Justice or Legitimacy: A Response to Ocko and Gilmartin
Inevitably, comparative law is a twofold project. We start by comparing first order legal rules: What is and is not a crime? What is protected under a property regime? Then, we are interested in how these legal norms figure in the imagin ation of the social order. Why, we ask, do people obey the law? How do they imagine the authority of law? But what is the relationship between these two kinds of inquiry? Does a private property regime, for example, support a broader understanding of the political order as a system of contractual relation ships among autonomous subjects? Can legal reform?for example, a new constitution?create new citizens, or is it the other way around, with a new conception of citizenship leading to new laws? Inevitably, such relationships move in both directions. Because every legal norm is necessarily embedded in a larger narrative, there are no general lessons to be drawn about the nature of legal and political reform. The best we can do is offer detailed case studies such as that presented by Jonathan Ocko and David Gilmartin. They show us some of the ways in which a regime can use law to construct a meaning or set of meanings that will bind citizen to ruler, or society to state?and vice versa. Still, it is possible to say something about the general shape of the problem of the relationship between these two approaches to a legal order. Most importantly, we can clarify the way the two aspects of the legal order are measured against different normative ideals: justice and legitimacy. A legal system must respond to both of these norms.
Imperial Bureaucracy and Criminal Trials
This chapter attempts to shed lights on the millennial bureaucratic tradition of magistrate’s court, the indigenous notion of justice and the conduct of imperial criminal trials. Law in ancient China is developed completely free of Western influences (Jones 2003). In the long history of imperial China from 221 BC to 1911 AD, the public image of law is mostly that of penal law and fearful sanctions. There is almost no exception that threat of physical punishment is attached to any normal criminal trial. Legitimized judicial torture is a permanent feature in reality as well as in the literary and dramatic depiction of Chinese imperial criminal trials. On the one hand, torture can be used indiscriminately to those entangled in a criminal case—the petitioners, the accused, and the witnesses.
Food security among asylum seekers in Melbourne
Objectives: This research explores food insecurity among asylum seekers who are members of the Asylum Seeker Resource Centre (ASRC) in Melbourne, Australia.