The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act: Federal Leadership in State Reform
The policies advanced by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, while generally viewed as a success, are seen by some as a failure that may even abet juveniles in the commission of crime. After tracing the evolution of federal juvenile justice legislation and examining arrest and treatment data, the authors confront the criticisms aimed at the Act, and find reason for considerable optimism. Nationwide, the number, proportion, and rate of juvenile arrests have fallen more than the juvenile population, and many states appear to have made substantial progress in improving the processing and treatment of juveniles. The authors conclude that the Act is a continuing source of federal leadership for state innovation.
approach to punishment Mapping the shadow carceral state : Toward an institutionally capacious
The expansion of the US carceral state has been accompanied by the emergence of what we call the ‘shadow carceral state’. Operating beyond the confines of criminal law and justice institutions, the shadow carceral state expands penal power through institutional annexation and legal hybridity, including: (1) increased civil and administrative pathways to incarceration; (2) the creation of civil ‘alternatives’ to invalidated criminal statutes; and (3) the incorporation of criminal law into administrative legal processes in ways that enhance state carceral power. Although legal doctrine deems civil and administration sanctions to be ‘not-punishment’, we call for a broad understanding of penal power and
Inference and Evidence in Archaeology: A Discussion of the Conceptual Problems
Publisher Summary This chapter dicsusses the general features of scientific inference and explains the way inference has been discussed by archaeologists. It presents an explication of current problems in the various areas: (1) the justification of archaeological conclusions, (2) the concepts of archaeological evidence, and (3) the undeveloped relations between archaeological theory and archaeological evidence. The chapter defines these problems and explains the way to resolve them. To resolve many of the problems surrounding uncertain links between inference and evidence, archaeologists should develop a rigorous model that specifies the way information about the past is transmitted to the present via material remains. The chapter presents the structure of such a model. However, establishing relevant data to support conclusions about past phenomena is only part of the overall process of generating archaeological knowledge. Some of the processes responsible for producing the material remains that archaeologists manipulate in assembling evidence to support claims about past phenomena are described in the chapter.