A medium and long-term carbon emission forecasting method for provincial power grid
The development of low-carbon electric power industry is a key way to deal with the greenhouse effect and lower the PM2.5. When integrated into power grid, renewable energy can efficiently cut down the output of the thermal power and reduce the carbon emission of the grid significantly. However, it lacks a more comprehensive and systematic approach to forecast a medium and long-term carbon emission for provincial power grid. Thus, in this paper, life cycle assessment (LCA) method and gray prediction model are used to forecast the medium and long-term carbon emission. In addition, the carbon intensity of provincial power grid is evaluated based on historical data such as electricity consumption, gross domestic product (GDP), carbon emission coefficient. Taking Jiangxi power grid as the example, the results indicate that the proposed method is of good accuracy and the integration of renewable energy can effectively reduce the carbon emission and the carbon intensity.
Energy Saving Potential and Carbon Emissions Prediction for the Transportation Sector in China
With high consumption of energy, especially petroleum resources, the transportation industry has been receiving much attention. The author analyzed traffic growth and current situations, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in China. First, a comparison of international carbon emissions and energy consumption was performed. Using passenger-kilometers and freight ton-kilometers historical data and gross domestic product (GDP) data in combination with linear regression, passenger-kilometers and freight ton-kilometers from 2020 to 2050 were predicted. Meanwhile, the energy intensity of different transport modes was extensively compared. Results show that the highest energy insensitivity comes from civil aviation, followed by highways, railways, and petroleum and gas pipelines in succession. On the base of this, energy consumption and carbon emissions were calculated. Then, potential energy saving was analyzed. It is concluded that 1) although traffic increased rapidly after the 1990s in China, passenger-kilometers and freight ton-kilometers would continue growing rapidly in the future with the development of society and economy and improvement in living standard of people. But the growth rate would decline and the total consumption would increase after 2030. 2) At the same time, energy consumption and carbon emissions would also increase at high rates, with traffic growing fast; the growth rates of traffic would be faster than the social growth rates. The proportion of energy consumption for traffic to the total would be continuously increasing. The proportion of carbon emissions of traffic in the whole carbon emissions would also be continuously increasing. 3) In 2050, China would be a developed country. The rates of energy consumption and carbon emissions would be 16% and 14%, which are lower than the rates of current developed countries. Energy saving and emissions reduction of transportation seem to be highly effective. 4) Through analyzing potential energy conservation, change in the transportation pattern would lead to increasing energy consumption. Technical advancement is important to decrease energy consumption. To that end, in the medium-and-long term, it is critical for transportation pattern being shifted to an appropriate mode to improve energy utilization efficiency and reduce energy intensity of highways. In summary, traffic transportation is a major energy consumption sector. The implementation of energy conservation is essential to ensuring effective implementation of energy conversation in China. China will make great achievements in energy saving and carbon emissions reduction of transportation by adopting reasonable decisions.
Mechanical behaviour and durability of high volume fly ash cementitious composites
The purpose of this research is to separate different morphological particles of ASTM class F fly ash, and study their effect on mechanical behaviour and durability of high volume cementitious mixtures. In this research wet separation of raw fly ash is carried out, which resulted in three layers of different morphological particles. The first layer of particles float, comprise of about 1-5% of fly ash, is identified as cenospheres or hollow spheres. The second layer of particles is measured to be 55-60% of raw fly ash and consisting of porous spherical and rounded particles rich in Si and Al. The third layer particles is measured to be about 35-40% of raw fly ash. High volume fly ash cementitious composites containing second or third layer particles are tested under compression and bending, highlighting a higher strength and ductility in comparison to cementitious ones containing raw fly ash particles. KEYWORDS. Cementitious matrix; Raw fly ash; Second layer particles; Third layer particles.