Text normalization is an essential task in the processing and analysis of social media that is dominated with informal writing. It aims to map informal words to their intended standard forms. Previously proposed text normalization approaches typically require manual selection of parameters for improved performance. In this paper, we present an automatic optimizationbased nearest neighbor matching approach for text normalization. This approach is motivated by the observation that text normalization is essentially a matching problem and nearest neighbor matching with an adaptive similarity function is the most direct procedure for it. Our similarity function incorporates weighted contributions of contextual, string, and phonetic similarity, and the nearest neighbor matching involves a minimum similarity threshold. These four parameters are tuned efficiently using grid search. We evaluate the performance of our approach on two benchmark datasets. The results demonstrate that parameter tuning on small sized labeled datasets produce state-of-the-art text normalization performances. Thus, this approach allows practically easy construction of evolving domain-specific normalization lexicons
Typical works on text normalization have relied primarily upon string and phonetic similarity in an hierarchical candidate generation and filtering procedure for identifying lexical variations of IV words (). For example, @cite_0 present a technique that generates a confusion set' for IV words by filtering out OOV words using edit distance and phonetic measures, followed by ranking based on a tri-gram language model.
@cite_0
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We present an approach for the construction of text similarity functions using a parameterized resemblance coefficient in combination with a softened cardinality function called soft cardinality. Our approach provides a consistent and recursive model, varying levels of granularity from sentences to characters. Therefore, our model was used to compare sentences divided into words, and in turn, words divided into q-grams of characters. Experimentally, we observed that a performance correlation function in a space defined by all parameters was relatively smooth and had a single maximum achievable by "hill climbing." Our approach used only surface text information, a stop-word remover, and a stemmer to tackle the semantic text similarity task 6 at SEMEVAL 2012. The proposed method ranked 3rd (average), 5th (normalized correlation), and 15th (aggregated correlation) among 89 systems submitted by 31 teams. Text normalization techniques that use rule-based normalization or string similarity based on static dictionaries are typically unable to capture domain-specific abbreviations (custy, cx! customer) and shorthands (5ever, 7ever! forever) used in informal texts. In this work, we exploit the property that noisy and canonical forms of a particular word share similar context in a large noisy text collection (millions or billions of social media feeds from Twitter, Facebook, etc.). We learn distributed representations of words to capture the notion of contextual similarity and subsequently learn normalization lexicons from these representations in a completely unsupervised manner. We experiment with linear and non-linear distributed representations obtained from log-linear models and neural networks, respectively. We apply our framework for normalizing customer care notes and Twitter. We also extend our approach to learn phrase normalization lexicons (g2g! got to go) by training distributed representations over compound words. Our approach outperforms Microsoft Word, Aspell and a manually compiled urban dictionary from the Web and achieves state-of-the-art results on a publicly available Twitter dataset. Abstract Motivated by the success of powerful while expensive techniques to recognize words in a holistic way (, 2013; , 2014; , 2016) object proposals techniques emerge as an alternative to the traditional text detectors. In this paper we introduce a novel object proposals method that is specifically designed for text. We rely on a similarity based region grouping algorithm that generates a hierarchy of word hypotheses. Over the nodes of this hierarchy it is possible to apply a holistic word recognition method in an efficient way. Our experiments demonstrate that the presented method is superior in its ability of producing good quality word proposals when compared with class-independent algorithms. We show impressive recall rates with a few thousand proposals in different standard benchmarks, including focused or incidental text datasets, and multi-language scenarios. Moreover, the combination of our object proposals with existing whole-word recognizers (, 2014; , 2016) shows competitive performance in end-to-end word spotting, and, in some benchmarks, outperforms previously published results. Concretely, in the challenging ICDAR2015 Incidental Text dataset, we overcome in more than 10 F -score the best-performing method in the last ICDAR Robust Reading Competition (Karatzas, 2015). Source code of the complete end-to-end system is available at https: github.com lluisgomez TextProposals . ABSTRACT Measuring the similarity between words, sentences, paragraphs and documents is an important component in various tasks such as information retrieval, document clustering, word-sense disambiguation, automatic essay scoring, short answer grading, machine translation and text summarization. This survey discusses the existing works on text similarity through partitioning them into three approaches; String-based, Corpus-based and Knowledge-based similarities. Furthermore, samples of combination between these similarities are presented. General Terms Text Mining, Natural Language Processing. Keywords BasedText Similarity, Semantic Similarity, String-Based Similarity, Corpus-Based Similarity, Knowledge-Based Similarity. NeedlemanWunsch 1. INTRODUCTION Text similarity measures play an increasingly important role in text related research and applications in tasks Nsuch as information retrieval, text classification, document clustering, topic detection, topic tracking, questions generation, question answering, essay scoring, short answer scoring, machine translation, text summarization and others. Finding similarity between words is a fundamental part of text similarity which is then used as a primary stage for sentence, paragraph and document similarities. Words can be similar in two ways lexically and semantically. Words are similar lexically if they have a similar character sequence. Words are similar semantically if they have the same thing, are opposite of each other, used in the same way, used in the same context and one is a type of another. DistanceLexical similarity is introduced in this survey though different String-Based algorithms, Semantic similarity is introduced through Corpus-Based and Knowledge-Based algorithms. String-Based measures operate on string sequences and character composition. A string metric is a metric that measures similarity or dissimilarity (distance) between two text strings for approximate string matching or comparison. Corpus-Based similarity is a semantic similarity measure that determines the similarity between words according to information gained from large corpora. Knowledge-Based similarity is a semantic similarity measure that determines the degree of similarity between words using information derived from semantic networks. The most popular for each type will be presented briefly. This paper is organized as follows: Section two presents String-Based algorithms by partitioning them into two types character-based and term-based measures. Sections three and four introduce Corpus-Based and knowledge-Based algorithms respectively. Samples of combinations between similarity algorithms are introduced in section five and finally section six presents conclusion of the survey.