Use of Waste Plastic and Waste Rubber in Aggregate and Bitumen for Road Materials
Many roads agencies have been experiencing problem of premature failure of pavements like potholes, roughness, cracks and etc. which leads to poor performance of roads and its life. On the other hand, plastics, rubbers, etc. are increasing day by day. Waste like plastic bottles, polymers, cups, waste tyre's can be re-used by powdering or blending it with crusher's and can be coated over aggregate and bitumen by any heating process. In this study we have used polymer and crumbed rubber as a binder with respect to aggregate and bitumen. In bituminous roads, we use materials like aggregate (of various sizes), grit and bitumen. The various tests are conducted during this study on aggregates such as crushing value, impact value, abrasion value, and specific gravity and also on bitumen penetration value, ductility, softening point. The results are discussed in this paper.
Use of Waste Plastic and Waste Rubber Tyres in Flexible Highway Pavements
Plastics are user friendly but not eco-friendly as they are non-biodegradable. Generally it is disposed by way of land filling or incineration of materials which are hazardous. The better binding property of plastics in its molten state has helped in finding out a method of safe disposal of waste plastics, by using them in road laying. Modified Bitumen is one of the important construction materials for flexible pavements. Use of plastic waste (LDPE) and Crumb Rubber i.e. the rubber obtained from the waste tyres of vehicles, in the construction of flexible pavement is gaining importance. It is also worth mentioning that, the modifier raw-material has been sourced from disposed waste plastic and crumb rubber. This not only allows us to collect modifier raw- material at low cost, but also provides a solution towards ecological menace posed by increased use of plastics (non-biodegradable). In the present study, an attempt has been made to use waste plastic, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Crumb Rubber, blended using dry process for LDPE and wet process for CRMB. Marshal method of bituminous mix design was carried out for varying percentages of LDPE and Crumb Rubber to determine the different mix design characteristics.
Formation of unexpected ions from a first-generation polyamidoamine dendrimer by use of methanol: an artefact due to electrospray emitter corrosion?
We report the formation of unexpected ions during the analyses of a first-generation polyamidoamine dendrimer in negative ion mode using an ion trap equipped with an electrospray ionisation source. These surprising ions corresponded to an increase of 12 m/z units over those expected. The formation of the unexpected ions was dependent on the tuning of the solution flow rate and the capillary high voltage. In addition, measurements of unusual value of the current suggested that a reaction was occurring in the corona plasma. The influence of methanol in this phenomenon was demonstrated by using CD(3)OH in the sample preparation. We propose two structures to explain the observed adduct based on the results of MS(2) experiments and by referring to previous work dealing with 12 m/z units addition. We showed that a corona discharge caused by alterations taking place to the electrospray capillary emitter was the origin of these unexpected ions. Finally, we discuss the mechanism involved in the formation of the ions and we propose means to control such artefacts.