Level, Class, and Prospected Safety Performance of a Lightning Protection System for a Complex of Structures (LPCS)
The Standard IEC 62305 provides advanced information for the design of lightning protection of structures (LPS). In determining the position of the air-termination system, two methods are generally suggested: the protective angle method and the rolling sphere method. Adopting a 3-D graphical simulation, the “rolling sphere” method allows one: to analyze the protected volume at the building roof inside of the rolling ply surface; to verify the behavior of the designed air-termination system; to evaluate the contribution of the surrounding structures in limiting the lightning current flowing in the down-conductors. This current affects the probability of dangerous sparking and the separation distance for the protection of internal installations. This paper presents this approach by a case study of a building in a complex of structures: it highlights particularly the worst cases of the lightning impact related to the designed air-termination system.
The lightning protection of a complex of structures (LPCS)
The standard IEC 61024 provides information for the design of lightning protection of structures (LPS). In determining the position of the air-termination system two methods are generally suggested: the protective angle method and the rolling sphere method. The paper discusses some additional criteria for the LPS with reference to a case study of a complex of strategic buildings constituted by existing and historical structures. The paper suggests the mark map that allows to determine globally the interactions between the structures of the complex. It is a graphical method performed by rolling a sphere with a variable radius related to the protection level and to the height of the structure
Simulation and control of hybrid renewable energy system connected to the grid
This paper presents a control and simulation of hybrid renewable energy system connected to the grid. The studied system includes a photovoltaic panel, synchronous permanent magnet generator based wind turbine, and a battery for storage energy. The PV array and wind systems are connected to the common DC bus by a boost converter. The battery is connected by a bi-directional DC/DC converter, and then integrated into the AC utility grid via a common DC/AC inverter. In order to extract the maximum energy, a simulation study has been carried out according to the meteorological conditions (wind speed and variable solar irradiance) while maintaining power quality at a satisfactory level. In order to capture the maximum power, a MPPT algorithm is applied for both wind turbine and photovoltaic panel. The modeling and simulation of the whole system has been performed under Matlab/Simulink environment. The obtained results show that the current and the voltage of grid side are sinusoidal and alternative forms, and the power injected to the grid is around the power produced by the hybrid system.