Properties of the ‘Timed Up and Go’ Test: More than Meets the Eye Functional Gait Assessment: Concurrent, Discriminative, and Predictive Validity in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Reliability of measurements obtained with the Timed "Up & Go" test in people with Parkinson disease. Psychometric comparisons of the timed up and go, one-leg stand, functional reach, and Tinetti balance measures in community-dwelling older people. The Timed Up and Go test: Predicting falls in ALS Minimal Detectable Change of the Timed “Up & Go” Test and the Dynamic Gait Index in People With Parkinson Disease Test-Retest Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change Scores for the Timed “Up & Go” Test, the Six-Minute Walk Test, and Gait Speed in People With Alzheimer Disease Validation of the Timed Up and Go Test for Assessing Balance Variables in Adults Aged 65 and Older. Accuracy of Timed Up and Go Test for screening risk of falls among community-dwelling elderly. Timed Up and Down Stairs Test: Preliminary Reliability and Validity of a New Measure of Functional Mobility Clinimetric properties of the performance-oriented mobility assessment. The Korean version of relative and absolute reliability of gait and balance assessment tools for patients with dementia in day care center and nursing home Reliability of Six Physical Performance Tests in Older People With Dementia Attention, frailty, and falls: the effect of a manual task on basic mobility. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the modified Kapandji index for assessment of functional mobility of the rheumatoid hand. A comparison of four functional tests in discriminating fallers from non-fallers in older people Comparison of Self-report and Performance-Based Balance Measures for Predicting Recurrent Falls in People With Parkinson Disease: Cohort Study
Background : The  ‘ timed up and go ’ test ( TUG ) is a simple , quick and widely used clinical performance-based measure of lower extremity function , mobility and fall risk . We speculated that its properties may be different from other performance-based tests and assessed whether cognitive function may contribute to the differences among these tests in a cohort of healthy older adults . Objective : To evaluate psychometric properties of the TUG in healthy older adults in comparison to the Berg balance test ( BBT ) and the Dynamic Gait Index ( DGI ) . Methods : The  TUG , DGI and BBT  were assessed in 265 healthy older adults ( 76.4 ± 4.3 years ; 58.3 % women ) who participated in a 3-year prospect i ve study . The  Mini-Mental State Examination , digit span and verbal fluency measured cognitive function . The one- sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test evaluated deviations from a normal distribution and Pearson ’s correlation coefficients quantified associations . Results : The mean scores of the BBT , DGI and TUG were : 54.0 ± 2.4 , 22.8 ± 1.5 , 9.5 ± 1.7 s , respectively . The BBT and the DGI were not normally distributed ( p < 0.001 ) , but the TUG was ( p = 0.713 ) . The TUG times were mildly associated ( p < 0.01 ) with digit span and verbal fluency and were related to future falls , while the BBT and the DGI were not . Conclusions : The TUG appears to be an appropriate tool for clinical assessment of functional mobility even in healthy older adults . It does not suffer from ceiling effect limitations , is normally distributed and is apparently related to executive function . The BBT and the DGI do not share these beneficial properties . Perhaps the transferring and turning components of the TUG help to convert this relatively simple motor task into a more complex measure that also depends on cognitive re sources Background The Functional Gait Assessment ( FGA ) is a reliable and valid measure of gait-related activities . Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent , discriminative , and predictive validity of the FGA in community-dwelling older adults . Design This was a prospect i ve cohort study . Methods Thirty-five older adults aged 60 to 90 years completed the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale ( ABC ) , Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) , Dynamic Gait Index ( DGI ) , Timed “ Up & Go ” Test ( TUG ) , and Functional Gait Assessment ( FGA ) during one session . Falls were tracked by having participants complete a monthly fall calendar for 6 months . Spearman correlation coefficients were used to determine concurrent validity among the ABC , BBS , TUG , DGI , and FGA . To determine the optimum scores to classify fall risk , sensitivity ( Sn ) , specificity ( Sp ) , and positive and negative likelihood ratios ( LR+ and LR− ) were calculated for the FGA in classifying fall risk based on the published criterion scores of the DGI and TUG and for the FGA , TUG , and DGI in identifying prospect i ve falls . Receiver operator curves with area under the curve were used to determine the effectiveness of the FGA in classifying fall risk and of the DGI , TUG , and FGA in identifying prospect i ve falls . Results The FGA correlated with the ABC ( r=.053 , P<.001 ) , BBS ( r=.84 , P<.001 ) , and TUG ( r=−.84 , P<.001 ) . An  FGA  score of ≤22/30 provides both discriminative and predictive validity . The FGA ( scores ≤22/30 ) provided 100 % Sn , 72 % Sp , LR+ of 3.6 , and LR− of 0 to predict prospect i ve falls . Limitations The study was limited by the length of time of follow-up and the small sample size that did not allow for evaluation of criterion scores by decade . Conclusions The FGA with a cutoff score of 22/30 is effective in classifying fall risk in older adults and predicting unexplained falls in community-dwelling older adults BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Timed " Up & Go " Test ( TUG ) is used to measure the ability of patients to perform sequential locomotor tasks that incorporate walking and turning . This study investigated the retest reliability , interrater reliability , and sensitivity of scores obtained with the TUG in detecting changes in mobility in subjects with idiopathic Parkinson disease ( PD ) . SUBJECTS The performance of 12 people with PD was compared with that of 12 age-matched comparison subjects without PD . METHODS The subjects with PD completed 5 trials of the TUG after withdrawal of levodopa for 12 hours ( " off " phase of the medication cycle ) as well as an additional 5 trials 1 hour after levodopa was administered ( " on " phase of the medication cycle ) . They were scored on the Modified Webster Scale at both sessions . The comparison subjects also performed 5 TUG trials . All trials were videotaped and timed by 2 experienced raters . The videotape was later rated by 3 experienced clinicians and 3 inexperienced clinicians . RESULTS For the subjects with PD , within-session performance was highly consistent , with correlations ( r ) ranging from.80 to.98 for the " off " phase and from.73 to.99 for the " on " phase . The performance of the comparison subjects across the 5 trials was also highly consistent ( r=.90-.97 ) . Comparisons showed differences between trials 1 and 2 on the TUG for both groups . Removal of data for trial 1 ( the practice trial ) further enhanced retest reliability . There was close agreement in TUG scores among raters despite different levels of experience ( intraclass correlation coefficient [3,1]=.87-.99 ) . Mean TUG scores were different between the " on " and " off " phases of the levodopa cycle and between subjects with PD and comparison subjects during the " on " phase . CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Retest reliability and interrater reliability of the TUG measurements were high , and the measurements reflected changes in performance according to levodopa use . The TUG can also be used to detect differences in performance between people with PD and elderly people without PD OBJECTIVES To compare the practicality , reliability , validity , and responsiveness of the timed up and go ( TUG ) , one-leg st and ( OLS ) , functional reach ( FR ) , and Tinetti balance ( TB ) performance measures in people aged 65 and older . DESIGN A prospect i ve study . SETTING Shin-Sher Township of Taichung County , west- central Taiwan . PARTICIPANTS Twelve hundred community-dwelling older people . MEASUREMENTS During an initial assessment at their residences , participants were interviewed for demographics , cognition , fall history , use of a walking aid , and activities of daily living ( ADLs )  , in addition to completing the four balance tests . Falls were ascertained by telephone every 3 months for a 1-year follow-up ; the four balance measures and ADLs were also reassessed at the end of the follow-up year . RESULTS Of the four balance measures , the OLS had the lowest participation rate , and participation of people who were cognitively impaired had fallen in the previous year , used a walking aid , or suffered from an ADL disability was lower than for their counterparts . The time to complete the tests ranged from 58 seconds for OLS , to 160 seconds for the TB . All four balance measures exhibited excellent test-retest reliability and discriminant validity but poor responsiveness to fall status . The TB showed better discriminant , convergent , and predictive validities and responsiveness to ADL changes than the other three tests . CONCLUSION According to psychometric properties , the most suitable performance measure for evaluating balance in community-dwelling older people was the TB , followed by the TUG There are few functionally meaningful clinical measures used to guide management of patients with ALS . Falls are common , can be debilitating , and result in increased health care costs . We assessed the performance and ability to predict falls of the  Timed Up and Go ( TUG ) test  , which quantifies walking ability , in a prospect i ve longitudinal study . Thirty‐one patients underwent six monthly TUG , ALSFRS‐R , forced vital capacity , muscle testing ( MMT ) and quality of life assessment s. Linear and generalized linear mixed effects models assessed the associations among variables and ability to predict falls . The increase in TUG time was linear over six months , and TUG time was negatively associated with ALSFRS‐R ( p⩽0.001 ) and MMT scores ( p⩽0.001 ) . The TUG test was the only variable that was associated with the chance of falling ( p = 0.024 ) ; patients with TUG times of 14 s had a 10 % chance of falling during the study . In conclusion , TUG performance declined linearly in this longitudinal study , was correlated with st and ard outcome measures , and predicted falls . The TUG test can guide management of patients with ALS ; a time of 14 s can be used to prompt the recommendation for mobility aids to prevent falls Background The minimal detectable change ( MDC ) is the smallest amount of difference in individual scores that represents true change ( beyond r and om measurement error ) . The MDCs of the Timed “ Up & Go ” Test ( TUG ) and the Dynamic Gait Index ( DGI ) in people with Parkinson disease ( PD ) are largely unknown , limiting the interpretability of the change scores of both measures . Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the MDCs of the TUG and the DGI in people with PD . Design This investigation was a prospect i ve cohort study . Methods Seventy-two participants were recruited from special clinics for movement disorders at a university hospital . Their mean age was 67.5 years , and 61 % were men . All participants completed the TUG and the DGI assessment s twice , about 14 days apart . The MDC was calculated from the st and ard error of measurement . The percentage MDC ( MDC% ) was calculated as the MDC divided by the mean of all scores for the sample . Furthermore , the intraclass correlation coefficient was used to examine the reproducibility between testing sessions ( test-retest reliability ) . Results The respective MDC and MDC% of the TUG were 3.5 seconds and 29.8 , and those of the DGI were 2.9 points and 13.3 . The test-retest reliability values for the TUG and the DGI were high ; the intraclass correlation coefficients were .80 and .84 , respectively . Limitations The study sample was a convenience sample , and the participants had mild to moderately severe PD . Conclusions The results showed that the TUG and the DGI have generally acceptable r and om measurement error and test-retest reliability . These findings should help clinicians and research ers determine whether a change in an individual patient with PD is a true change Background : With the increasing incidence of Alzheimer disease ( AD ) , determining the validity and reliability of outcome measures for people with this disease is necessary . Objective : The goals of this study were to assess test-retest reliability of data for the Timed “ Up & Go ” Test ( TUG ) , the  Six-Minute Walk Test  ( 6MWT ) , and gait speed and to calculate minimal detectable change ( MDC ) scores for each outcome measure . Performance differences between groups with mild to moderate AD and moderately severe to severe AD ( as determined by the Functional Assessment Staging [ FAST ] scale ) were studied . Design : This was a prospect i ve , nonexperimental , descriptive method ological study . Methods : Background data collected for 51 people with AD included : use of an assistive device , Mini-Mental Status Examination scores , and FAST scale scores . Each participant engaged in 2 test sessions , separated by a 30- to 60-minute rest period , which included 2 TUG trials , 1 6MWT trial , and 2 gait speed trials using a computerized gait assessment system . A specific cuing protocol was followed to achieve optimal performance during test sessions . Results : Test-retest reliability values for the TUG , the 6MWT , and gait speed were high for all participants together and for the mild to moderate AD and moderately severe to severe AD groups separately ( intraclass correlation coefficients ≥.973 ) ; however , individual variability of performance also was high . Calculated MDC scores at the 90 % confidence interval were : TUG=4.09 seconds , 6MWT=33.5 m ( 110 ft ) , and gait speed=9.4 cm/s . The 2 groups were significantly different in performance of clinical tests , with the participants who were more cognitively impaired being more physically and functionally impaired . Limitations : A single research er for data collection limited sample numbers and prohibited blinding to dementia level . Conclusions : The TUG , the 6MWT , and gait speed are reliable outcome measures for use with people with AD , recognizing that individual variability of performance is high . Minimal detectable change scores at the 90 % confidence interval can be used to assess change in performance over time and the impact of treatment The Timed Up and Go ( TUG ) test is recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as an easy to administer clinical test to evaluate a senior citizen 's fall risk . Limited evidence has been presented in the literature validating the TUG test . In this study , the authors sought to assess correlations between the TUG test and various balance markers utilizing the OptoGait system .  A total of 51 healthy seniors completed r and omized trials of the TUG test and a gait test utilizing  OptoGait photoelectric technology .  Correlations among mean and SD values for these variables and TUG performance were calculated . Utilizing a Bonferroni adjustment and an alpha level of .05 , eight significant correlations of a moderately strong degree ( absolute r scores between .51 and .78 ) emerged . Correlation results indicate that the TUG test is a valid tool for screening balance deficits that lead to increased fall risk in senior citizens OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of the Timed Up and Go Test ( TUGT ) for screening the risk of falls among community-dwelling elderly individuals . METHOD This is a prospect i ve cohort study with a r and omly by lots without reposition sample stratified by proportional partition in relation to gender involving 63 community-dwelling elderly individuals . Elderly individuals who reported having Parkinson 's disease , a history of transitory ischemic attack , stroke and with a Mini Mental State Exam lower than the expected for the education level , were on a wheelchair and that reported a single fall in the previous six months were excluded . The TUGT , a mobility test , was the measure of interested and the occurrence of falls was the outcome . The performance of basic activities of daily living ( ADL ) and instrumental activities of daily living ( IADL ) was determined through the Older American Re sources and Services , and the socio-demographic and clinical data were determined through the use of additional question naires . Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves were used to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of the TUGT . RESULTS Elderly individuals who fell had greater difficulties in ADL and IADL ( p<0.01 ) and a slower performance on the TUGT ( p=0.02 ) . No differences were found in socio-demographic and clinical characteristics between fallers and non-fallers . Considering the different sensitivity and specificity , the best predictive value for discriminating elderly individuals who fell was 12.47 seconds [ ( RR=3.2 ) 95%CI : 1.3 - 7.7 ] . CONCLUSIONS The TUGT proved to be an accurate measure for screening the risk of falls among elderly individuals . Although different from that reported in the international literature , the 12.47 second cutoff point seems to be a better predictive value for Brazilian elderly individuals Purpose : The reliability and validity of a new test , the Timed Up and Down Stairs ( TUDS ) , were examined in children with and without cerebral palsy ( CP ) . Methods : A convenience sample of 47 children age eight to 14 years participated , 20 with CP and 27 with typical development ( TD ) . Using intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICC ) , interrater , intrarater , and test – retest reliability of the TUDS were examined by two raters simultaneously testing nine children , by one rater who then rescored at a later time a video of the testing of 24 children , and by one rater testing 25 children twice with a two-hour separation , respectively . Concurrent validity was examined using Spearman rank correlations between TUDS scores and performance on the Timed Up and Go ( TUG ) , the Functional Reach Test ( FRT ) , and a Timed One Legged Stance ( TOLS ) , which were completed in a r and om order on all children . Construct validity was examined by correlation and Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance of scores across ages and three functional level groups . Results : The TUDS demonstrated excellent intrarater , interrater , and test – retest reliability [ ICC ( 2,1 ) ≥0.94 ] and moderate to high concurrent validity ( Spearman rs = 0.78 , −0.57 , and −0.77 , with the TUG , FRT , and TOLS , respectively ) . Age accounted for 37 % and 56 % of the variance in the TUDS for the TD group and for the Gross Motor Function Classification Scale level I CP group , respectively . Significant differences in TUDS scores were found between all three functional level groups . Conclusion : The TUDS has adequate reliability and validity in children with and without CP and appears to complement current clinical measures of functional mobility and balance . Further investigations on across larger age ranges and sample s are warranted BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment ( POMA ) is a widely used instrument that provides an evaluation of balance and gait . It is used clinical ly to determine the mobility status of older adults or to evaluate changes over time . To support the use of the POMA for these purpose s , the clinimetric properties ( in particular , responsiveness ) were determined . SUBJECTS Participants ( 78 % female ; mean age=84.9 years ) were living in either self-care or nursing-care residences .  Concurrent and discriminant validity were assessed with the total group ( N=245 ) , whereas reliability and responsiveness were determined with a sub sample ( n=30 ) . Fall-related predictive validity was assessed with a sub sample of 72 participants . METHODS In addition to the POMA , several reference performance tests were administered . The POMA was assessed on 2 consecutive days by 2 raters ( observers ) . The analyses included the calculation of Spearman rank correlation coefficients ( R ) , limits of agreement ( LOA ) with Bl and -Altman plots , minimal detectable changes at the 95 % confidence level ( MDC(95 ) ) , and sensitivity and specificity with regard to predicting falls . When possible , findings for the total scale ( POMA-T ) were complemented by findings for its balance subscale ( POMA-B ) and its gait subscale ( POMA-G ) . RESULTS The interrater and test-retest reliability for the POMA-T and the POMA-B were good ( R=.74-.93 ) , whereas for the POMA-G , the reliability values , although high as well , were systematic ally slightly lower ( R=.72-.89 ) . The Spearman correlations with the reference performance tests ( R=|.64|- |.68| ) indicated satisfactory concurrent validity for the POMA-T and the POMA-B , but the corresponding findings for the POMA-G ( R=|.52|- |.56| ) were less convincing . The discriminant validity values of the 3 scales were about the same . The LOA for the POMA-T were on the order of -4.0 to 4.0 for test-retest agreement and -3.0 to 3.0 for interrater agreement . On the basis of the MDC(95 ) values , it was concluded that changes in POMA-T scores at the individual level should be at least 5 points and that those at the group level ( n=30 ) should be at least 0.8 point to be considered reliable . Even when optimal cutoff points were used , sensitivity and specificity values ( varying between 62.5 % and 66.1 % ) for the POMA-T as well as for its 2 subscales indicated poor accuracy in predicting falls . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The POMA-T and its subscale POMA-B have adequate reliability and validity for assessing mobility in older adults . The POMA-T is useful for demonstrating intervention effects at the group level . Changes within subjects , however , should be at least 5 points before being interpreted as reliable changes . The accuracy of the POMA-T in predicting falls is poor [ Purpose ] This study was aim ed to determine the relative and absolute reliability of Korean version tools of the  Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) , the  Timed Up and Go ( TUG ) , the Four-Meter Walking Test ( 4MWT ) and the Groningen Me and er Walking Test ( GMWT ) in patients with dementia . [ Subjects and Methods ] A total of 53 patients with dementia were tested on TUG , BBS , 4MWT and GMWT with a prospect i ve cohort method ological design . Intra-class Correlation Coefficients ( ICCs ) to assess relative reliability and the st and ard error of measurement ( SEM ) , minimal detectable change ( MDC95 ) and its percentage ( MDC% ) to analyze the absolute reliability were calculated . [ Results ] Inter-rater reliability ( ICC(2,3 ) ) of TUG , BBS and GMWT was 0.99 and that of 4MWT was 0.82 . Inter-rater reliability was high for TUG , BBS and GMWT , with low SEM , MDC95 , and MDC% . Inter-rater reliability was low for 4MWT , with high SEM , MDC95 , and MDC% . Test-retest ( ICC(2,3 ) ) of TUG , BBS and GMWT was 0.96–0.99 and Test-retest ( ICC(2,3 ) ) of 4MWT was 0.85 . The test-retest was high for TUG , BBS and GMWT , with low SEM , MDC95 , and MDC% , but it was low for 4MWT , with high SEM , MDC95 , and MDC% . [ Conclusion ] The relative reliability was high for all the assessment tools . The absolute reliability has a reasonable level of stability except the 4MWT Background Physical performance tests are important for assessing the effect of physical activity interventions in older people with dementia , but their psychometric properties have not been systematic ally established within this specific population . Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the relative and absolute test-retest reliability of the  6-m walk test  , the  Figure-of-Eight Walk Test ( F8W ) , the  Timed “ Up & Go ” Test ( TUG )  , the  Frailty and Injuries : Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques–4  ( FICSIT–4 ) Balance Test , the  Chair Rise Test ( CRT )  , and the  Jamar dynamometer .  These tests are used to assess gait speed , dynamic balance , functional mobility , static balance , lower-limb strength , and grip strength , respectively . Design This investigation was a prospect i ve , nonexperimental study . Methods Older people with dementia ( n=58 , age range=70–92 years ) performed each test at baseline and again after 1 week . Intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICC ) , st and ard error of measurement ( SEM ) , minimal detectable change ( MDC ) , and log-transferred limits of agreement of Bl and -Altman plots were calculated . Results The relative reliability of the F8W , TUG , and Jamar dynamometer was excellent ( ICC=.90–.95 ) and good for the 6-m walk test , FICSIT–4 , and CRT ( ICC=.79–.86 ) . The SEMs and MDCs were large for all tests . The absolute reliability of the TUG and CRT was significantly influenced by the level of cognitive functioning ( as assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination [ MMSE ] ) . Limitations The specific etiology of dementia was not obtained . Conclusions The physical performance tests evaluated are useful for detecting differences in performance between older people with mild to moderate dementia and , therefore , are suitable for cross-sectional or controlled intervention studies . They appear less suitable to monitor clinical ly relevant intra-individual performance changes . Future studies should focus on the development of more sensitive tests and the identification of criteria for clinical ly relevant changes in this rapidly growing population OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of a second task on balance and gait maneuvers used in everyday life . Our hypothesis was that those who were more distracted by a familiar manual task performed concurrently with functional maneuvers were more frail and more prone to falls . DESIGN A cross-sectional design with prospect i ve follow-up for falls . SETTING Sheltered accommodation in Umeå , Sweden . PARTICIPANTS Forty-two residents ( 30 women , 12 men ; mean age + /- SD = 79.7 + /- 6.1 years ) , ambulant with or without a walking aid , able to follow simple instructions and able to carry a tumbler . MEASUREMENTS  Timed Up & Go ( TUG ) , i.e. , the time taken to rise from an armchair , walk 3 meters , turn round , and sit down again . TUG was repeated with an added manual task ( TUGmanual ) , which was to carry a glass of water while walking . The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale , Barthel Index , Functional Reach , Mini-Mental State Examination , and Line Bisection test were used to assess for frailty . The subjects were followed-up prospect ively regarding falls indoors for a period of 6-months . RESULTS Subjects with a time difference ( diffTUG ) between TUGmanual and TUG of > or = 4.5 seconds were considered to be distracted by the second task . Ten subjects had a difference in time of > or = 4.5 seconds . These subjects were more frail , and seven of them fell indoors during the follow-up period ( odds ratio 4.7 , 95%Confidence Interval ( CI ) 1.5 - 14.2 ) . CONCLUSION The time difference between the TUGmanual and the TUG appears to be a valid marker of frailty and a useful tool for identifying older persons prone to falling OBJECTIVE To determine the reliability , validity , and responsiveness of the modified Kap and ji index ( MKI ) . DESIGN Prospect i ve study . A cohort of patients planned for surgery of the wrist and /or fingers was evaluated within 48 hours before surgery and at least 6 months after surgery . SETTING Patients were in hospitalized or private care in France . PARTICIPANTS Patients with rheumatoid arthritis according to criteria of the American College of Rheumatology . Forty-two patients ( 36 women ; mean age , 57.5y ; range , 22 - 80y ) were included in the reliability study . Fifty patients ( 42 women ; mean age , 54.18y ; range , 19 - 77y ) were included in the validity study . INTERVENTIONS Not applicable . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical outcome measures included the MKI , the overall mobility score of the wrist and fingers , the finger mobility score , a visual analog scale ( VAS ) of pain in the h and s and wrists , morning stiffness duration , total score of tenderness , total score of swelling , grip and pinch strength , the H and Functional Index ( HFI ) , and the Cochin rheumatoid h and disability scale . Reliability was studied with the intraclass correlation coefficient ( ICC ) and the Bl and and Altman method . Convergent and divergent validity were assessed with the Spearman correlation coefficient . Responsiveness was assessed by the paired t test , the effect size , and the st and ardized response mean ( SRM ) . RESULTS Interobserver reliability was good with an ICC of.90 , and the Bl and and Altman analysis showed homogeneous distribution of the differences , with no systematic trend . The MKI correlated well with the other mobility measures ( HFI , the finger mobility score measured with the finger goniometer ) , indicating a good convergent validity , and the expected divergent validity with the other outcome measures ( grip and pinch strength , total score of swelling , total score of Ritchie Articular Index , Cochin scale , VAS of pain ) was observed . The 50 patients in the validity study were evaluated twice , before and after surgery , at a mean interval + /- st and ard deviation of 7.16+/-2.10 months ( range , 6 - 15mo ) . Thirty-six patients ( 72 % ) were very satisfied or satisfied with the results of surgery , 7 ( 14 % ) were not satisfied or dissatisfied , and 7 ( 14 % ) were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied . The SRM and effect size values of the MKI were -.19 and -.10 , respectively . Individual changes in the score had the best correlation ( r(s)=.51 ) with overall patient satisfaction . CONCLUSIONS The MKI has excellent validity and reliability . Individual changes in the score are clinical ly relevant . This index can be used in clinical practice and in therapeutic trials ; it needs further study concerning its use for h and surgery Purpose : Which functional tests on mobility and balance can better screen older people at risk of falls is unclear . This study aims to compare the  Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) , Tinetti Mobility Score ( TMS ) , Elderly Mobility Scale ( EMS ) and Timed Up and Go test ( TUG )  in discriminating fallers from non-fallers in older people . Method : This was a case-control study involving one rater who conducted a mobility and balance assessment on subjects using the four functional tests in r and om sequence .  Subjects recruited included 17 and 22 older people with a history of single and multiple falls respectively from a public Falls Clinic , and 39 community-dwellers without fall history and whose age , sex and BMI matched those of the fallers . All subjects underwent the mobility and balance assessment within one day . Results : Single fallers performed better than multiple fallers in all four functional tests but were worse than non-fallers in the BBS , TMS and TUG . The BBS demonstrated the best discriminating ability , with high sensitivity and specificity . The BBS item ` pick up an object from the floor ' was the best at screening fallers . Conclusion : BBS was the most powerful functional test of the four in discriminating fallers from non-faller Background Balance confidence and fear of falling are factors associated with recurrent falls in people with Parkinson disease ( PD ) . However , the accuracy for predicting falls on the basis of self-report measures has not been widely investigated . Objective The study objectives were : ( 1 ) to compare the accuracy of the  Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale ( ABC )  and the  Falls Efficacy Scale – International ( FES-I )  with that of the  Berg Balance Scale  ( BBS ) , Dynamic Gait Index  ( DGI ) , Functional Reach Test ( FRT ) , and Timed “ Up & Go ” Test ( TUG ) for predicting recurrent falls in people with PD and ( 2 ) to explore the ability of combinations of up to 3 tests to predict recurrent falls . Design This was a prospect i ve cohort study involving 225 people with PD . Methods Participants were assessed with the  ABC , FES-I , BBS , FRT , TUG , and DGI . Participants who reported 2 or more falls in the 12-month follow-up period were classified as recurrent fallers . Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were determined , and the Akaike information criterion was used to select the best predictive model . Results Eighty-four participants ( 37.3 % ) were classified as recurrent fallers . Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the ABC , FES-I , TUG , FRT , DGI , and BBS were 0.73 , 0.74 , 0.72 , 0.74 , 0.76 , and 0.79 , respectively . Two-test models provided additional discriminating ability compared with individual measures and had Akaike information criterion values similar to those of 3-test models , particularly the combination of the BBS with the FES-I. Limitations The lack of an external validation sample was a limitation of this study . Conclusions The ABC and FES-I demonstrated moderate accuracy in predicting recurrent falls and a predictive ability similar to that of performance-based balance measures , especially the FRT and the TUG . Two-test models showed performance similar to that of 3-test models , suggesting that a combination of 2 measures may improve the ability to predict recurrent falls in people with PD . Specifically , the combination of the BBS with the FES-I may be considered
Conclusion : The TUG can be recommended for measuring basic mobility skills after stroke in patients who are able to walk .
Abstract Objective : To systematic ally review and summarize the clinimetric properties , including reliability , validity , and responsiveness , the procedures used , and the meanings of the scores in the Timed Up and Go Test ( TUG ) .
The TUG is a performance test that identifies problems with functional mobility in patients with stroke .