Construction and Long-Term Performance of Transportation Infrastructure Constructed Using EPS Geofoam on Soft Soil Sites in Salt Lake Valley ,
The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) and the Utah Transit Authority (UTA) have made extensive use of EPS embankment for several major interstate, light rail, and commuter railway embankments in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. Constructed between 1998 and 2001, the Interstate 15 Design Build Reconstruction Project involved the widening of interstate embankments within a 27 km narrow corridor and limited right-of-way. Approximately, 100,000 m of EPS fill was placed at various locations to minimize post-construction settlements of deep, compressible lake deposits. This paper presents results of long-term monitoring of EPS fills and comparison with other geotechnologies. Geofoam embankments had the best overall settlement performance of the technologies monitored. Gap closure and deformation of the geofoam embankment due to placement of the load distribution slab and overlying roadway materials was about 1% of the embankment height. In addition, at 3300 South Street, the foundation soil settled about 15 mm due to placement of the embankment and overlying loads. The face of the embankment settled an additional 25 mm in a 5-year period due to additional pressure of a 1.5m toe berm placed at the base of the tilt-up wall. Total post-construction settlement (foundation settlement and geofoam creep) is expected to be about 50 mm at the wall face for a 10-year postconstruction period. The trend of post-construction settlements suggest that geofoam embankments are performing as designed and will meet the 50-year post-construction deformation limit of 1% creep strain. Overview of the I-15 Reconstruction Project The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) togeth er with Wasatch Constructors finished the $1.6 billion reconstruction of Interstate 15 (I -15) that runs through Salt Lake City, Utah in 2001 just prior to the start of the 2002 Winter Oly mpics. The interstate embankment was widened from eight lanes to ten general-purpose lan s, plus two high occupancy vehicle lanes, within an existing north-south alignment that runs through the middle of the densely populated Salt Lake Valley. In this area, parts of the I-15 a lignment are located atop extensive deposits of relatively compressible lake sediments. Collateral consolidation settlement along this widened alignment had to be minimized to prevent differenti al settlement damage and subsequent
Instrumentation and Long-Term Monitoring of Geofoam Embankments, I-15 Reconstruction Project, Salt Lake City, Utah
1 Steven F. Bartlett, Ph.D., P.E. Assistant Professor, University of Utah Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 122 S. Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, e-mail: bartlett@civil.utah.edu 2 Clifton Farnsworth, Research Project Manager, Utah Department of Transportation, 4501 S. 2700 W., Salt Lake City, Utah 84114, e-mail: cfarnswo@dot.state.ut.us 3 Dawit Negussey, Director, Geofoam Research Center, Syracuse University, 320 Hinds Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244-1190, e-mail: negussey@syr.edu 4 Armin W. Stuedlein, Research Assistant, Geofoam Research Center, Syracuse University, 320 Hinds Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244-1190, e-mail: awstuedl@ecs.syr.edu Expanded polystyrene (EPS) has been placed in several locations along the I-15 corridor in Salt Lake City, Utah. Geofoam has been used as lightweight backfill to alleviate potential primary consolidation settlement damage to underlying utilities, improve global stability for large embankments, and to expedite construction in some locales. The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) has installed geotechnical instrumentation at select locations along the I15 corridor. The purpose of the instruments in the geofoam fill areas is to monitor the construction and long-term performance of geofoam embankments. The sensors consist of monitoring devices that measure vertical deformation and stress states in the geofoam / foundation soil / pavement system. This paper presents background information and performance data from instrumentation of a geofoam embankment at the 3300 South Street off ramp of the I-15 Reconstruction Project.
Unfair competition law : the protection of intellectural and industrial creativity
Introduction 1. Unfair Competition, Its Legal Basis 2. Making the General Clause Specific 3. The Economics of Preemption and the Abuse of a Dominant Position 4. Shaping a New Action Malign Competition 5. Cognisance in Malign Competition 6. Cognisance in Intellectual Property Law 7. Malign Competition: Action and Remedy Conclusion