Unity in Diversity
The public television endeavor in South Africa to translate a multicultural ideology into programming addresses the plurality of citizen-viewers in the country through the stipulation of language and local content quotas, among other corporate objectives. But the way women negotiate television's attempts to reproduce a shared sense of national identity and the manner in which they view television as a means to participate in the national public sphere have not yet been assessed. This chapter intervenes by investigating the heterogeneous manner in which audiences utilize global and local programming in their identification as national subjects. First, white women offer an antagonistic response by distancing themselves from nation-building rhetoric and by expressing preferences for programming from other national contexts. Second, older black women collaborate by identifying with programming on television that they believe addresses issues of the nation directly. And, finally, a mixed racial and ethnic group of women demonstrate more ambivalent or critical responses to programming designed to bring people together around national concerns. The paradoxical responses of women to national programming suggest the exclusive qualities of the lived experience of multiculturalism versus the imagined success of the televised national project. 
 
 
Keywords: 
 
South Africa; 
television; 
reception; 
cultural proximity; 
multiple proximities; 
gender; 
race; 
class; 
multiculturalism; 
audience studies; 
globalization
Beyond media imperialism: Assymetrical interdependence and cultural proximity
This paper analyzes some of the controversies in the literature on media imperialism by drawing on two revised concepts: the idea of assymetrical interdependence as a more precise and complex way to frame the imperialism issues, and the idea of audiences actively searching for cultural proximity in cultural goods, as a way to reincorporate the role of audiences in the media imperialism debate. The focus is on limits imposed by dependence, growth in cultural industries, technological change, and reconceptualization of an active audience that is divided by class. The study focuses on television flows vs. national television production, on the primary case of Brazil, and on institutional and audience‐centered evidence.
Global Islamic Politics
1. Introduction to Islam and Islamic Revivals. 2. Islam: A Vehicle for Political Action. 3. The Muslim Fundamentalists. 4. The Muslim Traditionalists. 5. The Muslim Modernists. 6. The Muslim Pragmatists. 7. Failure of Secular Ideologies and Developmental Crises. 8. Islamic Revivalism in the Arab-Israeli Context. 9. OPEC, OIC, and Islamic Politics. 10. The Islamic Revolution in Iran. 11. Islamic Revival in Central Asia. 12. Conclusion. Glossary of Islamic Terms.