Individual differences in male voice fundamental frequency emerge before puberty and remain stable throughout adulthood. Royal Society Open Science (manuscript RSOS 160395) Dataset accompanying research article
Voice pitch (the perceptual correlate of fundamental frequency, F0) varies considerably even among individuals of the same sex and age, communicating a host of socially and evolutionarily relevant information. However, due to the almost exclusive utilization of cross sectional designs in previous studies, it remains unknown whether these individual differences in voice pitch emerge before, during, or after sexual maturation, and whether voice pitch remains stable into adulthood. Here, we measured the F0 parameters of men who were recorded once every seven years from age 7 to 56 as they participated in the British documentary Up Series. Linear mixed models revealed significant effects of age on all F0 parameters, wherein F0 mean, minimum, maximum, and the standard deviation of F0 showed sharp pubertal decreases between age 7 and 21, yet remained remarkably stable after age 28. Critically, men's pre pubertal F0 at age 7 strongly predicted their F0 at every subsequent adult age, explaining up to 64% of the variance in men's post pubertal voice pitches. This finding suggests that within individual differences in voice pitch that are known to play an important role in men's reproductive success are in fact largely determined by age 7, and may therefore be linked to pre natal and/or pre pubertal androgen exposure.