Rio de Janeiro (AFP) - New regulations aimed at rolling back Brazil's obsession with Cesarean sections took effect Monday, with the government hoping it can steer the country from its status as a world leader in C-section births. 
 
 The rules and a campaign called "Childbirth is normal!" address what Health Minister Arthur Chioro has dubbed an "epidemic" of Cesareans, currently accounting for more than half of births in this nation of 200 million. 
 
 About 84 percent of Brazilian mothers on private health care undergo the operation, in which the baby is delivered through a small incision in the mother's abdomen -- often for no other reason than the convenience of being able to choose the date. 
 
 In public hospitals, that figure is approximately 40 percent. 
 
 This still tops the 32 percent rate in the United States and is massively higher than World Health Organisation recommendations of 10 to 15 percent. 
 
 Brazil's new rules require doctors and hospitals to share information with patients, notably the number of Cesareans they have already carried out. 
 
 When they fail to give requested information, the health insurance companies face fines of up to about $8,000. 
 
 Making patients better informed will help diminish the rush for C-sections, health officials say. 
 
 "Childbirth is one of the most important moments in the life of a woman and her family," said Jose Carlos de Souza Abrahao, director of ANS, a specialized health ministry agency. 
 
 "By informing her of the risks that could come with an unnecessary surgical procedure, she will be more sure in her decision regarding the delivery, choosing what's best for her health and for her baby's health." 
 
 - Mothers mean money - 
 
 Mass Cesareans are Brazil's "international shame," pediatrician Luciana Herrero told AFP. 
 
 Ignorance and desire for convenience drive Brazilian mothers-to-be to the operating table, said the author of the just published book "Diario de Bordo do Parto," or "Guide to Childbirth." 
 
 But Herrero echoed many in Brazil, saying that "encouragement" by doctors and hospitals is also to blame. 
 
 Even when fees for a Cesarean and normal birth don't vary, the surgical option is still more profitable for hospitals because it can be scheduled to the minute and has little of the unpredictability -- and possibly long working hours -- of natural labor. 
 
 Rosana Clein, a 37-year-old marketing manager in Rio, wanted to have her son naturally three months ago. At the last minute, due to pain, she had Tom delivered by Cesarean. 
 
 Even well before, though, when she was insisting on keeping things natural, she felt pressured. 
 
 "I tried to find a doctor who was supposed to do a natural birth like this, but in Brazil it's not so easy. They try to convince you the best way is to do a Cesarean. They say you're going to have a lot of pain the natural way," she told AFP. 
 
 "For the doctor, it's really easier to have the Cesarean. You can book it and you have your agenda. It's not a question of saying, 'Go to the hospital now in the middle of the night.'" 
 
 - Changing the culture - 
 
 Cesareans may be convenient but they can also be dangerous for the mother and potentially pose grave future health consequences for the baby, ranging from an increased risk of obesity to chronic illness. 
 
 Herrero applauded government attempts to make women better informed. 
 
 "Knowledge is power," she said. 
 
 "Seven out of 10 Brazilian women begin their pregnancy intending to have a normal delivery, but barely half of them do so. 
 
 "I wonder how many of these women changed their mind during their pregnancy, how many had a real medical reason justifying surgery, and how many were persuaded unnecessarily to have the Cesarean?" 
 
 But the latest government effort is still insufficient. 
 
 "I believe the solution must include other sectors of society and be discussed openly with all involved... so that together we can put births in Brazil onto a new path," said Herrero. 
 
 Clein said that after speaking with many other expectant and new mothers over the last year, she feels change is already happening. 
 
 "There are a lot of women trying now to have the natural way. They're talking a lot about it, that it's good for the baby, just in the same way that they say breastfeeding is good for the baby." ||||| C-Sections Deliver Cachet For Wealthy Brazilian Women 
 
 Enlarge this image toggle caption Felipe Dana/AP Felipe Dana/AP 
 
 The office is immaculate, as you would expect in an upscale neighborhood in Sao Paulo — all sterile, white, modish plastic furniture and green plants. Behind the reception desk are pictures that would look more appropriate in a pop art gallery than a private maternity clinic. 
 
 The list of services at the clinic in Brazil's largest city is long: fertility treatments, specialized gynecology and, of course, obstetrics. But one thing they rarely do here is preside over a vaginal delivery. 
 
 Dr. Alexandre Sasaoka struggles to remember the last time he assisted at one. We do them, he says, but rarely. 
 
 Enlarge this image toggle caption Felipe Dana/AP Felipe Dana/AP 
 
 And he's not alone. 
 
 Brazil has one of the world's highest rates of cesarean deliveries: Some 80 to 90 percent of women in private hospitals in the country give birth via cesarean section. In some hospitals that number climbs to 99 percent. 
 
 Much Higher Than The U.S. 
 
 That contrasts with 30 percent of women in the United States and 1 in 4 women in Britain. 
 
 And even that is high: The World Health Organization says more than 15 percent of women giving birth by C-section is too many. It cites increased medical costs and neonatal complications as potential problems. 
 
 But Brazil's economic boom of the past decade has dragged some 40 million people into the middle class. The emphasis on status begins at birth — and cesarean deliveries are the Louis Vuitton of the maternity world. 
 
 Women in Brazil want C-sections, says Sasaoka. They like them because they prefer being able to schedule their delivery and better organize their busy lives. 
 
 Sasaoka says he also recommends them. 
 
 He says he doesn't think they are necessarily better, but that a woman needs to consider more than just the medical aspect of birth, such as the impact on her and her family. 
 
 Of course, he says, there are many advantages to a natural birth; C-sections are a major surgery, after all. But he says women ask for C-sections, and they also allow doctors to be better organized. 
 
 For example, he says, doctors don't have to interrupt what they are doing with other patients to assist a natural birth. 
 
 Pressure From Doctors 
 
 
 
 There is a debate in Brazil as to why the rate here is so high. Doctors like Sasaoka say it's due to the demand. 
 
 But new mother Mariana — who doesn't want her last name used for fear of offending her doctor — says often women feel bullied into it. 
 
 She says she wanted to have a vaginal delivery. 
 
 "My doctor said to me he'd have more control in a C-section than in a natural birth," she says. 
 
 He also told her he would also almost certainly have to do an episiotomy — a procedure where the vaginal opening gets cut to allow for delivery. She was terrified. She says her doctor kept telling her that C-sections were better, and that she felt pressure to have one. 
 
 Still, Mariana decided to try to give birth naturally. Then two weeks before her due date, her blood pressure spiked. And her doctor said she needed to have a C-section after all. The next day she was in the operating room. 
 
 To this day she wonders if it was really necessary. She says that's the legacy of all the intervention here. 
 
 "I don't know. I think he was right," she says. "But the problem in Brazil is we lack the trust between doctor and patient." 
 
 Brazil has a two-tiered medical system. The C-section rate in public hospitals is much lower, the result of a government push to reduce medical costs associated with C-sections. 
 
 But in private hospitals, cesarean deliveries are seen as status symbols. 
 
 And that, say natural childbirth advocates, has to change. 
 
 While doulas — or birth coaches — are a regular presence in many maternity wards these days in the U.S., they are still uncommon in Brazil. 
 
 But they are the first port of call for couples looking to have a natural birth. 
 
 Doula Mariana de Mesquita talks to a couple who say they are having trouble finding a doctor who is willing to deliver their baby vaginally. 
 
 She says her profession basically disappeared with the rise of C-sections. And she says one of the most important roles she has these days is education. 
 
 "Most women don't even know how long labor can last, the basics," de Mesquita says. "So I teach them what a normal birth is like, what they can expect." 
 
 Sign Of Liberation Or Submissiveness? 
 
 Brazil essentially copied the North American obstetric model, which is very interventionist, she says. 
 
 De Mesquita adds that doctors do get paid more for C-sections, which is another reason for their prevalence. 
 
 But she also blames women here. 
 
 She says Brazilian women aren't afraid of surgery. There is a lot of plastic surgery, for example. 
 
 "Women put themselves at risk for very little," de Mesquita says. 
 
 She says people in Brazil see C-sections as a sign of women's liberation, but she sees them as "a sign of their submissiveness to a violent medical system." 
 
 That's nonsense, says 29-year-old Pamela Bassy. She works at a store in an upscale mall, and she's expecting a son in a few months. 
 
 With a cesarean, she says, she can take full advantage of her maternity leave, working right up to the day before she gives birth. 
 
 "My family and my husband wanted me to have a vaginal birth," she adds. "But in the end, it's my choice." ||||| Doctors perform emergency C-section on 41-week pregnant woman… only to discover her womb was empty all along 
 
 Woman, 37, had visited midwives since the beginning of pregnancy 
 
 Arrived at hospital with large belly, 'sharp pains' and proof of pre-natal treatment 
 
 Doctors rushed her for caesarean when unable to detect baby's heartbeat 
 
 Her husband, 23, said it is her second baby-less pregnancy 
 
 
 
 Doctors performed an emergency C-section on a 'heavily pregnant' woman who was 'in labor'- only to find that her womb was empty, it was reported on Tuesday. 
 
 
 
 The 37-year-old woman had been accompanied by midwives from Cabo Frio, south-east Brazil, since the beginning of her pregnancy and arrived at the hospital claiming sharp pains. 
 
 
 
 She reportedly arrived at the town's women's hospital with a large belly and proof of her pre-natal treatment, which showed she was 41 weeks' pregnant. 
 
 Doctors performed a caesarean section on a 'heavily pregnant woman whose womb was empty (stock picture) 
 
 When doctors were unable to detect the baby's heartbeat, they rushed her to into the operating room for a caesarean, according to the hospital's director, Rosalice Almeida. 
 
 
 
 She told Brazil's Globo G1 website: ‘She'd done her whole pre-natal and was already overdue. 
 
 ‘Because the doctors couldn't pick up the heartbeat, they decided there wasn't time to request an ultrasound. 
 
 ‘They did the surgery then had the great shock of not finding any baby at all.’ 
 
 The operation took place at this hospital in south-east Brazil 
 
 The woman's husband, 23, told doctor's this was the second 'pregnancy' his wife had in a year. 
 
 Last year she claimed she got pregnant only to go the hospital and lose the child, but she never showed him a death certificate. 
 
 The case was registered as a phantom, or false pregnancy. 
 
 
 
 Last December, in a different case, Layane Santos said she received pre-natal treatment during her entire pregnancy 
 
 The rare condition occurs when a non-pregnant woman convinces herself she is pregnant, often even exhibiting all the classic symptoms of pregnancy. 
 
 She was released from the hospital and referred to psychiatric care. 
 
 
 
 This follows a case in December last year when another Brazilian woman accused a hospital of stealing her baby from her womb after she woke up for a C-section to be told her pregnancy had been ‘psychological’. 
 
 
 
 Layane Santos, 19, claimed she was in her 38th week of pregnancy when she was rushed to a maternity hospital in Sao Paulo, south east Brazil, with abdominal pain and blood loss. 
 
 
 
 She had received pre-natal treatment during her entire pregnancy, with nurses recording the growing size of her baby and even measuring the foetal heart beats. 
 
 
 
 According to Ultimo Segundo, Ms Santos, a kitchen assistant, even had an ultra-sound scans in the final week of her pregnancy, which showed she was carrying a baby girl who weighed 7lbs and measured 42cm. 
 
 
 
 She and her husband Lourival Alves, 28, had already named their daughter Sofia, and had moved to a larger house and had spent pounds £2,000 on clothes and furniture for their first child, according to Brazil's Tribunal Hoje newspaper. ||||| The hospital has threatened to perform cesarean surgery on Jennifer Goodall "with or without [her] consent." (Hospital via Shutterstock) 
 
 In an action that appears to be increasingly commonplace, a Florida hospital has threatened to force a pregnant patient to undergo cesarean surgery against her will, or to report her to child welfare authorities for attempting to exercise her right to make the medical decisions she deems best for herself and her family. 
 
 Jennifer Goodall of Coral Gables was informed in a July 10 letter from the chief financial officer of Bayfront Health Port Charlotte that because she decided to attempt vaginal delivery before agreeing to cesarean surgery in her fourth pregnancy, her prenatal care providers intended to report her to the Department of Children and Family Services, seek a court order to perform surgery, and perform cesarean surgery on her “with or without [her] consent” if she came to the hospital. 
 
 A complaint on behalf of Goodall was filed in federal court last week by National Advocates for Pregnant Women (NAPW) and Florida attorney Patricia E. Kahn, seeking a temporary restraining order to prevent the hospital from carrying out its threats. Federal District Judge John E. Steele denied the request, stating in part that Goodall has no “right to compel a physician or medical facility to perform a medical procedure in the manner she wishes against their best medical judgment.” 
 
 Goodall is now 41 weeks pregnant and has told her lawyers she is terrified to enter a hospital. Given this and the weight of medical evidence in Goodall’s favor regarding the safety of the delivery she wanted to have, it is unclear whether the hospital or the courts are considering “best medical judgment” and in whose interest they are acting. 
 
 Goodall delivered her three other children via c-section and now desires to undergo what is commonly known as vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). In decades past, VBAC was a common choice for women who had previously had c-sections, rising from roughly 5 percent of all deliveries after a cesarean in 1985 to roughly 28 percent by 1996. The rate of VBAC deliveries started to fall in the late ’90s, according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, reaching 8.5 percent in 2006 due in part to “restrictions that some hospitals and insurers placed” on the procedure. In tandem with what some have noted as pressure on women to undergo cesareans, the rate of cesarean delivery overall in the United States simultaneously increased dramatically over the past four decades, from 5 percent to over 31 percent in 2007. 
 
 Medical and public health bodies have long criticized the high rate of cesarean sections in the United States. The World Health Organization points out that at the current rate of 30 percent of all deliveries, cesarean sections in the United States far exceed what should normally be between 5 to 10 percent of all deliveries. ACOG agrees. “The current cesarean rate is undeniably high and absolutely concerns us as ob-gyns,” ACOG President Richard N. Waldman said in a statement. “[ACOG’s] VBAC guidelines emphasize the need for thorough counseling of benefits and risks, shared patient-doctor decision making, and the importance of patient autonomy. Moving forward, we need to work collaboratively with our patients and our colleagues, hospitals, and insurers to swing the pendulum back to fewer cesareans and a more reasonable VBAC rate.” 
 
 “The risks associated with a vaginal delivery are lower than the risks associated with a C-section overall, as long as you can deliver the baby at a facility equipped to handle a C-section in case of emergency,” Roger W. Harms, an obstetrician at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and medical editor-in-chief of MayoClinic.com, said in a statement. And the recovery time is faster. Undergoing a cesarean surgery for the fourth time carries a 1 in 8 chance of major complications. In short, VBAC deliveries are safer for both the pregnant person and the fetus and lead to fewer complications. 
 
 These facts did not escape Goodall, who said in a statement released by NAPW: 
 
 My decision to allow labor to proceed before consenting to a surgical intervention is based on years of research, careful consideration of the risks to me and my baby, and my family’s needs. All I want is to be able to go to the hospital when I’m in labor and have my medical decisions respected – and my decision is to proceed with a trial of labor and not have cesarean surgery unless some medical complication arises that makes cesarean surgery necessary for my or my baby’s health. Instead of respecting my wishes like they would for any other patient, my health care providers have made me fear for my safety and custody of my children. The people who are supposed to be caring for me and my baby have put me into an even more dangerous situation. I know I’m not the only one to go through this; I’m speaking out because pregnant women deserve better. 
 
 “I would definitely consent to surgery if there were any indication during labor that it is necessary,” Goodall added. “I am trying to make the decision that will be safest for both me and my baby, and give me the greatest chance at being able to heal quickly after my child is born so I can care for my newborn and my three other children.” 
 
 NAPW staff attorney Farah Diaz-Tello expressed disappointment in Judge Steele’s ruling. “The process of labor and delivery isn’t a procedure; our client is the one trying to avoid a compelled medical procedure. Deciding whether and when to consent to surgery is a constitutionally protected right,” she said in a statement. Diaz-Tello explained that every appellate court to rule on this issue on a full record has held that pregnant women retain their constitutional rights, including rights to medical decision-making and bodily integrity. “No woman should fear that because she’s pregnant, she can be threatened, coerced, or deprived of her constitutional rights,” she said. 
 
 But this is exactly what happened to Rinat Dray in Staten Island and to at least six other women in Florida, according to NAPW. “Florida is particularly bad for people giving birth,” Diaz-Tello told RH Reality Check in an email. “We know of at least a half dozen other women who have had court orders or threats of legal action this against them, but the certainty with which hospitals have made these threats makes us think there are more we don’t know of.” 
 
 According to declarations of medical experts filed with the lawsuit, the hospital’s actions violate medical ethics. In a statement to NAPW, Mary Faith Marshall, director of the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Humanities at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, called the hospital’s actions “troubling.” 
 
 “Given the clear statements from ACOG’s Committee on Ethics and other professional groups that coerced or court-ordered medical procedures are not ethically justified, it is stunning that a hospital would threaten such an action,” she said. 
 
 Diaz-Tello acknowledged the hospital’s concerns about malpractice liability, but noted that there is no legal or ethical authority that supports managing liability concerns by forcibly performing unwanted surgery. “The Florida Supreme Court has said health care providers are protected from liability when they respect and follow the decisions of a competent and informed patient to delay or refuse a proposed treatment, even when there are risks involved,” she said in the NAPW statement. “Ms. Goodall has explicitly and carefully documented her informed decision to proceed with a trial of labor; there is no justification for forcing her, or any person, to have unwanted surgery to protect a hospital’s bottom line.”
– In 2013, 32.7% of all babies delivered in America were born by cesarean section. If that sounds high, well, check out Brazil's stats. The BBC reports that at private hospitals, 85% of women deliver by cesarean; in public hospitals, it's about half that (45%). In 2013 NPR reported the figure for some private hospitals is 99%; one doctor NPR spoke with could hardly recall the last time he handled a vaginal delivery. The World Health Organization recommends a 10% to 15% rate. In an effort to get closer to that figure, Brazil is now making it a little more, well, laborious to have a cesarean. New rules were introduced yesterday, reports AFP, and going forward, there's more paperwork. After women are told about the risks (now required), they'll have to sign a consent form; a doctor will have to fill out a form that asks for the justification of the procedure. But forms may not solve what some women say is the real issue: a lack of beds. Those who want to deliver in a private hospital report that the beds are often completely preassigned to women who've booked a cesarean, forcing them to, in some instances, go to hospital after hospital while in labor. AFP reports doctors play a role, too, with some saying doctors encourage women to take the scheduled route, which helps quash middle-of-the-night working hours. As one pediatrician puts it, mass cesareans are the country's "international shame."