Chemistry of Kupipakwa Rasayanas – A Review
Kupipakwa Rasayanas are very popular and commonly prescribed preparations among the Ayurvedic physicians, and are looked upon as panacea. These are prepared in a specially designed glass bottle by gradual heating immersion in sand bath (Valuka Yantra). Particular chemical processes are involved in these preparations which also bear testimony to the great chemical knowledge prevailing in ancient India. In the present review, the probable chemistry of Kupipakwa Rasayanas has been discussed.
STANDARD MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF DVIGUNA BALIJARITA RASASINDURA
Introduction: Preparation of herbo-mineral compounds in Ayurveda revolves around mercury, considered as the prime among all minerals. Sulphur is again an important element used in many disorders and applied substance in different Ayurvedic formulations, considered as the antidote for the harmful mercurialâ€™s. Kajjali is prepared by grinding mercury and sulphur. The prepared Kajjali used as a raw material for Rasasindura preparation with Kupipakva method. Kupipakva method is developed by ancient Rasaacharya for the preparation of heat treated mercurial. Dviguna gandhak jarita parada is considered more potent compare to Samaguna bali jarita . Objective: To study Kupipakva kalpana with preparation of Dviguna-bali jarita Rasa sindura . Methodology: Whole process is divided and performed as Sodhana of contents ( Hingula and gandhaka ), Hingulotth parada extraction , Kajjali preparation, preparation of Dviguna balijarita Rasa sindura . Observation: Hingula after Shodhana became soft and lusterless compound and Gandhaka becomes granular and brittle. Hinguloth parada extraction by Kanduka yantra method shown more yield compared to other methods. Kajjali preparation took 96 hours of Mardana of contents with Nischandra property. It took 48 hours for Dviguna Bali Jarita Rasasindura preparation by Kupipakva kalpana method with a yield of 106g. Conclusion: Preparation of Dviguna Balijarita Rasasindura needs more duration of heat treatment in every step of graded heating pattern of Kupipakva kalpana . The heating pattern is proportional to its therapeutic efficacy.
Morphological characterization of Eustrongylides sp. larvae (Nematoda, Dioctophymatoidea) parasite of Rhinella marina (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from Eastern Amazonia.
Absctract Eustrongylides spp. nematodes have birds as final hosts and uses other vertebrates as intermediate/paratenic host (fish, amphibians and reptiles) and have zoonotic potential. In amphibians, the larvae may be located in the subcutaneous tissues, liver and mesentery, between the muscle fibres, especially in the lower limbs. Rhinella marina, which is widely observed in Brazil, has exhibited complex diversity in its helminth fauna, reflecting the unique habitat of the Amazon biome. For the first time, this study describes the morphological aspects of third-stage larvae of Eustrongylides sp. in Rhinella marina from Santa Cruz do Ararí, Marajó Archipelago, Eastern Amazonia, using light and scanning electron microscopy.