TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF TOPCON RADIATION THERMOMETERS
− The ambient or instrument temperature affects the outputs of a standard radiation thermometer through various parts such as a detector, a feedback resistance and an interference filter. Usually the output was corrected by one coefficient assuming the linear dependence. If the filter wavelength changes, the dependence is different at each target temperature. We measured the temperature coefficients of Topcon radiation thermometers at different target temperatures and found the target temperature dependence as well as the feed back resistance dependence. Therefore a high stability radiation thermometer requires controlling the detector, filter and amplifier temperatures.
Calibration and Characterization of the Transfer Standard Radiation Thermometer for an APMP Intercomparison
An Asia‐Pacific Metrology Program (APMP) key comparison of radiance temperature in 0.65 μm was carried out from 1997 to 2000 among seven institutes: NMIJ, KRISS, NIM, CSIRO, NMC, KIM‐LIPI and ITRI. Afterward an APMP supplementary comparison of radiance temperature in 0.9 μm was started. Both of the comparisons employ a transfer standard radiation thermometer as a transfer instrument. This paper describes the calibration and characterization of the 0.65 μm transfer‐standard radiation thermometers. The 0.65 μm thermometer was calibrated according to the ITS‐90. A copper‐point calibration, spectral responsivity measurement and nonlinearity measurement were carried out. The measured spectral responsivity was multiplied by the Planck equation and was integrated over wavelength. The coefficient was determined by the copper‐point calibration. The integral scale of the output V at temperature T was approximated by an interpolation equation, V(T)=C/[exp{c2/(AT+B)}−1]. Here c2 is the second radiation constant and t...
The unfolded universe of elementary particles. A geometric explanation of the standard model structure
We propose a geometric explanation of the standard model of Glashow, Weinberg and Salam for the known elementary particles. Our model is a generic Quantum Field Theory in dimension four, obtained by developing along a Lorentz sub-manifold the lagrangian of Einstein and Dirac in dimension twelve. The main mechanism which gives birth to the standard model is a certain gauge fixing of triality, which permits to identify the multiplicity of fermions, as seen from the four dimensional world, with the eight unseen dimensions of the generating universe. In this way we get the known tables of particles, explaining the series of fermions and the gauge bosons. We suggest that the Higgs field dynamics could appear through a bosonization of the right handed neutrino and correspond to a displacement in the unseen dimensions. We also propose hypotheses for dark matter, and perhaps dark energy. Then we suggest predictions to go beyond the standard model.