Survival of the Protection Model? Competing Goals in Belgian Juvenile Justice
Belgium is a small (with a surface of 32.545 km2) but well-situated country in the northwest of Europe. It consists of over 10 million citizens (10,396,421 on 1 January 2004) of whom 6 million live in the Northern, Dutch-speaking part (Flanders), almost 3.4 million in the Southern, mostly French-speaking part and close to 1 million in the region of Brussels (bilingual). As in other European countries, families in Belgium are becoming smaller and smaller. The fertility rate is 1.56 children per woman. So Belgium is faced with an aging population, 15% of whom are older than 65. The portion of juveniles (0–19 years) has diminished from 24.6% in 1990 to 22.4% in 2003 and the prognosis is a further decrease to 20.2% in 2021 (VRIND, 2003). On 1 January 2004 Belgium consisted of approximately 875,000 juveniles aged 12–17,1 almost half a million of them live in the Flemish region, more than 300,000 in the Walloon part and over 75,000 in the region of Brussels.2
Restorative justice : theoretical foundations
Contents Preface 1 The shape of things to come: a framework for thinking about a restorative justice system, Daniel W. Van Ness 2 Journey to belonging, Howard Zehr 3 Restorative justice and the politics of decolonization, Chris Cunneen 4 Justified Criticism, misunderstanding, or important steps on the road to acceptance?, Martin Wright and Guy Masters 5 From community to dominion: in search of social values for restorative justice, Lode Walgrave 6 Deconstructing restoration: the promise of restorative justice, George Pavlich 7 Restorative justice theory validation, Paul McCold and Ted Wachtel 8 Restorative justice and the future of diversion and informal social control, Gordon Bazemore and Colleen McLeod 9 Restorative conferencing for juveniles in the United States: prevalence, process and practice, Mara Schiff and Gordon Bazemore 10 Restorative justice for children: in need of procedural safeguards and standards, Christian Eliaerts and Els Dumortier 11 From the 'sword' to dialogue: towards a 'dialectic' basis for penal mediation, Grazia Mannozzi 12 Punishment, guilt and spirit in restorative justice: an essay in legal and religious anthropology, Robert MacKay 13 The role of shame, guilt and remorse in restorative justice processes for young people, Gabrielle Maxwell and Allison Morris 14 Peacemaking and community harmony: lessons (and admonitions) from the Navajo peacemaking courts, L. Thomas Winfree Jr. 15 From philosophical abstraction to restorative action, from senseless retribution to meaningful restitution: just deserts and restorative justice revisited, Ezzat A. Fattah 16 Restorative justice: present prospects and future directions?, Elmar G. M. Weitekamp Index
Dissipation Loss Effects in Isolated and Coupled Transmission Lines
This paper describes a computer-aided analysis of dissipation losses in uniform isolated or coupled transmission lines for microwave and millimeter-wave integrated-circuit applications. The analysis employs a quasi-TEM model for isolated transmission lines and for the even- and odd-mode transmission lines associated with coupled-line structures. The conductor and dielectric losses are then related to equivalent charge density distributions, which are evaluated using a method-of-moments solution. The transmission lines treated by this analysis may contain any number of Iossy conductors and inhomogeneous dielectrics, consisting of any number of different homogeneous dielectric regions. A development is provided to explicitly relate the four-port terminal-electrical performance of directional couplers to evaluated even- and odd- mode loss coefficients. Examples of evaluated losses are presented in graphical form for isolated lines of inverted microstrip and trapped inverted microstrip and edge-coupled microstrip with a dielectric overlay. The analysis accuracy has been confirmed using microstrip and coplanar waveguide configurations. A comparison is made of the total loss characteristics for microstrip, coplanar waveguide, inverted microstrip, and trapped inverted microstrip. Calculations are compared with measurements for the coupled-line structure. Accuracy of the solution and suggested refinements are discussed. Five computer programs are documented.