A GRAPH FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF ALGEBRAIC TOPOLOGY
The conventional method of describing a graph as a pair (V,E), where V and E repectively denote the sets of vertices and edges, is simple to understand and adopted in many applications. It, however, does not provide a very rich foundation for mathematical endeavor. An alternative approach is to construct a graph in algebraic topological way. In this paper, we explore how this different perspective can help us better understand group theory and topology as well as the theory of graph.
In Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia
The Cold War was the period of protracted conflict and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their allies from the late 1940s until the late 1980s. The main U.S. allies were Western Europe, Turkey, Japan and Canada. The main Soviet allies were Eastern Europe and (until the Sino-Soviet Split) China. Throughout the period, the rivalry between the two superpowers was played out in multiple arenas: military coalitions, ideology, a massive conventional and nuclear arms race, and proxy wars.
Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (Panthera atrox) from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska
Skull and forelimb fragments of the large, extinct cat (Panthera atrox) from Pleistocene sediments in the Dawson area, Yukon Territory, are the first records of the species for Canada. A further specimen from the Kaolak River, near the arctic coast of Alaska, significantly extends the known northward range of this cat. The species has been reported from approximately 26 localities from Alaska to Peru, and may have migrated from Eurasia just prior to the Sangamon interglacial. Data reviewed suggest that Panthera atrox from North America, the Eurasian "cave lion" Panthera leo spelaea, and the large Chinese cat Panthera youngi are conspecific.