Three different adhesive systems; three different bond strength test methods Bonding Performance of a Multimode Adhesive to Artificially-induced Caries-affected Primary Dentin. Microtensile bond strength of a total-etch 3-step, total-etch 2-step, self-etch 2-step, and a self-etch 1-step dentin bonding system through 15-month water storage. Primary dentin etching time, bond strength and ultra-structure characterization of dentin surfaces. Influence of chlorhexidine concentration on microtensile bond strength of contemporary adhesive systems. Effect of haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength of contemporary/multi-mode adhesive systems. Microtensile bond strength of different adhesive systems to primary and permanent dentin. Effects of solvent evaporation time on immediate adhesive properties of universal adhesives to dentin. Effect of 2% chlorhexidine on microtensile bond strength of composite to dentin. Effect of silver diamine fluoride on microtensile bond strength to dentin. Influence of a hydrophobic resin coating on the immediate and 6-month dentin bonding of three universal adhesives. Bond strengths of two adhesive systems to dentin contaminated with a hemostatic agent. Bond strength of adhesive resin cement with different adhesive systems Resin-dentin shear bond strength and interfacial ultrastructure with and without a hybrid layer. Effect of ferric sulfate contamination on the bonding effectiveness of etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives to superficial dentin Adhesive performance of dentin bonding agents applied in vivo and in vitro. Effect of intrapulpal pressure and dentin depth. Shear bond strength of different adhesive systems to primary dentin and enamel.
Abstract Objective . The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the microtensile , microshear and shear bond strength test methods to assess the bond strength of two self-etch adhesives and one etch&rinse adhesive on dentin . Material s and methods : Seventy-five extracted human molars were ground to expose their flat dentin surfaces and r and omly assigned to one of three groups according to the type of test method ( 15 for microtensile , 15 for microshear , 45 for shear ) . Each of these groups was then assigned to three sub-groups according to the bonding systems ( Clearfil SE Bond , Kuraray ; G Bond , GC ; Prime&Bond NT , Dentsply ) used . Then , 15 specimens were prepared for each sub-group according to the test method employed ( n = 15 ) . After being stored in distilled water at 37 ° C for 24 h , the specimens were placed in a universal testing machine for three test methods and stressed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min . Mean bond strengths were analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests at a significance level of p < 0.05 . Results . The microtensile test had the highest bond strength ( p = 0.046 ) . Clearfil SE Bond and Prime&Bond NT produced significantly higher values than the G Bond in the microtensile bond test ( p < 0.05 ) , whereas no significant differences were found among the adhesives in the microshear bond test ( p > 0.05 ) . For the shear test , Clearfil SE Bond showed higher bond strength than Prime&Bond NT and G Bond ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Bond strength to dentin depends on the material and the test method used PURPOSE To investigate the bonding of a new universal adhesive applied using different etching strategies on sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from 50 primary molars were r and omly assigned to 10 groups according to substrate ( sound dentin [ SD ] vs caries-affected dentin [ CAD ] pH cycled for 14 days ) and bonding approach ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive : self-etching , vs dry or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse strategies ; Adper Single Bond Plus [ two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive ] and Clearfil SE Bond [ two-step self-etching system ] as controls ) . After 24 h of water storage , bonded sticks with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were tested for microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) . Two sticks from each tooth were immersed in silver nitrate solution in order to evaluate nanoleakage ( NL ) with SEM . The μTBS means were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests . For NL , the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The influence of the etching strategy on the bonding performance of the universal adhesive was substrate dependent . The self-etching approach result ed in lower μTBS values and higher silver nitrate uptake into hybrid layers for Scotchbond Universal Adhesive on SD , while no difference among experimental groups was observed in CAD . CONCLUSION It is preferable to use the universal adhesive following either a dry- or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse approach on both sound and caries-affected primary dentin PURPOSE To evaluate dentin bond durability using current dentin adhesive resin bonding approaches over a 15-month period of water storage . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty-four extracted human molars were polished with 600-grit SiC papers exposing occlusal dentin , and r and omly distributed into four adhesive groups : total-etch 3-step ( TE3 ) ( Scotchbond Multi- Purpose , 3 M ESPE ) , total-etch 2-step ( TE2 ) ( Single Bond , 3 M ESPE ) , self-etch 2-step ( SE2 ) ( Clearfil SE Bond , Kuraray ) , and a self-etch 1-step ( SE1 ) ( Prompt L-Pop , 3 M ESPE ) . A resin composite crown was incrementally formed and light cured to approximately 6 mm in height . Microtensile specimens were fabricated and stored in distilled water containing 0.5 % chloramine T and tensile tested at 1 mm/min after 1 , 6 , and 15 months . The debond pathway was recorded as either involving the substrate or joint using scanning electron microscopy . SAS software was used to compute Weibull parameters and distributions , Log-rank and Wilcoxon tests were used for comparison of survival curves over time for each adhesive system and between adhesive systems . RESULTS The TE2 was significantly weaker than TE3 and SE2 after 1 and 6 months of storage , but all three systems were equivalent after 15 months of storage . The SE1 system could not be tested due to 58 of 65 specimens failing during specimen preparation . Failure modes were observed to be dependent upon adhesive system , with only the total-etch 2-step system demonstrating an increasing involvement in the adhesive joint over time . CONCLUSION Although differences in bond strength were observed across adhesive systems up to 6 months of storage , no differences were noted at 15 months . This may represent common degradative mechanisms OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of shortening the etching time on roughness , microhardness and bond strength of three adhesive systems to primary tooth dentin . METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from primary molars were r and omly assigned to six experimental groups . Three different adhesive systems were used : an etch- and -rinse adhesive ( Single Bond ) , a two-step self-etching ( Clearfil SE Bond ) , and a one-step self-etching ( One-Up Bond F ) adhesive . In half of the specimens , the recommended etching time was used , in the other half the etching time was 50 % reduced . After applying the adhesive , resin composite build-ups were constructed and stored in a humid environment for 24h at 37 degrees C. Specimens were sectioned into 1mm(2 ) beams and tested for microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) . Debonded surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . Additional surfaces were conditioned for microhardness measurements ( KHN ) and for atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) analysis . Intertubular and total surface roughness ( Ra ) were recorded . Results were analyzed with ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests ( P<0.05 ) . RESULTS Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond showed higher MTBS than One-Up Bond F. Bond strength and intertubular roughness increased when Single Bond and One-Up Bond F were used with a reduced etching time . For Clearfil SE Bond no differences in MTBS were detected when reducing the etching time . The application of phosphoric acid , Clearfil SE Bond primer and One-Up Bond F decreases dentin microhardness . CONCLUSIONS Shortening One-Up Bond F application time and reducing the etching time of phosphoric acid to one-half of the manufacturer 's recommended etching time when using Single Bond are recommended when bonding to primary dentin The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chlorhexidine ( CHX ) concentration on the microtensile bond strength ( muTBS ) of contemporary adhesive systems . Eighty bovine central incisors were used in this study . The facial enamel surface of the crowns was abraded with 600-grit silicon carbide paper to expose flat , mid-coronal dentin surfaces . The tested material s were Scotchbond Multi purpose ( SMP ) , Single-Bond ( SB ) , Clearfil SE Bond ( CSEB ) and Clearfil Tri S Bond ( CTSB ) . All the material s were applied according to manufacturer 's instructions and followed by composite application ( Z250 ) . The teeth were r and omly divided into 16 groups : for the etch- and -rinse adhesives ( SMP and SB ) , 0.12 % or 2 % CHX was applied prior to or after the acid etching procedure . For the self-etch adhesives ( CSEB and CTSB ) 0.12 % or 2 % CHX was applied prior to the primer . Control groups for each one of the adhesive systems were also set up . The specimens were immediately su bmi tted to muTBS testing and the data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and the Tukey post hoc test ( alpha = .01 ) . The failure patterns of the specimens were observed using scanning electron microscopy . The effects of 2 % CHX were statistically significant ( p < 0.01 ) for the self-etch adhesives but were not significant for the etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Analysis of the data demonstrated no statistical difference between the etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . CHX-based cavity disinfectants in concentrations higher than 0.12 % should be avoided prior to the self-etch adhesive systems evaluated in this study to diminish the possibilities of reduction in bond strength OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine the effect of blood contamination and haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) of different adhesives to dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-two extracted human molars were used in this study . Teeth were mounted acrylic in moulds . Mesial and distal surfaces were removed to obtain flat dentin surfaces ( n=144 ) and grinded with a 600 grit s and paper . The sample s were r and omly divided into three main groups ( N=48 ) based on the adhesive system and application procedures . GROUP 1 : No contamination ( control ) , GROUP 2 : Blood contamination , GROUP 3 : Blood Contamination+Haemostatic agent application . Each group was further divided into four subgroups : SUBGROUP I : Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) Subgroup II : Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etch ) Subgroup III : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , etch- and -rinse ) subgroup IV : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( n=12 ) . Resin cylinders ( Filtek Z550 ) were bonded to the dentin surfaces according to the manufacturers ' instructions . A shear load was applied to the specimens using universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure . Data were analyzed statistically ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Statistically significant differences were observed between no contamination ( control ) and blood + haemostatic agent contamination groups for both Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) and Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( p<0.05 ) . When the adhesive systems were compared to each other , no statistically significant differences were found in all contamination groups and control group for the mean SBS values ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION When blood contamination is inevitable two step self- etching adhesive systems may be the choice of adhesive system in terms of shear bond strength PURPOSE The aims of this in vitro study were to : ( 1 ) compare bond strength of different adhesive systems to primary and permanent dentin using microtensile test ; and ( 2 ) evaluate the interaction of these material s to primary and permanent dentin by means of scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . METHODS Middle-coronal dentin surfaces of 18 exfoliated primary and 18 extracted permanent molars were exposed and teeth were r and omly divided , according to their adhesive system , into 3 groups ( N=6 per group ) : ( 1 ) Clearfil SE Bond ( SE ) ; ( 2 ) One Up Bond F ( OU ) ; and ( 3 ) Single Bond ( SB ) . Then , 5-mm high composite blocks were constructed . After bonding procedures , the teeth were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours prior to the specimens ' preparation . For the microtensile test , teeth ( N=5 per group ) were longitudinally sectioned into 2 axes rendering beam-specimens that were glued to special devices , which were mounted in a Universal Testing Machine to be loaded under a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until fracture . One tooth of each group was prepared for SEM . RESULTS Microtensile bond strength mean values ( MPa ) to primary /permanent dentin were : ( 1 ) SE=60.0/61.4 ; ( 2 ) OU=54.5/53.3 ; and ( 3 ) SB=70.1/64.9 . Two-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) showed no significant differences ( P>.05 ) for the bond strength values among primary and permanent dentin groups , neither among groups SExSB and SExOU . SEM images of SE and SB showed a well-defined , uniform , and continuous hybrid layer . A continuous hybrid layer , however , was not found for OU . CONCLUSIONS Bond strength and micromorphologic characteristics of the adhesive systems evaluated were not influenced by the substrate . OU achieved worse results OBJECTIVE To evaluate the microtensile bond strengths ( μTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) of three universal or multi-mode adhesives , applied with increasing solvent evaporation times . METHODS One-hundred and forty caries-free extracted third molars were divided into 20 groups for bond strength testing , according to three factors : ( 1 ) Adhesive - All-Bond Universal ( ABU , Bisco , Inc. ) , Prime&Bond Elect ( PBE , Dentsply ) , and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive ( SBU , 3 M ESPE ) ; ( 2 ) Bonding strategy - self-etch ( SE ) or etch- and -rinse ( ER ) ; and ( 3 ) Adhesive solvent evaporation time - 5s , 15s , and 25s . Two extra groups were prepared with ABU because the respective manufacturer recommends a solvent evaporation time of 10s . After restorations were constructed , specimens were stored in water ( 37 ° C/24h ) . Resin-dentin beams ( 0.8mm(2 ) ) were tested at 0.5mm/min ( μTBS ) . For NL , forty extracted molars were r and omly assigned to each of the 20 groups . Dentin disks were restored , immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate , sectioned and processed for evaluation under a FESEM in backscattered mode . Data from μTBS were analyzed using two-way ANOVA ( adhesive vs. drying time ) for each strategy , and Tukey 's test ( α=0.05 ) . NL data were computed with non-parametric tests ( Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests , α=0.05 ) . RESULTS Increasing solvent evaporation time from 5s to 25s result ed in statistically higher mean μTBS for all adhesives when used in ER mode . Regarding NL , ER result ed in greater NL than SE for each of the evaporation times regardless of the adhesive used . A solvent evaporation time of 25s result ed in the lowest NL for SBU-ER . SIGNIFICANCE Residual water and /or solvent may compromise the performance of universal adhesives , which may be improved with extended evaporation times PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of 2 % chlorhexidine on the microtensile bond strength of composite resin to dentin treated with three dentin bonding systems . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentinal surfaces were prepared in 24 extracted human third molars . Teeth were r and omly divided into 8 distinct experimental groups according to the adhesive applied ( Prime & Bond NT , Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond ) , the application ( yes/no ) of chlorhexidine , and the time point at which it was applied ( before or after acid etching the dentin ) . Composite resin blocks were built up over treated surfaces , and teeth were then stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Sample s were thermocycled , stored under the same conditions , and then vertically sectioned , thus obtaining specimens with 1.0 + /- 0.1 mm2 cross-sectional area . Specimens were stressed in tension at 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed . Bond strength results were evaluated using a one-way ANOVA ( p < 0.05 ) . The modes of failures were verified using optical microscopy . Dentin disks were obtained from 3 additional teeth treated in the same manner for observation under SEM . The most representative sample s of fractured specimens were also observed under SEM . RESULTS No statistically significant differences of bond strength values were found between any groups . Failures occurred mainly within the bond ; exclusively adhesive fractures ( adhesive-dentin ) were not observed . CONCLUSION The 2 % chlorhexidine solution , applied before or after acid etching of the dentin , did not interfere with the microtensile bond strength of composite resin to the dentin treated with Prime & Bond NT , Single Bond , or Clearfil SE Bond bonding systems The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of the cariostatic and preventive agent silver diamine fluoride ( SDF ) on the microtensile bond strength of resin composite to dentin . Forty-two caries-free , extracted molars were flattened occlusally and apically using a diamond saw , and the exposed occlusal dentin was polished with a series of silicon carbide papers , all under water irrigation . The teeth were then r and omly divided into six groups of seven teeth each that were treated as follows : 1 ) Peak SE self-etch bonding agent ; 2 ) 12 % SDF + Peak SE ; 3 ) 38 % SDF + Peak SE ; 4 ) Peak LC etch- and -rinse bonding agent ; 5 ) 12 % SDF + Peak LC ; and 6 ) 38 % SDF + Peak LC . Four-millimeter buildups of Amelogen Plus were incrementally placed on all teeth ; after a 24-hour storage period in distilled water , the specimens were sectioned perpendicular to the adhesive interface to produce beams of cross-sectional surface area measuring approximately 1 mm(2 ) . The beams were placed on a microtensile testing machine , which utilized a single-speed pump motor and force gauge at 20 kgf × 0.01 second to record maximum tensile force before failure occurred . Two-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests were performed to compare the effects of the SDF  on microtensile bond strength , with statistical significance set at α = 0.05 . None of the experimental groups treated with different concentrations of SDF showed a significant difference in bond strength compared to the control groups , and there was no significant difference in bond strength between self-etch and etch- and -rinse groups . However , the effect of SDF  on self-etch bonded teeth compared to etch- and -rinse bonded teeth was statistically significant ( p=0.0363 ) , specifically at the 12 % concentration . SDF does not adversely affect the bond strength of resin composite to noncarious dentin OBJECTIVE To test the influence of a hydrophobic resin coating ( HC ) on the immediate ( 24h ) and 6-month ( 6 m ) microtensile dentin bond strengths ( μTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) of three universal adhesives applied in self-etch ( SE ) or in etch- and -rinse ( ER ) mode . METHODS Sixty caries-free extracted third molars were assigned to 12 experimental groups result ing from the combination of the factors " adhesive system " ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [ SBU ] , 3 M ESPE ; All-Bond Universal [ ABU ] , Bisco Inc. ; and G-Bond Plus [ GBP ] , GC Corporation ) ; " adhesive strategy " ( SE or ER ) ; " hydrophobic resin coating " [ HC ] ( with or without Heliobond , Ivoclar Vivadent ) ; and " storage time " ( 24h or 6 m ) . Specimens were prepared for μTBS testing - ( 24h ) half of the beams were immediately tested under tension ; and ( 6 m ) the other half was stored in distilled water ( 37 ° C ) for 6 m prior to testing . For each tooth , two beams were r and omly selected for NL evaluation for both evaluation times . Data were analyzed for each adhesive system using three-way ANOVA and Tukey 's post-hoc test ( α=0.05 ) . RESULTS μTBS : ( 24h ) : In SE mode , HC result ed in statistically greater mean μTBS for all adhesives . ( 6 m ) : When HC was not used the mean μTBS for SBU/ER , ABU/ER , GBP/ER and SBU/SE decreased significantly . NL : ( 24h ) : SBU/ER , ABU/ER and GBP/SE result ed in a significant reduction in NL when HC was applied . ( 6 m ) : No significant reduction was observed for SBU/ER or for SBU/SE regardless of the use of HC . SIGNIFICANCE The application of a hydrophobic resin coating improved the 24h and the 6 m performances of all three adhesives systems in SE mode This study evaluated the bond strength of a total-etch and a self-etch adhesive to dentin contaminated with a hemostatic agent containing aluminum chloride ( AlCl3 ) . Eighteen occlusal dentin discs were prepared from human molars . Each disc was ground and sectioned into two halves , one for normal dentin and the other for contaminated dentin . The specimens of both normal and contaminated dentin were r and omly divided into three groups and treated with the following material s : ( 1 ) Excite ( EX ) ; ( 2 ) Clearfil SE Bond with 20-second primer application time ( CB 20 ) and ( 3 ) Clearfil SE Bond with 40-second primer application time ( CB 40 ) . The microshear bond strength specimens were prepared using the resin composite Clearfil APX . The bond strengths were evaluated on a universal testing machine . Statistical analysis was performed at alpha = 0.05 . The surface micromorphology and aluminum content of the different dentin conditions were also examined . In EX , no significant difference was found between the bond strengths of normal dentin and contaminated dentin . The bond strength of CB20 to contaminated dentin was significantly lower than that to normal dentin . The extension of primer application time from 20 to 40 seconds significantly increased the bond strength of CB to contaminated dentin Background To assess the immediate bond strength of a dual-cure adhesive resin cement to the hybridized dentin with different bonding systems . Material and Methods Fifty-six healthy human molars were r and omly divided into 7 groups ( n=8 ) . After 3 longitudinal sections , the central cuts were included in PVC matrix and were su bmi tted to dentin hybridization according to the groups : G1 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( Apder ™ Scotchbond ™ Multi- Purpose , 3 M ESPE ) , G2 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( Optibond ™ FL , Kerr ) , G3 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( All-Bond 3 ® , Bisco ) , G4 - etch & rinse simplified system ( Adper ™ Single Bond 2 , 3 M ESPE ) , G5 - self-etching system with one step ( Bond Force , Tokuyama ) , G6 - universal system in moist dentin ( Single Bond Universal , 3 M ESPE ) , G7 - universal system in dry dentin ( Single Bond Universal , 3 M ESPE ) . Then all groups received the cementing of a self-adhesive resin cement cylinder ( Duo-link , Bisco ) made from a polypropylene matrix . In the evaluation of bond strength , the sample s were subjected to the microshear test and evaluated according to the fracture pattern by optical microscopy . Results The Kruskal-Wallis test suggests a statistically significant difference between groups ( p=0,039 ) , and Tukey for multiple comparisons , indicating a statistically significant difference between G3 and G4 ( p<0.05 ) . It was verified high prevalence of adhesive failures , followed by mixed failure and cohesive in dentin . Conclusions The technique and the system used to dentin hybridization are able to affect the immediate bond strength of resin cement dual adhesive . Key words : Adhesion , adhesive resin cement , adhesive systems , microshear The purpose of this study was ( 1 ) to evaluate the effect of a 2-minute exposure of 5 % NaOCl following acid conditioning of the dentin on the shear bond strength for two adhesive systems and ( 2 ) to examine the ultrastructure of the resindentin interface under SEM . The mesial and distal surfaces of 28 extracted human third molars were ground to expose dentin , then polished with 600-grit SiC. Teeth were r and omly assigned to four test groups ( n = 14 ) and received the following treatments : Scotchbond Multi- Purpose (SBMP)-- Sample s were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid , rinsed and left moist , SBMP primer and adhesive were applied according to the manufacturer 's directions , and Restorative Z-100 composite resin was bonded to the dentin surface . SBMP/NaOCl -- The same procedures were followed as for SBMP except the surfaces were treated with 5 % NaOCl for 2 minutes , after acid conditioning . All-Bond 2 (AB2)--The same technique was followed as for SBMP , using AB2 according to the manufacturer 's recommendations . AB2/NaOCl -- The same procedure was followed as for SBMP/NaOCl , using AB2 . Specimens were thermocycled in a water bath 300 times between 5 degrees-55 degrees C , then sheared in a Zwick Universal Testing Machine . A one-way ANOVA and Duncan 's Multiple Range Test were used for statistical analysis of the data . A 2-minute exposure of dentin to 5 % NaOCl following acid conditioning of the dentin had no significant effect on the dentin shear bond strength for Scotchbond Multi- Purpose , but significantly increased the bond strength of All-Bond 2 specimens . The interfacial structure of the dentin to resin bond for two dentin treatments and two adhesive systems was studied morphologically under the scanning electron microscope . Argon ion beam etching and acid demineralization clearly revealed the hybrid layer for the conventional treatment with phosphoric acid and indicated an absence of this resin-impregnated collagen network in those specimens treated with both phosphoric acid and NaOCl Aim : This study investigated the effect of one hemostatic agent on the shear bond strength of  self-etch and etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Material s and Methods : Sixty extracted third molars were selected . After preparing a flat surface of superficial dentin , they were r and omly divided into six groups . Adhesives were Tetric N-Bond , AdheSE , and AdheSE One F. Before applying adhesives , surfaces were contaminated with ViscoStat for 60 s in three groups and rinsed . Then composite were attached to surfaces and light cured . After thermocycling , the bond strength was calculated and failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by t-test and one-way ANOVA with P < 0.05 as the level of significance . Results : ViscoStat had significantly decreased the shear bond strength of AdheSE ( P < 0.0001 ) to dentin . Modes of failures in all groups were mainly adhesive . Conclusion : Contamination had an adverse effect on the shear bond strength of AdheSE and reduced it The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of intrapulpal pressure and dentin depth on bond strengths of an etch- and -rinse and a self-etching bonding agent to dentin in vitro and in vivo . Twenty-four pairs of premolars were r and omly divided into four groups ( n = 6 ) according to the dentin bonding agent , Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond , and intrapulpal pressure , null or positive . Each tooth of the pair was further design ated to be treated in vivo or in vitro . The intrapulpal pressure was controlled in vivo by the delivery of local anesthetics containing or not a vasoconstrictor , while in vitro , it was achieved by keeping the teeth under hydrostatic pressure . Class I cavities were prepared and the dentin bonding agents were applied followed by incremental resin restoration . For the teeth treated in vitro , the same restorative procedures were performed after a 6 month-storage period . Beams with 1 mm(2 ) cross-sectional area were prepared and microtensile tested . Clearfil SE Bond was not influenced by any of the variables of the study , while bond strengths produced in vitro were significantly higher for Single Bond . Overall , lower bond strengths were produced in deep dentin , which reached statistical significance when Single Bond was applied under physiological or simulated intrapulpal pressure . In conclusion , in vitro bonding may overestimate the immediate adhesive performance of more technique-sensitive dentin bonding systems . The impact of intrapulpal pressure on bond strength seems to be more adhesive dependent than dentin morphological characteristics related to depth The aims of this study were to evaluate the shear bond strength ( SBS ) off our adhesive systenms applied to primary dentin and enamel and verify , after SBS testing , the failure mode of the adhesive interface . Sixty extracted sound primary molars were selected and crowns were sectioned in a mesial-distal direction . Specimens were r and omly assigned into two groups ( adhesion to enamel and adhesion to dentin ) and then subdivided into four subgroups according to the adhesive system ( n=15 ) . Scotchbond Multi- Purpose (SMP)--Single Bond (SB)--Clearfil SE Bond ( and Adper Prompt L-Pop (APL)--SBS tests were performed and the obtained values were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests ( p < 0.05 ) . The failure mode analysis was performed with a Scanning Electron Microscope ( XL-30 , Philips ) . SBS mean values on enamel were [ MPa ( SD ) ] : SMP--2789 ( 749 ) ; SB--23.92 ( 8.8 ) ; CSB--24.36 ( 6.69 ) , APL--25.96 ( 4.08 ) ; and on dentin : SMP--17.29 ( 4.25 ) SB--18.2 ( 8.74 ) ; CSB--16.13 ( 714 ) ; APL--6 . 04 ( 3.35 ) . The predominant failure mode was cohesive ( primarily of the bonding agent ) . On enamel SBS was statistically similar for all four adhesives . On dentin SBS ofAPL was lower than the other tested adhesives
Conclusions Multi-mode ' universal ' adhesives can achieve substantial bonding to dentin , regardless of the used modes ( either etch- and -rinse or self-etch )
Objectives The aims of this study were to conduct a systematic review of the microtensile bond strength ( µTBS ) of  multi-mode adhesives to dentin and to perform a meta- analysis to assess the significance of differences in the µTBS of one of the most commonly used universal adhesives ( Scotchbond Universal , 3 M ESPE ) depending on whether the etch- and -rinse or self-etch mode was used .