Optimization of Gasoline to CNG Engine Conversion using Computer aided Engine Simulation
Among all the alternative fuels available in the market, CNG has so far proved to be the most promising. However, most of its use is limited to retrofitted engines, which has lead to improper utilization of CNG as a spark ignition fuel. This study focuses on efficient utilization of the high calorific value and other desirable properties of CNG by making slight design and operational changes. Performance of engine is studied using a computer aided engine simulation model that evaluates the performance of engine in a virtual working environment. Effect of various parameters on the engine operation is also studied and the valuable data collected in the process is used to alter the operational and design parameters of the engine. In this way engine is tuned for optimum utilization of CNG and its performance is enhanced as compared to the conventional CNG conversion kits.
Effect of Natural Gas Composition on the Performance of a CNG Engine
Effect of Natural Gas Composition on the Performance of a CNG Engine — Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is considered an alternative vehicle fuel because of its economical and environmental advantages. However, the varying composition of natural gases produced in different parts of the world is known to affect the performance and emissions of CNG engines. Thus, the objective of this paper is to corroborate the effect of fuel composition on the combustion and emissions of CNG engines. This paper presents the overall combustion characteristics obtained from running a 2.5 L, 4cylinder CNG engine, retrofitted from an IDI diesel engine and equipped with an engine dynamometer. Engine power, BSFC, combustion pressure, and emissions were measured under steady state operation conditions at full and partial loads. Experimental results showed that the CNG composition had a significant influence on engine performance, fuel economy, and burning rate. A correlation has been proposed to help gain insight into the relationship between the Wobbe Index (WI) and engine power, and it provides a practical method for estimating the engine power when the composition of natural gases changes. Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Rev. IFP, Vol. 64 (2009), No. 2, pp. 199-206 Copyright © 2008, Institut français du pétrole DOI: 10.2516/ogst:2008044 Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Rev. IFP, Vol. 64 (2009), No. 2
Phenomenology and homeopathy.
There is a great overlap between the way of seeing the world in clinical homeopathy and in the technical philosophical system known as phenomenology. A knowledge of phenomenologic principles reveals Hahnemann to have been an unwitting phenomenologist. The ideas of phenomenology as applied to medicine show that homeopathy is the ideal medical system to fulfill the goals of coming ever closer to true patient concerns and experience of illness.