Synthesis of GdB6 nanostructures using nanosecond (Nd: YAG) laser: field emission investigation
We herein report field emission characteristics of GdB6 nanostructures grown directly on a pellet via laser processing (laser fluence ~ 6 J/cm2). The laser processed GdB6 pellet was characterized by X-ray diffraction, which revealed no change in phase upon laser processing. The values of the turn-on field required to draw emission current density of 1 μA/cm2 is found to be ~ 2.95 V/μm, for the laser processed GdB6 emitter. Furthermore, the Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) plot exhibits nonlinear behavior over the entire range of applied field and the field enhancement factor (β) calculated from slope of the F-N plot (low field region) was found to be ~ 543. The emission current stability over a period of 3h was observed to be fairly good. The observed results demonstrate that laser processing can be efficiently used to make GdB6 nanostructure emitter having potential for practical applications.
Single-crystalline GdB6 nanowire field emitters.
Having the lowest work function in the rare-earth hexaboride family, GdB6 nanowires of rectangular cross-section with about 50 nm in lateral dimension and several microns in length have been successfully produced using a CVD method. The nanowires are grown in the 001 lattice direction, and both the tip-top and the side surfaces are terminated with the {100} lattice planes. A GdB6 single nanowire field emitter has also been built with an emission current of more than 150 nA at an applied field of less than 3.2 V/mum. The work function of the nanowire emitter was estimated to be about 1.5 eV.
The Guardian of Every Other Right: A Constitutional History of Property Rights
Editor's Preface Preface Introduction 1. The Origins of Property Rights: The Colonial Period 2. The Revolutionary Era, 1765-1787 3. "Property Must Be Secured": Establishing a New Constitutional Order 4. The Development of Property Rights in the Antebellum Era, 1791-1861 5. The Gilded Age and the Challenge of Industrialization 6. Progressive Reform and Judicial Conservatism, 1900-1932 7. The New Deal and the Demise of Laissez-Faire Constitutionalism 8. Property Rights and the Regulatory State 9. Epilogue Notes Bibliographical Essay Index of Cases Index