Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm, which not only facilitates a large number of devices to be ubiquitously connected over the Internet but also provides a mechanism to remotely control these devices. The IoT is pervasive and is almost an integral part of our daily life. As devices are becoming increasingly connected, privacy and security issues become more and more critical and these need to be addressed on an urgent basis. IoT implementations and devices are eminently prone to threats that could compromise the security and privacy of the consumers, which, in turn, could influence its practical deployment. In recent past, some research has been carried out to secure IoT devices with an intention to alleviate the security concerns of users. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the security and privacy issues in IoT systems. To this effect, the paper examines the security issues at each layer in the IoT protocol stack, identifies the underlying challenges and key security requirements and provides a brief overview of existing security solutions to safeguard the IoT from the layered context.
The term Internet of Things (IoT) was first introduced by Kevin Ashton of MIT’s Auto-ID lab in 1998 @cite_60 . IoT is believed to be the most influential technology of the generation after Internet. The number of interconnected physical devices is significantly increasing and it has already surpassed the human population in 2010. There has been significant work in the development of IoT-enabled devices in the recent time. The advances in the technologies in terms of resources constrained and energy-efficient devices have extended the outreach of internet even to the remote locations also. The number of interconnected physical devices have exceeded all expectations.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) enables the integration of data from virtual and physical worlds. 1 It involves smart objects that can understand and react to their environment in a variety of industrial, commercial and household settings. 2 As the IoT expands the number of connected devices, there is the potential to allow cyber-attackers into the physical world in which we live, as they seize on security holes in these new systems. 3 New security issues arise through the heterogeneity of IoT applications and devices and their large-scale deployment. The Internet of Things (IoT) enables the integration of data from virtual and physical worlds. But as the IoT expands it becomes more vulnerable to cyber-attackers. New security issues arise through the heterogeneity of IoT applications and devices and their large-scale deployment. Mark Taylor, Denis Reilly and Brett Lempereur of Liverpool John Moores University present a multi-tiered security approach for IoT devices that incorporates physical proximity controls, geo-location checking, instruction encryption, embedded controls and exception reporting. Internet of Things (IoT), also referred to as the Internet of Objects, is envisioned as a transformative approach for providing numerous services. Compact smart devices constitute an essential part of IoT. They range widely in use, size, energy capacity, and computation power. However, the integration of these smart things into the standard Internet introduces several security challenges because the majority of Internet technologies and communication protocols were not designed to support IoT. Moreover, commercialization of IoT has led to public security concerns, including personal privacy issues, threat of cyber attacks, and organized crime. In order to provide a guideline for those who want to investigate IoT security and contribute to its improvement, this survey attempts to provide a comprehensive list of vulnerabilities and countermeasures against them on the edge-side layer of IoT, which consists of three levels: (i) edge nodes, (ii) communication, and (iii) edge computing. To achieve this goal, we first briefly describe three widely-known IoT reference models and define security in the context of IoT. Second, we discuss the possible applications of IoT and potential motivations of the attackers who target this new paradigm. Third, we discuss different attacks and threats. Fourth, we describe possible countermeasures against these attacks. Finally, we introduce two emerging security challenges not yet explained in detail in previous literature. Internet of Things (IoT) brings more than an explosive proliferation of endpoints. It is disruptive in several ways. In this chapter we examine those disruptions, and propose a hierarchical distributed architecture that extends from the edge of the network to the core nicknamed Fog Computing. In particular, we pay attention to a new dimension that IoT adds to Big Data and Analytics: a massively distributed number of sources at the edge. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of billions of IP-enabled devices, denoted as "smart objects", with limited capabilities, in terms of computational power and memory capacity, which typically operate in constrained environments, in an Internet-like structure. Large-scale systems and applications that rely on such a high number of devices, due to their complexity, need careful analysis and test, before being deployed to target environments. Traditional IoT simulators do not focus on the simulation of large scale deployments, as they are intended to evaluate and analyze low-level networking aspects, with groups of smart objects arranged in specific topologies. In this paper, we illustrate an efficient simulation methodology, which is particularly suitable to test IoT systems with a large number of interconnected devices in Urban environments from an application-layer perspective. The main advantages of such an approach are: i) the capability to simulate large-scale systems with thousands of geographically distributed devices; ii) the maximization of code reuse; and iii) the high generality of simulated nodes, which can be characterized by multiple network interfaces and protocols, as well as different mobility, network, and energy consumption models.