Requirements and Conceptual Superconducting Magnet Design for a 21 T Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer
The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) has identified as one of its next high-field persistent-magnet targets a 21 T superconducting magnet system to be used in a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) Mass Spectrometer. The required fundamental parameters of a 21 T central field and 110 mm warm bore diameter are similar to those already successfully demonstrated in the NHMFL's Ultra-Wide Bore 900 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance magnet system. However, there are several ancillary requirements of the FT-ICR spectrometer that require technical attention such as fringe field restrictions requiring shielding, length of uniformity zone, magnitude of inhomogeneity, horizontal orientation of the magnet axis and a limitation on the length of the cryostat. This paper describes the overall system requirements, features and status of the superconducting magnet conceptual design proposed for meeting these requirements
Historical developments in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Abstract In this review, the technical developments of the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT ICR) mass spectrometry as well as the developments of the ICR before the implementation of Fourier transform into this technique are described in historical order. Instrumentation, theory and applications are covered in ion chemistry, ion physics, and structural analysis of a very broad variety of compounds, from atoms and small molecules to biological and petrochemical analytes. For investigation, the ions can be generated inside or outside the ICR cell. They are trapped in the ICR cell, reacted with neutral molecules, photons, or ions. Finally, mass spectra of primary ions and ionic reaction products are produced with ultrahigh resolution and precision. From the many thousand publications in the field, the authors selected 221 publications for this review. The criterion was that a new development, a new aspect, a new extension, or a new application of the method was presented for the first time. In the first decades, many fundamental discoveries took place. However, the FT ICR technique has not reduced its dynamical development until today and will continue its success with many extended applications and instrumental developments in the future.
Nurse responsiveness to cancer patient expressions of emotion.
OBJECTIVE
This theoretically based study examined nurse responses to cancer patient expressions of emotion using a videotaped, simulated cancer patient.


METHODS
This study used an experimental crossover design with a videotaped patient expressing anger, sadness, and neutral emotion to elicit nurse responses. Seventy-four nurses from eight sites participated. Responses were coded using Roter interaction analysis system. Correlations explored relationships between variables that impact communication (age, gender, work experience, trait anxiety, work stress, self-efficacy). Regression models explored the effect of variables on nurse affective responsiveness.


RESULTS
Patient expressions of sadness elicited more affective responses than anger. Expressions of anger or neutral emotion elicited more instrumental behaviors than sadness. Variables such as age, work stress and work experience were significantly correlated. No variables predicted affective responsiveness to patient expressions of anger or sadness.


CONCLUSION
Nurse communication showed significant variation in response to patient emotional expressions. Understanding the relationships between demographic, personality, and work variables, and identification of new variables that influence nurse-patient communication, has implications for interventional studies.


PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Over 90% of the participants indicated that the videotape simulation would be a useful method for teaching and practicing communication skills with patients expressing emotions.