Highlights in a sport video are usually referred as actions that stimulate excitement or attract attention of the audience. A big effort is spent in designing techniques which find automatically highlights, in order to automatize the otherwise manual editing process. Most of the state-of-the-art approaches try to solve the problem by training a classifier using the information extracted on the tv-like framing of players playing on the game pitch, learning to detect game actions which are labeled by human observers according to their perception of highlight. Obviously, this is a long and expensive work. In this paper, we reverse the paradigm: instead of looking at the gameplay, inferring what could be exciting for the audience, we directly analyze the audience behavior, which we assume is triggered by events happening during the game. We apply deep 3D Convolutional Neural Network (3D-CNN) to extract visual features from cropped video recordings of the supporters that are attending the event. Outputs of the crops belonging to the same frame are then accumulated to produce a value indicating the Highlight Likelihood (HL) which is then used to discriminate between positive (i.e. when a highlight occurs) and negative samples (i.e. standard play or time-outs). Experimental results on a public dataset of ice-hockey matches demonstrate the effectiveness of our method and promote further research in this new exciting direction.
Money and Angius @cite_18 provide an extensive literature survey on video summarization. According to the taxonomy proposend in that paper, related work can be classified into three categories: (1) internal summarization techniques; 2) external summarization techniques; and 3) hybrid summarization techniques. By definition, rely only on information provided by the video (and audio) streams of the event. These techniques extract low-level image, audio, and text features to facilitate summarization and for several years have been the most common summarization techniques. require additional sources of information, not contained in the video streams. These are usually user-based information -- information provided directly from users-- and contextual information --such as the time and location in which the video was recorded. As for , both internal and external information are analyzed, allowing to reduce the semantic gap between the low level features and the semantic concepts.
@cite_18
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Video summaries provide condensed and succinct representations of the content of a video stream through a combination of still images, video segments, graphical representations and textual descriptors. This paper presents a conceptual framework for video summarisation derived from the research literature and used as a means for surveying the research literature. The framework distinguishes between video summarisation techniques (the methods used to process content from a source video stream to achieve a summarisation of that stream) and video summaries (outputs of video summarisation techniques). Video summarisation techniques are considered within three broad categories: internal (analyse information sourced directly from the video stream), external (analyse information not sourced directly from the video stream) and hybrid (analyse a combination of internal and external information). Video summaries are considered as a function of the type of content they are derived from (object, event, perception or feature based) and the functionality offered to the user for their consumption (interactive or static, personalised or generic). It is argued that video summarisation would benefit from greater incorporation of external information, particularly user based information that is unobtrusively sourced, in order to overcome longstanding challenges such as the semantic gap and providing video summaries that have greater relevance to individual users. With the widespread availability of video cameras, we are facing an ever-growing enormous collection of unedited and unstructured video data. Due to lack of an automatic way to generate summaries from this large collection of consumer videos, they can be tedious and time consuming to index or search. In this work, we propose online video highlighting, a principled way of generating short video summarizing the most important and interesting contents of an unedited and unstructured video, costly both time-wise and financially for manual processing. Specifically, our method learns a dictionary from given video using group sparse coding, and updates atoms in the dictionary on-the-fly. A summary video is then generated by combining segments that cannot be sparsely reconstructed using the learned dictionary. The online fashion of our proposed method enables it to process arbitrarily long videos and start generating summaries before seeing the end of the video. Moreover, the processing time required by our proposed method is close to the original video length, achieving quasi real-time summarization speed. Theoretical analysis, together with experimental results on more than 12 hours of surveillance and YouTube videos are provided, demonstrating the effectiveness of online video highlighting. Recent advances in technology have increased the availability of video data, creating a strong requirement for efficient systems to manage those materials. Making efficient use of video information requires that data to be accessed in a user-friendly way. This has been the goal of a quickly evolving research area known as video summarization. Most of existing techniques to address the problem of summarizing a video sequence have focused on the uncompressed domain. However, decoding and analyzing of a video sequence are two extremely time-consuming tasks. Thus, video summaries are usually produced off-line, penalizing any user interaction. The lack of customization is very critical, as users often have different demands and resources. Since video data are usually available in compressed form, it is desirable to directly process video material without decoding. In this paper, we present VISON, a novel approach for video summarization that works in the compressed domain and allows user interaction. The proposed method is based on both exploiting visual features extracted from the video stream and on using a simple and fast algorithm to summarize the video content. Results from a rigorous empirical comparison with a subjective evaluation show that our technique produces video summaries with high quality relative to the state-of-the-art solutions and in a computational time that makes it suitable for online usage. User-generated contents play an important role in the Internet video-sharing activities. Techniques for summarizing the user-generated videos (UGVs) into short representative clips are useful in many applications. This paper introduces an approach for UGV summarization based on semantic recognition. Different from other types of videos like movies or broadcasting news, where the semantic contents may vary greatly across different shots, most UGVs have only a single long shot with relatively consistent high-level semantics. Therefore, a few semantically representative segments are generally sufficient for a UGV summary, which can be selected based on the distribution of semantic recognition scores. In addition, due to the poor shooting quality of many UGVs, factors such as camera shaking and lighting condition are also considered to achieve more pleasant summaries. Experiments on over 100 UGVs with both subjective and objective evaluations show that our approach clearly outperforms several alternative methods and is highly efficient. Using a regular laptop, it can produce a summary for a 2-minute video in just 10 seconds.