High-power, high-brightness, tunable GaSb-based VECSEL at 2.X μm
High-power, high-brightness, tunable GaSb-based VECSEL emitting in the 2.0-2.4 μm wavelength range is characterized. CW output power vs. absorbed pump power of a diamond-bonded 2.3 μm VECSEL for several heat sink temperatures is studied. Finite element model is used to analyze the heat transport in a GaSb-based VECSEL with an intracavity diamond heatspreader. The tuning characteristics of the VECSEL is also studied.
High-power (>0.5-W CW) diode-pumped vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor lasers with circular TEM/sub 00/ beams
We report demonstration of a new high-power semiconductor laser technology, the optically pumped semiconductor (OPS) vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL). Using diode laser pump, an OPS-VECSEL laser with a strain-compensated InGaAs-GaAsP-GaAs multiquantum-well (MQW) structure operated continuous-wave (CW) near /spl lambda//spl sim/1004 nm with record output power of 0.69 W in a TEM/sub 11/ mode, 0.52 W in a TEM/sub 00/ mode, and 0.37 W coupled to a single-mode fiber. It is feasible to produce greater than 1 W of power in a diffraction-limited circular beam from an efficient, compact, manufacturable and reliable OPS-VECSEL laser.
The misjudgment of criminal responsibility.
Generally, a criminal statute must consist of two essential elements: a description of the forbidden act (actus reus) and a designation of a guilty mental state (mens rea). For a crime to be committed, an individual must commit the forbidden act with the culpable mental state. For any criminal act, both criminal liability and the possible punishment turn largely on retrospective judgments by legal decision-makers about what a defendant was or was not thinking at the time of committing the forbidden act. Given the central and foundational nature of this legal judgment, there is surprisingly little empirical study of how the mens rea construct functions. Shen and colleagues have studied the reliability of mock jurors' ability to distinguish between the various mental state categories defined in the Model Penal Code and have identified some support for jurors' ability to reliably sort "guilty minds" into their "correct" categories (Shen, Hoffman, Jones, Greene, & Marois, ). The present study builds on this work by examining mock jurors' ability to reliably and "accurately" judge a defendant's mens rea at the time of an offense under conditions reflecting how criminal jurors are tasked with judging a defendant's mens rea. It was hypothesized that folk psychology models of human behavior that generally presume a high degree of personal control and responsibility would bias individuals' judgments of others' criminal behavior in the direction of reflecting intentional and purposeful conduct. Overall, results demonstrate that, in a surprisingly high percentage of cases across many conditions, individual decision-makers are indeed likely to attribute the most culpable mental state (purpose) to defendants, even when the facts on the record are judged by legal experts to depict no more than negligent or reckless conduct.