Mathematics Education in Spain and Portugal
Spain 
Elena Ausejo 
 
This section offers a brief overview of Spanish mathematics education over the last two centuries, in the context of the educational system as a whole, which in turn depended to a very large extent on the country’s political and economic circumstances. Although political instability delayed the regulation of secondary education in Spain until 1836, the syllabi of 1845 and 1857 set up the basic structure throughout the nineteenth century. The country developed a system for preparing mathematics teachers that was relatively demanding – above all with respect to mathematical knowledge – and absorbed international experience through translations of textbooks. Later, Spain took part in the principal international movements in mathematics education, becoming involved in the ICMI and the reform movements of the 1950s–1970s.
Arithmetic in the Spanish Army at the End of the 19th Century: The Textbooks by Salinas and Benítez
The last third of the 19th century was a prolific period with respect to the production of mathematics textbooks by Spanish authors, many of which were army officers who wrote for military students. Among them, Manuel Benitez y Parodi and Ignacio Salinas y Angulo collaborated on several books on arithmetic and algebra that were reprinted several times. In this work, we focus on their books on arithmetic. In particular, following a qualitative approach, we carry out a text-driven analysis of their arithmetic textbooks that focus on the mathematical content as well as on the pedagogical aspects of the texts. This analysis will give us an overview of the arithmetical requirements for the different levels of the Spanish army (from enlisted to officers) at the end of the 19th century. For example, we conclude that aspirants to corporal received a training equivalent to elementary primary education, while army officers had an arithmetical training equivalent to that of architects or engineers.
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