The Saint Pierre and Miquelon dispute: Towards a further redefinition of French fishing rights in the Northwest Atlantic
Abstract The Canada-France dispute concerning the extent of maritime jurisdiction around the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon is distinct from other maritime boundary disputes. The French claim creates a large enclave within Canada's 200 nautical mile zone, raises questions about the extent of maritime jurisdiction which dependent islands can claim, and involves historic fishing rights governed by treaty. After reviewing the redefinition and relocation of these rights, attention is turned to what has happened since 1977. It is argued that the effect of the boundary settlement to be decided by an international tribunal will be critical to both Canadian and French fisheries. Whatever the tribunal's decision, it will be another step in the redefinition of the French fishing rights in the Northwest Atlantic but it will not be the last. It is likely to be followed by a renegotiation of the 1972 fisheries agreement which continues to govern French fishing rights in the Canadian exclusive fishing zone.
Maritime Boundaries, Jurisdictional Disputes, and Offshore Hydrocarbon Exploration in Eastern Canada
Abstract: With the development of hydrocarbon exploration off the east coast of Canada, maritime boundary disputes and jurisdictional problems have developed at the international, federal-provincial, and interprovincial levels. This paper traces the evolution of maritime boundaries off the east coast in the past fifteen years and their effects on oil and gas exploration. It pinpoints the boundary problems that remain. It also shows how the federal and provincial governments in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland have attempted to set aside jurisdictional problems with the conclusion of bilateral offshore management agreements, which have served both to clarify maritime boundaries and to pinpoint areas of dispute. Abstract: De pair avec l’extension de la prospection d’hydrocarbures au large de la côte orientale du Canada, il s’est déclenché aux niveaux international, fédéral-provincial et inter-provincial des différends au sujet des frontières maritimes et des conflits de compétence. Cet article trace l’évolution des frontières maritirnes au large de la côte orientale durant les quinze dernières années et leur effet sur la prospection pétrolière et gazière pour définir enfin les problèmes frontaliers qui subsistent toujours. L’article montre de quelle façon le gouvernement fédéral et celui des provinces de Nouvelle-Ecosse et de Terre-Neuve ont essayé d’écarter les conflits de compétence en signant un accord bilatéral d’exploitation des ressources petrolières au large des côtes lequel a servi à démêler les frontières maritimes tout en y précisant les zones de désaccord.
Italian Influence on the Development of Calvinist Scholasticism
THIS ARTICLE TRIES to show that the rise of Calvinist scholasticism, which was the most important development in Calvinist theology during the second half of the sixteenth century, stemmed largely from several converging Italian influences, particularly from the writings of Peter Martyr Vermigli and Jerome Zanchi. Here Calvinist theology refers not only to the personal thought of John Calvin but also to the teachings of the founders of the Reformed or Calvinist tradition as it spread out from Geneva and Switzerland to France, Germany, England, Scotland, Poland, and the Low Countries. In this context Calvin emerges as the brightest star in a galaxy of Reformed theologians which includes Heinrich Bullinger, Pierre Viret, Theodore Beza and Wolfgang Musculus as well as Martyr, Zanchi and others. These theologians were often more influential than Calvin himself at a given place or time or on a given point of doctrine. Bullinger, Martyr, and Martin Bucer were all more important for spreading Calvinist ideas to Edwardian England than was John Calvin. Early Elizabethan Protestantism looked more to Zurich than to Geneva, as did early Polish Calvinism. German Calvinism owed more to Heidelberg than to Geneva.' These leaders developed their theologies sometimes in mutual dependence, sometimes with surprising independence. By no means was their relation to Calvin simply that of disciple to master, for each gave a personal nuance to his style of Calvinism. Thus the sixteenth century Jesuit Cornelius Schulting states on the opening page of his five volume polemic against Calvin and Peter Martyr that Martyr was clearer and far more learned than Calvin.2 Recently John Bray has pointed out that research in seventeenth century Calvinism leads "to the conclusion that the impact of Calvin upon the Calvinistic movement has been greatly over-rated. It may well be that some of