Security cooperation, counterterrorism, and EU–North Africa cross-border security relations, a legal perspective
The EU is clearly in the process of developing an external dimension to the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). This paper focuses on ex. Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters (PJCCM) provisions. These developments pose specific legal basis issues for the EU, given its complex EU–member state legal relationship, and the inter-institutional balance, all reflected in the treaty framework post-Lisbon. New Court of Justice rulings are now emerging which will assist in this issue. Equally the approach to be taken in developing these relationships will be crucial. This paper proposes the adoption of an Onuf style constructivism in order to best capture the reality of the process that is developing, and has developed for the ex. PJCCM measures internally. This then needs to be allied with a constitutionalism model to ensure a balanced development of all three aspects of the AFSJ.
The External Dimension of the European Union¿s Area of Freedom, Security and Justice
Part one. The institutional and legal framework. The institutional setting and the legal toolkit / Sara Poli; EU external action in the JHA domain: a legal perspective / Marise Cremona -- Part two. Policy interaction and interconnection. Channels of externalisation of EU justice and home affairs / Sandra Lavenex; the external dimension of the AFSJ and other EU external policies / Panos Koutrakos; the principle of pre-emption after Opinion 1/2003 and coherence in EU readmission policy / Bart Van Vooren -- 3. Part three. External aspects of migration policy. Resilient bilateralism in the cooperation on readmission / Jean-Pierre Cassarino; the external dimension of EU policy on trafficking in human beings / Conny Rijken -- Part four. External aspects of judicial cooperation. The European Union and the implementation of international norms in criminal matters / Valsamis Mitsilegas; recent trends in private international law: the European Union and third states / Horatia Muir Watt; the exclusive external competence of the community under Article 81 TFEU: Lugano re-opened? / Jan-Jaap Kuipers -- Part five. External aspects of counter-terrorism. Kadi and the EU as instrument or actor: which rule of law for counter-terrorism? / Piet Eeckhout; soft, smart and strategic: the international dimension of EU action in the fight against terrorism / Monica den Boer -- Part six. Cooperation with major international partners. The Mediterranean dimension of the area of freedom, security and justice / Francesca Longo; EU-US cooperation on counter-terrorism and the internationalisation of law enforcement / Wyn Rees -- Part seven. Conclusion. The outcomes of the external dimension of the AFSJ: forms, effectiveness, prospects and specificity / Jorg Monar.
An Optimization Approach to Occupant Safety and Fuel Economy in Vehicle Design
1. Abstract A major challenge in automotive design is the creation of safe vehicles with minimal environmental impact. This study presents a modeling framework for evaluating and optimizing body designs for improved occupant safety and fuel efficiency. Vehicle body mass is considered as the main link between safety and sustainability. The modeling framework includes frontal crash energy absorption, restraint system design and fuel economy. Preliminary results indicate a Pareto-optimal curve between safety and sustainability may exist when other factors are not taken into account. A more complete modeling framework that includes more sophisticated sustainability and safety metrics, cost and other market considerations, is suggested in order to support better design and regulatory decisions. 2. Keywords: Automotive body structures, fuel economy, occupant safety, optimal vehicle design, restraint systems