Estimation of overall heat transfer coefficient of cooling system in RF capacitive hyperthermia
The 
study presented in this article involves the estimation of the overall heat 
transfer coefficient of cooling system in RF capacitive hyperthermia 
treatment using inverse problem based on the conjugate gradient method to 
provide improved distribution of temperature. The temperature data computed 
numerically from the direct problem using the finite difference time domain 
method are used to simulate the temperature measurements. The effects of the 
errors and sensor positions upon the precision of the estimated results are 
also considered. The results show that a reasonable estimation of the unknown 
can be obtained. Finally, measurements in a tissue-equivalent phantom are 
employed to appraise the reliability of the presented method. The comparison of 
computed data with measurements shows a good agreement between numerical 
and experimental results.
Estimating the heat source and the heat transfer coefficient simultaneously in a living tissue by conjugate gradient method
In this study, inverse methodology is applied to estimate the controllable parameters in hyperthermia such as the external heat source and the heat transfer coefficient at the skin surface. The direct problem is solved by the fully implicit finite volume method to obtain the temperature data. This data is used as additional information to estimate the external heat source and the heat transfer coefficient at the skin surface simultaneously. Both of these parameters are considered as functions of time, and since no information exists about their functional form, the problem is classified as the function estimation method. Conjugate gradient method is applied and the comparison of estimated data with measurements confirms the accuracy of this method.
Magnetic plasma confinement for laser ion source.
A laser ion source (LIS) can easily provide a high current beam. However, it has been difficult to obtain a longer beam pulse while keeping a high current. On occasion, longer beam pulses are required by certain applications. For example, more than 10 micros of beam pulse is required for injecting highly charged beams to a large sized synchrotron. To extend beam pulse width, a solenoid field was applied at the drift space of the LIS at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The solenoid field suppressed the diverging angle of the expanding plasma and the beam pulse was widened. Also, it was observed that the plasma state was conserved after passing through a few hundred gauss of the 480 mm length solenoid field.