Long-term residual efficacy of commerical formulations of 16 pesticides toTyphlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari: Phytoseiidae) inhabiting commerical vineyards
The long-term residual efficacy of 16 pesticides to the predatory phytoseiid mite,Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten, inhabiting commercial sprayed vineyards in South Moravia, Czchoslovakia, was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Omethoate, chlorpyrifos-methyl and esfenvalerate were assessed as harmful and should not be sprayed. Mancozeb-efosite-Al mixture, diazinon, dicofol, bromopropylate, azinphos-ethyl and phosmet were assessed as moderately harmful. Fenitrothion, phosalone and mancozeb were assessed as slightly harmful and some of them had delayed detrimental effect on the predatory mites. These pesticides can be used only cautiously in IPM programs. Sulphur, penconazole, trimorfamid and endosulfan were assessed as harmless and can be recommended for vineyards withT. pyri.
Detecting variability and selecting for pesticide resistance in two species of phytoseiid mites
Methods used for evaluating the effects of pesticides and selecting for pesticide resistance in phytoseiid mites are reviewed from recent literature. In particular slide dip, leaf dip, and leaf disc spray methods are compared. The selection of predatory mites (Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten andPhytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot) for resistance to 3 synthetic pyrethroids (SP-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and fenvalerate) is described. Tolerance of field populations to all 3 SP was low inP. persimilis but moderate inT. pyri. Field samples of both mite species on leaf discs were sprayed and the survivors were reared in laboratory and/or glasshouse cultures. These cultures were sprayed with repeated doses of SP; initiallyT. pyri was selected with cypermethrin andP. persimilis with fenvalerate. The survival rate ofT. pyri increased at each selection. After 6 selections the survival rate of the laboratory culture was 10 times that of the original field samples. Tests indicated crossresistance inT. pyri to fenvalerate and deltamethrin. Selection with cypermethrin is continuing. In the first 12 months repeated selections ofP. persimilis with fenvalerate gave no significant change in survival rate.RésuméLes méthodes utilisées pour évaluer les effets des pesticides et pour sélectionner la résistance à ces mêmes produits, des acariens phytoseiides sont analysées d'après la littérature récente. La sélection des acariens prédateurs (Typhlodromus pyri S{upcheuten} etPhytoseiulus persimilis A{upthias}-H{upenriot}) pour leur résistance aux 3 pyréthrinoides de synthèse (cyperméthrine, deltaméthrine et fenvalerate) est décrite. La tolérance des populations naturelles aux 3 pyréthrinoides de synthèse était basse pourP. persimilis, mais modérée pourT. pyri. Les échantillons des 2 espèces d'acariens prélevés à l'extérieur furent traitès sur des disques de feuilles et les survivants furent élevés au laboratoire et/ou dans des cultures en serre. Ces élevages furent traités avec des doses répétées d'un pyréthrinoide, cyperméthrine initialement pourT. pyri et fenvalerate pourP. persimilis. Le taux de survie deT. pyri augmentait à chaque sélection. Après 6 sélections, le taux de survie de l'élevage de laboratoire était 10 fois celui des échantillons d'origine. Les essais révélaient une résistance croisée deT. pyri à la fenvalerate et à la deltaméthrine. La sélection avec la cyperméthrine se poursuit. Au cours des 12 premiers mois, les sélections répétées deP. persimilis avec la fenvalerate ne donnait pas de changement significatif dans le taux de survie.
X-rays and photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice
It is well known that excessive X-ray radiation can cause non-melanoma skin cancers. With the increased incidence of sun-related skin cancer there is a need to investigate the combination of sunlight and X-rays. Immunocompetent C3.Cg/TifBomTac mice (n = 298) were divided into 12 groups. Mice were irradiated with 12, 29 or 50 kV X-rays. The mice received a total dose of 45 Gy. They were irradiated with 3 SED simulated solar radiation (SSR) either before or after irradiation with X-rays. The groups irradiated with X-rays alone, 0, 3, 9 and 10 mice (0, 12, 29 and 50 kV, respectively) developed squamous cell carcinoma. In the groups irradiated with SSR after X-rays the development of tumours was significantly faster in the 50 kV group than in the corresponding control group (175 vs. 194 days, p < 0.001). In the groups irradiated with SSR prior to the X-ray radiation the development of tumours was significantly faster in the 29 and the 50 kV groups than in the corresponding control group (175 vs. 202 days, p < 0.001 and 158 vs. 202 days, p < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, X-ray radiation alone is a weak carcinogen in hairless mice. There is an added carcinogenic effect if X-ray radiation is given on prior sun-exposed skin or if the skin is sun-exposed after X-rays. We still believe that X-ray radiation is a safe and effective therapy for various dermatological diseases but caution should be observed if a patient has severely sun-damaged skin or has a high-risk sun behaviour.