Utilization of simulated annealing method for optical design of a thin rectangular small-size edge-type hollow-cavity LED luminaire
In this paper, we present the simulation results using simulated annealing method in the preliminary optical design for the hollow cavity of a thin rectangular small-size edge-type hollow-cavity LED luminaire. The simulation results demonstrated its feasibility of commercial use with both illuminance uniformity and light extraction efficiency of above 80% on the emission surface of its hollow cavity.
Designing LED array for uniform illumination distribution by simulated annealing algorithm.
We propose a numerical optimization method designing LED array for achieving a good uniform illumination distribution on target plane. Simulated annealing algorithm is employed to optimize LED array arrangement. Using the method, we optimized three LED arrays with various luminous intensity profiles. In order to exhibit the design freedom of the method, we use some LEDs with different intensity value in the first and third array, respectively. By optimizing, the three arrays all produced highly uniform illumination distribution with the uniformity of 0.12, 0.23 and 0.13, respectively. It indicates our method can design various luminous intensity distribution LED arrays and design array consisting of LEDs with different intensity value. In addition, the method is simple and can optimize the LED array automatically by computer program. To the best of our knowledge, it is first time to use numerical optimization method to design the optimal LED array arrangement for uniform irradiance.
Hygroscopic Expansion of some Casting Investments
CREDIT is generally given to Taggart1 for introducing the cast gold inlay to the dental profession. Although he realized that gold shrinks when cooled from molten state to solid state of room temperature, the investment available to him did not supply sufficient compensation. In 1910, Van Horn2 published a paper dealing with a method by which he obtained the compensation by means of wax expansion. The next major research in connection with this problem was the work of Coleman3 at the National Bureau of Standards. He determined the gold shrinkage to be 1.25 per cent and presented a casting technic with compensation values of quantitative nature. The total compensation for the gold shrinkage was obtained by the combination of the setting and thermal expansion of the mold. This procedure is the general practice followed at the present time for compensation. There are some disadvantages to this method. Skinner has indicated the difficulty of obtaining smooth castings and the improper compensation for the casting shrinkage.4 It has been found by Hollenback5 and Scheu6a that castings made at a high temperature are rougher than those made at a low temperature (450° C.), depending upon the great difference in thermal expansion between plaster of Paris and silica, which causes a poor union of the fine particles. This may also result in friability and there may be some warpage due to the differential expansion. A method which provides sufficient compensation at a low mold temperature is the hygroscopic casting technic.b Wilson7 showed that certain plasters expand as much as 0.0044 inch to the inch by taking up moisture from the air. With this information at hand, Scheula, b tested some commercial investment to determine what results the addition of moisture would have. He found6b: (1) All of the casting investments that were tested expanded. (2) The thicker the mix, the greater the expansion. (3) A mix with hot water expanded more than one with cold water. (4) The time at which the mix is placed in the water is of great importance. It was found that if the mix is placed in the water early, it would not expand so much as when placed in a little later. It was also found that if the mix was placed in the water after a certain time, it could not expand to the maximal amount. (5) The temperature of the water in which the mix is placed is important, for two reasons; (a) the temperature of the water controls slightly the expansion of the investment, and (b) water at a temperature of 1000 F. slightly softens the wax pattern so that the fine margins are not marred while expansion is taking place. The mix should remain in the water at least 20 minutes to obtain the full expansion, after which time no further expansion is obtained.