‘Belching it Forth their Sooty Jaws’: John Evelyn's Vision of a ‘Volcanic’ City
Abstract Observers of seventeenth-century London often used anatomical or geographical metaphors when writing about an early modern city undergoing rapid physical, commercial, and demographic expansion. Between the 1640s and 1680s, the writer and diarist John Evelyn regularly used volcanic language and imagery to evoke a cityscape blighted by dense clouds of smoke emitted by the city's industrial furnaces. This vision of a ‘volcanic’ city was personal, inspired by Evelyn's exploration of Vesuvius in 1645, while reflecting a broader scientific and popular fascination with volcanic activity. Considered in the immediate political context, the ‘volcanic’ city was both a powerful expression of royalist anxiety about the instability of the capital, and an assertion of the need for a powerful monarch to actively regulate the social and commercial energies of the metropolis.
The Smoke of London: Energy and Environment in the Early Modern City
Prologue: the smoke of London Part I. Transformations: 1. The early modernity of London 2. Fires: London's turn to coal, 1575-1775 3. Airs: smoke and pollution, 1600-1775 Part II. Contestations: 4. Royal spaces: palaces and brewhouses, 1575-1640 5. Nuisance and neighbours 6. Smoke in the scientific revolution Part III. Fueling Leviathan: 7. The moral economy of fuel: coal, poverty, and necessity 8. Fueling improvement: development, navigation, and revenue 9. Regulations: policing markets and suppliers 10. Protections: the wartime coal trade Part IV. Accommodations: 11. Evelyn's place: fumifugium and the royal retreat from urban smoke 12. Representations: coal smoke as urban life 13. Movements: avoiding the smoky city Epilogue Bibliography Index.
Barbarians, Gentlemen and Players : A Sociological Study of the Development of Rugby Football
Part I: Folk Antecedents and Transitional Forms of Football in the Public Schools 1. The folk antecedents of modern rugby and their decline 2. Football in the early 19th century public schools Part II: The Modernisation of Rugby Football 3. The preconditions for modernization: embourgeoisement and public school reform 4. The incipient modernization of rugby football 5. The 'civilising process' and the formation of the RFU. 6. The democratization of rugby football. 7. Professionalisation and the amateur response. 8. The split. 9. The class structure and the professionalisation of British sport. Part III: The Development of Rugby Football as a Modern Sport 10. The professionalisation of rugby league. 11. Rugby union as a modern sport: bureaucracy, gate-taking clubs and the swansong of amateurism. Conclusion: Sociological Reflections on the Crisis in Modern Sport