This study proposes an audio copy detection system that is robust to various attacks. These include the severe pitch shift and tempo change attacks which existing systems fail to detect. First, we propose a novel two dimensional representation for audio signals called the time-chroma image. This image is based on a modification of the concept of chroma in the music literature and is shown to achieve better performance in song identification. Then, we propose a novel fingerprinting algorithm that extracts local fingerprints from the time-chroma image. The proposed local fingerprinting algorithm is invariant to time frequency scale changes in audio signals. It also outperforms existing methods like SIFT by a great extent. Finally, we introduce a song identification algorithm that uses the proposed fingerprints. The resulting copy detection system is shown to significantly outperform existing methods. Besides being able to detect whether a song (or a part of it) has been copied, the proposed system can accurately estimate the amount of pitch shift and or tempo change that might have been applied to a song.
Serra @cite_16 have proposed a global audio feature extraction algorithm based on a two dimensional representation of the audio signal which we call the time-chroma image. The time-chroma represents the chroma content @cite_4 of an audio signal over time. Through extensive experiments Serra have shown that the time-chroma representation of an audio signal is a promising platform for designing audio detection algorithms. However, the use of global features does not extend this method to mash-up attacks. We will discuss the time-chroma representation later in this paper.
@cite_16 @cite_4
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We present a new technique for audio signal comparison based on tonal subsequence alignment and its application to detect cover versions (i.e., different performances of the same underlying musical piece). Cover song identification is a task whose popularity has increased in the music information retrieval (MIR) community along in the past, as it provides a direct and objective way to evaluate music similarity algorithms. This paper first presents a series of experiments carried out with two state-of-the-art methods for cover song identification. We have studied several components of these (such as chroma resolution and similarity, transposition, beat tracking or dynamic time warping constraints), in order to discover which characteristics would be desirable for a competitive cover song identifier. After analyzing many cross-validated results, the importance of these characteristics is discussed, and the best performing ones are finally applied to the newly proposed method. Multiple evaluations of this one confirm a large increase in identification accuracy when comparing it with alternative state-of-the-art approaches. A display device in which a cathode ray tube envelope is utilized with a plurality of conductive elements extending from the interior surface of the faceplate of the cathode ray to the exterior surface of the cathode ray tube. A high resolution faceplate is provided by fabricating the faceplate in a manner such that the conductive elements are formed on a surface transverse to the inner and outer surfaces of the faceplate and this transverse surface is then formed into the faceplate to provide a vacuum type window.