Performance of Lactating Crossbred Cows under Different Housing Systems During Summer in Konkan Agro-ecological Conditions”
An investigation was carried out on nine lactating crossbred cows (J×L) cows which were allotted randomly into three comparable shelters in switch over design. Three different type of shelters were, 1- Asbestos roofing; 2- Paddy straw thatched roof house; 3 - White painted asbestos roof. Temperature humidity index was higher in macro -environment followed by thatched roof shed, white painted asbestos roof and asbestos roofing. Thatched roof shed had significant (P<0.05) incremental effect on the milk production and milk composition of cows than the cows in white painted roof shed and asbestos roof shed during summer. Overall paddy straw thatched roof shed effectively ameliorates environmental temperature, humidity and THI during summer season in the Konkan region.
Identification of suitable housing system for dairy cattle in North East Zone of Tamil Nadu, India, with respect to microclimate
Aim: To identify the suitable roofing pattern for dairy cattle in North East Zone of Tamil Nadu, India, based on micro climatic conditions. Materials and Methods: Initially, survey was conducted to identify and categorize the major housing patterns existing in the region for further detailed investigation. In total, 30 farmers/farms consisting of five housing types with six replicates were selected. Temperature and temperature humidity index (THI) were recorded using the maximum-minimum thermometer and digital thermo-hygrometers. The study was conducted for 1 year covering four seasons namely South West monsoon (June-August), North East monsoon (September-November), cold season (December-February), and summer season (April-May). The data were statistically analyzed using statistical package SPSS 17. Results: Animal shelters with cement sheets recorded the highest temperature (26.71±1.13°C) and THI (77.23±1.76) at 8.00 am, whereas the lowest temperature (24.83±1.17°C) and THI (74.54±1.72) were recorded in the thatched shed. There was significant difference (p<0.01) in temperature and THI at 8.00 am during South West monsoon and North East monsoon seasons between the housing types. During cold and summer seasons, there was no significant difference (p≥0.05) in the environmental variables among various shelter systems. Conclusion: Thatched housing is found to be the suitable one with respect to the climatic variables, followed by tile roof and metal roof. The cement sheet roofed housing is found to be the most unsuitable one in the region for dairy cattle.
AXIOMATISABILITY OF WEAKLY FLAT, FLAT, AND PROJECTIVE S-ACTS
ABSTRACT This paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions on a monoid S that the class of flat left S-acts be (first order) axiomatisable. It presents also a streamlined version of the result of Stepanova that the class of projective left S-acts is axiomatisable if and only if the strongly flat left S-acts are axiomatisable and S is left perfect.