EXPERIENCES IN PHYSICOCHEMICAL MODELLING OF OXYGEN CONVERTER PROCESS (BOF)
Oxygen converting of hot metal (LD/BOF) is contemplated as an object of simulation. Oxygen converting is a highly complex thermo-chemical process comprising a series of matter and energy transformation and transportation steps that makes the simulation very challenging. The basic principles of CONSIM 5 oxygen converter simulator are presented. Simulator is a comprehensive combination of a physical model with several empirical submodels describing all properties and processes that affect the final result of a converter blow, final mass and composition of steel, slag, dust and converter gas as well as the end temperature of steel. CONSIM simulator is used for simulation of series of high and low carbon steel blows. Simulated steel temperatures, oxygen consumption, blow time and iron oxide content of slag are compared with measured values. Problems of simulation and requirements for quantitative simulation of oxygen converter process are discussed.
Role of slags in steel refining: is it really understood and fully exploited?
The role of slag in ladle metallurgy and tundish is discussed
 starting from thermodynamic considerations of equilibrium/non-equilibrium states between slag and steel. Some interesting steel grades with different deoxidation philosophy are chosen as examples. Physical aspects concerning the
 role of stirring, slag properties e.g. viscosity and interfacial
 tension are examined as well. The title question is discussed
 and evaluated based on theoretical considerations and
 comparison with modelling experiences and industrial data.
Diffusion of Manganese in Type 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel
AbstractThe diffusivity of manganese in T316 austenitic stainless steel was measured by the standard tracer technique and also determined from the concentration profiles obtained by microprobe analysis after vacuum annealing. There was good agreement between the diffusion coefficients obtained from each method; the presence of a depleted layer is confirmed and it is shown that effusion of manganese during vacuum annealing is diffusion-rate-controlled.