Main trends and patterns in Women’s Football Migration
Page  2 In the last twenty years, a phenomenon has emerged which is entirely new in the study of gender, migration, women and sport, namely the international migration of female football talent and labour. Just as boys all over the world, also a growing number of girls dream about becoming a professional footballer and pursue this dream at intensively investing into their skills over years. The number of registered players has in fact more than doubled since 2000, with now over 30 million female footballers; but until date, “making a living” as a female football player is only possible in 17 out of 168 FIFA-listed women’s football countries. This means for highly talented and skilled women in 90% of the countries that they actually have to leave their home in order to act as professionals. The percentage of top players who leave the “developing countries” of women’s football is at levels of up to 80%, while migrants constitute between 36 up to 50% of players in premier league clubs of the “core countries”. The paper will analyze main trends and patterns in women’s football migration at following these questions: a) Are the fluxes mainly from South to North and North to West? Do they expand beyond traditional geographical limits and assume globalized characteristics? b) What makes women leave (structural, super-structural, subjective reasons)? c) How far do motives, experiences and outcomes of migration projects differ between the developing and core countries of WF? The logics of this migratory process shall be approached by presenting quantitative data on fluxes and qualitative material on the women’s migration projects which derived from an ethnographic case study on Portuguese players and from interviews with Norwegian and Brazilian female football migrants. The paper concludes by approaching the open question, if and how migration is increasing substantially and which are the opportunities and challenges for players, key agents and -parties involved. Nina Clara Tiesler Main trends & patterns in women’s football migration Introduction: some numbers Page  3  40 countries, 800 national squad players: 190 abroad  Extreme case Ireland: 80% top level players abroad  2000-2010: hundreds of Scandinaviens in the USA  Among ca. 170 FIFA-countries only 17-20 can provide (semi-) professional contracts  Players from 90% of these countries have to leave home in order to become professionals  Clubs in the Swedish women’s premier league Damallsvenskan: up to 50% expatriates Nina Clara Tiesler International Migration of Women Footballers
Football feminine – development of the African game: Senegal, Nigeria and South Africa
Football is by far the most popular sport throughout Africa. More than a sport, football in most African countries has deep political, social and economic ramifications. Yet, the game that garners this position is explicitly the men's game. What of the women's game? African women are playing football. In some nations, officials, both in sport and political realms, have actually prioritized the development of the women's game. Yet, women footballers are often greeted with scepticism, neglect, and sometimes outright hostility. This study explores the major issues facing the development of African women's football and suggests many avenues for research, policy and advocacy.
Improving Hollow Fiber Dialyzer Efficiency with a Recirculating Dialysate System I: Theory and Applicability
The mathematical theory that underlies a novel non-regenerated recirculating dialysate system (RDS) for improving diffusive clearance in hemodialyzers is presented. The theory states the conditions that hemodialyzers must meet to be suitable in RDS optimization. We have verified the applicability of the RDS for several Cuprophan and polysulfone (PS) commercial dialyzers, showing that PS (synthetic) membranes achieve the highest increments of diffusive clearance. A numerical simulation analysis over more general conditions defined by the dimensionless groups of the system demonstrated that the highest diffusive clearance improvements are achieved in dialyzers operating with a low value of the diffusive mass-transfer area/blood flow rate ratio. This study has provided the base for the assessment of the performance of the RDS as compared to several high-efficiency systems, presented in Part II of this work [M. Prado, L. M. Roa, A. Palma, and J. A. Milán, Ann. Biomed. Eng. (2004) submitted].