From Subservience to Autonomy: Kim Wŏnju's "Awakening"
Kim Wŏnju ( 1896-1971 ), better known by her pen name, Iryŏp (One Leaf), was one of the most outspoken and controversial feminist writers of modern Korea. This study presents a brief biography of Kim up to the time she became a Buddhist nun in the early 1930s, situating her life in the ideological, literary, cultural, and even political settings of her time. It then critically analyzes the structure, narrative strategies, and ideological implications of Kim's short story "Chagak" (Awakening, 1926), attempting to ascertain the story's place in the context of the time and in the author's development as a feminist writer.
An American Concubine in Old Korea: Missionary Discourse on Gender, Race, and Modernity
Recent feminist scholarship in Korea has rekindled interest in “the gender of modernity” 1 as part of the effort to rewrite women’s history from women’s point of view, and in so doing, to restore women as historical agents rather than as merely the object of representation by men.2 Korean feminist scholars give particular attention to the representation of New Woman (sinyosong or sinyoja) in colonial Korea (1910 –1945) as an example of how the hypermasculine discourse of modernity put forward by male intellectuals relegated New Women to the status of deviant and selfish individuals, tragic heroines, or privileged beneficiaries of modern education.3 Repositioning the New Woman as a political and sexual group rather than as scattered individuals, feminist scholars argue that the New Woman signified modernity by challenging Confucian patriarchal gender relations and by emphasizing women’s own subjectivities.4 They also call attention to how the colonial condition,5 in which national independence was the priority, intersected significantly with the formation of modern female subjectivities. As the feminist journal Yosongkwa Sahyoe (Women and Society) rightly puts it in its special issue in 2000, the phenomenon of New Woman should be understood within the intersection of modernity, colonialism, patriarchy, and Korean nationalism. However, in this new critical examination of the gender of modernity, there is a continuing assumption that American Protestant missionaries contributed positively to the formation of modern womanhood. An important question related to this assumption is what kind of modern womanhood they delivered.6 Without specifying the complex nature of modernity, previous studies often cite two factors to prove the positive impact of Christianity on modern womanhood in Korea. One is the Christian notion of equality for women and men under God, implying infinite possibilities for women in the era of modernity.7 However, that literal understanding of the notion did not conform to the ac-
Design of Fixture for Pitch Circle Diameter Run-out Check
The design of fixture is an exceptionally mind boggling and natural process, which require learning and knowledge. Fixture configuration assumes an imperative part at the setup arranging stage. Appropriate fixture configuration is urgent for creating item quality in various terms of exactness, surface complete and accuracy of the machined parts. In existing plan the installation set up is done physically, so the point of this undertaking is to supplant with installation to spare time for stacking and emptying of segment. Apparatuses are ordinarily grouped by the kind of machine on which they are utilized. Installations can likewise be recognized by a sub arrangement. For instance, if an installation is intended to be utilized for examination called as inspection apparatus. By using the new designed fixture, run-out checking become easier and process becomes simpler.