Using Iraqi materials to produce lining refractories with international standards
In this study dense high alumina refractories were manufactured according to DIN51053 standards and characterizations (physical, mechanical, and thermal) of fired specimens were investigated. The mixtures of specimens were prepared from different weight percentages of (kaolinite, bauxite with additives of alumina to all mixture ratio). The aims of this study was to benefit of local raw materials to produced high alumina refractory characterized by low porosity, in addition to manufacture thermal insulation to use as lining in different industrial furnaces, and enhance the thermal insulation, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of high alumina refractory by adding alumina. From the results it have been obtained high alumina refractory with high compressive strength, high thermal stability, and thermal insulation also have characterized by low porosities and high bulk density.
Study the Physical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of Light Weight Refractories Bricks Produced by Adding porcelanite to Kaolinite
This research was carried out to manufacture porous refractories bricks from lo- cally raw materials (Porcelanite to Dwaikhla Kaolinite clays). The raw materials were tested by Chemical analysis and XRD to find their suitability to produce light weight ceramic refractories. Different percentages of kaolinite were added as binder to Por- celanite (raw materials). The specimens were pressed to dimensions (30×30) mm ac- cording to DIN51053 standards using semi-dry method at pressure of (24.5) MPa. After shaped process all specimens left to dry in air for (24hr) then dried at 110°C using electric oven and the specimens were fired at (1200, 1300 and 1400) °C. The fired specimens were tested to determine their physical and thermal properties includ- ing bulk density, porosity, water absorption ,specific gravity and thermal conductivi- ty. It also, was observed that the results were within international standards, and local porcelanite and kaolinite could be used as source raw materials for manufacture light weight refractories.
Mutiny Echoes: India, Britons, and Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities
This essay asks what, if any, import the Indian ““Mutiny”” of 1857 had on A Tale of Two Cities (1859), Charles Dickens�s fictionalized account of the French Revolution. Begun shortly after the Indian uprising started, Dickens�s historical novel appears studiously to avoid any mention of events on the Indian subcontinent, even though these events preoccupied and enraged the author. Few scholars have attended to the question of A Tale of Two Cities and the ““Mutiny,”” but when they have, scholars have looked for analogies between India and Dickens�s account of the French Revolution. In this essay, by contrast, I examine A Tale of Two Cities in a larger context——of Britons9 response to the Uprising, of Dickens9s short stories and essays in Household Words in the years before the ““Mutiny”” and immediately after, of Dickens9s disenchantment with aspects of British culture, and of his need to articulate a national identity grounded in action. I argue that the events in India were the match that ignited Dickens9s already established midcentury interests in national identity, nobility, and masculine heroism. I do not wish to suggest that A Tale of Two Cities is an Indian ““Mutiny”” novel, but rather that it is a novel about the ““Making of Britons,”” an important endeavor for an author who was intensely dissatisfied with the Britain that he saw around him.