Ideal Free Distributions of Mobile Pastoralists in Multiple Seasonal Grazing Areas
Abstract The pastoral system in the Far North Region of Cameroon is best described as an open system in which mobile pastoralists have open access to common-pool grazing resources. We hypothesized that there is a self-organizing management system of open access to common-pool grazing resources and predicted that we would find an Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) of mobile pastoralists within seasonal grazing areas. In this paper we used mobility data and remote sensing data from two seasonal grazing areas at the end of the dry season in three consecutive years to evaluate that hypothesis. We found evidence of an IFD in the two seasonal grazing areas of the Logone Floodplain and the Lake Maga area. These findings offer further support for our hypothesis that there is a complex adaptive system in which pastoralists distribute themselves effectively over available grazing resources.
The Role of Pastoralist Mobility in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Transmission in The Far North Region of Cameroon
.............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv Vita ...................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problem context .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Objectives ............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Dissertation Overview .......................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................. 5 2.1 Human/Animal Mobility Pattern Analysis ........................................................... 5 2.2 Modeling Human Behavior ................................................................................ 12 2.3 Modeling Epidemic Process ............................................................................... 16 2.4 Agent-based Modeling ....................................................................................... 21
Die Populationsdynamik Von Canthocampt Us Staphylinus (Jurine) (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) Im Litoral Des Bodensees
The population dynamics of Canthocamptus staphylinus in the littoral zone of Lake Constance are described (fig. 2). Adult animals aestivate as cysts. The main part of the population emerges from the cysts in autumn. During the resting stage and the first spell after emerging, mortality is very low (fig. 3). Reproduction, expressed as numbers of ovigerous females, begins in November and reaches its maximum in January. The new generation becomes adult in May/June and encysts without previous reproduction. According to Sarvala (1979) it may be possible, that in littoral populations dormancy is induced by long day periods and temperatures of over 12° C (figs. 1, 2). In the profundal zone C. staphylinus also forms cysts, however, both light and temperature are not likely to induce this stage in depths of over 60 m.