High productivity in-line screen printing system for crystalline solar cell manufacturing
To develop a high performance in-line screen-printing system, the NPC Group defined an appropriate benchmark for characterizing the industrial efficiency of the operation and carried out a full analysis of the factors affecting this benchmark. A screen-printing system design based on careful cost analysis can produce a machine with a high effective throughput and low cell breakage. As a result, NPC is now offering advanced in-line, high precision systems to the photovoltaic industry. Future design changes results in machine speeds of 1,600 wafers per hour at a breakage below 0.5% for the three prints typical of the current cell manufacturing process.
Hot melt ink technology for crystalline silicon solar cells
This paper presents a new thick film system for forming front and rear contacts on crystalline solar cells; the aim is to improve manufacturing throughput, reduce wafer breakage and improve cell efficiency. The Hot Melt ink technology presented differs from conventional thick film because unlike thick film ink that is a liquid at room temperature, the Hot Melt ink is a solid. The solid ink is processed using a resistively heated screen to melt the ink which then allows conventional screening. Once the ink is transferred to the wafer, maintained at approximately 25/spl deg/C, it instantly resolidifies, traditional drying processes are therefore unnecessary. By eliminating the drying processes, throughput and yield is increased due to reduced substrate handling. The resolidification property of the hot melt ink may be used to reduce line spreading of the front side contact and reduce shadow losses.
Just Wars: From Cicero to Iraq
Preface and Acknowledgements. Introduction -. PART I: MAPPING THE JUST WAR TRADITION. Chapter 1: Antiquity -. Chapter 2: The Middle Ages -. Chapter 3: Renaissance and Reformation -. Chapter 4: From Holy War to Enlightenment -. Chapter 5: Modernity and Beyond -. PART II: CONTEMPORARY ISSUES. Chapter 6: The Just War Tradition Today -. Chapter 7: Terrorism -. Chapter 8: Pre-emption -. Chapter 9: Aerial Bombing -. Chapter 10: Humanitarian Intervention -. Conclusion. Bibliography -. Index