The health effects of air pollution have been subject to intense study in recent decades. Exposure to pollutants such as airborne particulate matter and ozone has been associated with increases in morbidity and mortality, especially with regards to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, individuals do not have readily accessible methods by which to track their exposure to pollution. This paper proposes how pollution parameters like CO, NO2, O3, PM2.5, PM10 and SO2 can be monitored for respiratory and cardiovascular personalized health during outdoor exercise events. Using location tracked activities, we synchronize them to public data sets of pollution sensors. For improved accuracy in estimation, we use heart rate data to understand breathing volume mapped with the local air quality sensors via constant GPS tracking.
The cigarette equivalent is derived from both the pollution intake and the tidal volume, where depending on the percentage of each of the pollutant intake, the total summation gives the result. Here the cigarette equivalent is used to eliminate the confusion, by converting real-time air quality data from pollution levels into the equivalent number of cigarettes smoked over time. We use this for semantic understanding by the user. Since inhaling cigarette smoke has been shown to produce acute changes in the lung including alterations in resistance to airflow, cough, and irritation of the airway, the early stage of smoking might affect the respiratory function, converting the air quality to this standard gives a better insight of how the pollution affects any individual @cite_11 @cite_8 .
@cite_8 @cite_11
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Abstract Background Although the health effects of long term exposure to air pollution are well established, it is difficult to effectively communicate the health risks of this (largely invisible) risk factor to the public and policy makers. The purpose of this study is to develop a method that expresses the health effects of air pollution in an equivalent number of daily passively smoked cigarettes. Methods Defined changes in PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and Black Carbon (BC) concentration were expressed into number of passively smoked cigarettes, based on equivalent health risks for four outcome measures: Low Birth Weight ( 1 ), cardiovascular mortality and lung cancer. To describe the strength of the relationship with ETS and air pollutants, we summarized the epidemiological literature using published or new meta-analyses. Results Realistic increments of 10 µg m 3 in PM2.5 and NO 2 concentration and a 1 µg m 3 increment in BC concentration correspond to on average (standard error in parentheses) 5.5 (1.6), 2.5 (0.6) and 4.0 (1.2) passively smoked cigarettes per day across the four health endpoints, respectively. The uncertainty reflects differences in equivalence between the health endpoints and uncertainty in the concentration response functions. The health risk of living along a major freeway in Amsterdam is, compared to a counterfactual situation with ‘clean’ air, equivalent to 10 daily passively smoked cigarettes.. Conclusions We developed a method that expresses the health risks of air pollution and the health benefits of better air quality in a simple, appealing manner. The method can be used both at the national regional and the local level. Evaluation of the usefulness of the method as a communication tool is needed. Combustion emissions adversely impact air quality and human health. A multiscale air quality model is applied to assess the health impacts of major emissions sectors in United States. Emissions are classified according to six different sources: electric power generation, industry, commercial and residential sources, road transportation, marine transportation and rail transportation. Epidemiological evidence is used to relate long-term population exposure to sector-induced changes in the concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone to incidences of premature death. Total combustion emissions in the U.S. account for about 200,000 (90 CI: 90,000e362,000) premature deaths per year in the U.S. due to changes in PM2.5 concentrations, and about 10,000 (90 CI: " 1000 to 21,000) deaths due to changes in ozone concentrations. The largest contributors for both pollutant-related mortalities are road transportation, causing w53,000 (90 CI: 24,000e95,000) PM2.5-related deaths and w5000 (90 CI: " 900 to 11,000) ozonerelated early deaths per year, and power generation, causing w52,000 (90 CI: 23,000e94,000) PM2.5related and w2000 (90 CI: " 300 to 4000) ozone-related premature mortalities per year. Industrial emissions contribute to w41,000 (90 CI: 18,000e74,000) early deaths from PM2.5 and w2000 (90 CI: 0 e4000) early deaths from ozone. The results are indicative of the extent to which policy measures could be undertaken in order to mitigate the impact of specific emissions from different sectors d in particular black carbon emissions from road transportation and sulfur dioxide emissions from power generation.