Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on selected cardiovascular risk factors in non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Oral magnesium supplementation in type II diabetic patients Changes in glucose turnover parameters and improvement of glucose oxidation after 4-week magnesium administration in elderly noninsulin-dependent (type II) diabetic patients. Magnesium therapy in type 1 diabetes. A double blind study concerning the effects on kidney function and serum lipid levels. The Effect of Magnesium Supplementation in Increasing Doses on the Control of Type 2 Diabetes Magnesium and ascorbic acid supplementation in diabetes mellitus. Oral magnesium supplementation improves glycaemic status in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Serum Magnesium and the Risk of Death From Coronary Heart Disease and Sudden Cardiac Death Dietary magnesium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease among women. The effect of lowering blood pressure by magnesium supplementation in diabetic hypertensive adults with low serum magnesium levels: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial Magnesium in acute myocardial infarction Hypomagnesemia in Type II Diabetes: Effect of a 3-Month Replacement Therapy Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Flow-Mediated Dilatation among Hemodialysis Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Magnesium intake decreases Type 2 diabetes risk through the improvement of insulin resistance and inflammation: the Hisayama Study. The independent effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on ischemic heart disease, stroke, and death: a population-based study of 13,000 men and women with 20 years of follow-up. Oral magnesium supplementation decreases C-reactive protein levels in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia: a clinical randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of oral magnesium supplementation on risk factors for end-organ disease in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) . DESIGN A 16-week r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled crossover trial . SETTING Outpatient center of an academic family medicine residency program . PATIENTS Twenty-eight patients ( age range , 28 to 84 years ; 57.1 % black ; 85.7 % women ) with NIDDM controlled by diet and /or an oral hypoglycemic , with a serum cholesterol levels over 5.20 mmol/L ( 200 mg/dL ) . INTERVENTION Following a 2-week placebo run-in period , each patient was r and omized to receive either sustained-release magnesium chloride ( Slo-Mag ) , 384 mg/d , or an identical-appearing placebo for 6 weeks . After a 2-week interim washout period , each patient was then treated with the alternative regimen for an additional 6-week period . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The systolic and diastolic blood pressure and levels of serum glucose , low-density and high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol , triglycerides , and serum and total erythrocyte magnesium were measured at the beginning , midpoint , and end of each 6-week treatment phase . RESULTS Systolic blood pressure fell an average of 7.4 mm Hg ( P < .05 ) with treatment . There was no significant change in diastolic blood pressure or levels of serum glucose , low-density and high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol , triglycerides , or serum and erythrocyte magnesium . CONCLUSIONS Oral magnesium supplementation in the doses and duration studied is modestly effective in reducing systolic blood pressure in patients with NIDDM but has little impact on other important biochemical parameters related to diabetes-associated end-organ disease Background : Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular cation . It plays an important role in insulin homeostasis and glucose metabolism through multiple enzymatic reactions . With increasing data on magnesium deficiency in diabetic patients and epidemiological studies demonstrating magnesium deficiency as a risk factor for diabetes , it is logical to search for its possible beneficial effects on diabetes control and prevention . We aim ed to determine whether oral magnesium supplementation improves metabolic control , lipid profile and blood pressure in patients with type II diabetes . Methods : Fifty four patients with type II diabetes were included in a r and omized double blind placebocontrolled clinical trial . Patients received either placebo or 300 mg elemental magnesium ( as magnesium sulfate -MgSo4- ) daily , for 3 months . Metabolic control , lipid profile , blood pressure , magnesium status , hepatic enzymes , hemoglobin concentration , and anthropometric indices were determined in the beginning and at the end of the study . Results : Daily administration of 300 mg elemental magnesium for 3 months , significantly improved fasting blood glucose ( 183.9±15.43 to 125.8±6.52 vs. 196.5±28.12 to 136.5±7.94 , p < 0.0001 ) , 2-hour post pr and ial glucose ( 239.1±74.75 to 189.1±60mg/dl vs. 246.4±97.37 to 247.8±86.74mg/dl , p < 0.01 ) , lipid profile , blood pressure and hepatic enzymes . Conclusion : Oral magnesium supplementation with proper dosage has beneficial effects on blood glucose , lipid profile , and blood pressure in patients with type II diabetes The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of magnesium supplementation on glucose uptake and substrate oxidation in noninsulin-dependent ( type II ) diabetic patients . Nine elderly non-obese noninsulin-dependent ( type II ) diabetic patients , treated by diet only , participated in the study , which was design ed as r and omized , double blind , and cross-over . Each patient was followed up for a pre study period of 3 weeks before inviting him/her to receive placebo or magnesium supplementation ( 15.8 mmol/day ) for 4 weeks . At the end of each treatment period , a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp with simultaneous D-[3 - 3H]glucose infusion and indirect calorimetry was performed . Magnesium supplementation result ed in significantly increased plasma and erythrocyte magnesium levels , whereas body weight and fasting plasma glucose did not change . In the last 60 min of the glucose clamp , insulin-mediated glucose disappearance , total body glucose disposal ( 24.5 + /- 0.4 vs. 28.2 + /- 0.7 mumol/kg.min ; P < 0.005 ) , and glucose oxidation ( 13.0 + /- 0.4 vs. 16.3 + /- 0.8 mumol/kg.min ; P < 0.01 ) were increased after chronic magnesium supplementation . Endogenous glucose production , nonoxidative glucose disposal , lipid and protein oxidation , and insulin MCR were not affected . In conclusion , a 4-week magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and glucose oxidation in the course of a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients . Long term studies are needed to determine whether magnesium supplementation is useful in the management of type II diabetes To test the hypothesis that magnesium depletion might be of importance for the development of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus we performed a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study during 12 months with 20 - 30 mmol/day of oral magnesium hydroxide in 28 type 1 diabetic patients .  Urinary albumin excretion , Cr-EDTA-clearance and certain blood cardiovascular risk factors were measured . At the end of the study there were no significant differences of these parameters between the two groups , except that serum triglyceride values increased in three magnesium treated patients who either showed an increase in blood glycosylated hemoglobin values or body weight during the study OBJECTIVE Hypomagnesemia occurs in 25–38 % of patients with type 2 diabetes . Several studies have suggested an association between magnesium ( Mg ) depletion and insulin resistance and /or reduction of insulin secretion in these cases . Our purpose was to evaluate if Mg supplementation ( as magnesium oxide [ MgO ] ) would improve metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 128 patients with type 2 diabetes ( 32 men , 96 women , aged 30–69 years ) , treated by diet or diet plus oral antidiabetic drugs , in the Bahia Federal University Hospital , Brazil . Patients at risk for hypomagnesemia or with reduced renal function were excluded . This study was a clinical r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Patients received either placebo , 20.7 mmol MgO , or 41.4 mmol MgO daily(elementary Mg ) for 30 days . Mg concentrations were measured in plasma , in mononuclear cells , and in 24-h urine sample s. Fasting blood glucose , HbA1 , and fructosamine were used as parameters of metabolic control . RESULTS Of the patients , 47.7 % had low plasma Mg , and 31.1 % had low intramononuclear Mg levels . Intracellular Mg in patients with diabetes was significantly lower than in the normal population ( 62 blood donors ; 1.4 ± 0.6 vs. 1.7 ± 0.6 μg/mg of total proteins ) . No correlation was found between plasma and intracellular Mg concentrations ( r = −0.179 ; P = 0.15 ) or between Mg concentrations and glycemic control ( r = −0.165 ; P = 0.12 ) . Intracellular Mg levels were lower in patients with peripheral neuropathy than in those without ( 1.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6 μg/mg ) . Similar findings were observed in patients with coronary disease ( 1.0 ± 0.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6 μg/mg ) . In the placebo and in the 20.7 mmol Mg groups , neither a change in plasma and intracellular levels nor an improvement in glycemic control were observed . Replacement with 41.4 mmol Mg tended to increase plasma , cellular , and urine Mg and caused a significant fall ( 4.1 ± 0.8 to 3.8 ± 0.7 mmol/1 ) in fructosamine ( normal , 1.87–2.87 mmol/1 ) . CONCLUSIONS Mg depletion is common in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes , especially in those with neuropathy or coronary disease . More prolonged use of Mg in doses that are higher than usual is needed toestablish its routine or selective administration in patients with type 2 diabetes to improve control or prevent chronic complications The effect of magnesium ( Mg ) and ascorbic acid ( AA ) supplementation on metabolic control was assessed in 56 outpatient diabetics . A 90-day run-in period was followed by two 90-day treatment periods , during which Mg ( 600 mg/day ) and AA ( 2 g/day ) were administered in a r and omized double-blind cross-over fashion . A decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( 132 + /- 3 vs. 138 + /- 4 and 77 + /- 2 vs. 82 + /- 2 mm Hg ; p < 0.05 ) was observed in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects during Mg supplementation . No beneficial effect of Mg supplementation was observed on glycemic control , lipids or blood pressure in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) subjects . AA supplementation improved glycemic control among NIDDM subjects and both fasting blood glucose ( 9.1 + /- 0.5 vs. 10.1 + /- 0.6 mmol/l ; p < 0.05 ) and HbA1c ( 8.5 + /- 0.3 vs. 9.3 + /- 0.3 % ; p < 0.05 ) improved . Beneficial effects of AA supplementation on cholesterol ( 5.9 + /- 0.2 vs. 6.2 + /- 0.2 mmol/l ; p < 0.05 ) and triglycerides ( 2.2 + /- 0.2 vs. 2.5 + /- 0.2 ; p < 0.05 ) were also observed in NIDDM subjects . The results suggest that high-dose AA supplementation may have a beneficial effect in NIDDM subjects on both glycemic control and blood lipids AIM This study evaluated the efficacy of oral magnesium supplementation in the reduction of plasma glucose levels in adults with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia . METHODS A total of 116 men and non-pregnant women , aged 30 to 65 years with hypomagnesaemia and newly diagnosed with prediabetes , were enrolled into a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to receive either 30 mL of MgCl2 5 % solution ( equivalent to 382 mg of magnesium ) or an inert placebo solution once daily for four months . The primary trial endpoint was the efficacy of magnesium supplementation in reducing plasma glucose levels . RESULTS At baseline , there were no significant statistical differences in terms of anthropometric and biochemical variables between individuals in the supplement and placebo groups . At the end of follow-up , fasting ( 86.9 ± 7.9 and 98.3 ± 4.6 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.004 ) and post-load glucose ( 124.7 ± 33.4 and 136.7 ± 23.9 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.03 ) levels , HOMA-IR indices ( 2.85 ± 1.0 and 4.1 ± 2.7 , respectively ; P = 0.04 ) and triglycerides ( 166.4 ± 90.6 and 227.0 ± 89.7 , respectively ; P = 0.009 ) were significantly decreased , whereas HDL cholesterol ( 45.6 ± 10.9 and 46.8 ± 9.2 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.04 ) and serum magnesium ( 1.96 ± 0.27 and 1.60 ± 0.26 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.005 ) levels were significantly increased in those taking MgCl2 compared with the controls . A total of 34 ( 29.4 % ) people improved their glucose status ( 50.8 % and 7.0 % in the magnesium and placebo groups , respectively ; P < 0.0005 ) . CONCLUSION Our results show that magnesium supplementation reduces plasma glucose levels , and improves the glycaemic status of adults with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia We evaluated the effects of oral magnesium supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus . Twenty-six persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus received 4.5 g magnesium pidolate/d for one month , and 17 persons received placebo . Before and at the end of the treatment period cholesterol concentration , triglycerides , LDL cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and plasma and erythrocyte magnesium were evaluated . Chronic magnesium supplementation produced a significant reduction of plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol , and an increase of HDL cholesterol . These results suggest that oral supplementation of magnesium may be useful in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Background Low serum magnesium has been implicated in cardiovascular mortality , but results are conflicting and the pathway is unclear . We studied the association of serum magnesium with  coronary heart disease ( CHD ) mortality and sudden cardiac death ( SCD ) within the prospect i ve population ‐based Rotterdam Study , with adjudicated end points and long‐term follow‐up . Methods and Results Nine‐thous and eight‐hundred and twenty participants ( mean age 65.1 years , 56.8 % female ) were included with a median follow‐up of 8.7 years . We used multivariable Cox proportional hazard models and found that a 0.1 mmol/L increase in serum magnesium level was associated with a lower risk for CHD mortality ( hazard ratio : 0.82 , 95 % CI 0.70–0.96 ) . Furthermore , we divided serum magnesium in quartiles , with the second and third quartile combined as reference group ( 0.81–0.88 mmol/L ) . Low serum magnesium ( ≤0.80 mmol/L ) was associated with an increased risk of CHD mortality ( N=431 , hazard ratio : 1.36 , 95 % CI 1.09–1.69 ) and SCD ( N=217 , hazard ratio : 1.54 , 95 % CI 1.12–2.11 ) . Low serum magnesium was associated with accelerated sub clinical atherosclerosis ( expressed as increased carotid intima‐media thickness : + 0.013 mm , 95 % CI 0.005–0.020 ) and increased QT‐interval , mainly through an effect on heart rate ( RR‐interval : −7.1 ms , 95 % CI −13.5 to −0.8 ) . Additional adjustments for carotid intima‐media thickness and heart rate did not change the associations with CHD mortality and SCD . Conclusions Low serum magnesium is associated with an increased risk of CHD mortality and SCD . Although low magnesium was associated with both carotid intima‐media thickness and heart rate , this did not explain the relationship between serum magnesium and CHD mortality or SCD . Future studies should focus on why magnesium associates with CHD mortality and SCD and whether intervention reduces these risks This study assessed the hypothesis that greater magnesium intake is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease ( CVD )  , including myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) and stroke , in a large prospect i ve cohort of women . In 1993 , a semi-quantitative food frequency question naire was used to assess magnesium intake in 39,876 female health professionals aged 39 to 89 years who had no history of CVD or cancer . During a median of 10 years of follow-up , 1,037 incident cases of CVD were identified , including 280 nonfatal MIs and 368 strokes . After adjustment for age and r and omized treatment status , magnesium intake was not significantly associated with risk for incident CVD . Comparing the highest quintile of magnesium intake ( median 433 mg/day ) with the lowest quintile ( median 255 mg/day ) , the relative risks were 0.87 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 0.72 to 1.05 , p for trend = 0.24 ) for total CVD , 0.88 ( 95 % CI 0.70 to 1.12 , p for trend = 0.34 ) for coronary heart disease ( CHD ) , 1.03 ( 95 % CI 0.72 to 1.49 , p for trend = 0.96 ) for nonfatal MI , 1.11 ( 95 % CI 0.61 to 2.00 , p for trend = 0.95 ) for CVD death , and 0.87 ( 95 % CI 0.64 to 1.18 , p for trend = 0.55 ) for total stroke . Additional adjustment for other CVD risk factors did not material ly change the observed null associations . In conclusion , the results do not support the hypothesis that magnesium intake reduces the development of CHD , although a modest inverse association with stroke can not be ruled out To test the blood pressure (BP)-lowering effect of oral magnesium supplementation ( that is , magnesium chloride ( MgCl2 ) solution ) in diabetic hypertensive adults with hypomagnesaemia not on diuretic treatment but receiving concurrent captopril  , we conducted a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . Eighty-two subjects between 40 and 75 years of age were r and omly enrolled . Over 4 months , subjects in the intervention group received 2.5 g of MgCl2 ( 50 ml of a solution containing 50 g of MgCl2 per 1000 ml of solution ) equivalent to 450 mg of elemental magnesium , and control subjects inert placebo . The primary trial end point was a reduction in systolic ( SBP ) and diastolic ( DBP ) blood pressure . Complete follow-up was achieved for 79 of the 82 r and omized subjects . SBP ( −20.4±15.9 versus −4.7 ± 12.7 mm Hg , P=0.03 ) and DBP ( −8.7±16.3 versus −1.2±12.6 mm Hg , P=0.02 ) showed significant decreases , and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( 0.1±0.6 versus −0.1±0.7 mmol l−1 , P=0.04 ) a significant increase in the magnesium group compared to the placebo group . The adjusted odds ratio between serum magnesium and BP was 2.8 ( 95%CI : 1.4–6.9 ) . Oral magnesium supplementation with MgCl2 significantly reduces SBP and DBP in diabetic hypertensive adults with hypomagnesaemia Clinical investigators have long pursued the elusive dream of finding a cheap , safe treatment that reduces mortality and morbidity in a common condition . Many investigators had hoped that magnesium given intravenously to patients with acute myocardial infa rct ion might be such a treatment . Were they justified ? Small trials reporting the use of magnesium in acute myocardial infa rct ion have been reported intermittently for 20 years . The rationale for these studies came partly from observations of differences in heart attack rates associated with geographical variations in magnesium in the water supply and partly from laboratory studies showing that magnesium had cardioprotective effects during ischaemia and that myocardial magnesium concentrations were relatively low during acute ischaemia.1 Research on animals has shown that magnesium is a peripheral and coronary vasodilator , has antiarrhythmic effects , decreases reperfusion injury , and has antiplatelet effects in some species.1 The clinical importance of these findings is , however , still uncertain . Experimental studies often do not have the same rigorous design , conduct , and analysis that are now expected from clinical research . Few experimental studies are r and omised or blinded . Furthermore , publication bias is likely , with positive results being more likely to be reported than negative ones — especially when the subject is a relatively new hypothesis . An informal review of the results of the early clinical trials in acute myocardial infa rct ion indicated a trend towards a lower mortality with intravenous magnesium , with this difference being statistically significant in only one trial.2 That trial also found a reduction in arrhythmias . These impressions were subsequently confirmed by a formal meta analysis .3 The data came , however , from only 1300 patients with a OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of long-term high-dose oral magnesium ( Mg ) therapy ( 30 mmol/day ) in patients with type II diabetes . Low plasma magnesium levels have been reported in type II diabetes and are associated with insulin resistance and diabetic late complications . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Forty patients with type II diabetes and hypomagnesemia were observed in a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial for 3 months ( body mass index : 28 ± 4 kg/m2 ; HbA1c : 7.4 ± 0.8 % ) . Plasma and urine magnesium and metabolic control parameters were determined , and side effects were considered , especially with regard to patients ' compliance . RESULTS A significant increase in plasma magnesium levels was observed after 3 months of treatment ( Mg : 0.73 ± 0.8 vs. 0.81 ±0.1 mmol/1 ) , reaching magnesium levels of the control group ( 0.88 ± 0.8 mmol/1 ; NS ) ; metabolic control , however , was not altered ( HbA1c : 7.2 ± 0.7 vs. 7.4 ± 0.9 % ) . Six months after the end of the trial , plasma magnesium declined to pretreatment levels ( Mg : 0.73 ± 0.07 mmol/1 ) . The prevalence of side effects was high at the beginning and was reduced significantly during treatment . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that oral magnesium replacement therapy corrects hypomagnesemia after a minimum treatment period of 3 months . These observations might be important for the prevention of diabetic late complications Objectives : The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of oral magnesium ( Mg ) supplementation on endothelial function through evaluation of carotid intima-media thickness ( cIMT ) , brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation ( FMD ) , and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) among hemodialysis ( HD ) patients . Methods : This r and omized , controlled , double-blind clinical trial consisted of 54 patients on HD . One group was treated orally with 440 mg of Mg oxide 3 times per week for 6 months ( n = 29 ) . The control group ( n = 25 ) was given placebo using the same administration protocol . cIMT , FMD , serum calcium levels , phosphorus , lipid , CRP , and bicarbonate were measured at baseline and at 6 months in both groups . Results : At 6 months , cIMT was significantly decreased in the Mg group ( 0.84 ± 0.13 mm at baseline and 0.76 ± 0.13 mm at 6 months , p = 0.001 ) . However , in the placebo group , cIMT was significantly increased ( 0.73 ± 0.13 and 0.79 ± 0.12 mm , respectively , p = 0.003 ) . When hypertension , diabetes mellitus , smoking , hyperlipidemia , and systemic lupus erythematosus were controlled for in the analysis , the effect of Mg remained significant in both groups ( p = 0.000 ) . Conclusion : Our results indicate that Mg might not improve endothelial function ( CRP level and FMD ) and that a decreased cIMT as a marker of atherosclerosis may be due to the inhibition of calcification through the regulation parathormone , calcium , and phosphorus AIMS Early studies have shown that magnesium intake decreases the risk of Type 2 diabetes , but the results are still inconsistent . We prospect ively examined the association between magnesium intake and incidence of Type 2 diabetes in a general Japanese population . METHODS A total of 1999 subjects without diabetes aged 40 - 79 years who underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test were followed up prospect ively for a mean of 15.6 years . RESULTS During the follow-up , 417 subjects developed Type 2 diabetes . The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of Type 2 diabetes significantly decreased with increasing magnesium intake quartile levels ( ≤ 148.5 , 148.6 - 171.5 , 171.6 - 195.5 and ≥ 195.6 mg/day , P for trend = 0.01 ) . In multivariate analyses , after adjusting for comprehensive risk factors and other dietary factors , the hazard ratio of Type 2 diabetes was 0.67 ( 95 % CI 0.49 - 0.92 ; P = 0.01 ) in the third quartile and 0.63 ( 95 % CI 0.44 - 0.90 ; P = 0.01 ) in the highest quartile compared with the first quartile . In addition , the risk of Type 2 diabetes was 14 % lower ( P = 0.04 ) for a 1-sd increment of log-transformed magnesium intake in the multivariate-adjusted model . In stratified analysis , there were statistically significant interactions  between magnesium intake and levels of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or alcohol intake on the risk of Type 2 diabetes ( all P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that increased magnesium  intake was a significant protective factor for the incidence of Type 2 diabetes  in the general Japanese population , especially among subjects with insulin resistance , low- grade inflammation and a drinking habit BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have reported that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) have increased mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular diseases , independent of other risk factors . However , most of these studies have been performed in selected patient groups . The purpose of the present study was prospect ively to assess the impact of type 2 DM on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in an unselected population . METHODS A total of 13,105 subjects from the Copenhagen City Heart Study were followed up prospect ively for 20 years . Adjusted relative risks of first , incident , admission for , or death from ischemic heart disease , acute myocardial infa rct ion , or stroke , as well as total mortality in persons with type 2 DM compared with healthy controls , were estimated . RESULTS The relative risk of first , incident , and admission for myocardial infa rct ion was increased 1.5- to 4.5-fold in women and 1.5- to 2-fold in men , with a significant difference between sexes . The relative risk of first , incident , and admission for stroke was increased 2- to 6.5-fold in women and 1.5- to 2-fold in men , with a significant difference between sexes . In both women and men the relative risk of death was increased 1.5 to 2 times . CONCLUSIONS In persons with type 2 DM , the risk of having an incident myocardial infa rct ion or stroke is increased 2- to 3-fold and the risk of death is increased 2-fold , independent of other known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been suggested that magnesium deficiency is associated with the triggering of acute phase response , which may contribute to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk . We undertook this study to determine whether oral magnesium supplementation modifies serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) in apparently healthy subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia . METHODS A total of 62 men and non-pregnant women aged 18 - 65 year , with new diagnosis of prediabetes ( glucose 5.6 < 7.0 mmol/L and /or post-load glucose ≥7.7 < 11.1 mmol/L ) and hypomagnesemia ( serum magnesium levels < 0.74 mmol/L ) were enrolled in a clinical double-blind placebo-controlled trial and r and omly allocated to receive either magnesium chloride ( 30 mL of MgCl2 5 % solution ) or NaHCO3 0.1 % solution , once daily for 3 months . RESULTS At basal conditions , anthropometric and biochemical variables were similarly distributed in both groups . At the end of follow-up , participants who received magnesium chloride showed higher serum magnesium levels ( 0.86 ± 0.08 vs. 0.69 ± 0.16 mmol/L , p = 0.002 ) and lower hsCRP levels ( 4.8 ± 15.2 vs. 17.1 ± 21.0 nmol/L , p = 0.01 ) compared with participants in the control group . CONCLUSIONS Oral magnesium supplementation decreases hsCRP levels in apparently healthy subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia
During subgroup analysis , a more beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation was observed in diabetic subjects with hypomagnesaemia .
CONCLUSIONS Magnesium supplementation can produce a favourable effect on FPG , HDL , LDL , TG and SBP .
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disorders remain the leading cause of death in type 2 diabetic patients .
In the present study , a systematic review and a meta- analysis of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) were conducted aim ing to evaluate the effect of magnesium supplementation on  type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) associated cardiovascular risk factors in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals .