Realization of an indirect solar dryer: With a plan sensor for fruits and vegetables
With 2200 kW/year/m2 of sunshine (National Office of Meteorology — Algeria), Algeria enjoys favorable climatic conditions to use the sun as a source of thermal energy for drying agricultural products. Indeed drying offers the possibility of recovery of surplus fruits and vegetables by their conservation for future consumption. Indirect drying gives better results (nutritional and taste viewpoint) compared to direct drying (traditional), taking into account the quality of dried products. An indirect solar dryer, conducted at the National Institute of Agronomy, gave satisfactory results.
Construction of an indirect solar dryer with a photovoltaic system and optimised speed control
With a radiant energy of 4.5 kWh/m2 (International Power Plant in Iran), Iran has a good potential for using solar thermal energy to dehumidify products in the agricultural and pharmaceutical industry. In fact, drying provides the possibility of restoring surplus products due to its longer shelf life, for future use. Indirect drying results are better results (nutrition and taste) than direct drying. Indirect solar dryer today works in many countries in industrial and lower levels of humidity and is quite satisfactory. It should be noted that the electronic and control system is embedded in data creation and air flow when necessary. The solar dryer is a device that performs the drying of different products with the use of renewable energies, in other words, performs dehumidifying operations without even using 1 W of electricity from the city.
Gut immunity in Lepidopteran insects.
Lepidopteran insects constitute one of the largest fractions of animals on earth, but are considered pests in their relationship with man. Key to the success of this order of insects is its ability to digest food and absorb nutrition, which takes place in the midgut. Because environmental microorganisms can easily enter Lepidopteran guts during feeding, the innate immune response guards against pathogenic bacteria, virus and microsporidia that can be devoured with food. Gut immune responses are complicated by both resident gut microbiota and the surrounding peritrophic membrane and are distinct from immune responses in the body cavity, which depend on the function of the fat body and hemocytes. Due to their relevance to agricultural production, studies of Lepidopteran insect midgut and immunity are receiving more attention, and here we summarize gut structures and functions, and discuss how these confer immunity against different microorganisms. It is expected that increased knowledge of Lepidopteran gut immunity may be utilized for pest biological control in the future.