This article proposes a novel energy-efficient multimedia delivery system called EStreamer. First, we study the relationship between buffer size at the client, burst-shaped TCP-based multimedia traffic, and energy consumption of wireless network interfaces in smartphones. Based on the study, we design and implement EStreamer for constant bit rate and rate-adaptive streaming. EStreamer can improve battery lifetime by 3x, 1.5x, and 2x while streaming over Wi-Fi, 3G, and 4G, respectively.
Many papers have also studied the energy efficiency of 3G communication. xiao08youtube were among the first to study the energy consumption of YouTube streaming over both Wi-Fi and 3G. We go much beyond the scope of that work by considering the impact of traffic shaping and different network configurations, including LTE. Afterwards, balasubramanian09imc3g performed a measurement study on the energy consumption of 3G communication but did not consider streaming applications in their study. qian11mobisys characterized the energy efficiency of several different applications. They observed that some music streaming applications behave in an energy inefficient manner due to the CBR traffic. Earlier in @cite_7 , the same authors proposed a traffic shaping scheme for YouTube and compute estimates on potential energy savings with that scheme. However, they did not consider the consequence of TCP flow control on the energy consumption of WNIs in their study. A more recent and thorough measurement study on different mobile video streaming services and the resulting energy consumption on different mobile OSs and devices is presented in @cite_11 .
@cite_7 @cite_11
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Energy consumption of mobile devices is a great concern and streaming applications are among the most power hungry ones. We evaluate the energy saving potential of shaping streaming traffic into bursts before transmitting it over 3G and LTE networks to smartphones. The idea is that in between the bursts, the phone has sufficient time to switch from the high-power active state to low-power states. We investigate the impact of the network parameters, namely inactivity timers and discontinuous reception, on the achievable energy savings and on the radio access network signaling load. The results confirm that traffic shaping is an effective way to save energy, even up to 60 of energy saved when streaming music over LTE. However, we note large differences in the signaling load. LTE with discontinuous reception and long inactivity timer value achieves the energy savings with no extra signaling load, whereas non-standard Fast Dormancy in 3G can multiply the signaling traffic by a factor of ten. Shaping constant bit rate traffic into bursts has been proposed earlier for UDP-based multimedia streaming to save Wi-Fi communication energy of mobile devices. The relationship between the burst size and energy consumption of wireless interfaces is such that the larger is the burst size, the lower is the energy consumption per bit received as long as there is no packet loss. However, the relationship between the burst size and energy in case of TCP traffic has not yet been fully uncovered. In this paper, we develop a power consumption model which describes this relationship in wireless multimedia streaming scenarios. Then, we implement a cross-layer stream delivery system, EStreamer. This system relies on a heuristic derived from the model and on client playback buffer status to determine a burst size and provides as small energy consumption as possible without jeopardizing smooth playback. The heuristic greatly simplifies the deployment of EStreamer compared to most existing solutions by ensuring energy savings regardless of the wireless interface being used. We show that in the best cases using EStreamer reduces energy consumption of a mobile device by 65 , 50-60 and 35 while streaming over Wi-Fi, LTE and 3G respectively. Compared with existing energy-aware applications energy consumption can be reduced by 10-55 further. Multimedia streaming applications are among the most energy hungry applications in smartphones. The energy consumption mostly depends on the delivery techniques and on the power management techniques of wireless interfaces (Wi-Fi and 3G). In order to provide insights on what kind of streaming techniques exist, how they work on different mobile platforms, and what is their impact on the energy consumption of mobile phones, we have done a large set of active measurements with several smartphones having both Wi-Fi and cellular network access. Our analysis reveals five different techniques to deliver the content to the video players. The selection of a technique depends on the device, player, quality, and service. The results from our power measurements allow us to conclude that none of the identified techniques is optimal because they take none of the following facts into account: access technology used, user behaviour, and user preferences concerning data waste. However, we point out the techniques that provide the most attractive trade-offs in particular situations. Furthermore, we make several observations on the energy consumption of different players, containers, and video qualities that should be taken into consideration when optimizing the energy consumption. Recently, energy efficiency in wireless networks has become an important objective. Aside from the growing proliferation of smartphones and other high-end devices in conventional human-to-human (H2H) communication, the introduction of machine-to-machine (M2M) communication or machine-type communication into cellular networks is another contributing factor. In this paper, we investigate quality-of-service (QoS)-driven energy-efficient design for the uplink of long term evolution (LTE) networks in M2M H2H co-existence scenarios. We formulate the resource allocation problem as a maximization of effective capacity-based bits-per-joule capacity under statistical QoS provisioning. The specific constraints of single carrier frequency division multiple access (uplink air interface in LTE networks) pertaining to power and resource block allocation not only complicate the resource allocation problem, but also render the standard Lagrangian duality techniques inapplicable. We overcome the analytical and computational intractability by first transforming the original problem into a mixed integer programming (MIP) problem and then formulating its dual problem using the canonical duality theory. The proposed energy-efficient design is compared with the spectral efficient design along with round robin (RR) and best channel quality indicator (BCQI) algorithms. Numerical results, which are obtained using the invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm, show that the proposed energy-efficient uplink design not only outperforms other algorithms in terms of energy efficiency while satisfying the QoS requirements, but also performs closer to the optimal design.