Injuries are a major cost in sports. Teams spend millions of dollars every year on players who are hurt and unable to play, resulting in lost games, decreased fan interest and additional wages for replacement players. Modern convolutional neural networks have been successfully applied to many video recognition tasks. In this paper, we introduce the problem of injury detection prediction in MLB pitchers and experimentally evaluate the ability of such convolutional models to detect and predict injuries in pitches only from video data. We conduct experiments on a large dataset of TV broadcast MLB videos of 20 different pitchers who were injured during the 2017 season. We experimentally evaluate the model's performance on each individual pitcher, how well it generalizes to new pitchers, how it performs for various injuries, and how early it can predict or detect an injury.
Many works have studied prediction and prevention of injuries in athletes by developing models based on simple data (e.g., physical stats or social environment) @cite_10 @cite_11 or cognitive and psychological factors (stress, life support, identity, etc.) @cite_2 @cite_31 . Others made predictions based on measured strength before a season @cite_17 . Placing sensors on players to monitor their movements has been used to detect pitching events, but not injury detection or prediction @cite_12 @cite_9 . Further, sonography (ultra-sound) of elbows has been used to detect injuries by human experts @cite_7 .
@cite_11 @cite_7 @cite_9 @cite_2 @cite_31 @cite_10 @cite_12 @cite_17
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Two interrelated studies examined the role psychological factors play in the prediction and prevention of sport related injury. Study 1 involved 470 rugby players who completed measures corresponding to variables in the revised Williams and Andersen (1998) stress and injury model at the beginning of the 2001 playing season. Prospective and objective data were obtained for both the number of injuries and the time missed. Results showed that social support, the type of coping, and previous injury interacted in a conjunctive fashion to maximize the relationship between life stress and injury. Study 2 examined the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) intervention in reducing injury among athletes from Study 1 who were identified as having an at-risk psychological profile for injury. Forty-eight players were randomly assigned to either a CBSM intervention or a no-contact control condition. Participants completed psychological measures of coping and competitive anxiety at the beginni... Previous research has examined factors that predispose collegiate football players to injury (e.g., Petrie, 1993a, 1993b) as well as factors that influence athletes' psychological adjustment to being injured (e.g., Brewer, 1993; Leddy, Lambert, & Ogles, 1994). Despite the reports of the NCAA Injury Surveillance System that the greatest number of football injuries occur during the spring preseason (NCAA, 1997), studies have only examined injury during the regular season. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the antecedents and consequences of injury in collegiate football players during the spring preseason and across the regular competitive season. Specifically, life stress, social support, competitive trait anxiety, athletic identity, coping style, and preinjury mood state was measured to determine their relationship with the occurrence of injury and with postinjury emotional responses in athletes who sustain an injury at some point during either the spring preseason or regular competitive football season. The overall incidence of athletic injuries was low and the athletes suffered more severe injuries than has been typically found in collegiate football samples. Negative life stress was found to be directly related to the occurrence of injury and to postinjury negative emotional response and was moderated by other psychosocial variables in its influence on the occurrence of injury. Positive life stress was unrelated to injury risk or postinjury emotional response. Social support, sport anxiety, coping, and athletic identity were all found to moderate the negative life stress-injury relationship, as did playing status, suggesting that the complex combinations of these variables increase athletes' susceptibility to the impact of negative life stress. The athletes in this study experienced significant negative emotions following injury. After sustaining injuries they experienced levels of anger, depression, and fatigue that were similar to male psychiatric patients. Injury severity and preinjury mood were found to be the best predictors of postinjury emotional response. Of the psychosocial variables, only social support and sport anxiety were found to be predictive of negative emotional responses following injury. Previously identified relationships between postinjury emotional responses and situational and dispositional variables were replicated and extended. A theoretical model of stress and athletic injury is presented. The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for the prediction and prevention of stress-related injuries that includes cognitive, physiological, attentional, behavioral, intrapersonal, social, and stress history variables. Development of the model grew from a synthesis of the stress-illness, stress-accident, and stress-injury literatures. The model and its resulting hypotheses offer a framework for many avenues of research into the nature of injury and reduction of injury risk. Other advantages of the model are that it addresses possible mechanisms behind the stress-injury relationship and suggests several specific interventions that may help diminish the likelihood of injury. The model also has the potential of being applied to the investigation of injury and accident occurrence in general. Purpose:Throwing loads are known to be closely related to injury risk, however for logistic reasons, typically only pitchers have their throws counted, and then only during innings. Accordingly, all other throws made are not counted, and therefore estimates of throws made by players may be inaccurately recorded and under-reported. A potential solution to this is the use of wearable microtechnology to automatically detect, quantify, and report pitch counts in baseball. This study investigated the accuracy of baseball pitching and throwing detection in both practice and competition using a commercially available wearable microtechnology unit. Methods:Seventeen elite youth baseball players (mean ± SD age 16.5 ± 0.8 years; height 184.1 ± 5.5 cm; mass 78.3 ± 7.7 kg) participated in this study. Participants performed pitching, fielding, and throwing events during practice and competition while wearing a microtechnology unit (MinimaxX S4, Catapult Innovations, Melbourne, Australia). Sensitivity and specificity o...