Off-Stream Detention Design for Storm-Water Management
AbstractA detention basin is designed for storm-water quantity and quality controls. An in-stream basin is often located on a widened floodplain, whereas an off-stream basin can be part of open space in a parking lot, park, or sport field. The inflow channel associated with an off-stream basin is allowed to carry its base flow not to exceed the downstream capacity. When the inflow channel is full, the excess flood water is diverted into the off-stream basin through the side weir. During the flood recession, the equalizer conduit drains the basin flow back to the channel. In this study, the rational volumetric method was expanded from in-stream to off-stream detention design. The required off-stream detention volume is maximized by the rainfall event longer than the time of concentration of the tributary area. In comparison, the off-stream detention volume can be significantly less than an in-stream, depending on the flow-through capacity in the downstream channel. This paper presents a design procedure to...
Pond sizing for rational formula hydrographs
ABSTRACT: The Modified Rational formula hydrograph and the Yarnell generalized rainfall chart are generally accepted procedures for sizing storm water detention ponds for small drainage areas. A procedure has been developed to choose the rainfall duration which, for a chosen return period, will result in the largest required storage volume of a detention pond. A graphical solution has been provided and its use has been described by application to an example.
Training and maintaining the performance of dogs (Canis familiaris) on an increasing number of odor discriminations in a controlled setting
Abstract The number of substances detector dogs are trained to detect varies depending on the mission of the agency they serve. No studies have been conducted concerning how training multiple odor discriminations affects detection performance and refresher training requirements. This study used a controlled field setting to examine the effects of training dogs to detect multiple substances on their subsequent detection performance and refresher training requirements. Dogs were first trained to detect a single odor. Their detection performance was tested 10 days later and refresher training was then given to bring their performance back up to a predetermined standard. Following refresher training, detection of a new substance was trained, and approximately 10 days later the detection of both trained substances was tested. This sequence of testing, refresher training, and new odor training continued every 10 days until the dogs had been trained and tested on 10 odors. The detection of previously learned odors did not decrease as the number of substances trained increased. In fact, the amount of training required to refresh detection performance and to train new odor discriminations tended to decrease as more odor discriminations were trained.