Face recognition achieves exceptional success thanks to the emergence of deep learning. However, many contemporary face recognition models still perform relatively poor in processing profile faces compared to frontal faces. A key reason is that the number of frontal and profile training faces are highly imbalanced - there are extensively more frontal training samples compared to profile ones. In addition, it is intrinsically hard to learn a deep representation that is geometrically invariant to large pose variations. In this study, we hypothesize that there is an inherent mapping between frontal and profile faces, and consequently, their discrepancy in the deep representation space can be bridged by an equivariant mapping. To exploit this mapping, we formulate a novel Deep Residual EquivAriant Mapping (DREAM) block, which is capable of adaptively adding residuals to the input deep representation to transform a profile face representation to a canonical pose that simplifies recognition. The DREAM block consistently enhances the performance of profile face recognition for many strong deep networks, including ResNet models, without deliberately augmenting training data of profile faces. The block is easy to use, light-weight, and can be implemented with a negligible computational overhead.
It is not new for researchers to take pose variations into consideration @cite_3 @cite_17 @cite_10 when dealing with the face recognition problem. Existing methods address profile face recognition through elaborated dense 3D facial landmark detection and warping @cite_34 , face frontalization @cite_27 , or training separate models for learning pose-specific identity features @cite_17 . There are alternative approaches. For instance, Masi al @cite_5 enhances the performance of CNN through augmenting training and test data with face images differ in 3D shape, expression and pose. Yin al @cite_33 propose a multi-task CNN that exploits side tasks, , pose, to serve as regularizations for learning pose-specific identity features. In contrast to the aforementioned studies that require elaborated data augmentation or multi-task training, our approach is light-weight and easy to implement.
@cite_33 @cite_3 @cite_27 @cite_5 @cite_34 @cite_10 @cite_17
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Deep neural networks (DNNs) trained on large-scale datasets have recently achieved impressive improvements in face recognition. But a persistent challenge remains to develop methods capable of handling large pose variations that are relatively underrepresented in training data. This paper presents a method for learning a feature representation that is invariant to pose, without requiring extensive pose coverage in training data. We first propose to generate non-frontal views from a single frontal face, in order to increase the diversity of training data while preserving accurate facial details that are critical for identity discrimination. Our next contribution is to seek a rich embedding that encodes identity features, as well as non-identity ones such as pose and landmark locations. Finally, we propose a new feature reconstruction metric learning to explicitly disentangle identity and pose, by demanding alignment between the feature reconstructions through various combinations of identity and pose features, which is obtained from two images of the same subject. Experiments on both controlled and in-the-wild face datasets, such as MultiPIE, 300WLP and the profile view database CFP, show that our method consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art, especially on images with large head pose variations. Detail results and resource are referred to this https URL This paper explores multi-task learning (MTL) for face recognition. First, we propose a multi-task convolutional neural network (CNN) for face recognition, where identity classification is the main task and pose, illumination, and expression (PIE) estimations are the side tasks. Second, we develop a dynamic-weighting scheme to automatically assign the loss weights to each side task, which solves the crucial problem of balancing between different tasks in MTL. Third, we propose a pose-directed multi-task CNN by grouping different poses to learn pose-specific identity features, simultaneously across all poses in a joint framework. Last but not least, we propose an energy-based weight analysis method to explore how CNN-based MTL works. We observe that the side tasks serve as regularizations to disentangle the PIE variations from the learnt identity features. Extensive experiments on the entire multi-PIE dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work using all data in multi-PIE for face recognition. Our approach is also applicable to in-the-wild data sets for pose-invariant face recognition and achieves comparable or better performance than state of the art on LFW, CFP, and IJB-A datasets. This paper concerns the problem of facial landmark detection. We provide a unique new analysis of the features produced at intermediate layers of a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained to regress facial landmark coordinates. This analysis shows that while being processed by the CNN, face images can be partitioned in an unsupervised manner into subsets containing faces in similar poses (i.e., 3D views) and facial properties (e.g., presence or absence of eye-wear). Based on this finding, we describe a novel CNN architecture, specialized to regress the facial landmark coordinates of faces in specific poses and appearances. To address the shortage of training data, particularly in extreme profile poses, we additionally present data augmentation techniques designed to provide sufficient training examples for each of these specialized sub-networks. The proposed Tweaked CNN (TCNN) architecture is shown to outperform existing landmark detection methods in an extensive battery of tests on the AFW, ALFW, and 300W benchmarks. Finally, to promote reproducibility of our results, we make code and trained models publicly available through our project webpage. Recently proposed robust 3D face alignment methods establish either dense or sparse correspondence between a 3D face model and a 2D facial image. The use of these methods presents new challenges as well as opportunities for facial texture analysis. In particular, by sampling the image using the fitted model, a facial UV can be created. Unfortunately, due to self-occlusion, such a UV map is always incomplete. In this paper, we propose a framework for training Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) to complete the facial UV map extracted from in-the-wild images. To this end, we first gather complete UV maps by fitting a 3D Morphable Model (3DMM) to various multiview image and video datasets, as well as leveraging on a new 3D dataset with over 3,000 identities. Second, we devise a meticulously designed architecture that combines local and global adversarial DCNNs to learn an identity-preserving facial UV completion model. We demonstrate that by attaching the completed UV to the fitted mesh and generating instances of arbitrary poses, we can increase pose variations for training deep face recognition verification models, and minimise pose discrepancy during testing, which lead to better performance. Experiments on both controlled and in-the-wild UV datasets prove the effectiveness of our adversarial UV completion model. We achieve state-of-the-art verification accuracy, 94.05 , under the CFP frontal-profile protocol only by combining pose augmentation during training and pose discrepancy reduction during testing. We will release the first in-the-wild UV dataset (we refer as WildUV) that comprises of complete facial UV maps from 1,892 identities for research purposes.