Calcium negatively regulates meprin β activity and attenuates substrate cleavage
The meprin β metalloproteinase is an important enzyme in extracellular matrix turnover, inflammation, and neurodegeneration in humans and mice. Previous studies showed a diminished cleavage of certain meprin β substrates in the presence of calcium, although the mechanism was not clear. With the help of a specific fluorogenic peptide assay and the human amyloid precursor protein as substrate, we demonstrated that the influence of calcium is most likely a direct effect on human meprin β itself. Analyzing the crystal structures of pro- and mature meprin β helped to identify a cluster of negatively charged amino acids forming a potential calcium binding site. Mutation of 2 of these residues (D204A and D245A) led to severe differences in proteolytic activity and cellular localization of meprin β. D245A was almost completely inactive and largely stored into intracellular vesicles, indicating severe misfolding of the protein. Astonishingly, D204A was not transported to the cell surface, but exhibited strong β-secretase activity, resulting in massive accumulation of Aβ-peptides. This could be explained by constitutive maturation of this meprin β mutant already in the early secretory pathway. We hypothesize that lacking D204 abrogates the capability of binding calcium in the catalytic domain, an important step for proper folding of the propeptide and subsequent inhibition of the protease. This is supported by the inhibition constant of calcium for meprin β (inhibitory constant 50 = 11 mM), which resembles the physiologic concentrations found in the endoplasmic reticulum. For instance, it was shown for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that a loss of calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum leads to the misfolding of calcium-dependent proteins, which might also be relevant for proper function of meprin β.