Applications of new technology in power substations
The authors describe the applications of some of the more modern technologies to instrument designed specifically to operate in utility substation environments. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of CMOS logic, processor, and memory circuits, high-density flexible magnetic disk media, and high-capacity Winchester technology storage devices. The operating history of a number of units over a five-year period is reported, as well as the steps taken to protect these devices in a hostile environment. In addition, areas requiring specific improvement and adaptation are noted.<<ETX>>
Field Experience of Digital Fault Recorders and Distance Relay in EHV Substations
Five samples of a digital fault recorder have been in use since 1981 in the EDF's 400 kV substations. After a description of their design and performances (5 kHz sampling frequency on each of the 8 analog and 16 logical inputs), this paper gives some examples of the data they have collected. Particularly, one recorder has monitored a digital distance relay, and allowed a precise analysis of its behaviour. An evaluation of operational and reliability results is given.
Cultural constraints on the delivery of HIV/AIDS prevention in Ireland.
HIV appeared in Ireland following an opiate epidemic in the early 1980s. Initially, however, the gay community mounted the only response to the spread of the virus while the implementation of early actions by the government was hampered by the constructions of the disease within Irish society. This paper considers the influence of the religious hierarchy in both the development of AIDS policy and in the shaping of public perceptions of the disease and those affected. A qualitative methodology is used to examine the role of such cultural constraints in an evaluation of the social context within which the prevention of HIV infection occurs. Three key issues pertinent to the policy context in Ireland are explored in depth. These are the role of the Catholic Church, the influences on health education programmes, particularly information giving, and the development of services and other interventions. These findings are discussed within the social and political contexts in which health policy is formulated.