Effect of Weight Reduction Following Bariatric Surgery on Serum Visfatin and Adiponectin Levels in Morbidly Obese Subjects Effects of long-term exercise and diet intervention on plasma adipokine concentrations. The effect of bariatric surgery on adipocytokines, renal parameters and other cardiovascular risk factors in severe and very severe obesity: 1-year follow-up. Clinical Significance of Serum Adipokines according to Body Mass Index in Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy Increased subcutaneous and epicardial adipose tissue production of proinflammatory cytokines in cardiac surgery patients: possible role in postoperative insulin resistance. Effect of oncological treatment on serum adipocytokine levels in patients with stage II-III breast cancer. Serum adipokines as biomarkers of beta-cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes: positive association with leptin and resistin and negative association with adiponectin. The effect of enteral nutrition on adipokines in patients with acute pancreatitis Circulating cytokines as determinants of weight loss-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity The Effects on Obesity Related Peptides of Laparoscopic Gastric Band Applications in Morbidly Obese Patients Influence of quercetin-rich onion peel extracts on adipokine expression in the visceral adipose tissue of rats. Effects of different hypocaloric diets on protein secretion from adipose tissue of obese women. Adipocytokines, obesity, and insulin resistance during combined androgen blockade for prostate cancer. Circulating Adipokines and Inflammatory Markers and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk. A Prospective Randomized Study Comparing Patients with Morbid Obesity Submitted to Sleeve Gastrectomy With or Without Omentectomy Long-term effects of aerobic plus resistance training on the adipokines and neuropeptides in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease obese adolescents Circulating adipokines and mRNA expression in adipose tissue and the placenta in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Objective : Adipokines are signaling and mediator proteins secreted from adipose tissue . A novel adipokine , visfatin , was reported as a protein which was mainly expressed in visceral adipose tissue . Controversial results have been shown regarding the changes of adipokines following weight reduction . So we investigated the effects of weight reduction on serum concentrations of adiponectin and visfatin in morbidly obese subjects . Methods : 35 severely obese patients ( 26 females and 9 males ) , aged 15 - 58 years , were studied .  Anthropometric parameters and biochemical parameters  as well as  adiponectin and visfatin were analyzed before and 6 weeks after weight reduction . Results : Anthropometric indices decreased significantly . Blood levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triglyceride were reduced significantly . The reduction of visfatin and the elevation of adiponectin were significant as well . However , other parameters like fasting glucose and insulin did not change . Moreover , we could not find any significant correlation between the change of serum visfatin and that of adiponectin . Conclusions : 6-week weight reduction after bariatric surgery result ed in decreased serum visfatin and increased adiponectin levels . However , we can not find any significant correlation between changes of adiponectin , visfatin , BMI , waist circumference , and insulin resistance . Further studies with different design are suggested to clarify these associations BACKGROUND In a r and omized , controlled , 2 x 2 factorial trial on the effect of long-term changes in diet and exercise , a significant reduction in body weight and fat mass was observed . Alterations in leptin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentrations were previously reported from this study . OBJECTIVE We examined the separate and combined effects of a 1-y exercise and diet intervention on several adipokines ; adiponectin , interleukin-6 and -8 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 , hepatocyte growth factor , nerve growth factor , C-reactive protein , and resistin . DESIGN One hundred eighty-eight men with several risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease were r and omly allocated to 4 groups : diet , exercise , combined diet and exercise , and control . RESULTS Plasma adiponectin concentrations remained unchanged , whereas body mass index and fat mass decreased after dietary changes and an increase in physical activity . In the control group , adiponectin concentrations were reduced . Analyzed according to the factorial design , only diet intervention had a significant ( P = 0.03 ) positive effect on plasma adiponectin relative to control , and this effect was largely explained by changes in fat mass . After adjustment for change in percentage body fat , there were significant positive effects on tumor necrosis factor-alpha in all 3 intervention groups ( P = 0.01 for the diet group , 0.03 for the exercise group , and 0.05 for the combined diet and exercise group ) . Minor changes were observed for the other adipokines . Neither baseline concentrations of nor changes in adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly correlated to the other adipokines , whereas concentrations of and changes in the other adipokines were significantly correlated . CONCLUSION Diet intervention had a significant positive effect on adiponectin concentrations , which is largely explained by a reduction in fat mass AIMS To evaluate the effect of weight loss after bariatric surgery ( BS )  on peripheral adipocytokines , renal parameters and other cardiovascular risk factors ( CVRFs ) . METHODS A total of 70 ( 41 women ) extremely obese adults were prospect ively studied before and 12 months after surgery . CONTROLS 24 ( 15 women ) normal-weight adults .  Anthropometric , biochemical and renal parameters were recorded . RESULTS Presurgery , adiponectin ( ADPN ) was lower , whereas leptin , insulin resistance , C-reactive protein , creatinine clearance and albuminuria were higher in patients than controls ( P<0.001 ) . All parameters improved postsurgery . Changes in ADPN correlated negatively with leptin , insulin resistance , albumin , C-reactive protein , and creatinine clearance . Multiple regression analysis : using changes in ADPN as the dependent variable , only changes in insulin resistance ( P=0.005 ) and albumin ( P=0.019 ) were significant independent determinants for changes in ADPN . No statistical differences were found in relation to the degree of obesity . CONCLUSION Patients changed to obesity type I after surgery . This implies a substantial improvement of CVRFs including ADPN , creatinine clearance and albuminuria . Changes in plasma ADPN correlated negatively with insulin resistance and with albuminemia but not with renal parameters . The lack of differences between different degrees of obesity suggests that the relationship between weight and CVRFs no longer exists when obesity becomes very extreme Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of 7 circulating adipokines according to body mass index ( BMI ) in Korean men with localized prostate cancer ( PCa ) undergoing radical prostatectomy ( RP ) .  Material s and Methods Sixty-two of 65 prospect ively enrolled patients with clinical ly localized PCa who underwent RP between 2015 and 2016 were evaluated . Patients were classified into 2 groups according to their BMI : non-obese ( < 25 kg/m2 ) and obese ( ≥25 kg/m2 ) . The adipokines evaluated were interleukin-2 , insulin-like growth factor 1 ( IGF-1 ) , chemerin , C-X-C motif chemokine 10 , adiponectin , leptin , and resistin . Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of advanced tumor stage . Results We found that obese patients with PCa who underwent RP had a higher incidence of tumors with a high Gleason score ( ≥8 ) , pathological T3 ( pT3 ) stage , and positive extraprostatic extension than patients with a normal BMI . Additionally , patients with obesity showed significantly lower serum adiponectin and higher serum leptin levels , but did not show differences in other adipokines . Multivariate analysis demonstrated that IGF-1 ( odds ratio [OR]=1.03 ) was identified as a predictor of advanced tumor stage ( ≥pT3 ) in the overall population . However , only leptin remained an independent predictive factor for advanced tumor stage ( ≥pT3 ) ( OR=1.15 ) in patients with obesity . Conclusions In conclusion , our results indicate that a higher leptin level in obese men can be considered a risk factor for aggressive PCa . This prospect i ve study provides greater insight into the role of circulating adipokines in Korean patients with PCa undergoing RP , particularly in patients with obesity CONTEXT Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance frequently occur in critically ill patients even without a history of diabetes . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to study the role of adipose tissue hormonal production in the development of insulin resistance in cardiac surgery patients . PARTICIPANTS , INTERVENTIONS , AND SETTING S : Fifteen patients with elective cardiac surgery underwent blood sampling before , at the end , and 6 , 12 , 24 , 48 , and 120 h after the end of their operation . Epicardial and sc adipose tissue sampling was done at the beginning and at the end of surgery in the Department of Cardiac Surgery . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured serum concentrations and sc and epicardial adipose tissue mRNA expression of IL-6 , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ( MCP-1 ) , TNF-alpha , leptin , resistin , and adiponectin and sc and epicardial adipose tissue mRNA expression of CD14 , CD45 , and CD68 . RESULTS The rate of insulin infusion required to maintain euglycemia increased up to 7-fold 12 h after the operation , suggesting the development of insulin resistance . Serum IL-6 levels increased 43-fold 12 h after surgery . MCP-1 peaked 6-fold at the end of surgery . Smaller peaks of TNF-alpha and leptin appeared 6 and 12 h after surgery , respectively . Resistin levels peaked 4-fold 24 h after surgery , but adiponectin levels were not significantly affected . TNF-alpha and CD45 mRNA expression increased markedly during the operation in sc adipose tissue . IL-6 , resistin , and MCP-1 mRNA expression increased in both sc and epicardial adipose tissue . Leptin , adiponectin , CD14 , and CD68 mRNA expression did not change significantly . CONCLUSIONS Both sc and epicardial adipose tissue is a source of proinflammatory cytokines in cardiac surgery patients and may contribute to the development of postoperative insulin resistance Adipose tissue-derived hormones ( adipocytokines ) , such as adiponectin , leptin , resistin and visfatin , and the pancreatic hormone insulin , have been suggested to play a role in carcinogenesis . we therefore hypothesized that the oncological treatment of breast cancer may alter the serum levels of these adipocytokines and insulin . In this study , we aim ed to compare the serum levels of adipocytokines and insulin between the pre- and post-treatment period in patients with breast cancer . In this prospect i ve study , 20 consecutive patients with stage II and III breast cancer underwent breast-conserving surgery or total mastectomy and /or axillary dissection .  The patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy , if necessary . Blood sample s were obtained during the preoperative period and postoperatively after completion of the adjuvant therapy . There was no statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-treatment levels of visfatin , adiponectin and leptin . However , the serum insulin and resistin levels and insulin resistance were found to be statistically significantly increased following treatment ( P<0.05 ) . Post-treatment resistin levels were positively correlated with insulin resistance ( r=0.45 , P<0.05 ) . Therefore , oncological treatment of stage II and III breast cancer did not affect visfatin , adiponectin and leptin levels , but statistically significantly increased resistin levels and insulin resistance . In addition , the post-treatment resistin levels were positively correlated with insulin resistance , suggesting that resistin may be involved in the development of insulin resistance in breast cancer patients following treatment BACKGROUND We investigated the adipokines adiponectin , leptin and resistin as serum biomarkers of beta-cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes . METHODS One hundred and eighteen patients with type 1 diabetes ( 20.3 ± 7.5 years ) diagnosed < 5 years underwent st and ardized mixed meal test ( MMTT ) for 2 h.  Systemic concentrations of C-peptide , adiponectin , leptin and resistin obtained during MMTT were measured and compared between patient groups by multiple regression analysis . RESULTS Patients were divided by their adipokine levels in subgroups above or below the median level ( ' high versus low ' ) . High adiponectin levels ( > 10.6 µg/mL ) were associated with lower C-peptide compared to the low adiponectin subgroup ( p < 0.03 ) . Increased leptin or resistin concentrations associated positively with beta-cell function even after adjustment for metabolic confounders ( p < 0.04 ) . The described associations between adipokines and C-peptide concentrations persisted in Spearman correlation tests ( p < 0.05 ) . Serum adipokines fell during MMTT ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Serum adipokine levels differentially correlate with beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes independent of BMI or metabolic control . Serum adipokines should be investigated as biomarkers of beta-cell function in prospect i ve studies and intervention trials in type 1 diabetes The mechanism behind the beneficial effects of enteral nutrition ( EN ) for patients with acute pancreatitis ( AP ) is largely unknown . Adipokines , as mediators of metabolism and inflammation , may be a possible mechanism . The study aim ed to investigate the effect of EN on adipokines early in the course of AP . Patients with AP were r and omised to EN or nil-by-mouth ( NBM ) .  Blood sample s were taken on the first 4 d of admission and adipokine concentrations for adiponectin , leptin , omentin , resistin and visfatin were determined by ELISA assays . A linear mixed model analysis was run to determine differences in adipokine concentrations between the two study groups . A total of thirty-two patients were included in the study .  Omentin concentrations were significantly higher in patients who received EN compared with NBM across the first 4 d of admission ( mean difference : 11·6 ( 95 % CI 1·0 , 22·3 ) ng/ml ; P = 0·033 ) . Leptin concentrations were significantly higher in patients who received EN compared with NBM after adjusting for age , sex and BMI ( mean difference : 2·3 ( 95 % CI 0·1 , 4·5 ) ng/ml ; P = 0·037 ) . No significant difference in adiponectin , resistin or visfatin concentrations were observed between the two study groups . EN significantly increases omentin and leptin concentrations in AP . Future research should be directed towards underst and ing whether these adipokines are responsible for the therapeutic benefits of EN Dietary calorie restriction and exercise promote weight loss and may have additive effects for improving insulin sensitivity , independent of weight loss . It is not known if these effects are attributable to changes in circulating cytokines . We evaluated the hypothesis that modest , matched weight loss induced by calorie restriction and exercise have additive effects on circulating cytokines and these changes correlate with improvements in insulin sensitivity . Overweight and sedentary women and men ( n = 52 , 45–65 years ) were r and omized to undergo 7 % weight loss by using 3–6 months of calorie restriction , exercise , or a combination of both calorie restriction and exercise . Concentrations of cytokines and hormones were measured in fasting and oral glucose tolerance test blood sample s. Insulin sensitivity was estimated based on oral glucose tolerance test for glucose and insulin . With all groups combined , fasting leptin ( p < 0.0001 ) and high molecular weight adiponectin ( p = 0.04 ) decreased and pentraxin-3 increased ( p < 0.0001 ) , in a manner that correlated with improvements in insulin sensitivity ( all p ≤ 0.0002 ) . These changes , combined with decreases in glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from the oral glucose tolerance test , explained 63 % of the variance ( p < 0.0001 ) in insulin sensitivity improvements . Exercise and calorie restriction had additive effects on leptin , with a similar trend for high molecular weight adiponectin . Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and C-reactive protein concentrations did not change . Calorie restriction and exercise had opposite effects on soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 .  Modest weight loss in overweight adults  decreases serum leptin and high molecular weight adiponectin , and increases pentraxin-3 concentrations in a manner that correlates with increased insulin sensitivity . Exercise has additive effects to those induced by calorie restriction for reductions in leptin and possibly adiponectin . These changes may contribute to the additive effects of calorie restriction and exercise for improving insulin sensitivity ABSTRACT Background : The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between weight loss and resistin , apelin , chemerin , and visfatin after  laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing ( LAGB ) .  Methods : The study group consisted of 19 patients who were operated on for morbid obesity ( BMI : 48.7 ± 6.6 kg/m2 ) , and 22 healthy , normal-weight ( BMI : 22.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2 ) subjects formed the control group . We obtained blood sample s from the study subjects at three different times : before undergoing surgery and at one month and 6 months after surgery . Blood was obtained once from the control group . Results : Significant weight loss was achieved at one and 6 months after surgery . Plasma levels of apelin , resistin , chemerin , and visfatin were higher in morbidly obese patients compared with the control group . Obesity-related peptides decreased one month and 6 months after surgery . Conclusions : Elevated plasma resistin , apelin , chemerin , and visfatin levels in morbidly obese patients are gradually reduced after weight loss . According to these findings , LAGB surgery is found to be an important and efficient means for morbidly obese patients both to lose weight and to develop a better metabolic risk profile in a short time period We examined the effects of quercetin-rich onion peel extract supplementation on adipokine expressions from adipose tissues in a diet-induced obese animal model . Male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 24 ) were r and omly assigned into control ( n = 8) , high fat diet ( HF , n = 8) and high fat diet with onion peel extract ( HFOE , n = 8) . After 8 weeks , serum biochemical parameters , weights of adipose tissues ( epididymal , perirenal and mesenteric fats ) and adipokine mRNA levels ( adiponectin , IL (interleukin)-6 and visfatin ) along with PPAR ( peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ) γ2 from adipose tissues were measured . After the 8 week supplementation , mesenteric fat weights were lower in the HFOE group than the HF group ( p < 0.05 ) . Adiponectin mRNA levels ( mesenteric fats ) were remarkably higher in the HFOE group than the other groups ( p < 0.05 for both ) . Levels of PPARγ2 mRNA ( mesenteric fats ) were significantly higher in the HF group ( p < 0.05 ) than those in the control group , but those in the HFOE group were not different from those in the control group . The IL-6 mRNA levels ( perirenal and mesenteric fats ) were higher in the HF and HFOE groups , but those in the HFOE group were slightly lower than those in the HF group . In conclusion , quercetin-rich onion peel extract supplementation  influenced adipokine expressions , particularly from mesenteric fat , addressing the modulatory effect of this substance on obesity-induced inflammation Little is known about common factors ( e.g. , macronutrients and energy supply ) regulating the protein secretory function of adipose tissue . We therefore compared the effects of r and omly assigned 10-week hypoenergetic ( -600 kcal/day ) diets with moderate-fat/moderate-carbohydrate or low-fat/high-carbohydrate content on circulating levels and production of proteins ( using radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays ) from subcutaneous adipose tissue in 40 obese but otherwise healthy women . Similar results were obtained by the two diets .  Body weight decreased by approximately 7.5 % . The secretion rate of leptin decreased by approximately 40 % , as did that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) , and interleukin (IL)-6 and -8 decreased by 25 - 30 % , whereas the secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 ( PAI-1 ) and adiponectin did not show any changes . Regarding mRNA expression ( by real-time PCR ) , only that of leptin and IL-6 decreased significantly . Circulating levels of leptin and PAI-1 decreased by 30 and 40 % , respectively , but there were only minor changes in circulating TNF-alpha , IL-6 , or adiponectin . In conclusion , moderate caloric restriction but not macronutrient composition influences the production and secretion of adipose tissue-derived proteins during weight reduction , leptin being the most sensitive and adiponectin and PAI-1 the least sensitive OBJECTIVES Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists increase fat mass , decrease insulin sensitivity , and increase serum triglycerides . To better characterize the metabolic effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment , we prospect ively evaluated the changes in body composition , insulin sensitivity , and levels of adiponectin , resistin , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 ( PAI-1 ) . We also assessed the relationships among changes in adipocytokines , body composition , and insulin sensitivity . METHODS In this prospect i ve , 12-week study , 25 nondiabetic men with locally advanced or recurrent prostate cancer and no radiographic evidence of metastases were treated with leuprolide depot and bicalutamide . The outcomes studied included changes from baseline to week 12 in body composition , insulin sensitivity , and levels of adiponectin , resistin , CRP , and PAI-1 . RESULTS The mean + /- st and ard error percentage of fat body mass increased by 4.3 % + /- 1.3 % from baseline to week 12 ( P = 0.002 ) . The insulin sensitivity index decreased by 12.9 % + /- 7.6 % ( P = 0.02 ) . The serum adiponectin levels increased by 37.4 % + /- 7.2 % from baseline to week 12 ( P < 0.001 ) . In contrast , the resistin , CRP , and PAI-1 levels did not change significantly . Changes in body composition tended to be associated with changes in adiponectin , but not insulin sensitivity . CONCLUSIONS Combined and rogen blockade with leuprolide and bicalutamide significantly increased fat mass and adiponectin levels and decreased insulin sensitivity but did not alter the resistin , CRP , or PAI-1 levels . This pattern of metabolic changes appears distinct from the classic metabolic syndrome BACKGROUND Adipokines and inflammation may provide a mechanistic link between obesity and postmenopausal breast cancer , yet epidemiologic data on their associations with breast cancer risk are limited . METHODS In a case-cohort analysis nested within the Women 's Health Initiative Observational Study , a prospect i ve cohort of postmenopausal women , baseline plasma sample s from 875 incident breast cancer case patients and 839 subcohort participants were tested for levels of seven adipokines , namely leptin , adiponectin , resistin , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-α , hepatocyte growth factor , and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , and for C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , an inflammatory marker . Data were analyzed by multivariable Cox modeling that included established breast cancer risk factors and previously measured estradiol and insulin levels . All statistical tests were two-sided . RESULTS The association between plasma CRP levels and breast cancer risk was dependent on hormone therapy ( HT ) use at baseline ( P interaction = .003 ) . In a model that controlled for multiple breast cancer risk factors including body mass index ( BMI ) , estradiol , and insulin , CRP level was positively associated with breast cancer risk among HT nonusers ( hazard ratio for high vs low CRP levels = 1.67 , 95 % confidence interval = 1.04 to 2.68 , P trend = .029 ) . None of the other adipokines were statistically significantly associated with breast cancer risk . Following inclusion of CRP , insulin , and estradiol in a multivariable model , the association of BMI with breast cancer was attenuated by 115 % . CONCLUSION These data indicate that CRP is a risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer among HT nonusers . Inflammatory mediators , together with insulin and estrogen , may play a role in the obesity-breast cancer relation Background Increased visceral adipose tissue is a risk factor for the metabolic complications associated with obesity and promotes a low- grade chronic inflammatory process . Resection of the great omentum in patients su bmi tted to a bariatric procedure has been proposed for the amelioration of metabolic alterations and the maximization of weight loss . The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of omentectomy performed in patients with morbid obesity undergoing sleeve gastrectomy ( SG ) on metabolic profile , adipokine secretion , inflammatory status , and weight loss . Methods Thirty-one obese patients were r and omized into two groups : SG alone or with omentectomy . Adiponectin , omentin , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , blood lipids , fasting glucose , insulin , and insulin resistance were measured before surgery and at 7 days , and 1 , 3 and 12 months after surgery . Results During the 1-year follow-up , body mass index ( BMI ) decreased markedly and comparably in both groups ( p < 0.001 ) . Insulin , IL-6 , and hs-CRP levels decreased significantly compared to baseline ( p < 0.05 ) in both groups with no significant difference between groups . Adiponectin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly and similarly increased compared to baseline ( p < 0.001 ) in both groups . Omentin levels increased significantly ( p < 0.05 ) in the control group and decreased in the omentectomy group 1 year postoperatively . There was no significant change in TNF-α levels in either group . Conclusions The theoretical advantages of omentectomy in regard to weight loss and obesity-related abnormalities are not confirmed in this prospect i ve study . Furthermore , omentectomy does not induce important changes in the inflammatory status in patients undergoing SG Objective To compare the effects of aerobic training ( AT ) with aerobic plus resistance training ( AT+RT ) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) obese adolescents . Design Long-term interdisciplinary weight-loss therapy ( 1 year of clinical , nutritional , psychological , and exercise-related intervention ) . Participants Fifty-eight postpubertal obese adolescents were r and omized to AT or AT+RT according to NAFLD diagnosis .  Adipokine and neuropeptide concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay , visceral fat by ultrasound , and body composition by plethysmography . Results The NAFLD group that followed the AT+RT protocol presented lower insulin , homeostasis model assessment -insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , and alanine transaminase ( ALT ) values after intervention compared with AT . It was verified that there was a higher magnitude of change in the subcutaneous fat , glycemia , total cholesterol ( TC ) , low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol , ALT , and adiponectin in response to AT+RT than in the control group ( AT ) . All patients who underwent the AT+RT exhibited significantly higher adiponectin , leptin , and & Dgr;adiponectin and lower melanin-concentrating hormone ( MCH ) concentrations after therapy compared with the AT group . In the simple linear regression analysis , changes in glycemia , insulin , and HOMA-IR were independent predictors of significant improvement in adiponectin concentration . Indeed , & Dgr;AST ( aspartate transaminase ) and & Dgr;GGT ( & ggr;-glutamyl transpeptidase ) were independent predictors of & Dgr;ALT , while & Dgr;fat mass and & Dgr;AgRP ( agouti-related protein ) were independent predictors of & Dgr;MCH . Although the number of patients was limited , we showed for the first time the positive effects of AT+RT protocol in a long-term interdisciplinary therapy to improve inflammatory biomarkers and to reduce orexigenic neuropeptide concentrations in NAFLD obese adolescents . Conclusion The long-term interdisciplinary therapy with AT+RT protocol was more effective in significantly improving noninvasive biomarkers of NAFLD that are associated with the highest risk of disease progression in the pediatric population HighlightsChemerin and leptin are increased , omentin‐1 and visfatin are decreased in at term GDM‐obese women .  Chemerin and omentin‐1 are expressed mainly by the maternal VAT . Leptin is expressed mainly in maternal SAT.Circulating chemerin and leptin in at term pregnancy correlate with BMI and HOMA‐IR.Chemerin and leptin could contribute to insulin resistance and low grade inflammation that characterizes GDM women complicated by obesity . Weight control during pregnancy is necessary to avoid adverse metabolic complications for the mother and the offspring . & NA ; Maternal adipose tissue and the placenta secrete various molecules commonly called adipokines such as chemerin , omentin‐1 , visfatin , adiponectin , and leptin that are important players in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance . Gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) is defined as a state of glucose intolerance characterized by & bgr;‐cell dysfunction and insulin resistance . To examine whether circulating adipokines and their mRNA expression in the adipose tissue and the placenta are altered in GDM pregnancy , we compared 15 GDM women [ obese ( BMI > 30 ) and non‐obese ( BMI < 30 ) ] to 23 NGT ( normal glucose tolerance ) women [ obese and non‐obese ] , at the time of the Cesarean section .  Circulating chemerin and leptin were higher ( p = 0.009 and p = 0.005 , respectively ) and circulating omentin‐1 , visfatin , as well as the adiponectin/leptin ratio were lower ( p = 0.039 , p = 0.007 and p = 0.011 , respectively ) in GDM‐obese compared to NGT‐non‐obese women . Chemerin and leptin correlated positively with BMI and HOMA‐IR and omentin‐1 correlated negatively with BMI . Serum TNF‐&agr ; was significantly elevated in all obese compared to non‐obese pregnant women and correlated positively with BMI . Adiponectin levels were reduced ‐although not significantly‐ in GDM‐ and NGT‐obese women compared to their non‐obese counterparts . Resistin , RPB4 and IL‐6 levels did not differ significantly between groups . Chemerin mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue ( SAT ) and visceral adipose tissue ( VAT ) was significantly higher compared to placenta in all women ( 6‐to 24‐times , p < 0.05 ) . Chemerin‐VAT mRNA expression in GDM‐obese tended to be significantly higher compared to NGT‐non‐obese women ( 3‐times , p = 0.005 ) . Omentin‐1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in VAT compared to SAT ( 50‐ to 100‐times , p < 0.01 ) and its expression in placenta was negligible in all women . Although , leptin was expressed significantly higher in SAT compared to VAT and the placenta in all women ( 5‐ to 46‐times , p < 0.05 ) , only its mRNA expression in VAT of obese ( GDM and NGT ) differed significantly when compared to NGT‐non‐obese women ( 3‐times higher , p < 0.02 ) . Visfatin mRNA expression was comparable in all tissues . In conclusion , chemerin and leptin are elevated and omentin‐1 and visfatin levels are decreased in GDM women complicated by obesity . This finding together with the positive association of chemerin and leptin with markers of insulin resistance , suggests that these adipokines and more especially chemerin and leptin accompanied by their adipose tissue expression could contribute to the increased insulin resistance and low grade inflammation that characterizes GDM‐obese women
In conclusion , bariatric surgery is associated with a reduction in specific adipokines including leptin , chemerin , and PAI-1 , whereas adiponectin is raised , adaptations that could be indicative of improved fat mass and function
Different adipokines secreted from adipose tissue , exert a range of physiological effects .
The aim of present systematic review and meta- analysis was to critically investigate the consequence of  bariatric surgery on circulating adipokines , that is , adiponectin , leptin , visfatin , resistin , plasminogen activator inhibitor , and chemerin .