We propose a method for the weakly supervised detection of objects in paintings. At training time, only image-level annotations are needed. This, combined with the efficiency of our multiple-instance learning method, enables one to learn new classes on-the-fly from globally annotated databases, avoiding the tedious task of manually marking objects. We show on several databases that dropping the instance-level annotations only yields mild performance losses. We also introduce a new database, IconArt, on which we perform detection experiments on classes that could not be learned on photographs, such as Jesus Child or Saint Sebastian. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first experiments dealing with the automatic (and in our case weakly supervised) detection of iconographic elements in paintings. We believe that such a method is of great benefit for helping art historians to explore large digital databases.
Weakly supervised strategies for the cross domain problem have been much less studied. @cite_51 , a relatively basic methodology is proposed, in which for each image the bounding box with highest (class agnostic) "objectness" score is classified. In @cite_12 , it is proposed to do mixed supervised object detection with cross-domain learning based on the SSD network @cite_49 . Object detectors are learnt by using instance-level annotations on photographs and image-level annotations on a target domain (watercolor, cartoon, etc.). We will perform comparisons of our approach with these two methods in .
@cite_51 @cite_12 @cite_49
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The objective of this work is to recognize object categories in paintings, such as cars, cows and cathedrals. We achieve this by training classifiers from natural images of the objects. We make the following contributions: (i) we measure the extent of the domain shift problem for image-level classifiers trained on natural images vs paintings, for a variety of CNN architectures; (ii) we demonstrate that classification-by-detection (i.e. learning classifiers for regions rather than the entire image) recognizes (and locates) a wide range of small objects in paintings that are not picked up by image-level classifiers, and combining these two methods improves performance; and (iii) we develop a system that learns a region-level classifier on-the-fly for an object category of a user’s choosing, which is then applied to over 60 million object regions across 210,000 paintings to retrieve localised instances of that category. Can we detect common objects in a variety of image domains without instance-level annotations? In this paper, we present a framework for a novel task, cross-domain weakly supervised object detection, which addresses this question. For this paper, we have access to images with instance-level annotations in a source domain (e.g., natural image) and images with image-level annotations in a target domain (e.g., watercolor). In addition, the classes to be detected in the target domain are all or a subset of those in the source domain. Starting from a fully supervised object detector, which is pre-trained on the source domain, we propose a two-step progressive domain adaptation technique by fine-tuning the detector on two types of artificially and automatically generated samples. We test our methods on our newly collected datasets containing three image domains, and achieve an improvement of approximately 5 to 20 percentage points in terms of mean average precision (mAP) compared to the best-performing baselines.