Spray Dryer Parameters for Fruit Juice Drying
2 Abstract: Spray drying is one of the most complex methods for fruit juice drying. Fruit juice is very sensitive and affected the different drying parameters. These parameters should be tested and determined before the design of the dryers. With laboratory spray dryer the basic parameters for drying of orange juice with 65% concentration was studied. The investigated parameters include: drying agent material, feed flow rate inlet and outlet air temperature and sticky point temperature. Tests were performed without and with agent materials and studied the different operating condition of spray drying and the sticky point temperature for orange juice powder. The results of statistical analysis of experimental data show that the parameters of inlet air temperature and feed flow rate have significant effect on the dryer yield and wall deposit of spray dryer individually and jointly. Also with the addition of liquid glucose, the optimum conditions have been obtained with feed flow rate of 15 ml min , inlet air temperature of 130°C and outlet air temperature of 85°C. For the orange powder 1 containing 2% moisture, the sticky point temperature was 44°C.
Fig extract drying: The relationship between the main operating parameters of a pilot‐scale spray dryer and product specifications
Abstract This study aims to optimize extraction and drying conditions of fig syrup. Drying was done in a pilot scale two‐fluid nozzle spray dryer. A total of 27 experiments were conducted with varying inlet air temperatures, air flow rates, and also a maltodextrin (MD)‐ low methoxyl pectin (LMP) ratios. While feed rate, feed temperature, and compressed air flow rate of the atomizer were kept constant. The results of differential scanning calorimetry revealed that high levels of glucose and fructose in the extract resulted in a low glass transition temperature of fig syrup. By an increase in the inlet air temperature, the powder bulk density decreased. However, the MD:LMP ratio and the air flow rate were not significantly effective (p < 0/05) in changing the bulk density. SEM micrographs of spray‐dried particles and particle size distribution analysis showed that particles were largely in a range of 5 to 50 μm. The best powders were obtained at an inlet air temperature of 170°C.
Prevalence of lice on dairy cattle in England and the bordering counties of Wales
A postal questionnaire was used to collect information on the prevalence of lice on cattle on a random sample of dairy farms in England and the bordering counties of Wales. Replies were received from 1040 (52.8 per cent) of the 1970 farms which were mailed. Fifty per cent of farmers reported having ever seen or suspected lice in their herds and 29 per cent reported possible infestations in the winter of 1996/97. Visits were made to 24 farms in the south west of England during February 1998. Twelve of the farmers said that they had seen or suspected lice in their herd since October 1997, and that lice were more frequently observed on the adult cattle. However, examination revealed lice on 18 of the 24 farms, and adult cattle were the least likely group to be infested.