IMPLEMENTATION OF PUAP PROGRAM (PENGEMBANGAN USAHA AGRIBISNIS PERDESAAN/ RURAL AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT EFFORT) IN NGAWI REGENCY
Implementation Of PUAP Program (Pengembangan Usaha Agribisnis Perdesaan/ Rural Agribusiness Development Effort) In Ngawi Regency. The Indonesian Government through the Ministry of agriculture in 2008 the new policy to overcome the basic problem faced released by the farmers through capital assistance given to Gapoktan (Gabungan Kelompok Tani/joint of farmer group) in poor villages, every Gapoktan receive donation Rp. 100.000.000,00 to  create Microfinance Institution-Agriculture (MFI-A). This policy is known as PUAP (Pengembangan Usaha Agribisnis Perdesaan/Rural Agribusiness Developement). In this research I want to analyze the implementation of PUAP program in Ngawi Regency in order to know why in such gapoktan this program can be well implemented while in others gapoktan cannot. And finally we can design the better implementation of PUAP program in Ngawi Regency. To conduct this research, I will start by stating two basic questions: What are the supporting factors implementations of the PUAP program? And what are constraining factors of implementations of the PUAP program?. The research result shows that the constraining factors consist of: Socialization process conducted by gapoktan still not optimal, The lack of an existing Penyelia Mitra Tani in Ngawi, The lack of willingness of the officials of gapoktan to work, no assessments from the government to actors involved in PUAP program, The abuse of authority by the officials of gapoktan, Bad appointment of bureaucrats in gapoktan, Lack of financial support, fragmentation among companions. While for supporting factors consist of : Principle of openness that has been implemented by official of gapoktan, Good behavior had by most of actors involved in the implementation of PUAP program.
Implementasi Kebijakan: Perspektif, Model dan Kriteria Pengukurannya
Eugene Bardach dalam tulisannya mengatakan bahwapenulis yang lebih awal memberikan perhatian terhadapmasalah implementasi ialah Douglas R. Bunker dalampenyajiannya di depan the American Association for theAdvancement of Science pada tahun 1970. Pada saat itudisajikan untuk pertama kali secara konseptual tentangproses implementasi kebijakan sebagai suatu fenomenasosial politik (Edward III, 1984: 1). Konsep tersebutkemudian semakin marak dibicarakan seiring denganbanyaknya pakar yang memberikan kontribusi pemikiranmengenai implementasi kebijakan sebagai salah satutahap dari proses kebijakan. Wahab dan beberapa penulismenempatkan tahap implementasi kebijakan pada posisiyang berbeda, namun pada prinsipnya setiap kebijakanpublik selalu ditindaklanjuti dengan implementasikebijakan (Wahab, 1991: 117). Oleh karena itu,implementasi merupakan tahap yang sangat menentukandalam proses kebijakan (Ripley dan Franklin, 1982,dalam Tarigan, 2000: 14; Wibawa dkk., 1994: 15).
Did the metamorphosis from Export Processing Zones to Special Economic Zones improve the efficiency of trade enclaves in India?
In this paper, the efficiency of seven conventional Special Economic Zones in India is analyzed, by adopting a stochastic production frontier technique, for the period between 1986–1987 and 2007–2008.Results indicate that although the efficiency scores of these enclaves have improved over the years, specifically with the introduction of the SEZ policy (2000–2001), it is far below the threshold level as identified in the literature. Besides, one can also observe a discrepancy emerging between better export earning zones and efficient zones. On the determinants side, policy intervention and large geographical area, accompanied by clustering of units, are found to have impacted the efficiency scores of these enclaves positively.