Welfare, Work, and Poverty Status of Female- Headed Families with Children: 1987-2013
The report focuses on welfare dependency and work engagement among single mothers, a major dynamic that welfare reform and accompanying policy changes have attempted to affect. It also examines the role of programs other than Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) in providing support to single female-headed families with children.
Reproductive Citizenship: Women of Color and Coercive Sterilization in North Carolina 1950-1980
Reproductive Citizenship: Women of Color and Coercive Sterilization in North Caroli n 1950-1980 by Serena Sebring Department of Sociology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Supervisor ___________________________ Linda Burton ___________________________ Wahneema Lubiano ___________________________ Phil Morgan ___________________________ Suzanne Shanahan An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 Copyright by Serena Sebring 2012 iv Abstract This dissertation develops an original theoretical framework of reproductive citizenship using a historical case study, which explores the history of coerci ve sterilization of women of color in North Carolina between 1950-1980. It traces the ideological, political, economic, and social factors that led to a neo-eugenic sterilization campaign impacting over 3,000 women of color who were sterilized under state order. Data was drawn from historical sources including: the rec ords of the North Carolina Eugenics Board, policy documents and statutes, trial records, articles in contemporary periodicals, manuscript records of social service p oviders activist groups, and recorded statements of coercive sterilization survivors . The study employs two comparative historical methodological strategies: first, a time-period comparison contrasting the periods 1950-1964 and 1965-1980; and second, a group comparison highlighting the similarities and differences between black and A merican Indian women along three theoretically-significant dimensions. The comparisons revealed important distinctions in: (1) how each group was framed within contemporary popular discourse regarding race, reproduction, and welfare provision; (2) the relationship of each group to the state welfare sy stem; and (3) how each group was affected by the neo-eugenic sterilization campaign l ed by the North Carolina Eugenics Board. My findings show that for the first time per iod regarding ideological discourses women of color were framed through disc ourses of social threats, particularly surrounding paternalistic discourse of fee blemindedness,
Neuronal uptake inhibitors, nisoxetine and fluoxetine on rat vascular contractions.
The importance of neuronal uptake processes in rat arteries and veins was compared using nisoxetine and fluoxetine, selective inhibitors for neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, respectively. Nisoxetine (10(-7) - 10(-5) M) increased the sensitivity to exogenous norepinephrine in the portal and mesenteric veins (10-fold) and in the mesenteric artery (2.5-fold). Responses to field stimulation were also increased afternisoxetine in all three vessels. After nisoxetine, aortic responses to norepinephrine were unaltered and in all tissues, serotonin-induced contractions were reduced. Fluoxetine did not potentiate responses to norepinephrine or to field stimulation except in the mesenteric vein where sensitivity to norepinephrine was increased and the relaxation rate after field stimulation was prolonged. Although serotonin has been detected in blood vessels, fluoxetine did not increase vascular responses to serotonin. These studies suggest that rat mesenteric veins have a highly sensitive neuronal uptake mechanism of norepinephrine. Furthermore, these data provide indirect evidence against a functionally important serotonergic uptake process in rat blood vessels and suggest that neuronal uptake of serotonin does not exert a major role in terminating the vascular action of this biogenic amine.