Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Traditionally and Laboratory Made Ghee (Samin) of the Sudan
Samin is traditional cooking o il produced using the butter made fro m the milk of sheep , cow or goats.The objectives of the study was the determination of the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of samin samp les collected fro m local market, preparation of Samin at the laboratory level and evaluation its quality. The mo isture content, acid value (mgKOH/g) , free fatty acids and peroxide value ranged 0.03 ±0.05% - 0.34+0.05%, 0.56 ± 0.0, - 1.94±0.17 (mgKOH/g), 0.28, -0.97±0.09%, 9.93 ± 0.23 - 2.60 ± 0.40 (mEq/kg) in the various samin samp les. However, the saponification value, density, viscosity, melt ing point and refract ive index of the different samin samples ranged 165.50-172.23(mgKOH/g), 0.925-913 g/cm³,0.519×10−3-0.335×10−3±0.02 pa.s, 38-37 Ċ and 1.4600-1.4582, respectively. The sensory evaluation revealed there was no-significant difference in texture, color, and overall acceptability of the samples, but there was significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in flavour, between LM S sample and the other samples. It is highly reco mmended to imp rove production of samin under controlled hygienic conditions.
Ultrasonic processing of butter oil (ghee) into oil‐in‐water emulsions
Butter oil (ghee) derived from cow or buffalo milk is in semi-solid form at room temperature and contains >99% of lipids. Apparent high viscosity and water immiscibility – owing to the hydrophobic nature of lipid components hinder the applicability of butter oil for formulations. Here, we have employed ultrasonic processing technique to create oil-in-water emulsions of butter oil. We show that the butter oil is capable of self-stabilizing an emulsion at low concentration while higher concentrations could be kinetically stabilized using pluronic stabilizer. We were able to modulate water contents of emulsions in the range of 80%–95% and maintain the particle size in submicron range. Reported butter oil emulsions retain hydrophobic properties of the original butter oil within cores of dispersed particles, overcome a problem of butter oil-water immissibility, display fluid consistency, and are stable for several months. These properties are highly suitable for developing food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic formulations. 
 
Practical applications 
Ultrasonic processing of butter oil improves its miscibility with water and increases its fluidity thereby enhancing its capability to be used as or to derive formulations for various applications. Further advantage of the reported butter oil emulsions is that they can be loaded with ‘polar’ in addition to ‘non-polar’ active molecules, which was hardly possible with formulations merely based on butter oil. This is because an aqueous phase of the butter oil emulsion contains 80%–95% water where polar molecules can easily be solvated. These emulsions, prepared from quite an abundant and economical source, can potentially act as alternatives to the emulsions that usually involve highly expensive lipid components whose extraction or synthesis are rather tough tasks. The ultrasonic processing of butter oil, presented here, could be easily scaled-up using continuous processing modes.
The etiology and surgical management of tracheal collapse in calves.
The mean ages of 10 calves with tracheal collapse were 2.7 weeks at onset of clinical signs and 9.4 weeks at presentation for treatment. Inspiratory and expiratory dyspnea and stunted growth were the most common clinical signs. There were abnormalities of the cranial ribs consistent with healing fractures with redundant callus in eight lateral thoracic radiographs. Tracheal collapse in calves may result from cranial thoracic trauma during or soon after birth. Short polypropylene ring prostheses made from 60 ml syringe barrels were placed on the tracheas of four calves with cervical tracheal collapse. There were cranial rib masses in all calves and resection of the right first and second ribs was necessary in one calf to allow placement of prostheses. Dyspnea was relieved in all calves. One calf died of unrelated causes in year 3, and one calf had recurrence of clinical signs at month 5 and was euthanatized. In both calves, tracheal stenosis resulted from continued growth and infolding of the trachea within the constraints of the prostheses. One calf was alive at month 11, and one calf died of acute bronchopneumonia on day 2. Removal of tracheal prostheses in calves is recommended after 2 to 3 months if clinical signs recur.