Study and Development of Compressed Air Engine-Single Cylinder: A Review Study
This paper is reports on the review of compressed air engine for the design and development of single cylinder engine which can be run by the compressed air. Current four strokes single cylinder engine (bikes/moped) can be run on the compressed air with a few modifications that are the main objective of the study. Compressed air filled by electricity using a compressor. The electricity requirement for compressing air has to be considered while computing overall efficiency. Nevertheless the compressed air vehicle will contribute to reducing a air pollution and tend to zero pollution level and promoting great environment. Main advantage of this engine is that no hydrocarbon fuel required means no combustion process is take place. HISTORY In fact, two centuries before that Dennis Papin [6] apparently came up with the idea of using compressed air (Royal Society London, 1687). In 1872 the Mekarski [6] air engine was used for street transit, consisting of a single stage engine. Numerous locomotives were manufactured and a number of regular lines were opened up (the first in Nantes in 1879). In 1892, Robert Hardie [6] introduced a new method of heating that at the same time served to increase the range of the engine which in turn helped to increase the distance that could be traveled at a stretch. One of its new features was regenerative braking. By using the engine as a compressor during deceleration, air and heat were added to the tanks, increasing the range between fill-ups. However, the first urban transport locomotive was not introduced until 1898, by Hoadley and Knight [6] , and was based on the principle that the longer the air is kept in the engine the more heat it absorbs and the greater its range. As a result they introduced a twostage engine. Charles B. Hodges [6] will always be remembered as the true father of the compressed air concept applied to cars, being the first person, not only to invent a car driven by a compressed air engine but also to have considerable commercial success with it. After twelve years of research and development, Guy Negre [6] has developed an engine that could become one of the biggest technological advances of this century. A French engineer by profession, he has designed a low consumption and low pollution engine for urban motoring that runs on compressed air technology. “air car” from Motor Development International is a significant step for zero emission transport, delivering a compressed air-driven vehicle that is safe, quiet, has a top speed of 110 km/h and a range of 200 km. Guy Nègre is the head of Research and Development at Moteur Development International (MDI) cars, where the Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) prototype has been in production since 1994. INTRODUCTION It is hard to believe that compressed air can be used to drive vehicles. However that is true and “air car” as it popularly knows has caught the attention of research worldwide. It has zero emission and is ideal for city driving condition. MDI (Moteur Development International) is one company that holds the international patents for compressed air car. This review study reveals aim is to run the four strokes bike with help of compressed air, it will try to achieve a 50 km/h speed and range of refilling compressed air is after running of 70-80 km. Two technologies have been developed to meet different need (1) Single energy compressed air engines. (2) Dual energy compressed air plus fuel engines The single energy engines will be available in both Minicats and Citycats. These engines have been conceived for city use, where the maximum speed is 50 km/h and where MDI believes polluting will soon be prohibited with use of compressed air technology which having zero pollution level. The dual energy engine, on the other hand, has been conceived as much for the city as the open road and will be available in all MDI vehicles. The engines will work exclusively with compressed air while it is running under 50 km/h in urban areas. But when the car is used outside urban areas at speeds over 50 km/h, the engines will switch to fuel mode. The engine will be able to use gasoline, gas oil, biodiesel, gas, liquidized gas, ecological fuel, alcohol, etc. Both engines will be available with 2, 4 and 6 cylinders, When the air tanks are empty the driver will be able to switch to fuel mode, by car’s on board computer. ENGINE WORKING High pressure air is introduced to the engine that pushes the piston and creates movement. The atmospheric temperature is used to re-heat the engine and increase the road coverage. The air condition system makes use of the expelled cold air. Due to there is no pollution, oil change is necessary every 50,000 km. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH WORK No more working on the single cylinder four strokes engine. but here few research is outlined as given below related to compressed air engine. Air fuelled zero emission road transportation: A comparative study Haisheng Chen et al. [1], adopted two technologies typical compressed air and liquid air power systems. Figure shows schematic diagram and working of International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 IJAET/Vol.III/ Issue I/January-March, 2012/271-274 cycle on temperature – entropy diagram for the both systems. As per author’s knowledge and belief only few works reported on this study. Figure-1 Compressed air engine [1] Figure 2 Liquid air engine [1] Figure 3 T–S diagram of engines Compressed air
Compressed Air Driven Vehicle
The latest trend in the automotive industry is to develop light weight vehicles. Every automotive industry is looking to reduce the weight of the vehicle as it helps in the better handling of the vehicle and increases the efficiency of the vehicle. Today, the heavy vehicles are known for producing a large amount of harmful gases like CO2, SO2 etc. which act as the major source for global warming. So research is going on to find a light weight vehicle which does not pollute the environment. The present study focuses on engine it is modified from a 4-stroke to a 2-stroke engine using a cam system driven by a crankshaft and the intake and exhaust valves have a small lift due to this modification. The electricity requirement for compressing air has to be considered while computing overall efficiency. Nevertheless the compressed air vehicle will contribute to reducing air pollution and tend to zero pollution level. Main advantage of this engine is that no hydrocarbon fuel required means no combustion process is take place.The design and experimental test result presented here can be used for further research and modification of the technique.
Laminar heat or mass transfer in rectangular channels and in cylindrical tubes for fully developed flow: comparison of solutions obtained for various boundary conditions
Abstract A comparison is made of results obtained with various boundary conditions at the wall of the channels. By comparing blood Sherwood numbers for finite wall resistance with those for constant concentration boundary condition only a small variation is found for various points along the blood channel.