AN-4140 Transformer Design Consideration for Offline Flyback Converters Using Fairchild Power Switch ( FPS TM ) 1
For flyback coverters, the transformer is the most important factor that determines the performance such as the efficiency, output regulation and EMI. Contrary to the normal transformer, the flyback transformer is inherently an inductor that provides energy storage, coupling and isolation for the flyback converter. In the general transformer, the current flows in both the primary and secondary winding at the same time. However, in the flyback transformer, the current flows only in the primary winding while the energy in the core is charged and in the secondary winding while the energy in the core is discharged. Usually gap is introduced between the core to increase the energy storage capacity.
Design, implementation and comparative analysis of an 18-pulse input flyback converter based switched mode power supply
Switch Mode Power Supply forms an integral component of the modern day power supply systems. Owing to multiple voltage conversion requirements, there is need for a SMPS system which not only mitigates the system harmonics but also provides an efficient and reliable power conversion. In this paper, an 18-pulse input fly-back converter based SMPS system has been proposed which intends to overcome the drawbacks associated with existing 18-pulse input power supply system, based on performance parameters and overall system cost. The proposed system has been designed, implemented and thoroughly analyzed using MATLAB Simulink. Also a comparative study with the existing system has been carried based on the obtained performance parameters.
The Impact of EU Unfair Contract Terms Law on U.S. Business-to-Consumer Internet Merchants
When the Court of Appeals for Versailles issued its decision in AOL France v. UFC Que Choisir2 in September 2005, it sent the message to U.S. Internet businesses that even contractual boilerplate localized for European markets may be invalid in European consumer transactions. In that case, a French consumer advocacy group challenged the terms AOL offered its French customers after AOL had made extensive revisions to its standard form contracts to respond to the concerns regarding those terms expressed in an advisory opinion by a French consumer protection agency. In 2004, a trial court invalidated nearly every term in the revised agreement; the appeals court affirmed on all counts. Subsequently, in July 2006 following concerns raised by the Office of Fair Trading (“OFT”), a United Kingdom government agency charged with “making sure markets work well for consumers,”3 Dell Corporation Limited changed its online terms and conditions to make them fairer to consumers.4 European consumer contract law had an impact in both cases. At issue for AOL France and Dell Corporation Limited was the application of France’s and the UK’s consumer contract law which is based on the Unfair Contract Terms Directive of 19945 and calls into question the validity of many of the terms that U.S. courts routinely enforce in transactions involving American consumers and merchants.