Computer aided process planning for non-axisymmetric deep drawing products
In general, deep drawing products have various cross-section shapes such as cylindrical, rectangular and nonaxisymmetric shapes. The application of the surface area calculation to non-axisymmetric deep drawing process has not been published yet. In this research, a surface area calculation for non-axisymmetric deep drawing products with 
elliptical shape was constructed for a design of blank shape of deep drawing products by using an AutoLISP function of AutoCAD software. A computer-aided process planning (CAPP) system for rotationally symmetric deep drawing products has been developed. However, the application of the system to non-axisymmetric components has not been 
reported yet. Thus, the CAPP system for non-axisymmetric deep drawing products with elliptical shape was constructed by using process sequence design. The system developed in this work consists of four modules. The first is recognition of shape module to recognize non-axisymmetric products. The second is a three-dimensional (3-D) modeling module to calculate the surface area for non-axisymmetric products. The third is a blank design module to create an oval-shaped blank with the identical surface area. The forth is a process planning module based on the production rules that play the 
best important role in an expert system for manufacturing. The production rules are generated and upgraded by interviewing field engineers. Especially, the drawing coefficient, the punch and die radii for elliptical shape products are 
considered as main design parameters. The suitability of this system was verified by applying to a real deep drawing product. This CAPP system constructed would be very useful to reduce lead-time for manufacturing and improve an accuracy of products.
A knowledge-based system for process-sequence design in axisymmetric sheet-metal forming
Abstract A hybrid Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) system for automatic process-sequence design for the manufacture of axisymmetric sheet-metal components has been developed. The input to the CAE system is the final sheet-metal object geometry that needs to be manufactured, and the output from the system is the process sequence with intermediate object geometries. Two main components of the hybrid CAE system are a knowledge-based expert-system module (symbolic module) and a process-modeling analysis module (numeric module). The knowledge-based system module will first generate an initial-guess process sequence based on experience-based die-design guidelines, and this process sequence will then be tested for defects and failures by mathematically modeling the sheet-metal forming process using the analysis module. The analysis module will formulate mechanics of metal forming and predict stresses and strains in the deformed geometry and punch load versus displacement. This paper describes the knowledge-based system and compares process sequences outputted by the system with corresponding process sequences from industrial practice. It was found through several test cases that the blank diameter and the number of stations suggested by the knowledge-based system compare well with those used in industrial practice.
Flocculation tests with electrophoretically separated serum proteins.
Campbell, H. A., Smith, W. K., Roberts, W. L. & Link, K. P. (1941). J. biol. Chem. 138, 1. Clayton, C. C. & Baumann, C. A. (1944). J. Nutrit. 27, 155. Davies, A. W. (1933). Biochem. J. 27, 1770. Davies, A. W. & Moore, T. (1934). Biochem. J. 28, 288. Herbst, E. J., Paveek, P. L. & Elvehjem, C. A. (1944). Science, 100, 338. Light, R. F., Alscher, R. P. & Frey, C. N. (1944). Science, 100, 225. Moore, T. & Wang, Y. L. (1943). Biochem. J. 37, viii. Moore, T. & Wang, Y. L. (1945). Biochem. J. 39, 222. Overman, R. S., Field, J. B., Baumann, C. A. & Link, K. P. (1942). J. Nutrit. 23, 589. Overman, R. S., Stahmann, M. A., Sullivan, W. R., Huebner, C. F., Campbell, H. A. & Link, K. P. (1942). J. biol. Chem. 142, 941. Paveek, P. L., Herbst, E. J. & Elvehjem, C. A. (1945). J. Nutrit. 30, 1. Poumeau-Delille, G. (1943). C.R. Soc. Biol., Pari8, 137, 604. Tomaszewski, von W. & Engel, C. (1939). Z. VitaminforWch. 9, 238. Vedder, E. B. & Rosenberg, C. (1938). J. Nutrit. 16, 57. Yudkin, S. (1941). Biochem. J. 35, 551.