TCP is the protocol of transport the most used in the Internet and have a heavy-dependence on delay. Reunion Island have a specific Internet connection, based on main links to France, located 10.000 km away. As a result, the minimal delay between Reunion Island and France is around 180 ms. In this paper, we will study TCP traces collected in Reunion Island University. The goal is to determine the metrics to study the impacts of long delays on TCP performance.
A recent research about the presence of services in Africa has been explained in @cite_2 . The author has explained that despite the presence of servers in the continent, most of the traffic continues to go to America. It is a very similar situation as in Reunion Island with France servers.
@cite_2
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It is well known that Africa's mobile and fixed Internet infrastructure is progressing at a rapid pace. A flurry of recent research has quantified this, highlighting the expansion of its underlying connectivity network. However, improving the infrastructure is not useful without appropriately provisioned services to utilise it. This paper measures the availability of web content infrastructure in Africa. Whereas others have explored web infrastructure in developed regions, we shed light on practices in developing regions. To achieve this, we apply a comprehensive measurement methodology to collect data from a variety of sources. We focus on a large content delivery network to reveal that Africa's content infrastructure is, indeed, expanding. However, we find much web content is still served from the US and Europe. We discover that many of the problems faced are actually caused by significant inter-AS delays in Africa, which contribute to local ISPs not sharing their cache capacity. We discover that a related problem is the poor DNS configuration used by some ISPs, which confounds the attempts of providers to optimise their delivery. We then explore a number of other websites to show that large web infrastructure deployments are a rarity in Africa and that even regional websites host their services abroad. We conclude by making suggestions for improvements. In the first months of 2011, Internet communications were disrupted in several North African countries in response to civilian protests and threats of civil war. In this paper we analyze episodes of these disruptions in two countries: Egypt and Libya. Our analysis relies on multiple sources of large-scale data already available to academic researchers: BGP interdomain routing control plane data; unsolicited data plane traffic to unassigned address space; active macroscopic traceroute measurements; RIR delegation files; and MaxMind's geolocation database. We used the latter two data sets to determine which IP address ranges were allocated to entities within each country, and then mapped these IP addresses of interest to BGP-announced address ranges (prefixes) and origin ASes using publicly available BGP data repositories in the U.S. and Europe. We then analyzed observable activity related to these sets of prefixes and ASes throughout the censorship episodes. Using both control plane and data plane data sets in combination allowed us to narrow down which forms of Internet access disruption were implemented in a given region over time. Among other insights, we detected what we believe were Libya's attempts to test firewall-based blocking before they executed more aggressive BGP-based disconnection. Our methodology could be used, and automated, to detect outages or similar macroscopically disruptive events in other geographic or topological regions. An increasing number of countries are passing laws that facilitate the mass surveillance of Internet traffic. In response, governments and citizens are increasingly paying attention to the countries that their Internet traffic traverses. In some cases, countries are taking extreme steps, such as building new Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), which allow networks to interconnect directly, and encouraging local interconnection to keep local traffic local. We find that although many of these efforts are extensive, they are often futile, due to the inherent lack of hosting and route diversity for many popular sites. By measuring the country-level paths to popular domains, we characterize transnational routing detours. We find that traffic is traversing known surveillance states, even when the traffic originates and ends in a country that does not conduct mass surveillance. Then, we investigate how clients can use overlay network relays and the open DNS resolver infrastructure to prevent their traffic from traversing certain jurisdictions. We find that 84 of paths originating in Brazil traverse the United States, but when relays are used for country avoidance, only 37 of Brazilian paths traverse the United States. Using the open DNS resolver infrastructure allows Kenyan clients to avoid the United States on 17 more paths. Unfortunately, we find that some of the more prominent surveillance states (e.g., the U.S.) are also some of the least avoidable countries. Consumer Internet banking has been fairly successful in South Africa, with all major retail banks providing this service to customers. Approximately one million Internet users make use of this channel, with the profile tending to be those with higher incomes and occupying managerial and professional jobs. Recent media attention given to security breaches with Internet banking provides an opportunity to assess what impact this has had on perceptions of security across different cultural groups. In a study examining cultural values of managers from different ethnic groups in South Africa, it was found that groups differed mainly on the dimension of uncertainty avoidance. In this study therefore it was posited that those groups with higher scores for uncertainty avoidance would react more strongly to perceived security threats given the uncertainty that this created, and would therefore be less satisfied with security than those lower in uncertainty avoidance. In order to investigate this proposition, data gathered from a survey of postgraduate and MBA students at two leading business schools in South Africa was analysed. Respondents were surveyed as to their banking habits, cultural values and satisfaction with Internet banking. The findings confirm the above proposition as those groups with higher uncertainty avoidance were less satisfied with security than those groups with lower uncertainty avoidance. The implications of these findings are discussed.