study of flood risks in urban zones of the mexican republic
The objective of this article is to give an understanding of a methodology for the generation of risk, hazard and vulnerability maps due to flooding in urban areas. This work is part of an update of the Flood Risk Atlas of Mexico. Models with a twodimensional (2D) structure that includes the tie rod and velocity are used simultaneously. The foregoing will permit flood risk prevention to the local infrastructure. With this methodology, flood zones can be prioritized to assess flood damage so as to mitigate the loss of economic resources. Simulations with one dimensional model are considered for this, as well as two dimensional (2D) simulations for the generation of flood maps. This will help as a decision-making tool for flood control in urban zones. This methodology is applied in the city of Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas to demonstrate its scope and benefits. DOI: 10.29011/CRHR-106. 100006
STATE‐OF‐THE‐ART OF ESTIMATING FLOOD DAMAGE IN URBAN AREAS1
ABSTRACT: With implementation of the Flood Insurance Act of 1968 many additional local flood protection projects are being considered. Consulting engineers and local agencies need consistent methods to estimate flood damage in order to perform feasibility studies. Federal agencies have a great deal of data and long experience in making damage estimates but no comprehensive guides are available at the local level. Curves of flood damages to different residential structure types are presented. The relationships in use by the U. S. Federal Insurance Administration are shown to be reasonable and are recommended for use as approximate guides. Additional research is recommended and discussion of the paper is invited in order to make additional data available in the literature.
Problems choosing irrigation techniques in a developing country
A linear programing model is developed to select between modern surface and portable or semiportable sprinkler systems in two irrigation projects in Iran. Skilled labor is included in the model as one of the major limiting factors in the development of modern irrigated agriculture in a developing country. 
 
Under the specified conditions and assumptions, a portable or semiportable sprinkler system is indicated to be economically superior to a modern surface irrigation system for the development of new lands. However, in lands where a modern surface irrigation system has already been installed the transformation to sprinkler irrigation is not feasible. A completely automated sprinkler system is not indicated for either set of conditions in Iran. Primitive irrigation was not included in this study because of lack of data. Finally, the welfare effects of the choice of techniques are indicated.