The Choledochoduodenal Junction in Sheep and Goat
The choledochoduodenal junction was studied in 15 sheep, 5 goats and 7 sheep fetuses by maceration technique, microdissection, and by microscopic examination. The bile duct extended from the junction of the hepatic and cystic ducts, entered the duodenum at the beginning of its descending part on the dorsomedial aspect, ran distally in the wall for about 1.5 cm and ended with an opening facing distally without raising a papilla. The average length of the bile duct was 8 cm; its structure along its course was also described.
The terminal parts of the bile and pancreatic ducts and their musculature.
The material for this study consists of nine foetuses varying in C.R. length from 190 to 220 mm. and one full-term foetus. The part of the duodenum bearing the major and minor papillae, and the adjoining part of the pancreas, have been embedded in paraffin and serially sectioned. The sections have been stained by the Masson's trichrome method. In the description that follows that side of the bile or pancreatic duct that lies towards the lumen of the duodenum has been termed the mucosal side. The opposite side, i.e. that towards the pancreas, has been called the pancreatic side.
Avian infectious bronchitis.
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is caused by the gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The virus causes infections mainly in chickens and is a significant pathogen of commercial meat and egg type birds. IB is an acute, contagious disease characterised primarily by respiratory signs in growing chickens. In hens, decreased egg production and quality are often observed. Some strains of the virus are nephropathogenic and produce interstitial nephritis and mortality. The severity of IBV-induced respiratory disease is enhanced by the presence of other pathogens, including bacteria, leading to chronic complicated airsacculitis. Diagnosis of IB requires virus isolation or demonstration of viral nucleic acid from diseased flocks. Demonstration of a rising serum antibody response may also be useful. The widespread use of live and inactivated vaccines may complicate both the interpretation of virus isolation and serology findings. The occurrence of antigenic variant strains may overcome immunity induced by vaccination.