Neurocognitive and psychiatric dimensions of hot, but not cool, impulsivity predict HIV sexual risk behaviors among drug users in protracted abstinence
ABSTRACT Background: Impulsivity is an important risk factor for HIV risky drug and sexual behaviors. Research identifies hot (i.e. affectively mediated, reward based) and cool (motoric, attentional, independent of context) neurocognitive and psychiatric dimensions of impulsivity, though the impact of specific drugs of abuse on these varieties of impulsivity remains an open question. Objectives: The present study examined the associations of neurocognitive and psychiatric varieties of hot and cool impulsivity with measures of lifetime and recent sexual risk behaviors among users of different classes of drugs. Methods: The study sample was comprised of drug users in protracted 1 year) abstinence: heroin mono dependent (n 61) amphetamine mono dependent (n 44) and polysubstance dependent (n 73) Hot impulsivity was operationalized via neurocognitive tasks of reward based decision making and symptoms of psychopathy. Cool impulsivity was operationalized via neurocognitive tasks of response inhibition and symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Results: Hot impulsivity was associated with sexual risk behaviors among heroin and amphetamine users in protracted abstinence, whereas cool impulsivity was not associated with sexual risk behaviors among any drug using group. Neurocognitive hot impulsivity was associated with recent (past 30 day) sexual risk behaviors, whereas psychopathy was associated with sexual risk behaviors during more remote time periods (past 6 month and lifetime) and mediated the association between heroin dependence and past 6 month sexual risk behaviors. Conclusion: Assessments and interventions aimed at reducing sexual risk behaviors among drug users should focus on hot neurocognitive and psychiatric dimensions of impulsivity, such as decision making and psychopathy. Cool dimensions of impulsivity such as response inhibition and ADHD were not related to sexual risk behaviors among drug users in protracted abstinence.
The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse