Critiques of Marcos's Philippines
DEMOCRACY IN THE PHILIPPINES. Diosdado Macapagal. (Cusipag, Ontario, 1976) $A4.00 soft cover. PHILIPPINES: THE SILENCED DEMOCRACY. Raul S. Manglapus. (Orbis, N.Y., 1976) $A7.50 hard cover. THE CONJUGAL DICTATORSHIP OF FERDINAND AND IMELDA MARCOS. Primitivo Mijares. (Union Square, San Francisco, 1976) $A10.00 hard cover.
The Political Economy of a Coup: Transnational Linkages and Philippine Political Response
While the mainstream of American political development theory is remarkably flexible in response to the many criticisms against it, it persistently ignores one of the central themes found in the critical literature. It has failed to meet head-on the charge that the nation-state is not an autonomous political system and hence cannot be analyzed as such. Much of the criticism of the dominant modes of analysis in political development literature has been what might be called in-house comment questions raised about minor details by individuals committed to the same basic paradigm. More recently, however, this body of theory has been challenged on more fundamental levels. From one position, international relations analysts have proceeded to invade the field without as much as paying their respects to the present occupants. 'Linkage theory', representative of the most important component of this invasion, immediately became a powerful framework within which to build a development theory radically different from the mainstream.1 Other theorists have begun to integrate the analysis of national and international stratification systems, again with little regard for the conventional literature on political development.2 Much international relations and stratification theory seeks to apply relatively conventional systems andlor structuralfunctional theory to the analysis of the underdeveloped portion of transnationally linked political systems. More accurately stated, such analyses assume that the nation is a sub-unit within a larger transnational system. Such approaches, while radically liberating in their impact on older conceptualizations of political development, still present no basic criticism of the underlying premises of the discipline. This is not true of the work of a third group of critics who draw their working ideas directly or indirectly from the Marxist tradition. Economists Paul Baran and Andre Gunder Frank have been influential in creating a view of underdevelopment that links it with the simultaneous development of the industrial nations.3 Subsequent literature has explored this theory more fully: Bodenhemier has recently expanded the model in order to criticize traditional theories of political development and to build on existing dependency theory.4 Galtung, working within the rich literature on imperialism, has refined the conceptual package in a manner to make operationalization of hypotheses relatively simple and to provide guidelines for policy-oriented research.5
The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866 . By Geoffrey Wawro. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1966. Pp. 313. $59.95. ISBN 0-521-56059-4.
This expanded and reworked Yale dissertation ventures into a topic done spellbindingly two decades ago by one of the grand masters of German military affairs, Gordon Craig, whose Battle of Koeniggraetz (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1964), was published in a series commissioned by Hanson W. Baldwin. NewYork Times military affairs editor. Wawro does not approach the literary brilliance of Craig, but his work goes beyond it in several important respects. First, although Craig dealt with a good deal of the preliminary background and also the aftermath, his book focused squarely on the major battle which decided the war, whereas the book at hand deals with the entire war, which included several other battles, notably Langensalza, between Prussia and the Hanoverians in north-central Germany and Custoza between Austria and Italy in northern Italy. Secondly, whereas Craig knew the German sources as well as anyone, Wawro here uses not only German, but Austrian, French, British, and Italian ones. Of the last two, the former are important for the diplomatic background, the latter for the southern campaign area as well as for the problematic PrussianItalian relations. Thirdly,Wawro has dug deeper than Craig into primary source archives. Especially for the central emphasis of the book, the Austrians and Italians, he has mined the archives in Vienna, Rome, Naples, Milan, and Venice. For example, he uses a number of war diaries which officers from captain to field marshal kept and later deposited in military archives. Interestingly, both authors use Hans Delbriick andTheodor Fontane. Delbriick wrote half a dozen essays on the war and after his death in 1929 two of his colleagues published a fifth volume of his classic Art of War in the Framework of Political History which dealt substantially with 1866, partly on the basis of Delbriick's Berlin University lecture notes. Fontane covered the war as a newspaper correspondent and published more than a thousand pages from his eyewitness experiences, Der deutsche Krieg von 1866, 2 vols, (Berlin, 1871-72).