Qualification of the LHC Corrector Magnet Production With the CERN-Built Measurement Benches
The LHC will incorporate about 7600 superconducting single aperture corrector magnets mounted in the main magnet cold masses. In order to follow up their production, we have designed and built 12 different benches for warm magnetic measurements based on rotating coils. Each bench was manufactured in two copies, one installed at the industry sites and the other kept at CERN for cross checks and monitoring of the measurement quality. These systems measure the main field, the field quality and the position and orientation of the field relative to the mechanical construction, all properties that are required for an effective use of the magnets. After calibration, the benches automatically refer the measured quantities to the mechanical interfaces used to align the correctors in the cold masses (pin holes or keys). In this paper we evaluate the global uncertainty achieved with the benches and compare the field measurements performed at room temperature in industry with measurements at 1.9 K performed at CERN on samples of each corrector type.
Unscented transform-based uncertainty analysis of rotating coil transducers for field mapping.
The uncertainty of a rotating coil transducer for magnetic field mapping is analyzed. Unscented transform and statistical design of experiments are combined to determine magnetic field expectation, standard uncertainty, and separate contributions of the uncertainty sources. For nonlinear measurement models, the unscented transform-based approach is more error-proof than the linearization underlying the "Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurements" (GUMs), owing to the absence of model approximations and derivatives computation. When GUM assumptions are not met, the deterministic sampling strategy strongly reduces computational burden with respect to Monte Carlo-based methods proposed by the Supplement 1 of the GUM. Furthermore, the design of experiments and the associated statistical analysis allow the uncertainty sources domain to be explored efficiently, as well as their significance and single contributions to be assessed for an effective setup configuration. A straightforward experimental case study highlights that a one-order-of-magnitude reduction in the relative uncertainty of the coil area produces a decrease in uncertainty of the field mapping transducer by a factor of 25 with respect to the worst condition. Moreover, about 700 trials and the related processing achieve results corresponding to 5 × 10(6) brute-force Monte Carlo simulations.
Two distinct mechanisms for bilirubin glucuronide transport by rat bile canalicular membrane vesicles. Demonstration of defective ATP-dependent transport in rats (TR-) with inherited conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
Bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid in hepatocytes and subsequently secreted in bile. The major conjugate is bilirubin diglucuronide. Using sealed vesicles which are primarily derived from the canalicular (CMV) and sinusoidal (SMV) membrane vesicle domains of the plasma membrane of hepatocytes, we demonstrated that bilirubin glucuronides are transported by CMV by both ATP- and membrane potential-dependent transport systems. In CMV from normal rats, these processes are additive. In CMV from TR- rats, which have an autosomal recessively inherited defect in biliary secretion of nonbile acid organic anions, ATP-dependent transport of bilirubin diglucuronide was absent whereas the membrane potential driven system was retained. Other canalicular ATP-dependent transport systems, which were previously described for organic cations and bile acids, are functionally retained in TR- rats. Our study indicates that bilirubin glucuronides are primarily secreted into the bile canaliculus by an ATP-dependent mechanism which is defective in an animal model of the human Dubin-Johnson syndrome.