The Uses and Risks of Open Innovation
OVERVIEW: Current approaches to open innovation can be characterized in two general categories: open-boundary innovation and open-source innovation. Open-boundary innovation is designed to source new technology and concepts broadly without surrendering control of the innovation process, while open-source innovation is a more radical model that challenges fundamental assumptions about the nature of the corporation. The appropriate corporate response to open-source innovation is difficult to define, as the risks are unknown. However, as open-source movements gather steam, corporate innovators will need to consider whether and how to approach open-source innovation.
Keeping the Genie of Licensing Out of the Bottle: Managing Inter-Dependence in Licensing Transactions
Our globalized flat world tends to intensify the exchanges and interactions between the market players. It mirrors the movement of open innovation which is characterized by the increased use of third-party knowledge for the purpose of enriching a company’s internal innovation (inbound open innovation), and by the continuing search of new markets and channels of distribution for the company’s own innovation (outbound open innovation). These intensive interactions generally materialize in a multiplication of contractual relationships by which companies integrate in their products and services the intellectual assets (and intellectual property rights) of third parties, and also offer their own intellectual assets to the market according to (contractual) rules and principles that they choose. This makes it possible to capitalize on and benefit from the expert knowledge and experience of other market players, and can therefore contribute to an optimal allocation of corporate and societal activities and resources. These interactions can, however, generate risks that result from the reliance on the (continued) use of third-party intellectual property assets, as can be illustrated by recent court decisions rendered in various jurisdictions.
The relation of food quantity to rumination behavior.
Preliminary work suggested that the quantity of food ingested by retarded individuals who usually ruminated following meals was related to the frequency and duration of ruminating responses. This possible relation was experimentally examined by systematically varying food quantity from regular portions to satiation levels for three retarded individuals who exhibited high levels of ruminating. A clear functional relation of food quantity to ruminating emerged, with satiation procedures producing rapid and large decreases in the relatively high frequencies and durations of ruminating characteristic of baseline food quantity conditions.