Commonsense knowledge is paramount to enable intelligent systems. Typically, it is characterized as being implicit and ambiguous, hindering thereby the automation of its acquisition. To address these challenges, this paper presents semantically enhanced models to enable reasoning through resolving part of commonsense ambiguity. The proposed models enhance in a knowledge graph embedding (KGE) framework for knowledge base completion. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the new semantic models in commonsense reasoning.
Earliest efforts for commonsense knowledge acquisition have relied on manual annotation by system experts to formalize and codify valid assertions including Cyc @cite_8 , SUMO ontology @cite_33 and Open Mind Common Sense (OMCS) @cite_40 . To increase the efficiency of manual knowledge gathering, researchers resorted to collective efforts through public platforms such as crowd-sourcing websites and games with purpose @cite_21 .
@cite_40 @cite_21 @cite_33 @cite_8
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Open Mind Common Sense is a knowledge acquisition system designed to acquire commonsense knowledge from the general public over the web. We describe and evaluate our first fielded system, which enabled the construction of a 450,000 assertion commonsense knowledge base. We then discuss how our second-generation system addresses weaknesses discovered in the first. The new system acquires facts, descriptions, and stories by allowing participants to construct and fill in natural language templates. It employs word-sense disambiguation and methods of clarifying entered knowledge, analogical inference to provide feedback, and allows participants to validate knowledge and in turn each other. Knowledge acquisition is the essential process of extracting and encoding knowledge, both domain specific and commonsense, to be used in intelligent systems. While many large knowledge bases have been constructed, none is close to complete. This paper presents an approach to improving a knowledge base efficiently under resource constraints. Using a guiding knowledge base, questions are generated from a weak form of similarity-based inference given the glossary mapping between two knowledge bases. The candidate questions are prioritized in terms of the concept coverage of the target knowledge. Experiments were conducted to find questions to grow the Chinese ConceptNet using the English ConceptNet as a guide. The results were evaluated by online users to verify that 94.17 of the questions and 85.77 of the answers are good. In addition, the answers collected in a six-week period showed consistent improvement to a 36.33 increase in concept coverage of the Chinese commonsense knowledge base against the English ConceptNet. Unlike people, household robots cannot rely on commonsense knowledge when accomplishing everyday tasks. We believe that this is one of the reasons why they perform poorly in comparison to humans. By integrating extensive collections of commonsense knowledge into mobile robot's knowledge bases, the work proposed in this paper enables robots to flexibly infer control decisions under changing environmental conditions. We present a system that converts commonsense knowledge from the large Open Mind Indoor Common Sense database from natural language into a Description Logic representation that allows for automated reasoning and for relating it to other sources of knowledge. This paper investigates the use of commonsense reasoning to understand texts involving stereotypical activities or scripts. We present a system that understands news stories involving four terrorism scripts. The system (1) builds a commonsense reasoning problem given an information extraction template representing a terrorist incident, and (2) uses commonsense reasoning and a commonsense knowledge base to build a model of the terrorist incident. The reasoning problem, commonsense knowledge base, and model are expressed in the classical logic event calculus. The system was developed using the MUC3 and MUC4 development data set. We present the results of running the system on the MUC3 and MUC4 test data sets, using manually generated answer key templates and templates generated automatically by two MUC4 information extraction systems. We present a detailed analysis of the models produced by the system given automatically generated templates. We present methods for answering questions based on the models produced by our system. We assess the portability of the system by extending it to handle 10 scripts frequent in Project Gutenberg American literature texts.