Velocity Distribution of $\hbox{H}^{-}$ Ions in Low Temperature Hydrogen Plasma
A Monte Carlo solution of the Boltzmann equation is applied to the calculation of the velocity distribution of negative atomic ions H- in uniform H/H2 plasmas in a wide parameter range. Results are shown for the energy distribution n(epsiv), the 2-D velocity distribution, and the energy-dependent coefficients of the spherical harmonics expansion of its angular part, for different values of the reduced electric field E/N, the atomic fraction, and the H+ mole fraction. By increasing E/N or the atomic fraction at constant ion energy, the velocity distribution becomes highly anisotropic, and at same time, n(epsiv) features a suprathermal tail consistent with analytical results.
Modelling of negative ion transport in caesium-seeded volume negative ion sources
Trajectories of H− ions are calculated numerically by solving the 3D motion equation, including effects of collisional destruction, elastic collisions and charge exchange collisions. According to these trajectories, the extraction probability of H− ions produced at any location inside the source and the energy relaxation of extracted H− ions are estimated as a function of gas pressure. Effects of production zone and field intensity of the magnetic filter on extraction probability are also discussed. The extraction probability of surface produced H− ions is much higher than that of volume produced H− ions. The kinetic energy of extracted H− ions is reduced mainly by charge exchange collisions with H in higher pressure region and by elastic collisions with H+ in lower pressure region. We also briefly discuss the pressure dependence of extracted negative ion currents combining the present numerical results and the results of the model calculation with the zero-dimensional code.
Iustitia Dei: A History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification
Preface Acknowledgements 1. Prolegomena 2. The fountainhead: Augustine of Hippo 3. The development of the doctrine in the medieval period 4. The medieval schools of thought on justification 5. The transition from the medieval to the modern period 6. The development of the doctrine in the Reformation period 7. The Tridentine decree of justification 8. The legacy of the English Reformation 9. The modern period Appendix: a glossary of medieval soteriological terms Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index.