WHAT SHOULD WE CALL THE FORAMINIFERA
Shelled granuloreticulose microorganisms have had a complex etymological history that began in 1826 when d'Orbigny gave his new order the name Foraminiferes and characterized the group. Soon afterwards, further examina- tion and proper Latinization established them as class Foraminifera. D'Orbigny should be credited with the suprafamilial group name, regardless of rank, because he provided defining characteristics, and also because higher taxa are not governed by ICZN rules; in addition, we should consider the history of its attribution and what is traditional and customary in zoological nomenclature. The name Foraminifera is the source of a variety of informal terms, including foraminifera, foraminifer, foraminiferan, and for- am. Long after being demoted to order, the Latinized name was modified to Foraminiferida in 1964 by Loeblich and Tappan, the informal foraminiferid was introduced later. Here, we briefly examine these terms as sets of singular and plural nouns, and their derived adjectives and nouns that begin with foram-. Authors can choose any of the derived terms, but they should be consistent by using only one term-set throughout their paper. Other nouns derived from forami- nifer-, such as foraminiferologist for a student of the group, are not usually part of a term-set. The informal term foram is a valid derivation and it is the most common of the names used in conversation among earth scientists and biologists. It is already accepted in major dictionaries and literature, and it has been used in specific word pairs found in scientific publications. In addition, foram eases communication by its multilingual applicability; it is also the easiest of the terms to pronounce, write, and read. For all these reasons, its use may increase in scientific literature.
Lower Jurassic Foraminifera from the Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) Borehole, North Wales, UK
ABSTRACT The complete, fully cored Lower Jurassic (Hettangian, Sinemurian, Pliensbachian, Toarcian) succession from the Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) Borehole, North Wales, the thickest known British section, has yielded a diverse and well preserved foraminiferal fauna, comprising 270 species and subspecies which are described and illustrated. An additional nine taxa, not encountered at Mochras, are also described. This typical European Boreal Atlantic foraminiferal fauna is dominated by members of the Lagenida, with the Ceratobuliminoidea, Miliolida, Spirillinina, Involutinina, Buliminida and Textulariida as important accessory groups. The Ceratobuliminoidea and Miliolida are unusually diverse, with Reinholdella and Ophthalmidium being notably abundant. The presence of the Family Oberhauserellidae is significant. A benthonic foraminiferal biozonation scheme for the Lower Jurassic, comprising 16 biozones and tied to the standard ammonite-based chronostratigraphy, is described in detail. It is recognizable across the northern European Boreal province, and is applicable to subsurface hydrocarbon exploration of the UK continental shelf and onshore Europe. Three new genera (Duoplanum, Extonia and Haynesella) are described as well as 19 new species (Citharina sherringtoni, Duoplanum inaequale, D. leve, Glomospirella liassica, Lagena? haeusleri, L. semisulcata, Lagenammina pseudofusiformis, L. tangentia, Loxostomum liassicum, Marginulina turneri, Neobulimina bangae, Nodosaria pseudoclaviformis, Ophthalmidium strictum, Reinholdella? mochrasensis, R. robusta, Reussoolina? lacrimaforma, Semiinvoluta excelsa, Tubinella pseudoinornata and Vinelloidea lordi), and 10 new subspecies (Berthelinella involuta striata, Ichthyolaria terquemi bamardi, I. terquemi mediumcostata, Lenticulina varians barnardi, Loxostomum liassicum liassicum, L. liassicum teres, Ophthalmidium macfadyeni tenuiloculare, Paralingulina cernua ssp. A, Reinholdella margarita dorsoplana and R. pachyderma humilis). Two further species are renamed as Nodosaria whittakeri and Paralingulina paranodosaria.
The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism
* Introduction: The Arab Spring: The End of Postcoloniality * 1. Decentering the World: How the Arab Spring Unfolded * 2. Towards Liberation Geography * 3. A New Language of Revolt * 4. Discovering a New World * 5. From the Green Movement to the Jasmine Revolutions * 6. The center cannot hold * 7. The End of Postcolonialism * 8. Race, Gender, and Class in Transnational Revolutions * 9. Libya: The Crucible * 10. Delayed Defiance * Conclusion. The People Demand the Overthrow of the Regime