Cases C-403/08 and C-429/08 FA Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others; and Karen Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd, 4 Oct 2011
The FA Premier League (“FAPL”) runs the Premier League, the leading professional football league competition for football clubs in England. FAPL’s activities include commercially exploiting the ass ...
From Leonardo to the Next Rembrandt – The Need for AI-Pessimism in the Age of Algorithms
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a part of our daily life, and “algorithmic creativity” has similarly gained a spotlight recently. From paintings to music, machines generate outputs that seem to comply with various prerequisites of copyright protection. The idea (and to some degree the need) to honour such achievements by legal protection has also emerged. This article demonstrates that contrary to the view of the proponents of an AI-copyright regime, time has not ripened for AI-copyright. The core elements of copyright law - namely the concept of authorship, originality and moral rights, as well as copyright’s history and incentives - are deeply rooted in an anthropocentric (although not only author-centric) world. Unless paradigm shift in copyright law, the lack of direct human element of an AI-generated output shall lead to the unavailability of copyright protection for these outputs. The article similarly highlights why the proposed alternative forms of copyright related rights or sui generis protection are doctrinally unfounded or practically unfit to provide for a sound solution that does not destroy the existing copyright regime and diminish the value of human creations.
Similarities in protozoan and flatworm habituation behavior.
ONE problem in the study of habituation in protozoa is that similar results, given the same experimental manipulations, may not be obtained in metazoa. I shall compare habituation behaviour in the protozoan Spirostomum with that in the micrometazoan Rhabdocoel flatworm Stenostomum; it remains to be shown whether there is a correspondence between protozoa and metazoa both in behaviour and in their underlying chemical processes. Both these organisms contract in response to mechanical and touch stimuli: when subjected to repeated stimulation, they habituate1. Furthermore, the more intense the stimulus, the longer it takes for habituation to occur1.