Autonomous crop monitoring at high spatial and temporal resolution is a critical problem in precision agriculture. While Structure from Motion and Multi-View Stereo algorithms can finely reconstruct the 3D structure of a field with low-cost image sensors, these algorithms fail to capture the dynamic nature of continuously growing crops. In this paper we propose a 4D reconstruction approach to crop monitoring, which employs a spatio-temporal model of dynamic scenes that is useful for precision agriculture applications. Additionally, we provide a robust data association algorithm to address the problem of large appearance changes due to scenes being viewed from different angles at different points in time, which is critical to achieving 4D reconstruction. Finally, we collected a high quality dataset with ground truth statistics to evaluate the performance of our method. We demonstrate that our 4D reconstruction approach provides models that are qualitatively correct with respect to visual appearance and quantitatively accurate when measured against the ground truth geometric properties of the monitored crops.
Change detection in both 2D images @cite_41 @cite_9 , 3D point clouds @cite_25 , and volumetric reconstruction @cite_8 @cite_26 , have been extensively studied. @cite_3 generates a 3D reconstruction of changed parts from 2D images, and has applied the approach to city-scale change detection and 3D reconstruction @cite_32 @cite_15 . 3D change detection has also been applied to urban construction site monitoring @cite_4 . However, this type of scene change detection, which focuses on local changes, does not apply to precision agriculture applications where crops are changing over time.
@cite_26 @cite_4 @cite_8 @cite_41 @cite_9 @cite_32 @cite_3 @cite_15 @cite_25
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This paper describes an approach to reconstruct the complete history of a 3-d scene over time from imagery. The proposed approach avoids rebuilding 3-d models of the scene at each time instant. Instead, the approach employs an initial 3-d model which is continuously updated with changes in the environment to form a full 4-d representation. This updating scheme is enabled by a novel algorithm that infers 3-d changes with respect to the model at one time step from images taken at a subsequent time step. This algorithm can effectively detect changes even when the illumination conditions between image collections are significantly different. The performance of the proposed framework is demonstrated on four challenging datasets in terms of 4-d modeling accuracy as well as quantitative evaluation of 3-d change detection. This paper proposes an automated method for monitoring changes of 3D building elements using unordered photo collections as well as Building Information Models (BIM) that pertain information about geometry and relationships of elements. This task is particularly challenging as existing construction photographs are taken under different lighting and viewpoint conditions, are uncalibrated and extremely cluttered by equipment and people. Given a set of these images, our system first uses structure-from-motion, multi-view stereo, and voxel coloring algorithms to calibrate cameras, reconstruct the construction scene, quantize the scene into voxels and traverse and label the voxels for observed occupancy. The BIM is subsequently fused into the observed scene by a registration-step and voxels are traversed and labeled for expected visibility. Next, a machine learning scheme built upon a Bayesian model is proposed that automatically detects and tracks building elements in presence of occlusions. Finally, the system enables the expected and reconstructed elements to be explored with an interactive, image-based 3D viewer where construction progress deviations are automatically color-coded over the BIM. We present promising results on several challenging construction photo collections under different lighting conditions and sever occlusions. This paper examines the problem of detecting changes in a 3-d scene from a sequence of images, taken by cameras with arbitrary but known pose. No prior knowledge of the state of normal appearance and geometry of object surfaces is assumed, and abnormal changes can occur in any image of the sequence. To the authors' knowledge, this paper is the first to address the change detection problem in such a general framework. Existing change detection algorithms that exploit multiple image viewpoints typically can detect only motion changes or assume a planar world geometry which cannot cope effectively with appearance changes due to occlusion and un-modeled 3-d scene geometry (ego-motion parallax). The approach presented here can manage the complications of unknown and sometimes changing world surfaces by maintaining a 3-d voxel-based model, where probability distributions for surface occupancy and image appearance are stored in each voxel. The probability distributions at each voxel are continuously updated as new images are received. The key question of convergence of this joint estimation problem is answered by a formal proof based on realistic assumptions about the nature of real world scenes. A series of experiments are presented that evaluate change detection accuracy under laboratory-controlled conditions as well as aerial reconnaissance scenarios.- This paper proposes a method for detecting temporal changes of the three-dimensional structure of an outdoor scene from its multi-view images captured at two separate times. For the images, we consider those captured by a camera mounted on a vehicle running in a city street. The method estimates scene structures probabilistically, not deterministically, and based on their estimates, it evaluates the probability of structural changes in the scene, where the inputs are the similarity of the local image patches among the multi-view images. The aim of the probabilistic treatment is to maximize the accuracy of change detection, behind which there is our conjecture that although it is difficult to estimate the scene structures deterministically, it should be easier to detect their changes. The proposed method is compared with the methods that use multi-view stereo (MVS) to reconstruct the scene structures of the two time points and then differentiate them to detect changes. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms such MVS-based methods. In this paper, we propose a method to detect changes in the geometry of a city using panoramic images captured by a car driving around the city. We designed our approach to account for all the challenges involved in a large scale application of change detection, such as, inaccuracies in the input geometry, errors in the geo-location data of the images, as well as, the limited amount of information due to sparse imagery. We evaluated our approach on an area of 6 square kilometers inside a city, using 3420 images downloaded from Google Street View. These images besides being publicly available, are also a good example of panoramic images captured with a driving vehicle, and hence demonstrating all the possible challenges resulting from such an acquisition. We also quantitatively compared the performance of our approach with respect to a ground truth, as well as to prior work. This evaluation shows that our approach outperforms the current state of the art. In this paper, we propose an efficient technique to detect changes in the geometry of an urban environment using some images observing its current state. The proposed method can be used to significantly optimize the process of updating the 3D model of a city changing over time, by restricting this process to only those areas where changes are detected. With this application in mind, we designed our algorithm to specifically detect only structural changes in the environment, ignoring any changes in its appearance, and ignoring also all the changes which are not relevant for update purposes, such as cars, people etc. As a by-product, the algorithm also provides a coarse geometry of the detected changes. The performance of the proposed method was tested on four different kinds of urban environments and compared with two alternative techniques. We propose a method to detect changes in the geometry of a city using panoramic images captured by a car driving around the city. The proposed method can be used to significantly optimize the process of updating the 3D model of an urban environment that is changing over time, by restricting this process to only those areas where changes are detected. With this application in mind, we designed our algorithm to specifically detect only structural changes in the environment, ignoring any changes in its appearance, and ignoring also all the changes which are not relevant for update purposes such as cars, people etc. The approach also accounts for the challenges involved in a large scale application of change detection, such as inaccuracies in the input geometry, errors in the geo-location data of the images as well as the limited amount of information due to sparse imagery. We evaluated our approach on a small scale setup using high resolution, densely captured images and a large scale setup covering an entire city using instead the more realistic scenario of low resolution, sparsely captured images. A quantitative evaluation was also conducted for the large scale setup consisting of @math images. Abstract Mobile laser scanning (MLS) has become a popular technique for road inventory, building modelling, infrastructure management, mobility assessment, etc. Meanwhile, due to the high mobility of MLS systems, it is easy to revisit interested areas. However, change detection using MLS data of street environment has seldom been studied. In this paper, an approach that combines occupancy grids and a distance-based method for change detection from MLS point clouds is proposed. Unlike conventional occupancy grids, our occupancy-based method models space based on scanning rays and local point distributions in 3D without voxelization. A local cylindrical reference frame is presented for the interpolation of occupancy between rays according to the scanning geometry. The Dempster–Shafer theory (DST) is utilized for both intra-data evidence fusion and inter-data consistency assessment. Occupancy of reference point cloud is fused at the location of target points and then the consistency is evaluated directly on the points. A point-to-triangle (PTT) distance-based method is combined to improve the occupancy-based method. Because it is robust to penetrable objects, e.g. vegetation, which cause self-conflicts when modelling occupancy. The combined method tackles irregular point density and occlusion problems, also eliminates false detections on penetrable objects.