Safe DC outlet and arc suppressor
This paper introduces a new solid-state circuit for DC power outlet with arc suppression capability. The principle of operation is to detect the load connection instant (or disconnection) to immediately energize (or de-energize) the outlet. The two poles mechanical assembly is formed by a permanent magnet in the two poles receptacle, a Hall Effect sensor in the jack and a solid estate device to perform the electric connection o dis connection of the electric load.
Power contact arc suppression An investigation into the relative effectiveness of snubbers vs. an engineered electronic power contact arc suppressor
Power contact arc suppression is specific to arcing in contacts that switch currents in excess of one ampere. To facilitate this discussion, a contact arc suppression figure-of-merit is introduced enabling a comparison of arc suppression effectiveness between electronic components and engineered solutions. This “Contact Arc Suppression Factor” (CASF), is the ratio of the arc energy without suppression over the residual arc energy with suppression. A CASF of 1 indicates no effect whereas a CASF of 1000 indicates a 99.9 percent reduction in arc energy. This paper concludes by summarizing the relevant key elements from this investigation that enabled the construction of power contact arc suppressors capable of suppressing arc currents well in the kilo ampere range irrespective of the type of load driven by operating voltages in the kilo volt range.
Convergence Anatomization of Aquaculture Production in Leading Fish-Producing Countries During the Period of 1997-2013
Growth and national importance of aquaculture production is empirically assessed as an important indicator of development. The present article aims to test whether the major aquaculture producing countries of the world are converging over time. The authors have applied the absolute and conditional beta convergence and sigma convergence approaches on the data of FAO for the period 1997-2013. The results show that there is an absolute beta convergence and sigma convergence among 25 major aquaculture producing countries; negative sign of coefficient of conditional beta convergence with per capita income is also noticed. It implies, the growth rates of aquaculture for developed nations are declining with rise in per capita income and backward fish-intensive countries are catching up with the giant producers like China and India. The cross-country variations are also going down which means that the countries' development gaps are getting narrowed by means of growth of aquaculture resources.