The fall of Episcopacy in Scotland 1688-1691
This thesis attempts to shed light on a little-studied moment in the history of
the Williamite revolution in Scotland, namely what factors led to the
abolition of episcopacy in July 1689 and the establishment of Presbyterian
church government in June 1690. It attempts to analyse the various political
forces at play and the ideas which motivated the lead figures.
William III, the Stadholder-King: A Political Biography
Contents: Preface The House of Orange on the death of William II Youth (1650-66) The path to power The year of catastrophe, 1672 The task and the tools The Peace of Nijmegen (1672-78) The Twenty Years' Truce of Regensburg (1679-84) James II, William III and Louis XIV (1685-88) The Glorious Revolution (1688-89) William III as King of England (1689-1702) War or peace? (1689-1702) William III and Scotland (1660-1702) William III in Ireland Conclusion Bibliography Index.
CATARACT: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE.
The earliest extant description of a surgical operation for the cure of cataract is that of Celsus, toho practiced medicine in Rome at the beginning of the Christian era. In his text De Meclicina he described in detail his method of couching, by which he inserted a bronze needle into the eye at the equator on the lateral side of ihe globe and depressed the cataract downward into the lower part of the vitreous where the surgeon hoped it would remain out of the way of vision. The same method had been employed by the Greeks and Hindus for at least several hundred years earlier and ivas to continue as the only operation available until the middle of the eighteenth century when Daviel of Paris described extraction of the lens through the cornea. The early couchers worked on the premise that the crystallin humor we know as the lens was the receptor for vision, and that in certain conditions of disease a suffusion flowed doivn in front of the crystallin humor where it solidified and formed a dense curtain. The purpose of couching was to press the hardened corrupt humor out of the way of the lens. That cataract was opaque material within the lens itself was not recognized until after the middle of ihe seventeenth century. Until then ihe surgeons were not even aware that it was the lens they were dislocating.