Time Taken as a Determinant of Advancement in Shotokan Karate Black-Belt Tekki Kata Performance
18 experienced black-belt subjects were individually timed on the kata Tekki Shodan. A significant relationship was found between years training and increased performance time and also between increased performance time and grade, both independent of age.
Time Taken as a Determinant of Advancement in Shotokan Karate Black-Belt Heian Kata Performance
30 experienced black-belt subjects were individually timed on each of the five Heian kata. Significant relationships were found between years of training and increased performance time on all the kata and for four with age controlled. The multiple correlation was significant.
Performance Time Transformed by Count as a Determinant of Difficulty in the Shotokan Karate Heian Kata Set
Black-belt subjects (10 men) were timed on each of the five Heian kata and the scores transformed by count. Trend analyses showed that increased performance time was significantly related to assumed complexity in Heian ranking.