Control ofAgrotis ypsilon (Hufn.) (Lep., Noctuidae) on some vegetable crops in Egypt using the microbial agentBacillus thuringiensis
The effective threshold rate of application of Dipel 2X was 250g/f. Incorporation of some chemical additives such as calcium sulphate (CaSO4) or calcium oxide (CaO) significantly potentiated the effectiveness of Dipel 2X on larval population. The addition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) to Dipel 2X greatly reduced the larval population and led to a significant increase in the yield of some vegetable crops. Dipel 2X baits at 250g/f were almost as effective as the chemical insecticide Hostathion when used at 1.5l/f in controllingA. ypsilon larvae attacking vegetable crops.Control of the greasy cutwormAgrotis ypsilon population was better achieved when the biological control agent Dipel 2X was used as baits.ZusammenfassungDie Wirksamkeits-Schwelle desBac. thuringiensis-Präparats Dipel 2X betrug 250g/f(eddan). Eine Hinzugabe von CaSO4 oder CaO erhöhte die Wirkung von Dipel 2X auf die Raupen signifikant. Die Hinzugabe von CaCO3 und ZnSO4 zu Dipel 2X führte zu starker Reduzierung der Raupenpopulation und zu signifikanter Steigerung der Ernte bei einigen Gemüse-Arten. Dipel 2X-Köder in einer Dosierung von 250g/f waren fast so wirksam wie das chemische Insektizid Hostathion (1,5l/f). Die Bekämpfung der Raupen vonAgrotis ypsilon ist somit in biologischer Form mittels Gebrauchs von Dipel 2X-Ködern sehr gut möglich.
Foliar application ofNosema pyrausta for suppression of populations of European corn borer
In 1974, an application of the microsporidan,Nosema pyrausta (Paillot, 1927)Kotlan, 1928, with a back-pack type sprayer (22.5×107 spores/plant) to whorl stage maize infested with European corn borers,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) reduced the number of larvae/plant by 48.1% and produced an infection of 15.3×104 spores/mg of larval weight in 62.1% of the collected larvae. In 1975, applications of 24.3×107 spores/plant to similar maize, in 2 separate tests, reduced the number of larvae/plant by 18.8 and 43.8% and caused an infection of 14.3 and 19.1×104 spores/mg of larval weight in 65.9 and 63.3% of the collected larvae. Also, in 1975, applications of 24.3×107 spores/plant to pollen shedding maize in 2 separate tests reduced the number of larvae/plant by 17.2 and 14.1% and caused an infection of 24.3 and 27.2×104 spores/mg of larval weight in 99.2 and 95.2% of the collected larvae.RésuméLa microsporidie,Nosema pyrausta (Paillot, 1927;Kotlan, 1928) a été appliquée avec un pulvérisateur à dos, sur du maïs à la phase du verticille et sur du maïs émettant le pollen, attaqués par la pyrale du maïs sansNosema. Ces 2 stades de croissance du maïs correspondent à la 1re et à la 2e génération de la pyrale du maïs,Ostrinia nubilalis dans l'Iowa.Une suspension aqueuse de spores deN. pyrausta a été appliquée sur le verticille de la plante pour des essais sur la 1re génération et aux 3 nœuds au-dessus et au-dessous de l'épi pour les essais sur la 2e génération. En 1974 (1re génération),N. pyrausta a abaissé le nombre de larves par plante de 48,1% et a causé une infection de 15,3×104 spores/mg de larve chez 62,1% des insectes récoltés. En 1975 (1re génération),N. pyrausta a abaissé le nombre de larves par plante de 18,8% et 43,8% dans 2 essais et a causé une infection de 24,3 et 27,2×104 spores/mg de larve chez 65,9% et 63,3% des larves récoltées. En 1975 (2e génération),N. pyrausta a abaissé le nombre de larves par plante de 17,2% et 14,1% dans 2 essais et a causé une infection de 24,3 et 27,2×104 spores/mg de larve chez 99,2% et 95,2% des insectes collectés. L'impact de cette application sur les populations de pyrale ultérieures est discuté.
Evaluation of Analgesic Effect of Caudal Epidural Tramadol, Tramadol-Lidocaine, and Lidocaine in Water Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis)
Aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effect of tramadol and a combination of tramadol-lidocaine with that produced by lidocaine administration in the epidural space in buffalo calves. In a prospective randomized crossover study, ten male buffalo calves were used to compare the epidural analgesic effect of tramadol (1 mg/kg) and tramadol-lidocaine combination (0.5 mg/kg and 0.11 mg/kg, resp.) with that produced by 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg). Loss of sensation was examined by pin-prick test. Onset time, duration, and degree of analgesia and ataxia were recorded after each treatment. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature, and haematobiochemical parameters were recorded after all treatments. Time to onset and duration of analgesia, respectively, were as follows: tramadol 11 ± 2 min and 208 ± 15 min; tramadol-lidocaine 6 ± 2 min and 168 ± 9 min; lidocaine 4 ± 1 min and 67 ± 13 min. Onset time and duration were significantly longer with tramadol than the other treatments. Duration was significantly longer with tramadol-lidocaine than lidocaine. Ataxia was mildly observed in tramadol-lidocaine and was moderate in lidocaine. HR, RR, and rectal temperature did not differ significantly from baseline after any treatment. Haematobiochemical parameters returned to basal levels by 24 h after all treatments. This combination might be clinically useful to provide analgesia in buffalo for long-duration surgical procedures.