Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) has been the focus of many researches in the past years. In general, ALPR is divided into the following problems: detection of on-track vehicles, license plate detection, segmentation of license plate characters, and optical character recognition (OCR). Even though commercial solutions are available for controlled acquisition conditions, e.g., the entrance of a parking lot, ALPR is still an open problem when dealing with data acquired from uncontrolled environments, such as roads and highways when relying only on imaging sensors. Due to the multiple orientations and scales of the license plates captured by the camera, a very challenging task of the ALPR is the license plate character segmentation (LPCS) step, because its effectiveness is required to be (near) optimal to achieve a high recognition rate by the OCR. To tackle the LPCS problem, this work proposes a benchmark composed of a dataset designed to focus specifically on the character segmentation step of the ALPR within an evaluation protocol. Furthermore, we propose the Jaccard-centroid coefficient, an evaluation measure more suitable than the Jaccard coefficient regarding the location of the bounding box within the ground-truth annotation. The dataset is composed of 2000 Brazilian license plates consisting of 14000 alphanumeric symbols and their corresponding bounding box annotations. We also present a straightforward approach to perform LPCS efficiently. Finally, we provide an experimental evaluation for the dataset based on five LPCS approaches and demonstrate the importance of character segmentation for achieving an accurate OCR.
Many works employ approaches based on Connected Component Analysis (CCA) and pixel projection techniques to tackle the LPCS problem. A study of the effectiveness of the CCA technique concluded that vertical projection can segment characters effectively @cite_33 . The segmentation approach proposed by Shapiro & Gluhchev @cite_18 utilizes an adaptive iterative thresholding approach to binarize the image and then segment the plate characters by employing a connected component analysis. @cite_3 proposed a method that uses ten samples of the same plate, binarize them, select the best one and then segment it using vertical projections. The work described in @cite_9 segments characters counting the black pixels in the horizontal and vertical direction of each license plate region. @cite_7 proposed a technique to segment the characters using CCA and evaluate it in databases manually and automatically cropped.
@cite_18 @cite_33 @cite_7 @cite_9 @cite_3
1831353325 1540278691 2472159136 1965661050
We propose a method for segmentation of a line of characters in a noisy low resolution image of a car license plate. The Hidden Markov Chains are used to model a stochastic relation between an input image and a corresponding character segmentation. The segmentation problem is expressed as the maximum a posteriori estimation from a set of admissible segmentations. The proposed method exploits a specific prior knowledge available for the application at hand. Namely, the number of characters is known and its is also known that the characters can be segmented to sectors with equal but unknown width. The efficient algorithm for estimation based on dynamic programming is derived. The proposed method was successfully tested on data from a real life license plate recognition system. This paper presents a novel algorithm for license plate detection and license plate character segmentation problems by using the Gabor transform in detection and local vector quantization in segmentation. As of our knowledge this is the first application of Gabor filters to license plate segmentation problem. Even though much of the research efforts are devoted to the edge or global thresholding-based approaches, it is more practical and efficient to analyze the image in certain directions and scales utilizing the Gabor transform instead of error-prone edge detection or thresholding. Gabor filter response only gives a rough estimate of the plate boundary. Then binary split tree is used for vector quantization in order to extract the exact boundary and segment the plate region into disjoint characters which become ready for the optical character recognition. We propose a system that finds text in natural scenes using a variety of cues. Our novel data-driven method incorporates coarse-to-fine detection of character pixels using convolutional features (Text-Conv), followed by extracting connected components (CCs) from characters using edge and color features, and finally performing a graph-based segmentation of CCs into words (Word-Graph). For Text-Conv, the initial detection is based on convolutional feature maps similar to those used in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), but learned using Convolutional k-means. Convolution masks defined by local and neighboring patch features are used to improve detection accuracy. The Word-Graph algorithm uses contextual information to both improve word segmentation and prune false character word detections. Different definitions for foreground (text) regions are used to train the detection stages, some based on bounding box intersection, and others on bounding box and pixel intersection. Our system obtains pixel, character, and word detection f-measures of 93.14 , 90.26 , and 86.77 respectively for the ICDAR 2015 Robust Reading Focused Scene Text dataset, out-performing state-of-the-art systems. This approach may work for other detection targets with homogenous color in natural scenes. In this paper, a novel algorithm is proposed for segmentation of touching characters on the license plate. In our method, rough and precise segmentation of characters proceeds in sequence. At first, characters on the license plate are roughly classified as segmented and touching characters by vertical projection on the edge map. Next, segmentation points of touching characters are evaluated using fixed ratio relations of width, interval and height of characters. Finally, the touching characters are segmented by a path created by A* pathfinding algorithm. The proposed method is tested on 238 license plate images and the successful segmentation rate of 97.06 is achieved with only 62ms. And the experiment result demonstrates the effectiveness and efficient of our suggestion.