To Fight Soviet Agents in the Fatherland: Anti-Communism in Ayacucho's APRA, 1945-48
This article considers the anti-Communist words and actions of Ayacucho Peru’s APRA party during the 1945-1948 presidency of Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero. Anti-Communism – understood here as opposition to the Peruvian Communist Party, its ideology, and its members – gave Apristas purpose, relevance and definition during the earliest moments of the global Cold War. By tracing the local motivations, practices and consequences of Aprista anti-Communism, a picture of sharp political animosity characterized by pointed rhetoric and steady, if low-level, political violence emerges.
Yellows against Reds: Campesino Anticommunism in 1960s Ayacucho, Peru
Peasant activists affiliated with the Confederación Campesina del Perú (CCP) seized the Pomacocha hacienda in Ayacucho in 1961. The invasion triggered over a decade of serious conflict between those peasants who supported local CCP activists and those who opposed them. The campesinos who challenged Pomacocha’s CCP activists did so using the rhetoric of anticommunism, and they were in turn derided as “yellows,” or conservatives. Peasant anticommunism stemmed from conflicts over money, religion, participation, and especially political rivalries, as the staunchest anticommunist peasants in the community belonged to the rival APRA party. The Pomacocha case shows that landowning elites, the church, government officials, and the military had no monopoly on the Cold War rhetoric of anticommunism; peasants likewise mobilized counterrevolutionary discourses to further their own interests. Ultimately, anticommunism allowed campesinos to pierce through the political neglect that characterized indigenous peasants’ relationships with the twentieth-century Peruvian state.Activistas campesinos vinculados a la Confederación Campesina del Perú (CCP) tomaron la hacienda ayacuchana Pomacocha en 1961, lo cuál desató un grave conflicto entre los comuneros apoyando a los activistas locales de la CCP y quienes estaban en contra de ellos. Los campesinos opuestos a los activistas de la CCP utilizaban la retórica anticomunista, a lo que sus vecinos respondieron acusándolos de ser “amarillos” (conservadores). El anticomunismo de los campesinos provenía de conflictos económicos, disputas sobre religión y la participación política, y las rivalidades políticas, debido al hecho que los campesinos anticomunistas más acérrimos eran miembros del partido Aprista. El caso pomacochano demuestra que además de las élites, la iglesia, el gobierno, y el ejército, los campesinos también vocalizaban discursos contrarrevolucionarios para avanzar sus propios intereses y para contrarrestar el abandono político que caracterizaba sus relaciones políticas con el estado peruano durante el siglo XX.
Britain and the Problem of International Disarmament: 1919-1934
Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. The Concept and Context of Disarmament, 1919-1934 3. The Human Element 4. The Lloyd George Coalition Government, 1918-1922 5. The Conservative Governments, 1922-1923, and the First Labour Government, 1924 6. The Conservative Government, 1924-1929 7. The Labour Government, 1929-1931 8. The National Government, 1931-1934 9. Conclusion Bibliography