After The Vote Was Won. The Fate Of The Women’s Suffrage Movement In Russia After The October Revolution: Individuals, Ideas And Deeds
Albania declared its independence on 28 November 1912, and a provisional government was formed. Independence was seen by the Qiriazi sisters as creating the opportunity for educated women to contribute to the cause of education, especially the education of women so they would be able to know and exercise their rights, and to form women's organisations in other towns. Due to the situation in which Albania found itself after World War I, the nature of the Albanian women's movement was rather particular and differed from movements elsewhere in Europe. The Civil Code marked the change in women's legal position in the family. The women's movement came into being later in Albania than in other parts of Europe. At the same time, it faced challenges that many others were spared, at least in western Europe. Keywords:Albania; women's organisations; World War I
The First Soviet Political Trial: Countess Sofia Panina before the Petrograd Revolutionary Tribunal
The Bolshevik leadership had reason to expect that their first trial of a political opponent would be a success. The defendant was a wealthy aristocrat, a member of the Central Committee of the outlawed Constitutional Democratic (Kadet) party, and a vice minister in the Provisional Government. The unambiguous charge against her-taking and concealing government funds from the former Ministry of Education-would clearly demonstrate the moral bankruptcy of liberal leaders and further discredit the former government. A public trial would introduce the Bolsheviks' new instrument of revolutionary justice-the Revolutionary Tribunal of the Petrograd Soviet, created in late November 1917 and composed of ordinary workers and soldiers in conscious imitation of the French Revolution. From the perspective of her accusers, the likely guilty verdict against Countess Sofia Panina would show the world the superiority of Bolshevik justice and morality, and the legitimacy of their seizure of power. To the Kadets, the trial of a woman widely respected for her progressive philanthropy held equally great significance as an event that would demonstrate the illegitimacy of Bolshevik rule and their violation of the most fundamental norms of justice. The actual proceedings that took place on 10 December 1917 yielded no unequivocal triumphs, however. The trial took several surprising turns, and its ambiguous outcome enabled both supporters and opponents of the defendant to declare victory and draw different lessons. Attracting national and international attention at the time, the trial is often mentioned briefly in histories of the Revolution.1 It has received somewhat more attention
A Show Trial Under Lenin: The Trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries, Moscow 1922
1. The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Soviet Regime.- 2. The Announcement of the Trial and the International Socialist Movement.- 3. Preparations for the Trial.- 4. The Treatment of the Accused, Defenders and Witnesses During the Trial.- 5. The Judicial Investigation.- 6. The Socialist Revolutionaries Versus the Bolsheviks.- 7. The Verdict and How It Was Brought About.- 8. The Propaganda Campaign.- 9. The Reactions.- 10. The End.- Conclusion.- List of Abbreviations Used in the Notes.- Notes.