Terminology and the Classification of Fine Grained
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS – is there a difference between a claystone, a mudstone and a shale? Summary Fine grained sedimentary rocks, both clastic and carbonate, are believed to be the most abundant rock type on the Earth " s surface 1924) of all the sediment ever produced. In sedimentology the size grade scale most commonly used is that which was introduced by Udden in 1898, modified by Wentworth in 1922 and then converted into a logarithmic form by Krumbien in 1934. For a single particle, the sand-silt boundary, which is the distinction between coarser grained materials and those which are fine grained, is placed at 1/16 mm (≈63 microns or +4 Φ). For a given rock the proportion of material containing particles less than 63 microns in size is normally greater than 50% to satisfy the classification criteria of being fine grained. Despite their abundance, fine-grained sedimentary rocks, to date, have not been satisfactorily classified. Perhaps this is because they are not well exposed in the field compared to their coarser grained, more weather resistant counterparts, the sandstones (Pettijohn, 1975; Spears, 1980); perhaps it is due to their fine grained nature that makes their study more noted by Rodgers (1950) the problem of classifying fine grained sedimentary rocks, simply, but inevitably entails the problem of terminology. It is the usage of imprecisely defined terms that has often led to confusion, and frustration, when trying to describe and discuss fine grained sediments. This report will identify where confusion has arisen, and determines the type of terminology and classification that will be used in future works. In the literature there is a plethora of names for fine grained sedimentary materials – Definition and usage of the word 'shale' The term shale has been around for a few centuries. The first recorded use of the written word shale appears in Hooson " s " The Miners Dictionary " , published in 1747; within which the term shale was meant as an indurated, laminated, clayey rock. Tourtelot (1960) gives a good summary on the origin and use of the world shale, and by outlining its historical use as i) a general term for describing " laminated clayey rock " ; ii) as a formation name, e.g. the " Pierre Shale " ; and iii) it " s widespread use as a bucket term for the entire class of fine grained rocks (whether they are laminated …
Proper Names, Nomenclature, and Classification
A review of current definitions of proper names is presented and a new definition is suggested. Examples of irrational, vernacular, and international nomenclature are constructively criticized. Nomenclature is shown to be intimately tied to the definition, the classification, and symbolic logic and logistic. Rules for progressive nomenclature are presented.
Research on Control and Planning of Soft-Wing UAV for Haze Removal
The existence of fog and haze has caused great pollution to the environment. The research of removing haze is a hot topic in recent years. In this paper, a special haze removal algorithm based on Soft- Wing UAVis proposed. In this algorithm, two track control strategies are designed based on the Soft-Wing UAV model transfer function. A SIMULINK platform based mathematical model of Soft-Wing UAV is built to testified effectiveness of the two track control strategies. An autonomous ergodic-planning algorithm with greedy strategy and foldback algorithm for Soft-Wing UAV is designed. Within the algorithm, the haze regional has been modelled, the cost matrix is constructed, and the planning and ergodic strategy is proposed. Finally, the experimental results validates the reliability of the algorithm in the application of haze removal with the proposed evaluation Index.