[Infants with colic. A heterogenous group possible to cure? Treatment by pediatric consultation followed by a study of the effect of zone therapy on incurable colic]. Preventive effects of oral probiotic on infantile colic: a prospective, randomised, blinded, controlled trial using Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938. A prospective 10-year study on children who had severe infantile colic. Prophylactic use of a probiotic in the prevention of colic, regurgitation, and functional constipation: a randomized clinical trial. New strategies for the treatment of colic: modifying the parent/infant interaction. Infant colic: empirical evidence of the absence of an association with source of early infant nutrition. Probiotics to improve outcomes of colic in the community: Protocol for the Baby Biotics randomised controlled trial A preliminary assessment of the impact of cranial osteopathy for the relief of infantile colic. Parental counseling compared with elimination of cow's milk or soy milk protein for the treatment of infant colic syndrome: a randomized trial. Stress‐induced gastroduodenal lesions and total parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: Frequency, complications, and the value of prophylactic treatment. A prospective, randomized study Improvement of symptoms in infant colic following reduction of lactose load with lactase. Infantile colic and feeding. Feeding, stooling and sleeping patterns in infants with colic - a randomized controlled trial of minimal acupuncture Effect of the method of breast feeding on breast engorgement, mastitis and infantile colic Effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri in infantile colic and colicky induced maternal depression: a prospective single blind randomized trial Reducing Parenting Stress in Families With Irritable Infants “Minor” feeding problems during the first months of life: effect of a partially hydrolysed milk formula containing fructo‐ and galacto‐oligosaccharides
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to investigate and treat infants with colic by conventional medicine followed by an investigation of the effect of reflexological treatment . MATERIAL AND METHODS The investigation was prospect i ve , followed by a r and omised , single-blind , double-controlled , prospect i ve study of reflexological treatment with an interview and diary . Sixty-three infants aged 1 - 3 months referred by general practitioners with crying for > 90 minutes a day were given a paediatric examination and intervention . The cause of crying was discovered in 33 infants : Vitamin D ( 5 ) , elimination of cow 's milk protein ( 3 ) , and anal stenosis ( 3 ) ; counselling on feeding , sleep , reduction of stimulation , and avoidance of passive smoking ( 22 ) . Thirty infants without the benefit of paediatric consultation were r and omised to three groups for a duration of two weeks : A : Presumed non-effective reflexological treatment vs B : Presumed effective reflexological treatment vs C : No treatment -- only observation . The most important parameter was the number of crying hours over 24 hours . Cure was defined as crying for less than or equal to 30 minutes . RESULTS Examination by the paediatrician : Thirty-three of 63 infants benefited with a reduction in crying of less than 90 minutes and 13 of these infants were cured . The r and omised study : In group C ( control ) , none of the patients was cured . In groups A and B ( presumed non-effective reflexological treatment and presumed effective treatment ) , half the patients were cured , which was significantly better than in group C. There was no significant difference between groups A and B , but B seemed better than group A. B was significantly better than C. DISCUSSION Infantile colic had a significant cure rate at paediatric consultation and the children who did not benefit from this intervention had a significantly better outcome after reflexological treatment than had the observation group . Further investigations in reflexological treatment in infants are recommended Infants were recruited in four centres in North-West Italy . 138 infants were assessed for eligibility , 113 ones underwent r and omisation and 105 completed the study . Newborns aged less than 10 days of life , with gestational age between 37 and 42 weeks , birth weight from 2,500 to 4,300 g and normal physical examination were recruitable . Premature infants and infants affected by outcomes of perinatal hypoxia or necrotising enterocolitis have been excluded . Patients were r and omly assigned to receive five drops containing Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 ( 108 cfu ) with 400 UI of vitamin D3 or only 400 UI of vitamin D3 daily . The primary endpoints concern the administration of pain relieving agents ( cimetropium bromide at least three times per week or simethicone at least five times per week ) from baseline to 12 weeks . Additional analyses were done on the percentage of infants that switched from an exclusive breastfeeding to a partial or exclusive formula feeding from baseline to 12 weeks . Data concerning the number of calls to the paediatricians and the number of visits at paediatricians ' ambulatories due to infantile colic have been collected by paediatrician and analysed . Comparing the two groups , the relative risk was 0.04 ( 95 % confidence interval (CI)=0.01 - 0.31 ) for cimetropium bromide , 0.24 ( 95 % CI=0.14 - 0.41 ) for simethicone and 0.37 ( 95 % CI=0.17 - 0.80 ) for the administration of infant formula , showing a protective action of L. reuteri . The treatment group showed a lower number of paediatric consultations related to episodes of infant colic than the control group ( P<0.0001 ) . L. reuteri DSM 17938 supplementation at the tested dosage could reduce parental discomfort due to infantile colic . The consumption of this probiotic is associated with a reduction of paediatric consultations for infantile colic , as well as use of pain relieving agents and of infant formula AIM To evaluate the association between infantile colic and gastrointestinal , allergic and psychological disorders in childhood . METHODS A prospect i ve study was conducted on 103 infants aged 31 - 87 d. After 10 y , between 2001 and 2003 , the children were recalled and a paediatrician evaluated the selected disorders by anamnesis , medical examination , laboratory tests and parent interviews . RESULTS Of the 103 infants enrolled , 96 completed the study . There was an association between infantile colic and recurrent abdominal pain ( p=0.001 ) and allergic disorders : allergic rhinitis , conjunctivitis , asthmatic bronchitis , pollenosis , atopic eczema and food allergy ( p<0.05 ) . Sleep disorders , fussiness , aggressiveness and feelings of supremacy are more frequent in children who suffered from colic during early infancy ( p<0.05 ) . A family history of gastrointestinal diseases and atopic diseases was significantly higher in infants with colic than in controls ( p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Susceptibility to recurrent abdominal pain , allergic and psychological disorders in childhood may be increased by infantile colic . Our findings confirm that severe infantile colic might be the early expression of some of the most common disorders in childhood IMPORTANCE Infantile colic , gastroesophageal reflux , and constipation are the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders that lead to referral to a pediatrician during the first 6 months of life and are often responsible for hospitalization , feeding changes , use of drugs , parental anxiety , and loss of parental working days with relevant social consequences . OBJECTIVE To investigate whether oral supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 during the first 3 months of life can reduce the onset of colic , gastroesophageal reflux , and constipation in term newborns and thereby reduce the socioeconomic impact of these conditions . DESIGN A prospect i ve , multicenter , double-masked , placebo-controlled r and omized clinical trial was performed on term newborns ( age < 1 week ) born at 9 different neonatal units in Italy between September 1 , 2010 , and October 30 , 2012 . SETTING Parents were asked to record in a structured diary the number of episodes of regurgitation , duration of inconsolable crying ( minutes per day ) , number of evacuations per day , number of visits to pediatricians , feeding changes , hospitalizations , visits to a pediatric emergency department for a perceived health emergency , pharmacologic interventions , and loss of parental working days . PARTICIPANTS In total , 589 infants were r and omly allocated to receive L reuteri DSM 17938 or placebo daily for 90 days . INTERVENTIONS Prophylactic use of probiotic . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Reduction of daily crying time , regurgitation , and constipation during the first 3 months of life . Cost-benefit analysis of the probiotic supplementation . RESULTS At 3 months of age , the mean duration of crying time ( 38 vs 71 minutes ; P < .01 ) , the mean number of regurgitations per day ( 2.9 vs 4.6 ; P < .01 ) , and the mean number of evacuations per day ( 4.2 vs 3.6 ; P < .01 ) for the L reuteri DSM 17938 and placebo groups , respectively , were significantly different . The use of L reuteri DSM 17938 result ed in an estimated mean savings per patient of € 88 ( US $ 118.71 ) for the family and an additional € 104 ( US $ 140.30 ) for the community . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Prophylactic use of L reuteri DSM 17938 during the first 3 months of life reduced the onset of functional gastrointestinal disorders and reduced private and public costs for the management of this condition . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT01235884 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to vali date the effectiveness of behavior modification in treating colicky infants . Colic was defined as a self-limiting condition in infants less than 4 months of age with a complex of physical behaviors and inconsolable crying ( > 2 hours a day for 3 days ) . It was hypothesized that when parents are given specific instructions about how to respond quickly and appropriately to their infant 's cues ( modification of the parent/infant interaction ) , the amount of crying by the infant decreases . METHOD A quasi-experimental design with an untreated control group and a pretest and posttest was used for the study . Twenty-three infants were r and omly assigned to intervention , nonintervention , and control groups . Crying diaries kept by the parents were used to obtain quantitative measurements of crying before and after intervention . The Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale ( NCAFS ) was used to measure parent/infant interaction . RESULTS Crying was significantly reduced from 3.79 hours per day to 1.12 hours per day ( F = 46.00 , df = 2 , P < .05 ) among infants whose parents received interventions of individualized counseling and education .  Caregivers of colicky infants in the intervention group scored lower on the NCAFS ( F = 5.59 , df = 2 , P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Findings support previous research suggesting that crying can be reduced by modifying parental responses to the infant BACKGROUND The etiology of infant colic  remains unknown , despite an abundance of research on the topic . OBJECTIVE To determine whether breastfeeding has a protective effect in colic 's development . DESIGN A prospect i ve cohort study of 856 mother-infant dyads . Eligible participants included English-speaking adult residents of a region in Ontario , who gave birth , at term , to a live singleton whose birth weight was appropriate for gestational age .  Self-administered question naires , mailed to mothers at 1 and 6 weeks post partum , requested information on several infant and maternal factors , including source of infant nutrition ( exclusively breastfed , complementary fed , and exclusively formula fed ) . Cases of colic were identified by applying modified Wessel criteria to data recorded in the Barr Baby Day Diary or by interpreting responses to the Ames Cry Score . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of colic among breastfed , formula-fed , and complementary-fed infants ; and adjusted odds ratios ( AORs ) reflecting the prevalence of colic among formula- and complementary-fed infants relative to those who were breastfed . RESULTS Of 856 mothers , 733 ( 86 % ) completed the first question naire and 617 ( 72 % ) completed the second question naire . Overall , the prevalence of colic at 6 weeks was 24 % . No association was seen between the source of infant nutrition and colic 's development . In multivariate analyses , higher levels of maternal trait anxiety ( AOR , 1.22 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.96 - 1.54 ) , maternal alcohol consumption at 6 weeks ( AOR , 1.57 ; 95 % CI , 1.03 - 2.40 ) , and shift work during pregnancy ( AOR , 1.27 ; 95 % CI , 0.73 - 2.21 ) were associated with an increased likelihood of colic , after controlling for feeding method , maternal age , and parity . In these same analyses , being married or having a common-law partner ( AOR , 0.30 ; 95 % CI , 0.10 - 0.87 ) and being employed full-time during pregnancy ( AOR , 0.60 ; 95 % CI , 0.32 - 1.14 ) were associated with a reduced likelihood of colic . CONCLUSIONS Breastfeeding did not have a protective effect on the development of colic . Although colic was statistically associated with several variables , including preexisting maternal anxiety , much of colic 's etiology remains unexplained Background Infant colic , characterised by excessive crying/fussing for no apparent cause , affects up to 20 % of infants under three months of age and is a great burden to families , health professionals and the health system . One promising approach to improving its management is the use of oral probiotics . The Baby Biotics trial aims to determine whether the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 is effective in reducing crying in infants less than three months old ( < 13.0 weeks ) with infant colic when compared to placebo . Methods / Design Design : Double-blind , placebo-controlled r and omised trial in Melbourne , Australia . Participants : 160 breast and formula fed infants less than three months old who present either to clinical or community services and meet Wessel ’s criteria of crying and /or fussing . Intervention : Oral once-daily Lactobacillus reuteri ( 1x108 cfu ) versus placebo for one month . Primary outcome : Infant crying/fussing time per 24 hours at one month . Secondary outcomes : i ) number of episodes of infant crying/fussing per 24 hours and ii ) infant sleep duration per 24 hours ( at 7 , 14 , 21 , 28 days and 6 months ) ; iii ) maternal mental health scores , iv ) family functioning scores , v ) parent quality adjusted life years scores , and vi ) intervention cost-effectiveness ( at one and six months ) ; and vii ) infant faecal microbiota diversity , viii ) infant faecal calprotectin levels and ix ) Eschericia coli load ( at one month only ) . Analysis : Primary and secondary outcomes for the intervention versus control groups will be compared with t tests and non-parametric tests for continuous data and chi squared tests for dichotomous data . Regression models will be used to adjust for potential confounding factors . Intention-to-treat analysis will be applied . Discussion An effective , practical and acceptable intervention for infant colic would represent a major clinical advance . Because our trial includes breast and formula-fed babies , our results should generalise to most babies with colic . If cost-effective , the intervention ’s simplicity is such that it could be widely taken up as a new st and ard of care in the primary and secondary care sectors . Trial Registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT In this open , controlled , prospect i ve study , 28 infants with colic were r and omized to either  cranial osteopathic manipulation or no treatment ;  all were seen once weekly for 4 weeks . Treatment was according to individual findings , and administered by the same practitioner . Parents recorded time spent crying , sleeping and being held/rocked on a 24-hour diary . A progressive , highly significant reduction between weeks 1 and 4 in crying ( hours/24h ) was detected ( P<0.001 ) in treated infants ; similarly , there was a significant improvement in time spent sleeping ( P<0.002 ) . By contrast , no significant differences were detected in these variables for the control group . Overall decline in crying was 63 % and 23 % , respectively , for treated and controls ; improvement in sleeping was 11 % and 2 % . Treated infants also required less parental attention than the untreated group . In conclusion , this preliminary study suggests that cranial osteopathic treatment can benefit infants with colic ; a larger , double-blind study is warranted Treating the infant colic syndrome by counseling the  parents  concerning more effective responses to the infant crying is compared to the elimination of soy or cow 's milk protein from the infant 's diet in a r and omized clinical trial . Because symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea are not part of the infant colic syndrome , infants with these gastrointestinal symptoms were excluded from the study .  Dietary changes were accomplished by either feeding the infants a hydrolyzed casein formula or by requiring mothers to eliminate milk from their diets . In phase 1 of the study , the group receiving counseling  ( n = 10 ) had a decrease in crying from 3.21 + /- 1.10 h/d to 1.08 + /- 0.70 h/d ( P = .001 ) . The crying in the group that received dietary changes ( n = 10 ) decreased from 3.19 + /- 0.69 h/d to 2.03 + /- 1.07 h/d ( P = .01 ) , a level still greater than twice normal . The decrease in those receiving counseling was faster and greater than that of those given dietary changes ( P less than .02 ) . In the second phase of the study , group 2 infants were reexposed to cow 's milk or soy protein and the parents received counseling . In this phase , counseling again decreased crying significantly from 2.09 + /- 1.07 h/d to 1.19 + /- 0.60 h/d ( P = .05 ) . No infant in the study who improved with changes in his or her diet had a significant increase in crying , with reexposure to soy or cow 's milk protein . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Objective To assess the frequency , complications , and value of prophylactic treatment of stress-induced gastroduodenal lesions . Design Patients were prospect ively r and omized to treatment with total parenteral nutrition , either alone , with sucralfate , or with ranitidine . Setting A multidisciplinary ICU from a tertiary care referral center . Patients Ninety-seven patients su bmi tted to prolonged mechanical ventilation , with normal hepatic and renal function , in metabolic stress , and receiving total parenteral nutrition .  Interventions On admission , we determined the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and the catabolic index score . We also performed an endoscopic examination on day 3 , every 7 days subsequently , and whenever needed . Thirty patients received total parenteral nutrition alone . Twenty-four patients received total parenteral nutrition and sucralfate ( 1 g by nasogastric tube every 4 hrs ) . Nineteen patients received total parenteral nutrition and ranitidine ( 50 mg iv every 6 hrs ) . Main Results The overall occurrence rate of gastroduodenal mucosal damage was 29.6 % . The overall frequency rate for stress ulcerations was 15.6 % and was 6.2 % for stress hemorrhage . There were no deaths secondary to stress hemorrhage . The difference in the frequency of stress-induced mucosal lesions and stress hemorrhage between the studied groups was not statistically significant . Conclusions Additional prophylaxis to total parenteral nutrition in the form of sucralfate and ranitidine to prevent acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is not required in this group of ICU patients . ( Crit Care Med 1991 ; 19:887 Transient lactose intolerance has been identified as a possible causative factor in infant colic . A double-blind r and omised placebo-controlled crossover study to investigate this has been undertaken in 53 babies with symptoms of colic . Pre-incubation of the feed with lactase result ed in breath hydrogen levels and total crying time which were both at least 45 % lower than figures with placebo treatment , in 26 % of the full trial group ( 95 % confidence interval 12.9 % to 44.4 % ) , and in 38 % of compliers ( 95 % confidence interval 18.8 % to 59.4 % ) . The remainder did not respond to the same extent . These findings suggest that infant colic may have a multiple aetiology , and that in a significant number of cases the immediate cause is transient lactose intolerance , in which cases pretreatment of feeds with lactase can result in considerable symptomatic benefits In a double blind crossover study 10 children with infantile colic were fed breast milk and cow 's milk formula , untreated and treated with lactase .  Colic was present on 71 % of breast milk and 89 % of cow 's milk days . Daily duration and severity of colic did not differ for milk preparations Background The aim was to describe the feeding- and stooling patterns of infants with colic and evaluate the influence of minimal acupuncture . Methods A prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled , blind clinical study was conducted at a private acupuncture clinic in Sweden . 90 otherwise healthy 2 - 8 weeks old infants , born after gestational week 36 , fulfilling the criteria for infantile colic and not medicated with dicyclomine , were included . 81 infants went through a structured program consisting of six visits to the clinic , twice weekly . Infants r and omized to receive acupuncture  were given minimal , st and ardized acupuncture for two seconds in LI4 . Frequency and size of stooling , as well as duration of , and intervals between , feeding sessions were reported by parents in a diary . Parental assessment of sleep and comments on stooling and side effects were collected in a question naire . Results At baseline when the mean age was five weeks , infants in both groups were fed a median of eight times/day , 148 min/day , with considerable variations . No differences were found between groups in the frequency and duration of feeding during the intervention weeks . Furthermore there were no significant differences between the groups regarding the frequency of stooling , neither at baseline , at which point the infants of both groups had bowel movements 4.2 times/day , nor during the intervention weeks . There was an expected decrease in frequency of stooling in both groups , reaching 2.1 ( p = 0,001 ) in the acupuncture group and 3.1 ( p < 0,001 ) in the control group . The groups differed regarding large bowel movements which decreased linearly in the control group ( p = 0,011 ) but not in the acupuncture group ( p = 0,787 ) . More parents in the acupuncture group than in the control group ( 28 % and 15 % respectively , p = 0.006 ) experienced the infant 's sleep to be " better " or " much better . " No other significant differences were found . However , parents described a normalized stooling and experienced an improvement in colic in their infants more frequently in the acupuncture group than in the control group . Conclusions Infants with colic in the present study had a higher frequency of stooling than reported internationally in healthy infants .  Minimal acupuncture had no major effect on feeding , stooling and sleep , although a minor effect of minimal acupuncture on stooling and sleep can not be ruled out . Trial registration Clinical Trials.govID This exploratory study compared the effect of two methods of breast feeding on breast engorgement , mastitis , infantile colic and duration of breast feeding .  An opportunity sample of subjects was assigned either to the experimental group  ( prolonged emptying of one breast at each feed )  ( n = 150 ) or to the control group  ( both breasts equally drained at each feed ) in= 152 ) and both groups were followed prospect ively to 6 months after delivery . The experimental group had a lower incidence of breast engorgement in the first week ( 61.4 % versus 74.3 % ; p < 0.02 ) and colic over the first 6 months ( 12 % versus 23.4 % ; p < 0.02 ) . There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of mastitis over 6 months and the length of breast feeding ( 16.510.3 weeks versus 17.510 weeks experimental versus control group ) . The majority of mothers in the experimental group ( 63 % ) felt it necessary to offer the second breast at the end of a feed to satisfy their infant 's hunger . The “ perceived insufficient milk supply syndrome ” was the main reason given for cessation of breast feeding in both groups . This study provides data to advise nursing mothers about these two methods of breast feeding . Breast engorgement , breast feeding methods , foremilk , hindmilk , infantile colic , Infant colic , excessive crying of unknown cause , is a major burden to families and effects about 10–30 % of infants . Despite decades of research , the exact cause and treatment of infant colic has remained elusive . The use of Lactobacillus reuteri ( DSM 17938 ) in infant colic is somewhat controversial and hence , we design ed this study to evaluate its efficacy in infantile colic . We recruited predominantly or exclusively breastfed infants , aged less than 4 months in a placebo controlled observational r and omized study . Participants ’ were assigned to receive L. reuteri at a dose 108 colony forming units ( n = 21 ) and placebo ( n = 21 ) . Placebo was an identical formulation without live micro-organisms . Treatment was given to subjects for 21 days and they were followed for 4 weeks . Treatment success ( primary outcome ) , daily reduction in crying time , parent satisfaction and reduction in maternal depression ( secondary outcomes ) were assessed at the end of study period . Treatment success was observed in all infants ( 100 % ) of the probiotic group while it was seen in 15.7 % of the placebo group . Mean daily crying time was more significantly reduced to 32.1 ± 8.3 min/day ( P < 0.01 ) from 200.9 ± 6.3 min/day in the probiotic group as compared to the placebo group ( 120.6 ± 20.0 min/day ) . Moreover , throughout the study period , parent ’s satisfaction and improvement in maternal depression ( Edinburgh postnatal depression scale ) was also significantly higher in the probiotic group . In our study population , reduction in crying time was significant ( P < 0.01 ) even during first week of initiation of therapy . We conclude that L. reuteri ( DSM 17938 ) reduces daily crying time and maternal depression during infantile colic . We suggest L. reuteri may be a safe and efficacious option for reducing infant colic Background : Caring for an infant with unexplained , persistent crying is one of the most stressful events for new parents . Infant irritability , also referred to as infantile colic , occurs in 10 - 25 % of all infants and is the most common parental concern reported in the first year of life . Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a home-based nursing intervention in reducing parenting stress in three groups of families with irritable infants , using data from a larger evaluation study . Methods : A two-site , r and omized clinical trial was conducted with 121 infants and their parents . Infants were r and omized to a treatment or a control group . A third group of infants ( n = 43 ) was added as a posttest-only comparison . The level of parenting stress was measured by the Parenting Stress Index ( PSI ) at baseline , after the 4-week intervention , and at the 8-week follow-up visit . Results : A repeated measures analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) was used to compare the two groups across the three time points ( baseline , immediately after the 4-week intervention , and at the 8-week follow-up visit ) . The results revealed a reduction in total parenting stress over time for both the treatment and control groups . Mothers in the treatment group reported reduced parenting stress on the parent-child dysfunctional interaction subscale ( p = .04 ) . Total parenting stress scores were found to be significantly higher for mothers in the posttest-only group ( p = .009 ) . Conclusion : Initial parenting stress levels were high in all participants . Parent feedback at the exit interview indicated that the nurse visits for data collection were also viewed as helpful in reducing the stress level associated with parenting these irritable infants . This home-based program was perceived as helpful in improving the interactions between parents and their irritable infants Background : Colic , regurgitation and constipation are common feeding problems in formula‐fed infants that might benefit from dietary treatment . A formula containing fructo‐ and galacto‐oligosaccharides , partially hydrolysed proteins , low levels of lactose and palmitic acid in the β position and higher density has been tested to reduce the occurrence of these symptoms . The aim of this prospect i ve study was to describe the effects of such a formula in infants with minor gastrointestinal disorders . Methods : An observational prospect i ve trial involving practising Italian paediatricians was performed .  Formula fed‐infants up to 90 d of age with minor gastrointestinal problems such as infantile colics and /or regurgitation and /or constipation were enrolled in the study from January 2001 to May 2001 . The study was completed within 14 d of treatment . On days 1 , 7 and 14 the infants were visited by the paediatricians . Parents were given a structured diary to record daily episodes of colic , regurgitation and type and number of stools . Results : Of the 932 infants enrolled , 604 completed the study . Of the 214 infants with colic , 169 ( 79 % ) demonstrated a reduction in frequency of colic from 4.1 ± 2.0 per day at the beginning of the study to 2.0 ± 1.8 at the end of the study ( I.C. 95 % : 1.72–2.39 ; p < 0.005 ) . A reduction in the number of episodes of colic of 1.8 per day at the beginning of the study ( I.C. 95 % : 1.49–2.11 ; p < 0.05 ) was recorded between day 1 and day 7 , and of 0.26 ( I.C. 95 % : 0.15–0.37 ; p < 0.05 ) between day 7 and day 14 . Of the 201 infants with regurgitation problems , 141 ( 70 % ) demonstrated a reduction of frequency of the symptoms from 4.2 ± 2.0 per day at the beginningof the study to 2.1 ± 2.2 at the end of the study ( I.C. 95 % : 1.75–2.35 ; p < 0.005 ) . A reduction of 1.87 in the number of regurgitation episodes was reported between day 1 and day 7 ( I.C. 95 % : 1.57–2.16 ; p < 0.05 ) and of 0.18 ( I.C. 95 % : 0.06–0.31 ; p < 0.05 ) between day 7 and day 14 . Of the 232 infants with constipation , 147 ( 63 % ) demonstrated an increase in the daily number of stools of 0.42 ( I.C. 95 % : 0.5–0.3 ; p < 0.005 ) . An increase in stool frequency of 0.41 ( I.C. 95 % : 0.51–0.23 ; p < 0.05 ) was reported between day 1 and day 7 , and of 0.04 ( I.C. 95 % : 0.22–0.14 ; p= ns ) between day 7 and day 14 . Parents’evaluation of the formula was 7.9 ± 1.8 ( score 0–10 ) ; 550 parents ( 91 % ) gave a positive judgement ( score > 6 ) . The evaluation by the paediatricians of the improvement in symptoms after the treatment was 8.2 ± 1.5 ; 574 ( 95 % ) a positive effect ( score > 6 )
In breastfed infants , evidence suggests that a hypoallergenic maternal diet may be beneficial for reducing symptoms of colic .
In formula-fed infants , colic may improve after changing from a st and ard cow ’s milk formula to either a hydrolysed protein formula or a soy-based formula .
Fibre-supplemented formulae had no effect .
Infantile colic , the cause of 10–20 % of all early paediatrician visits , can lead to parental exhaustion and stress .
A systematic review was conducted to examine whether dietary change provides an effective therapy for  infantile colic .