Simvastatin UpRegulates Annexin A 10 That Can Inhibit the Proliferation Migration and Invasion in Androgen Independent Human Prostate Cancer Cells
BACKGROUND. Statins have recently been studied for their proapoptotic and antimetastatic effects. However, the exact mechanisms of their anticancer actions remain unclear. Using microarrays, we discovered up regulation of annexin A10 (ANXA10) in PC 3 cells after simvastatin treatment. ANXA10 reportedly has antitumor effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of simvastatin on ANXA10 signaling in androgen independent prostate cancer cells. METHODS. PC 3, LNCaP LA (which were derived from LNCaP cells and cultured in 10% charcoal stripped fetal bovine serum for 3 months) and DU145 human prostate cancer cell lines were used. Prostate tissues were collected from 60 patients (benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH] n1/4 20; prostate cancer with a Gleason score of 7, n1/4 20; prostate cancer with a Gleason score of 8 10, n1/4 20) at the time of prostate biopsies performed. We used a nude mouse tumor xenograft model with administration of simvastatin or phosphate buffered saline via intraperitoneal injection. RESULTS. Simvastatin inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC 3, LNCaP LA, and DU145 cells. The expression level of ANXA10 was up regulated by simvastatin in PC 3, LNCaP LA, and DU145 cells. Transfection with ANXA10 inhibited PC 3 and LNCaP LA cells proliferation, migration, and invasion. Knockdown of ANXA10 by siRNA increased the proliferation of PC 3 and LNCaP LA cells. In a nude mouse xenograft model of PC 3 cells, simvastatin induced both reduction in the tumor size and up regulation of ANXA10 expression. In human prostate biopsy samples, ANXA10 mRNA expression was significantly lower in the prostate cancer group than in the BPH group. Next, we found that up regulation of ANXA10 in PC 3 resulted in down regulation of S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4) which is reportedly correlated with aggressiveness and a worse prognosis for patients with different types of carcinomas. Expression of S100A4 was downregulated by simvastatin. In PC 3 cells, knockdown of S100A4 by siRNA inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC 3 cells. CONCLUSION. Our results suggest that statins inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of androgen independent prostate cancer cells by up regulation of ANXA10. Additionally, it is possible that S100A4 plays a role in these effects. Statins may be beneficial in the prevention and/or treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc.