Editorial: Moving beyond metaphors: University-industry collaboration in biotechnology
A PERCEIVED GAP There is enormous public interest in the role of universities as a primary source of new knowledge, new skills and new ideas for addressing many issues facing industrialised societies. In recognition of this, programmes to promote university–industry collaboration have expanded rapidly in recent years. Nevertheless, despite an abundance of such programmes and resources to facilitate the translation of technology from universities to industry, there often appear to be very significant disparities between the needs and requirements of industry and the university. A couple of recent quotes serve to illustrate this point:
Aligning strategy and intellectual property to maximise business value: a proposal for new technology-based firms
New technology-based firms must secure intellectual property rights (IPR) on novel products and processes to achieve legitimacy, to attract early finance and to increase their likelihood of survival. To maximise the business value of such IPR, firms need to recognise that intellectual property (IP) is now treated as if it is a tangible product. Accordingly, we suggest that corporate strategy should recognise IP as an activity and as part of a value chain. A coherent strategy should deliver balanced and effective IP, to ensure that what is protected and leveraged by firms is of genuine business value and has the best chance of being licensed.
Unity Identity Text Self
Abstract Understanding the receptivity of literature, how one work admits many readers, begins with an analogy: unity is to text as identity is to self. Unity here means the way all a text’s features can be related through one central theme. Identity describes a person’s sameness within different behaviors as variations on one identity theme (Lichtenstein). To find unity or identity, however, the interpreter himself plays a behavioral variation on his identity theme. In interpreting, his identity re-creates itself as he shapes the text to match his characteristic defenses, fantasies, and coherences. Thus, what a poet says about fictional, political, or scientific texts expresses the same identity theme as the poems he writes. To understand reading, criticism, and any knowing or making in symbols, then, we need to let go the Cartesian craving for objectivity and accept the themes in ourselves with which we construe the world—including literary works.