Constitutive Equation for Stainless Steel Used in Structural Engineering
Stainless steel is characterized by nonlinear stress-strain behavior, material anisotropy and different mechanical properties in tension and compression. As a result, it is necessary to define stress-strain relations of stainless steel precisely for the researches of mechanical behavior and stability of stainless steel member. This paper reviews the researches in constitutive relations models home and abroad, after introducing, analyzing, comparing the exist models, presents the three-stage stress-strain model proposed by Quach, which is defined using the three basic Ramberg-Osgood parameters and could be used in structural design by the current codes, considering the Quach equation as the most accurate constitutive equation for stainless steel material.
Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Lipped Channels
SUMMARY This paper describes and discusses the results obtained from a series of tensile tests performed on cold formed stainless steel Type 304 members of lipped channel cross-section. Standard tensile tests on coupons cut from the webs of the sections were carried out, as were full section tensile tests. Ramberg-Osgood type curves based on the procedure suggested in the ASCE design code were fitted to the stress-strain results and these are compared with the experimental results and Ramberg-Osgood type curves derived on an alternative basis.
Translating Legal Language and Comparative Law
Legal texts are in the focus of both lawyers and translators. This paper discusses the binary opposition of these two views especially in the light of contract law. There is one crucial epistemic difference between the point of view of the translator and the lawyer when it comes to the interpretation of legal texts. In the translator’s view legal text is traditionally conceived as static as to its nature; something that already exists in the form of text. Traditionally, the translator is interested in the text itself as it was written down in a document, i.e. the translator needs to go back to the frozen moment when a legal document was constructed and finalised. The lawyer, in contrast, is very much interested not only in the text of the legal document but also in the contextual surroundings of the text. In fact, for legal interpretation, sometimes the key-elements for the interpretation come from outside of the text itself. This paper concludes that legal translation is in many cases closer to transcreation than it is to traditionally understood translation.