Rural Poverty, Income Shocks, And Land Management: An Analysis Of The Linkages In El Salvador
Data collected in surveys of more than 700 Salvadoran households carried out in 1996 and 1998 are used in an econometric analysis of linkages between land and labor use. Particular emphasis is offered on how poor households allocated labor resources in response to the El Nino weather phenomenon of 1997. Implications for resource conservation are offered.
POVERTY, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, AND TAX INCENTIVES IN GOIAS STATE, BRAZIL
The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a statistical relationship between land degradation, poverty, and the PRODUZIR program in the municipalities of Goiás state, Brazil. Based on the understanding of this relationship, knowledge of the factors that may cause and feedback into the cycle of poverty can be gained. Thus, interventions can be proposed to minimize the negative impacts on the environment. The estimated results of the logit model show that the municipalities with a high Gini index have on average a higher probability of having incidence of land degradation compared to other municipalities in the state, i.e., in Goiás state, income inequality suggests greater land degradation. However, municipalities in Goiás that use tax incentives through the PRODUZIR program have on average a lower probability of experiencing land degradation compared to other municipalities that do not use this program.
Did the metamorphosis from Export Processing Zones to Special Economic Zones improve the efficiency of trade enclaves in India?
In this paper, the efficiency of seven conventional Special Economic Zones in India is analyzed, by adopting a stochastic production frontier technique, for the period between 1986–1987 and 2007–2008.Results indicate that although the efficiency scores of these enclaves have improved over the years, specifically with the introduction of the SEZ policy (2000–2001), it is far below the threshold level as identified in the literature. Besides, one can also observe a discrepancy emerging between better export earning zones and efficient zones. On the determinants side, policy intervention and large geographical area, accompanied by clustering of units, are found to have impacted the efficiency scores of these enclaves positively.