Increasingly, connected cars are becoming a decentralized data platform. With greater autonomy, they have growing needs for computation and perceiving the world around them through sensors. While todays generation of vehicles carry all the necessary sensor data and computation on board, we envision a future where vehicles can cooperate to increase their perception of the world beyond their immediate view, resulting in greater safety, coordination and more comfortable experience for their human occupants. In order for vehicles to obtain data, compute and other services from other vehicles or road side infrastructure, it is important to be able to make micro payments for those services and for the services to run seamlessly despite the challenges posed by mobility and ephemeral interactions with a dynamic set of neighboring devices. We present MOTIVE, a trusted and decentralized framework that allows vehicles to make peer to peer micropayments for data, compute and other services obtained from other vehicles or road side infrastructure within radio range. The framework utilizes distributed ledger technologies including smart contracts to enable autonomous operation and trusted interactions between vehicles and nearby entities.
The application of blockchain to V2X are already discussed in the literature. ChargeItUp @cite_3 uses micropayments for fuel recharging using layer-2 state channel mechanism. Leiding @cite_1 present an architecture for a self-managed blockchain-based platform for V2X based on smart contracts. These works illustrate the benefits of using blockchain and distributed ledger technologies to V2X applications. The Chorus framework @cite_17 also explains the benefits of applying blockchain to V2X applications while contributing a technical architecture illustrating the components of the blockchain-based platform for V2X applications. Our work is complementary to @cite_17 @cite_1 , except that the MOTIVE framework is more generic and it consists of components of link prediction and trust management. Zhaojun contribute BARS @cite_12 , a trust management platform for V2X, which is one of the critical challenges in decentralized applications. BARS manages and estimate trust rating based on the historical behavior of the users and the indirect information collected from other vehicles in the vicinity.
@cite_1 @cite_12 @cite_3 @cite_17
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Combining Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) and Ethereum's blockchain-based application concepts enables transparent, self-managed and decentralized system which are self-regulating and in no need of a central managing authority. The public key infrastructure (PKI) based authentication protocol provides the basic security services for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). However, trust and privacy are still open issues due to the unique characteristics of vehicles. It is crucial for VANETs to prevent internal vehicles from broadcasting forged messages while simultaneously protecting the privacy of each vehicle against tracking attacks. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based anonymous reputation system (BARS) to break the linkability between real identities and public keys to preserve privacy. The certificate and revocation transparency is implemented efficiently using two blockchains. We design a trust model to improve the trustworthiness of messages relying on the reputation of the sender based on both direct historical interactions and indirect opinions about the sender. Experiments are conducted to evaluate BARS in terms of security and performance and the results show that BARS is able to establish distributed trust management, while protecting the privacy of vehicles. This paper makes the case for the use of blockchains in emerging intelligent transportation systems applications. Specifically, we argue for the use of blockchains to settle contracts and transactions in a variety of intelligent transportation scenarios. We argue that mainstream blockchains such as Ethereum have the foundations to sustain transactions with fine tunable granularity at large scale and in a near-realtime manner. The paper analyzes the refueling scenario for autonomous electric vehicles and proposes an algorithm to guarantee the execution of energy recharges.