Scene recognition is an image recognition problem aimed at predicting the category of the place at which the image is taken. In this paper, a new scene recognition method using the convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed. The proposed method is based on the fusion of the object and the scene information in the given image and the CNN framework is named as FOS (fusion of object and scene) Net. In addition, a new loss named scene coherence loss (SCL) is developed to train the FOSNet and to improve the scene recognition performance. The proposed SCL is based on the unique traits of the scene that the 'sceneness' spreads and the scene class does not change all over the image. The proposed FOSNet was experimented with three most popular scene recognition datasets, and their state-of-the-art performance is obtained in two sets: 60.14 on Places 2 and 90.37 on MIT indoor 67. The second highest performance of 77.28 is obtained on SUN 397.
Using object information in an image is the most utilized scene traits for scene recognition @cite_34 @cite_18 @cite_0 . When a particular object appears in an image, the chance of the image belonging to a certain category associated with the object increases. For example, if a TV is detected, the chance of the image being in a living room increases. In the previous works, the objects features were used for scene recognition instead of detecting the objects directly. To extract the object features, large image datasets for object recognition are used and they are ImageNet @cite_29 , PASCAL visual object classes (VOC) @cite_35 , or Microsoft COCO @cite_24 .
@cite_35 @cite_18 @cite_29 @cite_0 @cite_24 @cite_34
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Scene images generally show the characteristics of large intra-class variety and high inter-class similarity because of complicated appearances, subtle differences, and ambiguous categorization. Hence, it is difficult to achieve satisfactory accuracy by using a single representation. For solving this issue, we present a comprehensive representation for scene recognition by fusing deep features extracted from three discriminative views, including the information of object semantics, global appearance, and contextual appearance. These views show diversity and complementarity of features. The object semantics representation of the scene image, denoted by spatial-layout-maintained object semantics features, is extracted from the output of a deep-learning-based multi-classes detector by using spatial fisher vectors, which can simultaneously encode the category and layout information of objects. A multi-direction long short-term memory-based model is built to represent contextual information of the scene image, and the activation of the fully connected layer of a convolutional neural network is used to represent the global appearance of scene image. These three kinds of deep features are then fused to draw a final conclusion for scene recognition. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the proposed comprehensive representation on three benchmarks scene image database. The results show that the three deep features complement to each other strongly and are effective in improving recognition performance after fusion. The proposed method can achieve scene recognition accuracy of 89.51 on the MIT67 database, 78.93 on the SUN397 database, and 57.27 on the Places365 databases, respectively, which are better percentages than the accuracies obtained by the latest reported deep-learning-based scene recognition methods. Abstract In this paper, we present a feature description method called semantic descriptor with objectness (SDO) for scene recognition. Most existing scene representation methods exploit the characteristics of constituent objects in scenes with inter-class independence, which ignore the negative effects caused by the common objects among different scenes. The generic characteristics of the common objects cause some generality among different scenes, which weakens the discriminative characteristics among scenes. To address this problem, we exploit the correlations of object configurations among different scenes by the co-occurrence pattern of all objects across scenes to choose representative and discriminative objects which enhances the inter-class discriminability. Specifically, we capture the statistic information of objects appearing in each scene to compute the distribution of each object across scenes, which obtains the co-occurrence pattern of objects. Moreover, we represent the image descriptors with the occurrence probabilities of discriminative objects in image patches to eliminate the negative effects of common objects. To make image descriptors more discriminative, we discard the patches with non-discriminative objects to enhance the intra-class generalized characteristics. Experimental results on three widely used scene recognition datasets show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. We propose to use text recognition to aid in visual object class recognition. To this end we first propose a new algorithm for text detection in natural images. The proposed text detection is based on saliency cues and a context fusion step. The algorithm does not need any parameter tuning and can deal with varying imaging conditions. We evaluate three different tasks: 1. Scene text recognition, where we increase the state-of-the-art by 0.17 on the ICDAR 2003 dataset. 2. Saliency based object recognition, where we outperform other state-of-the-art saliency methods for object recognition on the PASCAL VOC 2011 dataset. 3. Object recognition with the aid of recognized text, where we are the first to report multi-modal results on the IMET set. Results show that text helps for object class recognition if the text is not uniquely coupled to individual object instances. Context is important for accurate visual recognition. In this work we propose an object detection algorithm that not only considers object visual appearance, but also makes use of two kinds of context including scene contextual information and object relationships within a single image. Therefore, object detection is regarded as both a cognition problem and a reasoning problem when leveraging these structured information. Specifically, this paper formulates object detection as a problem of graph structure inference, where given an image the objects are treated as nodes in a graph and relationships between the objects are modeled as edges in such graph. To this end, we present a so-called Structure Inference Network (SIN), a detector that incorporates into a typical detection framework (e.g. Faster R-CNN) with a graphical model which aims to infer object state. Comprehensive experiments on PASCAL VOC and MS COCO datasets indicate that scene context and object relationships truly improve the performance of object detection with more desirable and reasonable outputs.