The Changing Allocation of Activities in Space and Time by the Use of ICT—“Fragmentation” as a New Concept and Empirical Results
Theoretical and empirical research about the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on transport relies on the hypothesis that ICT use leads to a reorganization of activities in time and space thus having as a consequence impacts on travel behavior. The breaking up of activities into discrete pieces by the use of ICT is the starting point of the fragmentation concept that underlies the present article. The concept argues that transport demand increases by the fragmentation of activities and explores the relevant mechanisms for this process. In all, however, the concept is still rather vague. Therefore, the authors discuss some elements of the concept on a theoretical level, in particular the question why individuals "fragment" their activities. In the empirical section they use a data set about activities, ICT use and travel behavior in Germany to find out how far an activity like work, which is particularly apt for fragmentation, shows signs of temporal and spatial disintegration. With the help of a cluster analysis they identify groups with different "fragmentation behavior" and investigate if a statistically significant relation exists between fragmentation behavior and ICT use. Accordingly, the focus of the article lies on the impact of ICT use on the performance of activities by different behavioral groups. The link to travel behavior is made by examining mode choices for different purposes and travel related attitudes.
Social Theory: A Historical Introduction
* Introduction *1. The Enlightenment *1. 1 Prehistory *1. 2 The concept of modernity *1. 3 A moral science *1. 4 The development of social theory *1. 5 Inner strains *2. Hegel *2. 1 Reconciling modernity *2. 2 The labour of the negative *2. 3 The debate over modernity *3. Liberals and Reactionaries *3. 1 Post-revolutionary debates *3. 2 Agonistic liberalism: Tocqueville and Mill *3. 3 Providence and race: Maistre and Gobineau *4. Marx *4. 1 The adventures of the dialectic *4. 2 History and capitalism *4. 3 Class struggle and revolution *5. Life and Power *5. 1 Evolution before and after Darwin *5. 2 Two evolutionists: Spencer and Kautsky *5. 3 Nature as the will to power: Nietzsche *6. Durkheim *6. 1 Social evolution and scientific objectivity *6. 2 Society as a moral reality *6. 3 Meaning and belief *7. Weber *7. 1 Prussian agriculture and the German state *7. 2 Science and the warring gods *7. 3 History and rationalization *7. 4 Liberal imperialism and democratic politics *8. The Illusions of Progress *8. 1 The strange death of liberal Europe *8. 2 Objectivity and estrangement: Simmel *8. 3 The self dissected: Freud *8. 4 Memories of underdevelopment: Russian intellectuals and capitalism *9. Revolution and Counter-Revolution *9. 1 Hegelian Marxism: Lukacs and Gramsci *9. 2 Heidegger and the conservative revolution *10. The Golden Age *10. 1 Theories of capitalism: Keynes and Hayek *10. 2 Functionalist sociology: Talcott Parsons *10. 3 Despairing critique: the Frankfurt school *11. Crack-Up? *11. 1 The 1960s and after *11. 2 Structure and subject: Levi-Strauss and Althusser *11. 3 Nietzsche's revenge: Foucault and poststructuralism *11. 4 Carrying on the tradition: Habermas and Bourdieu *12. Debating modernity and postmodernity *12. 1 Postmodernity? *12. 2 Modernity and capitalism *12. 3 Reason and nature *12. 4 Theory and practice *12. 5 Universal and particular *12. 6 Beyond capitalism? *13. Changing the subject: globalization, capitalism, and imperialism *13. 1 Much ado about globalization *13. 2 The social as networks ... or as nothing *13. 3 Back to capitalism - and imperialism? *13. 4 The debate resumed * Further Reading * Index
The evaluation of sexual harassment litigants: reducing discrepancies in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Relatively few targets of sexual harassment cope with the psychological sequelae of their experiences by engaging in litigation. Those who do are often subjected to forensic examination to evaluate their history of psychological distress or disorder and to determine whether such a condition could be reasonably attributed to the alleged harassment, as opposed to some other cause. An unbiased approach to such examinations is critical to all parties, as well as to the profession itself. This study investigates the relationship between the clinical and restructured clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, the Trauma Symptom Inventory subscales, the Crime-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CR-PTSD) scale, and an American Psychiatric Association diagnosis (APA, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; DSM-IV-TR; 4th ed., text rev., 2000, Washington, DC, Author) of PTSD in a sample of sexual harassment plaintiffs. All measures performed well independently, but together provided improved predictive accuracy, suggesting that the use of multiple validated measures as well as structured diagnostic interviews may help us better understand litigants' experiences and reduce bias in evaluations.