EU ACCESSION AND TRADE INTEGRATION: THE GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE IN THE CASE OF THE EU CANDIDATE COUNTRIES
In the majority of the EU potential members agricultural sector is playing a prominent role. Such an outcome is based on the high contribution of the agricultural sector on GDP, employment and trade accounts. EU initiated bilateral trade liberalization with the Western Balkans through the establishment of the ATPs. Furthermore, trade liberalization is extended in the regional level through the establishment of renewed CEFTA 2006. Despite the significant improvement, their export competitiveness remains weak. In the long run, agricultural exports might contribute on improvement of the export performance of the EU candidates. Main findings of the gravity model employed in this paper suggest that exports are positively affected by product size (GDP), and to lesser extent by the GDP of trading partners. Exports fall with the increase of the distance, and the fall in the value of exports is greater as larger is the distance between the trading partners. Therefore, the marginal fall in exports increases as far as the geographical distance between the trading partners increase. Initial assumptions that PTAs and cultural ties facilities the trade flows were affirmatively confirmed. Trade liberalization had a positive implication on improving export performance of the EU candidate countries.
The Gravity Model in International Trade: Advances And Applications
List of figures List of tables 1. Introduction: the comeback of the gravity equation S. Brakman and P. A. G. van Bergeijk Part I. Methodology: 2. A general equilibrium theory for estimating gravity equations of bilateral FDI, final goods, and intermediate trade flows J. H. Bergstrand and P. Egger 3. The incidence of gravity J. E. Anderson 4. Approximating general equilibrium impacts of trade liberalizations using the gravity equation: applications to NAFTA and the European Economic Area S. L. Baier and J. H. Bergstrand 5. An extended gravity model with substitution applied to international trade J. A. Bikker Part II. Distance in the Gravity Model: 6. Illusory border effects: distance mismeasurement inflates estimates of home bias in trade K. Head and T. Mayer 7. Trade costs, market access and economic geography: why the empirical specification of trade costs matters M. Bosker and H. Garretsen 8. Intangible barriers to international trade: a sectoral approach J. Mohlmann, S. Ederveen, H. L. F. de Groot and G.-J. M. Linders Part III. Specific Applications: 9. International environmental arrangements and international commerce A. Rose and M. Spiegel 10. Diplomatic relations and trade reorientation in transition countries E. Afman and M. Maurel 11. Unlocking the value of cross-border mergers and acquisitions S. Brakman, H. Garretsen, G. Garita and C. van Marrewijk 12. The impact of economic geography on GDP per capita in OECD countries H. Boulhol and A. de Serres Index.
Risk in Nutrition Habits of Slovak Population
The aim of the study was to provide a current assessment of the Slovakian adults self-reported dietary, and identify and analyze differences between females and males in anthropometries, food habits, preferences and eating attitude. Data are from a cross-sectional survey of 1 400 adults (700 males and 700 females) from different regions of Slovakia. Participants reported their usual consumption of meat and milk and their products, fruits and vegetables, legumes, sweets, and drinks. The study found that 34.05 % of participants (38.14 % females, and 30.0 % males) had a normal weight, while in 21.86 % of males and 15.72 % of females (p < 0.01) prevailed light obesity. Participants reported their usual weekly consumption (number of serves) of foods of vegetable and animal origin. The study found that 62.29 % of females were met the weekly consumption of dairy products three times and more (p < 0.001). Males (59.14 %) preferred consumption of pork meat at least once a week and beef (87.14 %). Consumption of poultry was law, with 83.86 % of all participants, having poultry meat at least once a week, 4.21 % eating rabbit meat and 20.43 % having fish (at least once a week). Fresh fruit (p < 0.01) as well as vegetable (p < 0.001) consumed at least three times a week more females than males (62 % and 42 % of females, respectively; p < 0.01). Age and gender difference occurred for more measures, and there were some socio-economic status differences. On the basis of the results of this study, it appears that a significant proportion of the Slovakian adults fall short of current, national dietary and physical activity recommendations for adults. Continual monitoring of these behaviours is essential to help inform research and policy and identify where future efforts should be directed.