A blockchain, during its lifetime, records large amounts of data, that in a common usage its kept on its entirety. In a robotics environment, the old information is useful for human evaluation, or oracles interfacing with the blockchain but it is not useful for the robots that require only current information in order to continue their work. This causes a storage problem in blockchain nodes that have limited storage capacity, such as in the case of nodes attached to robots that are usually built around embedded solutions. This paper presents a time-segmentation solution for devices with limited storage capacity, integrated in a particular robot-directed blockchain called RobotChain. Results are presented regarding the proposed solution that show that the goal of restricting each node's capacity is reached without compromising all the benefits that arise from the use of blockchains in these contexts, and on the contrary, it allows for cheap nodes to use this blockchain, reduces storage costs and allows faster deployment of new nodes.
In @cite_9 , a blockchain framework for a secure ride-sharing service between autonomous vehicles and passengers is described. It uses a blockchain as a communication mechanism that is dependable and trustworthy.
@cite_9
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This paper makes the case for the use of blockchains in emerging intelligent transportation systems applications. Specifically, we argue for the use of blockchains to settle contracts and transactions in a variety of intelligent transportation scenarios. We argue that mainstream blockchains such as Ethereum have the foundations to sustain transactions with fine tunable granularity at large scale and in a near-realtime manner. The paper analyzes the refueling scenario for autonomous electric vehicles and proposes an algorithm to guarantee the execution of energy recharges. Autonomous connected vehicles are a main concept in the future of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) since they provide an increase in safety and road efficiency. The management and coordination of the connected vehicles is based on periodic communications among the vehicles involved in the network, and with their surrounding environment. However, a major concern regarding this information sharing process is how to provide a secure transmission while fulfilling the latency requirements. Here we propose the use of a joint paradigm to securely manage the inter-vehicular communications. First, a ring-signature based scheme is applied to verify the identity of the vehicles joining the network. Second, the information is shared among the vehicles and consensually verified using a blockchain-based mechanism using secure communication channels created by multi-party smart contracts. The proposed protocol fulfills the stringent requirements in latency for vehicular networks by means of almost instantaneous communications while providing an anonymous secure system for the members of the network relying on cryptographic primitives. Car manufacturers are investing heavily in Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) because of their increasing popularity. AVs employ a combination of high-tech sensors and innovative algorithms to detect and respond to their surroundings, including radar, laser light, GPS, odometer, drive-by-wire control systems, and computer vision. When a user requests for a ride share or rent, the responding AV IoT device does not have the sufficient capability to store, process, or verify each other. Currently, every AV IoT device typically needs to rely on a trusted third party, which invokes another trust issue. If the trusted third party is rogue or loses credibility, the whole system will collapse. This paper introduces Chained of Things Framework and develops a blockchain-based secure ride-sharing service between passengers and autonomous vehicles. We implement an initial prototype and provide our initial results based on a proposed protocol. In the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), data sharing among vehicles is critical for improving driving safety and enhancing vehicular services. To ensure security and traceability of data sharing, existing studies utilize efficient delegated proof-of-stake consensus scheme as hard security solutions to establish blockchain-enabled IoV (BIoV). However, as the miners are selected from miner candidates by stake-based voting, defending against voting collusion between the candidates and compromised high-stake vehicles becomes challenging. To address the challenge, in this paper, we propose a two-stage soft security enhancement solution: 1) miner selection and 2) block verification. In the first stage, we design a reputation-based voting scheme to ensure secure miner selection. This scheme evaluates candidates’ reputation using both past interactions and recommended opinions from other vehicles. The candidates with high reputation are selected to be active miners and standby miners. In the second stage, to prevent internal collusion among active miners, a newly generated block is further verified and audited by standby miners. To incentivize the participation of the standby miners in block verification, we adopt the contract theory to model the interactions between active miners and standby miners, where block verification security and delay are taken into consideration. Numerical results based on a real-world dataset confirm the security and efficiency of our schemes for data sharing in BIoV.