Long-Term Outdoor Efficacy Trials of Wood Treated with Organic Biocides and Co-Added Non-Biocidal Additives
Wood preservatives for residential applications are moving towards totally-organic systems. However, organic biocides are relatively expensive and are" biodegraded over the long service life expected from treated wood. To address these two deficiencies we have employed low-cost and benign additives that enhance the efficacy of organic biocides against wood-destroyiog organisms, and/or rednce biodegradlltion by wood-inhabiting organisms such as molda and bacteria. In this p~per we present efficacy results of southern pine sapwood treated with various organic biocides with and without co-added antioxidants, metal chelators, and water repellents and tested for five or more years in ground-contact or above-ground exposure. The addition of a water repellent to above-ground samples greatly enhanced the biocide's efficacy, and the greatest benefit was observed with all three additives. The addition of the antioxidant BHT also reduced biocide depletion in one ground-contact test by about 50"/0. Ground proximity samples treated with relatively low levels of two organic biocides, DCDI and Propiconazole:Tebuconazole, with and without co-added BHT and a metal complexing compound, have been recently installed to verify the above results. INTRODUCTION Wood preservation is undergoing dramatic and rapid world-wide changes. While copper-rich systems are currently employed to treat lumber for residential applications in North America, most professionals expect that totally-organic third generation systems will be required in the future. Twomain concerns with organic biocides are a high cost per unit Weight relative to copper and biodegradationthat can occur over the long service life from various microorganisms, including wood-inhabiting but non wood-destroyiog organisms such as molds and bacteria. To address these problems we are employing non-biocidal additives to increase an organic biocide's efficacy andlor reduce biodegradation (Schnltz and Nicholas 2008). We selected the additives based upon the fundamental knowledge of woOd-degrading mechanisms. Specifically, it is well known that wood-degrading fungi employ metal-mediated reactions (Rodrii\uez et aJ. 2003; Henry 2003) to generate free radicals that attack the wood chemical components (Reading et aJ. 2003; Messner et aJ. 2003; Goodell 2003). Further, it has long been known that many wood extractives have excellent antioxidant and metal complexing properties (Bingnga et aJ. 2005, 2007a and 2007b, 2008; and the terpenoids provide good water repellency that lowers the decay potential. Thus, we have examined the efficacy gained by co-adding antioxidants, metal chelators, and water repellents with various organic biocides to wood (Schultz and Nicholas 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008, Schultz et aJ. 2005). In various laboratory and field trials efficacy increases up to three-fold were often obtained. Furthermore, the addition ofBHT to ground-contact field stakes installed at two locations lowered the depletion of the organic biocide, chlorothalonil, by about 50% after 54 months' exposure (Schultz et aJ. 2006). The purpose of this article is to review above-ground and ground-contact efficacy results of wood treated with various organic biocides, with and without co-added antioxidants" metal complexing compounds, andlor water repellents, and exposed outdoors for at least five years. CHLOROTHALONIL FIELD STAKES WITH BHT Field stakes, 19 x 19 x 457 rom made from defect-free southern pine sapwood, were treated with 0.15, 0.3 and 0.5% chlorothalonil (CTN) dissolved in toluene, with and without the additive BHT at 0, 2 and 4% levels. The stakes were treated by a full cell process then installed in ground contact at the Dorman Lake, MS, and Saucier, MS test sites. After about 3 years the controls had all failed. The results, after 105
Determination of the stability constants for the binding of sulfonated morin with Fe2
Abstract The complexation of the sodium salt of sulfonated morin (H 5 SM − ) with Fe 2+ was studied by potentiometric titration as was its deprotonation. Only four of the five hydroxy groups were deprotonated under the conditions employed. The associated p K a values are 3.80, 7.47, 9.24 and 11.48. Analysis of the titration data suggests formation of (H 3 SM)Fe − , (H 2 SM)Fe 2− , (HSM)Fe 3− and (HSM) 2 Fe 8− . Log β values (based on HSM 5− as the ligand species) are 24.8, 16.1, 7.1 and 11.6, respectively. Theoretical calculations predict that the 7-hydroxy group is deprotonated first followed closely by the 3-hydroxy position. Deprotonation of the 2′-hydroxy group results in proton migration from the 3-hydroxy oxygen atom. These calculations along with previous results suggest that chelation of the metal ion likely occurs at the 3-hydroxy-4-keto site.
Stability of planar PEMFC in Printed Circuit Board technology
Abstract The use of planar PEMFCs in printed circuit board (PCB) technology with a thickness of less than 3.5 mm are presented. This planar design consists of an open cathode side which allows a completely passive, self-breathing operation of the fuel cell. Power densities of 100 mW/cm 2 at 500 mV with hydrogen as a fuel were achieved. A steady operation with this type of fuel cell was demonstrated over a week without any cell flooding. Since the electrical conducting elements of PCBs usually are made of copper, corrosion in the wet environment of a PEMFC is expected. Thus, a significant degradation in performance of fuel cells made of plain copper PCBs was seen in long-term operation. In order to avoid corrosion, the copper layer has to be coated. Fuel cells in PCB design with diverse coatings were tested in long-term operations up to 1000 h under load. Moreover, corrosion currents have been determined by the use of potentiodynamic scans. Promising coatings are electroplated Cr and Ni and a combination of Ni/Au.