Effects of xylazine, lignocaine and their combination for lumber epidural analgesia in water buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis).
The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of xylazine alone (0.05 mg/kg), lignocaine alone (2.0 mg/kg) and a combination of xylazine and lignocaine (0.05 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg, respectively) after lumbar epidural administration in water buffalo calves. Fifteen nondescript, male water buffalo calves of 6-8 months of age and weighing between 55 and 75 kg were randomly placed in 3 groups (A, B and C). The agents were administered at the 1st lumbar epidural space. Clinico-physiological parameters such as analgesia, ataxia, sedation, salivation, heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were studied. Other haematological and biochemical parameters monitored were haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count, plasma glucose, cortisol, protein albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT, sodium, potassium and chloride. The onset of analgesia was faster in group C (3.0 +/- 0.44 min) compared with that of group B (4.4 +/- 0.40 min) and group A (34.0 +/- 1.86 min). Analgesia of the thorax, flank, inguinal region, hind limbs, perineum and tail was complete in group C, but mild to moderate in groups A and B. Ataxia was severe in groups B and C and mild in group A. Mild to deep sedation were produced by groups A and C animals. Longer duration and greater depth of analgesia was produced in animals in group C. Heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature decreased in groups A and C. The haematological parameters decreased in all the groups. The biochemical parameters like glucose, cortisol, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT increased in all the animals. However, total proteins and albumin decreased in the 3 groups. The plasma electrolytes sodium, potassium and chloride did not show any significant change. The results of this study indicated a possible additive analgesic interaction between epidurally administered xylazine and lignocaine, without causing any marked systemic effects in water buffalo calves.
Evaluation of experimental subarachnoid analgesia with a combination of detomidine and ropivacaine for flank analgesia in cows.
AKSOY, O., I. OZAYDIN, A. H. KIRMIZIGUL, E. KILIC, S. OZTURK, B. KURT, S. YAYLA, M. SOZMEN, E. ATAKISI: Evaluation of experimental subarachnoid analgesia with a combination of detomidine and ropivacaine for fl ank analgesia in cows. Vet. arhiv 82, 463-472, 2012. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effi cacy of subarachnoid application of a low dose of detomidine combined with a low-dose of ropivacaine for fl ank analgesia in cows. Fifteen non-pregnant adult cows of the Swiss Brown breed, weighing an average of 350 kg, were used. After applying local anaesthesia to the subcutaneous tissues in the area where the catheter was to be administered, a Tuohy needle was inserted into the subarachnoid space at the T13-L1 or L1-L2 region and a combination of detomidine (0.015 mg/kg)ropivacaine (0.02 mg/kg) HCl was administered at a speed of 0.5 mL/min with a spinal catheter. Flank analgesia started within 1 min after the anaesthetic combinations was injected, the effective duration of the anaesthesia was 104 min on average and the anaesthesia had spread to the T12 and the L5 level. No statistically signifi cant difference was found with regard to cardiopulmonary, haematological or haemodynamic parameters as measured before and during anaesthesia. A relatively small amount of detomidine HCl and ropivacaine HCl is suffi cient to achieve safe and rapid analgesia in the left fl ank.
A new mixed chain sampling plan based on the process capability index for product acceptance
ABSTRACT This article proposes a new mixed chain sampling plan based on the process capability index Cpk, where the quality characteristic of interest follows the normal distribution with unknown mean and variance. The advantages of this proposed mixed sampling plan are also discussed. Tables are constructed to determine the optimal parameters for practical applications. In order to construct the tables, the problem is formulated as a nonlinear programming where the objective function to be minimized is the average sample number and the constraints are related to lot acceptance probabilities at acceptable quality level and limiting quality level under the operating characteristic curve. The practical application of the proposed mixed sampling plan is explained with an illustrative example. Comparison of the proposed sampling plan is also made with other existing sampling plans.