Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Ver-Mol-2 Camel Milk
Camel milk and shubat, a lactic fermentation product, are used in folk medicine and several clinics in Kazakhstan to treat tuberculosis, chronic gastritis, colitis, and other diseases and to improve in vivo protective forces. However, the chemical composition and biological properties of Ver-Mol-2 are insufficiently studied for this purpose. The goal of the present investigation was to study the chemical composition and biological properties of Ver-Mol-2, which is produced from camel shubat. The experiments used lyophilized Ver-Mol-2. The amino-acid composition was determined chromatographically using a Beckman System Gold high-pressure chromatograph, integration by an IBM 286, and Gold program version 3.10. The column was an Ultrasphere C-18. The eluent was 50% MeCN in H2O (B) with a linear gradient of B and A from 2 to 80%. Detection was made at 254 nm with sensitivity 0.01. The standard was an amino-acid mixture (Sigma, USA). The trace-element composition of Ver-Mol-2 was determined by neutron activation at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, AS, RU; hypoglycemic properties, in alimentary and adrenaline hyperglycemia models. The blood sugar (glucose) level was measured 1 h after inducing hyperglycemia. The blood-serum sugar contents were determined using glucose oxidase and a BioGlucoFen kit (IBOC, AS, RU). Alimentary hyperglycemia was induced by feeding rats glucose at a dose of 9 g per kg of body mass using a stomach catheter; adrenaline hyperglycemia, by injecting adrenaline (50 g/kg, i.p.) 1 h before drawing blood [1]. The control animals received orally distilled H2O (1 mL). A total of 18 amino acids were detected in the Ver-Mol-2 protein hydrolysates (Table 1). Table 1 shows that the total and free amino acids contained all essential amino acids, i.e., valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, histidine, and arginine. Elevated amounts of glutamic acid (12.6%), alanine (7.8%), lysine (7.0%), tyrosine and valine (6.1%), phenylalanine (6.3%), and isoleucine (6.6%) were characteristic of all lactic fermented products, including Ver-Mol-2. Ver-Mol-2 was a product of mixed lactic and alcoholic fermentation [2]. The increased contents of free amino acids during aging of Ver-Mol-2 was evidently explained by cleavage of part of the starting milk proteins by proteolytic enzymes, i.e., stimulators of lactic and alcoholic fermentation to free amino acids. In addition to these proteolytic processes, proteins were resynthesized by the lactic and alcoholic fermentation stimulators. This could be seen in the change of free-amino-acid contents in Ver-Mol-2 as compared with raw milk. The amount of free amino acids, especially non-essential ones (glutamic acid, alanine, proline) and essential ones (tyrosine, valine, cysteine, phenylalanine, histidine) increased during fermentation of Ver-Mol-2. The trace-element composition of Ver-Mol-2 was determined by neutron activation. The results are presented below:
Carbohydrates from camel's milk and shubat near the Aral Sea
Camel's milk and shubat are demonstrated experimentally to differ quantitatively in carbohydrate content. Shubat is recommended as a food source for Fe-deficient anemics and diabetics because of its low content of carbohydrates and high content of Fe and Zn.
Physical Processes in Inorganic Scintillators
BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES Physical Mechanism of Scintillation Creation of Electron Hole Pairs Excitation and Emission of Luminescence Centers Scintillation Materials Halides Oxides and Oxide Systems Chalcogenides Glasses Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Scintillators High Energy Photons Charged Particles Neutral Particles General Characteristics of Inorganic Scintillators Light Yield Duration of Scintillation Pulse Afterglow Temperature Response Optical Properties Radiation Hardness Density Emission Spectra Mechanical and Chemical Properties Physical Parameters Cost Consideration Scintillator Requirements in Various Applications High Energy Physics Intermediate Energy Physics Positron Emission Tomography Gamma Spectroscopy Energy Resolution Intrinsic Scintillator Resolution Nonproportional Response Time Resolution Low Energy Quanta and Electrons CONVERSION OF ELECTRONIC EXCITATIONS IN SOLIDS Charge Carrier Behaviors Delta Rays Secondaries Excitation of Luminescence Centers Effect of Ionization Density Energy Losses Simple Phenomenological Model Plasmon Model Polaron Model Scintillation Yield Spectra Vacuum Ultraviolet Region Ultrasoft X-Rays X-Rays Gamma Rays Heavy Ionizing Particles INTRINSIC LUMINESCENCE OF INORGANIC SCINTILLATORS Excitonic Luminescence Alkali Halide Crystals Alkaline-Earth Fluorides Ternary Halide Compounds Excitonic-Like Luminescence Cesium Iodide Tungstate and Molybdate Phosphors Core-to-Valence Transitions First Evidence for Radiative Core-to-Valence Transitions Excitation Spectra Emission Spectra Experiment Theory Luminescence Kinetics Experimental Theoretical Investigations Temperature Dependence of Luminescence Parameters Conditions of Detection Prospects for Research EXTRINSIC LUMINESCENCE OF INORGANIC SCINTILLATORS Thallium-Activated Halide Scintillators Crystals with NaCl-Type Structure Crystals with CsCl-Type Structure Other Thallium-Based and Thallium-Doped Crystals Crystals Containing Other ns2 Ions Bismuth Germanate (BGO) Sodium-Activated Cesium Iodide Rare-Earth-Activated Crystals General Considerations Europium-Activated Crystals Cerium-Activated Compounds Preliminary Comments LaF3-CeF3 Systems Cerium Chloride Barium Fluoride Gadolinium-Containing Crystals Lu- and Y-Containing Crystals Nd- and Pr-Activated Crystals DEFECT FORMATION BY IONIZING RADIATION Effect on Scintillator Characteristics Mechanisms of Defect Formation Efficiency of Defect Production Geometrical Factor Separation between F and H Centers Temperature Dependence of Production Efficiency Role of Halogen Ion Impurities Effect of Cation Impurities Formation Time of F-H Pairs Closing Comments References Index