Spray Dryer Parameters for Fruit Juice Drying
2 Abstract: Spray drying is one of the most complex methods for fruit juice drying. Fruit juice is very sensitive and affected the different drying parameters. These parameters should be tested and determined before the design of the dryers. With laboratory spray dryer the basic parameters for drying of orange juice with 65% concentration was studied. The investigated parameters include: drying agent material, feed flow rate inlet and outlet air temperature and sticky point temperature. Tests were performed without and with agent materials and studied the different operating condition of spray drying and the sticky point temperature for orange juice powder. The results of statistical analysis of experimental data show that the parameters of inlet air temperature and feed flow rate have significant effect on the dryer yield and wall deposit of spray dryer individually and jointly. Also with the addition of liquid glucose, the optimum conditions have been obtained with feed flow rate of 15 ml min , inlet air temperature of 130°C and outlet air temperature of 85°C. For the orange powder 1 containing 2% moisture, the sticky point temperature was 44°C.
HIGH-TEMPERATURE SPRAY DRYING
This paper summarizes the results of long-term studies on high-temperature spray drying performed at the Institute of Engineering Thermophysics in Kiev. Two-stage processing involving evaporation followed by drying is proposed to dewater very dilute and temperature-sensitive materials. A new calculation procedure, which accounts for the gas-particle flow pattern and process kinetics, is given along with the performance data for selected drying plants designed according to the procedure developed.
Thorium-induced Anatomical and Histopathological Changes in Liver of Swiss Mice
ObjectivePresent study is aimed to investigate the anatomical and histopathological changes in liver tissues of Swiss albino male mice, one month after intravenous administration of thorium (232Th; 4 and 40 mg/kg).MethodsSynchrotron X-ray micro-CT imaging, CD31 immuno-cytochemistry, hematoxylin & eosin staining and Periodic acid-Schiff staining were performed to study changes in liver anatomy, blood vessels/capillaries, histology and glycogen content of liver, respectively.ResultsSynchrotron X-ray micro-CT imaging of liver showed loss of blood vessels in mice treated with thorium (4 mg/kg), which was more prominent at higher dose of thorium (40 mg/kg). These thorium-induced changes in liver were correlated with the decrease in CD31 positive cells and loss of tissue architecture. A dose-dependent increase in glycogen content was also observed in the liver of thorium-treated mice.ConclusionOur results provide novel insight about the effects of thorium on liver, which may have significant implications in understanding the mechanism of thorium thorium-induced hepatotoxicity.