When sexual violence is a product of organized crime or social imaginary, the links between sexual violence episodes can be understood as a latent structure. With this assumption in place, we can use data science to uncover complex patterns. In this paper we focus on the use of data mining techniques to unveil complex anomalous spatiotemporal patterns of sexual violence. We illustrate their use by analyzing all reported rapes in El Salvador over a period of nine years. Through our analysis, we are able to provide evidence of phenomena that, to the best of our knowledge, have not been previously reported in literature. We devote special attention to a pattern we discover in the East, where underage victims report their boyfriends as perpetrators at anomalously high rates. Finally, we explain how such analyzes could be conducted in real-time, enabling early detection of emerging patterns to allow law enforcement agencies and policy makers to react accordingly.
Sexual violence in El Salvador has been studied by multiple researchers @cite_0 @cite_18 @cite_16 @cite_9 . @cite_2 focused on the civil conflict that ended in 1992, points at El Salvador as a country where sexual violence was distinctly low compared to other cases, with the vast majority of incidents occurring in the early stages of the war and perpetrated by the state forces. This is perhaps one of the only times in literature where El Salvador is referenced for its relatively low prevalence of sexual violence. @cite_16 documents the systematic use of sexual violence by gangs both as part of their and as an initiation ritual, where women are subjected to gang rape, known as , before joining a gang. Hume has also studied the cultural legitimization of violence as an element of male gender identity in the general population @cite_18 , indicating it has led to the perception of sexual violence as a part of gender relations. The prevalence of child sexual abuse before age 15 has been studied in @cite_9 , where they conclude the most common perpetrators nationwide are neighbors or acquaintances and male family members.
@cite_18 @cite_9 @cite_0 @cite_2 @cite_16
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This paper explores how gendered violence in El Salvador contin- ues to be minimized within public and private discourse. Through an examination of social understandings and reactions to violence, based on qualitative research, the paper argues that gendered violence remains an issue sidelined from mainstream social and political debates. In a society where the threshold for tolerating violence is very high, gendered violence stands out as an issue which, to a great degree, has become normalized as a central element of gender relations. This is borne out by the scant attention paid to issues of gender in both policy proposals and debates on violence. Although it is increasingly recognised that violence, crime, and associated fear are challenging democratic governance in Latin America, less attention has been paid to the ways in which state responses to crime contribute to the problem. By analysing El Salvador as a case study, this article addresses three key interconnected issues in the debate. First, it explores the dynamic of violence. It then locates youth gangs as violent actors within this context. Finally, it addresses the state response to the growing phenomenon of youth gangs. It is argued that current strategies, dubbed Mano Dura – Iron Fist, employed by the Salvadoran government serve to reveal the fragility of the democratic project, exposing the underside of authoritarianism that remains key to Salvadoran political life in the transitional process from civil war to peace. The purpose of this study was to analyze pornography exposure in a sample of 702 Italian adolescents (46 males; mean age = 18.2, SD = 0.8). Among male students, 11 were not exposed, 44.5 were exposed to nonviolent material, and 44.5 were exposed to violent degrading material. Among female students, 60.8 were not exposed, 20.4 were exposed to nonviolent material, and 18.8 were exposed to violent degrading material. Among males, adjusted odds ratio (AdjOR) of exposure to violent degrading pornography were higher if using alcohol, having friends who sell buy sex, and taking sexual pictures. Females who were victims of family violence, attending technical vocational schools, and taking sexual pictures had higher AdjOR of watching violent pornography; smoking and having friends who sell buy sex were associated with both nonviolent and violent degrading exposure. Exposure to violent degrading pornography is common among adolescents, associated with at-risk behaviors, and, for females, it correlates with a history of victimization. School nurses have a pivotal role in including discussions about pornography in interventions about relationships, sexuality, or violence. Language: en This paper examines the spatio-temporal evolution of homicide across the municipalities of El Salvador. It aims at identifying both temporal trends and spatial clusters that may contribute to the formation of time-stable corridors lying behind a historically (recurrent) high homicide rate. The results from this study reveal the presence of significant clusters of high homicide municipalities in the Western part of the country that have remained stable over time, and a process of formation of high homicide clusters in the Eastern region. The results show an increasing homicide trend from 2002 to 2013 with significant municipality-specific differential trends across the country. The data suggests that links may exist between the dynamics of homicide rates, drug trafficking and organized crime.