Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is associated with decreased abdominal visceral adipose tissue in overweight and obese adults. Calcium-vitamin D cosupplementation influences circulating inflammatory biomarkers and adipocytokines in vitamin D-insufficient diabetics: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Calcium plus vitamin D3 supplementation facilitated Fat loss in overweight and obese college students with very-low calcium consumption: a randomized controlled trial Supplementation with calcium + vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Effect of adiposity on vitamin D status and the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to supplementation in healthy young and older Irish adults. Effects of Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation on Anthropometric Measurements and Blood Pressure in Vitamin D Insufficient People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial The effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on obesity in postmenopausal women: secondary analysis for a large-scale, placebo controlled, double-blind, 4-year longitudinal clinical trial Influence of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Weight and Fat Loss in Obese Women Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic β cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: the Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of postmenopausal weight gain. Effects of Combined Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Insulin Secretion, Insulin Sensitivity and β-Cell Function in Multi-Ethnic Vitamin D-Deficient Adults at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical function, and health perception in older, community-dwelling men. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on anthropometric indices among overweight and obese women: A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and fat mass loss in female very low-calcium consumers: potential link with a calcium-specific appetite control. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body composition in 10-12-y-old girls: a 2-y randomized trial. Therapeutic implications of vitamin D and calcium in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome Double Blind Study on the Need for Vitamin D Supplementation in Prepubertal Children
BACKGROUND Several studies suggest that calcium and vitamin D ( CaD ) may play a role in the regulation of abdominal fat mass . OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of CaD-supplemented orange juice ( OJ ) on weight loss and reduction of visceral adipose tissue ( VAT ) in overweight and obese adults ( mean ± SD age : 40.0 ± 12.9 y ) . DESIGN Two parallel , double-blind , placebo-controlled trials were conducted with either regular or reduced-energy ( lite ) orange juice . For each 16-wk trial , 171 participants were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 groups . The treatment groups consumed three 240-mL glasses of OJ ( regular or lite ) fortified with 350 mg Ca and 100 IU vitamin D per serving , and the control groups consumed either unfortified regular or lite OJ .  Computed tomography scans of VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue were performed by imaging a single cut at the lumbar 4 level . RESULTS After 16 wk , the average weight loss ( ∼2.45 kg ) did not differ significantly between groups . In the regular OJ trial , the reduction of VAT was significantly greater ( P = 0.024 ) in the CaD group ( -12.7 ± 25.0 cm(2 ) ) than in the control group ( -1.3 ± 13.6 cm(2 ) ) . In the lite OJ trial , the reduction of VAT was significantly greater ( P = 0.039 ) in the CaD group ( -13.1 ± 18.4 cm(2 ) ) than in the control group ( -6.4 ± 17.5 cm(2 ) ) after control for baseline VAT . The effect of calcium and vitamin D on VAT remained highly significant when the results of the 2 trials were combined ( P = 0.007 ) . CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that calcium and /or vitamin D supplementation contributes to a beneficial reduction of VAT . This trial is registered at clinical trial.gov as NCT00386672 , NCT01363115 CONTEXT To the best of our knowledge , no study has examined the effects of vitamin D-calcium cosupplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and adipocytokines in vitamin D-insufficient type 2 diabetics . OBJECTIVE This study was performed to assess the effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and adipocytokines in vitamin D-insufficient people with type 2 diabetes . METHODS Totally , 118 diabetic patients were enrolled in this r and omized , placebo-controlled clinical trial . After matching for age , sex , body mass index , type and dose of hypoglycemic agents , and duration of diabetes , subjects were r and omly assigned into 4 groups receiving the following : 1 ) 50000 IU/wk vitamin D + calcium placebo ; 2 ) 1000 mg/d calcium + vitamin D placebo ; 3 ) 50 000 IU/wk vitamin D + 1000 mg/d calcium ; or 4 ) vitamin D placebo + calcium placebo for 8 weeks . Blood sampling was done for the quantification of inflammatory biomarkers and adipocytokines at the study baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention . RESULTS Calcium ( changes from baseline : -75 ± 19 ng/ml , P = .01 ) and vitamin D alone ( -56 ± 19 ng/mL , P = .01 ) and joint calcium-vitamin D supplementation ( -92 ± 19 ng/mL , P = .01 ) result ed in a significant reduction in serum leptin levels compared with placebo ( -9 ± 18 ng/mL ) . This was also the case for serum IL-6 , such that calcium ( -2 ± 1 pg/mL , P < .001 ) and vitamin D alone ( -4 ± 1 pg/mL , P < .001 ) and their combination ( -4 ± 1 pg/mL , P < .001 ) led to significant reductions compared with placebo ( 3 ± 1 pg/mL ) . After adjustment for potential confounders , individuals in the calcium ( -3.1 ± 1.3 , P < .05 ) , vitamin D ( -3.1 ± 1.3 , P < .05 ) , and joint calcium-vitamin D groups ( -3.4 ± 1.3 , P < .05 ) had greater reductions in serum TNF-α concentrations compared with placebo ( 0.1 ± 1.2 ) . Individuals who received joint calcium-vitamin D supplements tended to have a decrease in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels compared with placebo after controlling for baseline levels ( -1.14 ± 0.25 vs 0.02 ± 0.24 ng/mL , P = .09 ) . CONCLUSION Joint calcium-vitamin D supplementation might improve systemic inflammation through decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in vitamin D-insufficient people with type 2 diabetes Background Recent evidence suggests that higher calcium and /or vitamin D intake may be associated with lower body weight and better metabolic health . Due to contradictory findings from intervention trials , we investigated the effect of calcium plus vitamin D3 ( calcium+D ) supplementation on anthropometric and metabolic profiles during energy restriction in healthy , overweight and obese adults with very-low calcium consumption . Methods Fifty-three subjects were r and omly assigned in an open-label , r and omized controlled trial to receive either an energy-restricted diet ( −500 kcal/d ) supplemented with 600 mg elemental calcium and 125 IU vitamin D3 or energy restriction alone for 12 weeks . Repeated measurements of variance were performed to evaluate the differences between groups for changes in body weight , BMI , body composition , waist circumference , and blood pressures , as well as in plasma TG , TC , HDL , LDL , glucose and insulin concentrations . Results Eighty-one percent of participants completed the trial ( 85 % from the calcium + D group ; 78 % from the control group ) . A significantly greater decrease in fat mass loss was observed in the calcium + D group ( −2.8±1.3 vs.-1.8±1.3 kg ; P=0.02 ) than in the control group , although there was no significant difference in body weight change ( P>0.05 ) between groups . The calcium + D group also exhibited greater decrease in visceral fat mass and visceral fat area ( P<0.05 for both ) . No significant difference was detected for changes in metabolic variables ( P>0.05 ) . Conclusion Calcium plus vitamin D3 supplementation for 12 weeks augmented body fat and visceral fat loss in very-low calcium consumers during energy restriction . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov ( NCT01447433 , http:// clinical trials.gov/ ) BACKGROUND Adequate calcium intake can have a favorable effect on some metabolic variables . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the effects of daily calcium intake and of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D ( calcium+D ) during a weight-loss intervention on blood pressures , plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations , and glucose and insulin concentrations in low calcium consumers . DESIGN Healthy , overweight or obese women ( n = 63 ) with a daily calcium intake of < 800 mg/d were r and omly assigned in a double-blind manner to 1 of 2 groups : the group consuming 2 tablets/d of a calcium + vitamin D supplement ( 600 mg elemental calcium and 200 IU vitamin D/tablet ) or the group consuming placebo ; both groups observed a 700 kcal/d energy restriction . These 63 women then completed a 15-wk weight-loss intervention . RESULTS Initial daily calcium intake was significantly correlated with plasma HDL cholesterol ( r = 0.41 , P < 0.001 ) and with 2-h postload glycemia ( r = -0.29 , P < 0.05 ) during an oral-glucose-tolerance test , independent of fat mass and waist circumference . After the 15-wk intervention , significantly greater decreases in total : LDL and LDL : HDL ( P < 0.01 for both ) and of LDL cholesterol ( P < 0.05 ) were observed in the calcium+D group than in the placebo group . The differences in total : HDL and LDL : HDL were independent of changes in fat mass and in waist circumference . A tendency for more beneficial changes in HDL cholesterol , triacylglycerol , and total cholesterol was also observed in the calcium+D group ( P = 0.08 ) . CONCLUSION Consumption of calcium+D during a weight-loss intervention enhanced the beneficial effect of body weight loss on the lipid and lipoprotein profile in overweight or obese women with usual low daily calcium intake There is increasing epidemiological evidence linking sub-optimal vitamin D status with overweight and obesity . Although increasing BMI and adiposity have also been negatively associated with the change in vitamin D status following supplementation , results have been equivocal . The aim of this r and omised , placebo-controlled study was to investigate the associations between anthropometric measures of adiposity and the wintertime serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ( 25(OH)D ) response to 15 μg cholecalciferol per d in healthy young and older Irish adults . A total of 110 young adults ( 20 - 40 years ) and 102 older adults ( ≥ 64 years ) completed the 22-week intervention with > 85 % compliance . The change in 25(OH)D from baseline was calculated . Anthropometric measures of adiposity taken at baseline included height , weight and waist circumference ( WC ) , along with skinfold thickness measurements to estimate fat mass ( FM ) . FM was subsequently expressed as FM ( kg ) , FM ( % ) , FM index ( FMI ( FM kg/height m2 ) ) and as a percentage ratio to fat-free mass ( FFM ) . In older adults , vitamin D status was inversely associated with BMI ( kg/m2 ) , WC ( cm ) , FM ( kg and % ) , FMI ( kg/m2 ) and FM : FFM ( % ) at baseline ( r - 0·33 , - 0·36 , - 0·33 , - 0·30 , - 0·33 and - 0·27 , respectively , all P values < 0·01 ) . BMI in older adults was also negatively associated with the change in 25(OH)D  following supplementation ( β - 1·27 , CI - 2·37 , - 0·16 , P = 0·026 ) ; however , no such associations were apparent in younger adults . Results suggest that adiposity may need to be taken into account when determining an adequate wintertime dietary vitamin D intake for healthy older adults residing at higher latitudes Background : Up to 75 % of the risk of type 2 diabetes is attributable to obesity . Therefore , finding a way to control obesity can be useful for management of diabetes . Objective : This study was performed to assess the effects of vitamin D3 and calcium supplementation on anthropometric measurements and blood pressure in vitamin D insufficient people with type 2 diabetes . Methods : One hundred eighteen patients with diabetes were enrolled in this r and omized placebo-controlled clinical trial . All subjects were r and omly assigned into 4 groups receiving ( 1 ) 50,000 IU/wk vitamin D3 plus ( equal to 7143 IU/d ) calcium placebo ; ( 2 ) 1000 mg/d calcium plus vitamin D3 placebo ; ( 3 ) 50,000 IU/wk vitamin D3 ( equal to 7143 IU/d ) plus 1000 mg/d calcium ; or ( 4 ) vitamin D3 placebo plus calcium placebo for 8 weeks . Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were assessed at study baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention . Results : A greater reduction in body mass index was observed in calcium plus vitamin D group than other groups ( p = 0.03 ) . Comparison of changes in waist circumference among 4 groups revealed no significant difference in crude model ( p = 0.21 ) and when the effect of confounders was taken into account ( p = 0.08 ) . Calcium supplementation result ed in a significant reduction in hip circumference compared to other groups ( p < 0.001 ) . Systolic blood pressure significantly decreased in the calcium plus vitamin D group compared to placebo ( −7.3 ± 8.7 mmHg vs 0.5 ± 8.2 mmHg ; p = 0.001 ) . However , calcium and vitamin D supplementation had no significant effects on diastolic blood pressure . Conclusion : Calcium – vitamin D3 cosupplementation can have beneficial effect on body mass index ( BMI ) , hip circumference , and systolic blood pressure in vitamin D – insufficient type 2 diabetics Background It is undetermined whether calcium supplementation has an effect on obesity or body composition in postmenopausal women . The purpose of the study is to detect the effect of calcium supplementation on indices of obesity and body composition . Methods This is a secondary analysis of data from a population -based , double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized trial design ed to determine the effects of calcium and vitamin D on osteoporotic fractures . The cohort included 1179 postmenopausal women who were r and omly assigned into one of three groups : 1 ) supplemental calcium ( 1400 mg/d or 1500 mg/d ) plus vitamin D placebo ( Ca-only group ) ; 2 ) supplemental calcium ( 1400 mg/d or 1500 mg/d ) plus supplemental vitamin D3 ( 1100 IU/d ) ( Ca + D group ) ; or , 3 ) two placebos ( placebo group ) . After applying the exclusion criteria for this analysis , 870 subjects were included in this study . The primary outcomes for the present study were changes in body mass index , trunk fat , trunk lean , and percentage of trunk fat after calcium supplementation . Results Changes in trunk fat , trunk lean , and percentage of trunk fat were significantly different between the calcium intervention groups ( Ca-only group or Ca + D group ) and the placebo group during the trial ( P < 0.05 ) . The calcium intervention groups gained less trunk fat and maintained more trunk lean when compared to the placebo group . No significant difference was observed for body mass index between groups . Conclusion Calcium supplementation over four years has a beneficial effect on body composition in postmenopausal women Background : Dairy products not only reduce the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases but may play a role in the treatment of obesity . As there is some evidence that calcium ( Ca ) and vitamin D may play a role in effective weight management , we decided to evaluate the influence of Ca and vitamin D supplementation on weight and fat loss  in obese women . Material and Methods : Forty obese women were enrolled in this study . Subjects were divided into 2 groups comparable with body mass index ( BMI ) and age . Group 1 was provided with calcium carbonate and 1-(OH)-vitamin D supplementation . Group 2 was provided with only a diet . Subjects participated in a 3-month weight reduction therapy ( balanced diet , modification of life style , and regular physical exercise ) . Blood sample s ( serum concentration of Ca , phosphorus ( P ) , parathormone ( PTH ) , 25-(OH)-D3 ) and clinical characteristics ( weight , height , BMI , body composition ) were taken at baseline and after the 3-month program . Results : No significant differences of body weight , body fat content , serum parathormone , 25-(OH)-D3 concentration , and plasma total Ca and P concentration were observed between analyzed groups both before and after the treatment . Additionally , we did not observe any significant influence of Ca and vitamin D supplementation on weight and fat loss . Conclusion : Ca plus vitamin D supplementation during a 3-month low caloric diet has no additional effect on weight and fat loss in obese women BACKGROUND A suboptimal vitamin D and calcium status has been associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes in observational studies , but evidence from trials is lacking . OBJECTIVE We determined whether vitamin D supplementation , with or without calcium , improved glucose homeostasis in adults at high risk of diabetes . DESIGN Ninety-two adults were r and omly assigned in a 2-by-2 factorial- design , double-masked , placebo-controlled trial to receive either cholecalciferol ( 2000 IU once daily ) or calcium carbonate ( 400 mg twice daily ) for 16 wk . The primary outcome was the change in pancreatic β cell function as measured by the disposition index after an intravenous-glucose-tolerance test . Other outcomes were acute insulin response , insulin sensitivity , and measures of glycemia . RESULTS Participants had a mean age of 57 y , a body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m(2 ) ) of 32 , and glycated hemoglobin ( Hb A(1c ) ) of 5.9 % . There was no significant vitamin D × calcium interaction on any outcomes . The disposition index increased in the vitamin D group and decreased in the no-vitamin D group ( adjusted mean change ± SE : 300 ± 130 compared with -126 ± 127 , respectively ; P = 0.011 ) , which was explained by an improvement in insulin secretion ( 62 ± 39 compared with -36 ± 37 mU · L(-1 ) · min , respectively ; P = 0.046 ) . Hb A(1c ) increased less , but nonsignificantly , in the vitamin D group than in the no-vitamin D group ( 0.06 ± 0.03 % compared with 0.14 ± 0.03 % , respectively ; P = 0.081 ) . There was no significant difference in any outcomes with calcium compared with no calcium . CONCLUSION In adults at risk of type 2 diabetes , short-term supplementation with cholecalciferol improved β cell function and had a marginal effect on attenuating the rise in Hb A(1c ) . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00436475 BACKGROUND Obesity in the United States has increased significantly during the past several decades . The role of calcium in the maintenance of a healthy body weight remains controversial . METHODS A r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled trial was performed with 36 282 postmenopausal women , aged 50 to 79 years , who were already enrolled in the dietary modification and /or hormone therapy arms of the Women 's Health Initiative clinical trial . Women were r and omized at their first or second annual visit to receive a dose of 1000 mg of elemental calcium plus 400 IU of cholecalciferol ( vitamin D ) or placebo daily . Change in body weight was ascertained annually for an average of 7 years . RESULTS Women receiving calcium plus cholecalciferol supplements vs women receiving placebo had a minimal but consistent favorable difference in weight change ( mean difference , -0.13 kg ; 95 % confidence interval , -0.21 to -0.05 ; P = .001 ) . After 3 years of follow-up , women with daily calcium intakes less than 1200 mg at baseline who were r and omized to supplements were 11 % less likely to experience small weight gains ( 1 - 3 kg ) and 11 % less likely to gain more moderate amounts of weight ( > 3 kg ) ( P for interaction for baseline calcium intake = .008 ) . CONCLUSION Calcium plus cholecalciferol supplementation has a small effect on the prevention of weight gain , which was observed primarily in women who reported inadequate calcium intakes . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00000611 Objectives To examine whether combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion , β-cell function , inflammation and metabolic markers . Design 6-month r and omized , placebo-controlled trial . Participants Ninety-five adults with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] ≤55 nmol/L at risk of type 2 diabetes ( with prediabetes or an AUSDRISK score ≥15 ) were r and omized . Analyses included participants who completed the baseline and final visits ( treatment n = 35 ; placebo n = 45 ) . Intervention Daily calcium carbonate ( 1,200 mg ) and cholecalciferol [ 2,000–6,000 IU to target 25(OH)D > 75 nmol/L ] or matching placebos for 6 months .  Measurements Insulin sensitivity ( HOMA2%S , Matsuda index ) , insulin secretion ( insulinogenic index , area under the curve ( AUC ) for C-peptide ) and β-cell function ( Matsuda index x AUC for C-peptide ) derived from a 75 g 2-h OGTT ; anthropometry ; blood pressure ; lipid profile ; hs-CRP ; TNF-α ; IL-6 ; adiponectin ; total and undercarboxylated osteocalcin . Results Participants were middle-aged adults ( mean age 54 years ; 69 % Europid ) at risk of type 2 diabetes ( 48 % with prediabetes ) . Compliance was > 80 % for calcium and vitamin D. Mean serum 25(OH)D concentration increased from 48 to 95 nmol/L in the treatment group ( 91 % achieved > 75 nmol/L ) , but remained unchanged in controls . There were no significant changes in insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion and β-cell function , or in inflammatory and metabolic markers between or within the groups , before or after adjustment for potential confounders including waist circumference and season of recruitment . In a post hoc analysis restricted to participants with prediabetes , a significant beneficial effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on insulin sensitivity ( HOMA%S and Matsuda ) was observed . Conclusions Daily vitamin D and calcium supplementation for 6 months may not change OGTT-derived measures of insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion and β-cell function in multi-ethnic adults with low vitamin D status at risk of type 2 diabetes . However , in participants with prediabetes , supplementation with vitamin D and calcium may improve insulin sensitivity . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry OBJECTIVES To study the effects of vitamin D supplementation in healthier population s of men . DESIGN : R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING General clinical research center . PARTICIPANTS Sixty-five healthy , community-dwelling men ( mean age+/-st and ard deviation=76+/-4 , range 65 - 87 ) . INTERVENTION Cholecalciferol ( 1,000 IU/d ) or placebo supplementation for 6 months ; all received 500 mg supplemental calcium . MEASUREMENTS Upper and lower extremity muscle strength and power , physical performance and activity , health perception , calcium and vitamin D intake , and biochemical assessment , including 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25OHD ) , parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) , and ionized calcium levels . RESULTS The levels of 25OHD increased and PTH decreased in the cholecalciferol group , whereas there were no significant changes in the control group ( P<.001 ) . Baseline 25OHD levels correlated with baseline single-leg stance time and physical activity score . Baseline PTH levels correlated with baseline 8-foot walk time and physical activity score . No significant difference in strength , power , physical performance , or health perception was found between groups . CONCLUSION The 25OHD or PTH levels correlated with physical activity and physical performance in older , community-dwelling men with normal 25OHD status . Vitamin D supplementation increased 25OHD levels and decreased PTH levels but did not increase muscle strength or improve physical performance or health perception in this group of healthy , older men . Further investigations of the effects of vitamin D supplementation should focus on individuals with low levels of vitamin AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate effect of vitamin D supplementation on anthropometric indices among women with overweight and obesity . METHODS This double blind r and omize clinical trial was conducted on 66 overweight and obese women . Those in intervention group received oral supplement of vitamin D 50,000 IU ( 1250 mcg ) per 25 day and in control group participants received placebo for 3 months . Anthropometric indices were measured before and after 3 months intervention . Before the intervention a 24-h dietary recall ( 3 days ) were used to assess dietary intake of individuals . Independent t test and multivariate repeated measure were used to data analysis . RESULTS The mean difference of anthropometric indices , serum calcium , 25 ( OH ) D3 and serum PTH between the intervention and control groups were significant ( P < 0/05 ) . However , no significant differences in serum phosphorus between the intervention and control groups were seen . CONCLUSION Supplementation with vitamin D 50 μg for each day for 3 months result ed in a significant reduction in anthropometric indices in women with obesity and overweight with normal primary 25(OH ) D3 serum levels This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study was conducted to compare the effect of a 15-week weight-reducing programme ( -2900 kJ/d ) coupled with a calcium plus vitamin D ( calcium+D ) supplementation ( 600 mg elemental calcium and 5 microg vitamin D , consumed twice a day ) or with a placebo , on body fat and on spontaneous energy/macronutrient intake . Sixty-three overweight or obese women ( mean age 43 years , mean BMI 32 kg/m2 ) reporting a daily calcium intake < 800 mg participated in present study . Anthropometric variables , resting energy expenditure and spontaneous energy intake were measured before and after the 15-week programme . The calcium+D supplementation induced no statistically significant increase in fat mass loss in response to the programme . However , when analyses were limited to very low-calcium consumers only ( initial calcium intake < or = 600 mg/d , n 7 for calcium+D , n 6 for placebo ) , a significant decrease in body weight and fat mass ( P < 0.01 ) and in spontaneous dietary lipid intake ( P < 0.05 ) was observed in the calcium+D but not in the placebo group . In very low-calcium consumers , change in fat mass was positively correlated with change in lipid intake . During the weight-reducing programme , a calcium+D supplementation was necessary in female overweight/obese very low-calcium consumers to reach significant fat mass loss that seemed to be partly explained by a decrease in lipid intake . We propose that this change in lipid intake could be influenced by a calcium-specific appetite control BACKGROUND Little is known about the relative effectiveness of calcium supplementation from food or pills with or without vitamin D supplementation for bone mass accrual during the rapid growth period . OBJECTIVE The purpose was to examine the effects of both food-based and pill supplements of calcium and vitamin D on bone mass and body composition  in girls aged 10 - 12 y. DESIGN This placebo-controlled intervention trial r and omly assigned 195 healthy girls at Tanner stage I-II , aged 10 - 12 y , with dietary calcium intakes < 900 mg/d to 1 of 4 groups : calcium ( 1000 mg ) + vitamin D3 ( 200 IU ) , calcium ( 1000 mg ) , cheese ( 1000 mg calcium ) , and placebo . Primary outcomes were bone indexes of the hip , spine , and whole body by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and of the radius and tibia by peripheral quantitative computed tomography . RESULTS With the use of intention-to-treat or efficacy analysis , calcium supplementation with cheese result ed in a higher percentage change in cortical thickness of the tibia than did placebo , calcium , or calcium + vitamin D treatment ( P = 0.01 , 0.038 , and 0.004 , respectively ) and in higher whole-body bone mineral density than did placebo treatment ( P = 0.044 ) when compliance was > 50 % . With the use of a hierarchical linear model with r and om effects to control for growth velocity , these differences disappeared . CONCLUSIONS Increasing calcium intake by consuming cheese appears to be more beneficial for cortical bone mass accrual than the consumption of tablets containing a similar amount of calcium . Diverse patterns of growth velocity may mask the efficacy of supplementation in a short-term trial of children transiting through puberty Objective : To assess effects of vitamin D and Calcium ( Ca ) on hormonal and metabolic milieu of polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . Design : Single arm open label trial . Methods : Twelve overweight and vitamin D deficient women with PCOS underwent a 2 hour oral glucose tolerance testing at baseline and following 3-month supplementation with vitamin D ( daily dose of 3533 IU , increased to 8533 IU after the first five participants ) and 530 mg elemental Ca daily . Main outcome measures : Blood pressure ( BP ) , plasma glucose , insulin , total testosterone ( T ) and rostenedione ( A ) , sex hormone binding globulin , lifestyle parameters were assessed at baseline and following 3-month intervention . Insulin resistance ( IR ) and area under the curve for glucose and insulin were computed ; paired analyses were conducted . Results : Improved serum 25OHD ( p < 0.001 ) and reductions in total T ( p = 0.036 ) and A ( p = 0.090 ) levels were noted following 3-month supplementation , compared to baseline . Significant lowering in BP parameters was seen in participants with baseline BP ≥ 120/80 mmHg ( n = 8) and in those with baseline serum 25OHD ≤20 ng/ml ( n = 9 ) . Parameters of glucose homeostasis and IR remained unchanged ( p > 0.05 ) . Conclusions : And rogen and BP profiles improved followed three month intervention , suggesting therapeutic implication s of vitamin D and Ca in overweight and vitamin D deficient women with PCOS ABSTRACT . Fifty‐one healthy prepubertal schoolchildren were followed for 13 months in a double blind study . Twenty‐four of them were supplemented with 400 IU of vitamin D2 5–7 times weekly , while 27 received a placebo . The children were examined in winter both at the beginning and at the end of the study , and in the middle of the study in autumn . Mean 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels in the supplemented group were significantly higher than those in the placebo group both in autumn and in winter , when the study ended . The vitamin D supplementation did not , however , affect other vitamin D metabolites , serum calcium , albumin , inorganic phosphorus , parathyroid hormone concentrations or alkaline phosphatase activity . Moreover , the supplementation caused no alterations in the weight or height gain or bone mineral content of the distal radius of the children , and thus sub clinical rickets could not be shown
CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .