Associations among sleep disturbances, nocturnal sleep duration, daytime napping, and incident prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study.
OBJECTIVE Poor sleep quality as well as short and long sleep duration has been linked to type 2 diabetes. In addition to confirmational analyses, we examined the impact of daytime napping on incident diabetes, and we assessed associations between sleep characteristics and incident prediabetes. METHODS In a subgroup of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study, a population based cohort study in Germany (N 2962; age 45 75 years, without history of cancer, stroke, or cardiovascular diseases) diabetes at baseline and at 5 year follow up was assessed by self report and measurement of serum glucose levels. Prediabetes was defined as impaired fasting glucose (6.1 6.9 mmol/L) A sleep questionnaire was used to assess difficulties falling asleep, difficulties maintaining sleep, early morning arousal, and duration of nocturnal and daytime sleep. RESULTS In adjusted regression models, short =5 hours) and long =7.5 hours) sleepers were at greater risk for diabetes (relative risk [RR] 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 2.39, and 1.40, 95% CI 1.01 1.96, respectively [reference: 7 hours] Moreover, the prevalence of any regular sleep disorder was associated with incident diabetes (RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.01 1.68) and with incident prediabetes (RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.00 1.72) Regular daytime nappers had no increased risk of incident diabetes (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.70 1.41) CONCLUSION This study shows that people with regular sleep disorders, people with short and long sleep duration, but not regular daytime nappers are at increased risk of diabetes. Furthermore, regular sleep disorders are associated with an increased risk of prediabetes.
Sleep medicine