We show that the class of finite rooted binary plane trees is a Ramsey class (with respect to topological embeddings that map leaves to leaves). That is, for all such trees P,H and every natural number k there exists a tree T such that for every k-coloring of the (topological) copies of P in T there exists a (topological) copy H' of H in T such that all copies of P in H' have the same color. When the trees are represented by the so-called rooted triple relation, the result gives rise to a Ramsey class of relational structures with respect to induced substructures.
Milliken @cite_9 proved a result that can be considered to be a generalization of both the statement of Halpern-L "auchli and of Deuber; however, it again does not imply our result in any obvious way for the same reasons as mentioned above for Deuber's result.
@cite_9
2787605512 2963702702 2084050956 2042993834
Author(s): Chernikov, A; Starchenko, S | Abstract: We prove a generalizations of the Elekes-Szab #x27;o theorem for relations definable in strongly minimal structures that are interpretable in distal structures. We prove tight upper bounds on the logarithmic derivative of the independence and matching polynomials of d-regular graphs. For independent sets, this theorem is a strengthening of Kahn's result that a disjoint union of copies of Kd;d maximizes the number of independent sets of a bipartite d-regular graph, Galvin and Tet ali's result that the independence polynomial is maximized by the same, and Zhao's extension of both results to all d-regular graphs. For matchings, this shows that the matching polynomial and the total number of matchings of a d-regular graph are maximized by a union of copies of Kd;d. Using this we prove the asymptotic upper matching conjecture of Friedland, Krop, Lundow, and Markstrom. In probabilistic language, our main theorems state that for all d-regular graphs and all �, the occupancy fraction of the hard-core model and the edge occupancy fraction of the monomer-dimer model with fugacity � are maximized by Kd;d. Our method involves constrained optimization problems over distributions of random variables and applies to all d-regular graphs directly, without a reduction to the bipartite case. Using a variant of the method we prove a lower bound on the occupancy fraction of the hard-core model on any d-regular, vertex-transitive, bipartite graph: the occupancy fraction of such a graph is strictly greater than the occupancy fraction of the unique translationinvariant hard-core measure on the infinite d-regular tree We show that, over Q, if an n-variate polynomial of degree d = nO(1) is computable by an arithmetic circuit of size s (respectively by an arithmetic branching program of size s) then it can also be computed by a depth three circuit (i.e. a ΣΠΣ-circuit) of size exp(O(√(d log n log d log s))) (respectively of size exp(O(√(d log n log s))). In particular this yields a ΣΠΣ circuit of size exp(O(√(d log d))) computing the d × d determinant Detd. It also means that if we can prove a lower bound of exp(omega(√(d log d))) on the size of any ΣΠΣ-circuit computing the d × d permanent Permd then we get super polynomial lower bounds for the size of any arithmetic branching program computing Permd. We then give some further results pertaining to derandomizing polynomial identity testing and circuit lower bounds. The ΣΠΣ circuits that we construct have the property that (some of) the intermediate polynomials have degree much higher than d. Indeed such a counterintuitive construction is unavoidable - it is known that in any ΣΠΣ circuit C computing either Detd or Perm_d, if every multiplication gate has fanin at most d (or any constant multiple thereof) then C must have size at least exp(Ω(d)). The following theorem is proved. Let f(x_1, , x_m) be a binary nonzero polynomial of m variables of degree . H the number of binary m -tuples (a_1, , a_m) with f(a_1, , a_m) = 1 is less than 2^ m- +1 , then f can be reduced by an invertible affme transformation of its variables to one of the following forms. where m + and 3 . This theorem completely characterizes the codewords of the th-order Reed-Muller code whose weights are less than twice the minimum weight and leads to the weight enumerators for those codewords. These weight formulas are extensions of Berlekamp and Sloane's results.