High-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous training elicit similar enjoyment and adherence levels in overweight and obese adults The Effect of a High-Intensity Interval Training Program on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Young Men Comparison of high- and low-intensity exercise training early after acute myocardial infarction. Training intensity, blood lipids, and apolipoproteins in men with high cholesterol. Effect of training intensity on physical capacity, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in early rehabilitation of spinal cord injured individuals Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors following 24 wk of moderate- or high-intensity exercise of equal energy cost. Energy-matched moderate and high intensity exercise training improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk independent of changes in body mass or abdominal adiposity - A randomized trial. Effects of High Intensity Interval versus Moderate Continuous Training on Markers of Ventilatory and Cardiac Efficiency in Coronary Heart Disease Patients Aerobic exercise and the lipid profile in type 1 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial. Effects of high vs. moderate exercise intensity during interval training on lipids and adiponectin levels in obese young females Effects of interval and continuous running on HDL-cholesterol, apoproteins A-1 and B, and LCAT. BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND LIPID PROFILE BY PROGRAMMED EXERCISE TRAINING IN TAIWANESE PATIENTS WITH MILD HYPERTENSION Effects of low-intensity aerobic training on the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in healthy elderly subjects. High-Intensity Interval Training and Isocaloric Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Result in Similar Improvements in Body Composition and Fitness in Obese Individuals. The effect of pain-free treadmill training on fibrinogen, haematocrit, and lipid profile in patients with claudication Changes in cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory markers of young, healthy, men after six weeks of moderate or high intensity resistance training. High-Intensity Interval Training as an Efficacious Alternative to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training for Adults with Prediabetes
Abstract Background : High-intensity interval training ( HIIT ) has been shown to improve cardiometabolic health during supervised lab-based studies but adherence , enjoyment , and health benefits of HIIT performed independently are yet to be understood . We compared adherence , enjoyment , and cardiometabolic outcomes after 8 weeks of HIIT or moderate-intensity continuous training ( MICT ) , matched for energy expenditure , in overweight and obese young adults . Methods : 17 adults were r and omized to HIIT or MICT .  After completing 12 sessions of supervised training over 3 weeks , participants were asked to independently perform HIIT or MICT for 30 min , 4 times/week for 5 weeks . Cardiometabolic outcomes included cardiorespiratory fitness ( VO2 peak ) , lipids , and inflammatory markers . Exercise enjoyment was measured by the vali date d Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale . Results : Exercise adherence ( 93.4 ± 3.1 % vs. 93.1 ± 3.7 % , respectively ) and mean enjoyment across the intervention ( 100.1 ± 4.3 vs. 100.3 ± 4.4 , respectively ) were high , with no differences between HIIT and MICT ( p > .05 ) . Similarly , enjoyment levels did not change over time in either group ( p > .05 ) . After training , HIIT exhibited a greater decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than MICT ( −0.66 mmol L−1 vs. −0.03 mmol L−1 , respectively ) and a greater increase in VO2 peak than MICT ( p < .05 , + 2.6 mL kg min−1 vs. + 0.4 mL kg min−1 , respectively ) . Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein increased in HIIT ( + 0.5 pg mL−1 and + 31.4 nmol L−1 , respectively ) and decreased in MICT ( −0.6 pg mL−1 and −6.7 nmol L−1 , respectively , p < .05 ) . Conclusions : Our novel findings suggest that HIIT is enjoyable and has high unsupervised adherence rates in overweight and obese adults . However , HIIT may be associated with an increase in inflammation with short-term exercise in this population Musa , DI , Adeniran , SA , Dikko , AU , and Sayers , SP . The effect of a high-intensity interval training program on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in young men . J Strength Cond Res 23(2 ) : 587 - 592 , 2009-This study examined the impact of an 8-week program of high-intensity interval training on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , and the atherogenic index ( TC/HDL-C ) in 36 untrained men ages 21 - 36 years . Participants were r and omly assigned to an interval training group ( n = 20 ) or a control group ( n = 16 ) . Participants in the experimental group performed 3.2 km of interval running ( 1:1 work : rest ratio ) 3 times a week for 8 weeks at an intensity of 90 % of maximal heart rate ( ∼423 kcal per session ) . Results indicated significant pre- to posttraining changes in HDL-C ( 1.1 vs. 1.3 mmol·L−1 , p < 0.0001 ) and TC/HDL-C ( 3.8 vs. 3.1 , p < 0.0001 ) but no significant changes in TC ( 3.9 vs. 3.8 mmol·L−1 , p > 0.05 ) with interval training . It was concluded that an 8-week program of high-intensity interval training is effective in eliciting favorable changes in HDL-C and TC/HDL-C but not TC in young adult men with normal TC levels . Our findings support the recommendations of high-intensity interval training as an alternative mode of exercise to improve blood lipid profiles for individuals with acceptable physical fitness levels The effects of the intensity of exercise training on cardiorespiratory variables were investigated in a consecutive series of men with recent ( median 8 weeks ) acute myocardial infa rct ion . Forty-five patients were r and omly assigned either to a high- ( 65 to 75 % maximum oxygen consumption rate [ VO2max ] ) or to a low-intensity ( less than 45 % VO2max ) exercise group . Patients engaged in medically supervised aerobic training 3 sessions a week for 12 weeks . With training , mean VO2max significantly increased by 11 % ( 2.09 to 2.31 liters/min ) within the high group and by 14 % ( 1.93 to 2.21 liters/min ) within the low group . Differences between groups were not statistically significant . Both groups also had comparable changes in heart rate , blood pressure and double-product at submaximal and maximal workloads . Analysis of blood lipids revealed that both groups experienced a significant increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol . There were no significant changes in total serum cholesterol or triglycerides . These findings suggest that within an unselected population of patients after acute myocardial infa rct ion referred for cardiac rehabilitation , low- and high-intensity exercise training produces relatively similar changes in cardiorespiratory variables during the initial 3 months of exercise training Twenty-six hypercholesterolemic men ( mean cholesterol , 258 mg/dl ; age , 47 yr ; weight , 81.9 kg ) completed 24 wk of cycle ergometer training ( 3 days/wk , 350 kcal/session ) at either high ( n = 12 ) or moderate ( n = 14 ) intensity ( 80 and 50 % maximal O2 uptake , respectively , r and omly assigned ) to test the influence of training intensity on blood lipid and apolipoprotein ( apo ) concentrations . All physiological , lipid , and apo measurements were completed at 0 , 8 , 16 , and 24 wk . Lipid data were analyzed via two x four repeated- measures analysis of variance ( alpha = 0.0031 ) . Training produced a significant decrease in body weight and increase in maximal O2 uptake . No interactions between intensity and weeks of training were noted for any lipid or apo variable , and no between-group differences were significant before or throughout training . Therefore , intensity did not affect the training response . Regardless of intensity , apo AI and apo B fell 9 and 13 % , respectively , by week 16 and remained lower through week 24 ( P < 0.0003 ) . Total cholesterol fell transiently ( -5.5 % ) by week 16 ( P < 0.0021 ) but returned to initial levels by week 24 . Triglyceride , low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol , and high-density-lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol did not change with training . In contrast , HDL2 cholesterol rose 79 % above initial levels by week 8 and 82 % above initial levels by week 24 ( P < 0.0018 ) ; HDL3 cholesterol fell 8 and 13 % over the same training intervals ( P < 0.0026 ) . These data show that changes in blood lipid and apo concentrations that accompany training in hypercholesterolemic men are not influenced by exercise intensity when caloric expenditure is held constant Study design : Pre – post training intervention . Objectives : To evaluate the effect of training intensity on physical capacity , lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in early rehabilitation of spinal cord injured ( SCI ) patients , and to assess the correlation between peak aerobic capacity ( VO2Peak ) and insulin sensitivity . Setting : Spinal Cord Rehabilitation Unit , Sunnaas Hospital , Nesoddtangen , Norway . Method : Six recently injured SCI individuals participated in the arm training intervention and were r and omly admitted to a high-intensity ( HI ; 70–80 % heart rate reserve ( HRR ) ) and low-intensity ( LI ; 40–50 % HRR ) group . The 1 h interval training consisted of 3 min exercise bouts interspersed with 2 min of rest , three times a week for 8 weeks . In addition , a correlation coefficient was obtained between VO2Peak and insulin sensitivity in 11 SCI patients . Results : The 8-week training program result ed in a significant increase in VO2Peak and maximal power output ( POMax ) for the group as a whole ( P<0.05 ) . VO2Peak increased significantly more and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( TC/HDL-C ) ratio and triglycerids decreased significantly more in the HI group than in the LI group ( P=0.05 ) . Training-induced changes in insulin sensitivity were significantly different between the groups ( P=0.05 ) , which was due to a nonsignificant decline in insulin sensitivity in the HI group and a nonsignificant improvement in the LI group . A significant positive correlation was found between VO2peak and insulin sensitivity ( r=0.68 , P=0.02 ) . Conclusion : The interval arm training protocol as used in the present study enables recently injured SCI patients to do substantial work at a relatively high intensity . Results indicate that improvements in physical capacity and lipid profile were more pronounced in response to high-intensity training . The significant correlation between maximal oxygen consumption and insulin sensitivity indicates that , as in the able-bodied population , peak aerobic capacity is a predictive value with regard to insulin sensitivity in SCI . Future studies with larger groups assessing the role of exercise intensity on insulin sensitivity in SCI are suggested This study was design ed to investigate the effect of exercise intensity on cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors . Maximum oxygen consumption ( Vo(2 max ) ) , lipid , lipoprotein , and fibrinogen concentrations were measured in 64 previously sedentary men before r and om allocation to a nonexercise control group , a moderate-intensity exercise group ( three 400-kcal sessions per week at 60 % of Vo(2 max ) ) , or a high-intensity exercise group ( three 400-kcal sessions per week at 80 % of Vo(2 max ) ) . Subjects were instructed to maintain their normal dietary habits , and training heart rates were represcribed after monthly fitness tests . Forty-two men finished the study . After 24 wk , Vo(2 max ) increased by 0.38 + /- 0.14 l/min in the moderate-intensity group and by 0.55 + /- 0.27 l/min in the high-intensity group . Repeated- measures analysis of variance identified a significant interaction between monthly Vo(2 max ) score and exercise group ( F = 3.37 , P < 0.05 ) , indicating that Vo(2 max ) responded differently to moderate- and high-intensity exercise . Trend analysis showed that total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and fibrinogen concentrations changed favorably across control , moderate-intensity , and high-intensity groups . However , significant changes in total cholesterol ( -0.55 + /- 0.81 mmol/l ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( -0.52 + /- 0.80 mmol/l ) , and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( -0.54 + /- 0.86 mmol/l ) were only observed in the high-intensity group ( all P < 0.05 vs. controls ) . These data suggest that high-intensity training is more effective in improving cardiorespiratory fitness than moderate-intensity training of equal energy cost . These data also suggest that changes in coronary heart disease risk factors are influenced by exercise intensity BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exercise training is commonly prescribed for individuals diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) ; however , consensus regarding the volume and intensity of exercise for optimal benefits is lacking . Thus , we determined whether high intensity interval exercise training ( HIIT ) produced greater reductions in intrahepatic lipid ( IHL ) content and NAFLD risk factors compared with energy-matched moderate intensity continuous exercise training ( MICT ) in obese adults with liver steatosis . METHODS Eighteen obese adults were r and omized to either 4weeks of HIIT ( 4min 80 % VO2peak/3min , 50 % VO2peak ) or MICT ( 55 % VO2peak , ~60min ) , matched for energy expenditure ( ~400kcal/session ) and compared to five non-exercising age-matched control subjects .  IHL was measured by 1H-MRS and frequent blood sample s were analyzed for glucose , insulin , c-peptide , and NEFA levels during a liquid meal test ( 180min ) to characterize metabolic phenotype . RESULTS Baseline body weight , visceral abdominal adiposity , and fasting insulin concentrations were greater in the MICT vs HIIT group ( P<0.05 ) , while IHL was tightly matched between MICT and HIIT subjects ( P>0.05 ) , albeit higher than control subjects ( P<0.01 ) . Visceral abdominal adiposity , body mass , liver aminotransferases ( ALT , AST ) , and hepatic apoptotic/inflammatory markers ( cytokeratin 18 and fetuin a ) were not reduced with either exercise training intervention ( P>0.05 ) . Both HIIT and MICT lowered IHL ( HIIT , -37.0±12.4 % ; MICT , -20.1±6.6 % , P<0.05 ) ; however , the reduction in IHL was not statistically different between exercise intensities ( P=0.25 ) . Furthermore , exercise training decreased postpr and ial insulin , c-peptide , and lipid peroxidation levels ( iAUC , P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Collectively , these findings indicate that energy-matched high intensity and moderate intensity exercise are effective at decreasing IHL and NAFLD risk that is not contingent upon reductions in abdominal adiposity or body mass Background . We tested the hypothesis that high intensity interval training ( HIIT ) would be more effective than moderate intensity continuous training ( MIT ) to improve newly emerged markers of cardiorespiratory fitness in coronary heart disease ( CHD ) patients , as the relationship between ventilation and carbon dioxide production ( VE/VCO2 slope ) , oxygen uptake efficiency slope ( OUES ) , and oxygen pulse ( O2P ) . Methods . Seventy-one patients with optimized treatment were r and omly assigned into  HIIT ( n = 23 , age = 56 ± 12 years ) ,  MIT ( n = 24 , age = 62 ± 12 years ) , or nonexercise control group ( CG ) ( n = 24 , age = 64 ± 12 years ) . MIT performed 30 min of continuous aerobic exercise at 70–75 % of maximal heart rate ( HRmax ) , and HIIT performed 30 min sessions split in 2 min alternate bouts at 60%/90 % HRmax ( 3 times/week for 16 weeks ) . Results . No differences among groups ( before versus after ) were found for VE/VCO2 slope or OUES ( P > 0.05 ) . After training the O2P slope increased  in HIIT ( 22 % , P < 0.05 ) but not in MIT ( 2 % , P > 0.05 ) , while decreased in CG ( −20 % , P < 0.05 ) becoming lower versus HIIT ( P = 0.03 ) . Conclusion . HIIT was more effective than MIT for improving O2P slope in CHD patients , while VE/VCO2 slope and OUES were similarly improved by aerobic training regimens versus controls PURPOSE Despite the potential importance of favorable changes in the lipid profile produced by aerobic exercise , training-induced lipid profile changes in atherosclerosis-prone type 1 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) have not heretofore been adequately addressed . METHODS We assessed the effect of a 12- to 16-wk aerobic exercise program on cardiorespiratory fitness and the lipid profile in young men with type 1 DM . Generally active men aged 20 - 40 yr with type 1 DM ( N = 56 ) were r and omized into training ( N = 28 ) and control ( untrained , N = 28 ) groups after baseline measurements . Training consisted of 30 - 60 min moderate-intensity running 3 - 5 times a week for 12 - 16 wk . RESULTS For the 42 men finishing the study , peak oxygen consumption ( VO2 peak ) increased significantly only in the trained group . Total and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol and apolipoprotein ( apo ) B decreased and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/apo A-I ratio increased in the trained group . HDL and apo A-I increased in both groups . The exercise program brought about improvements in the HDL/LDL and apo A-I/apo B ratios and apo B and triglyceride levels when comparing the relative ( % ) changes in the trained versus control group . In the trained group , men with HDL/LDL ratios below the group median at baseline showed even more favorable changes in their lipid profile than those with higher initial HDL/LDL ratios . Body mass index , percent body fat and hemoglobin A1c did not change during the training period in either group . CONCLUSIONS Endurance training improved the lipid profile in already physically active type 1 diabetic men , independently of effects on body composition or glycemic control . The most favorable changes were in patients with low baseline HDL/LDL ratios , likely the group with the greatest benefit to be gained by such changes Purpose We investigate the effects of 12-week interval training of moderate- or high-intensity exercise on blood lipids and plasma levels of adiponectin . Methods Thirty-four obese adolescent females [ age = 15.9 ± 0.3 years ; BMI and BMI -Z-score = 30.8 ± 1.6 kg/m2 and 3 ± 0.3 , respectively ] , were r and omized to high-intensity interval training ( HIIT , n = 11 ) , moderate-intensity interval training ( MIIT , n = 11 ) , or a control group ( CG , n = 12 ) . Maximal oxygen uptake ( $ $ \mathop V\limits^{. } { \text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$V.O2peak ) , maximal aerobic speed ( MAS ) , plasma lipids and adiponectin levels were measured in all subjects before and after training . Results Following the training program , in both training groups , body mass , BMI -Z-score , and percentage body fat ( % BF ) decreased , while $ $ \mathop V\limits^{. } { \text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$V.O2peak and MAS increased . Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and adiponectin levels were positively altered ( −12.6 and −7.4 % ; 6.3 and 8.0 % ; 35.8 and 16.2 % ; high to moderate training program , respectively ) . Waist circumference , triglyceride and total cholesterol decreased only in HIIT group ( −3.5 ; −5.3 and −7.0 % , respectively , in all P < 0.05 ) . Significant decrease in the usual index of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) occurred in HIIT and MIIT groups ( −29.2 ± 5.3 and −18.4 ± 8.6 % , respectively ; P < 0.01 ) . Conclusion The results show that HIIT positively changes blood lipids and adiponectin variables in obese adolescent girls , result ing in improved insulin sensitivity , as attested by a lower HOMA-IR , and achieving better results compared to moderate-intensity exercise The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of interval and continuous exercise programs on plasma lipoproteins , apoproteins , and lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase ( LCAT ) .  Thirty-six college male students ( age 18 - 25 yrs . ) were r and omly assigned to a 5 mile continuous exercise group , 4 minute interval ( 1:1 , work : rest ) , 2 minute interval ( 1:1 - 1/2 , work : rest ) , or control . Workloads were equated by kcal expenditure/workout . The training groups exercised for one hour three times a week for 11 weeks . Neither interval or continuous exercise programs significantly altered plasma total cholesterol , high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , apoprotein A-1 ( Apo A-1 ) , apoprotein B ( Apo B ) , or LCAT . Posttest maximal oxygen consumption was significantly higher than pretest for the 4 minute interval and 5 mile continuous groups . Thus continuous exercise and long interval programs result ed in gains in aerobic capacity , but none of the training programs were effective in altering the plasma lipoproteins or apoproteins investigated Mild essential hypertensive patients comprise a large portion of the hypertensive population . Previous reports have shown that moderate-intensity regular exercise training in these patients usually reduces blood pressure . By design ing programmed exercise to evaluate whether it is effective in reducing blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients and also has beneficial effects on other biochemical parameters . Twenty-three mild hypertensive Taiwanese patients ( resting blood pressure 139.1±11.4/99.5±8.0 mmHg ) were divided r and omly into two groups : control ( no exercise ) and moderate-intensity exercise ( average 6.4±0.7 METs ) . The training group exercised three times per week at the prescribed exercise intensity by using the Treadmill exercise test . Blood pressure , heart rate and other biochemical parameters were monitored regularly every 4 weeks for 12 weeks . After 12 weeks regular exercise training , the exercise group showed for significant resting blood pressure reduction . Mean maximal reduction of systolic pressure was 18 mmHg . Significant reduction of total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) and triglyceride were found ; elevation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) was also noted . These data suggest that after 12 weeks of exercise training in mild hypertensive patients , successful reduction of blood pressure and favorable changes of lipid profile will be noted The concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) is inversely correlated with the risk of coronary heart disease . The effects of low-intensity aerobic training on serum HDL-C and other lipoprotein concentrations were examined in healthy elderly subjects . The subjects were r and omly assigned to two groups matched for sex , age , height , and weight . The training group ( n = 20 , 10 men and 10 women aged 67 + /- 4 years ) participated in a supervised physical exercise regimen using a bicycle ergometer at an intensity of 50 % estimated maximal oxygen consumption ( VO2max ) for 60 minutes two to four times per week for 5 months . In contrast , the control group ( n = 20 , 10 men and 10 women aged 68 + /- 4 years )  did not perform any particular physical training . The training protocol result ed in significant increases in the VO2max ( P < .05 ) , HDL-C , HDL2-C , and HDL2-C/HDL3-C ratio ( P < .01 ) . The change in HDL2-C ( r = .57 , P < .01 ) and HDL2-C/HDL3-C ( r = .63 , P < .01 ) was positively associated with an increase in the total exercise duration per week . In addition , the total weekly exercise duration also showed a significant positive relationship with HDL-C ( r = .75 , P < .01 ) , HDL2-C ( r = .81 , P < .01 ) , and HDL2-C/HDL3-C ( r = .71 , P < .01 ) after the training period . The changes in body weight and the VO2max were not significantly correlated with any lipid parameters . Low-intensity aerobic training may improve the profile of HDL-C and its subfractions in healthy elderly subjects . Also , the total exercise duration may be an important factor for improving HDL-C and HDL2-C in elderly subjects This study aim ed to determine the effects of 12 weeks of isocaloric programs of high-intensity intermittent training ( HIIT ) or moderate-intensity continuous training ( MICT ) or a short- duration HIIT ( 1/2HIIT ) inducing only half the energy deficit on a cycle ergometer , on body weight and composition , cardiovascular fitness , resting metabolism rate ( RMR ) , respiratory exchange ratio ( RER ) , nonexercise physical activity ( PA ) levels and fasting and postpr and ial insulin response in sedentary obese individuals . Forty-six sedentary obese individuals ( 30 women ) , with a mean BMI of 33.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2 and a mean age of 34.4 ± 8.8 years were r and omly assigned to one of the three training groups : HIIT ( n = 16 ) , MICT ( n = 14 ) or 1/2HIIT ( n = 16 ) and exercise was performed 3 times/week for 12 weeks . Overall , there was a significant reduction in body weight , waist ( p < .001 ) and hip ( p < .01 ) circumference , , trunk and leg fat mass ( FM ; p < .01 ) and an increase in trunk and leg fat free mass ( FFM ; p < .01 ) and cardiovascular fitness ( VO2max in ml/kg/min ; p < .001 ) with exercise . However , no significant differences were observed between groups . There was no significant change in RMR , RER , nonexercise PA levels , fasting insulin or insulin sensitivity with exercise or between groups . There was a tendency for a reduction in AUC insulin with exercise ( p = .069 ) , but no differences between groups . These results indicate that isocaloric training protocol s of HIIT or MICT ( or 1/2HIIT inducing only half the energy deficit ) exert similar metabolic and cardiovascular improvements in sedentary obese individuals Objective : To assess the effect of pain-free treadmill training on changes of plasma fibrinogen , haematocrit , lipid profile , and walking ability in patients with claudication . Design : R and omized control trial . Methods : Sixty-eight patients with peripheral obstructive arterial disease and intermittent claudication ( Fontaine stage II ) were r and omly assigned into the treadmill training ( repetitive intervals to onset of claudication pain , three times a week ) or a control group ( no change in physical activity ) over 3 months . Both groups performed treadmill test to assess pain-free walking time ( PFWT ) and maximal walking time ( MWT ) and had blood analyses [ for haematocrit , fibrinogen , triglycerides , and cholesterol : total , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) ] done at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of the study . Results : Total and LDL cholesterol levels in the training group decreased ( p < 0.05 ) by 14.8 % and 20,5 % , respectively . Significant ( p < 0.05 ) HDL cholesterol increased ( 14.6 % ) and triglycerides decreased ( 19 % ) in the training group but changes of all these lipids were insignificant in the control group over the 3 months . Haematocrit and fibrinogen changes were insignificant in both groups . PFWT was prolonged by 109 % and MWT increased by 54 % in the training group ( p < 0.01 ) , but not in the control group . Conclusion : The improvement in walking time over 3 months of pain-free treadmill training parallels with progressive normalization of lipid profiles in patients with claudication AIM The present study was done to see the Influence of moderate and severe intensity resistance exercises on some cardiovascular risk factors . METHODS Thirty young healthy male were r and omly divided in to two types of intervention [ MI : moderate intensity ( 45 - 55 % 1RM ) , HI : high intensity ( 80 - 90 % 1RM ) ] and one Control ( no intervention ) groups . Subjects in MI and HI intervention groups underwent 3 supervised resistance-training sessions per week for six weeks . IL-1 , IL-6 , HS-CRP , fibrinogen , ApoB , ApoA , LDL , HDL , ApoB/ApoA ratio , Lipoprotein Lipase ( LPL ) , TG , cholesterol , cholesterol/HDL ratio , body mass index ( BMI ) , systolic pressure ( Ps ) , diastolic pressure ( Pd ) and waist/hip ratio ( WHR ) before and after resistance training period were assessed . RESULTS IL-1 , IL-6 , ApoB , ApoA , LPL , TG levels , ApoB/ApoA ratio , Ps , Pd , WHR , BMI and CPR did not change significantly in trained groups . In post test HS-CRP was significantly lower in trained groups in comparison to control group ( P≤0.05 ) . LDL , Cholesterol and cholesterol/HDL ratio decreased significantly in trained groups ( P≤0.05 ) . In the HI group plasma level of fibrinogen were decreased while HDL level were increased ( P≤0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Resistance training for 6 weeks in young healthy males evoked beneficial effects regarding some inflammatory and cardiovascular risk markers . Higher-intensity resistance training was more effective in reducing plasma fibrinogen and increasing plasma HDL levels  than moderate resistance training Aims . High-intensity interval training ( HIIT ) leads to improvements in various markers of cardiometabolic health but adherence to HIIT following a supervised laboratory intervention has yet to be tested . We compared self-report and objective measures of physical activity after one month of independent exercise in individuals with prediabetes who were r and omized to HIIT ( n = 15 ) or traditional moderate-intensity continuous training ( MICT , n = 17 ) . Method . After completing 10 sessions of supervised training  participants were asked to perform HIIT or MICT three times per week for four weeks . Results . Individuals in HIIT ( 89 ± 11 % ) adhered to their prescribed protocol to a greater extent than individuals in MICT ( 71 ± 31 % ) as determined by training logs completed over one-month follow-up ( P = 0.05 , Cohen 's d = 0.75 ) . Minutes spent in vigorous physical activity per week measured by accelerometer were higher in HIIT ( 24 ± 18 ) as compared to MICT ( 11 ± 10 ) at one-month follow-up ( P = 0.049 , Cohen 's d = 0.92 ) . Cardiorespiratory fitness and systolic blood pressure assessed at one-month follow-up were equally improved ( P 's < 0.05 ) . Conclusions . This study provides preliminary evidence that individuals with prediabetes can adhere to HIIT over the short-term and do so at a level that is greater than MICT
Conclusion Neither HIIT nor MICT is superior for altering TC , TRG , or LDL-C , or TC-HDL-C ratio .
To raise HDL-C , HIIT may result in a larger effect size compared with MICT .
Objective To compare the effects of moderate intensity continuous training ( MICT ) and high intensity interval training ( HIIT ) on  adult lipid profiles ;  to identify training or participant characteristics that may determine exercise-induced change in total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglycerides ( TRG ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) .