Fructose ingestion acutely elevates blood pressure in healthy young humans. A pilot study on the impact of a low fructose diet and allopurinol on clinic blood pressure among overweight and prehypertensive subjects: a randomized placebo controlled trial. The Effect of Normally Consumed Amounts of Sucrose or High Fructose Corn Syrup on Lipid Profiles, Body Composition and Related Parameters in Overweight/Obese Subjects Acute effects of feeding fructose, glucose and sucrose on blood lipid levels and systemic inflammation Blood lipid distribution of hyperinsulinemic men consuming three levels of fructose. Moderate Amounts of Fructose Consumption Impair Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Young Men Fructose and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. The effects of drinks made from simple sugars on blood pressure in healthy older people. Effects of dietary fructose on plasma lipids in healthy subjects. Short-term effects of various sugars on antinatriuresis and blood pressure changes in normotensive young men. Exercise performed immediately after fructose ingestion enhances fructose oxidation and suppresses fructose storage. Mechanisms for the acute effect of fructose on postprandial lipemia. Dietary Fructose Reduction Improves Markers of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Hispanic-American Adolescents with NAFLD The effects of glucose, fructose, and sucrose ingestion during exercise. Comparative effects of fructose, aspartame, glucose, and water preloads on calorie and macronutrient intake. Effects of a short-term overfeeding with fructose or glucose in healthy young males. Effects of 4-week very-high-fructose/glucose diets on insulin sensitivity, visceral fat and intrahepatic lipids: an exploratory trial.
Overconsumption of fructose , particularly in the form of soft drinks , is increasingly recognized as a public health concern . The acute cardiovascular responses to ingesting fructose have not , however , been well-studied in humans . In this r and omized crossover study , we compared cardiovascular autonomic regulation after ingesting water and drinks containing either glucose or fructose in 15 healthy volunteers ( aged 21 - 33 yr ) . The total volume of each drink was 500 ml , and the sugar content 60 g. For 30 min before and 2 h after each drink , we recorded beat-to-beat heart rate , arterial blood pressure , and cardiac output . Energy expenditure was determined on a minute-by-minute basis . Ingesting the fructose drink significantly increased blood pressure , heart rate , and cardiac output but not total peripheral resistance . Glucose ingestion result ed in a significantly greater increase in cardiac output than fructose but no change in blood pressure and a concomitant decrease in total peripheral resistance . Ingesting glucose and fructose , but not water , significantly increased blood pressure variability and decreased cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity . Energy expenditure increased by a similar amount after glucose and fructose ingestion , but fructose elicited a significantly greater increase in respiratory quotient . These results show that ingestion of glucose and fructose drinks is characterized by specific hemodynamic responses . In particular , fructose ingestion elicits an increase in blood pressure that is probably mediated by an increase in cardiac output without compensatory peripheral vasodilatation Fructose and sodium intake have been associated with hypertension and metabolic syndrome . Although various mechanisms are involved , fructose causes hypertension partly through rising intracellular and serum uric acid . To date , there are no studies in adults that have evaluated the impact of low fructose diets and allopurinol on prehypertensive and overweight subjects . The objective of this study was to compare the effect of low fructose diet and allopurinol or placebo on blood pressure ( BP ) and metabolic syndrome components The study was a controlled clinical trial and consisted of two phases ; in the first phase of intervention ( 4 weeks ) , patients were r and omized to either low fructose diet ( 34 patients ) or control diet ( 38 patients ) . In the second phase of intervention ( weeks 4 - 8 ) , the same groups continued with the same diet prescriptions but were further r and omized to receive placebo or allopurinol ( 300 mg/d ) . Clinic and 24-hour ambulatory BP , anthropometric measures , and laboratory data were determined at baseline , weeks 4 and 8 . Seventy-two patients were included in the trial . At the end of the dietary phase , both diet groups significantly reduced their BP , but there were no between-group differences . Compared to placebo , at the end of follow-up , subjects in the allopurinol group had a lower clinic systolic blood pressure and this was significant within- and between-group comparisons . The percentage of dippers was higher in the allopurinol group , and weight was reduced significantly despite the absence of caloric restriction Allopurinol was associated with a significant reduction in clinic BP , an increase in the percentage of dippers , and significant weight loss . Larger studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm our findings The American Heart Association ( AHA ) has advocated that women and men not consume more than 100 and 150 kcal/day , respectively , from added sugars . These levels are currently exceeded by over 90 % of the adult population in the United States . Few data exist on longer-term metabolic effects when sucrose and High Fructose Corn Syrup ( HFCS ) , the principal sources of added dietary sugars , are consumed at levels typical of the general population . Sixty five overweight and obese individuals were placed on a eucaloric ( weight stable ) diet for 10-weeks , which incorporated sucrose- or HFCS-sweetened , low-fat milk at 10 % or 20 % of calories in a r and omized , double-blinded study . All groups responded similarly ( interaction p > 0.05 ) . There was no change in body weight in any of the groups over the 10-week study , or in systolic or diastolic blood pressure . Likewise , there were no changes in total cholesterol , triglycerides , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , or apolipoprotein B ( Apo B ) . We conclude that ( 1 ) when consumed as part of a eucaloric diet fructose — when given with glucose ( as normally consumed ) does not promote weight gain or an atherogenic lipid profile even when consumed at two to four times the level recently recommended by the AHA . ( 2 ) There were no differences between HFCS and sucrose on these parameters Background Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between fructose consumption and risk of developing metabolic syndrome . Mechanisms by which dietary fructose mediates metabolic changes are poorly understood . This study compared the effects of fructose , glucose and sucrose consumption on post-postpr and ial lipemia and low grade inflammation measured as hs-CRP . Methods This was a r and omized , single blinded , cross-over trial involving healthy subjects ( n = 14 ) . After an overnight fast , participants were given one of 3 different isocaloric drinks , containing 50 g of either fructose or glucose or sucrose dissolved in water .  Blood sample s were collected at baseline , 30 , 60 and 120 minutes post intervention for the analysis of blood lipids , glucose , insulin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) . Results Glucose and sucrose supplementation initially result ed in a significant increase in glucose and insulin levels compared to fructose supplementation and returned to near baseline values within 2 hours . Change in plasma cholesterol , LDL and HDL-cholesterol ( measured as area under curve , AUC ) was significantly higher when participants consumed fructose compared with glucose or sucrose ( P < 0.05 ) . AUC for plasma triglyceride levels however remained unchanged regardless of the dietary intervention . Change in AUC for hs-CRP was also significantly higher in subjects consuming fructose compared with those consuming glucose ( P < 0.05 ) , but not sucrose ( P = 0.07 ) . Conclusion This study demonstrates that fructose as a sole source of energy modulates plasma lipids and hsCRP levels in healthy individuals . The significance of increase in HDL-cholesterol with a concurrent increase in LDL-cholesterol and elevated hs-CRP levels remains to be delineated when considering health effects of feeding fructose-rich diets . Registration number for clinical Twelve carbohydrate-sensitive men selected due to their abnormally high insulin responses to a sucrose load and 12 men with normal insulin responses were fed diets containing 0 , 7.5 , and 15 % fructose for 5 wk each in a cross-over design . The diets contained 43 % total carbohydrate , 42 % fat , and 15 % protein . Initial fasting total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher in the hyperinsulinemic men than in the controls . Diastolic blood pressure was not affected by diet , but systolic blood pressure was slightly higher after the men consumed the 0 % fructose diet . Free fatty acids were not different . Total plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher after the men consumed 7.5 and 15 % fructose than when they consumed the 0 % fructose diet . Plasma triglyceride increased significantly as fructose in the diets of the hyperinsulinemics increased , but was not affected in the controls . These changes in blood lipids are associated with heart disease OBJECTIVE Adverse effects of hypercaloric , high-fructose diets on insulin sensitivity and lipids in human subjects have been shown repeatedly . The implication s of fructose in amounts close to usual daily consumption , however , have not been well studied . This study assessed the effect of moderate amounts of fructose and sucrose compared with glucose on glucose and lipid metabolism . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Nine healthy , normal-weight male volunteers ( aged 21–25 years ) were studied in this double-blind , r and omized , cross-over trial . All subjects consumed four different sweetened beverages ( 600 mL/day ) for 3 weeks each : medium fructose ( MF ) at 40 g/day , and high fructose ( HF ) , high glucose ( HG ) , and high sucrose ( HS ) each at 80 g/day . Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps with [6,6]-2H2 glucose labeling were used to measure endogenous glucose production . Lipid profile , glucose , and insulin were measured in fasting sample s. RESULTS Hepatic suppression of glucose production during the clamp was significantly lower after HF ( 59.4 ± 11.0 % ) than HG ( 70.3 ± 10.5 % , P < 0.05 ) , whereas fasting glucose , insulin , and C-peptide did not differ between the interventions . Compared with HG , LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol were significantly higher after MF , HF , and HS , and free fatty acids were significantly increased after MF , but not after the two other interventions ( P < 0.05 ) . Subjects ’ energy intake during the interventions did not differ significantly from baseline intake . CONCLUSIONS This study clearly shows that moderate amounts of fructose and sucrose significantly alter hepatic insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism compared with similar amounts of glucose The effect of dietary fructose ( 20 % of carbohydrate calories , 45 - 65 g day-1 for 4 weeks ) on glycaemic control , serum lipid , lipoprotein and apoprotein A-I and A-II concentrations and on insulin sensitivity was studied in 10 type 2 diabetic patients . The study was done in a r and omized , double-blind fashion with crystalline fructose or placebo administered evenly during 4 meals or snacks per day . The patients were hospitalized throughout the study periods . The fasting plasma glucose concentration decreased during the fructose ( from 10.7 + /- 1.4 mmol l-1 to 8.0 + /- 0.8 mmol l-1 , P < 0.02 ) and the control diet ( from 10.1 + /- 0.9 mmol l-1 to 8.0 + /- 0.7 mmol l-1 , P < 0.05 ) . The mean diurnal blood glucose concentration also fell both during the fructose ( from 10.8 + /- 0.5 mmol l-1 to 8.4 + /- 0.3 mmol l-1 , P < 0.001 ) and the control diet ( from 10.3 + /- 0.3 mmol l-1 to 8.8 + /- 0.9 mmol l-1 , P < 0.01 ) . The HbA1 concentration improved ( P < 0.02 ) only during the fructose diet . Insulin sensitivity increased by 34 % ( P < 0.05 ) during the fructose diet , but remained unchanged during the control period . Serum insulin , triglyceride , apoprotein A-I and A-II concentrations , body weight , blood pressure and blood lactate remained unchanged during both diets . In conclusion , substitution of moderate amounts of fructose for complex carbohydrates can improve glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes The objective of the research was to determine the blood pressure ( BP ) lowering effects in older people of 50 g carbohydrate drinks with varying carbohydrate content using a r and omised , cross-over study with ten ( six females ) healthy older subjects ( mean age 72.20 ( sem 1.50 ) years ) .  BP , heart rate and glucometer-derived blood glucose levels were determined at baseline and following the ingestion of equal volumes ( 300 ml ) of water and carbohydrate drinks with varying nutrient content ( glucose , sucrose and fructose ) . A significant decline in BP over the first 60 min was seen following  glucose ( systolic BP ( SBP ) P<0.01 , diastolic BP ( DBP ) P<0.01 , mean arterial BP ( MAP ) P=0.03 ) and sucrose ( SBP P<0.01 , DBP P<0.01 , MAP P<0.01 ) ingestion , although the decrease occurred earlier after glucose than sucrose ingestion ( SBP 7.33 ( sem 2.19 ) v. 21.00 ( sem 4.30 ) min ( P=0.03 ) and MAP 11.22 ( sem 3.10 ) v. 17.00 ( sem 3.78 ) min ( P=0.03 ) ) . BP increased after water ingestion ( SBP P=0.04 , DBP P=0.18 , MAP P=0.02 ) but did not change after fructose ingestion ( SBP P=0.36 , DBP P=0.81 , MAP P=0.34 ) . Post hoc analyses revealed that the BP ( SBP , DBP and MAP ) decrease following glucose and sucrose ingestion were similar but significantly greater than following fructose or water ingestion . Sucrose , which is used widely ( table sugar ) , reduces BP as much as glucose . In contrast to this , fructose ingestion causes no change in BP . Further studies are required to determine if the substitution of glucose or sucrose with fructose may be beneficial in the medical management of older people with severe symptomatic postpr and ial hypotension BACKGROUND About 9 % of average dietary energy intake in the United States comes from fructose . Such a high consumption raises concern about the metabolic effects of this sugar . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary fructose on plasma lipids . DESIGN The study was conducted in the General Clinical Research Center at Fairview-University of Minnesota Medical Center . The participants were 24 healthy adult volunteers ( 12 men and 12 women ; 6 of each sex were aged < 40 y and 6 of each sex were aged > /=40 y ) . All subjects received 2 isoenergetic study diets assigned by using a r and omized , balanced crossover design . One diet provided 17 % of energy as fructose . The other diet was sweetened with glucose and was nearly devoid of fructose . Each diet was fed for 6 wk . Both diets were composed of common foods and contained nearly identical amounts of carbohydrate , protein , fat , fiber , cholesterol , and saturated , monounsaturated , and polyunsaturated fatty acids . All meals were prepared in the metabolic kitchen of the General Clinical Research Center . RESULTS The responses to the study diets differed by sex . In men , the fructose diet produced significantly higher fasting , postpr and ial , and daylong plasma triacylglycerol concentrations than did the glucose diet . The daylong plasma triacylglycerol concentration after 6 wk of the fructose diet was 32 % greater in men than the corresponding concentration during the glucose diet ( P : < 0.001 ) . The fructose diet had no significant effect on fasting or postpr and ial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in women . The fructose diet also had no persistent effect on fasting plasma cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , or LDL cholesterol in either men or women . CONCLUSIONS Dietary fructose was associated with increased fasting and postpr and ial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in men . Diets high in added fructose may be undesirable , particularly for men . Glucose may be a suitable replacement sugar This is a report of the effects of sugars on salt metabolism and on blood pressure .  Twenty young men , none of whom had a personal or family history of hypertension , were orally hydrated after an overnight fast and required to lie recumbent for 6 h except for urinary voiding and blood pressure measurements which were performed at 1/2 h intervals . Venous blood sample s were drawn at hourly intervals . The volunteers were kept constantly hydrated by giving them water to drink equivalent to the volumes of urine voided . Two hours from the start of the experiment each subject was given one of the following sugars : glucose , fructose , sucrose , galactose , lactose , or water alone . After oral hydration the subjects appeared to develop natriuresis and kaliuresis . This was quickly abolished by ingestion of either glucose , fructose , sucrose , or lactose , but not by galactose or water alone . Fructose was the most potent antinatriuretic agent . Both glucose and sucrose significantly elevated systolic blood pressure . This lasted for 2 h after glucose ingestion and 1 h after sucrose ingestion BACKGROUND Exercise prevents the adverse effects of a  high-fructose diet through mechanisms that remain unknown . OBJECTIVE We assessed the hypothesis that exercise prevents fructose-induced increases in very-low-density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) triglycerides by decreasing the fructose conversion into glucose and VLDL-triglyceride and fructose carbon storage into hepatic glycogen and lipids . DESIGN Eight healthy men were studied on 3 occasions after 4 d consuming a  weight-maintenance , high-fructose diet . On the fifth day , the men ingested an oral (13)C-labeled fructose load ( 0.75 g/kg ) , and their total fructose oxidation ( (13)CO2 production ) , fructose storage ( fructose ingestion minus (13)C-fructose oxidation ) , fructose conversion into blood (13)C glucose ( gluconeogenesis from fructose ) , blood VLDL-(13)C palmitate ( a marker of hepatic de novo lipogenesis ) , and lactate concentrations were monitored over 7 postpr and ial h. On one occasion , participants remained lying down throughout the experiment [ fructose treatment alone with no exercise condition ( NoEx ) ] , and on the other 2 occasions , they performed a 60-min exercise either 75 min before fructose ingestion [ exercise , then fructose condition ( ExFru ) ] or 90 min after fructose ingestion [ fructose , then exercise condition ( FruEx ) ] . RESULTS Fructose oxidation was significantly ( P < 0.001 ) higher in the FruEx ( 80 % ± 3 % of ingested fructose ) than in the ExFru ( 46 % ± 1 % ) and NoEx ( 49 % ± 1 % ) . Consequently , fructose storage was lower in the FruEx than in the other 2 conditions ( P < 0.001 ) . Fructose conversion into blood (13)C glucose , VLDL-(13)C palmitate , and postpr and ial plasma lactate concentrations was not significantly different between conditions . CONCLUSIONS Compared with sedentary conditions , exercise performed immediately after fructose ingestion increases fructose oxidation and decreases fructose storage . In contrast , exercise performed before fructose ingestion does not significantly alter fructose oxidation and storage . In both conditions , exercise did not abolish fructose conversion into glucose or its incorporation into VLDL triglycerides . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01866215 BACKGROUND A high fructose intake can lead to postpr and ial hypertriacylglycerolemia . The underlying mechanism is unclear . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in fructose-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia and the contribution of de novo lipogenesis in an acute setting . DESIGN In a r and omized , crossover study , 14 subjects were given a fructose or glucose test meal after an overnight fast . [(2)H2]Palmitate and [U(13)C]d-fructose or [U(13)C]d-glucose were added to trace the h and ling of dietary fats and the fate of dietary sugars in the body . Blood sample s were taken before and after the meal . Respiratory exchange ratio was measured by using indirect calorimetry , and breath sample s were collected . RESULTS Plasma triacylglycerol and VLDL-triacylglycerol concentrations were significantly higher ( P = 0.001 for both ) , whereas the concentrations of insulin and [(2)H2]palmitate in nonesterified fatty acids were significantly lower after fructose than after glucose ( P = 0.002 and 0.03 , respectively ) . The respiratory exchange ratio was higher after fructose ( P = 0.04 ) ; significantly ( P = 0.003 ) more carbon from sugars was recovered in breath carbon dioxide over 6 h after fructose ( 30.5 % ) than after glucose ( 24.5 % ) . At 240 min , newly synthesized fatty acids from fructose made up approximately 0.4 % of circulating VLDL-triacylglycerol , whereas newly synthesized triacylglycerol-glycerol made up 38 % . Newly synthesized fatty acids and triacylglycerol-glycerol from glucose contributed almost none of VLDL-triacylglycerol ( P = 0.002 and 0.007 for glucose and fructose , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS The lower insulin excursion after fructose may result in less activation of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase , which led to impaired triacylglycerol clearance . The contribution of de novo lipogenesis to fructose-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia is small , but its effect on altering the partitioning of fatty acids toward esterification may be considerable Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) is now thought to be the most common liver disease worldwide . Cardiovascular complications are a leading cause of mortality in NAFLD . Fructose , a common nutrient in the westernized diet , has been reported to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk , but its impact on adolescents with NAFLD is not well understood . We design ed a 4-week r and omized , controlled , double-blinded beverage intervention study . Twenty-four overweight Hispanic-American adolescents who had hepatic fat > 8 % on imaging and who were regular consumers of sweet beverages were enrolled and r and omized to calorie-matched study -provided fructose only or glucose only beverages . After 4 weeks , there was no significant change in hepatic fat or body weight in either group . In the glucose beverage group there was significantly improved adipose insulin sensitivity , high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) oxidation . These findings demonstrate that reduction of fructose improves several important factors related to cardiovascular disease despite a lack of measurable improvement in hepatic steatosis . Reducing dietary fructose may be an effective intervention to blunt atherosclerosis progression among NAFLD patients and should be evaluated in longer term clinical trials The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological , sensory , and exercise performance responses to ingestion of 6 % glucose , 6 % fructose , and 6 % sucrose solutions during cycling exercise . Twelve subjects completed three sessions consisting of 115 min of intermittent cycle ergometer exercise at 65 - 80 % of VO2max followed by a timed performance bout requiring the completion of 600 pedal revolutions . During each of five 4-min rest periods , subjects consumed 3 ml.kg LBM-1 of one of the beverages . Beverages were presented in counterbalanced , double-blind fashion . Heart rate , VO2 , plasma urate , plasma lactate , respiratory exchange ratio , and carbohydrate combustion rates changed similarly among beverage treatment . However , fructose was associated with lower plasma glucose and serum insulin , a larger loss of plasma volume , greater gastrointestinal distress and relative perceived exertion ratings , and higher plasma or serum concentrations of free fatty acids , fructose , and cortisol values than sucrose or glucose ( P less than 0.05 ) . Compared to sucrose and glucose , fructose feeding also result ed in lower lactate and HR values during the performance bout ( P less than 0.05 ) . Mean + /- SE cycling performance times were faster with sucrose and glucose than with fructose : 419.4 + /- 21.0 s , 423.9 + /- 21.2 s , and 488.3 + /- 21.1 s , respectively ( P less than 0.05 ) . Relative to 6 % solutions of sucrose and glucose , ingestion of a 6 % fructose beverage is associated with gastrointestinal distress , compromised physiological response , and reduced exercise capacity Using a within-subjects design , we gave over-weight and normal-weight subjects a 500-mL drink of fructose , glucose , or aspartame diluted in lemon-flavored water or plain water in a r and omized fashion at about weekly intervals . Food intake was assessed at a buffet lunch that began 38 min after the preload was completed . Blood was drawn throughout and assayed for concentrations of glucose , insulin , glucagon , and free fatty acid . When subjects drank the fructose preload , they subsequently ate fewer overall calories and fewer grams of fat than when they drank any of the other preloads . The aspartame load did not stimulate intake beyond the plain-water control . The effects of the oxidation of fructose as a possible mechanism for the reduction in food intake is discussed . The effects of insulin in stimulating intake are also discussed Consumption of simple carbohydrates has markedly increased over the past decades , and may be involved in the increased prevalence in metabolic diseases . Whether an increased intake of fructose is specifically related to a dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism remains controversial . We therefore compared the effects of hypercaloric diets enriched with fructose ( HFrD ) or glucose ( HGlcD ) in healthy men . Eleven subjects were studied in a r and omised order after 7 d of the following diets : ( 1 ) weight maintenance , control diet ; ( 2 ) HFrD ( 3.5 g fructose/kg fat-free mass ( ffm ) per d , + 35 % energy intake ) ; ( 3 ) HGlcD ( 3.5 g glucose/kg ffm per d , + 35 % energy intake ) . Fasting hepatic glucose output ( HGO ) was measured with 6,6 - 2H2-glucose . Intrahepatocellular lipids ( IHCL ) and intramyocellular lipids ( IMCL ) were measured by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Both fructose and glucose increased fasting VLDL-TAG ( HFrD : + 59 % , P < 0.05 ; HGlcD : + 31 % , P = 0.11 ) and IHCL ( HFrD : + 52 % , P < 0.05 ; HGlcD : + 58 % , P = 0.06 ) . HGO increased after both diets ( HFrD : + 5 % , P < 0.05 ; HGlcD : + 5 % , P = 0.05 ) . No change was observed in fasting glycaemia , insulin and alanine aminotransferase concentrations . IMCL increased significantly only after the HGlcD ( HFrD : + 24 % , NS ; HGlcD : + 59 % , P < 0.05 ) . IHCL and VLDL-TAG were not different between hypercaloric HFrD and HGlcD , but were increased compared to values observed with a weight maintenance diet . However , glucose led to a higher increase in IMCL than fructose An increasing amount of fructose in the diet is suggested to play a causal role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome , type 2 diabetes and fatty liver . Our aim was to investigate and compare the effects of very high fructose and very high glucose in hyperenergetic diets on glucose and lipid metabolism and on fat depots in healthy humans . We conducted an exploratory , prospect i ve , r and omised , single-blinded , intervention trial . Participants in addition to a balanced weight-maintaining diet received 150 g of fructose or glucose/d for 4 weeks . Insulin sensitivity was estimated from oral glucose tolerance tests . Visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat was determined with MRI . Liver fat and intramyocellular lipids of the tibialis anterior muscle were measured with (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy . A total of twenty healthy subjects ( fructose group n 10 and glucose group n 10 ; twelve males and eight females ) completed the study . They had a mean age of 30·5 ( SEM 2·0 ) years and a mean BMI of 25·9 ( SEM 0·5 ) kg/m(2 ) . Insulin sensitivity appeared to decrease both in the fructose and glucose groups . TAG markedly increased in the fructose group . No strong alterations or treatment effects were found for liver fat , visceral fat , subcutaneous abdominal fat and intramyocellular lipids of the tibialis anterior muscle . In conclusion , the effects of very high fructose and very high glucose in hyperenergetic diets on glucose metabolism and body fat composition were not different in the healthy participants of the present study . However , elevation of plasma TAG seemed to be fructose-specific
The hypercaloric fructose feeding trials found no significant overall mean arterial blood pressure effect of fructose in comparison with other carbohydrates .
Contrary to previous concerns , we found that isocaloric substitution of fructose for other carbohydrates did not adversely affect blood pressure in humans
Concerns have been raised about the adverse effect of  fructose  on blood pressure .
International dietary guidelines , however , have not addressed fructose intake directly .
A systematic review and meta- analysis was conducted to assess the effect of fructose in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates on  systolic , diastolic , and mean arterial blood pressures .