French marine policy in the 1970s and 1980s
Abstract France, hitherto more “continental”; than “maritime,”; increasingly developed its ocean activities in the 1970s and 1980s. This article describes the different sectors of its marine activities and evolvement of a different outlook concerning the sea. Important events such as the 1976 Proclamation and subsequent implementation of the French 200‐nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone, and 1981 formation of a new Socialist government in France after 23 years of uninterrupted “Gaullist”; rule, offered a unique opportunity to restructure marine policy. The new Ministry of the Sea was intended to integrate marine policy and cater to a developing ocean “constituency.”; It was eventually downgraded to a “Secretariat d'Etat,”; but its impact was undeniably important.
Marine policy in the Republic of Korea
Three main factors -- the geopolitical situation, the lack of land area and natural resources, and the socioeconomic agenda -- have shaped the marine policy of the Republic of Korea. This paper gives an overview of Korean marine policy, paying particular attention to marine-related issues such as fisheries, shipping and shipbuilding, space creation by reclamation, offshore oil and gas exploitation, deep seabed mining ventures, marine science and technology development, and coastal environmental preservation. The governance for Korean marine policy, and a recent movement to establish a New Ministry of Ocean Industry, are also reviewed
COASTAL CONSERVATION AND COASTAL STUDIES IN FRANCE
Authorities pay much attention to coastal conservation, but the related problems are very difficult to solve. Population pressure is very high everywhere. Since the sixties, new laws and regulations have been adopted but it is doubtful if they are sufficient. Several legal statutes exist for protected areas. Nature reserves are best preserved; in national and regional parks, protection of natural features and the provision of facilities for leisure are taken care of. Regional problems are briefly reviewed. In the second part of the paper, recent geomorphological studies of the coasts of France are described. The Gironde estuary, the Rhone delta and the benthic ecosystems in sheltered Breton bays have been carefully investigated. Several sand spits in the Bay of Biscay and in north-western Brittany, which show rapid changes, have been described, and also some noteworthy calcareous conglomerates. Problems of mud flats and coastal marshes have received much attention, and the sequence of Holocene events has been established. All these investigations require more measurements, accurate mapping and levelling. Remote sensing by satellites has already been widely used. On the other hand, Pleistocene coastal chronology, on the west coast of France, continues to be a matter for discussion.