Most existing person re-identification (ReID) methods rely only on the spatial appearance information from either one or multiple person images, whilst ignore the space-time cues readily available in video or image-sequence data. Moreover, they often assume the availability of exhaustively labelled cross-view pairwise data for every camera pair, making them non-scalable to ReID applications in real-world large scale camera networks. In this work, we introduce a novel video based person ReID method capable of accurately matching people across views from arbitrary unaligned image-sequences without any labelled pairwise data. Specifically, we introduce a new space-time person representation by encoding multiple granularities of spatio-temporal dynamics in form of time series. Moreover, a Time Shift Dynamic Time Warping (TS-DTW) model is derived for performing automatically alignment whilst achieving data selection and matching between inherently inaccurate and incomplete sequences in a unified way. We further extend the TS-DTW model for accommodating multiple feature-sequences of an image-sequence in order to fuse information from different descriptions. Crucially, this model does not require pairwise labelled training data (i.e. unsupervised) therefore readily scalable to large scale camera networks of arbitrary camera pairs without the need for exhaustive data annotation for every camera pair. We show the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method by extensive comparisons with related state-of-the-art approaches using two benchmarking ReID datasets, PRID2011 and iLIDS-VID.
Space-time visual features. Our person video representation is inspired by existing successful action features and the DVR model @cite_53 , e.g. histograms of oriented 3D spatio-temporal gradient (HOG3D) @cite_15 . In contrast to most feature vector based action representations @cite_91 @cite_5 @cite_72 @cite_67 @cite_2 @cite_17 @cite_8 @cite_33 , we represent person videos with temporal sequences based representations. This design is capable of (1) not only encoding the dynamic temporal structures of motion, (2) but also selectively matching unregulated person videos (see Section ). While some action recognition models also regard videos as sequences of observation @cite_3 @cite_83 @cite_98 @cite_22 @cite_14 , their focus is coarse temporal structure modelling alone.
@cite_67 @cite_14 @cite_91 @cite_33 @cite_8 @cite_98 @cite_22 @cite_53 @cite_3 @cite_72 @cite_83 @cite_2 @cite_5 @cite_15 @cite_17
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This paper addresses a spatiotemporal pattern recognition problem. The main purpose of this study is to find a right representation and matching of action video volumes for categorization. A novel method is proposed to measure video-to-video volume similarity by extending Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), a principled tool to inspect linear relations between two sets of vectors, to that of two multiway data arrays (or tensors). The proposed method analyzes video volumes as inputs avoiding the difficult problem of explicit motion estimation required in traditional methods and provides a way of spatiotemporal pattern matching that is robust to intraclass variations of actions. The proposed matching is demonstrated for action classification by a simple Nearest Neighbor classifier. We, moreover, propose an automatic action detection method, which performs 3D window search over an input video with action exemplars. The search is speeded up by dynamic learning of subspaces in the proposed CCA. Experiments on a public action data set (KTH) and a self-recorded hand gesture data showed that the proposed method is significantly better than various state-of-the-art methods with respect to accuracy. Our method has low time complexity and does not require any major tuning parameters. We address the problem of action recognition by describing actions as time series of frames and introduce a new kernel to compare their dynamical aspects. Action recognition in realistic videos has been successfully addressed using kernel methods like SVMs. Most existing approaches average local features over video volumes and compare the resulting vectors using kernels on bags of features. In contrast, we model actions as time series of per-frame representations and propose a kernel specifically tailored for the purpose of action recognition. Our main contributions are the following: (i) we provide a new principled way to compare the dynamics and temporal structure of actions by computing the distance between their auto-correlations, (ii) we derive a practical formulation to compute this distance in any feature space deriving from a base kernel between frames and (iii) we report experimental results on recent action recognition datasets showing that it provides useful complementary information to the average distribution of frames, as used in state-of-the-art models based on bag-of-features. Local space-time features capture local events in video and can be adapted to the size, the frequency and the velocity of moving patterns. In this paper, we demonstrate how such features can be used for recognizing complex motion patterns. We construct video representations in terms of local space-time features and integrate such representations with SVM classification schemes for recognition. For the purpose of evaluation we introduce a new video database containing 2391 sequences of six human actions performed by 25 people in four different scenarios. The presented results of action recognition justify the proposed method and demonstrate its advantage compared to other relative approaches for action recognition. Trajectory basis Non-Rigid Structure from Motion (NRSfM) refers to the process of reconstructing the 3D trajectory of each point of a non-rigid object from just their 2D projected trajectories. Reconstruction relies on two factors: (i) the condition of the composed camera & trajectory basis matrix, and (ii) whether the trajectory basis has enough degrees of freedom to model the 3D point trajectory. These two factors are inherently conflicting. Employing a trajectory basis with small capacity has the positive characteristic of reducing the likelihood of an ill-conditioned system (when composed with the camera) during reconstruction. However, this has the negative characteristic of increasing the likelihood that the basis will not be able to fully model the object’s “true” 3D point trajectories. In this paper we draw upon a well known result centering around the Reduced Isometry Property (RIP) condition for sparse signal reconstruction. RIP allow us to relax the requirement that the full trajectory basis composed with the camera matrix must be well conditioned. Further, we propose a strategy for learning an over-complete basis using convolutional sparse coding from naturally occurring point trajectory corpora to increase the likelihood that the RIP condition holds for a broad class of point trajectories and camera motions. Finally, we propose an @math inspired objective for trajectory reconstruction that is able to “adaptively” select the smallest sub-matrix from an over-complete trajectory basis that balances (i) and (ii). We present more practical 3D reconstruction results compared to current state of the art in trajectory basis NRSfM. Much recent research in human activity recognition has focused on the problem of recognizing simple repetitive (walking, running, waving) and punctual actions (sitting up, opening a door, hugging). However, many interesting human activities are characterized by a complex temporal composition of simple actions. Automatic recognition of such complex actions can benefit from a good understanding of the temporal structures. We present in this paper a framework for modeling motion by exploiting the temporal structure of the human activities. In our framework, we represent activities as temporal compositions of motion segments. We train a discriminative model that encodes a temporal decomposition of video sequences, and appearance models for each motion segment. In recognition, a query video is matched to the model according to the learned appearances and motion segment decomposition. Classification is made based on the quality of matching between the motion segment classifiers and the temporal segments in the query sequence. To validate our approach, we introduce a new dataset of complex Olympic Sports activities. We show that our algorithm performs better than other state of the art methods. Current person re-identification (ReID) methods typically rely on single-frame imagery features, whilst ignoring space-time information from image sequences often available in the practical surveillance scenarios. Single-frame (single-shot) based visual appearance matching is inherently limited for person ReID in public spaces due to the challenging visual ambiguity and uncertainty arising from non-overlapping camera views where viewing condition changes can cause significant people appearance variations. In this work, we present a novel model to automatically select the most discriminative video fragments from noisy incomplete image sequences of people from which reliable space-time and appearance features can be computed, whilst simultaneously learning a video ranking function for person ReID. Using the PRID @math , iLIDS-VID, and HDA+ image sequence datasets, we extensively conducted comparative evaluations to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed model over contemporary gait recognition, holistic image sequence matching and state-of-the-art single- multi-shot ReID methods. The aim of this paper is to address recognition of natural human actions in diverse and realistic video settings. This challenging but important subject has mostly been ignored in the past due to several problems one of which is the lack of realistic and annotated video datasets. Our first contribution is to address this limitation and to investigate the use of movie scripts for automatic annotation of human actions in videos. We evaluate alternative methods for action retrieval from scripts and show benefits of a text-based classifier. Using the retrieved action samples for visual learning, we next turn to the problem of action classification in video. We present a new method for video classification that builds upon and extends several recent ideas including local space-time features, space-time pyramids and multi-channel non-linear SVMs. The method is shown to improve state-of-the-art results on the standard KTH action dataset by achieving 91.8 accuracy. Given the inherent problem of noisy labels in automatic annotation, we particularly investigate and show high tolerance of our method to annotation errors in the training set. We finally apply the method to learning and classifying challenging action classes in movies and show promising results. Visual recognition of human actions in video clips has been an active field of research in recent years. However, most published methods either analyse an entire video and assign it a single action label, or use relatively large look-ahead to classify each frame. Contrary to these strategies, human vision proves that simple actions can be recognised almost instantaneously. In this paper, we present a system for action recognition from very short sequences (ldquosnippetsrdquo) of 1-10 frames, and systematically evaluate it on standard data sets. It turns out that even local shape and optic flow for a single frame are enough to achieve ap90 correct recognitions, and snippets of 5-7 frames (0.3-0.5 seconds of video) are enough to achieve a performance similar to the one obtainable with the entire video sequence. In this paper we introduce a 3-dimensional (3D) SIFT descriptor for video or 3D imagery such as MRI data. We also show how this new descriptor is able to better represent the 3D nature of video data in the application of action recognition. This paper will show how 3D SIFT is able to outperform previously used description methods in an elegant and efficient manner. We use a bag of words approach to represent videos, and present a method to discover relationships between spatio-temporal words in order to better describe the video data. A common trend in object recognition is to detect and leverage the use of sparse, informative feature points. The use of such features makes the problem more manageable while providing increased robustness to noise and pose variation. In this work we develop an extension of these ideas to the spatio-temporal case. For this purpose, we show that the direct 3D counterparts to commonly used 2D interest point detectors are inadequate, and we propose an alternative. Anchoring off of these interest points, we devise a recognition algorithm based on spatio-temporally windowed data. We present recognition results on a variety of datasets including both human and rodent behavior. In this work, we present a novel local descriptor for video sequences. The proposed descriptor is based on histograms of oriented 3D spatio-temporal gradients. Our contribution is four-fold. (i) To compute 3D gradients for arbitrary scales, we develop a memory-efficient algorithm based on integral videos. (ii) We propose a generic 3D orientation quantization which is based on regular polyhedrons. (iii) We perform an in-depth evaluation of all descriptor parameters and optimize them for action recognition. (iv) We apply our descriptor to various action datasets (KTH, Weizmann, Hollywood) and show that we outperform the state-of-the-art.