Economic relationships and market trends of the rare earths
Abstract This paper considers the market trends of the rare earths and how they are strongly influenced by the by-product/co-product nature of their mining and processing. The two main economic minerals for the rare earths are bastnasite and monazite. Monazite is primarily a by-product of mining ilmenite and rutile and is affected by changes in these markets as well as the presence of thorium. Bastnasite is a byproduct of mining iron ore in China and a stand-alone product in the USA. The paper will use conceptional relationships and empirical data to delineate the various by-products/co-products relationships and how they determine observed market behavior.
The role of the lanthanides and yttrium in advanced engineering and high-technology ceramics
Abstract The role of the lanthanides as well as yttrium in the development of advanced ceramics is discussed. The applications are tabulated by the function of the ceramic material. High-temperature structural ceramics, electronic components, and some other uses are briefly mentioned and the chemical purpose of the lanthanide contribution explained.
PLZT reflective displays
Abstract The practical application of PLZT electrooptic ceramic materials to non-memory, segmented displays is reported. Appearance, configuration and operational characteristics are described and compared with LCD (liquid crystal) displays. Significant features include wide viewing angle, wide operating temperature range, high speed and color capability. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed.