Application and Study on Heat Transfer Model for Continuous 82B Billet Casting
The centerline segregation in the 82B steel billet reduces seriously the final product quality; it is closely related to the unreasonable secondary cooling water system. This paper has established a two-dimensional non-steady-state heat transfer model for the continuous 82B billet casting process, and optimized the existing secondary cooling water scheme, The results show that: the strand surface temperature falling rate is lower than the center temperature falling rate in the original cooling water scheme; it is necessary to add an additional cooling subzone after the fourth subzone for decreasing centerline segregation; the optimal cooling water scheme is that cooling intensity of the fifth subzone is increased by 150% compared with the original fourth subzone.
Effect of complex electromagnetic stirring on inner quality of high carbon steel bloom
To obtain a better internal quality of high carbon steel bloom, complex electromagnetic stirring combined M-EMS with F-EMS was designed. In order to find a proper location for positioning the F-EMS stirrer, the solid shell thickness profile of a continuous casting bloom was computed. It was found that the F-EMS stirrer should be placed 11.39 m below the meniscus. Based on the finding, an industrial plant trial was conducted on the operating bloom casting machine at Baotou Iron and Steel (Group) Corp. The results show that the problem of inner porosity and composition segregation can be solved with the complex electromagnetic stirring technique. The ratio and index of central segregation and porosity can be reduced significantly. Therefore, good casting technique, optimum mould design and final electromagnetic stirring are all important for improving the inner quality of high carbon steel.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, A Commentary
Volume VI is the sixth substantive volume to be published in the series. It deals with the work of the First Committee at the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, namely the international seabed area. The volume thus embraces the deep seabed mining regime set out in Part XI of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea together with the 1994 Agreement on its implementation. Completion of this commentary was delayed first by the consultations and negotiations that commenced in 1990 and led to the 1994 Agreement and the entry into force of the Convention. It was further delayed until the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority approved the detailed mining regulations in 2000. Additional supplementary material can be found at UNCLOS 1982 Commentary: Supplementary Documents.