TOWARDS A DIAMEX PROCESS FLOWSHEET USING HIGH ACTIVE CONCENTRATE (HAC)
The efficiency of MA recovery in the DIAMEX process has already been demonstrated using HAR. The next step aims at the demonstration of reprocessing from HAC as feed, in view of an industrial application. The volume reduction would reduce the size of the installation and thereby the costs of the process. The first step towards the demonstration of a DIAMEX process using HAC is the production of the genuine solutions. In ITU about 9 L HAR raffinate has been prepared, from PUREX reprocessing of 1.4 kg of MOX fuel, and characterised in order to produce HAC for the upcoming extraction tests. For this purpose, the HAR is subjected to a concentration/denitration process to obtain HAC with a final acidity compatible with the DIAMEX operating conditions, i.e. around 3 M HNO3. This process has been tested and optimised using HAR-simulate. Promising results were found for concentration factors (CF) of 6 to 8. At CF of 39 a significant co-precipitation of lanthanides occurred.
DESTRUKSI ASAM NITRAT DALAM EFLUEN PROSES DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BERMACAM-MACAM DESTRUKTAN
ABSTRAK DESTRUKSI ASAM NITRAT DALAM EFLUEN PROSES DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BERMACAM-MACAM DESTRUKTAN . Telah dilakukan percobaan destruksi  asam nitrat dalam efluen proses menggunakan aneka destruktan. Tujuan percobaan ini yaitu agar konsentrasi asam nitrat dalam efluen proses yang berada di IEBE (Instalasi Elemen Bakar Eksperimental) menurun, sehingga dapat diumpankan dan memenuhi syarat proses ekstraksi/ stripping . Ke empat destruktan dipakai sebagai parameter  yaitu formaldehida, asam formiat, sukrosa/gula, dan etanol. Proses percobaan dimulai volume destruktan dari 4, 6, 8, 10, hingga 12 mL (interval volume 2 mL), kemudian dimasukkan  ke dalam efluen yang mengandung asam nitrat tinggi, pada suhu 98 o C. Gas NO x (NO 2 , NO, N 2 O, N 2 ) dan gas CO 2 (kalau timbul)   yang ke luar dari proses destruksi  ditrap ke labu berisi aquades secara bertingkat.  Hasil percobaan diperoleh konsentrasi asam nitrat terbaik diperoleh sebesar 3,54 M dengan destruktan yang cocok adalah formaldehida. Kata Kunci : Destruksi, asam nitrat, formaldehida, asam formiat, sukrosa, etanol. ABSTRACT DESTRUCTION NITRIC ACID IN THE EFFLUENT PROCESS USING WITH VARI OUS DESTRUCTANS . T he experiment have been destruction nitric acid in the effluent process with destructans . Tujuan experiment is the concentrasion nitric acid in  the effluent process in EFEI (Elemen Fuel Experimental Installation) droup out, so that fresh feed and processes extraction/stripping . Fours at destru c tan s a carry out that parameter is formaldeh y d e, formic acid, sucrossa, dan ethanol. Start experiment processes volume destructan from 4, 6, 8, 10, so 12 m L ( interval volume 2 m L), kemudian dimasukkan  ke dalam efluen yang mengandung asam nitrat tinggi, pada suhu 98 o C. The NO x gas ( NO 2 , NO , N 2 O , N 2 ) dan CO 2 ( if timbul) gas   yang ke luar dari proses destruksi  ditrap ke labu berisi aquades secara bertingka t .  Hasil percobaan diperoleh k onsentrasi asam nitrat terbaik diperoleh sebesar 3,54 M d engan destruktan formaldehida. Keyword : Destruction , n itric a cid , formaldeh y d e, f ormid a cid, s ucrossa, e thanol.
Submicron polymer structures with X-ray lithography and hot embossing
This article describes the process chain for replication of submicron structures with varying aspect ratios (AR) up to 6 in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by hot embossing to show the capability of the entire LIGA process to fabricate structures with these dimensions. Therefore a 4.7 μm thick layer of MicroChem 950k PMMA A11 resist was spin-coated on a 2.3 μm Ti/TiOx membrane. It was patterned with X-ray lithography at the electron storage ring ANKA (2.5 GeV and λc ≈ 0.4 nm) at a dose of 4 kJ/cm3 using a Si3N4 membrane mask with 2 μm thick gold-absorbers. The samples were developed in GG/BDG and resulted in AR of 6–14. Subsequent nickel plating at 52°C resulted in a 200 μm thick nickel tool of 100 mm diameter, which was used to replicate slit-nozzles and columns in PMMA. Closely packed submicron cavities with AR 6 in the nickel shim were filled to 60% during hot embossing.