LABORATORY Plans towards Higher Laminosill
The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ( m C ) is designed PERF0 GE AND LUMINOSITY to provide luminosity over a wide range of beam energies LIMITATIONS and species, including heavy ions, polarized protons, and tric beam collisions. In the first seven years of operation there has been a rapid increase in the achieved peak and average luminosity, substantially exceeding design values. Work is presently underway to achieve the Enhanced Design parameters. Planned major upgrades include the Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS), RHIC-11, and construction of an electron-ion collider (eRHIC). We review the expected RHIC upgrade performance. Electron cooling and its impact on the luminosity both for heavy ions and protons are discussed in detail.
RHIC OPERATIONAL STATUS AND UPGRADE PLANS.
Since 2000 RHIC has collided, at 8 energies, 4 combinations of ion species, ranging from gold ions to polarized protons, and including the collisions of deuterons with gold ions. During that time the heavy ion and polarized proton peak luminosities increased by two orders and one order of magnitude respectively. The average proton polarization in store reached 65%. Planned upgrades include the evolution to the Enhanced Design parameters by about 2008, the construction of an Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) by 2009, the installation of electron cooling for RHIC II, and the implementation of the electron-ion collider eRHIC. We review the current performance, and the expected performance with these upgrades.
Electrochemical detection of copper(II) at a gold electrode modified with a self-assembled monolayer of penicillamine
A penicillamine (PCA) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was prepared on a gold electrode. It has been found that the modified electrode exhibited a selective response to copper ions. As demonstrated by cyclic voltammetric experiments, the SAM-based electrode showed an attractive ability to preconcentrate efficiently traces of copper(II) from solutions. Under optimum conditions, the anodic peak current was proportional to the concentration of Cu(II) in the range from 8.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−4 M with a detection limit of 4.0 × 10−7 M. Moreover, this modified gold electrode is also characterized by excellent repeatability, showing a relative standard deviation of 3.2% for nine successive measurements of 1.0 × 10−5 M Cu(II). The PCA/Au SAM gold electrode was used for the determination of Cu(II) in a tap water sample and the results showed a good agreement with the data obtained by atomic emission spectrometry.