By Trisha Powell Crain 
 
 This story was written for AL.com by independent journalist Trisha Powell Crain of Alabama School Connection. 
 
 While most of the nation long ago stopped striking children, Alabama principals continue to boast one of the highest batting percentages in the nation, paddling one child every four minutes. 
 
 Across Alabama public schools, nearly 19,000 students were paddled in the 2013-2014 school year, according to newly available data from the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights. The count is of individual students and does not indicate how many were paddled more than once. 
 
 Unlike in most of the developed world, Alabama law explicitly allows adults to administer corporal punishment, and education leaders in Alabama find no problem with paddling in schools. 
 
 "I don't anticipate this being the focus of change that Alabama needs to move our student achievement higher," said Rep. Terri Collins, R-Decatur, chair of the Education Policy committee in the Alabama House of Representatives. 
 
 Collins said no one has brought up the subject of paddling in the legislature. "As a child paddled, and as a parent who paddled, I've not experienced the negative side of corporal punishment personally, only the positive side," Collins said in a statement. 
 
 While no studies exist showing improvement of student achievement after corporal punishment is banned, many studies show the negative impact paddling has on children's attitudes toward and achievement in school. After decades of research, all major children's advocacy and medical groups have called for an end to corporal punishment. 
 
 But the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the right of public schools to administer corporal punishment to students in 1977. The new federal data shows that most states decline to use the option, as Alabama is one of just 21 states to report any paddling in any public school. 
 
 Alabama is one of just 15 states with a state law that explicitly allows for corporal punishment. Another 29 states specifically ban the practice. 
 
 In Alabama, the new data also shows disproportionate usage, as boys are far more likely to be paddled than girls, and black and multi-race students are more likely to be paddled than white students. Though black males made up only 24 percent of the population in the schools that paddle, they accounted for 35 percent of the boys who were paddled. 
 
 While the number of total swings is far lower for girls, the racial disparity was higher. About a quarter of the girls in schools that paddle are African-American, but nearly half of the girls who were paddled were African-American. 
 
 Dr. Amir Whitaker, an attorney at the Southern Poverty Law Center who has studied the effects of paddling, says that Alabama policy contradicts national research. "It's a very convenient and knee-jerk reaction to discipline. And it does nothing but harm the child. All the research shows that, and all the experts know that," Whitaker said. 
 
 "Research clearly says you're more likely to be aggressive if someone is aggressive with you. You're more likely to physically abuse someone if someone has physically abused you," he said. 
 
 Whitaker points out that if he, as an adult, hit a child with a board, he'd be charged with aggravated assault, yet Alabama law allows adult educators to hit children at school. 
 
 
 
 
 
 No debate in Alabama 
 
 Meanwhile, 49 nations, including most of Europe and South America, have outlawed the use of corporal punishment both in schools and in the home, according to the Global Initiative to End Corporal Punishment. 
 
 And while pressure has mounted on holdouts, such as France, there has been little public debate in Alabama or neighboring states. 
 
 "Proper corporal punishment isn't abuse, and we should be clear about that," said Mary Scott Hunter, a member of the state Board of Education. 
 
 Hunter said she had not reviewed any research on the subject, nor had she ever been asked about paddling while serving on the state board. But she said she knows many parents and school leaders who use corporal punishment on children, adding she defers to their judgment about its use in a school setting. 
 
 "We often see misbehavior in children that comes straight from the home, and I'd like to see some parents lined up and paddled for that," said Hunter. "Habitual tardiness and truancy comes to mind." 
 
 Heaviest hitters in the South 
 
 Of the 21 states that paddled in 2013-2014, a dozen are in the South. 
 
 And when it comes to frequency of paddling, seven of the top ten heaviest hitters are also in the South. Alabama lands at number three in the nation for percentage of students who are paddled, behind Mississippi and Arkansas. 
 
 In Alabama, federal data shows 18,749 students were paddled in 2013-2014. That's about 2.5% of all students in Alabama. 
 
 But the paddle is not invoked evenly across the state nor across school districts. More than half of all schools in Mississippi paddled students, but just under half in Alabama use corporal punishment. 
 
 This first map shows the number of students paddled at least once. 
 
 Meanwhile, American education and child advocacy groups, including the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Bar Association, the National Education Association, the American Federation of Teachers, the National Association for Secondary School Principals, and the American Civil Liberties Union, continue to call for a ban, citing harmful long-term effects of paddling on children and the need to keep physical violence out of the educational environment. 
 
 The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry policy statement against corporal punishment, reads in part: "Corporal punishment signals to the child that a way to settle interpersonal conflicts is to use physical force and inflict pain ... Supervising adults who willfully humiliate children and punish by force and pain are often causing more harm than they prevent." 
 
 The federal definition of corporal punishment is "paddling, spanking, or other forms of physical punishment imposed on a student". Alabama leaves its definition to local boards of education. 
 
 Here's what Alabama law says about corporal punishment: 
 
 "No student has a right to be unruly in his or her classroom to the extent that such disruption denies fellow students of their right to learn. The teacher in each classroom is expected to maintain order and discipline. Teachers are hereby given the authority and responsibility to use appropriate means of discipline up to and including corporal punishment as may be prescribed by the local board of education." 
 
 In practice, spanking largely falls to principals and assistant principals, rather than classroom teachers. 
 
 Alabama growing cautious 
 
 The Alabama Board of Education just hired a new state superintendent from Massachusetts, a state that banned corporal punishment in 1971. State Superintendent Michael Sentance, who starts work today, could not be reached for comment. 
 
 Requests for comment from the Alabama State Department of Education were not successful. 
 
 But Dr. Eric Mackey, director of the School Superintendents of Alabama (SSA), said he believes the decision to paddle belongs at the district and school level. Mackey has worked in school districts that paddled students and in those that don't. "I can certainly see both sides of the debate," he said. 
 
 Maintaining order in the classroom is necessary to ensure students have a good learning environment, Mackey said. He said he believes Alabama school officials have grown cautious about using corporal punishment due in part to the litigious nature of society, but also due to the national trend away from paddling. 
 
 For their part, he said, SSA cautions school superintendents to make certain teachers and administrators know what the local board policy allows and to ensure employees follow local board policy. 
 
 While the National Education Association has called for a ban on paddling, the Alabama Education Association has not done so. Efforts to reach AEA President Sheila Remington Hocutt to determine why AEA has remained silent on this issue were not successful. 
 
 Inside the numbers 
 
 In Alabama in 2013-2014, boys were paddled at a 4.5-to-1 rate over girls. 
 
 The federal data showed that 107 of Alabama's 133 school districts engaged in the practice. (Two small city school districts, Satsuma and Troy, were not included in the federal data.) 
 
 Here's a look at which districts paddled students. Use the drop-down menu to choose whether you want to see the actual number of students paddled or the rate (or percentage) of students paddled. 
 
 Even within districts, some schools paddled far more often than others. 
 
 Nearly half, or 657 of Alabama's 1,367 schools, saw at least one incident of paddling. More than 400 of those schools that used corporal punishment enrolled elementary-aged children. 
 
 Because grade levels vary widely within schools across Alabama, it's hard to say exactly at which grades most of the paddling happened, but 10,550, or 56% of the students who were paddled attended schools that enrolled kindergartners up to at least fifth graders. 
 
 Here's a map of all schools that paddled students during the 2013-2014 school year. 
 
 When looking at schools where paddling was practiced, black males received the highest rate of paddling, at 13 percent of black males enrolled. Though black males only made up 24 percent of the population, they accounted for 35 percent of the total male students that were paddled. Alabama's numbers mirror national numbers as black males make up 22 percent of the population nationwide and accounted for 38 percent of the total male students paddled nationwide. 
 
 Among males of two or more races, one in ten was paddled, double the rate for Hispanic males, and three times the rate for Asian males. Six percent of American Indian males were paddled. 
 
 About 8 percent of white males were paddled. Overall, white males made up 66 percent of the total student population in schools where students were paddled, and accounted for 60 percent of the students who were paddled. 
 
 Black girls are being paddled at even more disproportionate rates. Though they make up only a quarter of the population at schools where students are paddled, they accounted for 47 percent of all girls who were paddled. White girls, making up 66 percent of the population in schools where students are paddled, also accounted for 47 percent of girls who were paddled. 
 
 Students with disabilities were not paddled disproportionately more than students without disabilities statewide. Although within some schools, the numbers show students with disabilities were paddled at higher rates than those without disabilities. 
 
 Trending Downward 
 
 Though Alabama is still near the top of the list nationally when it comes to use of corporal punishment, the state's numbers have shown a long-term downward trend. 
 
 In 2000, nearly 40,000 students were paddled, according to federal data. That number was nearly 30,000 in the 2009-2010 school year, and in the latest data that number is below 20,000. (It should be noted that a representative sample of schools was used prior to the 2011-2012 collection, when every school was required to report discipline data to the U.S. Department of Education.) 
 
 Numbers are also trending downward in two Alabama districts that were among the heaviest users of the paddle in 2013-2014. 
 
 In Selma City Schools, the Middle CHAT Academy, now known as R.B. Hudson Middle School, landed at the top of the state list for the percentage of students being paddled. Nearly 65%, or 301 of the school's 464 students were paddled. Males took most of the corporal punishment, with 200 of the 234 male students being paddled. Still, out of 230 female students, 101 were paddled. 
 
 Throughout the Selma district as a whole, nearly one in four students was paddled. But that appears to have changed. 
 
 Dr. Angela Mangum became superintendent of Selma City Schools in April of 2015. When asked about these numbers, Mangum provided 2015-2016 numbers showing only 178 incidents of paddling for the 3,588 students in the district, or one in 20 students, a difference she called "dramatic". 
 
 "One of the primary priorities in our district this year is to improve the socio-emotional well-being of students," Mangum wrote in an email response. "We are addressing this priority through improving the climate and culture of our classrooms and schools, and by implementing advisory programs in grade K-12 that emphasizes character development and positive relationships with others." 
 
 "We are moving away from the use of corporal punishment," echoed Mackey with the Alabama Superintendent association. 
 
 The use of alternative strategies, such as positive behavioral intervention supports (known as PBIS), are showing promise, he said. However, funding has "decreased precipitously" for teacher training within school districts, and training for programs like PBIS is suffering, he said. 
 
 "As a state, we're not investing in those behavioral interventions and professional development like we were ten years ago," Mackey said. 
 
 Highest rate in Alabama 
 
 While Selma may have claimed the highest rate for a single school, Conecuh County saw the highest rate of paddling by an entire district. 
 
 Conecuh County Schools in south Alabama paddled more students at a higher rate than any other district in Alabama. Of the 1,463 students enrolled, 341, or 23.3%, were paddled during the 2013-2014 school year. That was just slightly higher than Selma. 
 
 That means all students in Conecuh stood roughly a one in four chance of being paddled. Leading the way in Conecuh, with a 43% rate of paddling, was Thurgood Marshall Middle School in Evergreen, Alabama. 
 
 Dr. Zickeyous Byrd, superintendent in Conecuh County Schools, said "Corporal punishment is allowed in Conecuh County Schools with several restrictions. The very first, and most important one, is that any parent can 'opt out' of corporal punishment for his or her child." Byrd said it only takes a simple note from home. 
 
 But Byrd also spoke of a move away from corporal punishment. He said since he became superintendent in March 2015, paddling is now used as a "last resort," adding "only after all other corrective actions have been tried do we administer corporal punishment." 
 
 Conecuh County's student code of conduct sets out guidelines for how paddling is to be done and specifies "the employee will use a Board issued paddle" and the number of "licks" will be determined by the principal or his/her designee." Also, "at no time more than three (3) licks will be administered." 
 
 This map shows the rate of Alabama students paddled at each school by gender. The rate is the percent of students in that school and of that gender that were paddled. https://public.tableau.com/views/CorporalPunishment2013-2014OCRData/RateofStudentsbySchool?:embed=y&:display_count=yes 
 
 Why 2013-2014 numbers? 
 
 Without the federal civil rights database on school discipline, it is difficult to see what has happened since the 2013-2014 school year. Though many states provide disciplinary actions through their state department of education web sites, Alabama does not. 
 
 Discipline data belongs to local school districts, and representatives from the Alabama State Department of Education (ALSDE) have said they do not have access to the data to be able to determine how many students were paddled during a school year. 
 
 But paddling students has a long history in Alabama. Much has been said about how southerners tend to spank their children, both at home and at school, more than those living in other areas of the country. 
 
 A recent study of all available research, called a "meta-analysis", on the effects of corporal punishment shows that paddling is not effective at controlling behaviors. "Instead of helping children to develop the desire and motivation to behave well of their own accord, corporal punishment teaches children that it is desirable not to get caught: rather than behaving differently next time, they are therefore likely to repeat the undesired behavior and use strategies to avoid being caught." 
 
 A recent international study linked corporal punishment with lower grades in school. 
 
 Whitaker at the Southern Poverty Law Center said that cultural acceptance of spanking children in the South makes it difficult to end the practice at school. 
 
 "As a society, we've acknowledged that bullying in schools should not be tolerated. Arming administrators and teachers with weapons and telling them it's okay to use their physical dominance on children, it's a form of bullying that shouldn't be tolerated," he said. "It sends a message that physical violence is an acceptable way to resolve conflict. In no other area is it acceptable to resolve conflict through violence. It shouldn't be tolerated in schools." 
 
 Data was extracted from the U.S. Department of Education's Civil Rights Data Collection for the 2013-2014 school year. Rates and proportions were calculated for purposes of this article. 
 
 More than 95,000 schools across the United States and its territories self-report the numbers on many topics including discipline, advanced course offerings and enrollment, chronic absenteeism among students and teachers. School officials must certify the accuracy of the data. 
 
 Data is collected every two years. ||||| First of two parts 
 
 Last year, the blue-collar town of Temple found itself in the spotlight after its school board decided to reinstate corporal punishment. 
 
 National journalists headed to Central Texas to report that in some towns, it's OK to give licks to misbehaving students. 
 
 Supporters and opponents debated the old-school discipline in chat rooms and on message boards. People, it seemed, had plenty to say about a school district bringing back the paddle. 
 
 But for hundreds of Texas schools, including some in North Texas, the paddle has never stopped swinging. 
 
 "I think most people are surprised that it still goes on, especially in other parts of the country," said Jimmy Dunne, president of People Opposed to Paddling Students, a Houston-based organization that has worked to abolish corporal punishment in Texas schools since the 1980s. "I don't think there is any place for paddling. I think it's child abuse and it should be banned." 
 
 State Rep. Alma Allen, D-Houston, agrees. In January, she introduced House Bill 916, which seeks to ban corporal punishment in all Texas school districts -- her fourth effort to pass an anti-paddling law. 
 
 "Only 40 of 1,033 school districts in the state of Texas have banned it, so we have a long way to go," said Allen, a retired principal with the Houston school district, which no longer paddles students. "This, for me, is a really daunting issue. Schools should be happy places. Children cannot learn in an environment that is threatening. I don't want to go anywhere where someone is going to beat me." 
 
 Texas is one of 20 states, most of them in the Bible Belt, that still allow corporal punishment in schools. 
 
 During the 2006-07 school year, the most recent period with statewide statistics available, more than 49,000 Texas students were paddled, putting Texas at the top of the list, according to the U.S. Education Department's Office for Civil Rights. But the punishment continues to be a controversial and confusing subject, partly because school districts make their own policies and the line between discipline and abuse can be blurred. 
 
 In North Texas, most of the big districts, including Fort Worth, Dallas and Arlington, have policies against it. Others, including Everman and White Settlement, allow paddling but rarely use it. 
 
 Many other districts, especially in rural areas, regularly paddle students. Springtown has used corporal punishment at least 103 times this school year, while Alvarado has used it at least 46 times and Godley 21 times. 
 
 Those who support paddling say it deters bad behavior. 
 
 "Rep. Allen is 72 years old, and she is out of touch with reality," said Gilbert Leal, a political consultant and former substitute teacher who started the website bringbacklicks.com last year in an effort to reinstate corporal punishment in the Dallas school district. 
 
 "I'm not trying to discredit her, but when is the last time she was in the classroom?" Leal said. "If anything, she should remember the good old days when there was no such thing as in-school suspension. It was just the looming threat of the paddle -- and that was enough." 
 
 Pediatricians opposed 
 
 Most experts agree that social acceptance of spanking has waned in the past several years, perhaps reflecting the changing views of the medical profession. 
 
 The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that corporal punishment be abolished in all schools by law because "it may affect adversely a student's self-image and school achievement and ... it may contribute to disruptive and violent student behavior." 
 
 Dr. David Sabine, a clinical psychologist in Wichita Falls, said 30 states have banned it for a reason. 
 
 "Only those ignorant of what works in shaping behavior -- or those who remain intentionally blind to it -- can maintain a defense of corporal punishment," Sabine said. "It teaches the child to use violence to achieve one's desired ends. If you think a child knows the difference between their being aggressive to a peer and an authority being aggressive to them, think again. Social-learning psychologists have shown definitively that children are major imitators. They do what they have seen others do. ... I love my state, but the fact that this policy endures is embarrassing and tragic." 
 
 Rep. Harold Dutton, D-Houston, an outspoken supporter of corporal punishment who passed a bill in 2005 that reaffirmed parents' rights to paddle, remains steadfast in his belief that paddling should be a tool for parents and educators when a child needs an attitude adjustment. 
 
 "Discipline is designed to teach that bad choices lead to bad consequences," he said. "We're not talking about abusing kids. We're talking about a situation where a child has engaged in certain activities that need correction. If you don't allow corporal punishment as a discipline tool, administrators will increasingly suspend students and put them out of school. And which is worse?" 
 
 'A last resort' 
 
 In Texas, the decision to use corporal punishment rests with each district's school board, which outlines its policies in its student code of conduct. The Texas Association of School Boards recommends guidelines and provides "model" policies to follow, but ultimately each district is free to do what it wants. 
 
 In many districts, including Cleburne, Godley, and Springtown, spankings are often given instead of detention, suspension or other discipline, and after consultation with a parent. Many districts also specify that the principal must administer corporal punishment, out of view of other students. 
 
 "Teachers and coaches are not allowed to administer corporal punishment," said Burleson Superintendent Richard Crummel. "There are a plethora of methods available to redirect inappropriate behaviors without resorting to corporal punishment, so it is used as a last resort -- primarily at the request of the parent." 
 
 In Temple, only one student has been paddled since corporal punishment was reinstated last year -- and that was at a parent's request. 
 
 John Hancock, Temple's assistant superintendent of administration, said corporal punishment was brought back because parents who paddled their children at home wanted consistent discipline at school. Students whose parents oppose corporal punishment will not be spanked, he said. 
 
 "If you don't want your child paddled, I'm here to see that it does not happen," Hancock said. "It's an issue over which individuals are divided, and our goal is to be respectful of both sides." 
 
 Hancock said school officials are constantly evaluating their policy and appreciate the ability to change it to fit the needs of their students and community. 
 
 "Traditionally, we have been a state where local control was valued," he said. "It's complex and it's personal and, certainly, one would want the wishes of the local community to be considered. It's not a simplistic issue." 
 
 Rep. Allen knows it will be a challenge to take the paddle out of Texans' hands, but she vows to keep trying. 
 
 "Texas is a Bible Belt state and they truly believe 'Spare the rod, spoil the child,'" Allen said. "We come from a Christian perspective, that this is what we are supposed to do. I'm not to the point where I'm thinking it will pass, but I'm feeling good about the amount of support we have and about the people who are willing to come down and testify and rally and rattle cages. 
 
 "We're making progress," she said. "It will be my cause." 
 
 Staff writer Shirley Jinkins contributed to this report. 
 
 Melody McDonald, 817-390-7386 ||||| A school in Hephzibah, Georgia, is drawing national attention after sending consent forms to parents informing them of a new policy of using paddling as a form of punishment for students, CBS affiliate WRDW-TV reports. 
 
 The Georgia School of Innovation and the Classics (GSIC), a kindergarten-through-9th-grade charter school, is bringing back paddling — spanking a child on the behind with a wooden board — as a form of discipline. Superintendent Jody Boulineau told WRDW that about 100 parents sent back the forms, and one-third gave the school consent to paddle their child. 
 
 "In this school, we take discipline very seriously," the superintendent said. "There was a time where corporal punishment was kind of the norm in school and you didn't have the problems that you have." 
 
 Boulineau said parents can deny giving permission to the school. The form sent home explained the steps the school would take to discipline children with a paddle. "A student will be taken into an office behind closed doors. The student will place their hands on their knees or piece of furniture and will be struck on the buttocks with a paddle," the form, which was obtained by WRDW, reads. Students will be paddled after their third offense. The form also says "no more than three licks should be given." 
 
 The paddle will be 24 inches in length, six inches in width and 3/4 inches in thickness, the form specifies. Parents will be notified if their child is to be paddled by an administrator, according to the form, which CBS News has not independently verified. 
 
 WRDW 
 
 "It's just one more tool that we have in our disciplinary toolbox that we can use," Boulineau said. 
 
 The superintendent said the response from parents has varied. "I've heard, 'Great, it's about time, we're so glad that this is happening again, they should've never taken it out of schools.' All the way to, 'Oh my goodness, I can't believe you are doing that,'" he said. 
 
 Although paddling is seen as a controversial policy that has not been used widely in schools for years, it is legal in Georgia and 19 other states. 
 
 Parents who opt out of the paddling must agree to up to five days of suspension as punishment for their children. GSIC is the only school in the Augusta area that will start paddling students who are misbehaving this year. 
 
 Boulineau, as well as other administrators and board members, have not responded to CBS News' request for comment. ||||| Alabama Corporal Punishment in Public Schools Laws 
 
 The term corporal punishment refers to the use of physical force, such as spanking or slapping, as a means of discipline or to control a potentially dangerous situation. Every state has its own approach to the use of corporal punishment in public schools, from outright bans to more localized control. States that allow corporal punishment in public schools usually provide statutory details of what is considered reasonable, including the circumstances in which it's used. But states that don't allow the practice typically make an exception for emergency situations. 
 
 See FindLaw's School Discipline section for related articles and resources, including School Discipline History. 
 
 What Are Alabama's Laws on Corporal Punishment in Public Schools? 
 
 Alabama legislation passed in 1995 allows the use of corporal punishment in public schools, but directs local school boards to adopt their own codes of conduct and disciplinary procedures. The statute doesn't provide much detail, but prohibits any "excessive force or cruel and unusual punishment." 
 
 Code Section 16-1-24.1 Punishment Allowed Local school boards to adopt code for conduct and discipline of students. Circumstances Allowable Except in the case of excessive force or cruel and unusual punishment, no certified or noncertified employee of the State Board of Education or any local board of education shall be civilly liable for any action carried out in conformity with state law and system or school rules regarding the control, discipline, suspension, and expulsion of students. 
 
 Note: State laws are constantly changing, usually through either new legislation, ballot initiatives, or court rulings. Make sure you contact an Alabama education attorney or conduct your own legal research to verify the state law(s) you are researching. 
 
 Examples of Corporal Punishment Policies in Alabama 
 
 The majority of public school districts in Alabama use corporal punishment as a regular part of the discipline process, often with the use of a wooden paddle. Most of these policies discourage the use paddling as the first response and allow parents to opt-out. Below are some examples of corporal punishment policies in Alabama: 
 
 Alexander City Schools: A maximum of "three licks administered to a student's buttocks" is reserved as a last resort before a student is suspended or expelled. A parent may ask that their child not be subject to corporal punishment, but the principal may use it without parental consent under some circumstances. 
 
 A maximum of "three licks administered to a student's buttocks" is reserved as a last resort before a student is suspended or expelled. A parent may ask that their child not be subject to corporal punishment, but the principal may use it without parental consent under some circumstances. Autagua County School System: Corporal punishment is allowed in elementary and secondary school for minor offenses, limited to "three licks to the buttocks." Refusal to be paddled can result in suspension or expulsion. 
 
 Corporal punishment is allowed in elementary and secondary school for minor offenses, limited to "three licks to the buttocks." Refusal to be paddled can result in suspension or expulsion. Brewton City Schools: Only the principal or assistant principal may apply corporal punishment, and parents may excuse their children from physical punishment through written request. 
 
 Research the Law 
 
 Alabama Law 
 
 
 
 Official State Codes - Links to the official online statutes (laws) in all 50 states and DC. 
 
 Alabama Laws on Corporal Punishment in Public Schools: Related Resources ||||| Education Secretary John King speaks during the daily briefing at the White House in Washington, Thursday, Sept. 29, 2016. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh) (Photo: Susan Walsh, AP) 
 
 U.S. Education Secretary John King is urging school districts nationwide to stop hitting and paddling students, saying corporal punishment is “harmful, ineffective, and often disproportionately applied to students of color and students with disabilities.” 
 
 In a “dear colleague” letter being issued Tuesday, King asks educators to “eliminate this practice from your schools, and instead promote supportive, effective disciplinary measures. 
 
 “The use of corporal punishment can hinder the creation of a positive school climate by focusing on punitive measures to address student misbehavior rather than positive behavioral interventions and supports,” King writes. “Corporal punishment also teaches students that physical force is an acceptable means of solving problems, undermining efforts to promote nonviolent techniques for conflict resolution." 
 
 Recent research suggests that more than 160,000 children in 19 states are potential victims of corporal punishment in schools each year, with African-American children in a few southern school districts about 50% more likely than white students to be smacked or paddled by a school worker. 
 
 The prevalence of corporal punishment in schools has been steadily dropping since the 1970s, according to findings published last month by the Society for Research in Child Development, a Washington, D.C.-based policy group. 
 
 Half of states banned school corporal punishment between 1974 and 1994, but since then, researchers say, only a handful more states have followed suit. 
 
 University of Texas researcher Elizabeth Gershoff and a colleague found that 19 states still allow public school personnel to use corporal punishment, from preschool to high school. The states are all in the south or west: Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wyoming. 
 
 In his letter, King says that more than one-third of students subject to corporal punishment in schools during the 2013-2014 academic year were black, though black students make up just 16% of public school student population. 
 
 He also notes that boys overall, as well as students with disabilities, were more likely to be punished physically: boys represented about 80% of corporal punishment victims, and in nearly all of the states where the practice is permitted, students with disabilities were subjected to corporal punishment at higher rates than students without them. 
 
 “These data and disparities shock the conscience,” King wrote. 
 
 Follow Greg Toppo on Twitter: @gtoppo 
 
 Read or Share this story: http://usat.ly/2fMDLxh ||||| BUFFALO, N.Y. -- Education Secretary John B. King Jr. is urging governors and school leaders in states that allow student paddling to end a practice he said would be considered “criminal assault or battery” against an adult. 
 
 King released a letter Tuesday asking leaders to replace corporal punishment with less punitive, more supportive disciplinary practices that he said work better against bad behavior. 
 
 More than 110,000 students, including disproportionate numbers of black and disabled students, were subjected to paddling or a similar punishment in the 2013-14 school year, said King, citing the Education Department’s Civil Rights Data Collection. 
 
 Corporal punishment is legal in 22 states. 
 
 “The practice has been clearly and repeatedly linked to negative health and academic outcomes for students,” King said during a conference call with reporters. “It is opposed by parent organizations, teachers unions, medical and mental health professionals and civil rights advocates as a wholly inappropriate means of school discipline.” 
 
 Coming toward the end of President Obama’s term, the push to end corporal punishment builds on the administration’s “Rethink Discipline” campaign to create safe and supportive school climates, King said. It also lines up with Mr. Obama’s “My Brother’s Keeper” initiative, meant to address persistent opportunity gaps facing boys and young men of color, he said. 
 
 Eighty organizations, including the American Academy of Pediatrics, NAACP, Association of University Centers on Disabilities and American Federation of Teachers, signed an open letter released by the National Women’s Law Center supporting an end to the practice. Students are regularly paddled for minor or subjective infractions like dress code violations, cellphone use or disrespecting staff, the letter said. 
 
 “Corporal punishment of adults has been banned in prisons and in military training facilities, and it’s time we do the same for our nation’s schoolchildren,” said Fatima Goss Graves of the Women’s Law Center. 
 
 Although its use has been diminishing, there are corners of the country where corporal punishment remains deeply woven into culture and tradition. School administrators say it has broad support from parents and preserves learning time that would be lost to a suspension. 
 
 Fifteen states expressly permit corporal punishment: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wyoming. In seven states, there is no state law prohibiting it. They are: Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, New Hampshire and South Dakota. 
 
 “There are better, smarter ways to achieve safe and supportive school environment,” King said, adding that the education law passed late last year supports using funding for positive intervention and supports. 
 
 President-elect Donald Trump has not yet announced his choice for education secretary. He met last week with Michelle Rhee, a former chancellor of the District of Columbia schools. 
 
 “It doesn’t actually matter who the secretary of education is or what people’s view is about the election,” AFT President Randi Weingarten said on the call with King. “This is a moral matter. ... We must all be about safe and welcoming places for all students.” ||||| ABC News' Mitchell Goulding reports: 
 
 Officials at a Texas high school plan to ask their board tonight to change a policy requiring that spanking punishments be administered only by employees of the same gender as the student to receive the punishment. 
 
 That proposed request comes on the heels of outcry after a male vice principal in the district administered legal spanking punishments to female students. 
 
 Taylor Santos, a well-regarded student and athlete at Springtown High School, near Fort Worth, Texas, chose to be paddled as punishment for allowing another student to copy her homework. She opted for the paddling over a second day of suspension after having already served one day of a two-day suspension. 
 
 Her mother, Anna Jorgensen, agreed to the punishment as long as her daughter was OK with it, but was surprised the spanking was administered by a man, she told local ABC affiliate WFAA. 
 
 As far as Jorgensen knew, she said, school policy mandated that males spank males and females spank females. 
 
 She said her daughter's buttocks were red and appeared blistered due to the force of the spanking. 
 
 The district's superintendent told ABC News that administrators followed Texas law. 
 
 "The Texas Education Code and our local policies state that if a parent or guardian does not want corporal punishment administered to his/her child, for each school year the parent or guardian must provide the district a separate written and signed statement to that effect. Otherwise, the use of corporal punishment is permissible," Mike Kelley, superintendent for the Springtown Independent School District said in a statement. 
 
 "In practice, our district goes one step further. It does not administer corporal punishment unless the parent or guardian requests that it be administered," the statement read. "There has been no deviation from that practice. Any deviation from the district's policy by district staff will be corrected. " 
 
 While paddling in public schools has been outlawed by 31 states, as well as by Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico, the Supreme Court ruled in 1977 that it was legal unless it has abolished by local authorities, according to the web site Corpun.com. 
 
 It is legal in 19 states. Efforts to ban it in Wyoming, North Carolina, Louisiana and Texas failed. However, in 2011 laws were introduced in both Texas and North Carolina giving parents the right to exempt their students from paddling. 
 
 The day after her daughter's paddling, Jorgensen called the vice principal to complain, but was told it was "normal for her bottom to look like this after receiving swats." The vice principal added that he had no idea about the same gender swatting, Jorgensen said. 
 
 But according to the school's own policy, spanking of a student can only be done by an employee of the same gender. 
 
 Another student, Jada Watt, said she mouthed off to the same male vice principal, and received the same punishment, which was observed by a male police officer. 
 
 Her mother, Cathi, said she "wasn't expecting a bruise." 
 
 "A swat is a swat, yes it is and they do sting. But to bruise a child? If I had done that, they would have called CPS on me," Cathi Watt told WFAA, referring to Child Protection Services. 
 
 "Two men giving her a swat behind closed doors, that is creepy," she added. 
 
 Springtown ISD Superintendent Mike Kelley told WFAA that he will ask the board to eliminate the requirement of same gender spanking. 
 
 He said the same-sex spanking policy can be difficult to observe in smaller schools where aren't enough female administrators around to mete out punishment to female students. 
 
 Watt and Jorgensen object to any policy change. They don't believe men should hit women under any circumstances. ||||| Breaking News Emails Get breaking news alerts and special reports. The news and stories that matter, delivered weekday mornings. 
 
 / Updated 
 
 The indictment of Vikings running back Adrian Peterson for allegedly using a wooden "switch" to punish his 4-year-old son has put a spotlight on corporal punishment. Though on the downswing in the United States, physical discipline is still common in homes and schools and spanking, in particular, is widely supported. Here's a snapshot of the situation: 
 
 AT HOME: Corporal punishment is technically legal in all 50 states. Statutes vary from state to state but generally say that the physical punishment must be reasonable or not excessive, although Delaware passed a law in 2012 that said it couldn't cause any injury or pain. Proposed legislative bans in several states have failed to pass, and courts have generally upheld parents' right to spank. This summer, New York's second highest court ruled that it was "reasonable use of force" for a father to use his open hand to hit an 8-year-old boy who had cursed. 
 
 AT SCHOOL: Nineteen states allow corporal punishment in public and private schools. Federal data collected for 2009, the most recent available, estimates 184,527 students without disabilities were physically disciplined in schools across the country that year. The numbers reveal boys are more likely than girls to receive corporal punishment, and it was disproportionately applied to blacks. 
 
 PUBLIC OPINION: A Harris poll last year found that 81 percent of Americans say parents spanking their children is sometimes appropriate, while 19 percent say it is never appropriate. Two-thirds of parents said they had spanked their children while a third said they had not. 
 
 RESEARCH: Dozens of studies have examined the effect of corporal punishment or child abuse on behavior and mental health, with mixed results. A 2012 study published in the journal Pediatrics found harsh physical punishment such as pushing, grabbing, shoving, slapping, hitting in non-abusive households increased the odds a child would develop mood, anxiety or personality disorders and alcohol or drug addiction. 
 
 IN-DEPTH 
 
 —Tracy Connor
– An old-school form of discipline remains popular in Alabama. The Education Department's Office for Civil Rights has found that almost 19,000 children—2.5% of the state's students—got paddled in public schools during the 2013-2014 school year, reports AL.com. Boys get hit more than girls, and black children were paddled at a disproportionate rate compared to whites. It's a long-standing (and legal) disciplinary tradition in the state that locals don't seem terribly motivated to change: The National Education Association wants the practice banned, but the Alabama Education Association has stayed mum—despite the fact that it's illegal to paddle an adult in the state, per an opinion piece on AL.com. UNICEF's "Violence Against Children" report doesn't exactly support paddling enthusiasts, noting that studies have linked corporal punishment to poor mental health, social issues, and academic problems. And many educational and child advocacy groups, including the American Psychological Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics, agree it's ill-advised. But a 1977 Supreme Court decision ruled corporal punishment was not cruel and unusual and that schools could decide whether to use it—and in 1995, Alabama lawmakers gave public schools the right to do so. Most of the states that allow paddling (21 states reported it in the 2013-'14 school year) are in the South. (Fifty years of spanking studies analyzed here.)