Cost-effective multiplication of the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi (F) Samson
Cost-effective and rapid multiplication of Nomuraea rileyi is reported. The spore yields in semi-synthetic media were comparable or significantly higher to the standard medium. Maltose and peptone, carbon and nitrogen sources could be effectively replaced with 2% barley extract and 1% soybean extract respectively. However, replacement of yeast extract with dry yeast resulted in lower spore yields. Sporulation of the fungus multiplied on solid substrate was possible only when the bags used had a 0.2 μm filter to facilitate passive exchange of sterile air. A high spore yield of 2.8 × 109/g of substrate was realized on crushed sorghum.
Conidia Production of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Nomuraea rileyi and Its Evaluation for Control of Spodoptera litura (Fab) on Ricinus communis
Abstract An addition of 1% yeast extract to crushed sorghum was found to be an ideal substrate for culturing the fungus Nomuraea rileyi and yielded a maximum of 1.4 × 109 conidia/g after 8-9 days at 25°C. The efficacy of the fungus was tested against Spodoptera litura in a lab, net house, and field. A dose of 2 × 1011 conidia/liter of spray solution was found to bring about effective control of late second to early third instar S. litura larvae on castor crop (Ricinus communis Var. VP.1). In the field, larval mortality of 52-60% was observed at 12 days after spraying with N. rileyi conidia. The highest cumulative mortality of 88-97% was observed by 19 days.
Brainstem Influences on the Cephalic Circulation: Experimental Data From Cat and Monkey of Relevance to the Mechanism of Migraine
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