Scientific relations between Spain and central-Eastern European countries for the period 1982–1992
This paper analyzes the scientific relationships between Spain and the Eastern European countries (EEc), including the former USSR, from 1982 to 1992. The study considers the number of co-authored papers as well as the number of stays which reflect to the exchange of scientists among them. The total number of co-authored papers of Spanish scientists with their colleagues of those countries is 664 as recorded in theScience Citation Index. During the last three years, a significative increase in the number of co-signed papers has been observed. From the sample considered, the percentage of bilateral and multilateral co-authored papers is 43.8 and 56.2 respectively. In absolute figures, USSR and Poland are the countries with highest number of collaborative papers with Spain. However, in relation to their scientific output, Poland and Hungary show a higher percentage of co-authored papers than the rest of EEc. On the other hand, previous data, provided by the Spanish Secretary of State for Research and Universities (SEUI), related to the flow of scientists on sabbatical year to and from Spain,1 showed that from 1984 to 1994, a total of 213 researches come from the EEc to Spain, while the number of Spanish scientists going to those countries was extremely scarce.
International co-authorship patterns in physics and its subfields, 1981–1985
Is their a move to a new network strucutre of the world scientific research system in physics? Which are the positions of the differrent countries in such a network? Are the links stronger among central, powerful countries, fortifying even more their own research or are the links connecting strong with weak favouring a more homogeneous evolution of the system as a whole? Which are the predominant key factors creating the network structure: sociopolitical, geographic, or budgetery? These are some questions this study will try to approach from a scientometric point of view
Temperature effects on lily development rate and morphology from the visible bud stage until anthesis.
Day (DT) and night temperatures (NT) influenced Lilium longiflorum Thunb. 'Nellie White' stem elongation and development rate from the visible bud stage (VB) until anthesis. Plant height increase after VB was a function of the difference (DIF) between DT and NT (DT-NT). Plant height increased 90% as DIF increased from - 16 to 16C. A cubic model described bud development rate as a function of temperature from 14 to 30C. A linear model adequately described bud development rate as a function of average daily temperature from 14 to 21C. Based on the linear model, bud development rate increased 0.05 per day for each 1C increase in average daily temperature. The base temperature for bud development, i.e., the temperature at which bud development rate was 0, was calculated as 3.5C. Greenhouse forcing of vernalized Easter lilies is commonly divided into three phases: I) placement of vernalized bulbs in the greenhouse to flower initiation, II) flower initiation to VB, and III) VB to anthesis (De Hertogh and Wilkins, 1971). Plant morphological development differs during each of the forcing phases (De Hertogh and Wilkins, 1971). Growth during phase I is vegetative and consists of stem elongation and leaf expan- sion. Flower initiation, leaf expansion, and stem elongation oc- cur during phase II. Inflorescence expansion and stem elongation occur during phase III. Lily responses to temperature during phase III differed from those during phases I and II (Wang and Roberts, 1983). Lily development rate, quantified as days to unfold a leaf, is a de- creasing linear function of average daily temperature between 14 and 30C during phases I and II (Karlsson et al., 1988). Lily development rate during phase III is a nonlinear function of temperature (Healy and Wilkins, 1984). The effect of temper- ature on the rate of lily development decreases as DT and/or NT increase during phase III (Rob and Wilkins, 1973; Healy and Wilkins, 1984). Easter lily morphological development is thermomorpho- genie. For instance, internode length increases as the DIF be- tween DT and NT increases (Erwin et al., 1989). In addition, leaf orientation, leaf length, and flower length are also influ- enced by diurnal changes in temperature.