Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals ( Cu , Zn , and PB ) Contaminated Water Using Water Hyacinth ( Eichornia Crassipes ) 1
Water samples contaminated with heavy metals (Zn, Cu and Pb) were subjected to phytoremediation method using water hyacinth (E. crassipes) for the period of 8 weeks. The study involved the preparation of the heavy metals solutions in different concentrations (their pH values supplemented) into eight 40L plastic containers, with six containers having the solutions of heavy metals (Zn, Cu and Pb in their replicates) while two plastic containers served as the control. Thereafter, the experiment was monitored and analyzed for 8 weeks for metal accumulation by the plant. Water analysis was carried out to know the concentration of heavy metals present in the water during these periods and the plants were also analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results obtained were further interpreted using SPSS (T-test) to determine the mean concentration obtained from week 1 to week 8.The results obtained for Zn were 0.28 ,0.23 ,0.13 ,0.04 ,BDL,0.02 ,BDL,BDL .Also the results obtained for Cu from week 1 to week 8 were 0.04 ,0.07 ,0.03, BDL ,BDL ,BDL ,BDL ,BDL. More so, the results obtained for Pb from week 1 to week 8 were 0.13, 0.45, 0.05, BDL, BDL, BDL, BDL, BDL. At the end of the 8 weeks of remediation, it was observed that the concentrations of the metals in the water were below the detection limit but accumulated in the plant. Also, the results of the Bioconcentration factor (BCF) showed that the investigated plant (E.crassipes) hyperaccummulated Zn than other heavy metals. Therefore, heavy metal uptake by E. crassipes using phytoremediation technology seems to be a prosperous way to remediate heavy metal contaminated environment.
A review on the phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon.
Oil spillage as a result of petroleum industry activities and pipe-line vandalization by saboteurs is a frequent occurrence in oil-producing regions of the world. Conventional oil spill clean-up techniques involve physical and chemical processes that do more damage to the aquatic ecosystem than the oil spill itself. Consequently, the need arises to evolve or develop a more environment-friendly technique that will not only clean-up the environment but also restore the aquatic ecosystem to its status before the oil spill. Phytoremediation, which involves the use of plant to detoxify polluted site, appears to be promising in this regard. It is environment-friendly as well as cost-effective but may take more time than the conventional methods because it is a natural process.
Mean field model of a game for power
Abstract Our aim is to model a game for power (equivalent to total energy) as a dynamical process, where an excess of power possessed by a player allows him to gain even more power. Such a positive feedback is often termed as the Matthew effect. Analytical and numerical methods allow to identify a set of stationary states, i.e. fixed points of the model dynamics. The positions of the unstable fixed points give an insight on the basins of attraction of the stable fixed points. The results are interpreted in terms of modeling of coercive power.