A Legal Cadastral Domain Model
During the last decade numerous attempts have been made to describe and discuss the cadastral domain on both national and international level. In this paper the term “legal cadastral domain” is used as a common term for laws and regulations regulating the content of traditional cadastre, multipurpose cadastre and land register storing legal real property information, regardless of any national differentiation between these registers. A problem towards description of the domain is that real property and cadastre are not homogeneous and standardised terms and different definitions are presented by several authors, see e.g. (FIG, 1995); (Kaufman and Steudler, 1998); (Silva and Stubkjaer, 2002). Such standardisation efforts are in addition primarily orientated towards technical storage environment of cadastre and other (software) solutions, but have, in my opinion, minor focus on legal aspects, even if the importance of the legal cadastral domain has been addressed by several authors, e.g. (Lemmen et al, 2003) and (Kaufman and Steudler, 1998). So, surprisingly little has been done to describe the legal issues of standardisation of real property information and cadastre.
A MODULAR STANDARD FOR THE CADASTRAL DOMAIN (
1. avoid reinventing and re-implementing the same functionality over and over again, but provide a extensible basis for efficient and effective cadastral system development based on a model driven architecture, and 2. enable involved parties, both within one country and between different countries, to communicate based on the shared ontology implied by the model. The contributions of this paper consist of an improved and extended version of the existing cadastral domain model, and the introduction of a modular approach (packages). One of the main preconditions of the model development is to keep the model as transparent and simple as possible in order to be useful in practise.
Practical, legal, and ethical issues in expanded access to investigational drugs.
The authors review the FDA policies and procedures that permit some patients with serious conditions to receive investigational drugs before formal product approval and examine the legal and ethical issues associated with expanded access.