Measurement of bubble size distribution in fermentors
SummaryThe “photoelectric probe method” for measuring bubble size distributions was adapted for application in turbid liquids. It can now be used for investigations of the influence of hydrodynamics and liquid phase properties on bubble formation, dispersion, and coalescence in submersed fermentation systems. With cultures of Candida utilis, cell concentrations showed little effect on bubble size and gas-liquid interface.
Blasengrößenverteilung in technischen Begasungsapparaten
Zur Berechnung der Austauschprozesse in Gas/Flussigkeits-Gemischen ist die Kenntnis der Phasengrenzflache erforderlich, die sich uber die Blasengrosenverteilung bestimmen last. Es wurde daher ein Mesverfahren zur Bestimmung der Blasengrosenverteilung eines beliebig erzeugten Gas/Flussigkeits-Gemisches entwickelt. Die Blasen werden uber einen Trichter in eine Kapillare geleitet und dort mit Hilfe einer photoelektrischen Sonde ausgemessen. Die Verteilungskurven wurden fur verschiedene technische Begasungsapparate ermittelt und uber diese Kurven auch der Einflus mehrerer Versuchsgrosen wie Gaszerteiler, Apparatetyp usw., wobei zur Beurteilung Mittelwert und Breite der Verteilung herangezogen wurden.
Traceability strategy for gear-pitch-measuring instruments: development and calibration of a multiball artifact
There is a strong demand to ensure the traceability of gear-measuring instruments (GMIs). We propose a multiball artifact (MBA) for the evaluation of pitch-measuring accuracy. The aim of the MBA is to transfer the minimum uncertainty from a calibrated value at the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) to a measured value of GMIs at a shop floor. The MBA is composed of equally spaced high-accuracy balls around an axis. The pitch-measuring accuracy of GMIs is evaluated by measuring the angular pitch deviation of the balls instead of the angular pitch deviation of a gear. We calibrated the angular pitch deviation using a coordinate measuring instrument (CMM) at the NMIJ and adapting a multiple-orientation technique. We proposed a calibration strategy of the angular pitch deviation. The calibration value of the pitch deviation for the MBA at the NMIJ was obtained with a measurement uncertainty (U95) of 0.2 µm. We evaluated the pitch-measuring accuracy of a GMI using the calibrated MBA. Each value of U95 for the cumulative and single pitch deviations for the left and right flanks was less than or equal to 0.5 µm. The small uncertainty was transferred from the NMIJ to the GMI.