Soviet economic and technical cooperation with developing countries: The Turkish case.
This is a study of Soviet relations with developing countries up to the mid-1980s. The focus of the research is on the Soviet development assistance programme, or 'economic and technical cooperation' as it is called in the Soviet Union. Cooperation has been used to build over 2,000 industrial and agricultural enterprises in over eighty countries. In most developing countries, economic and technical cooperation is the major form which the Soviet presence takes. The Soviet Union's main way of combating what it sees as the negative effects of trade, private investment and aid from the West is economic and technical cooperation. With the central belief that true political independence and the ability to overcome backwardness does not come while economic dependence still exists, the Soviet Union has sought to build up the economies of developing countries through economic and technical cooperation. The stated goals of this programme have been: to create and develop the economic, scientific and technical potential of the emerging nations, to expand equal and mutually beneficial relations on a stable and long-term basis, and to help the young countries to overcome backwardness and develop without any form of dependence, exploitation or interference in their internal affairs regardless of their social and state system. Soviet cooperation, it is claimed, offers a positive alternative to Western assistance because, unlike the West, the Soviet Union's goal is to increase the independence of developing countries. The intention of this study is to 'go inside' Soviet development cooperation and, with particular reference to one case, that of Turkey, to analyse and evaluate its actual performance. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Soviet assistance and why do developing countries choose cooperation with the Soviet Union instead of involvement with the West. Does Soviet development cooperation at the factory level match the claims that are made. What is the quality of Soviet economic and technical cooperation as it is judged within enterprises in which it is used. Is development cooperation extended without demanding in return economic, political or military concessions. Does the Soviet Union meet the needs of individual developing countries in terms of their own specified development goals. Or, as an external supplier of technological and economic resources, does it impose its own goals. Soviet cooperation is also compared to Western involvement. The issues addressed in this study are discussed in depth in the Soviet literature both at the theoretical level and at the policy level. The claims made in this literature are central to this research. A major aim is to test empirically explicit Soviet claims against actual practice. In addition to measuring Soviet behaviour against the standards set-out in the Soviet development literature, actual practice is also measured against: 1.) the demands of the South as expressed in the UN Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology, 2.) the development objectives of the case study country, and 3.) 'sound' practice as discussed in the Western technology and development literature.
Soviet Union’s Balkan Opening During The Khrushchevperiod: Attempts To Restore Relations With Turkey ,Yugoslavia And Greece
The death of Stalin and Khrushchev’s taking the helm of the Soviet Union following outmatching of his rivals brought out a new foreign policy in the country in the early Cold War period which was called peaceful co-existence. The new foreign policy line anticipated foundation of manageable relations with the Western bloc countries without losing the revolutionary ardor to beat them in economic well-being, scientific progress and cultural development. A significant ramification of peaceful coexistence policy became the Soviet Union’s endeavor to straighten out its knotty relations with Turkey, Yugoslavia and Greece which had gone downhill due to Stalin’s immediate post-Second World War foreign policy decisions. This paper aims to cast light on the various diplomatic, economic and security initiatives taken by Moscow under the leadership of Khrushchev to release these three Balkan countries from the firm grip of the Western alliance and to gravitate them towards closer association with the Soviet Union.
Welfare politics in Mexico : papering over the cracks
institutions appropriate for a balanced constitution" (p. 392). This is an interesting and well-written book, which draws upon a number of different bodies of literature and should, accordingly, be of interest to several different groups of scholars. Verney's discussion of the Canadian response to "scientific empiricism" includes not only a discussion of the manner in which many U.S. intellectual predispositions differed from comparable Canadian attitudes but includes a well-written discussion of emerging Canadian political theory in its own right. His explanation of some of the implications for Canadian federalism of the British principle of parliamentary supremacy gives the reader a real understanding of both systems, as well as an appreciation for some of the more subtle problems involved in the "marriage" of different political systems. His analysis of "cultural dualism" and the French Canadian perspective on contemporary political issues does an excellent job of pulling together the many major themes of this body of literature, and clearly articulates the French Canadian position in federal-constitutional debates. It must be noted that in one sense much of what is here is not new material. There are already substantial bodies of literature dealing with the issues of cultural dualism, biculturalism, assorted theories of Canadian federalism, the threat of U.S. cultural domination, and the like. What this book offers that is different from these other studies is the manner in which Verney synthesizes the material he presents. He brings together a number of different bodies of literature in a way that is systematic and theoretically meaningful. The material is impressively documented, and the book includes both a substantial bibliography and an index that appears to be very well done.