Solanum nigrum, a new host for powdery mildew disease of Capsicum annuum in the Madurai district of Tamil Nadu, India
In October–November 2004, a severe outbreak of powdery mildew disease incited by Leveillula taurica was observed on Capsicum annuum (cv. K2) (chilli) and caused yield loss up to 80%. A similar type of symptom was also recorded on Solanum nigrum grown in and around chilli fields. Based on the morphological characteristics and cross infectivity, it has been confirmed that the powdery mildew pathogens from C. annuum and S. nigrum are the same. The pathogen from C. annuum could infect S. nigrum and vice versa. Other cultivated plant species were not infected. This might be due to the probable occurrence of physiological races. This is the first report of this organism causing powdery mildew in S. nigrum in the Madurai district of Tamil Nadu. The ability of L. taurica to infect the native host S. nigrum is particularly important because this host plant might serve as an inoculum reservoir for adjacently cultivated C. annuum.
Common Pests and Diseases of Medicinal Plants and Strategies to Manage Them
Medicinal plants are known to Indian traditional healers since time immemorial. The plants were collected, by and large, from the wild and were used in many preparations of wellness products. India is endowed with diverse group of medicinal plants accounting for more than 8000 species which are being used in more than 10,000 herbal products. Ninety percent of herbal industry’s requirement of raw materials is meted out from the natural ecosystem – forests – resulting in ruthless exploitation and destruction of its natural habitats (Mathivanan et al. 2016). As one of the measures to conserve the precious species, commercial cultivation began which inadvertently brought the problem of pests and diseases leading to crop loss of various magnitudes. This chapter will discuss on major pests and diseases of some important medicinal plants like noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), glory lily (Gloriosa superba), makoi (Solanum nigrum), medicinal coleus (Coleus forskohlii), senna (Cassia angustifolia) and ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). Medicinal plants being used in health-care system and chemical methods of management of pests and diseases are becoming obsolete. It is a must that non-chemical, eco-friendly safer methods of management are essential which are also being discussed in this chapter.
Bentuk dan Sebaran Lesi Demodekosis pada Sapi Bali (THE SHAPE AND DISTRIBUTION OF DEMODECOSIS LESIONS ON BALI CATTLE)
Demodicosisis a skin diseasecaused byDemodexsp., that inhabits animal hair folliclesandcandamageskintissue. This study aims to reveal the form and distribution of demodicosis lesions in Bali cattle in thecenter of breeding bali cattle Sobangan. The sample was recorded based on the present of skin lesions.Skin scraps were collected, and examined for Demodex sp. The shape of the lesions was documented byobserving existing lesions on the body of bali cattle. The size of the lesions was measured using calipers.The distribution of the lesions was done by dividing the body area of head, neck, back, and abdomen region.We found that the prevalence of demodicosis was 12.66% (38/300). The shape of demodicosis lesions werenodular, scab, and dollar plaque. Distribution of demodicosis lesions was mostly at the neck (36.8%), atthe back (34.21%), and neck to back (23.68%). In conclusion, the prevalence of demodicosis was mild, andthe greatest distribution was on neck. In order to reduce the incidence rate in bali cattle should be keptproperly and sanitation is carried out at a good standard.