Padé approximant related to the Wallis formula
AbstractBased on the Padé approximation method, in this paper we determine the coefficients aj$a_{j}$ and bj$b_{j}$ such that 
 π=((2n)!!(2n−1)!!)2{nk+a1nk−1+⋯+aknk+1+b1nk+⋯+bk+1+O(1n2k+3)},n→∞,$$ \pi= \biggl(\frac{(2n)!!}{(2n-1)!!} \biggr)^{2} \biggl\{ \frac {n^{k}+a_{1}n^{k-1}+\cdots+a_{k}}{n^{k+1}+b_{1}n^{k}+\cdots+b_{k+1}}+O \biggl(\frac{1}{n^{2k+3}} \biggr) \biggr\} ,\quad n\to\infty, $$ where k≥0$k\geq0$ is any given integer. Based on the obtained result, we establish a more accurate formula for approximating π, which refines some known results.
Inequalities, asymptotic expansions and completely monotonic functions related to the gamma function
Abstract In this paper, we present some completely monotonic functions and asymptotic expansions related to the gamma function. Based on the obtained expansions, we provide new bounds for Γ ( x + 1 ) / Γ x + 1 2 and Γ x + 1 2 .
Speci fi cation Test for Panel Data Models with Interactive Fixed E ff ects ∗
In this paper, we propose a consistent nonparametric test for linearity in a large dimensional panel data model with interactive fixed effects. Both lagged dependent variables and conditional heteroskedasticity of unknown form are allowed in the model. We estimate the model under the null hypothesis of linearity to obtain the restricted residuals which are then used to construct the test statistic. We show that after being appropriately centered and standardized, the test statistic is asymptotically normally distributed under both the null hypothesis and a sequence of Pitman local alternatives by using the concept of conditional strong mixing that was recently introduced by Prakasa Rao (2009). To improve the finite sample performance, we propose a bootstrap procedure to obtain the bootstrap -value. A small set of Monte Carlo simulations illustrates that our test performs well in finite samples. An application to an economic growth panel dataset indicates significant nonlinear relationships between economic growth, initial income level and capital accumulation.