International Association for Lichenology: the early years.
One of the main purposes of the International Association for Lichenology (IAL), inaugurated in 1967, was to establish a Newsletter in order to provide a forum for lichenologists worldwide to communicate with each other. In consequence, the early history of the IAL is in large degree the story of the International Lichenological Newsletter (ILN). Those responsible for organising the IAL at this time were essentially the editors of the Newsletter, hard-working people, collating hundreds of short notes on lichenologists and their current projects and opinions from all over the world, as well as reports of meetings and social events. Although the possibilities of communication have increased enormously in recent years, the function of IAL and its Newsletter remain the same, and the initial enthusiasm for exchanging ideas and results and reporting meetings continues undiminished.
Recent literature on lichens—207
Adawadkar, B. & U. Makhija. 2007. New species and new records of Graphis from India with partially carbonized exciples and transseptate ascospores. Mycotaxon 99: 303– 326. [Key to 57 spp. New: G. alboglaucescens sp. nov. (Karnataka), G. eburnea sp. nov. (Karnataka), G. filiformis sp. nov. (Karnataka), G. meghalayaensis sp. nov. (Meghalaya), G. salacinilongiramea sp. nov. (Karnataka), G. subvittata sp. nov. (Karnataka) and G. valparaiensis sp. nov. (Tamil Nadu). Nine other taxa are new to India.] Adler, M. & S. Calvelo. 2007. Flavoparmelia amplexa and F. springtonensis (Parmeliaceae) new to the Americas and additions to the lichen flora of Argentina. In I. Karnefelt & A. Thell (eds.), Lichenological contributions in honour of David Galloway. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 95: 121–129. [New distributional notes on 9 taxa: Hypotrachyna (5), Flavoparmelia (2), Xanthoparmelia (1), Parmotrema (1).] Ahti, T., J. A. Elix & D. O. Ovstedal. 2007. A new Cladonia from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). In I. Karnefelt & A. Thell (eds.), Lichenological contributions in honour of David Galloway. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 95: 131–135. [New: C. neozelandica var. lewis-smithii var. nov.] Aptroot, A. 2007. Davidgallowaya cornutispora, an enigmatic lichen from New Guinea. In I. Karnefelt & A. Thell (eds.), Lichenological contributions in honour of David Galloway. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 95: 137–145. [New: Davidgallowaya gen. nov., D. cornutispora sp. nov. The new genus and species, assigned to the Parmeliaceae, has a hollow thallus with a pitted lower surface and sickle-shaped ascospores.] ———, L. Umana, J. L. Chaves & M. T. Trest. 2006. A first assessment of the Ticolichen Biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica: three new squamulose genera (Lecanorales: Ramalinaceae and Pilocarpaceae). Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 100: 617–623. [New: Aciculopsora Aptroot & Trest gen. nov., A. salmonea Aptroot & Trest sp. nov., Lueckingia Aptroot & Umana gen. nov., L. polyspora Aptroot & Umana sp. nov., and Septotrapelia Aptroot & Chaves gen. nov., S. glauca Aptroot & Chaves sp. nov., S. triseptata (Hepp) Aptroot comb. nov.] ——— & C. M. van Herk. 2007. Lecidea grisella sympatric with Lecidea fuscoatra, differing in its rimose instead of areolate thallus. Lichenologist 39(3): 293–296. [Authors conclude the two taxa are distinct, sympatric species.] Aras, S., D. Cansaran, A. O. Turk, I. Kandemir & M. Candan. 2007. Resolving genetic relationships in manna group of lichens from genus Aspicilia. African Journal of Biotechnology 6(9): 1154–1160. [Authors conclude, based on ITS rDNA data for 12 sequences of 6 species, that ‘‘ . . . Aspicilia genus is phylogenetically closer to the orders and families from Ostropomycetidae subclass rather than Lecanoromycetidae which support the placement of Hymeneliaceae within Ostropomycetidae.’’] Arup, U., S. Ekman, M. Grube, J.-E. Mattsson & M. Wedin. 2007. The sister group relation of Parmeliaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota). Mycologia 99(1): 42–49. [‘‘The results show that the closest relatives to Parmeliaceae are the two genera Protoparmelia and Gypsoplaca, which are crustose lichens. Parmeliaceae in our sense are a well supported group, including also the family segregates Alectoriaceae, Hypogymniaceae, Usneaceae and Anziaceae.’’] Arvidsson, L. 2007. A bibliography of David Galloway. In I. Karnefelt & A. Thell (eds.), Lichenological contributions in honour of David Galloway. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 95: 3– 28. [A brief reminiscence, bibliography of 319 publications, and a list of 16 taxa named for Galloway.] Aslan, A. & K. Yazici. 2006. Contribution to the lichen flora of Giresun Province of Turkey. Acta Botanica Hungarica 48(3– 4): 231–245. [Report of 147 spp. from 21 sites. Cladonia deformis is new to Turkey; 67 taxa new to Giresun province.] Asplund, J. & Y. Gauslaa. 2007. Content of secondary compounds depends on thallus size in the foliose lichen Lobaria pulmonaria. Lichenologist 39(3): 273–278. [Material from Norway showed a ‘‘ . . . positive correlation between thallus size an the total concentration of secondary compounds, as well as the total content per unit area for * The cumulative database for this series is available in searchable form on the World Wide Web at http://www.nhm.uio.no/botanisk/ bot-mus/lav/sok_rll.htm. I owe special thanks to Bill Buck for providing copies of papers by other authors, which were otherwise unavailable to me, and to the cooperating authors who send reprints or electronic versions of their works to me for inclusion in this series.
Processes of Organic Evolution
ONE of the difficulties about organic evolution is that it has not been and probably cannot be demonstrated in a strict sense, and although the indirect lines of evidence converge with such unanimity upon the probability of the theory that the scientifically trained mind is convinced, a loophole for doubt remains to the multitudes who must rely upon the dictum of authority one way or the other.