Biological Anaerobic – Aerobic Treatment Of Dairy Wastewater In Poland
In 2014, farms across the EU-28 produced approximately 164.8 million tones of milk, of which 159.6 million tones (or 96.8 %) were cows’ milk. Cows’ milk production on farms was the highest in Bretagne (France), Southern and Eastern Ireland and Lombardia (Italy) and Masovia (Poland) (8,3%). Milk processing produces wastewater. In Poland 1 m 3 of processed milk accounts for 3.2 m 3 of wastewater. In 2013 the production of dairy products in Poland generated 26.5 hm 3 of sewage: 14.7 hm 3 of which was treated (9.3 hm 3 biologically and 5.4 hm 3 with increased nutrient removal). The dairy wastewater is primarily generated from the cleaning and washing operations. Its main contaminants are: high BOD and COD concentrations, and it contains fats, nutrients, lactose, as well as detergents and sanitizing agents. Biological treatment is the basic method used for wastewater from food processing. Dairy wastewater in Poland is treated using aerobic biological methods: circulated pond, activated sludge process, sequencing batch reactor, Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor and anaerobic reactors. The two steps anaerobic-aerobic reactors are used in two cases in Poland.
Evaluation of sustainable development of dairy industry in Poland
: Dairy plants development should be based on the principle of sustainable development, which is present both in National Environmental Policy and European Union environmental protection policy. It is in compliance with Best Available Technology (BAT). Technology connected with recovering energy from sewage, sewage sludge and production waste is gaining more and more interest. The authors of this article have been cooperating with several production plants in podlaskie province for many years through conducting scientific research and preparing environmental reports or integrated permissions (IPPC). The article discusses the most crucial aspects of sustainable development of the dairy industry. Also, the results of environmental aspects (water consumption, sewage production and treatment, wastes, gas and noise emissions, energy consumption) connected with dairy plants management are presented.
Tradeoffs and limitations in statistically based image reconstruction problems.
TRADEOFFS AND LIMITATIONS IN STATISTICALLY BASED IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS