Jugular versus Mammary Vein Acid-Base Balance, Blood Gases, Hematobiochemical Profiles and Inflammation Biomarkers in Goats with Acute Mastitis
The objectives of this study was to investigate the acid-base balance, blood gases, hematobiochemical profiles and the inflammation biomarkers fibrinogen, serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) in the mammary and jugular veins of goats with mastitis. Blood samples were collected from the jugular and mammary veins from 26 goats with mastitis and from 10 healthy lactating goats. In diseased goats, the affected quarter had a remarkable degree of swelling, hard and sore to touch; the milk was bloody. In the jugular vein of diseased goats, the values of PCO2, PO2, base excess (BE), HCO3 and TCO2 were significantly lower than in the jugular vein of controls. In the mammary vein, the pH was significantly lower than in controls and the values of PCO2, BE, HCO3 and TCO2 were significantly lower than in the controls. In contrast, the PO2, lactic acid and anion gap values were significantly higher in the mammary vein than in controls. The RBCs was significantly lower in the jugular and mammary veins than in controls. In the jugular and mammary veins, albumin concentration was significantly lower than controls. The serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were significantly lower in the jugular vein than controls. The serum concentration of fibrinogen did not differ significantly in the jugular and mammary veins compared to healthy controls. In the jugular and mammary veins, the serum concentrations of SAA and Hp were significantly higher than controls. In diseased animals, the serum concentrations of SAA were significantly higher in the mammary veins than in jugular vein. In conclusion, the blood gases, acid-base, hematobiochemical profiles and inflammation biomarkers in the mammary vein goats with acute mastitis could be used as by veterinarians and researchers as reference values for investigation of goats with mastitis and healthy lactating goats.
Serum Concentrations of Acute Phase Proteins and Bone Biomarkers in Female Dromedary Camels During The Periparturient Period
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the periparturient period in dromedary camels on the acute phase proteins (APPs) haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), and on the bone biomarkers osteocalcin (OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (b-ALP) and pyridinoline cross-links (PYD). For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 10 female dromedary camels during the periparturient period at 3 wk before expected parturition (T0), within 12 h of parturition (T1) and 3 wk after parturition (T2). Compared to values at T0, the serum concentrations of cortisol and estrogen increased significantly at T1 then decreased significantly at T2. On the contrary, the serum concentration of progesterone decreased significantly at T1 and T2. Concerning the APPs, the serum concentrations of Hp and SAA increased significantly at T1 and then decreased at T2. The serum concentrations of the bone formation biomarkers OC and b-ALP did not differ significantly among T0, T1 and T2 values. On the other hand, the serum concentration of the bone resorption biomarker PYD decreased significantly at T1 then increased at T2. The increased serum concentrations of Hp and SAA proved that an acute-phase response had occurred in the camels at parturition. The bone formation biomarkers did not alter significantly during the periparturient period, while the bone resorption biomarker decreased significantly at parturition.
Avian infectious bronchitis.
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is caused by the gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The virus causes infections mainly in chickens and is a significant pathogen of commercial meat and egg type birds. IB is an acute, contagious disease characterised primarily by respiratory signs in growing chickens. In hens, decreased egg production and quality are often observed. Some strains of the virus are nephropathogenic and produce interstitial nephritis and mortality. The severity of IBV-induced respiratory disease is enhanced by the presence of other pathogens, including bacteria, leading to chronic complicated airsacculitis. Diagnosis of IB requires virus isolation or demonstration of viral nucleic acid from diseased flocks. Demonstration of a rising serum antibody response may also be useful. The widespread use of live and inactivated vaccines may complicate both the interpretation of virus isolation and serology findings. The occurrence of antigenic variant strains may overcome immunity induced by vaccination.