Research of the Indoor Air Quality of New Decoration Residence in Tianjin
With the level of life raised in China, the indoor air quality has aroused people's concern. In order to learn the actuality of air pollution in new decoration residence and improve indoor air quality and provide the foundation that constructs countermeasure of controlling indoor air pollution, the field measurements about indoor air pollution of new decoration residence are made in Tianjin. Basing on type of residences, hours of decoration, distinct development business and decoration corporations selected, the status of indoor air contaminants are analyzed, and the major factors effecting on indoor tiny contaminants concentration are researched. Indoor air contaminants mainly come from the residential decoration and building material and various furnishings and the major contaminants is formaldehyde. Temperature and humidity have great effect on tiny contaminants concentration and the sorts of contaminant¿and influencing degree on human of different tiny contaminants are different. The emitting velocity of contaminants in the same material is alterative under the condition of temperature and humidity being changed. The time of residential decoration is also one important element of contaminants concentration. There are many factors influencing the indoor air quality of new decoration residence. To improve the indoor air quality, we can open the windows to make the fresh outdoor air into room. But if the outdoor air is not clean enough, we should place air purification equipment in room.
Use of volatile tracers to determine the contribution of environmental tobacco smoke to concentrations of volatile organic compounds in smoking environments
Three volatile nitrogen-containing compounds, 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP), pyridine and pyrrole, were investigated as potential tracers for determining the contribution of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments with smoking. The source emission rates of the three tracers and ten selected VOCs in ETS were first measured in a room-size environmental chamber for a market-weighted selection of six commercial cigarettes. The ratios of the emission rates of the tracers to the emission rates of the selected VOCs were calculated and compared among the six brands. The utility of the tracers was then evaluated in a field study conducted in five office buildings. Samples for VOCs were collected in designated smoking areas and adjoining non-smoking areas, air change rates were measured, and smoking rates were documented. Concentrations of the three tracers in the smoking areas were calculated using a mass-balance model and compared to their measured concentrations. Based on this comparison, 3-EP was selected as the most suitable tracer for the volatile components of ETS, although pyrrole is also potentially useful. Using 3-EP as the tracer, the contributions of ETS to the measured concentrations of the selected VOCs in the smoking areas were estimated by apportionment. ETS was estimated to contribute 57 to 84 percent (4.1 to 26 pg m{sup -3}) of the formaldehyde concentrations, 44 to 69 percent (0.9 to 5.8 pg m{sup -3}) of the 2-butanone concentrations, 37 to 58 percent (1.3 to 8.2 pg m{sup -3}) of the benzene concentrations, and 20 to 69 percent (0.5 to 3.0 pg m{sup -3}) of the styrene concentrations. The fractional contributions of ETS to the concentrations of acetone, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene isomers and d-limonene were all less than 50 percent.
Targeting oral anticoagulation
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2000) 68, 4–5; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2000.108197