Diálogo entre municipios y estados: principio de fuente constitucional
States and municipalities are two actors of our constitutional federalism, both with a peculiar relationship of attachment in important decision whereas both holding, at the same time, spaces of autonomy protected by the Constitution; thus, state legislatures have power over the taxing power and the integration of municipalities, which, if misused, would certainly derail the design of power fragmentation foreseen by our founding fathers; this paper explores a body of precedents built by the Supreme Court justifying a constitutional judicial review over these political decisions, which consists of different standards of judicial scrutiny by which to evaluate not the content of what is decided, but the processes of decision making and its assumptions; thus, the model is not to have a judicial power ruling on the merits of the law resulting from their normative relationship, but preoccupied by the openness of political channels, which give rise to those decisions.
 Jueces y política: de la subordinación a la dialéctica
Las relaciones entre jueces y política pueden analizarse desde numerosos puntos de vista. Dado que no es posible agotar en este texto un campo de argumentos tan complejo, desarrollaré algunas consideraciones teniendo como punto de partida definiciones específicas de los dos términos, “jueces” y “política” que están relacionados con el tema del seminario.
L-band 3D imaging of an Alpine Glacier: Results from the AlpTomoSAR campaign
In this paper we present results from the tomographic analysis of L-Band SAR data acquired in February/March 2014 over the Mittelbergferner glacier, Austrian Alps, during the ESA campaign AlpTomoSAR. The campaign includes coincident in-situ measurements of snow and ice properties, as well as high-frequency Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data acquired over a total length of 18 km. The analyses of three-dimensional TomoSAR data cubes shows the complexity of the glacier sub-surface scattering. Most areas are characterized by surface scattering in proximity of the Lidar surface, plus a complex pattern of in-depth volumetric scattering beneath. Various subsurface features observed in GPR transects at 600 MHz and 200 MHz clearly showed up in TomoSAR sections as well. In particular: firn bodies, crevasses, and even the bedrock down to 50 m below the ice surface.