Compositional Study of Indian Five Rupee Coin by EDXRF Technique
Energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence technique has been used to study five rupee indian coins of years 1992,1993,1994,1999,2009,2010,2011 and 2012 for their material/ elemental compositions. EDX-720 spectrometer provided with X-ray tube and Si(Li) detector having energy resolution 165 eV at 5.9KeV Mn K X-ray. Different metal compositions like Cupro-Nickel, NickelBrass and Ferritic Stainless-Steel (FSS) with traces of Mn, Cr, S, Si, Cl have been found in present investigation. Modern coins are found with amendment in composition that replaces Cupro-Nickel, Nickel-Brass. Variation in weights of coins have been observed from 9 to 6 gm.
Compositional study of Parthian silver coins using PIXE technique
Abstract The study of the elemental composition of silver coins minted in the Ecbatana mint houses during the Parthian period can help to elucidate key questions such as provenance of the silver metal and the socio-economic situation of that period. Commercial activity and population growth increased the demand for silver, forcing the Parthian to look for new sources of this metal. The aim of this work is to study the chemical composition of some Parthian coins to find any relation between the mines used for extraction of silver and the actual silver coins minted at that time. Using PIXE technique, the metallic elements Ti, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ag, Au, and Pb were observed. The results show that Parthian’s kings used almost two types of mines for their coins.
New Low-Profile Applicators for Local Heating of Tissues
A new type of low-profile applicator is described giving efficient power transfer to tissue with low leakage. It consists of a resonant element spaced from a ground plane by low-loss material having high relative permittivity and some relative permeability. This combination is covered by similar material which can be placed in direct contact with the tissue to be heated, or separated from it by a water bolus as required. Laboratory measurements using phantom materials show that these applicators are well matched and produce well defined and relatively uniform heating profiles. Applicators having maximum dimensions of 3-15 cm covering the frequency range 1000-100 MHz, respectively, are described. Penetration depths of at least 4 cm at 100-200 MHz are achieved. Tests on anesthetised pigs and some clinical assessment have confirmed the usefulness of this compact low-frequency type of applicator and have shown that performance compares favorably with that of other recently reported types. The design can be optimized for treatment of specific sites, and suitable choice of dimensions and electrical characteristics of the layer material allow the low-profile concept to be extended over a wide range of operating frequencies.