Our hardy Hibiscus species as ornamentals
As a common plant name, "Hibiscus" is more often applied to the showy tropical sorts, especially Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., than to other species of the genus. There is, however, another equally showy group, the hardy herbaceous mallows, native mostly to the Eastern United States. This group includes Hibiscus moscheutos L., H. militaris Cav., H. coccineus (Medicus) Walter, H. grandiflorus Michx., H. lasiocarpus Cav., and their many garden hybrids. The various species in this group are commonly called Rose Mallows. They grow naturally in marshy areas of the Atlantic States from southern New England to Florida, also inland along rivers and lakes. Isolated populations appear in areas such as the Sacramento River Valley of California. The tall vigorous growth of Rose Mallow plants plus the abundantly produced, large, gaily colored flowers makes them a conspicuous and attractive feature of the vegetation. Hibiscus moscheutos most often occurs in almost pure stands along tidal rivers of the mid-Atlantic states. During the peak of flowering, late July to mid-August, these stands are a striking sight to behold. In spite of the large fleshy roots, Rose Mallow plants withstand transplanting easily even when in full flower. They are also readily groxvn from seed and will flower the first season if sown early. Unlike their woody tropical relatives, the Rose Mallows are herbaceous perennials, and the plants become somewhat coarse by the end of the growing season. They also lack the yellow and orange flower colors so prominent in many Hibiscus rosa-sinensis clones. Nevertheless, the various species have been cultivated as ornamentals in the United States since Colonial times. As cultivated plants they perform best when grown in good garden soil with moderate amounts of water.
Inheritance of foliage color of common rosemallow (Hibiscus moscheutos (L.)) subspecific hybrids
BackgroundCommon rosemallow (Hibiscus moscheutos (L.)) is a native wetland perennial taxon that has been widely used as an ornamental landscape plant for several decades. Its showy blooms, attractive form and foliage, and hardiness attracted the attention of plant enthusiasts, leading to extensive hybridization and subsequent selection of superior genotypes. Red foliage color is a desirable trait, therefore we investigated the mode of inheritance of this trait in H. moscheutos subsp. lasiocarpos (Cavanilles) O. J. Blanchard with intraspecific hybrids of H. moscheutos subsp. moscheutos (L.).ResultsTwo red-foliaged seed parents of Hibiscus moscheutos subsp. moscheutos (L.) were crossed with green-foliaged paternal parent H. moscheutos subsp. lasiocarpos. Two F2 full-sib families (n = 192 and 238) were each found to fit a 3 red: 1 green segregation ratio for foliage color using a Chi square goodness-of-fit analysis. For further evaluation of this segregation pattern, each parent was selfed, as were two red-foliaged F2 plants. The two red-foliaged parents yielded the expected all-red progeny (n = 53 and 178, 1 red: 0 green) and the green-foliaged parent yielded 244 green and 6 red plants, fitting the expected 0 red: 1 green (P = 0.704) ratio. Additionally, progeny from the two red-foliaged F2 plants fit the expected 1 red: 0 green ratio (n = 135 and 120).ConclusionsResults indicate the appearance of red foliage, in any amount, in the two subspecies utilized and our hybrids of hibiscus to be controlled by a single locus with a dominant allele for red foliage. We propose the gene be called “green foliage” where the dominant allele, G, yields a red foliage phenotype. When the recessive allele, g, is present in the homozygous form, progeny consist of an all-green foliage phenotype for Hibiscus moscheutos (L.). Understanding the mode of inheritance of red-foliage phenotype in hibiscus would prove useful in further ornamental breeding work.
Iustitia Dei: A History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification
Preface Acknowledgements 1. Prolegomena 2. The fountainhead: Augustine of Hippo 3. The development of the doctrine in the medieval period 4. The medieval schools of thought on justification 5. The transition from the medieval to the modern period 6. The development of the doctrine in the Reformation period 7. The Tridentine decree of justification 8. The legacy of the English Reformation 9. The modern period Appendix: a glossary of medieval soteriological terms Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index.