Management of Groundwater Resources in Eastern Saudi Arabia
Effective management of groundwater in arid countries, such as Saudi Arabia, is an important factor in sustainable development. A regional numerical simulation model of a multi-aquifer system including the Dammam and Umm Er Radhuma (UER) aquifers was developed to assess the behaviour of the aquifer system under long-term water stresses. The model was utilized to predict the responses of the aquifer system under three alternative pumping schemes over a planning horizon of 31 years (1995-2025). Model results postulate that dewatering of the Dammam aquifer will occur at low productivity sites and along the outcrop with the current trend towards increasing abstraction. The UER will exhibit significant cones of depression at large irrigation projects. Aquifer dewatering and drawdowns will be minimal with the conservation alternative. This management scheme should be adopted for the future development and protection of groundwater in the province.
Water to People, or People to Water?
In providing details of my life, I take the opportunity to share my thoughts about water and people, especially in the arid regions. I was born in Brighton on the south coast of England on February 1, 1935. My father was a grocer in Bognor Regis, to the west of Brighton, where my family lived until I was 18 years old. I was initially educated at a Nyewood Lane Church of England School and then moved to Chichester High School for Boys. At Chichester, my main academic interests were physical geography, pure, and applied math. I was school football captain from 1952 to 1953. At Chichester, I was introduced to fossil collecting on the Chalk Downs, which led me into geology. I was fortunate to be accepted into the Department of Geology at the University of Bristol and graduated in 1957.
A new method of near field analysis
The problem of the accurate determination of the total electromagnetic field produced by a current distribution on a circular disc type aperture is examined. For comparison of the near and Fresnel region solutions, an exact Maxwellian integral is used as the starting point. Aperture and space coordinates are separated by the use of Bessel function addition theorems, allowing the field to be expressed as a sum of terms containing radial and angular integrals. The radial integrals involve only the disc (aperture) distribution and coordinates while the angular integrals involve only the elevation angle. The distance from origin appears implicitly in the series coefficients. These integrals are suitable for high speed computations and have been evaluated for a number of cases. The results are compared with the small angle and general Fresnel formula values for various observation angles, distances from the aperture, and aperture distributions.