Gender and Textual Politics during the Qing Dynasty: The Case of the Zhengshi ji
In compiling the anthology Guaochao guixiu zhengshi ji (Correct beginnings: women's poetry of our dynasty) and its sequel, the female scholar-poet Yun Zhu (1771-1833) had, argues XIAORONG  LI , explicit objectives: to celebrate the literary achievements of Qing-dynasty gentry-women and establish an orthodoxy of women's poetry in accord with contemporary attitudes toward literature and gender. Locating Zhengshi ji in the context of Qing anthologizing trends for both genders, Li examines both the rhetoric Yun Zhu and other editors adopted in their introductory comments and their anthologizing strategies. Through a comparison with other Qing anthologies, especially those mentioned in Yun Zhu's introduction, Li illustrates how women derived authority from the Confucian classics, particularly the Shijing, in efforts to seize a place in the literary world alongside their male counterparts.
Culture & state in Chinese history : conventions, accommodations, and critiques
Introduction: shifting paradigms of political and social order R. Bin Wong, Theodore Huters and Pauline Yu Part I. Elite Education and Cultural Conventions: 1. Examinations and orthodoxies: 1070 and 1313 compared Peter K. Bol 2. The formation of 'Dao learning' as imperial ideology during the early Ming dynasty Benjamin A. Elman 3. Canon formation in late imperial China Pauline Yu 4. Salvaging poetry: The 'poetic' in the Quing Stephen Owen Part II. The Power of Faith: 5. Ajiao is aJiao is a? Thoughts on the meaning of a ritual Robert Hymes: 6. At the margin of public authority: the Ming state and Buddhism Timothy Brook 7. Power, gender and pluralism in the cult of the goddess of Taishan Kenneth Pomeranz Part III. Accommodations and Critiques: 8. Style and suffering in two stories by 'Lanzxian' Katherine Carlitz 9. Ming-Qing women poets and the notions of 'talent' and 'morality' Kang-i Sun Chang 10. The scorpion in the scholar's cap: ritual, memory and desire in Rulin waishi Marston Anderson 11. The shattered mirror: Wu Jianren and the reflection of strange events Theodore Huters Part IV. Visions of Community and Social Order: 12. Confucian agendas for material and ideological control in modern China R. Bin Wong 13. Community, society and history in Sun Yat-sen's Sanmin zhuyi David Strand 4. Constructing the civilized community Ann Anagnost Notes Index.
Initial Teacher Training: the French view
ABSTRACT This paper, against the background of trends in the development of initial teacher training in Europe as a whole, identifies and explains some of the recent, radical reforms which were introduced in France by a socialist government. These include the need to raise the status and the competence of the teaching profession; the creation of new teacher‐training institutions of university status (Instituts universitaires de formation des maitres); the introduction of common entry qualifications at degree level for both primary and secondary levels; the harmonisation and the extension to 2 years of the post‐degree teacher‐training course and the increase in emphasis placed on professional training, both theoretical and practical. These reforms provoked a storm of protest and an examination of the reasons for this reveals a multiplicity of crucial questions which have far‐reaching implications.