Destructive and Ultrasonic Investigations of Damage Development in Metallic Materials
Damage development due to creep under uniaxial tension at elevated temperatures is assessed using destructive and non-destructive methods in steels, commonly used in power plants or chemical industry, and in aluminium alloy used in aircrafts for responsible elements. The results obtained using two different destructive methods for assessments of damage development are critically discussed. In the first method the specimens of steel after different amounts of creep prestraining were stretched up to failure and variations of the selected tension parameters were taken into account for damage identification. In the second one, a damage degree was evaluated by studying variations of an initial yield locus position in the stress space and by determination of the yield loci dimensions. The ultrasonic investigations were selected as the non-destructive method for damage development evaluation.
Prior deformation effects on creep and fracture in inconel alloy X-750
Creep fracture process in Inconel alloy X-750 can be modified by room-temperature prestraining. It has been observed that fracture in the prestrained specimens occurred due to growth and interlinkage of the prenucleated voids whereas failure occurred by plastic instability in the non-prestrained specimens. Creep ductility and the times-to-rupture are found to decrease progressively with room-temperature prestraining, but there is no marked influence on the minimum creep rate. This is explained in terms of two compcting processes: a weakening effect caused by prenucleation of grain boundary voids and a hardening effect due to generation of dislocations due to the prestraining.
Phenomenology and homeopathy.
There is a great overlap between the way of seeing the world in clinical homeopathy and in the technical philosophical system known as phenomenology. A knowledge of phenomenologic principles reveals Hahnemann to have been an unwitting phenomenologist. The ideas of phenomenology as applied to medicine show that homeopathy is the ideal medical system to fulfill the goals of coming ever closer to true patient concerns and experience of illness.