We introduce a Gaussian process model of functions which are additive. An additive function is one which decomposes into a sum of low-dimensional functions, each depending on only a subset of the input variables. Additive GPs generalize both Generalized Additive Models, and the standard GP models which use squared-exponential kernels. Hyperparameter learning in this model can be seen as Bayesian Hierarchical Kernel Learning (HKL). We introduce an expressive but tractable parameterization of the kernel function, which allows efficient evaluation of all input interaction terms, whose number is exponential in the input dimension. The additional structure discoverable by this model results in increased interpretability, as well as state-of-the-art predictive power in regression tasks.
Plate @cite_11 constructs a form of additive GP, but using only the first-order and @math th order terms. This model is motivated by the desire to trade off the interpretability of first-order models, with the flexibility of full-order models. Our experiments show that often, the intermediate degrees of interaction contribute most of the variance.
@cite_11
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Gaussian process (GP) models are very popular for machine learning and regression and they are widely used to account for spatial or temporal relationships between multivariate random variables. In this paper, we propose a general formulation of underdetermined source separation as a problem involving GP regression. The advantage of the proposed unified view is first to describe the different underdetermined source separation problems as particular cases of a more general framework. Second, it provides a flexible means to include a variety of prior information concerning the sources such as smoothness, local stationarity or periodicity through the use of adequate covariance functions. Third, given the model, it provides an optimal solution in the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) sense to the source separation problem. In order to make the GP models tractable for very large signals, we introduce framing as a GP approximation and we show that computations for regularly sampled and locally stationary GPs can be done very efficiently in the frequency domain. These findings establish a deep connection between GP and nonnegative tensor factorizations (NTF) with the Itakura-Saito distance and lead to effective methods to learn GP hyperparameters for very large and regularly sampled signals. In this paper, we propose a Gaussian process (GP) model for analysis of nonlinear time series. Formulation of our model is based on the consideration that the observed data are functions of latent variables, with the associated mapping between observations and latent representations modeled through GP priors. In addition, to capture the temporal dynamics in the modeled data, we assume that subsequent latent representations depend on each other on the basis of a hidden Markov prior imposed over them. Derivation of our model is performed by marginalizing out the model parameters in closed form using GP priors for observation mappings, and appropriate stick-breaking priors for the latent variable (Markovian) dynamics. This way, we eventually obtain a nonparametric Bayesian model for dynamical systems that accounts for uncertainty in the modeled data. We provide efficient inference algorithms for our model on the basis of a truncated variational Bayesian approximation. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach considering a number of applications dealing with real-world data, and compare it with the related state-of-the-art approaches. First-order methods have been popularly used for solving large-scale problems. However, many existing works only consider unconstrained problems or those with simple constraint. In this paper, we develop two first-order methods for constrained convex programs, for which the constraint set is represented by affine equations and smooth nonlinear inequalities. Both methods are based on the classic augmented Lagrangian function. They update the multipliers in the same way as the augmented Lagrangian method (ALM) but employ different primal variable updates. The first method, at each iteration, performs a single proximal gradient step to the primal variable, and the second method is a block update version of the first one. For the first method, we establish its global iterate convergence as well as global sublinear and local linear convergence, and for the second method, we show a global sublinear convergence result in expectation. Numerical experiments are carried out on the basis pursuit denoising and a convex quadratically constrained quadratic program to show the empirical performance of the proposed methods. Their numerical behaviors closely match the established theoretical results. We address the minimization of regularized convex cost functions which are customarily used for edge-preserving restoration and reconstruction of signals and images. In order to accelerate computation, the multiplicative and the additive half-quadratic reformulation of the original cost-function have been pioneered in Geman and Reynolds [IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intelligence, 14 (1992), pp. 367--383] and Geman and Yang IEEE Trans. Image Process., 4 (1995), pp. 932--946]. The alternate minimization of the resultant (augmented) cost-functions has a simple explicit form. The goal of this paper is to provide a systematic analysis of the convergence rate achieved by these methods. For the multiplicative and additive half-quadratic regularizations, we determine their upper bounds for their root-convergence factors. The bound for the multiplicative form is seen to be always smaller than the bound for the additive form. Experiments show that the number of iterations required for convergence for the multiplicative form is always less than that for the additive form. However, the computational cost of each iteration is much higher for the multiplicative form than for the additive form. The global assessment is that minimization using the additive form of half-quadratic regularization is faster than using the multiplicative form. When the additive form is applicable, it is hence recommended. Extensive experiments demonstrate that in our MATLAB implementation, both methods are substantially faster (in terms of computational times) than the standard MATLAB Optimization Toolbox routines used in our comparison study.