Knowledge-Based System For Computer-Aided Process Planning With Finite Element Predictions
The knowledge-based system COFEX (Cold Forging Expert) has been developed to assist in the planning of the cold forging of a wide variety of tubular steel components. Following user-input of the required shape and dimensions of the finished forging, together with as many different sequences as desired, each operation is examined by the system by consulting the knowledge-base process rules and data. Messages give the reason if any of the operations is unacceptable. If manufacture by cold forging is feasible, the dimensioned drawings of the finished and semi-finished forgings, together with the process parameters are displayed. Subsequently the suitability of existing presses are checked or new ones specified, the cost of the forging is computed and the sensitivity of the costs to various factors assesses. If heading is included in the sequence it can be checked by the finite element analysis whether or not plastic buckling and subsequent folding defect is likely to occur, and forging loads, stresses and strains predicted.
Cold Extrusion of Flanges on Cylindrical Hollows
Flanges on hollow cylindrical engineering components are often made by free upsetting when under certain conditions a bulge is formed in the unsupported portion, which on further deformation appears as a fold in the finished flange.
The Last Days of Socrates
'Consider just this, and give your minds to this alone: whether or not what I say is just'. Plato's account of Socrates' trial and death (399 BC) is a significant moment in Classical literature and the life of Classical Athens. In these four dialogues, Plato develops the Socratic belief in responsibility for one's self and shows Socrates living and dying under his philosophy. In "Euthyphro", Socrates debates goodness outside the courthouse; "Apology" sees him in court, rebutting all charges of impiety; in "Crito", he refuses an entreaty to escape from prison; and in "Phaedo", Socrates faces his impending death with calmness and skillful discussion of immortality. Christopher Rowe's introduction to his powerful new translation examines the book's themes of identity and confrontation, and explores how its content is less historical fact than a promotion of Plato's Socratic philosophy.