IGF IR signaling in epithelial to mesenchymal transition and targeting IGF IR therapy: overview and new insights
The insulin like growth factor I (IGF I) signaling induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program and contributes to metastasis and drug resistance in several subtypes of tumors. In preclinical studies, targeting of the insulin like growth factor I receptor (IGF IR) showed promising anti tumor effects. Unfortunately, high expectations for anti IGF IR therapy encountered challenge and disappointment in numerous clinical trials. This review summarizes the regulation of EMT by IGF I/IGF IR signaling pathway and drug resistance mechanisms of targeting IGF IR therapy. Most importantly, we address several factors in the regulation of IGF I/IGF IR associated EMT progression that may be potential predictive biomarkers in targeted therapy.
Molecular Cancer