In the context of using norms for controlling multiagent systems, a vitally important question that has not yet been addressed in the literature is the development of mechanisms for monitoring norm compliance under partial action observability. This paper proposes the reconstruction of unobserved actions to tackle this problem. In particular, we formalize the problem of reconstructing unobserved actions, and propose an information model and algorithms for monitoring norms under partial action observability using two different processes for reconstructing unobserved actions. Our evaluation shows that reconstructing unobserved actions increases significantly the number of norm violations and fulfilments detected.
Regarding , several authors proposed developing entities at the infrastructure level that are in charge of both monitoring and enforcing norms. Cardoso & Oliveira @cite_25 proposed an architecture in which the monitoring and enforcement of norms is made by a single institutional entity. This centralized implementation represents a performance limitation when dealing with a considerable number of agents. To address the performance limitation of centralized approaches, distributed mechanisms for an institutional enforcement of norms were proposed in @cite_21 @cite_16 @cite_18 @cite_6 .
@cite_18 @cite_21 @cite_6 @cite_16 @cite_25
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Due to external requirements we cannot always construct a centralized organization, but have to construct one that is distributed. A distributed organization is a network of organizations which can locally observe and control the environment. In this paper we analyze how norms can be enforced through the joint effort of the individual local organizations. Norm violations are detected by monitoring. Sanctioning compensates the violations of norms. The main problem is to map the required data for monitoring, and the required control capabilities for sanctioning, to the local observe control capabilities of organizations. Our investigation focuses on exploring the solution space of this problem, the properties of proper solutions and practical considerations when developing a solution. The behaviours of autonomous agents may deviate from those deemed to be for the good of the societ al systems of which they are a part. Norms have therefore been proposed as a means to regulate agent behaviours in open and dynamic systems, where these norms specify the obliged, permitted and prohibited behaviours of agents. Regulation can effectively be achieved through use of enforcement mechanisms that result in a net loss of utility for an agent in cases where the agent's behaviour fails to comply with the norms. Recognition of compliance is thus crucial for achieving regulation. In this paper we propose a generic architecture for observation of agent behaviours, and recognition of these behaviours as constituting, or counting as, compliance or violation. The architecture deploys monitors that receive inputs from observers, and processes these inputs together with transition network representations of individual norms. In this way, monitors determine the fulfillment or violation status of norms. The paper also describes a proof of concept implementation and deployment of monitors in electronic contracting environments. Norms are widely recognised as a means of coordinating multiagent systems. The distributed management of norms is a challenging issue and we observe a lack of truly distributed computational realisations of normative models. In order to regulate the behaviour of autonomous agents that take part in multiple, related activities, we propose a normative model, the Normative Structure (NS), an artifact that is based on the propagation of normative positions (obligations, prohibitions, permissions), as consequences of agents' actions. Within a NS, conflicts may arise due to the dynamic nature of the MAS and the concurrency of agents' actions. However, ensuring conflict-freedom of a NS at design time is computationally intractable. We show this by formalising the notion of conflict, providing a mapping of NSs into Coloured Petri Nets and borrowing well-known theoretical results from that field. Since online conflict resolution is required, we present a tractable algorithm to be employed distributedly. We then demonstrate that this algorithm is paramount for the distributed enactment of a NS. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical transactive control architecture that combines market transactions at the higher levels with inter-area and unit-level control at the lower levels. A model of this architecture is introduced, with dynamics at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. With a goal of ensuring frequency regulation using optimal allocation of resources in the presence of uncertainties in renewables and load, a hierarchical control methodology is presented. Global asymptotic stability of the overall system is established in the presence of uncertainties at all three time-scales. An IEEE 30-bus as well as simulations of practical examples of realistic sizes are used to validate the approach where it is shown that the proposed control architecture has the potential to reduce cost of reserves and to increase social welfare.