The health effects of air pollution have been subject to intense study in recent decades. Exposure to pollutants such as airborne particulate matter and ozone has been associated with increases in morbidity and mortality, especially with regards to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, individuals do not have readily accessible methods by which to track their exposure to pollution. This paper proposes how pollution parameters like CO, NO2, O3, PM2.5, PM10 and SO2 can be monitored for respiratory and cardiovascular personalized health during outdoor exercise events. Using location tracked activities, we synchronize them to public data sets of pollution sensors. For improved accuracy in estimation, we use heart rate data to understand breathing volume mapped with the local air quality sensors via constant GPS tracking.
Breathing rate and tidal volume are estimated from heart rate during exercise. The breathing rate and tidal volume vary in response to metabolic demand and increase in physical activity @cite_5 .First, the tidal volume of the individual is calculated which is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation. Tidal volume is calculated from the ideal body weight which requires the height, sex and the age of the individual. From the ideal volume the tidal volume is calculated @cite_1 . An increase in ventilation can be affected by an increase in both the depth and frequency of breathing. Thus due to the respiratory frequency increasing, and the tidal volume being at it's peak the total intake of the pollutants is calculated @cite_4 .
@cite_5 @cite_1 @cite_4
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Background: The power of breathing (PoB) is used to estimate the mechanical workload of the respiratory system. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different tidal volume-respiratory rate combinations on the PoB when the elastic load is constant. In order to assure strict control of the experimental conditions, the PoB was calculated on an airway pressure-volume curve in mechanically ventilated patients. Methods: Ten patients received three different tidal volume-respiratory rate combinations while minute ventilation was constant. Respiratory mechanics, PoB and its elastic and resistive components were calculated. Alternative methods to estimate the elastic workload were assessed: elastic work of breathing per litre per minute, elastic workload index (the square root of elastic work of breathing multiplied by respiratory rate) and elastic double product of the respiratory system (the elastic pressure multiplied by respiratory rate). Results: Despite constant elastance and minute ventilation, the elastic PoB showed an increment greater than 200 from the lower to the greater tidal volume, accounting for approximately 80 of the whole PoB increment. On the contrary, elastic work of breathing per litre per minute, elastic workload index and elastic double product did not change. Conclusion: Changes in breathing pattern markedly affect the PoB despite constant mechanical load. Other indexes could assess the elastic workload without tidal volume dependence. Power of breathing use should be avoided to compare different mechanical loads or efficiencies of the respiratory muscles when tidal volume is variable. Abstract Traditional approaches to mechanical ventilation use tidal volumes of 10 to 15 ml per kilogram of body weight and may cause stretch-induced lung injury in patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. We therefore conducted a trial to determine whether ventilation with lower tidal volumes would improve the clinical outcomes in these patients. Patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome were enrolled in a multicenter, randomized trial. The trial compared traditional ventilation treatment, which involved an initial tidal volume of 12 ml per kilogram of predicted body weight and an airway pressure measured after a 0.5-second pause at the end of inspiration (plateau pressure) of 50 cm of water or less, with ventilation with a lower tidal volume, which involved an initial tidal volume of 6 ml per kilogram of predicted body weight and a plateau pressure of 30 cm of water or less. The primary outcomes were death before a patient was discharged home and was breathing without assistance and the number of days without ventilator use from day 1 to day 28. The trial was stopped after the enrollment of 861 patients because mortality was lower in the group treated with lower tidal volumes than in the group treated with traditional tidal volumes (31.0 percent vs. 39.8 percent, P=0.007), and the number of days without ventilator use during the first 28 days after randomization was greater in this group (mean [+ -SD], 12+ -11 vs. 10+ -11; P=0.007). The mean tidal volumes on days 1 to 3 were 6.2+ -0.8 and 11.8+ -0.8 ml per kilogram of predicted body weight (P