A sample case of an advanced lighting system in a educational building
The paper describes a case history of an advanced lighting control system designed and realized for a couple of classrooms of the University of Rome. The control is organized by adopting a BUS system with "distributed intelligence" without a central and with smart actuators. The control turns on/off and regulates the lighting output of two classrooms, according to the actual presence of activities and to the actual availability of daylighting. A classroom was arranged with a light solution consisting in “on-off switching” control and not changing the luminaires, a second classroom was arranged with an advanced solution consisting in the replacement of the luminaires with a “dimming” control. A third class identical to the other two was taken as a reference to compare the results, in fact the architecture includes a supervisory system that allows a remote meter of the energetic values for the three classrooms. The paper shows the results of a year of monitoring campaign and compares the results with the energetic evaluation done by the a suggested tool based on the Standard EN15193 methodology.
Energy performance of buildings: An useful procedure to estimate the impact of the lighting control systems
The amount of the electrical energy used for in interior lighting of medium and large buildings is generally considerable. The European Standard EN15193 was devised to establish conventions and procedures for the estimation of energy requirements of lighting in buildings, and to give a methodology for a numeric indicator of energy performance of buildings. The methodology of energy estimation is based on statistical data and default values and adopts a general approach that requires few parameters. It assumes reference average values for all the Europe regions, while they can vary substantially according to the national laws and uses, it does not consider the actual layout of the control system that contributes to additional energy savings. The paper suggests an improvement of the procedure for the estimation of the lighting energy in the cases that it is possible to know or define the prospected operation time, and three derating factors: daylight, constant illuminance and occupancy. The factors are evaluated considering the actual type of control like the number of control groups, the technique of modulation (dimming or switching), the delay in turning off. The suggested procedure is compared with the Standard one to highlight the improvements.
A technique for large-field, superficial electron therapy.
The application of electron beams to radiation therapy has received increased attention in recent years. This interest stems largely from the special characteristics of the electron depth-dose distribution; the fall-off in depth dose near the end of the range of the electrons is particularly rapid for electron beams having energies less than about 10 Mev. Such an electron beam is suitable for the treatment of widespread, superficial lesions, where it is desirable to minimize the dose to deep tissues. All the common sources of super-voltage x-rays, apart from radioactive substances, are inherently capable of producing an external beam of electrons, though with varying degrees of complexity. Electrons of about the energy suitable for superficial therapy (several Mev) may be used to produce an x-ray beam which is sufficiently penetrating for the treatment of even the deepest lesions. The Stanford medical linear accelerator was designed to provide both x-rays and electron beams. The accelerator and its applic...