A Standard Ruble of Account for Russian Bussiness History, 1769–1914: A Note
"In this way one may lose ten silver rubles," said the cornet, looking at Liza, and wishing to enter into a conversation with her. "Are you not playing with assignats?" Anna Fedorovna asked, looking at everybody. "I do not know how it is,—I can't count by assignats," said the count. "How is it? What is an assignat?" "Nowadays nobody any longer counts by assignats," interposed the uncle, who had been winning, playing with the flintstone. —Lev. N. Tolstoy, Two Hussars
Apuntes sobre el rublo: la occidentalización de la moneda
This document analyzes some key moments in the development and history of the ruble as a means of payment, emphasizing the fact that its evolution has been related to a process of westernization of monetary management, which has made it possible to avoid, in several moments, the loss of purchasing power and the sustenance of the currency institution. On the other hand, since the end of the 19th century, gold has begun to have a preponderance in the country's economy and it represents a key element in the generation of wealth and support for greater issuance. This analysis leads to the introduction of a central point, which is the importance of the debate on the role of money in economic booms and crises and its practical expression in monetary reforms carried out in Russia in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the point of inflexion and consolidation of the acceptance of the use of the currency in the regard western societies give to it.
Hobbes and the Reception of Leviathan
Although there has been much discussion of the reception of Hobbes’s work, Hobbes’s response to his own reception has rarely received much consideration. This article looks at Hobbes’s engagements with his critics. Far from being rearguard actions by a philosopher under siege, or disingenuous attempts to curry favour with those in power, they can be read as moments when Hobbes in fact sought to convert what he saw as the “truth of speculation into the utility of practice.”