X-RAY DIFFRACTION A N A L Y S I S OF THIN CLAY FILMS FROM DILUTE SUSPENSIONS USING G L A N C I N G INCIDENCE DIFFRACTION
-X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of small quantities of clay mounted on glass slides using conventional Bragg-Brentano geometry generally produces unsatisfactory low-intensity reflections masked by amorphous substrate scatter. Glancing-incidence asymmetric Bragg diffraction, an alternative uncoupled geometry, uses a fixed low-incidence angle and parallel-beam optics to increase path length through the sample and decrease X-ray penetration into the substrate. To evaluate this technique on thin soil clay films, results from conventional Bragg-Brentano and glancing-incidence diffraction (GID) were compared for progressively diluted clay suspensions separated from 2 southeastern soils with typical mineral assemblages. Patterns produced by GID showed overall higher reflection intensities and reduced substrate scatter, especially at higher 20 angles within the amorphous glass region, Using GID, positive identification of clay minerals was obtained from sample quantities as small as 0.005 mg cm 2 and suspensions as dilute as 29 mg L 1. Key Words--GID, Thin Films, XRD.
Study of thin films and multilayers using energy-dispersive diffraction of synchrotron radiation
Polychromatic synchrotron radiation in the energy-dispersive mode was used for the rapid characterization of thin films and multilayers. This technique takes advantage of the high intensity and excellent collimation properties of white beam synchrotron radiation. The glancing angle diffraction geometry allows structural depth probing and enhanced signal-to-noise ratio by suppressing substrate contributions. The technique was applied to Cu and the films a few hundred Angstrom thick, and to W/C multilayers. [on SciFinder(R)]
Mite population density analysis of stored dried apricots in Turkey
The aim of this study was to determine the population density of mite species attacking stored dried apricots in Malatya, Elazig and Izmir regions of Turkey. Storage construction types and duration of storage were also considered. The samples were collected during 2000–2003 in the most important apricot producing areas (Malatya and Elazig) and the exporting center (Izmir). Frequency of occurrence and rates of intensity of infestations were determined (16.50% from Malatya, 3.19% from Elazig and 80.49% from Izmir). A total of 16 mite species belonging to 13 genera and 11 families were identified during the surveys. The pest species Carpoglyphus lactis (L.) (Astigmata: Carpoglyphidae) was the most abundant species recorded (69.14% of samples). The highest infestation value recorded was 15,534 mites per kg.