Increasing network lifetime by reducing energy consumption across the network is one of the major concerns while designing routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. In this paper, we investigate the main reasons that lead to energy depletion and we introduce appropriate routing metrics in the routing decision scheme to mitigate their effect and increase the network lifetime. For our routing scheme, we take into consideration multiple layer parameters, such as MAC queue utilization, node degree and residual energy. We integrate our multi-metric routing scheme into OLSR, a standard MANET proactive routing protocol. We evaluate via simulations in NS3 the protocol modifications under a range of different static and mobile scenarios. The main observations are that in static and low mobility scenarios our modified routing protocol leads to a significant increase (5 -20 ) in network lifetime compared to standard OLSR and slightly better performance in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR).
Many energy-efficient variations of OLSR modify both the MPR selection and the route computation algorithm. For the MPR selection, some protocols @cite_3 choose the 1-hop neighbors with the maximum residual energy, while some others modify the willingness metric of the 1-hop neighbors ( @cite_11 @cite_6 ) based on the energy level. In addition, an algorithm that takes into account the residual energy of the 1-hop and 2-hop neighbors of the MPR candidate is presented in @cite_15 . To make the routing decision, most of the techniques proposed above modify the routing metrics to take into account energy consumption. Commonly used metrics for computing path costs, such as reciprocal value of residual energy ( @cite_11 @cite_13 ) and drain rate in intermediate nodes ( @cite_11 @cite_14 ), are only based on energy measurements.
@cite_14 @cite_6 @cite_3 @cite_15 @cite_13 @cite_11
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Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks consisting of a collection of untethered nodes with no fixed infrastructure. An important design criterion for routing protocols in ad hoc networks is power consumption reduction. We describe an energy-efficient mechanism that can be used by a generic MANET routing protocol to prevent nodes from a sharp drop of battery power. We apply the mechanism to the dynamic source routing (DSR) and propose a novel DSR-based energy-efficient routing algorithm referred to as the energy-dependent DSR (EEDSR). We compare the EDDSR algorithm with two of the most recent proposals in this area: the least-energy aware routing (LEAR) and the minimum drain-rate (MDR) mechanism. We show that EEDSR is the best approach to reduce and balance power consumption in a wide spectrum of scenarios. Nodes in a mobile ad hoc network are typically battery-powered. Energy consumption is therefore an important metric to consider in designing routing protocols for such networks. In this paper, we present our work on integrating energy-efficiency aspects into a standard MANET routing protocol, OLSR. We study the impact of different protocol modifications that aim to increase node lifetime and network performance, and evaluate them under a range of different scenarios. For static networks, little to no performance improvements are achieved, but significant performance gains of 15 to 30 are possible for more dynamic network topologies. At the same time, not all modifications are equally beneficial. In particular, changing the MPR selection criteria, a key OLSR optimization mechanism, is not promising under any of the studied scenarios. Energy efficiency is a key issue in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. Several directions have been explored to maximize network lifetime, among them energy efficient routing. In this paper, we show how to extend the standardized OLSR routing protocol, in order to make it energy efficient. To take into account residual node energy, three new selection algorithms of multipoint relays, based on the minimum residual energy are evaluated, the best one is chosen. This OLSR extension selects the path minimizing the energy consumed in the end-to-end transmission of a flow packet and avoids nodes with low residual energy. We compare this extension with a two-path source routing strategy (with different links or different nodes). An extensive performance evaluation shows that this energy efficient extension maximizes both network lifetime and user data delivered. This paper presents two novel mechanisms for the OLSR routing protocol, aiming to improve its energy performance in Mobile ah-hoc Networks. Routing protocols over MANET are an important issue and many proposals have been addressed to efficiently manage topology information, to offer network scalability and to prolong network lifetime. However, few papers consider a proactive protocol (like OLSR) to better manage the energy consumption. OLSR presents the advantage of finding a route between two nodes in the network in a very short time, thanks to its proactive scheme, but it can expend a lot of resources selecting the MultiPoint Relays (MPRs) and exchanging Topology Control information. We propose a modification in the MPR selection mechanism of OLSR protocol, based on the Willingness concept, in order to prolong the network lifetime without losses of performance (in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay or overhead). Additionally, we prove that the exclusion of the energy consumption due to the overhearing can extend the lifetime of the nodes without compromising the OLSR functioning at all. A comparison of an Energy-Efficient OLSR (EE-OLSR) and the classical OLSR protocol is performed, testing some different well-known energy aware metrics such as MTPR, CMMBCR and MDR. We notice how EE-OLSR outperforms classical OLSR, and MDR confirms to be the most performing metric to save battery energy in a dense mobile network with high traffic loads.