Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Chronic diseases include conditions such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, respiratory conditions, and arthritis. In high income countries, chronic diseases have long been the leading causes of death and disability. Globally, more than 70 of deaths are due to chronic diseases, in the United States, more than 87 (World Health Organization [WHO] 2011) Almost one in two Americans has at least one chronic condition (Wu and Green 2000) Aside from the cost in terms of human welfare, treatment of chronic disease accounts for an estimated three quarters of U.S. health care spending (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] 2012) Chronic diseases directly affect overall health care budgets, employee productivity, and economies. Globally, noncommunicable diseases account for two thirds of the overall disease burden in middle income countries and are expected to rise to three quarters by 2030, typically in parallel to economic development (World Bank 2011) Of particular concern to many low and middle income countries is that threats to population health occur on two fronts simultaneously: "In the slums of today's megacities, we are seeing noncommunicable diseases caused by unhealthy diets and habits, side by side with undernutrition" (WHO 2002)