A Bi-Dimensional Multi-Wire Cathode Strip Detector for Fission Fragments
A large area bi-dimensional position sensitive multi-wire cathode strip detector (MCSD) has been developed for the detection of fission fragments (FFs). The performance of the detector has been characterized with FFs from 252Cf and α particles from 241Am-239Pu sources. The position information is obtained from the measurement of time delay signals of the cathode strips (X-direction) and split-cathode wires (Y-direction) with respect to the timing signal from the anode wires. The position resolution is found to be about 1.0 and 1.5 mm in X-and Y-directions respectively.
Fission fragment velocity distribution measurement using time of flight technique
Abstract Two large area position sensitive Multi Wire Proportional Counters (MWPCs) have been developed for the detection of Fission Fragments (FFs). The detectors were characterized using FFs from  252Cf source to obtain position information by employing delay-line read out method and the resolution is about 1 mm in both X and Y directions. Velocity distribution of the FFs produced from spontaneous fission of  252Cf has been measured employing a time-of-flight (TOF) technique, using a barium fluoride (Ba F 2 ) detector and a MWPC. The most probable velocities obtained for the heavy and light fragment groups are 1.035 ± 0.003 and 1.378 ± 0.004 cm/ns, respectively. The energy dependence of fragment velocity distribution was also studied after degrading the energy of the fragments by using Mylar foils. It is observed that the width of the distribution for the heavy fission fragments decreases with the reduction in the energies, but for light fragments it does not show any significant dependence on the energy.
Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist
This classic is the benchmark against which all modern books about Nietzsche are measured. When Walter Kaufmann wrote it in the immediate aftermath of World War II, most scholars outside Germany viewed Nietzsche as part madman, part proto-Nazi, and almost wholly unphilosophical. Kaufmann rehabilitated Nietzsche nearly single-handedly, presenting his works as one of the great achievements of Western philosophy. Responding to the powerful myths and countermyths that had sprung up around Nietzsche, Kaufmann offered a patient, evenhanded account of his life and works, and of the uses and abuses to which subsequent generations had put his ideas.Without ignoring or downplaying the ugliness of many of Nietzsche's proclamations, he set them in the context of his work as a whole and of the counterexamples yielded by a responsible reading of his books. More positively, he presented Nietzsche's ideas about power as one of the great accomplishments of modern philosophy, arguing that his conception of the "will to power" was not a crude apology for ruthless self-assertion but must be linked to Nietzsche's equally profound ideas about sublimation.He also presented Nietzsche as a pioneer of modern psychology and argued that a key to understanding his overall philosophy is to see it as a reaction against Christianity. Many scholars in the past half century have taken issue with some of Kaufmann's interpretations, but the book ranks as one of the most influential accounts ever written of any major Western thinker.