SEISMIC EVALUATION OF INFILLED REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES STRENGTHENED WITH FRPS
There is an urgent need to retrofit the deficient mid-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings in Turkey. For this purpose, an efficient FRP retrofit scheme was developed, in which hallow clay brick infill walls are utilized as lateral load resisting elements. The main premise of this practical retrofit scheme is to limit interstory deformations by FRP strengthened infill walls that are integrated to the boundary frame members through FRP anchors. Based on failure modes and measured deformation limits obtained from a large database of experiments, a diagonal compression-strut and tension-tie model is developed. The model is verified with a number of reinforced concrete frame test results with and without upgrades. Furthermore, results of a case study conducted on a typical building frame revealed that strength levels similar to that of a RC shear wall retrofit scheme can be obtained through the FRP retrofit alternative resulting in a displacement ductility of about four.
Seismic Behavior of RC Frame Building and Its Analysis with Improving Measures
The infill masonry walls are seldom included in analysis of reinforced concrete structural systems,  since  masonry  panels  are  generally  considered  as  non-structural  components.  However,  these  panels  affect  the  structural  response,  although  the  complexity  they  introduce  to  analysis.  The effects of  masonry  infill  on  the  global  seismic  response  of  reinforced  concrete  structures  are  the  part  of  study. Recently, it becomes important to determine the earthquake  behavior  of  structures  with  infill  walls  in  earthquake  engineering.  Parametric  analyses  on  a  large variety of multi-storey infill reinforced concrete structures  show  that,  due  to  the  hysteretic  energy  dissipation in the infill, if the infilling is uniform in all storey, drifts and structural damage are dramatically reduced,  without  an  increase  in  the  seismic  force  demands. Presence Soft-storey effects due to the absence  of  infill  in  the  bottom  storey  in  building  is  a  measure  problem  in  earthquake,  as  soft  storey  is  significantly  less  strong  or  more  flexible,  a  large  portion of the total building deflection tends to concentrate in that floor with consequent concentration  of  stress  at  the  second  floor  connections and in that case collapse is unavoidable.Open first storey is a typical feature in the modern multistory constructions in urban India. Such features  are  highly  undesirable  in  buildings  built  in  seismically  active  areas;  this  has  been  verified  in  numerous  experiences  of  strong  shaking  during  the  past  earthquakes.  The  present  study  highlights  the  seismic  performance  of  RC  frame  building  with  soft  stories  at  first  as  well  as  at  different  floor  level.  A  parametric study is performed on an example building with soft storey and it is intended to describe the performance characteristics such as stiffness, shear  force,  bending  moment,  drift.  The  effects  of  masonry  infill  and  cross  bracing  on  above  parameters have been studied for a building with soft storey.  The  modeling  and  post-processing  is  carried  out using ANSYS software. The comparisons of different parameter of models have also been presented in the study.
The lights that failed: European international history, 1919-1933
PART I: THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE, 1918-1929 1. The Hall of Mirrors: Peacemaking in the West 2. Distant Frontiers: Peacemaking in the East 3. Revolution from the Left: The Soviet Union and the Post-War Settlement 4. The Primacy of Economics: Reconstruction in Western Europe, 1919-1924 5. The Primacy of Nationalism: Reconstruction in Eastern and Central Europe 6. Revolution from the Right: Italy, 1919-25 7. The Geneva Dream: The League of Nations and Post-War Internationalism 8. New Dawn? Stabilisation in Western Europe after Locarno 9. Faltering Reconstruction: Cracks in the Locarno Facade 10. Troubled Waters: Uncertainties in Italy, Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union 11. Faltering Internationalism: Disarmament and Security after Locarno Conclusion: Europe Reconstructed? PART II: THE HINGE YEARS, 1930-1933 12. The Diplomacy of the Depression: Economics and Foreign Policy 13. Beyond Europe: The Manchurian Crisis 14. The Poisoned Chalice: The Pursuit of Disarmament Conclusion: The Hinge Years Appendices Select Bibliography