We present an exploratory study comparing the visualization construction and data exploration processes of people using two visualization tools, each implementing a different interaction paradigm. One of the visualization tools implements the manual view specification paradigm (Polestar) and another implements the visualization by demonstration paradigm (VisExemplar). Findings of our study indicate that the interaction paradigms implemented in these tools influence: 1) approaches used for constructing visualizations, 2) how users form goals, 3) how many visualization alternatives are considered and created, and 4) the feeling of control during the visualization construction process.
A by-demonstration'' approach has been applied to a wide range of applications in computing before coming to data visualization. In computer programming, programming by demonstration @cite_49 enables users to generate code by providing visual demonstrations of some intended result. The user and the system continue to collaborate, using further demonstrations or direct edits to incrementally improve the final code. Other domains that have successfully used the by demonstration'' approach include 3D drawing by demonstration @cite_1 , data cleaning by demonstration @cite_40 , interactive database querying by demonstration @cite_4 and more.
@cite_40 @cite_4 @cite_1 @cite_49
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Mashups are an increasingly popular way to integrate data from multiple web sites to fit a particular need, but it often requires substantial technical expertise to create them. To lower the barrier for creating mashups, we have extended the CoScripter web automation tool with a spreadsheet-like environment called Vegemite. Our system uses direct-manipulation and programming-by-demonstration tech-niques to automatically populate tables with information collected from various web sites. A particular strength of our approach is its ability to augment a data set with new values computed by a web site, such as determining the driving distance from a particular location to each of the addresses in a data set. An informal user study suggests that Vegemite may enable a wider class of users to address their information needs. In the last few years we have witnessed a trend to appeal to the non-professional user who has little or virtually no computer or mathematical background. This paper introduces a new type of interface for 3D drawings that improves the usability of gestural interfaces and augments typical command-based modeling systems. In our suggestive interface, the user gives hints about a desired operation to the system by highlighting related geometric components in the scene. The system then infers possible operations based on the hints and presents the results of these operations as small thumbnails. The user completes the editing operation simply by clicking on the desired thumbnail. The hinting mechanism lets the user specify geometric relations among graphical components in the scene, and the multiple thumbnail suggestions make it possible to define many operations with relatively few distinct hint patterns. The suggestive interface system is implemented as a set of suggestion engines working in parallel, and is easily extended by adding customized engines. Our prototype 3D drawing system, Chateau, shows that a suggestive interface can effectively support construction of various 3D drawings. Part 1 Systems: Pygmalion tinker a predictive calculator rehearsal world smallStar peridot metamouse TELS eager garnet the Turvy experience chimera the geometer's sketchpad tourmaline a history-based macro by example system mondrian triggers the AIDE project. Part 2 Components: a history of editable graphical histories graphical representation and feedback in a PBD system PBD invocation techniques a system-wide macro facility based on aggregate events making programming accessible to visual problem solvers using voice input to disambiguate intent. Part 3 Perspectives: characterizing PBD systems demonstrational interfaces just-in-time programming.