The 1961 Constitutional Referendum in Turkey
The 1961 referendum on the new constitution was the first referendum held in the history of the Turkish republic. However, no deeper analysis of this phenomenon has been conducted in the English-language academic literature. This paper undertakes that objective. The new constitution was drafted and adopted under anti-democratic conditions. The post-coup era was a missed opportunity for instituting a stronger democracy. The referendum was the last nationwide vote in which traditional actors played significant roles in determining voting behavior. The notables and major landowners of the under-developed provinces led the masses to vote in favor of the new constitution. Starting in 1965, politics in Turkey became ideology-centered and class-oriented, thus causing the influence of traditional actors to diminish. Although the campaign for votes to support the referendum dominated the political scene in 1961, the electorate showed its distance from the coup anyway.
A History Of Middle East Economies In The Twentieth Century
Acknowledgements Note on Transliteration List of Tables List of Acronyms General Introduction PART I: 1918-1945 Introduction to Part I 1. Turkey 1918-1945 2. Egypt 1918-1945 3. The Economies of the British and French Mandates 1918-1945 4. The States of the Arabian Peninsula 1918-1945 PART II: 1946-1990 Introduction to Part II 5. Turkey 1946-1990 6. Egypt 1946-1990 7. Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq 1946-1990 8. The Economies of Israel, Jordan, and the West Bank/ Gaza 1946-1990 9. The States of the Arabian Peninsula 1946-1990 Epilogue and Cocclusion: THE 1990s AND BEYOND Tables Statistical Appendix Bibliography Index
Using Infrared Thermography to Detect Moisture in Historic Masonry: A Case Study in Indiana
Nondestructive testing mapped water infiltration in the decoratively painted interior of a Masonic Temple in Muncie, Indiana.