Conflict and reconstruction : roles for the World Bank
For only the first few years after the establishment of the World Bank, the institution's lending and analytic activities concentrated on post Second World War reconstruction rather than development. After several decades of dedication to development, reconstruction after conflict or state collapse has reemerged as an important area of Bank operations. In recent years a growing number of states have experienced erosion or collapse of governance, extended civil war, even genocide. These societies face problems of rehabilitation and reconstruction far more complex than repair and replacement of physical capital. The crises they produce create humanitarian disasters that often spill over into neighboring states, undo years of investment, send countries into arrears, destroy infrastructure (including some previously financed by the Bank), and later in the reconstruction period claim large international assistance. To promote implementation of this policy the Bank should establish a special unit devoted to the problems of failing states and post conflict recovery. The unit would undertake analysis, information gathering, staff orientation, project support, and coordination with other agencies. It would undertake to clarify, evaluate, and assist in the development of an expanded and regularized Bank role with respect to failing, failed, or recovering states. This study attempts to cull from 13 country experiences, ranging from some that have been undergoing reconstruction for some years already, to others barely emergent from destructive crisis (Angola, Mozambique), to others still in the midst of civil deterioration (Burundi, Sierra Leone). Given the brief time available for its preparation, the study should be read as a prologue to further in-depth examination of the various problems faced in these and other countries and the implications for the Bank's new reconstruction role.
The issue of the military: UN demobilization, disarmament and reintegration in Southern Africa
This article will analyse the United Nations’ experience of demilitarization in southern Africa with reference to peacekeeping missions and the transition from emergency to developmental contexts. Three UN peace‐support operations in southern Africa ‐ the UN Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG), the UN Operation in Mozambique (ONUMOZ) and the UN Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM) ‐ will be examined to assess the international organization's role. The article focuses on the importance of developing a regional approach to demilitarization; the imperative of co‐operation both within the UN itself and the international donor and non‐governmental organization (NGO) community as a whole; and the need to develop a greater understanding of the efficacy of ‘targeting’ demilitarization programmes towards ex‐combatants.
Influence of naloxone on the antinociceptive effects of some antidepressant drugs.
The antinociceptive effects of tricyclic and atypical antidepressants were studied using the rat tail mechanical method. Clomipramine produced analgesia at the doses of 30 and 40 mg/kg, desimipramine at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, maprotiline at 20 and 30 mg/kg, mianserin at 30 mg/kg, nomifensine at 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, indalpine at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, viloxazine at 60 and 80 mg/kg. Naloxone (0.8 mg/kg) abolished the antinociceptive action of these antidepressant drugs. These results suggest that the antinociceptive activity of these six antidepressant drugs in acute experimental pain could involve opiate mechanisms.