Family Photographs in Communist Albania: State Photography and the Private Sphere
The aim of this paper is to present the first results of an on-going research project on the social uses of photography in communist Albania. If we are interested in official and propaganda photography, we would like to focus here on a less known aspect of photography in Albania, family photography. Social sciences have long been interested in the relationship between family and photography and it is established that photography tells a lot about family forms and kinship relations. Family albums are narratives; they tell the story of the family and produce an image of the family. We would like to question this image in the context of communist Albania, in which both photography and family were subject to political representations and practices.
1948-2008 : 35 fotografi letërnjoftimesh. Fotografia dhe regjimi i identifikimit në Shqipërinë komuniste
Cet article porte sur une pellicule contenant une serie de photos d'identite realisees en 1948 dans un village du sud de l'Albanie. Nous prenons pour point de depart cet objet, ses conditions de fabrication et ses usages, pour aborder trois points : le premier point concerne le travail des photographes dans l'Albanie d'apres 1944. En retracant la trajectoire de l'auteur de ces photos, nous chercherons a situer l'Albanie communiste dans l'histoire de la photographie. Le deuxieme point concerne l'usage de la photographie par l'Etat, ici comme instrument d'identification des personnes. La pellicule de 1948 se situe a une periode cruciale de mise en place du pouvoir communiste et la photographie joue un role dans ce processus. Troisiemement, nous nous interrogeons sur la photographie comme methode d'enquete dans la societe albanaise contemporaine et sur ce a quoi ces photos de 1948 permettent, aujourd'hui, d'acceder.
New Sweet-Tasting C21-Pregnane Glycosides from Pericarps of Myriopteron extensum.
Ten novel C21 pregnane glycosides, extensumside C-L (1-10), were isolated as highly sweet-tasting substances from the edible pericarps of Myriopteron extensum (Wight) K. Schum by sensory-guided fractionation and purification. Their structures were determined through 1D and 2D NMR, such as HSQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC-TOCSY, and ROESY, as well as other spectroscopic analysis combined with chemical evidence. These compounds shared the same aglycone, 3β,16α-dihydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one, and contained the deoxysugar chain and the glucose chain which were linked to C-3 and C-16 of the aglycone, respectively. The sweetness potency was evaluated by a human sensory panel test and preliminary structure-taste relationship was discussed. The sweetness intensities of these compounds are between 50 and 400 times greater than that of sucrose. Furthermore, quantitation analyses of compounds 1, 3, 4, and 6 in different parts of M. extensum indicated that the concentrations of these sweet components in the pericarps are obviously higher than those in stems and roots.