As research in the Internet of Thing area progresses, and a multitude of proposals exist to solve a variety of problems, the need for a general principled software engineering approach for the systematic development of IoT systems and applications arises. In this paper, by synthesizing form the state of the art in the area, we attempt at framing the key concepts and abstractions that revolve around the design and development of IoT systems and applications, and draft a software engineering methodology centered on these abstractions.
Some proposals for development frameworks for the IoT or for the WoT (whether middleware architecture @cite_28 or programming models @cite_19 @cite_23 ), are also accompanied by guidelines towards the development of applications. However, such guidelines are not grounded on general abstractions and haven't a general applicability beside the specific framework in which they are conceived. Similar considerations apply to the area of smart cities and urban computing @cite_42 , where middleware and programming approaches are being proposed -- mostly of a special-purpose nature and focussed on specific application scenarios such as participatory sensing @cite_8 @cite_18 or mobility management @cite_14 -- but without accounting for the issue of defining general design and development methodologies.
@cite_18 @cite_14 @cite_8 @cite_28 @cite_42 @cite_19 @cite_23
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Pervasive computing and Internet of Things (IoTs) paradigms have created a huge potential for new business. To fully realize this potential, there is a need for a common way to abstract the heterogeneity of devices so that their functionality can be represented as a virtual computing platform. To this end, we present novel semantic level interoperability architecture for pervasive computing and IoTs. There are two main principles in the proposed architecture. First, information and capabilities of devices are represented with semantic web knowledge representation technologies and interaction with devices and the physical world is achieved by accessing and modifying their virtual representations. Second, global IoT is divided into numerous local smart spaces managed by a semantic information broker (SIB) that provides a means to monitor and update the virtual representation of the physical world. An integral part of the architecture is a resolution infrastructure that provides a means to resolve the network address of a SIB either using a physical object identifier as a pointer to information or by searching SIBs matching a specification represented with SPARQL. We present several reference implementations and applications that we have developed to evaluate the architecture in practice. The evaluation also includes performance studies that, together with the applications, demonstrate the suitability of the architecture to real-life IoT scenarios. In addition, to validate that the proposed architecture conforms to the common IoT-A architecture reference model (ARM), we map the central components of the architecture to the IoT-ARM. The focus of the Internet has recently shifted from current computers and mobile devices to everyday objects, people, and places; consequently, the Internet of Things (IoT) promises to be not only a compelling vision but the actual driving force of the upcoming fourth Industrial Revolution. Novel cyber-physical, customized, and highly pervasive services are impacting our lives, involving several stakeholders and fostering an unseen globally interconnected ecosystem. However, IoT system development is a multifaceted process that’s complex, error-prone, and time-consuming. Although modeling and simulation are crucial aspects that could effectively support IoT system development, an integrated approach synergistically providing both of them is lacking. The authors propose a hybrid approach that uses agents for IoT modeling and OMNeT for simulation, providing mapping guidelines between the agent paradigm and the OMNeT simulator abstractions. The proposed approach has been applied in small-, medium-, and large-scale IoT scenarios, where relevant performance indexes of IoT entities communication have been measured and analyzed. The Internet of Things (IoT) is being adopted in different application domains and is recognized as one of the key enablers of the Smart City vision. Despite the standardization efforts and wide adoption of Web standards and cloud computing technologies, however, building large-scale Smart City IoT platforms in practice remains challenging. The dynamically changing IoT environment requires these systems to be able to scale and evolve over time adopting new technologies and requirements. In response to the similar challenges in building large-scale distributed applications and platforms on the Web, micro service architecture style has emerged and gained a lot of popularity in the industry in recent years. In this work, we share our early experience of applying the micro service architecture style to design a Smart City IoT platform. Our experience suggests significant benefits provided by this architectural style compared to the more generic Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) approaches, as well as highlights some of the challenges it introduces. This paper presents challenges and issues in smart buildings and the Internet of Things (IoT), which we identified in years of research in real buildings. To tackle these challenges, a decentralized service-oriented architecture based on a message-oriented middleware has been implemented for the domain of smart buildings. It uses a network-transparent IoT message bus and provides the means for composing applications from auxiliary services, which facilitate device abstraction, protocol adaption, modularity, and maintainability. We demonstrate the flexibility of our architecture by describing how three distinct applications---privacy-enhancing energy data visualization, automated building energy management, and a generic user interface---can be integrated and operated simultaneously in our real smart building laboratory. We compare the advantages of our architecture to conventional ones and provide a best-practice solution for the Intranet of Things and Energy in smart buildings.