BEST PRACTICE IN PIPELINE DEFECT ASSESSMENT
Defects in pipelines can be introduced during manufacturing (e.g. laminations), transportation (e.g. fatigue cracking), fabrication (e.g. weld defects) and installation (e.g. dents), and can occur both due to deterioration (e.g. corrosion) and due to external interference (e.g. gouges and dents). To ensure the integrity of the pipeline, operators must be able to both detect and assess the significance of pipeline defects. Furthermore, the importance of accurate engineering models, for which the model uncertainty has been quantified, is important when applying risk-based (structural reliability) methods to pipelines. The past 40 years has seen the development of 'fitnessfor-purpose' methods for assessing the significance of pipeline defects. However, there is no definitive guidance that draws together all of the assessment techniques, or assesses each method against the published test data, or recommends best practice in their application. This paper describes the findings of a recent literature review and defines the objectives of the next phase of a Joint Industry Project which is being sponsored by thirteen international oil and gas companies (BG Technology, BP, CSM, DNV, EMC, Gaz de France, Health and Safety Executive, MOL, PII, SNAM, Statoil, Toho Gas and Total Oil Marine). The deliverable will be a Pipeline Defect Assessment Manual, which will provide the best available techniques for the assessment of pipeline defects.
WESTERN REGIONAL GAS CONFERENCE. Tempe, Arizona, August 26-28, 2002 TRAINING ENGINEERS IN PIPELINE INTEGRITY
.In pipeline engineering you don't need anything at all! You don't need qualified engineers, you don't need quality systems, you don't need risk management, you don't need safety audits, you don't need inspections, you don't need training. You don't need anything! Until something happens... then you need everything.... Got the message? Pipeline integrity means pipeline safety and security, and it is currently a ‘hot’ topic following numerous high profile and tragic failures. The integrity of a pipeline is critically dependent on its engineering. and managing risks. This paper explains the increasing importance of training and shows why it is essential that a pipeline’s management and engineers understand many aspects of pipeline engineering to be able to understand a pipeline's integrity needs. Additionally, the paper outlines the integrity training needs for pipeline engineers.
The relation of food quantity to rumination behavior.
Preliminary work suggested that the quantity of food ingested by retarded individuals who usually ruminated following meals was related to the frequency and duration of ruminating responses. This possible relation was experimentally examined by systematically varying food quantity from regular portions to satiation levels for three retarded individuals who exhibited high levels of ruminating. A clear functional relation of food quantity to ruminating emerged, with satiation procedures producing rapid and large decreases in the relatively high frequencies and durations of ruminating characteristic of baseline food quantity conditions.