In this paper, we propose a novel method for highly efficient follicular segmentation of thyroid cytopathological WSIs. Firstly, we propose a hybrid segmentation architecture, which integrates a classifier into Deeplab V3 by adding a branch. A large amount of the WSI segmentation time is saved by skipping the irrelevant areas using the classification branch. Secondly, we merge the low scale fine features into the original atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) in Deeplab V3 to accurately represent the details in cytopathological images. Thirdly, our hybrid model is trained by a criterion-oriented adaptive loss function, which leads the model converging much faster. Experimental results on a collection of thyroid patches demonstrate that the proposed model reaches 80.9 on the segmentation accuracy. Besides, 93 time is reduced for the WSI segmentation by using our proposed method, and the WSI-level accuracy achieves 53.4 .
Traditional machine learning @cite_8 @cite_13 methods and deep learning methods @cite_9 @cite_0 greatly improve the accuracy of automatic lesion classification in medical areas. @cite_8 perform support vector machine(SVM) and achieve a diagnostic accuracy of 96.7 Traditional semantic segmentation methods @cite_17 learn the representation from hand-craft features instead of the semantic features. Recently, CNN-based methods largely improve performance. FCN @cite_18 is the pioneering work on semantic segmentation by modifying fully connected layers into convolution layers in classification. DeepLab @cite_6 @cite_5 @cite_2 uses dilated convolutions to provide dense labeling and enlarge the receptive field. Semantic segmentation methods have already been used in the pathological image segmentation. @cite_19 propose a fully automated segmentation framework to identify placental candidate pixels. @cite_4 introduce an image segmentation method based on recurrent neural network.
@cite_18 @cite_4 @cite_8 @cite_9 @cite_6 @cite_0 @cite_19 @cite_2 @cite_5 @cite_13 @cite_17
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Our objective is to evaluate the efficacy of methods that use deep learning (DL) for the automatic fine-grained segmentation of optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the retina. OCT images from 10 patients with mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy were used from a public (U. of Miami) dataset. For each patient, five images were available: one image of the fovea center, two images of the perifovea, and two images of the parafovea. For each image, two expert graders each manually annotated five retinal surfaces (i.e. boundaries between pairs of retinal layers). The first grader's annotations were used as ground truth and the second grader's annotations to compute inter-operator agreement. The proposed automated approach segments images using fully convolutional networks (FCNs) together with Gaussian process (GP)-based regression as a post-processing step to improve the quality of the estimates. Using 10-fold cross validation, the performance of the algorithms is determined by computing the per-pixel unsigned error (distance) between the automated estimates and the ground truth annotations generated by the first manual grader. We compare the proposed method against five state of the art automatic segmentation techniques. The results show that the proposed methods compare favorably with state of the art techniques, resulting in the smallest mean unsigned error values and associated standard deviations, and performance is comparable with human annotation of retinal layers from OCT when there is only mild retinopathy. The results suggest that semantic segmentation using FCNs, coupled with regression-based post-processing, can effectively solve the OCT segmentation problem on par with human capabilities with mild retinopathy. With the development of Fully Convolutional Neural Network (FCN), there have been progressive advances in the field of semantic segmentation in recent years. The FCN-based solutions are able to summarize features across training images and generate matching templates for the desired object classes, yet they overlook intra-class difference (ICD) among multiple instances in the same class. In this work, we present a novel fine-to-coarse learning (FCL) procedure, which first guides the network with designed 'finer' sub-class labels, whose decisions are mapped to the original 'coarse' object category through end-to-end learning. A sub-class labeling strategy is designed with unsupervised clustering upon deep convolutional features, and the proposed FCL procedure enables a balance between the fine-scale (i.e. sub-class) and the coarse-scale (i.e. class) knowledge. We conduct extensive experiments on several popular datasets, including PASCAL VOC, Context, Person-Part and NYUDepth-v2 to demonstrate the advantage of learning finer sub-classes and the potential to guide the learning of deep networks with unsupervised clustering. Abstract: Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) have recently shown state of the art performance in high level vision tasks, such as image classification and object detection. This work brings together methods from DCNNs and probabilistic graphical models for addressing the task of pixel-level classification (also called "semantic image segmentation"). We show that responses at the final layer of DCNNs are not sufficiently localized for accurate object segmentation. This is due to the very invariance properties that make DCNNs good for high level tasks. We overcome this poor localization property of deep networks by combining the responses at the final DCNN layer with a fully connected Conditional Random Field (CRF). Qualitatively, our "DeepLab" system is able to localize segment boundaries at a level of accuracy which is beyond previous methods. Quantitatively, our method sets the new state-of-art at the PASCAL VOC-2012 semantic image segmentation task, reaching 71.6 IOU accuracy in the test set. We show how these results can be obtained efficiently: Careful network re-purposing and a novel application of the 'hole' algorithm from the wavelet community allow dense computation of neural net responses at 8 frames per second on a modern GPU. Recent work has made significant progress in improving spatial resolution for pixelwise labeling with Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) framework by employing Dilated Atrous convolution, utilizing multi-scale features and refining boundaries. In this paper, we explore the impact of global contextual information in semantic segmentation by introducing the Context Encoding Module, which captures the semantic context of scenes and selectively highlights class-dependent featuremaps. The proposed Context Encoding Module significantly improves semantic segmentation results with only marginal extra computation cost over FCN. Our approach has achieved new state-of-the-art results 51.7 mIoU on PASCAL-Context, 85.9 mIoU on PASCAL VOC 2012. Our single model achieves a final score of 0.5567 on ADE20K test set, which surpasses the winning entry of COCO-Place Challenge 2017. In addition, we also explore how the Context Encoding Module can improve the feature representation of relatively shallow networks for the image classification on CIFAR-10 dataset. Our 14 layer network has achieved an error rate of 3.45 , which is comparable with state-of-the-art approaches with over 10A— more layers. The source code for the complete system are publicly available1.