Capital Labour Substitution in the Large-scale Food-processing Industry in Pakistan: Some Recent Evidence
Food-processing is one of the first industries developed by man. Most agricultural commodities require some sort of processing for them to be edible. In primitive societies man processed his own food using the simple mortar and pestle. With the advent of industrialisation there emerged important implications for foodprocessing technologies. The workers in the industrial and commercial sectors of urban areas required greater supplies of food. This encouraged the establishment of processing plants supplemented by storage facilities to ensure that the urban population received the food that they required. Food-processing, therefore, began to occupy a fairly predominant position in the overall industrial sector. Its importance was heightened by its strong backward and forward linkages with the rest of the economy. In a labour-surplus developing economy, where most of the labour is unemployed or underemployed, the absorption of this surplus labour force in the industrial sector is an important issue. In recent decades, there has been significant growth in the industrial sector in most developing countries, in terms of both
Evidence on Allocative Efficiency and Elasticities of Substitution in the Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan
This study investigates the nature of allocative inefficiencies in large scale manufacturing sector of Pakistan over the period of 1969-70 to 1990-91. The study employ translog cost function to examine allocative inefficiency with capital labor and raw material as inputs. We estimate translog cost function along with share equations for manufacturing sector as a whole. The analysis here after performed with and without distortion parameters. The relative price efficiency between each pair of inputs provide the evidence at aggregate level that raw material is over used as compared to labor, while other inputs are equally efficiently utilized. It turns out labor is most responsive factor to change in factor price. Study suggests that long run economic growth could be achieved through adjustment policies that correct input market distortions.
Constructing gender and locality in late medieval England : the lives of Anglo-Saxon and British female saints in the South English Legendaries
..........................................................................................2 Acknowledgements.............................................................................5 Introduction....................................................................................8 1. Female Saints in the SELS 2. The SEL Manuscripts of Monastic Women’s Lives 3. Narratives of Medieval Monastic Women Chapter 1 Saint Frideswide of Oxford and Topoi of Virginity........................42