Digital Learning Environments
Learning environments are ubiquitous. Schools, universities, workplaces, professional organizations, community groups, families, religious groups, museums, after school programs, and peer groups are environments that provide opportunities for learning and socialization. As digital technologies saturate our lives and participation in online environments soars, both the number and the variety of digital learning environments are growing exponentially. Video games, social networking sites, open courses, and a variety of social and networked technologies provide individuals with opportunities to learn content and competencies, and adopt new behavior patterns. Growing numbers of learners are taking courses online (Allen and Seaman 2013) and governments, elected officials, and interest groups are encouraging the development of digital learning opportunities (e.g. European Commission 2013) Digital learning environments are central to endeavors to design, develop, and deliver digital learning opportunities. While the LMS (e.g. Blackboard, Desire2Learn, Moodle, Instructure Canvas) is often used in such initiatives, a number of other digital learning environments have been adopted (e.g. blogging platforms, social media, and other standalone digital environments) We note that the terms LMS and VLE refer to the same technology. The term LMS is used in this chapter. The notion of the learning environment is associated with the constructivist movement (Wilson 1995, 27) as emphasis has moved from the individual (e.g. student, instructor) to the context, to the place and space surrounding learning and instruction. Wilson argues: "learning environments seem intrinsically fuzzy and ill defined. That is, an environment that is good for learning cannot be fully prepackaged and defined. If students are involved in choosing learning activities and controlling pace and direction, a level of uncertainty and uncontrolledness comes into play." The increasing use of digital technologies in education gave rise to the notion of the digital learning environment. Yet, digital learning environments are also ill defined. Digital Learning Environments