Emotion recognition plays an important role in human-computer interaction (HCI) and has been extensively studied for decades. Although tremendous improvements have been achieved for posed expressions, recognizing human emotions in "close-to-real-world" environments remains a challenge. In this paper, we proposed two strategies to fuse information extracted from different modalities, i.e., audio and visual. Specifically, we utilized LBP-TOP, an ensemble of CNNs, and a bi-directional LSTM (BLSTM) to extract features from the visual channel, and the OpenSmile toolkit to extract features from the audio channel. Two kinds of fusion methods, i,e., feature-level fusion and model-level fusion, were developed to utilize the information extracted from the two channels. Experimental results on the EmotiW2018 AFEW dataset have shown that the proposed fusion methods outperform the baseline methods significantly and achieve better or at least comparable performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods, where the model-level fusion performs better when one of the channels totally fails.
combines recognition results from two modalities assuming that audio and visual signals are conditionally independent of each other @cite_33 @cite_53 @cite_22 @cite_17 @cite_45 , while there are strong semantic and dynamic relationships between audio and visual channels. For example, @cite_53 @cite_16 performed the decision-level fusion by averaging prediction scores of individual classification scores. @cite_47 @cite_22 @cite_17 @cite_36 @cite_13 , fusion by weighted scores of individual models were used instead of taking average over all different models.
@cite_33 @cite_22 @cite_36 @cite_53 @cite_45 @cite_47 @cite_16 @cite_13 @cite_17
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This paper proposes a new method for bimodal information fusion in audio-visual speech recognition, where cross-modal association is considered in two levels. First, the acoustic and the visual data streams are combined at the feature level by using the canonical correlation analysis, which deals with the problems of audio-visual synchronization and utilizing the cross-modal correlation. Second, information streams are integrated at the decision level for adaptive fusion of the streams according to the noise condition of the given speech datum. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for producing noise-robust recognition performance without a priori knowledge about the noise conditions of the speech data. Detecting complex events in videos is intrinsically a multimodal problem since both audio and visual channels provide important clues. While conventional methods fuse both modalities at a superficial level, in this paper we propose a new representation--called bi-modal words--to explore representative joint audio---visual patterns. We first build a bipartite graph to model relation across the quantized words extracted from the visual and audio modalities. Partitioning over the bipartite graph is then applied to produce the bi-modal words that reveal the joint patterns across modalities. Different pooling strategies are then employed to re-quantize the visual and audio words into the bi-modal words and form bi-modal Bag-of-Words representations. Since it is difficult to predict the suitable number of bi-modal words, we generate bi-modal words at different levels (i.e., codebooks with different sizes), and use multiple kernel learning to combine the resulting multiple representations during event classifier learning. Experimental results on three popular datasets show that the proposed method achieves statistically significant performance gains over methods using individual visual and audio feature alone and existing popular multi-modal fusion methods. We also find that average pooling is particularly suitable for bi-modal representation, and using multiple kernel learning to combine multi-modal representations at various granularities is helpful. Video caption refers to generating a descriptive sentence for a specific short video clip automatically, which has achieved remarkable success recently. However, most of the existing methods focus more on visual information while ignoring the synchronized audio cues. We propose three multimodal deep fusion strategies to maximize the benefits of visual-audio resonance information. The first one explores the impact on cross-modalities feature fusion from low to high order. The second establishes the visual-audio short-term dependency by sharing weights of corresponding front-end networks. The third extends the temporal dependency to long-term through sharing multimodal memory across visual and audio modalities. Extensive experiments have validated the effectiveness of our three cross-modalities fusion strategies on two benchmark datasets, including Microsoft Research Video to Text (MSRVTT) and Microsoft Video Description (MSVD). It is worth mentioning that sharing weight can coordinate visual-audio feature fusion effectively and achieve the state-of-art performance on both BELU and METEOR metrics. Furthermore, we first propose a dynamic multimodal feature fusion framework to deal with the part modalities missing case. Experimental results demonstrate that even in the audio absence mode, we can still obtain comparable results with the aid of the additional audio modality inference module. Combining multiple low-level visual features is a proven and effective strategy for a range of computer vision tasks. However, limited attention has been paid to combining such features with information from other modalities, such as audio and videotext, for large scale analysis of web videos. In our work, we rigorously analyze and combine a large set of low-level features that capture appearance, color, motion, audio and audio-visual co-occurrence patterns in videos. We also evaluate the utility of high-level (i.e., semantic) visual information obtained from detecting scene, object, and action concepts. Further, we exploit multimodal information by analyzing available spoken and videotext content using state-of-the-art automatic speech recognition (ASR) and videotext recognition systems. We combine these diverse features using a two-step strategy employing multiple kernel learning (MKL) and late score level fusion methods. Based on the TRECVID MED 2011 evaluations for detecting 10 events in a large benchmark set of ∼45000 videos, our system showed the best performance among the 19 international teams.