Pushing the limits: latest developments in angle metrology for the inspection of ultra-precise synchrotron optics
The requirements on the quality of ultra-precise X-ray optical components for application in the Synchrotron Radiation (SR) community are increasing continually and strongly depend on the quality of the metrology devices available to measure such optics. To meet the upcoming accuracy goal of 50 nrad rms for slope measuring profilers, a dedicated project, SIB58 Angles, consisting of 16 worldwide partners and supported by the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) was started in Sep 2013. The project covers investigations on autocollimators under extremely challenging measuring conditions, ray-tracing models, 2D autocollimator calibration (for the first time worldwide), determination of error sources in angle encoders providing traceability by ‘sub-division of 2π rad’ with nrad uncertainty, angle generation by 'ratio of two lengths' in nrad level, and on the development of portable precise Small Angle Generators (SAGs) for regular in-situ checks of autocollimators’ performance. Highlights from the project will be reported in the paper and the community of metrology for X-Ray and EUV Optics will be informed about its progress and the latest work in angle metrology.
Simulation of the detectors response of an autocollimator
A detection of the lateral position of a test pattern imaged onto a position sensitive detector is quite 
commonly used in a variety of different measurement applications. In the case of an electronic autocollimator, 
the position of the image of a reticle is determined to measure small angle changes of a 
tilted surface. In many cases CCD matrix or CCD line detectors are used as position sensing devices. 
Two different procedures for the detection of the position of the test pattern are compared taking 
into account modulations of the obtained image signal, caused by diffraction. Differences between 
the detection of the arithmetic mean value and the geometrical mean value of the intensity will be 
analyzed. The influence of different fill factors of the detector elements is calculated. 
To avoid unwanted modulations of the signal a suitable method or algorithm for the detection of the 
position as well as an optimized layout of the reticle has to be chosen. Binary and phase shifting reticle 
designs will be compared. It is shown that an optimized layout is able to largely compensate modulations 
while the image is laterally shifted in the plane of the detector. Due to a step by step description 
of the image formation and signal analysis the example given will be also of practical use.
[Effects of dance exercise on exercise intention and exercise-related affect of postmenopausal women].
PURPOSE
A dance exercise program was performed to investigate the effects of exercise on exercise intention and exercise-related affect as these are important determinants of exercise behavior.


METHOD
The subjects were overweight (23< or =BMI< or =25) or obese (BMI> or =25) postmenopausal women (n=14), who participated in an exercise program from May, 2003 through November, 2003 at one public health center located in Kyong-gi Province. Data was analyzed with an SAS PC program.


RESULT
Exercise intention was significantly increased after the exercise program (t=-2.24, P=0.04). Exercise-related affect was also increased, but there was no statistically significant change (t=1.81, P=0.09).


CONCLUSION
This study suggests that exercise participation can increase the level of future exercise behavior by increasing exercise intention and exercise-related affect.