Strength enhancement of fiber network by carboxymethyl cellulose during oxygen delignification of kraft pulp
Sorption of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the fiber surface was applied during oxygen delignification to enhance the strength properties of softwood kraft pulp. Unlike many previous efforts, the focus was not set on the improvement of selectivity of oxygen delignification, i.e. retaining stable viscosity vs. decreasing kappa number. Instead, without an improved selectivity, handsheets from CMC-treated fibers exhibited a 15% improvement in tensile index and 25% improvement in tear index after a full bleaching sequence in comparison to the untreated reference pulp. Since it is demonstrated that the CMC addition can be incorporated as an integral step in the fiberline process, the method offers an effortless and viable option to produce pulp resulting in stronger paper products.
Interactions of polymers with fibrillar structure of cellulose fibres :a new approach to bonding and strength in paper
OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY P.O. BOX 1000, FI-02015 TKK http://www.tkk.fi Author Petri Myllytie Name of the dissertation Interactions of polymers with fibrillar structure of cellulose fibres: A new approach to bonding and strength in paper Manuscript submitted September 17, 2009 Manuscript revised November 16, 2009 Date of the defence December 18, 2009 Monograph Article dissertation (summary + original articles) Faculty Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Sciences Department Department of Forest Products Technology Field of research Forest Products Chemistry Opponent(s) Professor Robert Pelton Supervisor Professor Janne Laine Instructor Ph.D. Susanna Holappa Abstract The interactions between paper strength enhancing polymers and cellulose fibrils were studied at molecular and microscopic levels with cellulose model surfaces and with fibril and fibre suspensions. Paper sheet experiments were performed to evaluate the influence of different polymers at macroscopic level on the development of bonding and strength in paper. The main objectives of the work were: 1) to further the understanding on the development of tensile properties of paper from a wet sheet to a dry paper and on the mechanisms of action of different strength additives 2) to resolve the specific interactions of certain polymers with cellulose and 3) to relate the molecular and microscopic level phenomena to the development of bonding and strength in paper. Adsorption of polymers was highly dependent on the interactions between cellulose and the polymers as well as on the adsorption conditions. The dispersing or aggregating effects of polymers on cellulose fibrils were observed at molecular and microscopic levels in model systems and on the surfaces of cellulose fibres. The adsorption of polymers also affected hydration and viscoelastic properties of the fibril/polymer layer. Polymer adsorption, when carefully considered, can provide an easy control over stabilization, compatibilization, and water affinity of fibrillar cellulosic materials. The development of tensile properties of paper upon drying was characteristic for each polymer and adsorption condition. The increased dispersion and plasticization of cellulose fibrils on fibre surfaces by carboxymethyl cellulose and xyloglucan influenced the development of fibre bonding and paper strength during drying. In addition, the development of drying tension showed differences between polymers, thus it could be possible to utilize additive-specific drying conditions to attain the desired end properties of a paper product. The ability of chitosan to act as a wet web strength additive in paper was related to the pH dependent adsorption behaviour of the polymer. Chitosan was found to adsorb on cellulose in the absence of electrostatic attraction, demonstrating the specific interaction between the polymers. The wet web strength improvement was partly attributed to increased wet adhesion between chitosan coated cellulose surfaces at high pH but covalent bonding was likely to impart the wet web strength as well.The interactions between paper strength enhancing polymers and cellulose fibrils were studied at molecular and microscopic levels with cellulose model surfaces and with fibril and fibre suspensions. Paper sheet experiments were performed to evaluate the influence of different polymers at macroscopic level on the development of bonding and strength in paper. The main objectives of the work were: 1) to further the understanding on the development of tensile properties of paper from a wet sheet to a dry paper and on the mechanisms of action of different strength additives 2) to resolve the specific interactions of certain polymers with cellulose and 3) to relate the molecular and microscopic level phenomena to the development of bonding and strength in paper. Adsorption of polymers was highly dependent on the interactions between cellulose and the polymers as well as on the adsorption conditions. The dispersing or aggregating effects of polymers on cellulose fibrils were observed at molecular and microscopic levels in model systems and on the surfaces of cellulose fibres. The adsorption of polymers also affected hydration and viscoelastic properties of the fibril/polymer layer. Polymer adsorption, when carefully considered, can provide an easy control over stabilization, compatibilization, and water affinity of fibrillar cellulosic materials. The development of tensile properties of paper upon drying was characteristic for each polymer and adsorption condition. The increased dispersion and plasticization of cellulose fibrils on fibre surfaces by carboxymethyl cellulose and xyloglucan influenced the development of fibre bonding and paper strength during drying. In addition, the development of drying tension showed differences between polymers, thus it could be possible to utilize additive-specific drying conditions to attain the desired end properties of a paper product. The ability of chitosan to act as a wet web strength additive in paper was related to the pH dependent adsorption behaviour of the polymer. Chitosan was found to adsorb on cellulose in the absence of electrostatic attraction, demonstrating the specific interaction between the polymers. The wet web strength improvement was partly attributed to increased wet adhesion between chitosan coated cellulose surfaces at high pH but covalent bonding was likely to impart the wet web strength as well.
The measuriment of ferromagnets magnetic characteristics using Labview software
The digital method of measurement and registration of dynamic loops hysteresis family of magneto-soft materials where, along with known analogues from electro-technical steel, magnetic materials with considerably smaller specific magnetic losses such as amorphous alloys on the basis of iron, is offered. Tests of magnetic properties of materials are carried out on the base of the hardware-software measuring complex in which along with the standard established electric equipment and USB oscillograph for realization of a digital method, the software for the personal computer developed in the environment of visual programming of Borland Delphi 7.0, connected through the ActieveX technology with the Labview 7.0 environment, is applied. The software allows carrying out input of basic data concerning geometry of prototypes of cores from magnetic materials and numbers of rounds of the magnetizing and measuring windings located on their surface. Experimental data on voltage at measuring winding terminals are processed by means of the virtual integrator in a Labview package. The developed software provides the possibility of saving the obtained hysteresis loop in the form of a text file, and creation of the hysteresis loops family on the virtual oscillograph screen.