The DPRK Energy Sector: Current Status and Future Engagement Options
This report discusses the history, current status, and potential future of the DPRK energy sector. The authors, drawing on the Nautilus Institute's decades of work on North Korea, describes the history of the DPRK energy sector, in particular changes in the sector since 1990. The study then looks at the current status and supply and demand balance of North Korea's energy sector noting the vulnerabilities and critical needs of that sector. The report also explores options for the rehabilitation of the DPRK energy sector that could be used in negotiations with North Korea as part of a 'roadmap' to denuclearization and legitimate energy needs if negotiations are not successful and the DPRK either collapses (due to an internal coup, succession crisis, or war) or continues to stagnate. The report concludes by identifying the robust strategies that are important in both engagement and non-engagement (collapse or stagnation) scenarios.
Verification of NOx emission inventories over North Korea.
In this study, the top-down NOx emissions estimated from satellite observations of NO2 vertical column densities over North Korea from 1996 to 2009 were analyzed. Also, a bottom-up NOx emission inventory from REAS 1.1 from 1980 to 2005 was analyzed with several statistics. REAS 1.1 was in good agreement with the top-down approach for both trend and amount. The characteristics of NOx emissions in North Korea were quite different from other developed countries including South Korea. In North Korea, emissions from industry sector was the highest followed by transportation sector in the 1980s. However, after 1990, the NOx emissions from other sector, mainly agriculture, became the 2nd highest. Also, no emission centers such as urban areas or industrial areas were distinctively observed. Finally, the monthly NOx emissions were high during the warm season.
Mechanics of deformable directed surfaces
Abstract The paper develops a simple, yet complete and consistent non-linear dynamic thermo-elastic shell theory based on the concepts of a two-dimensional directed continuum. The constitutive equations are postulated in a general form. Stress-strain relations are derived using the equation of energy balance and the two entropy production inequalities, which are rewritten in a special form. The linear theory is discussed in detail. The structure of the stress-strain relations is presented in the most general form and then specialized to concrete examples, in particular, to the classical shell theory, using their invariance properties with respective to certain symmetry groups. The elastic moduli are determined by demanding the coincidence of the frequency dispersion surfaces obtained using the two-dimensional theory with the lowest foils of the corresponding surfaces resulting from the three-dimensional theory of elasticity.