Forecasting the sustainable development of the oil and gas complex
An analysis of the key indicators of the provision of economically recoverable hydrocarbons reveals an imbalance in the resource base of the oil and gas industry in Russia. The gas industry will have a resource base for decades to come. The Russian oil industry is limited in its development by the reduced amount of recoverable oil. This is due to the depletion of resources in the traditional centers of oil production. The strategy for developing the oil industry is complicated by significant costs both in the development of remote areas of Eastern Siberia and the development of deep horizons in the oil provinces, particularly in southern Russia using the potential of small businesses. In this regard, the updated implementation of the sustainable development of oil and gas complex is necessary.
Russia’s energy systems: Opportunities and prospects
The paper considers macroeconomic forecasts of the performance of Russia’s Fuel and Energy Complex (FEC) up to 2030–2040 based on projections of economic development (worked out at the Institute of Economic Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences), predictive assessments of the economic aspects of the production of major fuel types, Russia’s involvement in meeting the world’s demand for oil and gas, and the progress in the development of new energy sources. It is demonstrated that, according to the expected demand for energy carriers and the proposed changes in the FEC structure and technological base, carbon dioxide emissions by FEC facilities in the considered term will not exceed the 1990 level recorded in the Kyoto Protocol. It is shown that the annual volume of investment in the energy industry by 2030 should be at least double the level of the 2000–2010 requirements and by 2040 it is expected to increase by another 15–20%.
Design of reinforced concrete lining in pressure tunnels, considering thermal effects and jointed rockmass
Abstract Jaeger's theory (Jaeger, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering , Cambridge University Press, 1972) of the design of the lining for a pressure tunnel applies to a tunnel located in an isotropic, homogeneous and elastic medium. The theory is derived from the elasticity equations for the plane stress condition. In this paper, Jaeger's theory is extended to a plane strain situation. Also included is a discussion of the effects of a uniform increase (or decrease) in the lining temperature, jointed rockmass, cracking of the tunnel lining, and cracking of the rockmass around the opening. Tables are presented for the modulus of subgrade reaction for various rockmass conditions and for rock sharing pressures for various lining conditions. The reduction factor to include the effect of joints in rockmass is derived by the analysis of a numerical model of the lined tunnel by the finite-infinite-interface element method.