RECIPROCITY AND HENRY C. CAREY’S TRAVERSES ON “THE ROAD TO PERFECT FREEDOM OF TRADE”
Free trade and protectionist doctrines have long had ambiguous relationships to bilateral trade deals, known throughout the nineteenth century as “reciprocity” arrangements. Henry C. Carey, “the Ajax of Protection” in the nineteenth-century United States, embodies the ambiguity from one side of the controversy. Carey’s early adulthood in the mid- to late 1820s was a time when the forerunners of the Whig Party pursued reciprocity at least partly as a means of fostering protection. In the 1830s, Carey, too, endorsed reciprocity—because he stood for free trade and believed reciprocity would promote it. In the 1840s and 1850s Carey changed his mind, decided that protection was the real “road to perfect freedom of trade,” and for that reason opposed reciprocity with Canada. In the 1870s he remained a protectionist but reconciled his doctrine with reciprocity. This article attempts to explain the changes in the disposition toward reciprocity of America’s foremost protectionist thinker from the Second Party System to the generation after the Civil War.
Reciprocity
a report to the registered practitioners of England and Wales, Mr. Victor Horsley draws attention, among other things, to a point which has been far too much overlooked by those who profess anxiety to see reciprocity of medical practice established between this country and others, namely, that such an arrangement ^'ould render entirely nugatory the whole system of Medical education and registration which has been established in this country. He says that during the last session the question came up again in reference to a sort of international bargain which was proposed by the Italian Ambassador, and concerning which the Executive Committee of the General Medical Council had expressed a desire to see the rights and privileges of Medical practitioners in this country extended to all foreigners who could offer in return the privileges of Practice in their own country ; and it is, of course, easy to see that, if ever reciprocity were to be arranged ?n such terms, a back door to qualification would be opened such as would be very difficult of control. We think it high time, however, that this reciprocity bubble should be pricked. The question is discussed m many quarters as if the Italians were making a Very reasonable request, and as if we were acting seurvily in raising any opposition to it. The truth is that the whole thing is a bogus demand, made because *t is known that it cannot be granted, and with the special object of using the expected refusal as an excuse for action against the English medical men A^ho now practise in Italy. Everyone knows that if a medical man from abroad ^ere to come to England and without acting as an apothecary, or assuming any medical title, or doing anything to imply that he was a registered medical practitioner, were to practise his profession among his compatriots, the law could not, or at any rate, would not, interfere with him. Such a state of the law is be regretted, no doubt, but there it is; so that already foreigners in England possess greater ^eedom in the practice of their profession than Englishmen do in most foreign countries, for in neither France, nor Germany, nor Switzerland, would au Englishman, however highly qualified, be allowed practise without passing an examination, and, in some cases, undergoing a course of study in the country in question. In the countries named this rule is strictly enforced, and even in Italy we believe
Hill country sheep production. I. The influence of age, flock, and year on some components of reproduction rate in Romney and Border Leicester × Romney ewes.
Data from 7,091 straightbred Romney and Border Leicester × Romney ewes grazed at the Whatawhata Hill Country Research Station over the period 1959 to 1967 have been used to obtain estimates of flock and age-of-ewe effects on reproduction rate and its components and of year-to-year variation. The ewes were from six groups: a Romney control (RCR) flock, a Romney flock in which ewes were mated either to Romney (RER) or to Border Leicester rams (REB), and flocks of first-cross (F1), second-cross (F2), and third-cross (F3) Border Leicester × Romney ewes mated to first-cross Border Leicester × Romney rams. The ewes' ages at lambing varied from 2 to 5 years and no selection was practised. The ratio of number of lambs weaned per ewe present at lambing increased from the RCR (0.84) to the F1 (1.07), then declined with interbreeding to the F2 (0.92) and further to the F3 (0.87) ewes. Similar changes were evident for the percentage of ewes lambing, of multiple births, and of lambs surviving to weaning. Over...