Ultra High Pressure Homogenization of Soy Milk: Effect on Quality Attributes during Storage
The present work analyzed soy milk prepared from whole dehulled soybeans. The traditional method of soy milk preparation leads to wastage of about 35% of soybean solids in the form of okara, which gets filtered out. In the current study, soy milk was prepared with practically 100% recovery of soybean solids and treated with continuous flow high pressure processing (207 and 276 MPa pressure, 121 and 145 °C exit temperatures, and 0.75 and 1.25 L/min flow rates), and the changes in the physical, chemical, microbial, and sensory properties during 28 days of storage at 4 °C were analyzed. The treated soy milk remained stable for 28 days. There was a significant reduction in the particle size of soybean solids which did not change during storage. The pH of the treated soy milk was significantly lower than the untreated soy milk and it reduced further upon storage. The soy milk was pasteurized with high pressure processing coupled with preheating. No lipoxygenase activity was detected. Compared to commercial samples, there was no significant difference in the astringency, bitterness, or chalkiness of soy milk prepared in the study.
Technological aspects and potential applications of (ultra) high-pressure homogenisation
The present review concerns homogenisation processing, and more particularly high-pressure homogenisation. Recent developments in high-pressure technology and the design of new homogenisation valves able to withstand pressures up to 350–400 MPa have indeed opened new opportunities to homogenisation processing in the dairy, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Homogenisers equipped with high-pressure valves or interaction chambers of different designs, and consequently different flow characteristics (laminar or turbulent flow, cavitation, impingement on solid walls, fluid jet collision) are available. The present review will more particularly concern piston-gap type high-pressure homogenisers equipped with specially designed HP-valves able to reach 300–400 MPa for ultra-high-pressure homogenisation (UHPH). An overview of some recent UHPH studies will be summarised in the following sections including UHPH-induced microbial inactivation, characteristics of submicron emulsions and UHPH-induced protein structural changes and functionality.
Pioneer 10 Observations of the Ultraviolet Glow in the Vicinity of Jupiter
A two-channel ultraviolet photometer aboard Pioneer 10 has made several observations of the ultraviolet glow in the wavelength range from 170 to 1400 angstroms in the vicinity of Jupiter. Preliminary results indicate a Jovian hydrogen (1216 angstrom) glow with a brightness of about 1000 rayleighs and a helium (584 angstrom) glow with a brightness of about 10 to 20 rayleighs. In addition, Jupiter appears to have an extensive hydrogen torus surrounding it in the orbital plane of Io. The mean diameter of the torus is about equal to the diameter of the orbit of Io. Several observations of the Galilean satellites have also occurred but only a rather striking Io observation has been analyzed to date. If the observed Io glow is predominantly that of Lyman-α, the surface brightness is about 10,000 rayleighs.