Persuasive Design
AbstrAct Persuasive design (PD) is concerned with the use of computing technology for persuasive purposes. It thereby captures a comprehensive and important trend in CMC, human-computer interaction, and software development in general. This chapter describes the basic concepts of PD as well as its development from its inception in the late 90s until now. So far, rhetoric has played a modest role in the field. However, it is shown that rhetoric offers a major step forward in consolidating PD as a discipline. The concepts of PD in many respects have a theoretical basis in and are better understood with reference to rhetoric; a number of practical guidelines for PD can and should be developed on the basis of rhetoric; and 'epistemic rhetoric' offers a sound epistemology for PD, which is at the moment lacking. Arguably, a rhetorical turn is required for coming to grips with the problem of defining PD and placing it properly as a special case of CMC, namely computer mediated persuasion.
Eudaimonic Design, or: Six Invitations to Rethink Gamification
This article presents six critiques of the currently dominant rendition of gamification, and six invitations to rethink it. It suggests expanding the remit of gamification (1) from the structuring of objects to the framing of contexts, and (2) from game design elements to motivational affordances. In its current form, gamification presents an additive, atomistic and deterministic conception of experience design. Truly learning from game design means to adopt a (3) relational account of experience, and (4) an emergent-systemic method of experience design. The paper suggests to move (5) from avoiding harm and coercion to facilitating the good life, and (6) from the instrumental perfection of existing orders to their critical transformation. In summary, in presents a rethought, positive vision of gamification as a critical, transformative, socio-technical systems design practice for motivational affordances in the service of human flourishing: eudaimonic design.
Recent progress in engineering near-infrared persistent luminescence nanoprobes for time-resolved biosensing/bioimaging
Persistent luminescence nanoprobes (PLNPs) can remain luminescent after ceasing excitation. Due to the ultra-long decay time of persistent luminescence (PersL), autofluorescence interference can be efficiently eliminated by collecting PersL signal after autofluorescence decays completely, thus the imaging contrast and sensing sensitivity can be significantly improved. Since near-infrared (NIR) light shows reduced scattering and absorption coefficient in penetrating biological organs or tissues, near-infrared persistent luminescence nanoprobes (NIR PLNPs) possess deep tissue penetration and offer a bright prospect in the areas of in vivo biosensing/bioimaging. In this review, we firstly summarize the design of different types of NIR PLNPs for biosensing/bioimaging, such as transition metal ions-doped NIR PLNPs, lanthanide ions-doped NIR PLNPs, organic molecules-based NIR PLNPs, and semiconducting polymer self-assembled NIR PLNPs. Notably, organic molecules-based NIR PLNPs and semiconductor self-assembled NIR PLNPs, for the first time, were introduced to the review of PLNPs. Secondly, the effects of different types of charge carriers on NIR PersL and luminescence decay of NIR PLNPs are significantly emphasized so as to build up an in-depth understanding of their luminescence mechanism. It includes the regulation of valence band and conduction band of different host materials, alteration of defect types, depth and concentration changes caused by ion doping, effective radiation transitions and energy transfer generated by different luminescence centers. Given the design and potential of NIR PLNPs as long-lived luminescent materials, the current challenges and future perspective in this rapidly growing field are also discussed.