Collective classification of vertices is a task of assigning categories to each vertex in a graph based on both vertex attributes and link structure. Nevertheless, some existing approaches do not use the features of neighbouring vertices properly, due to the noise introduced by these features. In this paper, we propose a graph-based recursive neural network framework for collective vertex classification. In this framework, we generate hidden representations from both attributes of vertices and representations of neighbouring vertices via recursive neural networks. Under this framework, we explore two types of recursive neural units, naive recursive neural unit and long short-term memory unit. We have conducted experiments on four real-world network datasets. The experimental results show that our frame- work with long short-term memory model achieves better results and outperforms several competitive baseline methods.
Recently, some researchers analysed graphs using deep neural network technologies. Deepwalk @cite_0 is an unsupervised learning algorithm to learn vertex embeddings using link structure, while content of each vertex is not considered. Convolutional neural network for graphs @cite_21 learns feature representations for the graphs as a whole. Recurrent neural collective classification @cite_16 encodes neighbouring vertices via a recurrent neural network, which is hard to capture the information from vertices that are more than several steps away.
@cite_0 @cite_21 @cite_16
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We present DeepWalk, a novel approach for learning latent representations of vertices in a network. These latent representations encode social relations in a continuous vector space, which is easily exploited by statistical models. DeepWalk generalizes recent advancements in language modeling and unsupervised feature learning (or deep learning) from sequences of words to graphs. DeepWalk uses local information obtained from truncated random walks to learn latent representations by treating walks as the equivalent of sentences. We demonstrate DeepWalk's latent representations on several multi-label network classification tasks for social networks such as BlogCatalog, Flickr, and YouTube. Our results show that DeepWalk outperforms challenging baselines which are allowed a global view of the network, especially in the presence of missing information. DeepWalk's representations can provide F1 scores up to 10 higher than competing methods when labeled data is sparse. In some experiments, DeepWalk's representations are able to outperform all baseline methods while using 60 less training data. DeepWalk is also scalable. It is an online learning algorithm which builds useful incremental results, and is trivially parallelizable. These qualities make it suitable for a broad class of real world applications such as network classification, and anomaly detection. Numerous important problems can be framed as learning from graph data. We propose a framework for learning convolutional neural networks for arbitrary graphs. These graphs may be undirected, directed, and with both discrete and continuous node and edge attributes. Analogous to image-based convolutional networks that operate on locally connected regions of the input, we present a general approach to extracting locally connected regions from graphs. Using established benchmark data sets, we demonstrate that the learned feature representations are competitive with state of the art graph kernels and that their computation is highly efficient.