Large databases are often organized by hand-labeled metadata, or criteria, which are expensive to collect. We can use unsupervised learning to model database variation, but these models are often high dimensional, complex to parameterize, or require expert knowledge. We learn low-dimensional continuous criteria via interactive ranking, so that the novice user need only describe the relative ordering of examples. This is formed as semi-supervised label propagation in which we maximize the information gained from a limited number of examples. Further, we actively suggest data points to the user to rank in a more informative way than existing work. Our efficient approach allows users to interactively organize thousands of data points along 1D and 2D continuous sliders. We experiment with datasets of imagery and geometry to demonstrate that our tool is useful for quickly assessing and organizing the content of large databases.
Our interactive criteria definition on high-dimensional data does not compare directly to existing supervised criteria learning systems. CueFlick @cite_1 @cite_4 learns on binary labels, and WhittleSearch @cite_26 attempts to re-rank data along existing criteria rather than generate criteria from scratch. We improve upon WhittleSearch's underlying RankSVM techniques when adapted to our scenario (Sec. ).
@cite_26 @cite_1 @cite_4
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Convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) have achieved excellent recognition performance in various visual recognition tasks. A large labeled training set is one of the most important factors for its success. However, it is difficult to collect sufficient training images with precise labels in some domains, such as apparent age estimation, head pose estimation, multilabel classification, and semantic segmentation. Fortunately, there is ambiguous information among labels, which makes these tasks different from traditional classification. Based on this observation, we convert the label of each image into a discrete label distribution, and learn the label distribution by minimizing a Kullback–Leibler divergence between the predicted and ground-truth label distributions using deep ConvNets. The proposed deep label distribution learning (DLDL) method effectively utilizes the label ambiguity in both feature learning and classifier learning, which help prevent the network from overfitting even when the training set is small. Experimental results show that the proposed approach produces significantly better results than the state-of-the-art methods for age estimation and head pose estimation. At the same time, it also improves recognition performance for multi-label classification and semantic segmentation tasks. An "active learning system" will sequentially decide which unlabeled instance to label, with the goal of efficiently gathering the information necessary to produce a good classifier. Some such systems greedily select the next instance based only on properties of that instance and the few currently labeled points -- e.g., selecting the one closest to the current classification boundary. Unfortunately, these approaches ignore the valuable information contained in the other unlabeled instances, which can help identify a good classifier much faster. For the previous approaches that do exploit this unlabeled data, this information is mostly used in a conservative way. One common property of the approaches in the literature is that the active learner sticks to one single query selection criterion in the whole process. We propose a system, MM+M, that selects the query instance that is able to provide the maximum conditional mutual information about the labels of the unlabeled instances, given the labeled data, in an optimistic way. This approach implicitly exploits the discriminative partition information contained in the unlabeled data. Instead of using one selection criterion, MM+M also employs a simple on-line method that changes its selection rule when it encounters an "unexpected label". Our empirical results demonstrate that this new approach works effectively. Despite the availability of a huge amount of video data accompanied by descriptive texts, it is not always easy to exploit the information contained in natural language in order to automatically recognize video concepts. Towards this goal, in this paper we use textual cues as means of supervision, introducing two weakly supervised techniques that extend the Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) framework: the Fuzzy Sets Multiple Instance Learning (FSMIL) and the Probabilistic Labels Multiple Instance Learning (PLMIL). The former encodes the spatio-temporal imprecision of the linguistic descriptions with Fuzzy Sets, while the latter models different interpretations of each description's semantics with Probabilistic Labels, both formulated through a convex optimization algorithm. In addition, we provide a novel technique to extract weak labels in the presence of complex semantics, that consists of semantic similarity computations. We evaluate our methods on two distinct problems, namely face and action recognition, in the challenging and realistic setting of movies accompanied by their screenplays, contained in the COGNIMUSE database. We show that, on both tasks, our method considerably outperforms a state-of-the-art weakly supervised approach, as well as other baselines. Each year worldwide, more and more data is collected. In fact, it is estimated that the amount of data collected and stored at least doubles every 2years. Of this data, a large percentage is unlabelled or has labels which are incomplete or missing. It is because this data is so large that it becomes very difficult for humans to manually assign labels to data objects. Additionally, many real-world application datasets such as those in gene expression analysis, and text classification are also of large dimensionality. This further frustrates the process of label assignment for domain experts as not all of the features are relevant or necessary in order to assign a given label. Hence unsupervised feature selection is required. For supervised learning, feature selection algorithms attempt to maximise a given function of predictive accuracy. This function typically considers the ability of feature vectors to reflect decision class labels. However, for the unsupervised learning task, decision class labels are not provided, which poses questions such as: which features should be retained? In fact, not all features are important and some are irrelevant, redundant or noisy. In this paper, several unsupervised FS approaches are presented which are based on fuzzy-rough sets. These approaches require no thresholding information, are domain-independent, and can operate on real-valued data without the need for discretisation. They offer a significant reduction in dimensionality whilst retaining the semantics of the data, and can even result in supersets of the supervised fuzzy-rough approaches. The approaches are compared with some supervised techniques and are shown to retain useful features.