A GRAPH FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF ALGEBRAIC TOPOLOGY
The conventional method of describing a graph as a pair (V,E), where V and E repectively denote the sets of vertices and edges, is simple to understand and adopted in many applications. It, however, does not provide a very rich foundation for mathematical endeavor. An alternative approach is to construct a graph in algebraic topological way. In this paper, we explore how this different perspective can help us better understand group theory and topology as well as the theory of graph.
In Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia
The Cold War was the period of protracted conflict and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their allies from the late 1940s until the late 1980s. The main U.S. allies were Western Europe, Turkey, Japan and Canada. The main Soviet allies were Eastern Europe and (until the Sino-Soviet Split) China. Throughout the period, the rivalry between the two superpowers was played out in multiple arenas: military coalitions, ideology, a massive conventional and nuclear arms race, and proxy wars.
Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party
Curtis J. Austin's "Up Against the Wall" chronicles how violence brought about the founding of the Black Panther Party in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, dominated its policies, and finally destroyed the party as one member after another - Eldridge Cleaver, Fred Hampton, Alex Rackley - left the party, was killed, or was imprisoned. Austin shows how the party's early emphasis in the 1960s on self-defense, though sorely needed in black communities at the time, left it open to mischaracterization, infiltration, and devastation by local, state, and federal police forces and government agencies. Austin carefully highlights the internal tension between advocates of a more radical position than the Panthers took, who insisted on military confrontation with the state, and those such as Newton and David Hilliard, who believed in community organizing and alliance building as first priorities.Austin interviewed a number of party members who had heretofore remained silent. With the help of these stories, Austin is able to put the violent history of the party in perspective and show that the "survival" programs, such as the Free Breakfast for Children program and Free Health Clinics, helped the black communities they served to recognize their own bases of power and ability to save themselves.