INFLUENCE OF DEGREE OF THICKNESS REDUCTION RATIO ON DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURE IN THE STEEL 1 . 5710
Intensity of structural changes during forging is usually determined in dependence on the forging ratio. Forging ratio at elongation is most often calculated with use of simple relations, which are based on the change of cross-section of the forged pieces. The intensity of structure development is influenced not only by the simple change of cross-sections, but also by relative length of the stroke, magnitude of deformation in individual passes, manner of edging, temperature, friction and shape of anvils. The paper gives an analysis of influence of the relative length of the stroke on the forging ratio.
Grain size prediction during open die forging processes
One of the most important target parameters during open die forging is the microstructure, respectively the grain size. This paper details different semi-empiric models that ultimately help to predict the microstructure properties of a forged block. As a first step, trials in industrial scale were performed by Buderus Edelstahl GmbH and attended by SMS Meer GmbH. The collected process data was used by the Institute of Metal Forming (IBF) for the numerical analysis of the open die forging process and to validate the microstructure prediction module STRUCSIM. The numerical prediction of the grain size shows a good agreement with the results obtained from the metallography. In a second step models for the core fibre of a forged block were developed at the IBF. The models use data from the online process measurement and simplified plastomechanical interrelations for the calculation of equivalent strain and the temperature in the core of the forged part during the process. With their results the microstructure in the core fibre of the workpiece can be predicted online. The models are still in development and the most recent results will be presented in this paper.
Use of laser scanning confocal microscopy for morphological taxonomy and the potential for digital type specimens (e-types)
The use of laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) for creating taxonomic descriptions of copepods is investigated. A new technique is described, which employs a contour filter to process digital LSCM images, allowing taxonomic information to be quickly and accu- rately distilled into a simple illustration. LSCM allows the imaging of whole specimens, which can be rotated and viewed from any angle—a major benefit over light microscopy. Using this tech- nique, it is suggested that taxonomic descriptions can be rapidly produced in a fraction of the time required to produce similar descriptions using traditional light microscopy and hand drawing techniques. Good staining of specimens is, however, essential to produce accurate descriptions and more research is required in this area. The use of LSCM for morphological taxonomy shows great potential, not only for producing taxonomic descriptions, but also providing a comple - mentary adjunct to traditional type specimens in the form of 3D digital 'e-types' deposited in recognised international databases.