X-ray Takagi-Taupin dynamical theory generalized to n-beam diffraction cases.
A new X-ray dynamical diffraction theory that can deal with n-beam cases comprehensively (n in [3, 4, 6, 8, 12]) has been derived based on the Takagi-Taupin dynamical theory. The new theory takes into account correctly the effects of arbitrarily polarized incident X-rays and the polarization states of X-ray wavefields in a crystal. Furthermore, an arbitrary lattice displacement in the crystal can be dealt with. The new theory has a high symmetry and therefore can be written with one equation supposing that suffixes are taken in 2n ways, where the suffixes indicate ordinal numbers of waves and polarization states. This simplicity of the theory enables a computer program to solve the equations to be coded easily. A method to solve the theory numerically is also described. 'Six-beam X-ray section topographs' computer simulated based on the new theory are also presented.
On extinction. IV. Integrated intensities in secondary‐extinction theory
Based on the new energy-transfer equations [Kato (1976). Acta Cryst. A32, 458-466; Kato (1979). Acta Cryst. A35, 9-16] the integrated intensities (II) are calculated. Since the energy-transfer equations have physical meanings different from the traditional ones originally given by Darwin [Philos. Mag. (1922), 43, 800-824] and extended by Hamilton [Acta Cryst. (1957), 10, 629-634], the method of calculating (II) must be modified, particularly in the case of a wide incident beam. Since the modified method does not include the angular integration, it is much simpler than the traditional method. Thus, the analytically rigorous expressions of (II) can be obtained for parallel-sided crystals including absorption, and for any diffraction conditions.
Substation automation based on IEC 61850 with new process-close technologies
New technologies in primary equipment like nonconventional instrument transformers require new interfaces to the substation automation system. The future standard IEC 61850 perfectly supports this requirement. With the introduction of the new technologies and the use of IEC 61850, a more decentralized architecture of the substation automation system will be possible. This provides several benefits but a careful system design is required to maintain the overall reliability of the system.