Linear Trimeric Hafnium Clusters in Hf 0
The reduction of hafnium tetraiodide, HfI4, with aluminum at 600 °C or 850 °C in the presence of a NaI flux resulted in black single crystals of Hf0.86(1)I3. This composition corresponds well to the upper end of the non-stoichiometry range 0.89 ≤ x ≤ 1.00 previously reported for HfxI3. The crystal structure (a = 1250.3(2), c = 1999.6(3) pm, R-3m, Z = 18) is made up of hexagonal closest packed layers of iodide ions. One third of the octahedral holes would be filled as in TiI3 or ZrI3 if it were Hf1.00I3. In Hf0.86(1)I3, one out of six octahedral holes along [001] are, however, only occupied by 16%. In contrast to TiI3-I and ZrI3, one striking structural feature is in the formation of linear hafnium trimers with identical Hf―Hf distances of 318.3(2) pm rather than the formation of dimers. These may be associated with Hf―Hf bonding although only 2.64 electrons are available for one Hf5.16I18 column.
Yttrium triiodide, YI3
Single crystals of YI3 were obtained by high-vacuum sublimation of the crude product at 1213 K. The crystal structure is that of the BiI3 structure type. Two-thirds of the octa­hedral voids between every second hexa­gonally closest-packed layer of I− ions are occupied by Y3+ ions. Thereby, the YI6 octa­hedra share common edges within Bγ2/3A slabs in the stacking sequence ⋯γ2/3A□Bγ2/3A□Bγ2/3A□Bγ2/3⋯.
Determination of iodide with 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DBH) in comparison with the ICl-method. Analytical methods of pharmacopeias with DBH in respect to environmental and economical concern. Part 3.
USP 1995 (The United States Pharmacopeia, 23rd Edit., (1995), potassium iodide p. 1265, sodium iodide p. 1424), PH. EUR. 1997 (European Pharmacopoeia, third ed., Council of Europe, Strasbourg, (1997), potassium iodide p. 1367, sodium iodide p. 1493) and JAP 1996 (The Japanes Pharmacopoeia, 13th ed. (1996), potassium iodide p. 578, sodium iodide p. 630) determine iodide with the ICl-method (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 25 (1903) 756-761; Z. Anorg. Chem. 36 (1903) 76-83; Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 106 (1936) 12-23; Arzneibuch-Kommentar, Wissenschaftliche Erläuterungen zum Europäischen Arzneibuch, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, Govi-Verlag - Pharmazeutischer Verlag GmbH, Eschborn, 12th suppl. (1999), K10 p. 2), using chloroform, which is toxic and hazardous to environment. Without the application of chlorinated hydrocarbons USP 2000 (The United State Pharmacopeia, 24th ed. (2000), potassium iodide p. 1368, sodium iodide p. 1535) and Brit 1999 (British Pharmacopoeia London, (1999), Appendix VIII C, p. A162) titrate iodide with the redox indicator amaranth. A titration with potentiometric indication giving two end-points at the step of I(2) and [ICl(2)](-) is described. Due to the high concentration of hydrochloric acid required for the ICl-method, the determination with DBH (1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin; 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione) can be recommended and is performed easily. Similarly, the iodide content of gallamine triethiodide may be analyzed with DBH by application of a visual two-phase titration in water and ethyl acetate or with potentiometric indication in a mixture of 2-propanol and water. During the removal of the excess of DBH 4-bromo-triethylgallamine (2,2',2"-[1-bromo-benzene-2,3,4-triyltris(oxy)]N,N,N-triethylethanium) is formed.