An Experimental Modelling and Numerical FE Analysis of Steel-Strip Ironing Process
This paper deals with analysis of steel strip ironing using experimental modelling and numerical FE simulation. Since both approaches are complementary to each other, numerous results were obtained that enable complete analysis of the processes with in deformation zone. Device for modelling of strip ironing has been developed for experimental testing. Die cone angle, holding force, contact friction conditions on the die and the punch side were varied, due to easily replace able working elements of the device. Friction coefficient values used in numerical FE simulations were determined based on measured values of forces on die and punch, as well as forming load on machine. Experimentally obtained results were confirmed by FE analysis that provided additional information about physics of the process itself within deformation zone. Presented research results point to coherent influences of process factors on tensile wall stress values, which represents key indicator for efficiency of forming, resulting in recommendations for efficient process management.
Handbook of metal-forming processes
Basic Concepts. Forging. Flow Through Conical Converging Dies. Conventional Extrusion: Direct and Indirect. Recent Developments of Continuous Wiremaking Machines. Impact Extrusion. Hydrostatic Extrusion. Bimetals. Tubing and Tubular Products. Deep-Drawing. Ironing. High-Energy-Rate Forming. Rolling. Spinning. Pressure-Induced Ductility, Reversible Flow, and Metalworking under Pressure. Friction. Soft Tooling. Replacing Brute Force. Index.
Structure and property evolution during drawing and wall ironing of aluminum alloy 3004
Abstract The evolution of mechanical properties and dislocation substructure during the commercial-scale can making (deep drawing, wall ironing, and “baking”) operations of the aluminum alloy 3004 H19 has been investigated. At each stage the samples were obtained from the deep-drawn cup or wall-ironed can wall and subjected to tensile tests and transmission electron microscopy characterization. The strength decreased (and ductility increased) during deep drawing and increased during wall ironing. The “sizing” of can wall during drawing superimposes a strain hardening effect on these strength and ductility variations. The corresponding changes in dislocation density and cell or microband boundary configuration were observed at each stage. The strain localization and microstructural inhomogeneities were particularly prevalent in the upper parts of the cup and can wall. The cell size and bank thickness did not vary significantly during can making.