Venus: Where has all the water gone?
Conditions on the surface of venus are reviewed and evidence for the existence of a hydrosphere assessed. Escape mechanisms are examined and found to be insufficient to explain the presumed absence of liquid water on venus. The consequences of a hot, acidic hydrosphere are explored as is marginal evidence for biological activity.
Origin and evolution of atmospheres and oceans
In recent years it has become evident that the atmosphere and oceans have been produced by the outgassing of volatile materials from the earth's interior, principally from volcanoes. In 1950 W. W. Rubey presented geological evidence indicating that sea water has progressively accumulated in this way. At about the same time, Harrison Brown pointed out that the very low abundances of the noble gases in the earth's atmosphere constituted compelling evidence that at least the atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen were almost entirely of secondary origin, having been outgassed, possibly in different chemical form.
A slowly rotating coil system for AC field measurements of Fermilab Booster correctors
A method for measurement of rapidly changing magnetic fields has been developed and applied to the testing of new room temperature corrector packages designed for the Fermilab Booster Synchrotron. The method is based on fast digitization of a slowly rotating tangential coil probe, with analysis combining the measured coil voltages across a set of successive magnet current cycles. This paper presents results on the field quality measured for the normal and skew dipole, quadrupole, and sextupole elements in several of these corrector packages.