Development of a fructose based medium for biosynthesis of cyclosporin-A byBeauveria nivea
SummaryA new fructose based medium was developed to growBeauveria nivea ATCC 34921 for the production of Cyclosporin A (CyA). Two different sugars and three different nitrogen sources were used for CyA production. Different pH levels in the broth revealed that the best pH for CyA production was 5.5. Maximum concentration of 170 mg CyA/L of broth was obtained with the new medium in 8 days corresponding to yields of 14.8 mg CyA/g dry weight biomass and 5.67 mg CyA/g fructose supplied.
Comparative evaluation of five Beauveria isolates for housefly (Musca domestica L.) control and growth optimization of selected strain
Pathogenic potential of five native Beauveria isolates was assessed against housefly adult and larvae in laboratory bioassays. Beauveria isolate Beauveria bassiana HQ917687 showed highest virulence with 72.3 and 100 % mortality of larvae and adults of Musca domestica, respectively. Other Beauveria isolates caused 36–52 % housefly larval mortality while the adult mortalities varied between 72 and 82 %. B. bassiana HQ917687 also showed the fastest killing activity with LT50 of 4 days (for larvae) and 3 days (for adults). This isolate showing highest virulence was selected for its growth optimization in terms of biomass and spore production using response surface methodology. The optimum value of temperature, yeast extract, and pH for maximum biomass and spore production was predicted as 27 °C, 5.00 g/l, and 6.75, respectively. Temperature was found to be the most critical factor influencing biomass and spore yield of the fungus and even nullified the effects of other factors at sufficiently higher value. The results obtained in this study depict the significance of appropriate strain selection and process parameter optimization in order to facilitate mass production of biocontrol agents.
New records of Grania (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae) in the Northeast Atlantic (from Tromsø to the Canary Islands), with descriptions of seven new species
Previous northeast Atlantic records of Grania have been mainly from Germany, southern Scandinavia, and the Atlantic shores of France, Spain and Ireland. They were referred to eight species, with one, G. atlantica, reported from the continental slope. We have examined various unpublished collections from sources spanning from the Canary Islands to the Norwegian Arctic. Apart from new information on morphology, taxonomy, and distribution of known species, we describe seven new taxa (G. canaria, G. fortunata, G. mauretanica, G. aquitana, G. vikinga, G. torosa, and G. papillinasus). The collection of G. papillinasus from 2630-2885 m represents a new depth record for Enchytraeidae. Twenty-five of the now 57 Grania species occur in the North Atlantic. The North Atlantic drift moderates sea temperatures along the northeast Atlantic coasts, probably facilitating the wide latitudinal range of some taxa, as well as actual dispersal within the region. A "chaetal index" (chaetal length : chaetal foot length) is proposed to differentiate L-shaped chaetae at the species level. Complex relationships within the "type 6 group" of Grania suggest that groupings established using certain combinations of penial, chaetal and spermathecal patterns may not be monophyletic. For a better phylogenetic resolution, additional morphological details of these and other characters are needed.