001 ) , including retinopathy ( 17.5 % vs. 7.9 % , p<0.001 ) , and nephropathy ( 18.1 % vs. 7.8 % , p<0.001 ) . South Asians had trends towards greater waist : hip ratio ( 0.95 vs. 0.90 ) , and higher blood pressure ( 127/80 vs. 123/76 mmHg ) . HDL cholesterol was lower ( 1.0 vs. 1.3 mmol/l , p<0.001 ) and fasting triglycerides higher ( 1.9 vs. 1.5 mmol/l , p<0.001 ) in South Asians . Absolute CHD risk was significantly higher in South Asians ( 16.9 % vs. 13.7 % , p<0.001 ) . DISCUSSION Complications were common at diagnosis , with a quarter of all patients having evidence of at least one diabetic complication . South Asians had a higher prevalence of established macrovascular and microvascular disease , compared to Europeans , and a higher risk of CHD , predominantly because of lower HDL cholesterol and higher blood pressure Aims : To compare data on cardiovascular risk factor changes in lipids , insulin , proinsulin , fibrinolysis , leptin and C-reactive protein , and on diabetes incidence , in relation to changes in lifestyle . Methods : The study was a r and omized lifestyle intervention trial conducted in northern Sweden between 1995 and 2000 , in 168 individuals with impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) and body mass index above 27 at start . The intensive intervention group ( n = 83 ) was subjected to a 1-month residential lifestyle programme . The usual care group ( n = 85 ) participated in a health examination ending with a single counselling session . Follow-up was conducted at 1 , 3 and 5 years . Results : At 1-year follow-up , an extensive cardio-metabolic risk factor reduction was demonstrated in the intensive intervention group , along with a 70 % decrease of progress to type 2 diabetes . At 5-year follow-up , most of these beneficial effects had disappeared . Reported physical activity and fibre intake as well as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were still increased , and fasting insulin and proinsulin were lower . Conclusions : The intervention affected several important cardio-metabolic risk variables beneficially , and reduced the risk for type 2 diabetes , but the effects persisted only as long as the new lifestyle was maintained . Increased physical activity seemed to be the behaviour that was most easy to preserve Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) , defined as the combination of oligoanovulation and hyper and rogenism , affects more than 5 % of women of reproductive age . Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia appear to play an important role in its pathogenesis . Here , we will present a characterization of a PCOS cohort from North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany . Clinical features , family history as well as endocrine and metabolic parameters were prospect ively recorded from 200 successive patients . All patients were evaluated for insulin resistance and beta-cell-function by oral glucose tolerance test .  Patient data were compared with those of 98 age-matched control women . PCOS patients showed significantly higher BMI , body fat mass and and rogen levels as well as impaired glucose and insulin metabolism . A positive family history of PCOS and diabetes was more frequent in PCOS patients . Insulin resistance ( 71 % ) was the most common metabolic abnormality in PCOS patients followed by obesity ( 52 % ) and dyslipidemia ( 46.3 % ) , with an incidence of 31.5 % for the metabolic syndrome . C-reactive protein and other cardiovascular risk factors were frequently elevated even in young PCOS patients . While the clinical characteristics and endocrine parameters of this German PCOS cohort were heterogeneous , they were comparable to those from other Caucasian population OBJECTIVE Physical fitness is inversely related to mortality in the general population and in subjects with type 2 diabetes . Here , we present data concerning the relationship between changes in physical fitness and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes from the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sedentary patients with type 2 diabetes ( n = 606 ) were enrolled in 22 outpatient diabetes clinics and r and omized to twice-a-week supervised aerobic and resistance training plus exercise counseling versus counseling alone for 12 months . Baseline to end-of- study changes in cardiorespiratory fitness , strength , and flexibility , as assessed by Vo2max estimation , a 5–8 maximal repetition test , and a hip/trunk flexibility test , respectively , were calculated in the whole cohort , and multiple regression analyses were applied to assess the relationship with cardiovascular risk factors . RESULTS Changes in Vo2max , upper and lower body strength , and flexibility were significantly associated with the variation in the volume of physical activity , HbA1c , BMI , waist circumference , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk score , and inversely , HDL cholesterol . Changes in fitness predicted improvements in HbA1c , waist circumference , HDL cholesterol , hs-CRP , and CHD risk score , independent of study arm , BMI , and in case of strength , also waist circumference . CONCLUSIONS Physical activity/exercise-induced increases in fitness , particularly muscular , predict improvements in cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes independently of weight loss , thus indicating the need for targeting fitness in these individuals , particularly in subjects who struggle to lose weight
However , these effects were not robust against selection bias .
Conclusion Based on the results of this meta- analysis , no recommendation can be made for or against yoga in order to influence the parameters of metabolic syndrome .
Despite method ological drawbacks , and until further research is undertaken , yoga can be preliminarily considered as a safe and effective intervention for reducing waist circumference and systolic blood pressure in individuals with metabolic syndrome who are not adhering to conventional forms of exercise
Background Metabolic syndrome is the most important risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes .
The aim of this review was to systematic ally assess and perform a meta- analysis of the effects of yoga on the parameters of metabolic syndrome .