Development and evaluation of two web-based interventions for the promotion of physical activity in older adults: study protocol for a community-based controlled intervention trial Cluster randomized controlled trial of a multilevel physical activity intervention for older adults Promoting physical activity using an activity monitor and a tailored web-based advice: design of a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN93896459] Randomized controlled trial of physical activity counseling for older primary care patients. Effect of physical interventions on physical performance and physical activity in older patients during hospitalization: a systematic review Effect of a tailored physical activity intervention delivered in general practice settings: results of a randomized controlled trial. Promoting physical activity through hand-held computer technology. Feasibility and Acceptability of a Wearable Technology Physical Activity Intervention With Telephone Counseling for Mid-Aged and Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial Physician-based physical activity counseling for middle-aged and older adults: A randomized trial Exploring the Efficacy and Moderators of Two Computer-Tailored Physical Activity Interventions for Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial Customer-oriented counseling for physical activity in older people: study protocol and selected baseline results of a randomized-controlled trial (ISRCTN 07330512). Efficacy of a web-based, center-based or combined physical activity intervention among older adults. Web-based Intervention to Promote Physical Activity by Sedentary Older Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial Effectiveness of a website and mobile phone based physical activity and nutrition intervention for middle-aged males: Trial protocol and baseline findings of the ManUp Study Impact of a physical activity intervention program on cognitive predictors of behaviour among adults at risk of Type 2 diabetes (ProActive randomised controlled trial) Older adults recently discharged from the hospital: effect of aerobic interval exercise on health-related quality of life, physical fitness, and physical activity. Assessing the Effects of Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Behavior Change Strategies on Physical Activity in Older Adults: a Factorial Experiment
Background Regular physical activity ( PA ) is a key contributor to healthy ageing . However , despite known health benefits , only one third of older adults in Germany reach the PA levels recommended for persons aged 65 years and above by the World Health Organization . The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effectiveness of two web-based interventions for the initiation and maintenance of regular PA ( i.e. , intervention groups 1 and 2 ) compared to a delayed intervention control group of older adults aged 65 to 75 years . Methods / Design Study participants will be r and omly assigned to one of three study arms in five communities in the Bremen-Oldenburg metropolitan region : a ) Participants in the first arm will receive access to a web-based intervention for 10 weeks allowing them to track their weekly PA ( subjective self-monitoring , intervention group 1 ) ; b ) participants in the second arm will receive access to the web-based intervention for 10 weeks and , in addition , track PA using Fitbit Zips ( objective self-monitoring , intervention group 2 ) ; c ) participants in the delayed intervention control group will receive access to the intervention implemented in the first study arm after completion of the 12-week follow-up in the other two groups within each community . In addition , weekly group meetings in the communities will be offered to study participants in the intervention groups providing the opportunity to address questions related to the use of the website and to practice PA in groups ( e.g. , neighborhood walks , strength and balance exercises ) . To evaluate short-term effects of the intervention on physical and psychological health , PA , physical fitness , and cognitive and psychological variables will be assessed at baseline and 12-week follow-up . Discussion This study will provide answers regarding acceptance and effectiveness of web-based interventions promoting uptake and maintenance of regular PA in persons aged 65–75 years . Study findings will contribute to a growing body of evidence in Germany concerning the role of community-based interventions for the promotion of PA and healthy ageing in older adults . Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00010052 ( Date of registration 07–11 - 2016 ) Background Older adults are the least active population group . Interventions in residential setting s may support a multi-level approach to behavior change . Methods In a cluster r and omized control trial , 11 San Diego retirement communities were assigned to a physical activity ( PA ) intervention or a healthy aging attention control condition .  Participants were 307 adults over 65 years old . The multilevel PA intervention was delivered with the assistance of peer leaders , who were trained older adult from the retirement communities . Intervention components included individual counseling & self-monitoring with pedometers , group education sessions , group walks , community advocacy and pedestrian community change projects . Intervention condition by time interactions were tested using generalized mixed effects regressions . The primary outcomes was accelerometer measured physical activity . Secondary outcomes were blood pressure and objective ly measured physical functioning . Results Over 70 % of the sample were 80 years or older .  PA  significantly increased in the intervention condition ( 56 min of moderate-vigorous PA per week ; 119 min of light PA ) compared with the control condition and remained significantly higher across the 12 month study . Men and participants under 84 years old benefited most from the intervention . There was a significant decrease in systolic ( p < .007 ) and diastolic ( p < .02 ) blood pressure at 6 months . Physical functioning improved but the changes were not statistically significant . Conclusions Intervention fidelity was high demonstrating feasibility . Changes in PA and blood pressure achieved were comparable to other studies with much younger participants . Men , in particular , avoided a year-long decline in PA.Trial registration clincialtrials.gov Identifier : NCT01155011 Background Ageing is associated with a decrease in physical activity . This decrease particularly occurs during specific transitional life stages . Especially during adolescence and young adulthood a steep decrease in physical activity is observed . Inactive people are often not aware of their inactivity . Providing feedback on the actual physical activity level by an activity monitor can increase awareness and may in combination with an individually tailored physical activity advice stimulate a physically active lifestyle . Methods In a r and omized controlled trial the effectiveness of providing an activity monitor in combination with a personal physical activity advice through the Internet will be examined . Outcome measures are level of physical activity , determinants of physical activity , quality of life , empowerment , aerobic fitness and body composition .  Participants are relatively inactive adolescents and young adults who are measured at baseline , after 3 months intervention and 5 months after the end of the intervention . In addition , facilitating and hindering factors for implementation of the intervention will be investigated . Discussion The use of a personal activity monitor in combination with web-based assisted individually tailored health promotion offers a good opportunity to work interactively with large groups of adolescents and young adults and provide them with advice based on their actual activity level . It has great potential to motivate people to change their behaviour and to our knowledge has not been evaluated before BACKGROUND Regular physical activity reduces the risk for chronic diseases among older adults . Older adults are likely to be seen by primary care clinicians who can play a role in promoting physical activity among their patients . DESIGN In this r and omized controlled trial ( 1998 - 2003 ; data analyzed 2004 - 2005 ) , we compared the effects of brief advice to exercise from a clinician supplemented by telephone-based counseling by health educators ( extended advice ) to brief advice from a clinician alone ( brief advice ) . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS A total of 100 primary care patients ( 63.2 % female , 14.7 % minority , mean age=68.5 years ) participated in the trial . INTERVENTIONS The extended-advice intervention consisted of clinician advice plus exercise counseling via telephone provided by research staff , and the brief advice condition consisted of clinician advice alone . Both interventions focused on promoting moderate-intensity physical activity . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported physical activity using the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall instrument and objective activity monitoring using Biotrainers were assessed at baseline , and at 3 and 6 months . RESULTS Participants in the extended-advice arm reported significantly greater participation in moderate-intensity physical activity than the brief-advice group at 3 months ( + 57.69 minutes vs 12.45 minutes ; 3.84 kcal/week vs 0.83 kcal/week ) and 6 months ( + 62.84 minutes vs 16.60 minutes ; 4.19 kcal/week vs 1.1 kcal/week ) . Objective activity monitoring also showed significantly increased physical activity among extended-advice versus brief-advice participants at both time points ( + 50.79 vs -11.11 ; + 42.39 vs -24.18 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that clinician advice with follow-up counseling can promote adoption of moderate-intensity physical activity among older , primary care patients Background To counteract decline in physical performance and physical activity in older patients during hospitalization , multiple physical interventions were developed . However , it is unknown whether these are effective in this particular population . This systematic review aim ed to identify the effect of physical interventions on physical performance and physical activity in older patients during hospitalization . Methods The systematic search included PubMed , EMBASE , Cinahl , the Trials data base of The Cochrane Library and SPORTd iscus from inception to 22 November 2017 . Studies were included if the mean age of the patient cohort was 65 years and older and the effect of physical interventions on  physical performance or physical activity  was evaluated during hospitalization . Results Fifteen r and omized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria . Overall , the effect of physical interventions on physical performance was inconsistent . Patient tailored interventions , i.e. continuously adapted to the capabilities of the patient were not found to be superior over interventions that were not . Physical activity as outcome measure was not addressed . Reporting of intensity of the interventions and adherence were frequently lacking . Conclusions Evidence for the effect of physical interventions on physical performance in older patients during hospitalization was found uncertain . Further research on the efficacy of the intervention is needed , comparing types of intervention with detailed reporting of frequency , intensity and duration OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effectiveness of a minimal intervention physical activity strategy ( physician-based assessment and counseling for exercise [ PACE ] ) applied in general practice setting s in the Netherl and s. METHODS R and omization took place at the general practice level . Participants were patients aged 18 - 70 years of age who had been diagnosed with hypertension , hypercholesterolemia , or non-insulin-dependent diabetes and had not been regularly physically active in the past 6 months . Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and at 8-week , 6-month , and 1-year follow-ups . RESULTS No significant intervention effect over time was observed on physical activity level or stage of change for regular physical activity , and an inverse intervention effect was observed for waist circumference . However , the study population as a whole exhibited a significant increase in physical activity and a borderline significant decrease in body weight at the 1-year follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Positive effects on physical activity level and body weight were observed , but the PACE intervention was not more effective than the st and ard physical activity advice BACKGROUND Efforts to achieve population -wide increases in walking and similar moderate-intensity physical activities potentially can be enhanced through relevant applications of state-of-the-art interactive communication technologies . Yet few systematic efforts to evaluate the efficacy of h and -held computers and similar devices for enhancing physical activity levels have occurred . The purpose of this first-generation study was to evaluate the efficacy of a h and -held computer ( i.e. , personal digital assistant [ PDA ] ) for increasing moderate intensity or more vigorous ( MOD+ ) physical activity levels over 8 weeks in mid-life and older adults relative to a st and ard information control arm . DESIGN R and omized , controlled 8-week experiment . Data were collected in 2005 and analyzed in 2006 - 2007 . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS Community-based study of 37 healthy , initially underactive adults aged 50 years and older who were r and omized and completed the 8-week study ( intervention=19 , control=18 ) . INTERVENTION Participants received an instructional session and a PDA programmed to monitor their physical activity levels twice per day and provide daily and weekly individualized feedback , goal setting , and support . Controls received st and ard , age-appropriate written physical activity educational material s. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Physical activity was assessed via the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors ( CHAMPS ) question naire at baseline and 8 weeks . RESULTS Relative to controls , intervention participants reported significantly greater 8-week mean estimated caloric expenditure levels and minutes per week in MOD+ activity ( p<0.04 ) . Satisfaction with the PDA was reasonably high in this largely PDA-naive sample . CONCLUSIONS Results from this first-generation study indicate that h and -held computers may be effective tools for increasing initial physical activity levels among underactive adults Background As adults age , their physical activity decreases and sedentary behavior increases , leading to increased risk of negative health outcomes .  Wearable electronic activity monitors have shown promise for delivering effective behavior change techniques . However , little is known about the feasibility and acceptability of non-Fitbit wearables ( Fitbit , Inc , San Francisco , California ) combined with telephone counseling among adults aged more than 55 years . Objective The purpose of our study was to determine the feasibility , acceptability , and effect on physical activity of an intervention combining a wearable physical activity monitor , tablet device , and telephone counseling  among adults aged 55 - 79 years . Methods Adults ( N=40 , aged 55 - 79 years , body mass index=25 - 35 , < 60 min of activity per week ) were r and omized to receive a 12-week intervention or to a wait list control . Intervention participants received a Jawbone Up24 monitor , a tablet with the Jawbone Up app installed , and brief weekly telephone counseling . Participants set daily and weekly step goals and used the monitor ’s idle alert to notify them when they were sedentary for more than 1 h. Interventionists provided brief counseling once per week by telephone .  Feasibility was measured using observation and study records , and acceptability was measured by self-report using vali date d items . Physical activity and sedentary time were measured using ActivPAL monitors following st and ard protocol s. Body composition was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans , and fitness was measured using a 6-min walk test . Results Participants were 61.48 years old ( SD 5.60 ) , 85 % ( 34/40 ) female , 65 % ( 26/40 ) white .  Average activity monitor wear time was 81.85 ( SD 3.73 ) of 90 days . Of the 20 Up24 monitors , 5 were reported broken and 1 lost . No related adverse events were reported . Acceptability items were rated at least 4 on a scale of 1 - 5 . Effect sizes for most outcomes were small , including stepping time per day ( d=0.35 ) , steps per day ( d=0.26 ) , sitting time per day ( d=0.21 ) , body fat ( d=0.17 ) , and weight ( d=0.33 ) . Conclusions The intervention was feasible and acceptable in this population . Effect sizes were similar to the sizes found using other wearable electronic activity monitors , indicating that when combined with telephone counseling , wearable activity monitors are a potentially effective tool for increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary behavior . Trial registration Clinical trials.gov NCT01869348 ; https:// clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01869348 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6odlIolqy Sedentary behavior among older adults increases risk for chronic diseases . Physicians in a primary care setting can play an important role in promoting physical activity adoption among their older patients . The Physically Active for Life ( PAL ) project was a r and omized , controlled trial comparing the efficacy of brief physician-delivered physical activity counseling to usual care on self-reported physical activity levels . The physical activity counseling was based on the Transtheoretical Model of Change and social learning theory . Twenty-four community-based primary care medical practice s were recruited into the study ; 12 were r and omized to the Intervention condition and 12 to the Control condition . Physicians in the Intervention practice s received training in the delivery of brief physical activity counseling . Subjects in the Intervention practice s ( n=181 ) received brief activity counseling matched to their stage of motivational readiness for physical activity , a patient manual , a follow-up appointment with their physician to discuss activity counseling , and newsletter mailings . Subjects in the Control practice s ( n=174 ) received st and ard care .  Measures of motivational readiness for physical activity and the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly ( PASE ) were administered to subjects in both conditions at baseline , 6 weeks following their initial appointment , and at 8 months . Results showed that at the 6-week follow-up , subjects in the Intervention condition were more likely to be in more advanced stages of motivational readiness for physical activity than subjects in the Control condition . This effect was not maintained at the 8 month follow-up and the intervention did not produce significant changes in PASE scores . Results suggest that more intensive , sustained interventions may be necessary to promote the adoption of physical activity among sedentary , middle-aged , and older adults in primary care medical practice Background Important health benefits can be derived when low-cost ( e.g. , computer-tailored ) physical activity interventions for older adults demonstrate sustained effects . Purpose The purpose of the study was to conduct in-depth analysis on the long-term efficacy of two tailored physical activity interventions for older adults . Methods A r and omized controlled trial ( n = 1,971 ) with two computer-tailored interventions  and a no-intervention control group was conducted . The two tailored interventions consisted of three tailored letters , delivered during 4 months . The basic tailored intervention targeted psychosocial determinants alone , while the environmentally tailored intervention additionally targeted environmental determinants , by providing tailored environmental information .  Self-reported behaviors ( i.e. , total physical activity , transport walking and cycling , leisure walking and cycling , and sports ) were measured at baseline and 12 months . Additionally , potential personal , health-related , and psychosocial moderators of the intervention effects were examined . Results The environmentally tailored intervention was effective in changing total physical activity , leisure cycling , and sports compared with the basic intervention and control group . No intervention effects were found for the basic intervention . Moderation analysis revealed that participants with a higher age , lower body mass index , and higher intention were unresponsive to the interventions . Conclusions Providing environmental information is an effective intervention strategy for increasing physical activity behaviors among older adults , especially among certain “ at-risk ” subgroups such as lower educated , overweight , or insufficiently active participants . Moderation analysis was perceived as a promising method for identifying meaningful subgroups that are unaffected by an intervention , which should receive special attention in future interventions The objective of this study is to describe the rationale , design and selected baseline results of a 2-year r and omized-controlled trial ( RCT ) on the effects of physical activity counseling in community-living older people . After a four-phase screening and data - collection process targeting all independently living people in the city center of Jyväskylä , Finl and , six hundred and thirty-two 75 - 81-year-old cognitively intact , sedentary persons who were able to move independently outdoors at least minimally and willing to take part in the RCT were r and omized into intervention and control groups . At baseline , over half of the subjects exercised less than two to three times a month and two-thirds were willing to increase their physical activity level . The desire to increase physical activity was more common ( 86 % ) among subjects with mobility limitation compared with those without ( 60 % , P=0.004 ) . The intervention group received an individualized face-to-face counseling session , followed by phone contacts every 3 months throughout the intervention . The study outcomes include physical activity level , mobility limitation , functional impairments , disability , mood , quality of life , use of services , institutionalization and mortality . The screening and recruitment process was feasible and succeeded well , and showed that unmet physical activity needs are common in older people With more social support and environment-centered interventions being recommended in web-based interventions , this study examined the efficacy of three intervention conditions aim ed at promoting physical activity ( PA ) in older adults . The efficacy analyses included the self-reported PA level , stage of change for PA and awareness about PA among participants . Eligible participants ( N = 149 ; M = 65 years old , SD = 6 ) , recruited in a unique Belgian French-speaking municipality , were r and omized in four research arms for a 3-month intervention : ( i ) web-based ; ( ii ) center-based ; ( iii ) mixed ( combination of web- and center-based ) ; and ( iv ) control ( no intervention ) . Web-based condition included a PA website and monthly tailored emails whereas center-based condition comprised 12 sessions ( 1 per week ) of group exercising . With a significant increase in PA , the PA stage of change and the PA awareness at 12 months , the mixed intervention condition seemed to include the key social and motivating elements for sustainable behavior change . Center-based intervention was more likely to produce significant improvements of the PA level and the stage of change for PA change whereas web-based intervention was more likely to extend the awareness about PA Background Physical activity ( PA ) for older adults has well-documented physical and cognitive benefits , but most seniors do not meet recommended guidelines for PA , and interventions are lacking . Objectives This study evaluated the efficacy of a 12-week Internet intervention to help sedentary older adults over 55 years of age adopt and maintain an exercise regimen . Methods A total of 368 sedentary men and women ( M=60.3 ; SD 4.9 ) were recruited , screened , and assessed online . They were r and omized into treatment and control groups and assessed at pretest , at 12 weeks , and at 6 months . After treatment group participants rated their fitness level , activity goals , and barriers to exercise , the Internet intervention program helped them select exercise activities in the areas of endurance , flexibility , strengthening , and balance enhancement . They returned to the program weekly for automated video and text support and education , with the option to change or increase their exercise plan . The program also included ongoing problem solving to overcome user-identified barriers to exercise . Results The multivariate model indicated significant treatment effects at posttest ( P=.001 ; large effect size ) and at 6 months ( P=.001 ; medium effect size ) . At posttest , intervention participation showed significant improvement on 13 of 14 outcome measures compared to the control participants . At 6 months , treatment participants maintained large gains compared to the control participants on all 14 outcome measures . Conclusions These results suggest that an online PA program has the potential to positively impact the physical activity of sedentary older adult participants . More research is needed to replicate the study results , which were based on self-report measures . Research is also needed on intervention effects with older population Background Compared to females , males experience higher rates of chronic disease and mortality , yet few health promotion initiatives are specifically aim ed at men . Therefore , the aim of the ManUp Study is to examine the effectiveness of an IT-based intervention to increase the physical activity and nutrition behaviour and literacy in middle-aged males ( aged 35–54 years ) . Method / Design The study design was a two-arm r and omised controlled trial , having an IT-based ( applying website and mobile phones ) and a print-based intervention arm , to deliver intervention material s and to promote self-monitoring of physical activity and nutrition behaviours .  Participants ( n = 317 ) were r and omised on a 2:1 ratio in favour of the IT-based intervention arm . Both intervention arms completed assessment s at baseline , 3 , and 9 months . All participants completed self-report assessment s of physical activity , sitting time , nutrition behaviours , physical activity and nutrition literacy , perceived health status and socio-demographic characteristics . A r and omly selected sub- sample in the IT-based ( n = 61 ) and print-based ( n = 30 ) intervention arms completed objective measures of height , weight , waist circumference , and physical activity as measured by accelerometer ( Actigraph GT3X ) . The average age of participants in the IT-based and print-based intervention arm was 44.2 and 43.8 years respectively . The majority of participants were employed in professional occupations ( IT-based 57.6 % , Print-based 54.2 % ) and were overweight or obese ( IT-based 90.8 % , Print-based 87.3 % ) . At baseline a lower proportion of participants in the IT-based ( 70.2 % ) group agreed that 30 minutes of physical activity each day is enough to improve health compared to the print-based ( 82.3 % ) group ( p = .026 ) . The IT-based group consumed a significantly lower number of serves of red meat in the previous week , compared to the print-based group ( p = .017 ) . No other significant between-group differences were observed at baseline . Discussion The ManUp Study will examine the effectiveness of an IT-based approach to improve physical activity and nutrition behaviour and literacy . Study outcomes will provide much needed information on the efficacy of this approach in middle aged males , which is important due to the large proportions of males at risk , and the potential reach of IT-based interventions .Trial registration Background In the ProActive Trial an intensive theory-based intervention program was no more effective than theory-based brief advice in increasing objective ly measured physical activity among adults at risk of Type 2 diabetes . We aim ed to illuminate these findings by assessing whether the intervention program changed cognitions about increasing activity , defined by the Theory of Planned Behaviour , in ways consistent with the theory . Methods N = 365 sedentary participants aged 30–50 years with a parental history of Type 2 diabetes were r and omised to brief advice alone or to brief advice plus the intervention program delivered face-to-face or by telephone . Question naires at baseline , 6 and 12 months assessed cognitions about becoming more physically active . Analysis of covariance was used to test intervention impact . Bootstrapping was used to test multiple mediation of intervention impact . Results At 6 months , combined intervention groups ( face-to-face and telephone ) reported that they found increasing activity more enjoyable ( affective attitude , d = .25 ) , and they perceived more instrumental benefits ( e.g. , improving health ) ( d = .23 ) and more control ( d = .32 ) over increasing activity than participants receiving brief advice alone . Stronger intentions ( d = .50 ) in the intervention groups than the brief advice group at 6 months were partially explained by affective attitude and perceived control . At 12 months , intervention groups perceived more positive instrumental ( d = .21 ) and affective benefits ( d = .29 ) than brief advice participants . The intervention did not change perceived social pressure to increase activity . Conclusion Lack of effect of the intervention program on physical activity over and above brief advice was consistent with limited and mostly small short-term effects on cognitions . Targeting affective benefits ( e.g. , enjoyment , social interaction ) and addressing barriers to physical activity may strengthen intentions , but stronger intentions did not result in more behaviour change . More powerful interventions which induce large changes in TPB cognitions may be needed . Other interventions deserving further evaluation include theory-based brief advice , intensive measurement of physical and psychological factors , and monitoring of physical activity . Future research should consider a wider range of mediators of physical activity change , assess participants ' use of self-regulatory strategies taught in the intervention , and conduct experimental studies or statistical modelling prior to trial evaluation . IS RCT N61323766 OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of high-intensity aerobic interval exercise ( HIA ) with home-based exercise ( HB ) in older adults with chronic disease soon after discharge from the hospital . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Hospital . PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling older adults aged 70 to 92 ( N = 115 ) were recruited while in the hospital . After discharge , they were r and omized to HIA group ( n = 59 ) or HB ( n = 56 ) . INTERVENTION High-intensity aerobic interval exercise ( HIA ) consisted of endurance , strength , and balance exercises . The HB consisted of low-intensity exercises and telephone follow-up from a physical therapist . MEASUREMENTS Health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Survey , physical fitness was measured using the Senior Fitness Test , and physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly . RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis showed that both groups improved their HRQOL and physical activity after 3 months . Improvements on the Senior Fitness Test ( chair st and , arm curl and 6-minute walk ( 6MWT ) ) were significantly greater in the HIA group than the HB group . The mean difference was 25.9 m on the 6MWT ( P = .001 , effect size d = 0.2 ) , 1.3 per 30 seconds on the chair st and s mean ( P = .001 , effect size d = 0.3 ) , and 1.6 per 30 seconds on the arm curl ( P = .001 , effect size d = 0.4 ) . CONCLUSION High-intensity aerobic interval exercise ( HIA ) participants significantly improved their physical fitness . Both groups increased their HRQOL and physical activity . The findings suggest that exercise therapy should be incorporated as a part of the treatment for older people at risk for functional decline Abstract Background Little is known about which behavior change strategies motivate older adults to increase their physical activity . Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the relative effects of two sets of behavior change strategies to motivate increased physical activity among older adults :  interpersonal and intrapersonal . Methods Community-dwelling older adults ( N = 102 , mean age = 79 ) were r and omized in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment to receive interpersonal ( e.g. , social support , friendly social comparison ; no , yes ) and /or intrapersonal ( e.g. , goal setting , barriers management ; no , yes ) behavior change strategies , combined with an evidence -based , physical activity protocol ( Otago exercise program ) and a physical activity monitor ( Fitbit One ™ ) . Results Based on monitor data , participants who received interpersonal strategies , compared to those who did not , increased their average minutes of total physical activity ( light , moderate , vigorous ) per week , immediately ( p = .006 ) and 6 months ( p = .048 ) post-intervention . Similar , increases were observed on measures of functional strength and balance , immediately ( p = .012 ) and 6 months ( p = .003 ) post-intervention . The intrapersonal strategies did not elicit a significant increase in physical activity or functional strength and balance . Conclusions Findings suggest a set of interpersonally oriented behavior change strategies combined with an evidence -based physical activity protocol can elicit modest , but statistically and clinical ly significant , increases in older adults ’ physical activity and functional strength and balance . Future research should replicate these findings and investigate the sustained quantity of physical activity elicited by these strategies and their impact on older adults ’ quality of life and falls . Trial Registration The Clinical Trials.gov registration identifier is NCT02433249
No impact of patient and intervention characteristics on the effect estimates were found .
Short conclusion Low quality of evidence was found for a moderate effect of physical activity monitor-based interventions on physical activity compared with control interventions .
Background The body of evidence related to the effect of physical activity monitor-based interventions has grown over the recent years .
However , the effect of physical activity monitor-based interventions in older adults remains unclear and should be systematic ally review ed .
Objective The objective of this systematic review was to estimate the effect of physical activity monitor-based interventions on physical activity behavior  in participants aged 65 and above .
Subsequently we explored the effect on body mass index , physical capacity , and health-related quality of life and finally the impact of patient- and intervention characteristics .