Prospects of breeding for blast disease resistance in the oil palm (Elaeis guineensisJacq.)
SummaryBreeding for nursery blast resistance in the oil palm can reduce blast from around 50% to 1–6% loss, when a parent is carrier of dominant resistant gene(s). At such low blast levels, most of the costly agronomic methods to reduce blast incidence, need not be used.Plant material originating from the arid regions in Nigeria is more blast susceptible than that from the rain forest areas.
Co-infection by a species of Pythium and Rhizoctonia lamellifera small in blast disease of Oil-Palm seedlings
The leaf and root symptoms of blast disease are described. Isolations from roots in an advanced state of decay yielded Rhizoctonia lamellifera whereas isolations from primary infections yielded a Pythium species. Inoculation experiments are reported which demonstrate that typical blast symptoms develop only when a mixed inoculum of R. lamellifera and Pythium sp. is employed. A laboratory experiment showed that R. lamellifera is capable of parasitizing the Pythium species. Blast disease appears to result from co-infection of oil-palm seedling roots by a Pythium sp. and R. lamellifera .
THE CHALLENGES IN IDENTIFICATION OF ARTISTS-MANAGERS: CONSEQUENCES FOR CREATIVITY
Research on identity, its tensions and paradoxes have extensive literature and a large number of scientists exploring the subject. Our own experiences in the fields of art and management were the main arguments for the introduce of the concept of “artists-managers” and to undertake research in the area of artists-managers’ identity to find the conclusions for creativity. This article aims to describe the challenges in the identification of artists-managers, who can be crucial in understanding the creativity factor. To reach our goal, we run empirical qualitative research based on in-depth interviews with key-informants from Europe, Africa and North America as well as auto-analysis of an artist-manager identity. We answer the research question “Who is the artist-manager?”. We present our “creativity development model” on the base of artists-managers’ characteristics and we describe what kind of challenges should be considered in the empirical research of artists-managers. These challenges may be used as guidelines for artists-managers: for those who discover an artist-manager in their personality, for defined artists-managers to help to better understand their features, and for artists-managers’ followers to be more sensitive for their leaders’ characteristics. Our model may help to understand and develop the creativity of society.