An Efficient and Chemoselective Procedure for Acylal Synthesis
A novel heterogeneous efficient procedure has been developed for the chemoselective synthesis of acylals (1,1-diacetates) under solvent-free conditions. A novel catalyst prepared by the sulfuric acid catalyzed copolymerization of p-toluenesulfonic acid and paraformaldehyde displays extremely high activities for the title reactions, affording average yields over 90% within several minutes. A comparative study showed that the novel catalyst has much higher activity than other catalysts used for this purpose. Besides, the novel catalyst displays chemoselectivity for the protection of aldehydes in the presence of ketones. In addition the high acidity (4.0 mmol/g), thermal stability (200 ºC) and easy reusability make the novel catalyst one of the best choices for the process.
A New Approach to the Synthesis of Diacetals (Diketals) of Pentaerythritol Catalyzed by SO3H‐Functionalized Ionic Liquids.
[PsPy]OTf is found to be the most effective catalyst which affords the products in good to excellent yields and can be recycled at least 8 times without loss of activity.
Stereoselective interaction between the R enantiomer of warfarin and cimetidine.
The stereoselectivity of the pharmacokinetic interaction between warfarin and cimetidine was investigated in eight healthy volunteers. The warfarin enantiomers were given separately as single doses (15 mg) alone and during chronic administration of cimetidine (1 g day-1). Cimetidine did not interact with S warfarin but there was an interaction with the R enantiomer of warfarin. Cimetidine caused a significant increase in the mean plasma half-life of R warfarin (from 47.8 h to 57.8 h) and a significant decrease in its mean plasma clearance (from 2.3 to 1.7 ml h-1 kg-1) (P less than 0.02). Administration of a pharmacological dose of vitamin K1 together with the enantiomers of warfarin was necessary clinically and resulted in elevation of vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide concentrations, which were similar in each case.