"Por Andarmos Todos Casy Mesturados": The Politics of Intermingling in Caminha's Carta and Colonial American Anthologies
According to the chronicler of Pedro Álvares Cabral’s arrival on the coast of what is now Brazil in April of 1500, less than a week after their first contact with the Portuguese crew, the natives ‘‘poucos a poucos mesturaranse cõ nosco, e abracauãnos e folgauam’’ (96) [‘‘little by little mingled with us. And they embraced us and had a good time’’] (24). The scribe later portrays the Portuguese as equally engaged in the ‘‘mingling,’’ while also suggesting that their motivation extends beyond ‘‘having a good time’’: ‘‘este dia os uimos de mais perto e mais aanosa vontade por andarmos todos casy mesturados’’ (96, my emphasis) [‘‘On that day we saw them closer and more as we wished, for all of us were almost intermingled’’] (24).1 Such scenes of peaceful intermingling and ‘‘merrymaking’’ (96; 24) between Europeans and Amerindians have earned Pero Vaz deCaminha’s letter toKingManuel a foundational position in the Brazilian literary canon and contributed to notions of the distinctive benevolence of Portuguese colonization. Historians and literary critics alike have interpreted the letter as not only the nation’s ‘‘birth certificate’’ but one that attests to a painless delivery.2 The Carta [Letter] may also earn a place in the early ‘‘American’’ canon, if the trend toward more expansive and inclusive anthologies of colonial American literatures prevails. Susan Castillo and Ivy Schweitzer’s The Literatures of Colonial America (2001) includes an extract of Caminha’s letter, along with selections from both North and South America that are translated from Spanish, Italian, German, Dutch, and various Native American languages. The preface to Carla Mulford’s Early AmericanWritings (2002) claims a similar comprehensiveness, stating that ‘‘texts included represent the cultures of Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, Swedish, German, and English speakers’’ (xviii), although no Portuguese-language texts are in
‘Nem comem senão desse inhame’
Este artigo considera as representações dos géneros alimentícios, da alimentação, das refeições e condutas alimentares nos documentos sobre o descobrimento do Brasil. A análise centra-se especialmente na carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha a El-Rei Dom Manuel, visto ser o mais completo e significativo desses documentos. Este trabalho examina em primeiro lugar a importância dos géneros alimentícios na Europa de então, e como a infinita abundância encontrada no Brasil compete com as riquezas do império espanhol. Em segundo lugar, a alimentação, as refeições e as condutas à mesa funcionam para distinguir, por um lado, a ‘civilidade’ e a ‘cultura’ dos portugueses e, por outro, a ‘selvajaria’ e a ‘ignorância’ da população indígena. A comida, ou o acto de alimentar, transforma-se então numa experiência social destinada a converter e a domesticar o indígena de acordo com as ambições dos portugueses, os novos senhores da terra. Em último lugar, verifica-se também que os géneros alimentícios do Novo Mundo e as práticas indígenas resistem e subvertem as tentativas de conquista dos portugueses. A narrativa revela então não só algumas ocasiões de dissidência, mas também momentos nos quais os nativos desvendam a sua destreza e sabedoria.
Carbon Dioxide Elimination from Circle Systems
Ten various circle systems were studied in model experiments. All the experiments were performed using a Waters cannister containing 675–685 g of Durasorbr̀. 300 ml of carbon dioxide were supplied to the system per min. The efficacy of these systems was expressed as the time taken to demonstrate a concentration of 0.6% carbon dioxide in the gas mixture supplied to the patient connection during each respiratory cycle. The carbon dioxide elimination was studied at a gas flow of 2, 4 and 6 1 per min. All the systems showed an effective carbon dioxide elimination for 6 h or more at a flow of 2 1. An increasing efficacy was found with increasing flow, but to a varying extent.