In this work, travel destinations and business locations are taken as venues. Discovering a venue by a photograph is very important for visual context-aware applications. Unfortunately, few efforts paid attention to complicated real images such as venue photographs generated by users. Our goal is fine-grained venue discovery from heterogeneous social multimodal data. To this end, we propose a novel deep learning model, category-based deep canonical correlation analysis. Given a photograph as input, this model performs: 1) exact venue search (find the venue where the photograph was taken) and 2) group venue search (find relevant venues that have the same category as the photograph), by the cross-modal correlation between the input photograph and textual description of venues. In this model, data in different modalities are projected to a same space via deep networks. Pairwise correlation (between different modality data from the same venue) for exact venue search and category-based correlation (between different modality data from different venues with the same category) for group venue search are jointly optimized. Because a photograph cannot fully reflect rich text description of a venue, the number of photographs per venue in the training phase is increased to capture more aspects of a venue. We build a new venue-aware multimodal data set by integrating Wikipedia featured articles and Foursquare venue photographs. Experimental results on this data set confirm the feasibility of the proposed method. Moreover, the evaluation over another publicly available data set confirms that the proposed method outperforms state of the arts for cross-modal retrieval between image and text.
Automatically learning to represent cross-modal correlations between images and texts has attracted lots of research interests in the areas of computer vision, natural language processing, and machine learning. CCA @cite_11 , cross-modal factor analysis (CFA) @cite_8 , Bilinear model @cite_4 as joint dimensionality reduction techniques were proposed to learn linear functions that map different modalities to the same canonical (semantic) space where the correlation between two modalities is maximized. It is a very popular embedding method for matching images against texts. KCCA @cite_25 is an extension of CCA to calculate non-linear correlations by leveraging the kernel trick. In comparison, DCCA @cite_7 models non-linear mapping by deep neural networks and on this basis maximizes correlation across different modalities. Cross-modal correlation between images and their captions via DCCA is analyzed in @cite_20 . General cross-modal correlation between images and rich text information is studied in @cite_6 by CCA and in @cite_18 by KCCA.
@cite_18 @cite_4 @cite_7 @cite_8 @cite_6 @cite_25 @cite_20 @cite_11
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Multimodal information processing has received considerable attention in recent years. The focus of existing research in this area has been predominantly on the use of fusion technology. In this paper, we suggest that cross-modal association can provide a new set of powerful solutions in this area. We investigate different cross-modal association methods using the linear correlation model. We also introduce a novel method for cross-modal association called Cross-modal Factor Analysis (CFA). Our earlier work on Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) is extended for applications that use off-line supervised training. As a promising research direction and practical application of cross-modal association, cross-modal information retrieval where queries from one modality are used to search for content in another modality using low-level features is then discussed in detail. Different association methods are tested and compared using the proposed cross-modal retrieval system. All these methods achieve significant dimensionality reduction. Among them CFA gives the best retrieval performance. Finally, this paper addresses the use of cross-modal association to detect talking heads. The CFA method achieves 91.1 detection accuracy, while LSI and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) achieve 66.1 and 73.9 accuracy, respectively. As shown by experiments, cross-modal association provides many useful benefits, such as robust noise resistance and effective feature selection. Compared to CCA and LSI, the proposed CFA shows several advantages in analysis performance and feature usage. Its capability in feature selection and noise resistance also makes CFA a promising tool for many multimedia analysis applications. Linking two data sources is a basic building block in numerous computer vision problems. Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) achieves this by utilizing a linear optimizer in order to maximize the correlation between the two views. Recent work makes use of non-linear models, including deep learning techniques, that optimize the CCA loss in some feature space. In this paper, we introduce a novel, bi-directional neural network architecture for the task of matching vectors from two data sources. Our approach employs two tied neural network channels that project the two views into a common, maximally correlated space using the Euclidean loss. We show a direct link between the correlation-based loss and Euclidean loss, enabling the use of Euclidean loss for correlation maximization. To overcome common Euclidean regression optimization problems, we modify well-known techniques to our problem, including batch normalization and dropout. We show state of the art results on a number of computer vision matching tasks including MNIST image matching and sentence-image matching on the Flickr8k, Flickr30k and COCO datasets. Cross modal (e.g., text-to-image or image-to-text) retrieval has received great attention with the flushed multi-modal social media data. It is of considerable challenge to stride across the heterogeneous gap between modalities. Existing methods project different modalities into a common space by minimizing the distance within the heterogeneous pairs (intra-pair) of the new latent space. However, the relationship among these multi-modal pairs (inter-pair) are neglected, which are beneficial to eliminate the heterogeneity. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm based on canonical correlation analysis by considering the high-order relationship among pairs (HCCA) for cross-modal retrieval. Supervised with additional semantic labels and unsupervised without semantic labels are simultaneously considered by treating the intra- and inter-pair correlation discriminatively. Moreover, kernel tricks are also performed on HCCA to learn a non-linear projection, termed HKCCA. Extensive experiments conducted on three public datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed methods compared with the state-of-the-art approaches in cross modal retrieval. HighlightsHigh-order relationship is used to discover the structure of cross-modal data.A kernel version is developed to deal with the nonlinear cross-modal correlation.Both supervised and unsupervised scenarios are considered for cross-modal learning.High-order, semantic and nonlinear is included for cross-modal correlation. A new algorithm via Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) is developed in this paper to support more effective cross-modal image clustering for large-scale annotated image collections. It can be treated as a bi-media multimodal mapping problem and modeled as a correlation distribution over multimodal feature representations. It integrates the multimodal feature generation with the Locality Linear Coding (LLC) and co-occurrence association network, multimodal feature fusion with CCA, and accelerated hierarchical k-means clustering, which aims to characterize the correlations between the inter-related visual features in images and semantic features in captions, and measure their association degree more precisely. Very positive results were obtained in our experiments using a large quantity of public data.