Instruments of International Scientific Cooperation in the Field of Bioeconomy as Driver of Emerging Economies. The Experience of the EU Russia Cooperation
The article reflects undertaken worldwide steps to build the bioeconomy. Bioeconomy is a set of industries, from the point of view of economy, and a plurality of cross industry research, in terms of global science. All this leads to difficulty in understanding the boundaries of bioeconomy, developing within the traditional economies. The article also presents the main instruments of support and development of biotechnology and bioeconomy in Russia, such as the National Technology Initiative (NTI) the Federal Targeted Programme for Research and Development in Priority Areas of Advancement of the Russian Scientific and Technological Complex for 2014 2020 (action 2.2) The influence of the international scientific and technological programs (Horizon 2020, ERANET) on the regional economy was also estimated. 11846 I. SHAROVA ET AL. need for interdisciplinary research, the creation of consortia and joint efforts and capabilities (World Trade Organization, 2002) In many areas today there is a noticeable trend of increasing prevalence of private sector in R&D funding (Calof, Richards Smith, 2015) However, the biotechnology and bioeconomy, historically characterized by state funding. So, it should be noted National Institutes of Health National Fund (NIH) the largest of the individual entities involved in the financing of biotechnology research in the United States. In the period from 2000 to 2008, the annual NIH budget grew from 18 to 29 billion. Today, that amount is about 32 billion. Among European countries, Germany is ahead of its neighbors on the investments of venture capital in the biotech industry this rate is 2 times higher than the average in the region (Biorefineries Roadmap as part of German Federal Government action plans for the material and energetic utilization of renewable raw materials, 2012) In addition, Germany is ahead of other countries in the number of institutions, research institutes and universities specializing in the field of biotechnology (BOR, 2012) More recently, it was difficult to talk seriously about the prospects for the development of biotechnology in Russia (Lavrova Sharova, 2016) Neither the state nor the large business was interested in the industrial, agricultural, forest and environmental biotechnology (Luksha et al. 2013; 2015) The situation began to change dramatically in the last decade and today there is a creation of a common international research space, the establishment of bioeconomy among the priorities of public policy and economic development of Russia (Ufa Declaration of the BRICS Ministers for Science, Technology and Innvation, 2015) Materials and Methods In order to identify trends the sectoral associations, government programs, funds and statistical information were analyzed from open sources. The Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is supporting Russian researchers in coordinated projects on a competitive basis through the FTP Action 2.2 and 2.1. The main Russian Foundations (Russian foundation for basic research, Russian Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises from the Russian side) and the State Council for Scientific and Technological Development on the part of Brazil; the Department of Biotechnology on the part of India; the Ministry of Science and Technology and the State Foundation of Scientific Researches on the part of China; the State Research Foundation on the part of RSA take part in the BRICS Framework Programme in the area of science, technology and innovation. The pilot call of the BRICS Framework Programme has been launched. The Russian side agrees upon the procedures for the call launch, the scope of financing on the basis of Call Secretariat rights. Financing of the Russian participants is in the frames of the FTP Action 2.1 (Balashova et al. 2016) There is the scheme of the Russian R&D Community on the figure1. EU Russia Ministerial Working Group (WG) comprising leading Russian scientists established in 2006 provides a mechanism for decision making. NCP (National Contact Point 'Biotechnologies, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food security and the bioeconomy' advises to and implements WG decisions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 11847 Figure 1. Scheme of the Russian R&D Community As the result of multilevel communication the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation approved the list of priorities in Local Russia country page (Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems Towards 2020, 2014) Results and Discussions According to the strategy for 'Innovating for Sustainable Growth: a bioeconomy for Europe' the term 'bioeconomy' is defined as the production of renewable biological resources and the conversion of these resources and waste streams into value added products, such as food, feed, bio based products and bioenergy (National Research Strategy BioEconomy 2030, 2011; Vision 2050, 2010) Its sectors and industries have strong innovation potential due to their use of a wide range of sciences, enabling and industrial technologies, along with local and tacit knowledge (BIO 2020, 2012) Today we are talking about the second generation of the bioeconomy the knowledge economy (The Bioeconomy to 2030, 2009) Bioeconomy encompasses a wide range of technologies and industries, accompanied by a multitude of value chains. At the same time, biomass is the basis for all biotechnological products and processes, and thus is the starting point of the entire bioeconomy, linking the value chain (VDI Guideline 6310, 2016) Comprehensive information about the value of the European bioeconomy is presented in a new study of the biotechnology industry consortium (Bio based Industries Consortium (BIC) A, 2015) In the study, the macroeconomic effects of the economy (trade, jobs, etc. identified the amount equal to 600 billion EUR. The study affected the same industry and markets of renewable biological 11848 I. SHAROVA ET AL. resources sea, forest and livestock, such as crops, forests, fisheries, animals and micro organisms as well as other sector 'bio' orientation chemical industry and plastics (Kircher, 2012) An analysis by Eurostat in 2013 reveals the total turnover of bioeconomy data, including beverage and primary sectors of agriculture and forestry, is 2.1 trillion EUR in EU 28. Approximately half of the turnover comes from the sector of food and beverages, is provided almost a quarter of the primary sector, agriculture and forestry. The remaining share is in the chemicals industry, plastics, pharmaceuticals, paper and paper products, wood industry, textile industry, biofuels and bioenergy. Today packaged solutions to support research, training for industry, supporting innovative enterprises in different countries are designed and launched. It is very important when implementing new support tools R&D and innovation to take into account the experience of developed countries. So, over the past ten years, the field of agro industrial complex (and that means a whole range of research, including agricultural biotechnology, food and processing industry) went through several support programs in the EU, some of them will be continued in 2016 2017. In the period from 2008 till 2013 Thematic EU Environment program and sustainable management of natural resources, including energy (ENRTP Thematic Programme for the Environment and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, including Energy) has been implemented, focused on research in the field of agriculture, fisheries, industry, cooperatives. Training program for controlling authorities on EU legislation in the field of food, feed, animal health and welfare and plant 'The best training to improve food safety' has been launched. According to the updated February 8, 2016 data, the estimated annual budget of EUR 15 million. The initiative was launched in 2005 with the aim of training professionals in the field of food law, feed production technology, animal health and animal welfare rules, as well as phytosanitary standards. Enroll training centers will be able to participate, as an international organization of developing countries, the EU and around the world. In December 2015 the European Commission adopted a new package of documents designed to help European businesses and consumers to strengthen the circular economy, where resources are used more efficiently. This decision should help to 'close the loop' of the economy, ie, closure of the product life cycles due to the deep processing of raw materials and recycling, that would be beneficial for the environment as well. The transition to a new type of economy (bioeconomy) will be carried out through the instrument of the European structural and investment funds (European structural and investment funds (ESIFs) as well as the financial component of 'Horizon 2020' program (approximately EUR 650 million) EUR 5.5 billion of structural funds for the management of secondary raw materials and waste, and finally investment at the national level. USDA (US Department of Agriculture (USDA) in May 2016 announced the allocation of 21 million US dollars to support the development of regional systems for the sustainable development of bioenergy and bioproducts, including INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 11849 education and training of the next generation of scientists that will expand the availability of renewable sustainable products and energy. This funding is provided under the agriculture and food research Initiative (agriculture and food research Initiative (AFRI) and managed by the National Institute of food and agriculture of the USA (NIFA National Institute of food and agriculture (NIFA) Thus, a comprehensive approach to the development of biotechnology and bioeconomy demonstrated Group Research Institute of Sweden. In 2015 2016, the Association of Scientific Research Institutes in Sweden (Research Institutes of Sweden RISE) was developed and p