A method for reducing exhaust pressure of vehicle compressed air powered engine
Compressed air powered engine is a type of zero-pollution engine, but its conversion efficiency is very low for its high pressure exhaust which causes much exergy loss. In this study, a control system was developed to reduce the exhaust pressure of vehicle compressed air powered engine. The control system is made up of a controller, a pressure sensor, a photoelectric encoder, an inlet solenoid valve, and an exhaust solenoid valve. The controller receives the pressure signal of compressed air in cylinder from the pressure sensor and receives crank angle signal from photoelectric encoder, calculates when the solenoid valves should be opened or closed, and passes control signals to the solenoid valves. The simulation results indicate that the exhaust pressure can be controlled to be near to surrounding pressure by using this control system, and the exergy loss in exhaust stage can be avoided.
Energy-saving hybrid vehicle using a pneumatic-power system
The power system enables the internal-combustion engine to function at its optimal operating point without a complicated controller. The waste heat from the internal-combustion engine can be recycled and stored, then converted into mechanical energy, thereby raising the overall thermal efficiency of this system. A computer-aided simulation program is used to simulate the overall dynamic features of this hybrid pneumatic-power system, so as to demonstrate its desirable features.The overall efficiency of this system is expected to increase by about 20%.
New records of Grania (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae) in the Northeast Atlantic (from Tromsø to the Canary Islands), with descriptions of seven new species
Previous northeast Atlantic records of Grania have been mainly from Germany, southern Scandinavia, and the Atlantic shores of France, Spain and Ireland. They were referred to eight species, with one, G. atlantica, reported from the continental slope. We have examined various unpublished collections from sources spanning from the Canary Islands to the Norwegian Arctic. Apart from new information on morphology, taxonomy, and distribution of known species, we describe seven new taxa (G. canaria, G. fortunata, G. mauretanica, G. aquitana, G. vikinga, G. torosa, and G. papillinasus). The collection of G. papillinasus from 2630-2885 m represents a new depth record for Enchytraeidae. Twenty-five of the now 57 Grania species occur in the North Atlantic. The North Atlantic drift moderates sea temperatures along the northeast Atlantic coasts, probably facilitating the wide latitudinal range of some taxa, as well as actual dispersal within the region. A "chaetal index" (chaetal length : chaetal foot length) is proposed to differentiate L-shaped chaetae at the species level. Complex relationships within the "type 6 group" of Grania suggest that groupings established using certain combinations of penial, chaetal and spermathecal patterns may not be monophyletic. For a better phylogenetic resolution, additional morphological details of these and other characters are needed.