Autonomous indoor navigation of Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) possesses many challenges. One main reason is that GPS has limited precision in indoor environments. The additional fact that MAVs are not able to carry heavy weight or power consuming sensors, such as range finders, makes indoor autonomous navigation a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a practical system in which a quadcopter autonomously navigates indoors and finds a specific target, i.e., a book bag, by using a single camera. A deep learning model, Convolutional Neural Network (ConvNet), is used to learn a controller strategy that mimics an expert pilot's choice of action. We show our system's performance through real-time experiments in diverse indoor locations. To understand more about our trained network, we use several visualization techniques.
: One possible solution is to use range sensors, such as laser range finders, infrared sensors, or RGB-Depth sensors. @cite_2 presented a state estimation method using an on-board laser range finder and inertial measurement unit and showed aggressive flight in GPS-denied environments. @cite_20 used one ultrasonic sensor and four infrared sensors and showed fully autonomous flight, i.e., collision avoidance. The range sensor, however, is not practical to most of publicly available quadcopters as the on-board device is often too heavy for MAVs and consume lots of power. Our work is based on only a monocular camera, which consumes a low power and is built in to most of quadcopters.
@cite_20 @cite_2
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This paper applies an existing vision-based navigation algorithm to a micro aerial vehicle (MAV). The algorithm has previously been used for long-range navigation of ground robots based on on-board 3D vision sensors such as a stereo or Kinect cameras. A teach-and-repeat operational strategy enables a robot to autonomously repeat a manually taught route without relying on an external positioning system such as GPS. For MAVs we show that a monocular downward looking camera combined with an altitude sensor can be used as 3D vision sensor replacing other resource-expensive 3D vision solutions. The paper also includes a simple path tracking controller that uses feedback from the visual and inertial sensors to guide the vehicle along a straight and level path. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate reliable, accurate and fully autonomous flight of an 8-m-long (straight and level) route, which was taught with the quadrocopter fixed to a cart. Finally, we present the successful flight of a more complex, 16-m-long route. This paper presents a Miniature Aerial Vehicle (MAV) capable of hands- off autonomous operation within indoor environments. Our prototype is a Quadrotor weighing approximately 600g, with a diameter of 550mm, which carries the necessary electronics for stability control, altitude control, collision avoidance and anti-drift control. This MAV is equipped with three rate gyroscopes, three accelerometers, one ultrasonic sensor, four infrared sensors, a high-speed motor controller and a flight computer. Autonomous flight tests have been carried out in a 7x6-m room.