Simple expression of laser diode multimode rate equations including band filling effects
By introducing semiconductor gain into common laser diode multimode rate equations, we have found that the differential gain coefficient and the carrier density at transparency have a linear dependence with wavelength. Based on this fact, we have derived a simple expression for the laser diode gain including band filling effects.
Suppression of Side Fringes in Low-Coherence Interferometric Measurements Using Gain- or Loss-Modulated Multimode Laser Diodes
We examined three commercially available Fabry–Perot laser diodes with different oscillation wavelengths (660, 800, and 1550 nm) to suppress side fringes appearing under gain- or loss-modulation operation in low-coherence interferometric fringe measurements. For the shorter-wavelength laser diodes (660 and 800 nm), the amplitude of the maximum side fringe was effectively suppressed to 4% of the main fringe amplitude by utilizing the linewidth broadening effect of gain-switched laser diodes due to the generation of frequency chirping, and also by superimposing a multimode spectrum from another laser diode of the same kind. For the 1550 nm laser diode, however, the above approaches were less effective because noticeable gain saturation in the laser diode disturbed the transition of the spectral shape from a characteristic multimode spectrum to a continuum.
Geomagnetic Polarity Epochs: Sierra Nevada Data, 3
Available paleomagnetic and radiometric results for about 60 igneous rocks 3.6 m.y. old or less are consistent with the following geomagnetic polarity epoch time scale: Brunhes normal polarity epoch, 0.0 to 0.85±0.15 million years; Matuyama reversed polarity epoch, 0.85±0.15 to 2.4±0.1 million years; Gauss normal polarity epoch, 2.4±0.1 to 3.35±0.1 million years; Gilbert reversed polarity epoch, 3.35±0.1 million years to (?). A brief interval of normal polarity (the Olduvai event) occurs within the Matuyama reversed epoch at about 1.9 m.y., and a brief interval of reversed polarity (the Mammoth event) occurs within the Gauss normal epoch at about 3.06 m.y. Data for twelve units from eastern California and Nevada, reported here for the first time, are particularly useful in defining the Gauss-Gilbert boundary and for recognizing the Mammoth event.