Global and Comprehensive Regimes: The un System
The scope of multinational economic policy regimes must be defined in at least two different dimensions: 1) geographic or political scope, referring to spatial and/or other jurisdictional dimensions of the regime; and 2) functional scope, referring to the kinds of activities over which the regime is intended to have some influence. The geographic/political scope of the European Union (EU), for example, is limited to certain countries in Europe that have opted and been accepted for membership. The functional scope of most multinational regimes is also typically limited; they deal only with the specific set of concerns (e.g., trade, air travel, environmental issues) agreed upon among their participants. A regime that is (at least in principle) open to all participants that might have an interest in its activities, or that takes actions intended to affect all parts of the world, may be termed global. A regime that may (again, at least in principle) address any and all concerns that might arise among its participants, without regard to specific prior agreement as to the appropriateness of the inquiry, may be termed comprehensive. (National political regimes, i.e., governments, are functionally comprehensive within their individual borders.)
Infant feeding. Anatomy of a controversy 1973-1984.
1. The Charges.- "Breast is Best".- Decline in Breast-Feeding.- The Vast Majority of Mothers Can Breast-Feed.- Health Hazards of Feeding Breast Milk Substitutes.- Infant Formula a Drain on National Resources.- Infant Formula Marketing.- 2. Medical and Scientific Commentary on Charges made against the Infant Food Industry.- Terminology.- The Charges.- Points of Agreement.- Breast is Best (with Few Exceptions).- Immune Properties of Breast Milk.- Hazards of Feeding Breast Milk Substitutes.- Breast-Feeding, Lactational Infertility, and Demography.- Mother-Infant Interrelationships.- Decline in Breast-Feeding.- Supplements, Complements and Weaning.- Breast or Bottle: a Non-Choice.- Supplementation in Traditional Society.- Can the Great Majority of Mothers Breast-Feed Successfully?.- The Adequacy of Exclusive Breast-Feeding.- Lactation in Malnourished Mothers.- Feed the Mother.- Does Faltering Matter?.- The Working Mother.- Concluding note.- 3. Origins of the Controversy.- Third World Context.- Feed the Mother.- Industry Participation.- PAG Statement No. 23.- ICIFI: Formalising Industry Cooperation.- The Debate Goes Public.- The New Internationalist Report.- The Baby Killer.- Policy Review.- 4. Focus on Nestle The Bern Trial.- Naming Nestle.- The Swiss Activists.- Identifying the Activists.- Suggested Settlement.- Defendant's Public Relations Strategy.- Reduced Charges.- Courtroom Testimony.- Nestle Press Conference.- Written Testimony.- Back to the Courtroom.- Dr. Jelliffe's Testimony.- Final Hearings.- Summing Up.- The Judgement.- 5. The US Campaign.- Religious Groups' Support.- Shareholder Resolutions.- Shareholders Go To Court.- Nestle in the US.- Formation of INFACT.- Launch of the Boycott.- First Meeting with INFACT.- Continuation of the Boycott.- Next: Political Action.- 6. Into the Political Arena.- Importance of Hearings.- Preparation for Testimony.- Choosing a Spokesman.- Questionable Credentials.- Fateful Statement.- Result of Hearings.- Follow-Up Meeting.- Into the Mouths of Babes.- ICIFI Enters the Scene.- Confrontation with the National Council of Churches.- Preparations for WHO Meeting.- 7. Developing International Recommendations: the WHO Code.- WHO Programme.- Politics of Policy-Making.- Planning the Meeting.- Working Groups.- Consensus on Marketing.- Nestle's Response.- Nestle's Checklist for Marketing Practices.- Activists Resurgent.- Development of ICIFI Model Code.- Industry "Violations".- Difficult Drafting Job.- Regulation or Recommendation?.- 8. Escalation of the Campaign and Nestle's Response.- Escalation: Further Observations on the Controversy from Industry's Standpoint.- The Power of a Simple Message.- Playing on the Emotions.- Professional Endorsement.- Church, Politics and Press.- Nestle's Response.- Development of Product and Marketing Policy.- Emphasis on Breast-Feeding.- Mothercraft Activities.- Medical Representatives.- Product Sampling and Free Supplies to Hospitals.- Safety in Preparation and Feeding.- Protecting Vulnerable Consumers.- United Methodist Task Force.- 9. Implementing the WHO Code.- ICIFI Disbanded.- Dialogue with the United Methodists.- Code Implementation at the National Level.- The Nestle Instructions.- Audit Committee.- Nestle Announces its New Policy.- Interpreting the WHO Code.- Revising the Nestle Instructions.- Support for the Boycott Wanes.- 10. Resolution of the Conflict.- The "Four" Points.- January 1984 Discussions.- Nestle Statement of Understanding.- Nestle/INBC Agreement.- Boycott Suspension.- Termination of the Nestle Boycott.- 11. Epilogue.- Appendix 1. The Nestle Infant Formula Audit Commission - (NIFAC) Charter.- Appendix 2. Nestle Statement of Understanding.- Appendix 3. Addendum to the Nestle Statement of Understanding.
The relation of food quantity to rumination behavior.
Preliminary work suggested that the quantity of food ingested by retarded individuals who usually ruminated following meals was related to the frequency and duration of ruminating responses. This possible relation was experimentally examined by systematically varying food quantity from regular portions to satiation levels for three retarded individuals who exhibited high levels of ruminating. A clear functional relation of food quantity to ruminating emerged, with satiation procedures producing rapid and large decreases in the relatively high frequencies and durations of ruminating characteristic of baseline food quantity conditions.