Niedrige Ei- und Körpertemperatur („Hypothermie“) bei brütenden Gelbschnabelsturmtauchern (Calonectris diomedea)
Body and egg temperatures of Cory's Shearwater were recorded in an Aegean colony. Body temperatures of breeding birds were 2 ° C lower than those of non-breeding, resting adults and accounted for 36.7±0.41 ° C in ♂ and 37.6±0.59 ° C in ♀. Incubation temperature, determined telemetrically inside incubated eggs, was 29.6±0.6° C.
Egg Temperature and Embryo Metabolism in Some High-Latitude Procellariiform Birds
The embryos of Procellariiformes develop slowly, reportedly, at least in part, as a result of low incubation temperatures, and some species such as Wilson's and Leach's storm petrels experience long periods of chilling. Incubation temperatures of eggs of Leach's storm petrel (on Kent Island, New Brunswick), Wilson's storm petrel, and the southern giant fulmar (Palmer Station, Antarctica) averaged 35.9, 35.7, and 35.5 C, respectively. These are well within the range of temperatures for other species of birds and indicate that the prolonged incubation periods of petrels are not attributable to low incubation temperatures. We measured the depressing effect of cooling (Q10) on rate of heartbeat of small embryos and rate of oxygen consumption of larger embryos. Values of Q10 increased at lower temperatures but in most cases did not differ from, or in some cases even exceeded, the values for embryos of species that lack cooling tolerance. Large embryos of the giant fulmar, which has slow embryonic development but continuous incubation, did not survive prolonged chilling, indicating that not all slowly developing embryos tolerate protracted cooling, at least in their late stages of development. Rates of oxygen consumption by storm petrel embryos were about two-thirds the level of the similarsized but rapidly growing Japanese quail embryo. Giant fulmar embryos exhibited low rates of oxygen consumption, as do other Procellariiformes, but, surprisingly, so did the rapidly growing skua embryos.
Synergistic Effect of High Temperature and High pH on the Destruction of Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia co1i O157:H7.
This study was undertaken to determine if high temperature and high pH interact synergistically to enhance the rate of destruction of two important gram-negative foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis . The rates of destruction in NaHCO3-NaOH buffers at pH 7.0, 10.0, and 11.0 were determined at 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, and 65°C. Use of an improved heating protocol eliminated a "tailing effect" at longer exposure times. The present study demonstrated that the combination of high pH and high temperature resulted in a highly significant synergistic interaction (P > F = 0.0001), which caused rapid death of both E. coli O157:H7 and S. enteritidis . This "alka-therm" technology might be used commercially to destroy gram-negative foodborne pathogens on various raw agricultural commodities.