The economics of the University of the Air of Japan revisited
In 1988 UAJ completed the first phase of its initial plan, thus enabling an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of UAJ and a forecast of its future based on available data. The cost per student at UAJ is 2/5, 1/2, and 3/4 of that at national, public, and day programs of private universities, and 1.1 times and 6.7 times of that at evening and correspondence programs of private universities repectively. The projected cost per graduate is slightly lower than that at national universities and 1.1, 1.9 and 2.3 times of that at public, correspondence and day, and evening programs of private universities respectively. The cost per credit is 1.3, 1.5, 2.2, 2.4 and 4.6 times of national and public universities, day, evening, and correspondence programs of private universities respectively.The simulations indicate that the cost per credit can be decreased by expanding the operation of UAJ to a nationwide scale, employing a surface circuit or satellite system; however, it is necessary that the number of students be doubled in order to make the cost per credit equivalent to that at public universities. However, even when the number of students is four times, the cost per credit is not equivalent to that at day programs of private universities regardless of what method is used. Although the current cost per credit is higher than that of conventional universities, changes in cummunication technology and student characteristics could alter the cost-effectiveness of UAJ.
Cost Analysis of Distance Learning
This article outlines the technological development of distance education and the affect that these developments have had on the cost-efficiency, costutility, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit of distance education institutions and systems. It endorses the view that some forms of distance education can result in lower unit costs than those of classroom-based instruction, while pointing out some of the factors that determine whether or not this is so. There is, however, little evidence about the relative costs of information-technology-based distance education. The article also suggests that flexible learning approaches within a campus setting may be a more cost-efficient option than purpose-built distance education approaches (though more research is required here). Finally, it points out why decision makers find little practical guidance in the case studies to date and where areas of future research might focus.
A STUDY ON ORGANIZED RETAILING AND ITS CHALLENGES AND RETAIL CUSTOMER SERVICES
India is becoming most favored retail destination in the world. Today retail sector contributing 10% to countryâ€™s GDP. Indian retail industry is ranked among the ten largest retail markets in the world. The change of attitudes of Indian consumers and the emergence of organized retail formats have transformed the face of retailing in India. Organized retailing offers huge potential for future growth of retailing in India. This paper provides information about the growth of retailing in India. And also focuses on the challenges faced by organized retail sector in India. It also emphasize on major players of retailers in India and customer services provided by the retailers. This paper also deals with various retail formats and the opportunities for the growth of retail industry in India and also provides some suggestions to overcome the challenges.