Biological nitrification and denitrification of opto-electronic industrial wastewater.
Development and application of biological nutrient removal processes accelerated significantly over the past decade due to more stringent nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) discharge limits being imposed on wastewater treatment plants. The opto-electronic industry has developed very fast over the past decade in the world. The wastewater often contains a significant quantity of organic nitrogen compounds and has a ratio of over 95% in organic nitrogen (Org-N) to total nitrogen (T-N). In this study, a 2-stage Anoxic/Aerobic pre-denitrification process was established and the efficiency of wastewater treatment was evaluated. Wastewater from an actual LCD-plant was obtained as the sample for looking into the feasibility of opto-electronic industrial wastewater treatment. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) and mixed liquor recycle rate (MLR) were controlled independently to distinguish between the effects of these two factors. Under suitable HRT and mixed liquor recycle ratio, effluents of NH4-N, NOx-N and COD can fall below 20 mg/l, 30 mg/l and 80 mg/l.
The effect of temperature and carbon source on denitrification using volatile fatty acids
Abstract This study explored the effect of temperature and carbon source on the denitrification process. Batch experiments were conducted within the 10–30 °C range, using either acetic acid, propionic acid or an 1:1 mixture (by weight) of the same acids as an external carbon source. A 5 M NaNO3 solution was added to yield nitrate-nitrogen concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg/L, and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios of 2:1 and 4:1, respectively. It was observed that denitrification was feasible under all conditions investigated, provided that the initial reactor pH was adjusted to approximately 6.5. Overall, a temperature change from 10 to 20 °C exerted a greater effect on both the specific denitrification and carbon consumption rates than a further temperature increase from 20 to 30 °C, which was also evident in the corresponding temperature coefficient values. At a given temperature, the specific denitrification rate appeared to depend on the initial nitrogen concentration, while the specific carbon consumption rate was a function of the initial carbon content. Furthermore, a C:N ratio of 2:1 was sufficient for complete denitrification at all temperatures and types of carbon investigated. During the mixed VFA experiments, acetic acid was utilized faster than propionic acid, indicating a preferential utilization pattern. Finally, substantial alkalinity recovery was also observed in all runs, in accordance with the theoretically calculated values.
Fabrication of PLLA/C3S Composite Membrane for the Prevention of Bone Cement Leakage
Kyphoplasty is an important treatment for stabilizing spine fractures due to osteoporosis. However, leakage of polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement during this procedure into the spinal canal has been reported to cause many adverse effects. In this study, we prepared an implantable membrane to serve as a barrier that avoids PMMA cement leakage during kyphoplasty procedures through a hybrid composite made of poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) and tricalcium silicate (C3S), with the addition of C3S into PLLA matrix, showing enhanced mechanical and anti-degradation properties while keeping good cytocompatibility when compared to PLLA alone and most importantly, when this material design was applied under standardized PMMA cement injection conditions, no posterior wall leakage was observed after the kyphoplasty procedure in pig lumbar vertebral bone models. Testing results assess its effectiveness for clinical practice.