Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertriglyceridemia: an open study. Unsaturated fatty acids are inversely associated and n-6/n-3 ratios are positively related to inflammation and coagulation markers in plasma of apparently healthy adults. [The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases]. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a randomized clinical trial. Identification of potential serum biomarkers of inflammation and lipid modulation that are altered by fish oil supplementation in healthy volunteers. Plant- and marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have differential effects on fasting and postprandial blood lipid concentrations and on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in treated-hypertensive type 2 diabetic subjects. The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine and malondialdehyde levels of type 2 diabetic patients. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein and interleukin-2 in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diets high in palmitic acid (16:0), lauric and myristic acids (12:0 + 14:0), or oleic acid (18:1) do not alter postprandial or fasting plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers in healthy Malaysian adults. Prospective association of fatty acids in the de novo lipogenesis pathway with risk of type 2 diabetes: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on arterial stiffness in patients with hypertension: a randomized pilot study Effects of similar intakes of marine n-3 fatty acids from enriched food products and fish oil on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy human subjects. Influence of alpha-linolenic acid and fish-oil on markers of cardiovascular risk in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Omega-3 fatty acids and lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 in healthy older adult males and females Effects of trans- and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy males. An 8 weeks dietary intervention study Omega-3 fatty acid therapy reduces triglycerides and interleukin-6 in hypertriglyeridemic HIV patients.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Epidemiological and interventional studies suggest that a high dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may confer a protective effect against atherosclerotic disease and reduce serum triglycerides levels . The aim of our study was to investigate the effectivity on triglyceride levels and inflammatory markers of a concentrated of n-3 fatty acids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertriglyceridaemia . SUBJECTS A total of 30 patients ( 16 males and 14 females ) with diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertriglyceridemia ( > 200 mg/dl ) were included in the study . Patients received two capsules of eicosapentaenoic 465 mg and docosahexanoic 375 mg daily for 12 weeks . RESULTS Triglycerides levels and non HDL-cholesterol decreased ( 326 + /- 113.5 vs. 216.4 + /- 57 mg/dl ; p < 0.05 ) and ( 103.87 + /- 44 vs. 89.6 + /- 14 mg/dl ; p < 0.05 ) , respectively . HDL-cholesterol levels increased ( 39.6 + /- 10.7 vs. 46.4 + /- 8.7 mg/dl ; p < 0.05 ) . C reactive protein decreased ( 5.98 + /- 3.9 vs. 3.9 + /- 1.6 mg/dl ; p < 0.05 ) and TNF-alpha levels decreased ( 16.24 + /- 5.5 vs. 13.3 + /- 5.8 pg/dl ; p < 0.05 ) , without significant changes in IL-6 levels . In conclusion , an n-3 polyunsaturated intervention improved lipid profile and inflammatory markers in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertriglyceridaemia BACKGROUND Blood lipids and inflammatory markers levels have been associated with the development and progression of atherosclerosis . As the association of inflammatory markers with plasma fatty acids has not been extensively evaluated and understood , we sought to investigate the associations between dietary and plasma fatty acids with various inflammation and coagulation markers . METHODS High sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) , fibrinogen , and homocysteine were measured in serum of 374 free-living , healthy men and women , r and omly selected from the ATTICA 's study data base .  Total plasma fatty acids  were determined by gas chromatography . Dietary fatty acids  were assessed through a semi-quantitative FFQ . RESULTS Multi-adjusted regression analyses revealed that plasma n-3 fatty acids were inversely associated with CRP , IL-6 and TNF-alpha ; plasma n-6 fatty acids were inversely associated with CRP , IL-6 and fibrinogen ; monounsaturated fatty acids were inversely associated with CRP and IL-6 ( all p-values<0.05 ) . Interestingly , the n-6/n-3 ratios exhibited the strongest positive correlations with all the markers studied . No associations were observed between dietary fatty acids and the investigated markers . CONCLUSIONS Measurements of total plasma fatty acids could provide insights into the relationships between diet and atherosclerotic disease . Moreover , the n-6/n-3 ratio may constitute a predictor of low- grade inflammation and coagulation UNLABELLED Cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) is associated with dyslipidemia and frequently with insulin resistance , both of which are in general no alleviated by antilipidemic drugs . Our objective was to examine whether a dietary supplement containing omega-3 fatty acids ( n-3 FA ) can reduce the levels of serum lipids , fasting insulin and glucose in documented CVD patients treated by statins or  bezafibrates .  In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of parallel design , 52 patients , age 69.2 years + /- 3.6 treated by antilipidemic drugs  , were r and omly assigned to receive daily 7 gr of a dietary concentrated supplement containing 67 % n-3 FA ( 185 mg EPA and 465 mg/g DHA ) in a form of spread ( Yamega Ltd , Israel ) or olive oil spread ( placebo ) and recommended to reduce the consumption of omega-6 fatty acids for 12 weeks . The average values + /- SD before and after dietary supplementations were compared . RESULTS 44 patients ( 23 in the n-3 FA group ) completed the study . In the n-3FA group we observed a significant decrease ( p < 0.05 ) of total cholesterol ( 12.2 % ) . LDL-cholesterol ( 16.8 % ) , triglycerides ( 36.1 % ) , insulin in hyperinsulinemic subjects ( > 20 microunits/ml ) ( 34.9 % ) , and no significant changes in HDL-cholesterol and glucose . No hyperglycemia was detected . In the olive oil group we observed a significant decrease ( p < 0.05 ) in the LDL-cholesterol values of 15.5 % and no significant changes in the other parameters . No side effects were reported during the study in any of the participants . Our findings demonstrate that the incorporation of the dietary supplement containing EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids reduces significantly the above risk factors for CVD BACKGROUND Eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , the primary omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil , have been shown to reduce cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk . OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to examine the independent effects of EPA and DHA on lipid and apolipoprotein levels , as well as on inflammatory biomarkers of CVD risk , using doses often used in the general population . DESIGN A blinded , r and omized 6-week trial was performed in 121 healthy , normolipidemic subjects who received olive oil placebo 6g/d , EPA 600mg/d , EPA 1800mg/d , or DHA 600mg/d .  The EPA was derived from genetically modified yeast . RESULTS The subjects tolerated the supplements well with no safety issues ; and the expected treatment-specific increases in plasma EPA and DHA levels were observed . Compared to placebo , the DHA group had significant decreases in postpr and ial triglyceride ( TG ) concentrations ( -20 % , -52.2mg/dL , P=0.03 ) , significant increases in fasting and postpr and ial low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) ( + 18.4 % , 17.1mg/dL , P=0.001 ) , with no significant changes in inflammatory biomarkers . No significant effects were observed in the EPA 600mg/d group . The high-dose EPA group had significant decreases in lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 concentrations ( Lp-PLA2 ) ( -14.1 % , -21.4ng/mL , P=0.003 ) . CONCLUSIONS The beneficial effects of EPA 1800mg/d on CVD risk reduction may relate in part to the lowering of Lp-PLA2 without adversely affecting LDL-C. In contrast , DHA decreased postpr and ial TG , but raised LDL-C. Our observations indicate that these dietary fatty acids have divergent effects on cardiovascular risk markers Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 LCPUFA ) lower risk of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) , but mechanisms are not well understood . We used proteomics to identify human serum proteins that are altered by n-3 LCPUFA . Such proteins could identify pathways whereby they affect CHD . Eighty-one healthy volunteers entered a double blind r and omised trial to receive 3.5 g of fish oil or 3.5 g of high oleic sunflower oil daily . Serum was collected before and after 6 wk of intervention . Serum was analysed by proteomics using 2-DE . Proteins that were differentially regulated were identified by MS . We also analysed serum apolipoprotein A1 ( apo A1 ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) particle size and haptoglobin . Serum levels of apo A1 , apo L1 , zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein , haptoglobin precursor , alpha-1-antitrypsin precursor , antithrombin III-like protein , serum amyloid P component and haemopexin were significantly downregulated ( all p<0.05 ) by fish oil compared with high oleic sunflower oil supplementation . Fish oil supplementation caused a significant shift towards the larger , more cholesterol-rich HDL(2 ) particle . The alterations in serum proteins and HDL size imply that fish oil activates anti-inflammatory and lipid modulating mechanisms believed to impede the early onset of CHD . These proteins are potential diagnostic biomarkers to assess the mechanisms whereby fish oil protects against CHD in humans BACKGROUND Dietary alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) can be converted to long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) in humans and may reproduce some of the beneficial effects of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) on cardiovascular disease risk factors . OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to compare the effects of increased dietary intakes of ALA and EPA+DHA on a range of atherogenic risk factors . DESIGN This was a placebo-controlled , parallel study involving 150 moderately hyperlipidemic subjects r and omly assigned to 1 of 5 interventions :  0.8 or 1.7 g EPA+DHA/d  , 4.5 or 9.5 g ALA/d , or an n-6 PUFA control for 6 mo . Fatty acids were incorporated into 25 g of fat spread and 3 capsules to be consumed daily . RESULTS The change in fasting or postpr and ial lipid , glucose , or insulin concentrations or in blood pressure was not significantly different after any of the n-3 PUFA interventions compared with the n-6 PUFA control . The mean ( + /- SEM ) change in fasting triacylglycerols after the 1.7-g/d EPA+DHA intervention ( -7.7 + /- 4.99 % ) was significantly ( P < 0.05 ) different from the change after the 9.5-g/d ALA intervention ( 10.9 + /- 4.5 % ) . The ex vivo susceptibility of LDL to oxidation was higher after the 1.7-g/d EPA+DHA intervention than after the control and ALA interventions ( P < 0.05 ) . There was no significant change in plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations or in whole plasma antioxidant status in any of the groups . CONCLUSION At estimated biologically equivalent intakes , dietary ALA and EPA+DHA have different physiologic effects n-3 fatty acids reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease via a number of possible mechanisms . Despite this , there has been concern that these fatty acids may increase lipid peroxidation . The data in vivo are inconclusive , due in part to limitations in the method ologies . In this regard , the measurement of F2-isoprostanes provides a reliable assessment of in vivo lipid peroxidation and oxidant stress . This study aim ed to assess the effects of supplementation with purified eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) or docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , the two major n-3 fatty acids , on urinary F2-isoprostanes and markers of inflammation , in type 2 diabetic patients . In a double-blind , placebo controlled trial of parallel design , 59 nonsmoking , treated-hypertensive , type 2 diabetic subjects , were r and omized to 4 g daily of purified EPA , DHA , or olive oil for 6 weeks , while maintaining their usual diet . F2-isoprostanes , measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 24 h urines and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) , were measured before and after intervention . Thirty-nine men and 12 women aged 61.2 + /- 1.2 years , with body mass index ( BMI ) , 29.5 + /- 0.5 kg/m2 ; 24 h blood pressure , 138/73 mmHg ; HbA1c , 7.3 + /- 0.1 % and fasting glucose , 7.9 + /- 0.2 mmol/l completed the intervention .  Baseline urinary F2-isoprostanes were positively associated with HbA1c ( p=.011 ) and fasting glucose ( p=.032 ) . Relative to the olive oil group , postintervention urinary F2-isoprostanes were decreased 19 % by EPA ( p=.017 ) and 20 % by DHA ( p=.014 ) . There were no significant changes in CRP , IL-6 , and TNF-alpha following EPA or DHA supplementation . In regression analysis , Delta F2-isoprostanes were positively associated with Delta HbA1c ( p=.007 ) independent of treatment group ; and with Delta TNF-alpha ( p=.034 ) independent of age , gender , BMI , and treatment group . There were no associations with Delta CRP or Delta IL-6 . This study is the first report demonstrating that either EPA or DHA reduce in vivo oxidant stress without changing markers of inflammation , in treated hypertensive , type 2 diabetic subjects BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of mortality among diabetic patients . The concentration of malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and homocysteine is believed to play a role in cardiovascular diseases . Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could be effective in some diabetes complications and in the control of the glycemic index . However , it may increase lipid peroxidation . The objective of this study was to determine the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the concentration of homocysteine and MDA in diabetic patients . METHODS AND RESULTS A r and omized double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 81 patients with type 2 diabetes . The patients were r and omly assigned to either the treatment or control groups . Each subject received three capsules of omega-3 fatty acids or a placebo every day for a period of 2months . The two groups were similar in terms of body mass index and food intake . At the beginning of the study and after 2months of supplementation their levels of HbA(1)c , homocysteine , MDA , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol and fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) were determined . Due to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation , homocysteine was changed significantly in both treatment and control groups up to -3.10mumol/L and 0.10mumol/L respectively , and HbA(1)c decreased by 0.75 % in the treatment group and increased by 0.26 % in the control group . However , the changes in fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were not significant . CONCLUSION The consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements ( 3g/day ) for 2months decreases the levels of homocysteine in diabetic patients with no change in FBS , MDA and CRP levels INTRODUCTION Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids can alter the inflammatory response in diabetic patients . This study aim ed to determine the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the serum levels of C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin (IL)-2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients . METHODS A r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 84 subjects aged 45 - 85 years with at least a two-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus . Participants were r and omly assigned to the treatment or control group . Each subject in the treatment group received three omega-3 capsules per day ( eicosapentaenoic acid 1,548 mg ; docosahexaenoic acid 828 mg ; other omega-3 fatty acids 338 mg ) , while each subject in the control group received three placebo capsules ( sunflower oil 2,100 mg ) for a period of eight weeks . At the beginning of the study and post intervention , fasting blood sample s were taken and serum concentrations of IL-2 , TNF-α and CRP were assessed and compared . RESULTS Serum IL-2 and TNF-α levels were significantly reduced in the treatment group compared to the controls ( p < 0.01 ) . There was no significant change in serum CRP levels . CONCLUSION Short-term omega-3 fatty acid supplementation ( 3 g/day for eight weeks ) can decrease the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-2 in diabetic patients , with no change in CRP levels . Consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements is highly recommended to alleviate inflammation caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus BACKGROUND Dietary fat type is known to modulate the plasma lipid profile , but its effects on plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers are unclear . OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of high-protein Malaysian diets prepared with palm olein , coconut oil ( CO ) , or virgin olive oil on plasma homocysteine and selected markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) in healthy adults . DESIGN A r and omized-crossover intervention with 3 dietary sequences of 5 wk each was conducted in 45 healthy subjects . The 3 test fats , namely palmitic acid (16:0)-rich palm olein ( PO ) , lauric and myristic acid ( 12:0 + 14:0)-rich CO , and oleic acid (18:1)-rich virgin olive oil ( OO ) , were incorporated at two-thirds of 30 % fat calories into high-protein Malaysian diets . RESULTS No significant differences were observed in the effects of the 3 diets on plasma total homocysteine ( tHcy ) and the inflammatory markers TNF-α , IL-1β , IL-6 , and IL-8 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , and interferon-γ . Diets prepared with PO and OO had comparable nonhypercholesterolemic effects ; the postpr and ial total cholesterol for both diets and all fasting lipid indexes for the OO diet were significantly lower ( P < 0.05 ) than for the CO diet . Unlike the PO and OO diets , the CO diet was shown to decrease postpr and ial lipoprotein(a ) . CONCLUSION Diets that were rich in saturated fatty acids prepared with either PO or CO , and an OO diet that was high in oleic acid , did not alter postpr and ial or fasting plasma concentrations of tHcy and selected inflammatory markers . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00941837 BACKGROUND Experimental evidence suggests that hepatic de novo lipogenesis ( DNL ) affects insulin homeostasis via synthesis of saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) and monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) . Few prospect i ve studies have used fatty acid biomarkers to assess associations with  type 2 diabetes . OBJECTIVES We investigated associations of major circulating SFAs [ palmitic acid ( 16:0 ) and stearic acid ( 18:0 ) ] and MUFA [ oleic acid ( 18:1n-9 ) ] in the DNL pathway with metabolic risk factors and incident diabetes in community-based older U.S. adults in the Cardiovascular Health Study . We secondarily assessed other DNL fatty acid biomarkers [ myristic acid ( 14:0 ) , palmitoleic acid ( 16:1n-7 ) , 7-hexadecenoic acid ( 16:1n-9 ) , and vaccenic acid ( 18:1n-7 ) ] and estimated dietary SFAs and MUFAs . DESIGN In 3004 participants free of diabetes , plasma phospholipid fatty acids were measured in 1992 , and incident diabetes was identified by medication use and blood glucose . Usual diets were assessed by using repeated food-frequency question naires . Multivariable linear and Cox regression were used to assess associations with metabolic risk factors and incident diabetes , respectively . RESULTS At baseline , circulating palmitic acid and stearic acid were positively associated with adiposity , triglycerides , inflammation biomarkers , and insulin resistance ( P-trend < 0.01 each ) , whereas oleic acid showed generally beneficial associations ( P-trend < 0.001 each ) . During 30,763 person-years , 297 incident diabetes cases occurred . With adjustment for demographics and lifestyle , palmitic acid ( extreme-quintile HR : 1.89 ; 95 % CI : 1.27 , 2.83 ; P-trend = 0.001 ) and stearic acid ( HR : 1.62 ; 95 % CI : 1.09 , 2.41 ; P-trend = 0.006 ) were associated with higher diabetes risk , whereas oleic acid was not significantly associated . In secondary analyses , vaccenic acid was inversely associated with diabetes ( HR : 0.56 ; 95 % CI : 0.38 , 0.83 ; P-trend = 0.005 ) . Other fatty acid biomarkers and estimated dietary SFAs or MUFAs were not significantly associated with incident diabetes . CONCLUSIONS In this large prospect i ve cohort , circulating palmitic acid and stearic acid were associated with higher diabetes risk , and vaccenic acid was associated with lower diabetes risk . These results indicate a need for additional investigation of biological mechanisms linking specific fatty acids in the DNL pathway to the pathogenesis of diabetes Background Omega–3 fatty acids prevent cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) events in patients with myocardial infa rct ion or heart failure . Benefits in patients without overt CVD have not been demonstrated , though most studies did not use treatment doses ( 3.36 g ) of omega-3 fatty acids .  Arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) predicts CVD events independent of st and ard risk factors . However , no therapy has been shown to reduce PWV in a blood pressure-independent manner . We assessed the effects of esterified omega–3 fatty acids on PWV and serum markers of inflammation among patients with hypertension . Design and methods We performed a prospect i ve , r and omized ; double-blinded pilot study of omega-3 fatty acids among 62 patients in an urban , safety net hospital . Patients received 3.36 g of omega–3 fatty acids vs. matched placebo daily for 3-months . The principal outcome measure was change in brachial-ankle PWV . Serum inflammatory markers associated with CVD risk were also assessed . Results The majority ( 71 % ) were of Latino ethnicity . After 3-months , mean change in arterial PWV among omega-3 and placebo groups was −97 cm/s vs. −33 cm/s respectively ( p = 0.36 for difference , after multivariate adjustment for baseline age , systolic blood pressure , and serum adiponectin ) . Non-significant reductions in lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 ( LpPLA2 ) mass and high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) relative to placebo were also observed ( p = 0.08 , and 0.21 , respectively ) . Conclusion High-dose omega-3 fatty acids did not reduce arterial PWV or markers of inflammation among patients within a Latino-predominant population with hypertension . Clinical trial registration NCT00935766 , registered July 8 2009 There is convincing evidence that consumption of fish and fish oil rich in long-chain ( LC ) n-3 PUFA ( n-3 LCPUFA ) , EPA ( 20 : 5n-3 ) and DHA ( 22 : 6n-3 ) reduce the risk of CHD . The aim of the present study was to investigate whether n-3 LCPUFA-enriched food products provide similar beneficial effects as fish oil with regard to incorporation into plasma lipids and effects on cardiovascular risk markers . A parallel 7-week intervention trial was performed where 159 healthy men and women were r and omised to consume either 34 g fish pâté ( n 44 ) , 500 ml fruit juice ( n 38 ) or three capsules of concentrated fish oil ( n 40 ) , all contributing to a daily intake of approximately 1 g EPA and DHA . A fourth group did not receive any supplementation or food product and served as controls ( n 37 ) . Plasma fatty acid composition , serum lipids , and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were measured . Compared with the control group , plasma n-3 LCPUFA and EPA : arachidonic acid ratio increased equally in all intervention groups . However , no significant changes in blood lipids and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were observed . In conclusion , enriched fish pâté and fruit juice represent suitable delivery systems for n-3 LCPUFA . However , although the dose given is known to reduce the risk of CVD , no significant changes were observed on cardiovascular risk markers in this healthy population We tested the hypothesis that dietary alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) can exert effects on markers of cardiovascular risk similar to that produced by its longer chain counterparts in fish-oil . A dietary intervention study was undertaken to examine the effects of an ALA-enriched diet in 57 men expressing an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype ( ALP ) . Subjects were r and omly assigned to one of three diets enriched either with flaxseed oil ( FXO : high ALA , n = 21 ) , sunflower oil ( SO : high linoleic acid , n = 17 ) , or SO with fish-oil ( SOF n = 19 ) for 12 weeks , result ing in dietary intake ratios of n-6:n-3 PUFA of 0.5 , 27.9 and 5.2 , respectively . The relative abundance of ALA and EPA in erythrocyte membranes increased on the FXO diet ( p < 0.001 ) , whereas both EPA and DHA increased after fish-oil ( p < 0.001 ) . There were significant decreases in total plasma cholesterol within ( FXO -12.3 % , p = 0.001 ; SOF -7.6 % , p = 0.014 ; SO -7.3 % , p = 0.033 ) and between diets ( p = 0.019 ) , and decreases within diets after 12 weeks for HDL cholesterol on flaxseed oil ( FXO -10 % , p=0.009 ) , plasma TG ( -23 % , p < 0.001 ) and small , dense LDL ( -22 % p = 0.003 ) in fish-oil . Membrane DHA levels were inversely associated with the changes in plasma TG ( p= 0.001 ) and small , dense LDL ( p<0.05 ) after fish-oil . In conclusion , fish-oil produced predictable changes in plasma lipids and small , dense LDL ( sdLDL ) that were not reproduced by the ALA-enriched diet . Membrane DHA levels appeared to be an important determinant of these fish-oil-induced effects Purpose Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 ( Lp-PLA2 ) is a novel inflammatory factor that has been independently associated with stroke and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Omega-3 fats have been implicated in reducing inflammation associated with CVD . The aim of this study was to determine if an 8-week isocaloric diet supplemented with eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic ( DHA ) in the form of fish oil or α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) in the form of flaxseed oil would alter Lp-PLA2 among healthy adults ages 50 years and older . Methods Fifty-nine healthy adults ( ~75 % female , average age 61 years ) were r and omized to one of three groups with equal amounts of total fat intake . All capsules contained ~1 g of fat . The control group ( n = 19 ) consumed olive oil capsules ( ~11 g/day ) ; the ALA group ( n = 20 ) consumed flaxseed oil capsules ( ~11 g/day ) and the EPA/DHA group ( n = 20 ) consumed fish oil capsules ( ~2 g/day + 9 g/day of olive oil ) . Fasting blood sample s were obtained before and after the 8-week intervention for determination of Lp-PLA2 mass and activity as well as lipid values . Results We did not find any significant changes in Lp-PLA2 mass or activity after the intervention in any of the groups ; however , change in oxidized LDL was associated with change in Lp-PLA2 mass ( r = 0.37 , p < 0.01 ) . ConclusionS upplementing the diet with omega-3 fatty acids for 8-weeks did not influence Lp-PLA2 activity or mass among older adults ; altering oxidized LDL may be necessary to see changes in Lp-PLA2 levels Background : Studies of long-term intake of industrially produced trans fatty acids ( TFA ) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) suggest opposite effects on cardiovascular disease risk . Common mechanisms of action are probable . Objective : To examine the effects on cardiovascular risk markers of dietary enrichment with TFA or n-3 PUFA . Design : R and omized , double-blind , parallel intervention trial . Setting : Department of Human Nutrition , The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University . Subjects : In all , 87 healthy males included , 79 completed . Intervention : Subjects were r and omly assigned to 8 weeks of a daily intake of 33 g of experimental fats from either partially hydrogenated soy oil containing 20 g of TFA , 12 g of fish oil with approximately 4 g of n-3 PUFA and 21 g of control fat , or 33 g of control fat . The experimental fats were incorporated into bakery products .  Plasma lipids , blood pressure , heart rate variability ( HRV ) , arterial dilatory capacity , compliance , and distensibility were recorded before and after intervention and at follow-up 12 weeks after the intervention . Results : High-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) decreased in the TFA group and triglycerides and mean arterial blood pressure decreased in the n-3 PUFA group compared to the control group . HRV , arterial dilatory capacity , compliance , and distensibility were unchanged . Conclusion : The results indicate that the association between coronary heart disease risk and intake of TFA and n-3 PUFA relates only modestly to changes in traditional risk markers . Sponsorship : Danish Medical Research Council ( Grant no. 22 - 01 - 0390 ) , Center of Advanced Food Research ( Copenhagen , Denmark ) ( Grant no. KVL-R-2001 - 107 ) , the Danish Heart Association ( Grant no. 99 - 2 - 3 - 45 - 22748 ) , Novozymes ( Bagsvaerd , Denmark ) , Aarhus Olie ( Aarhus , Denmark ) , and from private sources . The experimental fats were provided by Pronova Biocare ( Aalesund , Norway ) and Aarhus Olie ( Aarhus , Denmark ) OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis are common in HIV-infected patients and residual systemic inflammation is thought to contribute to both of these disorders . We performed a r and omized placebo-controlled trial of omega-3-acid ( O3A ) ethyl esters in HIV-infected patients with hypertriglyceridaemia , hypothesizing that O3A would decrease serum levels of triglycerides , markers of systemic inflammation , and markers of bone turnover . METHODS HIV-infected patients ( n = 48 recruited at three sites ) with CD4 count > 200 cells/μL , suppressed viral load , and triglycerides > 200 mg/dL were r and omized to placebo or 3.6 g/d of O3A .  Fasting lipid profiles and markers of inflammation and bone turnover were assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment . RESULTS Baseline HIV status , lipid profile , bone metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors were similar between the groups . Inflammatory markers were similar between the treatment groups at baseline , except for interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α , which were higher in the O3A group . The concentration of triglycerides in patients receiving O3A decreased by a median ( interquartile range ( IQR ) ) of -34 ( -149 , 9.5 ) mg/dL vs. a median increase of 46.5 ( -51 , 123 ) mg/dL in the placebo group ( P = 0.01 ) . The median percentage change in IL-6 was greater in the O3A group compared with the placebo group [ -39 % ( -63 , 12 % ) vs. 29 % ( 10 , 177 % ) , respectively ; P = 0.006 ] . Similar results were observed for TNF-α , but not other inflammatory or bone turnover markers . CONCLUSIONS O3A ethyl esters decreased the concentrations of triglycerides , IL-6 and TNF-α in patients with well-controlled HIV infection and hypertriglyceridaemia . Larger studies are required to confirm these findings and investigate their clinical significance
We conclude that omega-3 fatty acids may be associated with lower inflammatory biomarkers among diabetic and cardiovascular patients .
The purpose of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to investigate omega-3 fatty acids ’ influence on 12 inflammatory biomarkers — LDL , HDL , total cholesterol , TG , HbA1c , Apo AI , Apo AII , Apo B , CRP , TNF-α , glucose , and fasting blood glucose among diabetic and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) patients .