STUDY OF STEEL TESTS OF STATIC CORROSION EXPERIMENTS IN LIQUID METAL PB-BI
We try to evaluate the possibility of maintaining the corrosion-resistance of a structural material under the operational temperature and flow velocity of the optimized HYPER (HYbrid Power Extraction Reactor)[1] cooling system. It was attempted to consider the control of the oxygen concentration in the range of 350~650°C. Currently, we are performing static corrosion tests with the oxygen contents of a reduced and 10~ 10 wt% atmospheres at the temperature of 600°C. The concentration was controlled by adjusting the H2 and H2O vapor ratio. In this paper, we will show the result of the experiment performed under the reduced atmosphere with an exposure time up to 1500 hours. The corrosion of 316L is irregularly severe under the reduced atmosphere due to the solubility of the nickel at Pb and Pb-Bi. Also small amount of iron and chromium was dissolved near the surface. On the other hand, the T91 and HT9 maintained the corrosion-resistance under the same condition.
High Temperature Corrosion of Engineering Alloys
This extensive materials selection and application book is the first of its kind. It describes a comprehensive treatment of all forms of high temperature corrosion problems encountered in industry, especially gas turbine and aerospace, heat treating, mineral and metallurgical processing, ceramic, electronic and glass manufacturing, automotive pulp and paper waste incineration fossil fuel power generation coal gasification nuclear. Materials problems discussed include those due to oxidation, carburization and metal dusting nitridation, halogen corrosion, sulfidation, ash/salt deposit corrosion (e.g. hot corrosion, fuel ash corrosion, etc.), molten salt corrosion and molten metal corrosion. This single source contains an exhaustive corrosion database with a total of 101 tables and 169 figures, eliminating the need for conducting a time-consuming literature search. This book is a must for solving high temperature corrosion problems and learning about corrosion reactions of various high temperature corrosion modes. Contents: Methods of Testing and Evaluation Oxidation Carburization and Metal Dusting Nitridation Corrosion by Halogen Sulfidation Ash/Salt Deposit Corrosion - Molten Salt Corrosion Molten Metal Corrosion.
Mandating Identity: Citizenship, Kinship Laws and Plural Nationality in the European Union
For over a century it has been the case that a person exists, at least for legal purposes, only after she has been recognized by the state. As a unique element of this acknowledgement, nationality has also been an essential component of individual identity. Now, under pressure from a variety of directions, the nature of the link between state and individual is changing, with as yet unclear implications and long-term effects. In this original and insightful analysis, Eniko Horvath focuses on three processes of legal evolution in Europe that affect the meaning of membership and individual identity: the increasing salience of supranational culture and rights; kinship; legislation privileging non-nationals with linguistic, cultural, and ethnic ties to a given state; and the emergence of plural nationality as an acceptable (and even welcome) phenomenon.The author's treatment is notable for its informed appreciation of both the content of relevant European and national laws and the ways in which these laws are embedded in particular social and political frameworks. In addition to extending the legal theory on citizenship and nationality, the analysis draws on sociology, social psychology, and political theory to anchor its insights and recommendations. After two in-depth chapters introducing the complexities of the subject matter, three distinct but interwoven chapters show how each of the three processes has unfolded in a given context, offer detailed explanations and suggestions as to why each development has occurred in the manner that it has, and discuss the legal, political, and sociological issues raised by the particular development.A comprehensive reference section with extensive lists of laws, cases, and scholarship concludes the volume. It is likely that this book will come to be recognized as a foundational work in the legal analysis of the concept of cultural identity, and especially its role in setting norms of membership, as that way of seeing the world becomes ever more clearly defined in coming decades. It is sure to be not only studied and cited by academics and legal theorists, but of special value also to policymakers in the areas of nationality and citizenship.