Model Magnet for the Proposed Superconducting Cyclotron at the University of Milan
A project for a superconducting cyclotron for heavy ions has been under study for a couple of years at the Cyclotron Laboratory of the University of Milan. The machine is conceived as a booster for a 16 MV Tandem to be installed at the Laboratories of Legnaro (Padua) of the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN). The K design value is approximately 540, thus allowing maximum energies between approximately 55 MeV/nucleon and approximately 14 MeV/nucleon for light and heavy ions respectively. Pole diameter is 1.8 m and maximum average field should be around 41 Kgauss, to be obtained by a total of 6.5 x 10/sup 6/ Aturns in the superconducting coils. At present a three spiral sector polar configuration is envisaged, with a 7 cm hill gap and 70 cm valley gap. Three dees, in the valleys, should provide a peak accelerating voltage of 100 kV, allowing a 3rd or 9th harmonic operation. While funding for the machine is still under discussion, a program centered upon the construction of a superconducting model magnet and a full scale rf model was started in 1976. The design features of the model magnet, whose construction is now completed, are reported.
Cryogenics worldwide — Italy Research at low temperatures in Italy — present status and perspectives
Abstract A survey of the research activities which use low temperatures and of the low temperature facilities in Italy is given. Details are given on the geographical distribution and global funding and a projection into the near future is attempted.
Silica in Soils1
Publisher Summary Silica in free and combined forms is a dominant component of the solid material of many soils, and dissolved silica is commonly a major solute of soil solutions. Breakdown of primary silicates, translocation of silica in solution, and deposition of secondary silica-containing substances are involved in the development of soils. Ions essential for the growth of plants are released to the soil solution as silicates weather, and these ions may be held against leaching at exchange sites on other silicates. Silica is absorbed in appreciable quantities by some plants and is returned to the surface of the soil as the plants decay. The nature and transformations of silica and silicates in soil are, thus, fundamental to an understanding of many aspects of soil and plant sciences.