A Review of the Differences between ESD and GCED in SDGs: Focusing on the Concepts of Global Citizenship Education
Education for sustainable development (ESD) and global citizenship education (GCED) are both adopted as global education agendas in the UN Sustainable Development Goals. However, there are not enough studies which articulate the concept of global citizenship included in GCED and ESD. Thus, this paper compares ESD and GCED in terms of global citizenship concepts. Firstly, utilizing the content review method, the meanings of global citizenship in ESD and GCED are examined. Secondly, the concepts of global citizenship in ESD and GCED are compared. This paper fi nds that global citizenship in GCED is classifi ed as critical global citizenship while the one in ESD is explained as soft global citizenship. Finally, a modified typology of global citizenship is suggested referring to the existing soft global citizenship education and critical global citizenship education. This study is expected to contribute to articulating the conceptual relationship between ESD and GCED.