Facial MicroExpressions (MEs) are spontaneous, involuntary facial movements when a person experiences an emotion but deliberately or unconsciously attempts to conceal his or her genuine emotions. Recently, ME recognition has attracted increasing attention due to its potential applications such as clinical diagnosis, business negotiation, interrogations and security. However, it is expensive to build large scale ME datasets, mainly due to the difficulty of naturally inducing spontaneous MEs. This limits the application of deep learning techniques which require lots of training data. In this paper, we propose a simple, efficient yet robust descriptor called Extended Local Binary Patterns on Three Orthogonal Planes (ELBPTOP) for ME recognition. ELBPTOP consists of three complementary binary descriptors: LBPTOP and two novel ones Radial Difference LBPTOP (RDLBPTOP) and Angular Difference LBPTOP (ADLBPTOP), which explore the local second order information along radial and angular directions contained in ME video sequences. ELBPTOP is a novel ME descriptor inspired by the unique and subtle facial movements. It is computationally efficient and only marginally increases the cost of computing LBPTOP, yet is extremely effective for ME recognition. In addition, by firstly introducing Whitened Principal Component Analysis (WPCA) to ME recognition, we can further obtain more compact and discriminative feature representations, and achieve significantly computational savings. Extensive experimental evaluation on three popular spontaneous ME datasets SMIC, CASMEII and SAMM show that our proposed ELBPTOP approach significantly outperforms previous state of the art on all three evaluated datasets. Our proposed ELBPTOP achieves 73.94 on CASMEII, which is 6.6 higher than state of the art on this dataset. More impressively, ELBPTOP increases recognition accuracy from 44.7 to 63.44 on the SAMM dataset.
LBPTOP @cite_45 is the 3D extension of LBP by extracting LBP patterns separately from three orthogonal planes: the spatial plane (XY) similar to the regular LBP, the vertical spatiotemporal plane (YT) and the horizontal spatiotemporal plane (XT), as illustrated in Figure (b).
@cite_45
2049310893 2079046404 1516748092 2058021621
Local binary pattern from three orthogonal planes (LBP-TOP) has been widely used in emotion recognition in the wild. However, it suffers from illumination and pose changes. This paper mainly focuses on the robustness of LBP-TOP to unconstrained environment. Recent proposed method, spatiotemporal local monogenic binary pattern (STLMBP), was verified to work promisingly in different illumination conditions. Thus this paper proposes an improved spatiotemporal feature descriptor based on STLMBP. The improved descriptor uses not only magnitude and orientation, but also the phase information, which provide complementary information. In detail, the magnitude, orientation and phase images are obtained by using an effective monogenic filter, and multiple feature vectors are finally fused by multiple kernel learning. STLMBP and the proposed method are evaluated in the Acted Facial Expression in the Wild as part of the 2014 Emotion Recognition in the Wild Challenge. They achieve competitive results, with an accuracy gain of 6.35 and 7.65 above the challenge baseline (LBP-TOP) over video. We present a novel method for the fast computation of rotation invariant ?local binary patterns? (LBP) on 3D volume data. Unlike a previous publication on 3D LBP, this new approach is not limited to ?uniform patterns?, providing a real 3D extension of the standard and rotation invariant LBP. We evaluate our methods in the context of 3D texture analysis of biological data. The recent emergence of Local Binary Patterns (LBP) has led to significant progress in applying texture methods to various computer vision problems and applications. The focus of this research has broadened from 2D textures to 3D textures and spatiotemporal (dynamic) textures. Also, where texture was once utilized for applications such as remote sensing, industrial inspection and biomedical image analysis, the introduction of LBP-based approaches have provided outstanding results in problems relating to face and activity analysis, with future scope for face and facial expression recognition, biometrics, visual surveillance and video analysis. Computer Vision Using Local Binary Patterns provides a detailed description of the LBP methods and their variants both in spatial and spatiotemporal domains. This comprehensive reference also provides an excellent overview as to how texture methods can be utilized for solving different kinds of computer vision and image analysis problems. Source codes of the basic LBP algorithms, demonstrations, some databases and a comprehensive LBP bibliography can be found from an accompanying web site. Topics include: local binary patterns and their variants in spatial and spatiotemporal domains, texture classification and segmentation, description of interest regions, applications in image retrieval and 3D recognition - Recognition and segmentation of dynamic textures, background subtraction, recognition of actions, face analysis using still images and image sequences, visual speech recognition and LBP in various applications. Written by pioneers of LBP, this book is an essential resource for researchers, professional engineers and graduate students in computer vision, image analysis and pattern recognition. The book will also be of interest to all those who work with specific applications of machine vision. The local binary pattern (LBP) operator is a very effective multi-resolution texture descriptor that can be applied in many image processing applications. However, existing LBP operators can not use the information of non-uniform patterns efficiently and they are also sensitive to noise. This paper proposes a noise tolerant extension of LBP operators to extract statistical and structural image features for efficient texture analysis. The proposed LBP operator uses a circular majority voting filter and suitable rotation-invariant labeling scheme to obtain more regular uniform and non-uniform patterns that have better discrimination ability and more robustness against noise. Experimental results on the Brodatz, CUReT and MeasTex databases show the improvement of the proposed LBP operator performance, especially when a large number of neighbors are used for extracting texture patterns.