Multiple-object tracking and behavior analysis have been the essential parts of surveillance video analysis for public security and urban management. With billions of surveillance video captured all over the world, multiple-object tracking and behavior analysis by manual labor are cumbersome and cost expensive. Due to the rapid development of deep learning algorithms in recent years, automatic object tracking and behavior analysis put forward an urgent demand on a large scale well-annotated surveillance video dataset that can reflect the diverse, congested, and complicated scenarios in real applications. This paper introduces an urban surveillance video dataset (USVD) which is by far the largest and most comprehensive. The dataset consists of 16 scenes captured in 7 typical outdoor scenarios: street, crossroads, hospital entrance, school gate, park, pedestrian mall, and public square. Over 200k video frames are annotated carefully, resulting in more than 3:7 million object bounding boxes and about 7:1 thousand trajectories. We further use this dataset to evaluate the performance of typical algorithms for multiple-object tracking and anomaly behavior analysis and explore the robustness of these methods in urban congested scenarios.
MOT challenge 2015 @cite_20 , challenge 2016 @cite_5 and challenge 2017 @cite_5 are the recent challenging benchmarks for multiple object tracking. The videos in the benchmarks are diverse, and some of which are selected from the existing datasets, KITTI Tracking dataset. However, the dataset consists of various video types including surveillance videos and moving-camera videos. Therefore, it motivates us to establish a public challenging urban surveillance video dataset which is more realistic to evaluate the performance of various algorithms for object tracking and behavior analysis.
@cite_5 @cite_20
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This paper describes the datasets and computer vision challenges that form part of the PETS 2016 workshop. PETS 2016 addresses the application of on-board multi sensor surveillance for protection of mobile critical assets. The sensors (visible and thermal cameras) are mounted on the asset itself and surveillance is performed around the asset. Two datasets are provided: (1) a multi sensor dataset as used for the PETS2014 challenge which addresses protection of trucks (the ARENA Dataset), and (2) a new dataset - the IPATCH Dataset - addressing the application of multi sensor surveillance to protect a vessel at sea from piracy. The dataset specifically addresses several vision challenges set in the PETS 2016 workshop, and corresponding to different steps in a video understanding system: Low-Level Video Analysis (object detection and tracking), Mid-Level Video Analysis ('simple' event detection: the behaviour recognition of a single actor) and High-Level Video Analysis ('complex' event detection: the behaviour and interaction recognition of several actors). In this paper we present a large-scale visual object detection and tracking benchmark, named VisDrone2018, aiming at advancing visual understanding tasks on the drone platform. The images and video sequences in the benchmark were captured over various urban suburban areas of 14 different cities across China from north to south. Specifically, VisDrone2018 consists of 263 video clips and 10,209 images (no overlap with video clips) with rich annotations, including object bounding boxes, object categories, occlusion, truncation ratios, etc. With intensive amount of effort, our benchmark has more than 2.5 million annotated instances in 179,264 images video frames. Being the largest such dataset ever published, the benchmark enables extensive evaluation and investigation of visual analysis algorithms on the drone platform. In particular, we design four popular tasks with the benchmark, including object detection in images, object detection in videos, single object tracking, and multi-object tracking. All these tasks are extremely challenging in the proposed dataset due to factors such as occlusion, large scale and pose variation, and fast motion. We hope the benchmark largely boost the research and development in visual analysis on drone platforms. In recent years, numerous effective multi-object tracking (MOT) methods are developed because of the wide range of applications. Existing performance evaluations of MOT methods usually separate the object tracking step from the object detection step by using the same fixed object detection results for comparisons. In this work, we perform a comprehensive quantitative study on the effects of object detection accuracy to the overall MOT performance, using the new large-scale University at Albany DETection and tRACking (UA-DETRAC) benchmark dataset. The UA-DETRAC benchmark dataset consists of 100 challenging video sequences captured from real-world traffic scenes (over 140,000 frames with rich annotations, including occlusion, weather, vehicle category, truncation, and vehicle bounding boxes) for object detection, object tracking and MOT system. We evaluate complete MOT systems constructed from combinations of state-of-the-art object detection and object tracking methods. Our analysis shows the complex effects of object detection accuracy on MOT system performance. Based on these observations, we propose new evaluation tools and metrics for MOT systems that consider both object detection and object tracking for comprehensive analysis. The main challenge of online multi-object tracking is to reliably associate object trajectories with detections in each video frame based on their tracking history. In this work, we propose the Recurrent Autoregressive Network (RAN), a temporal generative modeling framework to characterize the appearance and motion dynamics of multiple objects over time. The RAN couples an external memory and an internal memory. The external memory explicitly stores previous inputs of each trajectory in a time window, while the internal memory learns to summarize long-term tracking history and associate detections by processing the external memory. We conduct experiments on the MOT 2015 and 2016 datasets to demonstrate the robustness of our tracking method in highly crowded and occluded scenes. Our method achieves top-ranked results on the two benchmarks. Automatic video analysis from urban surveillance cameras is a fast-emerging field based on computer vision techniques. We present here a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art computer vision for traffic video with a critical analysis and an outlook to future research directions. This field is of increasing relevance for intelligent transport systems (ITSs). The decreasing hardware cost and, therefore, the increasing deployment of cameras have opened a wide application field for video analytics. Several monitoring objectives such as congestion, traffic rule violation, and vehicle interaction can be targeted using cameras that were typically originally installed for human operators. Systems for the detection and classification of vehicles on highways have successfully been using classical visual surveillance techniques such as background estimation and motion tracking for some time. The urban domain is more challenging with respect to traffic density, lower camera angles that lead to a high degree of occlusion, and the variety of road users. Methods from object categorization and 3-D modeling have inspired more advanced techniques to tackle these challenges. There is no commonly used data set or benchmark challenge, which makes the direct comparison of the proposed algorithms difficult. In addition, evaluation under challenging weather conditions (e.g., rain, fog, and darkness) would be desirable but is rarely performed. Future work should be directed toward robust combined detectors and classifiers for all road users, with a focus on realistic conditions during evaluation. There is a large variety of trackers, which have been proposed in the literature during the last two decades with some mixed success. Object tracking in realistic scenarios is a difficult problem, therefore, it remains a most active area of research in computer vision. A good tracker should perform well in a large number of videos involving illumination changes, occlusion, clutter, camera motion, low contrast, specularities, and at least six more aspects. However, the performance of proposed trackers have been evaluated typically on less than ten videos, or on the special purpose datasets. In this paper, we aim to evaluate trackers systematically and experimentally on 315 video fragments covering above aspects. We selected a set of nineteen trackers to include a wide variety of algorithms often cited in literature, supplemented with trackers appearing in 2010 and 2011 for which the code was publicly available. We demonstrate that trackers can be evaluated objectively by survival curves, Kaplan Meier statistics, and Grubs testing. We find that in the evaluation practice the F-score is as effective as the object tracking accuracy (OTA) score. The analysis under a large variety of circumstances provides objective insight into the strengths and weaknesses of trackers. In this paper, we tackle the problem of object detection and tracking in a new and challenging domain of wide area surveillance. This problem poses several challenges: large camera motion, strong parallax, large number of moving objects, small number of pixels on target, single channel data and low framerate of video. We propose a method that overcomes these challenges and evaluate it on CLIF dataset. We use median background modeling which requires few frames to obtain a workable model. We remove false detections due to parallax and registration errors using gradient information of the background image. In order to keep complexity of the tracking problem manageable, we divide the scene into grid cells, solve the tracking problem optimally within each cell using bipartite graph matching and then link tracks across cells. Besides tractability, grid cells allow us to define a set of local scene constraints such as road orientation and object context. We use these constraints as part of cost function to solve the tracking problem which allows us to track fast-moving objects in low framerate videos. In addition to that, we manually generated groundtruth for four sequences and performed quantitative evaluation of the proposed algorithm. We introduce a new large-scale video dataset designed to assess the performance of diverse visual event recognition algorithms with a focus on continuous visual event recognition (CVER) in outdoor areas with wide coverage. Previous datasets for action recognition are unrealistic for real-world surveillance because they consist of short clips showing one action by one individual [15, 8]. Datasets have been developed for movies [11] and sports [12], but, these actions and scene conditions do not apply effectively to surveillance videos. Our dataset consists of many outdoor scenes with actions occurring naturally by non-actors in continuously captured videos of the real world. The dataset includes large numbers of instances for 23 event types distributed throughout 29 hours of video. This data is accompanied by detailed annotations which include both moving object tracks and event examples, which will provide solid basis for large-scale evaluation. Additionally, we propose different types of evaluation modes for visual recognition tasks and evaluation metrics along with our preliminary experimental results. We believe that this dataset will stimulate diverse aspects of computer vision research and help us to advance the CVER tasks in the years ahead. Despite the numerous developments in object tracking, further improvement of current tracking algorithms is limited by small and mostly saturated datasets. As a matter of fact, data-hungry trackers based on deep-learning currently rely on object detection datasets due to the scarcity of dedicated large-scale tracking datasets. In this work, we present TrackingNet, the first large-scale dataset and benchmark for object tracking in the wild. We provide more than 30K videos with more than 14 million dense bounding box annotations. Our dataset covers a wide selection of object classes in broad and diverse context. By releasing such a large-scale dataset, we expect deep trackers to further improve and generalize. In addition, we introduce a new benchmark composed of 500 novel videos, modeled with a distribution similar to our training dataset. By sequestering the annotation of the test set and providing an online evaluation server, we provide a fair benchmark for future development of object trackers. Deep trackers fine-tuned on a fraction of our dataset improve their performance by up to 1.6 on OTB100 and up to 1.7 on TrackingNet Test. We provide an extensive benchmark on TrackingNet by evaluating more than 20 trackers. Our results suggest that object tracking in the wild is far from being solved. We introduce the publicly available Open Development for Video Surveillance (ODViS) system that is specifically designed to support ongoing research in tracking and video surveillance. The system provides researchers with the ability to prototype tracking and event recognition techniques, to construct and manage ground truth data sets, and to evaluate the performance of these systems within a graphical user interface. Passive tracking and video surveillance systems are receiving an increasing amount of research attention both in academic and industrial laboratories. Meaningful evaluation of these tracking and surveillance systems is an important but often difficult task. Recent introduction of standard datasets for video surveillance systems, and a corresponding dialog related to empirical analysis have made significant progress [1]. The ODViS system is designed to complement these efforts by providing an Application Programming Interface (API) that allows researchers to link specific surveillance modules into the ODViS framework, a graphical interface for visualizing the behavior of tracking algorithms, and a performance evaluation component that supports comparison of different surveillance modules to one another or predefined ground truth. As the use of videos is becoming more popular in computer vision, the need for annotated video datasets increases. Such datasets are required either as training data or simply as ground truth for benchmark datasets. A particular challenge in video segmentation is due to disocclusions, which hamper frame-to-frame propagation, in conjunction with non-moving objects. We show that a combination of motion from point trajectories, as known from motion segmentation, along with minimal supervision can largely help solve this problem. Moreover, we integrate a new constraint that enforces consistency of the color distribution in successive frames. We quantify user interaction effort with respect to segmentation quality on challenging ego motion videos. We compare our approach to a diverse set of algorithms in terms of user effort and in terms of performance on common video segmentation benchmarks. Performance evaluation has become an increasingly important feature of video surveillance systems, as researchers attempt to assess the reliability and robustness of their operation. Although many algorithms and systems have been developed to address the problem of detecting and tracking moving objects in the image, few systems have been tested in anything other than fairly ideal conditions. In order to satisfy the requirements of a real video surveillance task, the algorithms will need to be assessed over a wide range of conditions. The aim of this paper is to examine some of the main requirements for effective performance analysis and to examine methods for characterising video datasets. Video co-localization is the task of jointly localizing common objects across videos. Due to the appearance variations both across the videos and within the video, it is a challenging problem to identify and track them without any supervision. In contrast to previous joint frameworks that use bounding box proposals to attack the problem, we propose to leverage co-saliency activated tracklets to address the challenge. To identify the common visual object, we first explore inter-video commonness, intra-video commonness, and motion saliency to generate the co-saliency maps. Object proposals of high objectness and co-saliency scores are tracked across short video intervals to build tracklets. The best tube for a video is obtained through tracklet selection from these intervals based on confidence and smoothness between the adjacent tracklets, with the help of dynamic programming. Experimental results on the benchmark YouTube Object dataset show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods. A system to monitor aggression in surveillance scenes from audio and video.Person motion and proximity measured in volumetric representation of tracked people.Informative sound classes are extracted in challenging acoustic conditions.DBN fuses context and the multi-modal features into latent aggression estimate.Comparison to previous work and system parts shows benefit of combining modalities. This paper presents a smart surveillance system named CASSANDRA, aimed at detecting instances of aggressive human behavior in public environments. A distinguishing aspect of CASSANDRA is the exploitation of complementary audio and video cues to disambiguate scene activity in real-life environments. From the video side, the system uses overlapping cameras to track persons in 3D and to extract features regarding the limb motion relative to the torso. From the audio side, it classifies instances of speech, screaming, singing, and kicking-object. The audio and video cues are fused with contextual cues (interaction, auxiliary objects); a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) produces an estimate of the ambient aggression level.Our prototype system is validated on a realistic set of scenarios performed by professional actors at an actual train station to ensure a realistic audio and video noise setting. Despite significant progress, tracking is still considered to be a very challenging task. Recently, the increasing popularity of depth sensors has made it possible to obtain reliable depth easily. This may be a game changer for tracking, since depth can be used to prevent model drift and handle occlusion. We also observe that current tracking algorithms are mostly evaluated on a very small number of videos collected and annotated by different groups. The lack of a reasonable size and consistently constructed benchmark has prevented a persuasive comparison among different algorithms. In this paper, we construct a unified benchmark dataset of 100 RGBD videos with high diversity, propose different kinds of RGBD tracking algorithms using 2D or 3D model, and present a quantitative comparison of various algorithms with RGB or RGBD input. We aim to lay the foundation for further research in both RGB and RGBD tracking, and our benchmark is available at http: tracking.cs.princeton.edu. We investigate the challenging issue of joint audio-visual analysis of generic videos targeting at semantic concept detection. We propose to extract a novel representation, the Short-term Audio-Visual Atom (S-AVA), for improved concept detection. An S-AVA is defined as a short-term region track associated with regional visual features and background audio features. An effective algorithm, named Short-Term Region tracking with joint Point Tracking and Region Segmentation (STR-PTRS), is developed to extract S-AVAs from generic videos under challenging conditions such as uneven lighting, clutter, occlusions, and complicated motions of both objects and camera. Discriminative audio-visual codebooks are constructed on top of S-AVAs using Multiple Instance Learning. Codebook-based features are generated for semantic concept detection. We extensively evaluate our algorithm over Kodak's consumer benchmark video set from real users. Experimental results confirm significant performance improvements - over 120 MAP gain compared to alternative approaches using static region segmentation without temporal tracking. The joint audio-visual features also outperform visual features alone by an average of 8.5 (in terms of AP) over 21 concepts, with many concepts achieving more than 20 . We introduce the OxUvA dataset and benchmark for evaluating single-object tracking algorithms. Benchmarks have enabled great strides in the field of object tracking by defining standardized evaluations on large sets of diverse videos. However, these works have focused exclusively on sequences that are just tens of seconds in length and in which the target is always visible. Consequently, most researchers have designed methods tailored to this “short-term” scenario, which is poorly representative of practitioners’ needs. Aiming to address this disparity, we compile a long-term, large-scale tracking dataset of sequences with average length greater than two minutes and with frequent target object disappearance. The OxUvA dataset is much larger than the object tracking datasets of recent years: it comprises 366 sequences spanning 14 h of video. We assess the performance of several algorithms, considering both the ability to locate the target and to determine whether it is present or absent. Our goal is to offer the community a large and diverse benchmark to enable the design and evaluation of tracking methods ready to be used “in the wild”. The project website is oxuva.net. We introduce the OxUvA dataset and benchmark for evaluating single-object tracking algorithms. Benchmarks have enabled great strides in the field of object tracking by defining standardized evaluations on large sets of diverse videos. However, these works have focused exclusively on sequences that are just tens of seconds in length and in which the target is always visible. Consequently, most researchers have designed methods tailored to this "short-term" scenario, which is poorly representative of practitioners' needs. Aiming to address this disparity, we compile a long-term, large-scale tracking dataset of sequences with average length greater than two minutes and with frequent target object disappearance. The OxUvA dataset is much larger than the object tracking datasets of recent years: it comprises 366 sequences spanning 14 hours of video. We assess the performance of several algorithms, considering both the ability to locate the target and to determine whether it is present or absent. Our goal is to offer the community a large and diverse benchmark to enable the design and evaluation of tracking methods ready to be used "in the wild". The project website is this http URL Online Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) has wide applications in time-critical video analysis scenarios, such as robot navigation and autonomous driving. In tracking-by-detection, a major challenge of online MOT is how to robustly associate noisy object detections on a new video frame with previously tracked objects. In this work, we formulate the online MOT problem as decision making in Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), where the lifetime of an object is modeled with a MDP. Learning a similarity function for data association is equivalent to learning a policy for the MDP, and the policy learning is approached in a reinforcement learning fashion which benefits from both advantages of offline-learning and online-learning for data association. Moreover, our framework can naturally handle the birth death and appearance disappearance of targets by treating them as state transitions in the MDP while leveraging existing online single object tracking methods. We conduct experiments on the MOT Benchmark [24] to verify the effectiveness of our method. Recognition of human actions in a video acquired by a moving camera typically requires standard preprocessing steps such as motion compensation, moving object detection and object tracking. The errors from the motion compensation step propagate to the object detection stage, resulting in miss-detections, which further complicates the tracking stage, resulting in cluttered and incorrect tracks. Therefore, action recognition from a moving camera is considered very challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel approach which does not follow the standard steps, and accordingly avoids the aforementioned difficulties. Our approach is based on Lagrangian particle trajectories which are a set of dense trajectories obtained by advecting optical flow over time, thus capturing the ensemble motions of a scene. This is done in frames of unaligned video, and no object detection is required. In order to handle the moving camera, we propose a novel approach based on low rank optimization, where we decompose the trajectories into their camera-induced and object-induced components. Having obtained the relevant object motion trajectories, we compute a compact set of chaotic invariant features which captures the characteristics of the trajectories. Consequently, a SVM is employed to learn and recognize the human actions using the computed motion features. We performed intensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets and two new aerial datasets called ARG and APHill, and obtained promising results.