Research features of voltage static load characteristics in the electric system of Russia
At the present time using the standard (generalized) voltage static load characteristics which can differ from actual considerably is provided in software packages for calculations of the steady-state mode and steady-state stability (in the absence of exact data). Absence of the metering or the incorrect metering of the actual voltage static load characteristic, and also using the standard (generalized) static load characteristics could lead to considerable errors and the incorrect final results while making calculations. The definition experience of actual voltage static load characteristics in different ways made by authors is given in this paper: making tests in situ in electric power systems by allocation of energy area load or separately taken electric power substation to the isolated electric supply, load allocation of the power supply from the power plant generator; registration data using of crash conditions of the electric power system. Such test of actual voltage static load characteristics definition in electric system of Russia it is reduced by authors in making tests in situ technique. Error estimation which can appear in calculations of steady-state modes with the absence of the voltage actual load characteristics is executed.
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND RISKS OF ARCTIC ACTIVITIES
The Arctic region plays a crucial role in climate management in other parts of the world. Global warming and climate change affect the state of many natural ecosystems and thus-the state of the biosphere as a whole, the biosphere conditions of human existence. The article was analyzed the sources of risks of polar regions due to the warming of the Arctic climate. Modern scientific research related to climate change, which is the determining cause of the warming of the Earth’s climate are analyzed. Climate change caused by the industrial development of mankind has taken place too quickly over the past 100 years, and modern society can no longer ignore this problem. There is a risk of further increase in average temperature, so, by 2050, a special danger is the destruction of ice sheets. The author highlighted the risks affecting climate change and among them CO2 is the main anthropogenic factor caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Measures are proposed to solve the problem to continue the sustainable development of the Arctic territories and reduce the degree of risk.
A risk oriented model to assess strategic decisions in new product development projects
The project management team has to respect contractual commitments, in terms of deadlines and budgets, that are often two antagonistic objectives. At the same time, the market becomes more and more demanding as far as costs and delays are concerned while expecting a high quality level. Then, the project management team has to continuously consider novelty and a risk management strategy in order to determine the best balance between benefits and risks. Based on the principles of a synchronized process between risk management and project management, and on the concepts of risk scenario, we propose a decision-making tool to help the project manager choose the best way to improve project success rate while controlling the level of risks. As a finding, the project manager would be able to evaluate and compare different novelties or development strategies taking into account their repercussions on potential risks and risk treatment strategies. Finally, a case study in the aerospace industry and specifically on satellite integration and tests is developed to validate this approach. We model risk scenario and influence on project planning.We compare different innovations or development strategies according to potential risks and risk treatment strategies.We calculate global risk level for each project development strategy.