Video understanding has attracted much research attention especially since the recent availability of large-scale video benchmarks. In this paper, we address the problem of multi-label video classification. We first observe that there exists a significant knowledge gap between how machines and humans learn. That is, while current machine learning approaches including deep neural networks largely focus on the representations of the given data, humans often look beyond the data at hand and leverage external knowledge to make better decisions. Towards narrowing the gap, we propose to incorporate external knowledge graphs into video classification. In particular, we unify traditional "knowledgeless" machine learning models and knowledge graphs in a novel end-to-end framework. The framework is flexible to work with most existing video classification algorithms including state-of-the-art deep models. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments on the largest public video dataset YouTube-8M. The results are promising across the board, improving mean average precision by up to 2.9 .
Finally, knowledge graph is a popular choice to represent external knowledge, for capturing both concepts and their pairwise relationships. The use of knowledge graphs have already demonstrated various degrees of success in machine learning applications including Web search and social media @cite_3 . Quite a number of large-scale knowledge graphs are available commercially or in open source, which are generally constructed based on human curation @cite_11 , crowdsourcing @cite_8 @cite_12 , and distillation from semi-structured @cite_17 @cite_25 or unstructured data @cite_27 @cite_7 . The details of knowledge graph construction is beyond the scope of this work.
@cite_11 @cite_7 @cite_8 @cite_3 @cite_27 @cite_25 @cite_12 @cite_17
2107658650 2014016001 2016089260 2016753842 1512387364 102708294 2277195237 2022166150
Since 1984, a person-century of effort has gone into building CYC, a universal schema of roughly 10 5 general concepts spanning human reality. Most of the time has been spent codifying knowledge about these concepts; approximately 10 6 commonsense axioms have been handcrafted for and entered into CYC's knowledge base, and millions more have been inferred and cached by CYC. This article examines the fundamental assumptions of doing such a large-scale project, reviews the technical lessons learned by the developers, and surveys the range of applications that are or soon will be enabled by the technology. While tuple extraction for a given relation has been an active research area, its dual problem of pattern search-- to find and rank patterns in a principled way-- has not been studied explicitly. In this paper, we propose and address the problem of pattern search, in addition to tuple extraction. As our objectives, we stress reusability for pattern search and scalability of tuple extraction, such that our approach can be applied to very large corpora like the Web. As the key foundation, we propose a conceptual model PRDualRank to capture the notion of precision and recall for both tuples and patterns in a principled way, leading to the "rediscovery" of the Pattern-Relation Duality-- the formal quantification of the reinforcement between patterns and tuples with the metrics of precision and recall. We also develop a concrete framework for PRDualRank, guided by the principles of a perfect sampling process over a complete corpus. Finally, we evaluated our framework over the real Web. Experiments show that on all three target relations our principled approach greatly outperforms the previous state-of-the-art system in both effectiveness and efficiency. In particular, we improved optimal F-score by up to 64 . ConceptNet is a freely available commonsense knowledge base and natural-language-processing tool-kit which supports many practical textual-reasoning tasks over real-world documents including topic-gisting, analogy-making, and other context oriented inferences. The knowledge base is a semantic network presently consisting of over 1.6 million assertions of commonsense knowledge encompassing the spatial, physical, social, temporal, and psychological aspects of everyday life. ConceptNet is generated automatically from the 700 000 sentences of the Open Mind Common Sense Project — a World Wide Web based collaboration with over 14 000 authors. Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of large-scale knowledge bases, including Wikipedia, Freebase, YAGO, Microsoft's Satori, and Google's Knowledge Graph. To increase the scale even further, we need to explore automatic methods for constructing knowledge bases. Previous approaches have primarily focused on text-based extraction, which can be very noisy. Here we introduce Knowledge Vault, a Web-scale probabilistic knowledge base that combines extractions from Web content (obtained via analysis of text, tabular data, page structure, and human annotations) with prior knowledge derived from existing knowledge repositories. We employ supervised machine learning methods for fusing these distinct information sources. The Knowledge Vault is substantially bigger than any previously published structured knowledge repository, and features a probabilistic inference system that computes calibrated probabilities of fact correctness. We report the results of multiple studies that explore the relative utility of the different information sources and extraction methods. We consider here the problem of building a never-ending language learner; that is, an intelligent computer agent that runs forever and that each day must (1) extract, or read, information from the web to populate a growing structured knowledge base, and (2) learn to perform this task better than on the previous day. In particular, we propose an approach and a set of design principles for such an agent, describe a partial implementation of such a system that has already learned to extract a knowledge base containing over 242,000 beliefs with an estimated precision of 74 after running for 67 days, and discuss lessons learned from this preliminary attempt to build a never-ending learning agent. DBpedia is a community effort to extract structured information from Wikipedia and to make this information available on the Web. DBpedia allows you to ask sophisticated queries against datasets derived from Wikipedia and to link other datasets on the Web to Wikipedia data. We describe the extraction of the DBpedia datasets, and how the resulting information is published on the Web for human-andmachine-consumption. We describe some emerging applications from the DBpedia community and show how website authors can facilitate DBpedia content within their sites. Finally, we present the current status of interlinking DBpedia with other open datasets on the Web and outline how DBpedia could serve as a nucleus for an emerging Web of open data. Despite progress in perceptual tasks such as image classification, computers still perform poorly on cognitive tasks such as image description and question answering. Cognition is core to tasks that involve not just recognizing, but reasoning about our visual world. However, models used to tackle the rich content in images for cognitive tasks are still being trained using the same datasets designed for perceptual tasks. To achieve success at cognitive tasks, models need to understand the interactions and relationships between objects in an image. When asked "What vehicle is the person riding?", computers will need to identify the objects in an image as well as the relationships riding(man, carriage) and pulling(horse, carriage) to answer correctly that "the person is riding a horse-drawn carriage." In this paper, we present the Visual Genome dataset to enable the modeling of such relationships. We collect dense annotations of objects, attributes, and relationships within each image to learn these models. Specifically, our dataset contains over 108K images where each image has an average of @math 35 objects, @math 26 attributes, and @math 21 pairwise relationships between objects. We canonicalize the objects, attributes, relationships, and noun phrases in region descriptions and questions answer pairs to WordNet synsets. Together, these annotations represent the densest and largest dataset of image descriptions, objects, attributes, relationships, and question answer pairs. We present YAGO, a light-weight and extensible ontology with high coverage and quality. YAGO builds on entities and relations and currently contains more than 1 million entities and 5 million facts. This includes the Is-A hierarchy as well as non-taxonomic relations between entities (such as HASONEPRIZE). The facts have been automatically extracted from Wikipedia and unified with WordNet, using a carefully designed combination of rule-based and heuristic methods described in this paper. The resulting knowledge base is a major step beyond WordNet: in quality by adding knowledge about individuals like persons, organizations, products, etc. with their semantic relationships - and in quantity by increasing the number of facts by more than an order of magnitude. Our empirical evaluation of fact correctness shows an accuracy of about 95 . YAGO is based on a logically clean model, which is decidable, extensible, and compatible with RDFS. Finally, we show how YAGO can be further extended by state-of-the-art information extraction techniques.