Automatic continuous time, continuous value assessment of a patient's pain from face video is highly sought after by the medical profession. Despite the recent advances in deep learning that attain impressive results in many domains, pain estimation risks not being able to benefit from this due to the difficulty in obtaining data sets of considerable size. In this work we propose a combination of hand-crafted and deep-learned features that makes the most of deep learning techniques in small sample settings. Encoding shape, appearance, and dynamics, our method significantly outperforms the current state of the art, attaining a RMSE error of less than 1 point on a 16-level pain scale, whilst simultaneously scoring a 67.3 Pearson correlation coefficient between our predicted pain level time series and the ground truth.
Attempts have also been made to combine visual features with physiological signals in @cite_26 . Their findings show that using combined data sources yields better performance than individual sources. However, rather than pain intensity estimation, only a pair wise pain classification was achieved for the four pain levels contained in the Bio-vid pain database.
@cite_26
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How much does it hurt? Accurate assessment of pain is very important for selecting the right treatment, however current methods are not sufficiently valid and reliable in many cases. Automatic pain monitoring may help by providing an objective and continuous assessment. In this paper we propose an automatic pain recognition system combining information from video and biomedical signals, namely facial expression, head movement, galvanic skin response, electromyography and electrocardiogram. Using the BioVid Heat Pain Database, the system is evaluated in the task of pain detection showing significant improvement over the current state of the art. Further, we discuss the relevance of the modalities and compare person-specific and generic classification models.