study of flood risks in urban zones of the mexican republic
The objective of this article is to give an understanding of a methodology for the generation of risk, hazard and vulnerability maps due to flooding in urban areas. This work is part of an update of the Flood Risk Atlas of Mexico. Models with a twodimensional (2D) structure that includes the tie rod and velocity are used simultaneously. The foregoing will permit flood risk prevention to the local infrastructure. With this methodology, flood zones can be prioritized to assess flood damage so as to mitigate the loss of economic resources. Simulations with one dimensional model are considered for this, as well as two dimensional (2D) simulations for the generation of flood maps. This will help as a decision-making tool for flood control in urban zones. This methodology is applied in the city of Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas to demonstrate its scope and benefits. DOI: 10.29011/CRHR-106. 100006
STATE‐OF‐THE‐ART OF ESTIMATING FLOOD DAMAGE IN URBAN AREAS1
ABSTRACT: With implementation of the Flood Insurance Act of 1968 many additional local flood protection projects are being considered. Consulting engineers and local agencies need consistent methods to estimate flood damage in order to perform feasibility studies. Federal agencies have a great deal of data and long experience in making damage estimates but no comprehensive guides are available at the local level. Curves of flood damages to different residential structure types are presented. The relationships in use by the U. S. Federal Insurance Administration are shown to be reasonable and are recommended for use as approximate guides. Additional research is recommended and discussion of the paper is invited in order to make additional data available in the literature.
Fully Integrated Bidirectional CMOS-MEMS Flow Sensor With Low Power Pulse Operation
Leveraging More-than-Moore technology, we demonstrate an integrated CMOS MEMS flow sensor via a very compact system on chip (SoC) that can sense the bidirectional N2 gas flow. Our SoC features a very low-noise instrumentation amplifier that is implemented on a CMOS wafer and serves as a readout integrated circuit for a thermoresistive micro-calorimetric flow sensor which is fabricated on a MEMS wafer. A compact heterogeneous integration is achieved by combining the two wafers via the proprietary InvenSense AlN process. The measured sensitivity of our CMOS MEMS flow sensor is 98 mV/sccm which is three times better than the state-of-the-art counterpart. The flow range measured by our SoC is from −26 to 26 m/s (from −50 to 50 sccm). Moreover, the pulsed heater operation makes this proposed SoC flow sensor a very low power (<9 mW) and, thus, a promising candidate for the Internet-of-Things applications in smart home/green buildings.