Techniques for Enhancing Durability and Equivalence Ratio Control in a Rich-Lean, Three-Stage, Ground Power Gas Turbine Combustor
This effort summarizes the work performed under Task IV, Sector Rig Tests of the CRT - Critical Research and Support Technology Program, a Department of Energy funded project. The rig tests of a can-type combustor were performed to demonstrate two advanced ground power engine combustor concepts: steam cooled rich-burn combustor primary zones for enhanced durability; and variable combustor geometry for three stage combustion equivalence ratio control. Both concepts proved to be highly successful in achieving their desired objectives. The steam cooling reduced peak liner temperatures to less than 800 K. This offers the potential of both long life and reduced use of strategic materials for liner fabrication. Three degrees of variable geometry were successfully implemented to control airflow distribution within the combustor. One was a variable blade angle axial flow air swirler to control primary airflow while the other two consisted of rotating bands to control secondary and tertiary or dilution air flow.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
An analytical study of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide emissions in hydrocarbon combustion with added nitrogen, preliminary results
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF NITROGEN OXIDES AND CARBON MONOXIDEEMISSIONS IN HYDROCARBON CONRUSTION WITH ADDEDNITROGEN - PRELIMINARY RESULVEby David A. BittkerNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationLewis Research CenterCleveland, OhiohasINTRODUCTIONOne of the major efforts in the development ofSee turbines for ground power generation is theiradaptation to the use of coal-derived liquid fuels.The wide range of properties of these synthetic liquidfuels leads to many problems. A recent summary ofcoal derived liquid fuel properties and their poten-tial problems in turbine combustion is given in Ref. 1.The present paper focuses on the problem of increasedemissions. The main question is how much the oxidesof nitrogen (NOx) emissions will be increased by theincreased amount of organic nitrogen compounds con-tained in these synthetic liquids. Another questionis whether this fuel-bound nitrogen (FBN) will haveany significant effect upon the carbon monoxide (CO)emissions from synthetic fuel combustion.The present work was undertaken to investigatethese questions as one part of the Critical Researchand Technology program funded by the Department ofEnergy at the Lewis Research Center. The primary pur-pose of this work is to analytically determine the ef-fect of combustion operating conditions on the conver-sion of FBN to NDx. The effect of FBN and of operat-ing conditions on CO emissions was also examined.Propane-air was chosen as the combustible mixture forthe first series of computations. The combustor modelwas assumed to be a two-stage, adiabatic, perfectly-stirred reactor. Chemical modeling of the oxidationof propane and the formation of NOx was done using afifty-seven reaction mechanism. The use of two-stagecombustion to minimize NOx formatir has been reportedby several investigators (2 to 4). The greatest NOx1Numbers in parentheses designate references atend of paper.reduction is achieved by burning with a rich primarymixture and then diluting with air for quite leansecond-stage combustion.A wide range of operating conditions was used forthese computations. Primary equivalence ratio, qtp,was varied from 0.5 to 1.7. Dilution air was added inthe secondary zone, as necessary, to give a secondaryequivalence ratio, ms, of either 0.5 or 0.7. Primarystage residence time varied from approximately 12 to20 msec and secondary stage residence times of approxi-mately 1, 2, and 3 cosec were used. Three differentamounts of FRN were used in the computations, namely0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 percent by weight of the initialfuel. All computations were performed for a constantpressure of 5 stm and initial mixture temperaturesranged from 608 to 650 K.Computations were performed using the NASA LewisGeneral Chemical Kinetics Program (5), which was modi-to perform stirred-reactor model computations. Thenonlinear algebraic equations given in Refs. 6 and 7for multicomponent, chemically rate-limited homoge-neous reaction in a perfectly-stirred reactor wereused. Solution of these equations by the modifiedNewton-Raphs7n iteration procedure given in Ref. 6 wasprogrammed and incorporated as a subroutine into thegeneral chemical kinetics program.Results are presented for NOx and CO concentra-tions as a function of (pp,
Project management education: The human skills imperative
Abstract This paper is intended to provide an insight into the importance of human skills in project management success and the apparent lack of emphasis placed on this within the context of university education. The discussion will call upon the viewpoints of many notable authors in respect to the human or ‘soft’ skills that are necessary in the management of projects. Against this background a review will be conducted into how well project management literature and university education equips potential project managers in the area of human skills. As the PMBOK ® Guide is one of the major recommended texts in Australian universities offering project management education, the paper will identify that it predominantly emphasises the required ‘hard (technical) skills’ at the expense of the ‘soft (human) skills’. Subsequent discussion will highlight the need for a balance between hard and soft skills within project management education in universities. It will conclude that educators within this discipline should recognise the importance of incorporating greater human skills aspects into their educational programs.