From foreign to national: a review of the status of the French language in Gabon
This article provides a review of the various statuses of the French language in Gabon, a French-speaking country in Central Africa. It reveals a process in which different generations of Gabonese people are increasingly learning, and thus conceptualising, French as a second language rather than a foreign language. Furthermore, some are also learning and conceptualising French as a mother tongue or initial language, rather than a second language. This process of reconceptualisation has somehow been encouraged by the language policy of the colonial administration and the language policy since the attainment of independence, the latter being a continuation of the former. The final stage of this process is that the language has been adopted among the local languages within the Gabonese language landscape.
Gabonese Language Landscape: Survey and perspectives
Several authors have described the language situation of Gabon with regard mainly to native languages, as one of language diversity. In this article, we portray this language situation with regard to both foreign and native languages, and introduce the concept of a Gabonese Language Landscape, which we contrast with a concept of a language situation. The concept is introduced in comparison to that of a language situation. Based on observations, we present an inventory of both foreign and native languages in an attempt to display the language situation of Gabon in a realistic way. The article also examines the status of the various languages used in Gabon as well as Gabon's language policy.
An introduction to dramatherapy
What Is Dramatherapy? Theory into Practice Preparing for Dramatherapy Beginning a Dramatherapy Session Applying Dramatherapy The Heart of Dramatherapy Dramatherapy and 'Mental Illness' Dramatherapy and Other Forms of Disorder of Mind Other Client Groups and Dramatherapy