RF Separators and Separated Beams at SLAC
It has been shown that with momenta above -5 GeV/c, the only effective means of separation by particle mass in secondary beams is using RF deflectors. 192 Particle separation at proton synchrotrons requires the use of two RF deflectors. The beam structure at SLAC permits the use of a single deflector. second RFS to intercept the unwanted particles. For wanted particles the phase at the second RFS relative to that at the first is A& given in (4). The net deflection can range from Introduction
STANDING WAVE RF DEFLECTORS WITH REDUCED ABERRATIONS
Deflecting structures are now widely used for bunch phase space manipulations either to rotate a bunch for diagnostics purposes or in emittance exchange concepts. Even though the field of the synchronous harmonic is aberration free, the higher spatial harmonics provide nonlinear additions to the field distribution, leading to emittance growth during phase space manipulation. For short deflectors Standing Wave (SW) operation is more efficient. The criterion to estimate the field quality is developed and applied in order to minimize aberrations in the total deflecting field. The solution for dispersion correction together with the optimization of the end cells is described too.
KANT'S SECOND THOUGHTS ON RACE
During the 1780s, as Kant was developing his universalistic moral theory, he published texts in which he defended the superiority of whites over non-whites. Whether commentators see this as evidence of inconsistent universalism or of consistent inegalitarianism, they generally assume that Kant's position on race remained stable during the 1780s and 1790s. Against this standard view, I argue on the basis of his texts that Kant radically changed his mind. I examine his 1780s race theory and his hierarchical conception of the races, and subsequently address the question of the significance of these views, especially in the light of Kant's own ethical theory. I then show that during the 1790s Kant restricts the role of the concept of race, and drops his hierarchical account of the races in favour of a more genuinely egalitarian and cosmopolitan view.