NASA is asking everyday terrestrials to come up with cosmic solutions to a very down-to-earth problem: how to deal with human waste when you’re trapped in a space suit for up to a week. 
 
 The American space agency has launched a competition for participants to invent a hands-free system that routes and collects waste away from the astronaut’s body for up to six days. Inventors have the chance of winning $30,000, and have until Dec. 20 to submit their best “space poop” ideas. 
 
 “I can tell you that space flight is not always glamorous,” said astronaut Rick Mastracchio, a veteran of Space Shuttle Soyuz, and Space Station missions speaking in a video promoting NASA’s call to action. “People need to go to the bathroom even in a spacecraft.” 
 
 During spaceflight astronauts can be in their suits for more than 10 hours at a time. But with NASA planning on sending humans deeper into space, future missions will require the advancement of new technology to keep the astronauts alive and well. 
 
 Currently, crews wear an absorbent diaper but these would not be suitable for flights longer than a day, according to a description on the contest’s website HeroX. While it goes without saying that nobody in their right mind would want to wear a diaper for a week, the issue is more than a matter of squeamishness, it’s a matter of life or death. 
 
 Mastracchio said it is vital that the waste needs to be treated otherwise it could harm or even kill the astronaut. “Given enough time, infection, and even sepsis can set in. This is the problem we are asking you to help us with.” 
 
 NASA said it aims to test the winning ideas in the next year and roll out successful systems in the next three. ||||| The Space Poop Challenge sought designs for a system that could collect human waste for up to six days, routing it away from the body without the use of hands 
 
 Astronauts wear adult diapers under their suits in case they need to pee or poop on spacewalks, but what happens if there’s an emergency and they have to stay in their suit for several days? That was the question Nasa posed to members of the public in its Space Poop Challenge, and the winners of the contest have just been announced. 
 
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 Nasa invited people to submit designs for a system that could collect human waste – faeces, urine and menstrual fluid – for up to six days, routing it away from the body without the use of hands. Critically it had to work in microgravity, where solids, fluids and gases typically float. 
 
 “Spaceflight is not always glamorous,” said Nasa astronaut Rick Mastracchio in a video announcing the contest. “People need to go the bathroom even in a spacecraft. How is this waste treated such that it does not harm the astronaut or even kill them? Given enough time, infection or even sepsis can set in.” 
 
 The winning idea, awarded $15,000 of the $30,000 prize pot, was submitted by air force officer, flight surgeon and family practice physician Thatcher Cardon. 
 
 He drew on his experience with keyhole surgery to come up with a small airlock in the groin area of the suit, with a variety of items including bedpans and diapers that could be inserted through a small hole and expanded. 
 
 “I mean, they can even replace heart valves now through catheters in an artery. So it should be able to handle a little bit of poop!” he told NPR. 
 
 Such a waste management system is a necessary precaution as Nasa starts to send people beyond the low-Earth orbit of the International Space Station – for example to the moon or Mars. 
 
 Facebook Twitter Pinterest Nasa astronaut Rick Mastracchio talks about pooping in space. 
 
 “Now Nasa is going beyond low-Earth orbit into lunar orbit and beyond, we have to figure out ways to keep astronauts alive and healthy for many days after a major malfunction, such as loss of vehicle pressure,” Mastracchio said. 
 
 He described a scenario where the spacecraft has a technical problem that causes a loss of cabin pressure. “The crew will need to quickly put on their space suits to protect themselves from the vacuum of space.” 
 
 Second place and $10,000 went to a team of three from Houston, made up of doctor Tony Gonzales, dentist Katherine Kin and University of Houston engineering professor Stacey Louie. They developed something called an “air-push urinary girdle”, which uses air to push urine or menstrual waste down and through an exit tube. 
 
 His team said the design could also have applications on Earth. 
 
 “I think it could be used in hospital settings, nursing homes ... anywhere where incontinence is a problem,” team captain Gonzales told the Guardian. 
 
 British designer Hugo Shelley came in third, winning $5,000 with his catheter-based design (“It’s an external catheter; trying to insert an internal catheter would be horrendously stressful to do in space,” he told the Guardian), combined with a mechanism for compressing, sealing and sanitizing solid waste and storing it in the back of the suit. 
 
 Facebook Twitter Pinterest British designer Hugo Shelley came third, winning $5,000. Photograph: Nasa 
 
 When he’s not building waste management systems for astronauts, Shelley develops electronic tricks for magicians and builds product prototypes for startups. 
 
 His proposed design uses electronics and mechanical elements to move liquids and gases. “In microgravity you have to rely on capillary action, pumps or fans. That’s what the larger waste disposal systems [on the spacecraft] use. Part of the design takes elements of that and miniaturizes it.” 
 
 Nasa will now incorporate elements of the ideas into prototypes that might eventually be tested aboard the International Space Station. 
 
 “It might be the closest I ever get to being in space,” Shelley said. “Although I still haven’t given up hope of being an astronaut.”
– It was a mission-critical element: the size of NASA astronauts' manhood. Seriously. The Houston Chronicle resurrects the fascinating historical tidbit by way of the Science Channel's Moon Machines documentary series, in which engineer Donald Rethke explained the very precise nature of early space diapers. The Maximum Absorbency Garment system, donned by Gemini and Apollo astronauts, featured one very specific element: a sleeve likened to a condom with a hole at the tip that enabled the men to urinate into a pouch with a one-way valve in their suits. Three sleeve sizes were available, small, medium, and large. And astronauts couldn't fib, explains Rethke. If they decided to order the next size up, the sheath wouldn't fit snugly, and liquid could potentially leak out, causing damage. To make the process a little less embarrassing, the sizes were later renamed: large, gigantic, and humongous. Motherboard notes that the urination issue was first brought to the fore by Alan Shepard, who spent hours in the Freedom 7 capsule in advance of a quick 15-minute "suborbital hop." Denied permission to leave the capsule, he opted to pee in his suit—forcing Mission Control to turn off his biomedical sensors until the flow of oxygen in the suit dried the pee, allowing the sensors to be switched on. Today's astronauts enjoy actual restrooms, though MAG systems are provided to astronauts who are operating outside space vehicles. (Other unusual NASA history: A scientist "stole" a satellite from the agency in 1983—and is ready to give it back.)