The impact of urbanization on construction minerals
Construction minerals (sand, gravel and crushed stone used in the production of concrete) are among our most plentiful mineral resources by volume. Increasing quantities of these materials are required for construction within urban areas. However, continuing and accelerating suburbanization is rapidly making unusable deposits of these minerals due to zoning and other restrictions. In addition, the low intrinsic value of mineral aggregates and their bulkiness make the economics of the industry extremely sensitive to location. Mathematical programming is used to investigate the economic impact of urbanization on the production and distribution of construction minerals.
A MINERAL CONSERVATION ETHIC FOR NEW YORK STATE
The authors of this paper underscore that the supply of mineral resources that go into the making of our cities is in jeopardy. Accordingly they pose as a basic principle, as a "Mineral Conservation Ethic," the proposition that any action leading to waste or misuse of a mineral resource is a public concern. They analyze the outstanding elements of the problem as they see it, and suggest various lines looking to solution. Messrs. Dunn and Broughton are, respectively, Professor of Geology at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and State Geologist of New York. While they are writing here especially about their subject as it presents itself in New York, they would apply most of their findings to the country at large. They emphasize that they approach the problem as specialist- enthusiast for minerals-and they recognize that these must compete with other necessities for enlightened public attention and action. But they believe that minerals have been receiving much too small a share. /CSG/
The Alzheimer's Disease Home Hospice Knowledge Scale: development, validity and reliability.
BACKGROUND
Several instruments are available to assess knowledge about hospice care, but none specifically address knowledge about home hospice for persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD).


AIM
To develop and validate the Alzheimer's Disease Home Hospice Knowledge Scale (AD-HHK-S).


METHODS
A total of 107 Israeli family caregivers of persons with dementia (mean age=71.2; 73% female) participated in the study.


RESULTS
The AD-HHK-S included 28 true/false items assessing 3 areas of knowledge: knowledge about hospice, knowledge about home hospice, and knowledge about home hospice for AD. Good internal reliability was found, with Cronbach alpha ranging from 0.72 to 0.85. Good face, construct and predictive validity were found.


CONCLUSIONS
The AD-HHK-S proved to be a valid and reliable tool to assess knowledge about hospice care in the area of AD. It might provide an effective tool for palliative care nurses to communicate with family caregivers of persons with AD at the end of life.