The gap between sensing patterns of different face modalities remains a challenging problem in heterogeneous face recognition (HFR). This paper proposes an adversarial discriminative feature learning framework to close the sensing gap via adversarial learning on both raw-pixel space and compact feature space. This framework integrates cross-spectral face hallucination and discriminative feature learning into an end-to-end adversarial network. In the pixel space, we make use of generative adversarial networks to perform cross-spectral face hallucination. An elaborate two-path model is introduced to alleviate the lack of paired images, which gives consideration to both global structures and local textures. In the feature space, an adversarial loss and a high-order variance discrepancy loss are employed to measure the global and local discrepancy between two heterogeneous distributions respectively. These two losses enhance domain-invariant feature learning and modality independent noise removing. Experimental results on three NIR-VIS databases show that our proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art HFR methods, without requiring of complex network or large-scale training dataset.
As mentioned before, our work is also related to the famous adversarial learning. GAN @cite_13 has achieved great success in many computer vision applications including image style transfer @cite_32 @cite_6 , image generation @cite_1 @cite_26 , image super-resolution @cite_37 , object detection @cite_42 @cite_15 . Adversarial learning provides a simple yet efficient way to fit target distribution via the min-max two-player game between generator and discriminator. Motivated by this, we introduce adversarial learning in NIR-VIS face hallucination and domain-invariant feature learning, aiming at closing the sensing gap of heterogeneous data in pixel space and feature space simultaneously.
@cite_37 @cite_26 @cite_42 @cite_1 @cite_32 @cite_6 @cite_15 @cite_13
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We propose in this paper a new approach to train the Generative Adversarial Nets (GANs) with a mixture of generators to overcome the mode collapsing problem. The main intuition is to employ multiple generators, instead of using a single one as in the original GAN. The idea is simple, yet proven to be extremely effective at covering diverse data modes, easily overcoming the mode collapsing problem and delivering state-of-the-art results. A minimax formulation was able to establish among a classifier, a discriminator, and a set of generators in a similar spirit with GAN. Generators create samples that are intended to come from the same distribution as the training data, whilst the discriminator determines whether samples are true data or generated by generators, and the classifier specifies which generator a sample comes from. The distinguishing feature is that internal samples are created from multiple generators, and then one of them will be randomly selected as final output similar to the mechanism of a probabilistic mixture model. We term our method Mixture Generative Adversarial Nets (MGAN). We develop theoretical analysis to prove that, at the equilibrium, the Jensen-Shannon divergence (JSD) between the mixture of generators’ distributions and the empirical data distribution is minimal, whilst the JSD among generators’ distributions is maximal, hence effectively avoiding the mode collapsing problem. By utilizing parameter sharing, our proposed model adds minimal computational cost to the standard GAN, and thus can also efficiently scale to large-scale datasets. We conduct extensive experiments on synthetic 2D data and natural image databases (CIFAR-10, STL-10 and ImageNet) to demonstrate the superior performance of our MGAN in achieving state-of-the-art Inception scores over latest baselines, generating diverse and appealing recognizable objects at different resolutions, and specializing in capturing different types of objects by the generators. In this paper, we propose the Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Network (SAGAN) which allows attention-driven, long-range dependency modeling for image generation tasks. Traditional convolutional GANs generate high-resolution details as a function of only spatially local points in lower-resolution feature maps. In SAGAN, details can be generated using cues from all feature locations. Moreover, the discriminator can check that highly detailed features in distant portions of the image are consistent with each other. Furthermore, recent work has shown that generator conditioning affects GAN performance. Leveraging this insight, we apply spectral normalization to the GAN generator and find that this improves training dynamics. The proposed SAGAN achieves the state-of-the-art results, boosting the best published Inception score from 36.8 to 52.52 and reducing Frechet Inception distance from 27.62 to 18.65 on the challenging ImageNet dataset. Visualization of the attention layers shows that the generator leverages neighborhoods that correspond to object shapes rather than local regions of fixed shape. In this paper, we propose perceptual adversarial networks (PANs) for image-to-image transformations. Different from existing application driven algorithms, PAN provides a generic framework of learning to map from input images to desired images (Fig. 1), such as a rainy image to its de-rained counterpart, object edges to photos, and semantic labels to a scenes image. The proposed PAN consists of two feed-forward convolutional neural networks: the image transformation network T and the discriminative network D. Besides the generative adversarial loss widely used in GANs, we propose the perceptual adversarial loss, which undergoes an adversarial training process between the image transformation network T and the hidden layers of the discriminative network D. The hidden layers and the output of the discriminative network D are upgraded to constantly and automatically discover the discrepancy between the transformed image and the corresponding ground truth, while the image transformation network T is trained to minimize the discrepancy explored by the discriminative network D. Through integrating the generative adversarial loss and the perceptual adversarial loss, D and T can be trained alternately to solve image-to-image transformation tasks. Experiments evaluated on several image-to-image transformation tasks (e.g., image deraining and image inpainting) demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed PAN and its advantages over many existing works. In this work, we present a novel approach for training Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). Using the attention maps produced by a Teacher- Network we are able to improve the quality of the generated images as well as perform weakly object localization on the generated images. To this end, we generate images of HEp-2 cells captured with Indirect Imunofluoresence (IIF) and study the ability of our network to perform a weakly localization of the cell. Firstly, we demonstrate that whilst GANs can learn the mapping between the input domain and the target distribution efficiently, the discriminator network is not able to detect the regions of interest. Secondly, we present a novel attention transfer mechanism which allows us to enforce the discriminator to put emphasis on the regions of interest via transfer learning. Thirdly, we show that this leads to more realistic images, as the discriminator learns to put emphasis on the area of interest. Fourthly, the proposed method allows one to generate both images as well as attention maps which can be useful for data annotation e.g in object detection.