Fast transfer test of power station auxiliaries
There has been much work done concerning the analytical and theoretical analysis of bus transfers, most of this pertaining to the induction motor during transients; however, very little has been published presenting experimental data of such a transfer. In this paper data is presented which was taken during and after a bus transfer on a 450 MW fossil fired unit. The data shows the validity of the models, but also indicates that the synchronous motor is more of a concern than previously thought.
A Simplified Procedure for Determining the Auxiliary Bus Voltage and Angle During Bus Transfer
During a power station auxiliary bus transfer the bus residual voltage and angle relative to the reserve bus voltage are critical for the first .5 second. A procedure is presented that determines the auxiliary bus voltage during the critical period of the bus transfer. For this simplified procedure a gas fired steam turbine generator auxiliary system is the test case used. The procedure is equally applicable to a nuclear steam turbine generator auxiliary system. The effect of residual motor current is reviewed. Motor speed may also be determined with reasonable accuracy.
Law as Palimpsest: Conceptualizing Contingency in Judicial Opinions (forthcoming 2009)
Metaphors create conceptualizations, and for decades legal academics have employed metaphors to shape understandings of legal problems. But no metaphor in current use successfully conceptualizes the contingency of judicial opinions and the complexity of the relationship between opinions and precedent. This Article seeks to fill this void by introducing a new metaphor, the palimpsest, into the realm of legal analysis. A palimpsest is a writing surface that can be cleared away for reuse, like a personal blackboard. What distinguishes a palimpsest from other writing surfaces is that its removed contents do not disappear, but remain, obscured yet recoverable: A writing on a palimpsest never goes away. This Article argues that thinking of judicial opinions as being part of a shared, ever-evolving palimpsest underscores the fact that they are ultimately contingent and serves as a reminder of the multiple levels of interconnectedness between them and the cases they cite. Precedents—like the underlayers of a palimpsest—never go away, and they inform and shape the application of opinions in ways far more significant than simply serving as points of reference. A palimpsestic approach to understanding judicial decisionmaking also helps to explain why even the oldest, most reviled cases remain part of our national psyche—like underlayers of a palimpsest, they can never truly disappear, and their continued presence forces us to grapple with their existence. Finally, considering judicial opinions as part of a shared palimpsest reminds us that even the most troubling opinion is ultimately contingent, its application subject to reexamination and revision by future courts and future generations. Just as such an opinion replaces its precedents, it too will one day be replaced, like each of a palimpsest’s layers. 2 Law as Palimpsest [Vol. __:__ Law as Palimpsest: Conceptualizing Contingency in Judicial Opinions