Lightning protection, earthing and surge protection of base transmission stations
An effective lightning protection design for a telecommunication facility requires an integrated approach to a number of key factors: • Protection against direct lightning strikes • Effective earth termination network for discharge of lightning current • Integration of power supply and lightning protection earthing systems • Extensive equipotential bonding to prevent electric shock • Mitigation for ground potential rise • Prevention of conducted surges to equipment cabin • Mitigation of LEMP This paper examines the challenges and solutions in the integration of lightning protection, earthing and surge protection for a base transmission station comprising a telecom tower and an equipment cabin, taking into consideration external power source via overhead lines.
Lightning Effect on Copper and Optical Fiber (FTTN) Access Networks of Telecommunication Systems
This paper presents a study of lightning effect on copper and optical fiber (fiber to the node) public switched telephone network (PSTN) in Sri Lanka. The study covers, firstly modeling and simulation of each PSTNs, secondly development and testing of PSTN laboratory prototypes and finally a case study for a selected real network. The individual PSTNs were modeled by PSCAD/EMTDC software and were verified in the laboratory by applying lightning surges to the developed prototypes. The study was extended by considering the effects of typical earth resistances in the PSTN and possible multiple reflections. In the case study, first the RLC parameters of the PSTN were estimated by field and laboratory measurements. Then, the PSTN was modeled and analyzed in PSCAD/EMTDC software. It was found that significant components of lightning surges may transfer to the consumer side unless proper surge protective devices are used. Further, this effect may be higher in the optical fiber network compared to the copper network. A significant effect may also appear at the subscriber side due to multiple reflections and the earth resistances characterized by high soil resistivity.
Handbook of electromagnetic compatibility
Fundamentals and Physics of Electromagnetic Interference: Units, Symbols, Theorems, Definitions, and Basic Formulas, Electromagnetic Theory and Fundamentals of EMC, The Physics of Interference Phenomena. Analysis and Prediction for EMS: Plane Wave Coupling to Cables, Crosstalk, Conducted and Radiated Emissions, Computer Methods for EMC Analyses and Prediction. Methods to Ensure EMC: Grounding and Bonding, Electromagnetic Shielding, Conduction Filters. Commercial and Military Standards and Methods: International Radio Frequency Emission Control Requirements for Commercial Equipment, International Electromagnetic Immunity Requirements for Commercial Equipment, Military EMC Standard and Methods, MIL-STD-461 and MIL-STD-462, Other MIL-Based Standards. EMC Measurements: Methodology for Electromagnetic Interference Measurements, Standard Antennas for Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurements, EMC Compliance Test Facilities, Alternate EMC Compliance Test Facilities. Radio Systems, Sparks and Pulses, Biological Effects, Fibre Optics, and Plasmas: Principles of Radio Systems and Relevant EMI Environmental Effects, Analysis and Computation, Radio Systems Parameters Performance Criteria Concerning Computation and Mitigation of EMI Effects, Electrostatic Discharge, Lightning, The Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse, Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, Fibre Optics for EMC, Plasma Effects in EMC.