Tumor-inducing properties of the mammary tumor agent in young and adult mice.
The mammary tumor-inducing activity of the mammary tumor agent was studied by the administration of either one or five injections of fractions of transplanted mammary cancer into mice ranging in age from 22 to 126 days.

The concentration of the fractions represented the amount of the agent derived from either 2 × 10-2 or 10-3 gm. equivalents of fresh tissue.

In general, the incidences observed in adult mice could not be correlated with the amount of the agent that was injected.

The highest incidence occurred in the progeny of the mice which received a single injection of the fraction with the lowest concentration of the agent.

The transmission of the agent was observed following the administration of the mammary tumor agent into both young and adult females.

No significant difference was to be seen in the transmission of the agent in the milk of either cancerous or noncancerous experimental mice.

Data were presented suggesting that the age resistance to the tumor-inducing action of the mammary tumor agent may be determined, in part, by the genetic constitution of the test animals. Other possibilities were discussed.
Clinical implications of immunity to oncogenic viruses.
The evidence pointing to a viral etiology for at least some forms of human cancer, a possibility that has long been considered on the basis of animal studies, has continued to accumulate to such an extent that viral oncologists must now reevaluate their clinical and experimental data in order to consider which specific approaches are now ready for clinical trials. Although ethical restrictions continue to inhibit attempts to prove that specific viruses cause certain human tumors, as outlined by Bryan et al. (1967; Bryan, 1962), epidemiological studies have been able to suggest not only which human tumors are most likely to be caused by infectious agents (Burkitt, 1962; Cole et al., 1968; Correa and O’Conor, 1971; Heath and Hasterlik, 1963; Kessler, 1974; Levine, 1974; Levine and Gravell, 1975; Morrow et al., 1971) but some have even suggested the pattern of the agents’ transmission (Kessler, 1976; Vianna et al., 1971).
Evaluation of Analgesic Effect of Caudal Epidural Tramadol, Tramadol-Lidocaine, and Lidocaine in Water Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis)
Aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effect of tramadol and a combination of tramadol-lidocaine with that produced by lidocaine administration in the epidural space in buffalo calves. In a prospective randomized crossover study, ten male buffalo calves were used to compare the epidural analgesic effect of tramadol (1 mg/kg) and tramadol-lidocaine combination (0.5 mg/kg and 0.11 mg/kg, resp.) with that produced by 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg). Loss of sensation was examined by pin-prick test. Onset time, duration, and degree of analgesia and ataxia were recorded after each treatment. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature, and haematobiochemical parameters were recorded after all treatments. Time to onset and duration of analgesia, respectively, were as follows: tramadol 11 ± 2 min and 208 ± 15 min; tramadol-lidocaine 6 ± 2 min and 168 ± 9 min; lidocaine 4 ± 1 min and 67 ± 13 min. Onset time and duration were significantly longer with tramadol than the other treatments. Duration was significantly longer with tramadol-lidocaine than lidocaine. Ataxia was mildly observed in tramadol-lidocaine and was moderate in lidocaine. HR, RR, and rectal temperature did not differ significantly from baseline after any treatment. Haematobiochemical parameters returned to basal levels by 24 h after all treatments. This combination might be clinically useful to provide analgesia in buffalo for long-duration surgical procedures.