Continuous midazolam infusion for refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus in children
We examined efficacy of continuous midazolam (MDL) infusion in seven episodes of refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) in five children. Diagnosis included Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (two cases), and symptomatic generalized epilepsy, ring chromosome 20 syndrome, and epilepsy with continuous spike-waves during slow-wave sleep (one case each). One patient with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and another with ring chromosome 20 syndrome had two episodes of NCSE. MDL was given as an initial bolus of 0.15 to 0.3 mg/kg, followed by continuous intravenous infusion at 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg/hr. The infusion rate was increased slowly by 0.1 mg/kg/hr every 0.5 to 1.0 hr, up to 0.4 mg/kg/hr or until NCSE was controlled. The electroencephalogram, vital signs, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation were monitored during therapy. Electrical status epilepticus was abolished within a few hours in five of the seven episodes, and two patients could maintain wakefulness, oral intake, and bowel and bladder control throughout the continuous infusion. In one patient in whom NCSE recurred, it then remained uncontrolled even at a maximum dose. Serious complications such as respiratory depression or hypotension were not observed. Continuous intravenous infusion of MDL was effective and safe for NCSE in children, and can be used as firstline therapy for this condition.