Humans interact with each other on a daily basis by developing and maintaining various social norms and it is critical to form a deeper understanding of how such norms develop, how they change, and how fast they change. In this work, we develop an evolutionary game-theoretic model based on research in cultural psychology that shows that humans in various cultures differ in their tendencies to conform with those around them. Using this model, we analyze the evolutionary relationships between the tendency to conform and how quickly a population reacts when conditions make a change in norm desirable. Our analysis identifies conditions when a tipping point is reached in a population, causing norms to change rapidly.
Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT) was initially proposed to model biological evolution @cite_21 @cite_1 @cite_36 , but has been increasingly used to study human cultural evolution. The idea is to represent an interaction among individuals as a normal-form game, where individuals can use different strategies. The game's payoffs represent an individual's evolutionary fitness. In EGT models of cultural evolution, biological reproduction represents : individuals are more likely to adopt strategies from others that produce high fitness and thus strategies that lead to higher fitness become more prevalent over time. While such models use highly simplified abstractions of complex human interactions, they aim to capture the essential nature of the interactions of interest, and thus have been increasingly used to study a wide variety of social and cultural phenomena, (see @cite_15 for a brief tutorial on how such models are generally set up) such as, cooperation and altruism @cite_33 @cite_20 @cite_35 @cite_10 @cite_22 , punishment @cite_42 @cite_23 @cite_41 @cite_39 @cite_11 , trust and reputation @cite_2 @cite_3 @cite_29 , ethnocentrism @cite_5 @cite_30 @cite_12 , etc.
@cite_30 @cite_35 @cite_22 @cite_36 @cite_41 @cite_29 @cite_42 @cite_3 @cite_2 @cite_5 @cite_15 @cite_10 @cite_20 @cite_21 @cite_39 @cite_23 @cite_12 @cite_33 @cite_1 @cite_11
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We discuss how to use evolutionary game theory (EGT) as a framework for studying how cultural dynamics and structural properties can influence the evolution of norms and behaviors within a society. We provide a brief tutorial on how EGT works, and discuss what kinds of insights it can provide. We then describe three published studies in which we have developed EGT models that help explain how structural and external conditions in a society affect the emergence of social norms. Evolutionary graph theory (EGT), studies the ability of a mutant gene to overtake a nite structured population. In this review, we describe the original framework for EGT and the major work that has followed it. This review looks at the calculation of the probability" - the probability of a mutant taking over a population and focuses on game-theoretic applications. We look at varying topics such as alternate evolutionary dynamics, time to xation, special topological cases, and game theoretic results. Throughout the review, we examine several interesting open problems that warrant further research. This text offers a systematic, rigorous, and unified presentation of evolutionary game theory, covering the core developments of the theory from its inception in biology in the 1970s through recent advances. Evolutionary game theory, which studies the behavior of large populations of strategically interacting agents, is used by economists to make predictions in settings where traditional assumptions about agents' rationality and knowledge may not be justified. Recently, computer scientists, transportation scientists, engineers, and control theorists have also turned to evolutionary game theory, seeking tools for modeling dynamics in multiagent systems. Population Games and Evolutionary Dynamics provides a point of entry into the field for researchers and students in all of these disciplines. The text first considers population games, which provide a simple, powerful model for studying strategic interactions among large numbers of anonymous agents. It then studies the dynamics of behavior in these games. By introducing a general model of myopic strategy revision by individual agents, the text provides foundations for two distinct approaches to aggregate behavior dynamics: the deterministic approach, based on differential equations, and the stochastic approach, based on Markov processes. Key results on local stability, global convergence, stochastic stability, and nonconvergence are developed in detail. Ten substantial appendixes present the mathematical tools needed to work in evolutionary game theory, offering a practical introduction to the methods of dynamic modeling. Accompanying the text are more than 200 color illustrations of the mathematics and theoretical results; many were created using the Dynamo software suite, which is freely available on the author's Web site. Readers are encouraged to use Dynamo to run quick numerical experiments and to create publishable figures for their own research. Every form of behavior is shaped by trial and error. Such stepwise adaptation can occur through individual learning or through natural selection, the basis of evolution. Since the work of Maynard Smith and others, it has been realized how game theory can model this process. Evolutionary game theory replaces the static solutions of classical game theory by a dynamical approach centered not on the concept of rational players but on the population dynamics of behavioral programs. In this book the authors investigate the nonlinear dynamics of the self-regulation of social and economic behavior, and of the closely related interactions among species in ecological communities. Replicator equations describe how successful strategies spread and thereby create new conditions that can alter the basis of their success, i.e., to enable us to understand the strategic and genetic foundations of the endless chronicle of invasions and extinctions that punctuate evolution. In short, evolutionary game theory describes when to escalate a conflict, how to elicit cooperation, why to expect a balance of the sexes, and how to understand natural selection in mathematical terms. Comprehensive treatment of ecological and game theoretic dynamics Invasion dynamics and permanence as key concepts Explanation in terms of games of things like competition between species