Characterization of the materials in golf ball construction for use in finite element analysis
The overall aim of the present work is to develop suitable material tests and use the acquired data to produce a fully validated finite element (FE) model that is capable of predicting hysteresis during cyclic loading as well as coefficient of restitution (COR) on high speed impacts. This paper reports the detailed experimental study that has been carried out in order to establish accurate and reliable material properties of a two-piece golf ball. The data has been used with FE package ABAQUS to produce a model of the ball which takes into account material heterogeneity. © 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. "
Max Golf Balls: Biodegradable and Sustainable Golf Balls
Golf is a game enjoyed and played around the world, at a detriment to the environment. The sport is typically associated with the destruction of habitats and increased usages of pesticides and herbicides. However, an often overlooked consequence is the environmental damage of the estimated 300 million golf balls that are lost in the United States in a year. These lost golf balls never truly breakdown and leach heavy metals into the surrounding soil and water as they fall apart. Max Golf Balls are a green alternative, made of entirely biodegradable materials. Under proper composting conditions, the ball would break down in as quickly as two months. Their performance was tested and was found to be comparable to standard golf balls, so a consumer would not impact their game or enjoyment by switching to the environmentally-friendly golf balls.
Study of Influences of Characteristics of Golf Club Head on Release Velocity and Spin Rate of Golf Ball after Impact.
In this paper, the effects of the physical characteristics of a golf club head are investigated on its performance in order to develop a superior club head. Here the physical characteristics are the magnitude of the moment of inertia and the depth the center of gravity. And the performances are the release velocity, the spin rate of the ball and the size of the uniform velocity ratio. In the numerical analysis, several kinds of club head are modeled with different moment of inertia and depth of the center of gravity. For every club head model, the ball is hit from various impact points, and the release velocity, the spin rate and the size of the uniform velocity ratio are calculated. The results are as follows. When the moment of inertia increases, the spin rate decreases and the release velocity increases. The size of the uniform velocity ratio also increases. When the moment of inertia about the horizontal axis or the one about the vertical axis increases, the width in vertical direction or the one in horizontal direction increases, respectively. When the ball hits at the heel side or toe side, the bigger the depth of the center of gravity is, the bigger the spin rate is. The sensitivities of the physical characteristics of club head on the performance, also, can be obtained.