Consequences of advances in agricultural technologies for the distribution of segetal plant communities and species in the Republic of Bashkortostan
G. R. Khasanovaa, *, M. V. Lebedevab, **, B. M. Mirkinc, and L. G. Naumovad, *** aBashkir State Agrarian University, Ufa, 450001 Russia bBotanical Garden-Institute, Ufa Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450080 Russia cUfa Institute of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Russia dBashkir State Pedagogical University, Ufa, 450000 Russia *e-mail: gulnazrim@yandex.ru **e-mail: lebedevamv@mail.ru ***е-mail: leniza.gumerovna@yandex.ru Received May 12, 2016
Modeling of ecosystem dynamics: nonlinearity and synergetics
Mathematical modeling and computational experiment of the soil-plant systems (SPS) ecology are forming the basis of analysis and prediction scientific paradigm of more complex ecosystems. The dynamics of processes occurring in open biological systems and phenomena occurring in inorganic environments are comparing in this research. The behavior of systems of biotic and abiotic origin has bifurcation points associated with the nonlinear nature of interaction between the external environment and the elements inside, predetermining the synergy of evolution. During the studying SPS using the example of the Black Lands of the Republic of Kalmykia, a mathematical model of multichannel transitions between elements was developed using the Markov process mechanism. The dynamics of the SPS ecotope destruction and recovery was studied in the approximation of homogeneous Markov chains. Stationary final distributions of the comparison of classes derived from matrices with high degrees revealed bifurcation points, the nonlinearity of the succession process. Mathematical modeling gave the lifetime of an intermediate states stable existence. As a result, the methodology for assessing the ecological status of arid ecosystems using Markov chains has been proposed. The analogy with inorganic systems allowed detailing the process of the origin of bifurcation points. Comparison of the dynamics of open systems «living» and «inanimate» nature has led to their synergistic unity. Nonlinear processes in inorganic environment are qualitatively similar to the dynamics of macroscopic systems in ecology.
Classification of meadow vegetation in the USSR
The scientific classification of meadow vegetation (mesophilous grasslands) was already available in the 1930's due to A. P. Shennikov who suggested to apply new classification principles, on the basis of species dominance. This classification became subjected to criticism, as the criteria proposed did not correspond to the nature of the classification object and as meadow community dominants were instable. In 1971 the Soviet phytocenology was influenced by the ideas of the Braun-Blanquet classification, but before completely adopting it, the Soviet geobotanists employed the so-called dominant-determinant principles of classification, when differential species and dominants were simultaneously used for association determination. In the seventies phytocenoses on the floristic basis, were used though their syntaxonomic analysis was not performed. In 1981, the All-Union conference on vegetation classification was held in Ufa. This conference gave careful consideration to the problem of the floristic classification in the USSR, stated that impressive progress had been achieved in meadow classification on the floristic basis and recommended to use more strict principles for phytocenosis determination alongside with syntaxonomic analysis and subordination of the existing higher syntaxons of the Braun-Blanquet system. The perspectives for implementation of the Braun-Blanquet principles in the USSR are elucidated and a tentative question is raised on the necessity to develop some new classes in order to reflect the specific character of the meadows in the USSR.