Movable electrode-type ER actuators (proposal of linear-type and rotary-type METERA)
By employing ER fluids as working fluids in fluid power systems, a direct interface can be realized between electric signals and fluid power without the need for mechanical moving parts like spools in control valves. In the paper, first, hydraulic actuators with ER fluids and with movable electrodes (METERA: movable electrode-type ER actuator) are proposed, which are classified into a linear type (L-METERA) and a rotary-type (R-METERA). Secondly, a design method of L-METERA is described and a small sized L-METERA is fabricated, whose size is 40 mm/spl times/18 mm/spl times/16 mm. Thirdly, a design method of R-METERA is described and a small sized R-METERA is fabricated, whose size is /spl phi/67 mm/spl times/53 mm. Principles of METERA are confirmed with the fabricated METERA.
Active impact control system design with a hydraulic damper
We propose a new active impact control (or absorber) system that is able to respond to a highly rapid impact and a large flow rate. The system has advantage over a passive system regarding a feasible pressure and displacement regulation. The impact control system constructs both internal and external dampers, that is its orifice is placed inside and outside the hydraulic cylinder. The designed system has a set of logic valves, which respond rapidly to an external impact and are capable of discharging an instant excessive hydraulic flow, and a servo valve to control the pilot chamber of the logic valve. The impact control system is designed and fabricated based on an appropriate mathematical modelling and its dynamic analysis, and on various control performances. The control performance is verified by simulations and experiments.
Fascism and the right in Europe, 1919-1945
This new text places interwar European fascism squarely in its historical context and analyses its relationship with other right wing, authoritarian movements and regimes. Beginning with the ideological roots of fascism in pre-1914 Europe, Martin Blinkhorn turns to the problem-torn Europe of 1919 to 1939 in order to explain why fascism emerged and why, in some settings, it flourished while in others it did not. In doing so he considers not just the 'major' fascist movements and regimes of Italy and Germany but the entire range of fascist and authoritarian ideas, movements and regimes present in the Europe of 1919-1945.