Study on feasibility of drip irrigation in shallow ground water zones of eastern India
Although the effectiveness and economics of drip irrigation systems are well established in areas having undulating topography and water scarcity, its economics in plain areas bestowed with good quality ground water at shallow depths are not yet studied. Due to this, there is confusion among farmers as well as planners regarding the guidelines for selection and propagation of this system in such areas. This study attempts to evolve guidelines for deciding the economic threshold value of fixed cost of drip irrigation system for sugarcane crop. Nomographs have been developed to find the threshold value of economic fixed cost of drip irrigation system (exclusive of pumping unit) for a combination of variables, depth of water table, yield level under check basin irrigation, expected yield gain with adoption of drip system, irrigation requirement with check basin, and electricity charges. The perusal of nomographs shows that the factors influencing the economics of drip irrigation in order of importance are yield gain ratio, electricity charges, irrigation requirement and depth of ground water.
Realizing the potential: using pumps to enhance productivity in the Eastern Indo- Gangetic Plains
Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (EIGP) comprising of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal in India, Nepal tarai and plains of Bangladesh, though endowed with rich water resources has very low produtivity. This region is characterized as “High potential low productivity” area. Though, the ground water development in the region has increased substantially during the last decade (19.2% and 24.2% in 1993 to 33.2 and 32.2% in 1998, respectively in the two states of Bihar and West Bengal) its utilization is poor owing mainly to improper irrigation scheduling and selection of pumps and poor pump efficiencies, unreliable energy supply, and lack of information to users. The tail reaches in most of the canal command also depend on groundwater irrigation. Pump is the predominant device used for lifting of groundwater. In the past two to three decades, pump technology has been spreading rapidly resulting in crucial transformation of the irrigated agriculture in areas such as EIGP that previously had been unable to take full advantage of the “green revolution” technology due to lack of irrigation water. The recent adoption of pump technology was far more rapid in Bangladesh, but much slower in Bihar and Nepal tarai. Density of the pumping unit in the eastern region (around 105 pumps / thousand ha) is far low as compared to agriculturally developed states–such as Punjab (225 pumps / thousand ha in 1993-94) and Haryana (148 pumps/thousand ha). This not only resulted in under utilization of ground water but also poor realization of benefits from the groundwater. Small and highly fragmented land holdings, unreliable / erratic energy supplies, poor economic conditions and lack of infrastructure facilities are some of the reasons for under utilization of groundwater. In the EIGP, use of diesel operated pumps is predominant, as more than 90% of the pumps are diesel operated. Efficiency of pumping units is also a serious concern. Small and cost effective interventions, e.g. improvement in fittings and foot / reflux valves, can substantially increase pump efficiency. Conjunctive use of groundwater in canal command has been demonstrated to enhance the crop yields under rice-wheat system by more than two folds and encourage groundwater utilization. Groundwater market is another opportunity, which needs to be explored in large scale to provide irrigation facilities to small farm holders who can not afford tube wells/shallow tube wells and/or find it uneconomical to own it. Groundwater markets have grown in Bangladesh, West Bengal, in parts of eastern U.P. and North Bihar to a certain extent. There are also evidences to support the concept and functioning of community/group tube Using Pumps to Enhance Productivity in the Eastern IGP 201 wells operated by groups of small and marginal farmers in backward regions of eastern U.P. (Deoria) and north Bihar (Vaishali). The paper presents a brief description of various efforts made to enhance productivity in the EIGP together with challenges in groundwater management including cost effective and energy efficient technologies and participatory on-farm water management.
Study on workspace analysis and simulation of 6-DOF painting robot based on monte-carlo method
Comparing recent kinds of methods working on robot workspace when we design to calculate the workspace of 6R painting robot,we bring Monte-Carlo method to analysis the workspace according to the actual working condition. With robot Tool Center Point(TCP) position aggregate via the solution of forward kinetic equation,Monte-Carlo method analysis and simulate painting robot workspace efficiently.