Rhyme’s Crimes
This article shows how rhyme came to be devalued critically. It argues that formalist methodologies alone cannot explain why rhyme once dominated and then fell in importance. Nor can formalism save rhyme by pointing to the reasons why humans enjoy it or by showing how it adds to poetry’s value. Instead, in historicist fashion, I focus on how political factors have determined the meaning of rhyme in the last three hundred years. I link rhyme’s fall to a series of ideological disavowals that tied the technique to subject positions deemed unfree. From political conservatism and aristocracy to femininity, childishness, and popular vulgarity, rhyme was positioned in aesthetic discourse as a device not fit for liberal professors of poetry. The case of rhyme illustrates that literary form can never be abstracted from the political contests by which culture is riven.
Selected Letters of John Keats
Preface Editorial Procedures Acknowledgments Introduction Events in the Life of John Keats Keats's Correspondents LETTERS, 1816-1821 1816-1817 C. C. Clarke--September C. C. Clarke--9 October C. C. Clarke--31 October B. R. Haydon--20 November C. C. Clarke--17 December J. H. Reynolds--17 March George And Tom Keats--15 April J. H. Reynolds--17, 18 April Leigh Hunt--10 May B. R. Haydon--10, 11 May Taylor and Hessey--16 May Taylor and Hessey--10 June Jane and Mariane Reynolds--4 September J. H. Reynolds--September Fanny Keats--10 September J. H. Reynolds--21 September B. R. Haydon--28 September Benjamin Bailey--8 October Benjamin Bailey--28-30 October Benjamin Bailey--3 November Benjamin Bailey--22 November J. H. Reynolds--22 November George and Tom Keats--21, 27 (?) December 1818 George and Tom Keats--5 January B. R. Haydon--10 January George and Tom Keats--23 January B. R. Haydon--23 January John Taylor--23 January Benjamin Bailey--23 January George and Tom Keats--23, 24 January George and Tom Keats--30 January John Taylor--30 January J. H. Reynolds--3 February George and Tom Keats--14 (?) February J. H. Reynolds--19 February George and Tom Keats--21 February John Taylor--27 February Benjamin Bailey--13 March J. H. Reynolds--14 March James Rice--24 March J. H. Reynolds--25 March B. R. Haydon--8 April J. H. Reynolds--9 April J. H. Reynolds--17 April John Taylor--24 April J. H. Reynolds--27 April J. H. Reynolds--3 May Benjamin Bailey--21, 25 April Benjamin Bailey--10 June Tom Keats--25-27 June George and Georgiana Keats--27, 28 June Tom Keats-29 June, 1, 2 July Fanny Keats--2, 3, 5 July Tom Keats--3, 5, 7, 9 July J. H. Reynolds--11, 13 July Tom Keats--10, 11, 13, 14 July Tom Keats--17, 18, 20, 21 July Benjamin Bailey--18, 22 July Tom Keats--23, 26 July Tom Keats--3, 6 August Mrs. James Wylie--6 August Fanny Keats--19 August C. W. Dilke--20, 21 September J. H. Reynolds--22 (?) September J. A. Hessey--8 October Fanny Keats--26 October Richard Woodhouse--27 October George and Georgiana Keats--14, 16, 21, 24, 31 October James Rice--24 November B. R. Haydon--22-December 1819 George and Georgiana Keats--16-18, 22, 29 (?), 31 December 1818, 2-4 January 1819 B. R. Haydon--10 (?) January Fanny Keats--11 February B. R. Haydon--18 (?) February Fanny Keats--27 February B. R. Haydon--8 March Fanny Keats--13 March Joseph Severn--29 March Fanny Keats--31 March Fanny Keats--12 April B. R. Haydon--13 April Fanny Keats--1 May (?) George and Georgiana Keats--14, 19 February, 3 (?), 12, 13, 17, 19 March, 15, 16, 21, 30 April, 3, 4 May Miss Jeffery--31 May Miss Jeffery--9 June Fanny Keats--9 June B. R. Haydon--17 June Fanny Keats--17 June Fanny Brawne--1 July Fanny Keats--6 July Fanny Brawne--8 July J. H. Reynolds--11 July Fanny Brawne--15 (?) July Fanny Brawne--25 July C. W. Dilke (With Charles Brown)--31 July Fanny Brawne--5, 6 August Benjamin Bailey--14 August Fanny Brawne--16 August John Taylor--31 August J. A. Hessey--5 September John Taylor--5 September Fanny Brawne--13 September John Taylor (From Richard Woodhouse)--19, 20 September J. H. Reynolds--21 September Richard Woodhouse--21, 22 September Charles Brown--22 September C. W. Dilke--22 September Charles Brown--23 September George And Georgiana Keats--17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27 September C. W. Dilke--1 October B. R. Haydon (With Charles Brown)--3 October Fanny Brawne--11 October Fanny Brawne--13 October Fanny Brawne--19 October Fanny Keats--26 (?) October William Haslam--2 November Joseph Severn--15 November John Taylor --17 November James Rice--December Fanny Keats--20 December 1820 Georgiana Wylie Keats--13, 15, 17, 28 January Fanny Brawne--4 (?) February Fanny Keats--6 February Fanny Keats--8 February Fanny Brawne--10 (?) February Fanny Brawne--February (?) Fanny Keats--14 February Fanny Brawne--February (?) Fanny Brawne--February (?) Fanny Brawne--February (?) James Rice--14, 16 February Fanny Brawne--February (?) Fanny Brawne--February (?) Fanny Brawne--February (?) Fanny Brawne--24 (?) February Fanny Brawne--27 (?) February J. H. Reynolds--28 February Fanny Brawne--28 (?) February Fanny Brawne--29 (?) February Fanny Brawne--1 March (?) C. W. Dilke--4 March Fanny Brawne--March (?) Fanny Brawne--March (?) Fanny Brawne--March (?) Fanny Brawne--March (?) Fanny Brawne--March (?) Fanny Brawne--March (?) Fanny Keats--20 March Fanny Brawne--March (?) Fanny Brawne--March (?) Mrs. James Wylie--24 (?) March Fanny Keats--1 April Fanny Keats--12 April Fanny Keats--21 April Fanny Keats--4 May Fanny Brawne--May (?) Fanny Brawne--June (?) John Taylor--2 (?) June Charles Brown --About 21 June Fanny Keats--23 June Fanny Brawne--4 July (?) Fanny Brawne--5 July (?) Fanny Keats--5 July William Haslam (From Joseph Severn)--12 (?) July Fanny Keats--22 July John Keats (From Percy Bysshe Shelley)--27 July Fanny Brawne--August (?) Fanny Keats--13 August John Taylor--13 August Leigh Hunt--13 (?) August John Taylor--14 August Charles Brown--14 August Percy Bysshe Shelley--16 August Charles Brown--August (?) Fanny Keats--23 August Fanny Keats--11 September William Haslam (From Joseph Severn)--19 September William Haslam (From Joseph Severn)--21 September Charles Brown--30 September William Haslam (From Joseph Severn)--22 October Mrs. Samuel Brawne--24 (?) October Charles Brown--1, 2 November William Haslam (From Joseph Severn)--1, 2 November ? (From Dr. James Clark)--27 November Charles Brown--30 November Charles Brown (From Joseph Severn)--14, 17 December John Taylor (From Joseph Severn)--24 December 1821 ? (From Dr. James Clark)--3 January Mrs. Samuel Brawne (From Joseph Severn)--11 January William Haslam (From Joseph Severn)--15 January John Taylor (From Joseph Severn)--25, 26 January William Haslam (From Joseph Severn)--22 February John Taylor (From Joseph Severn)--6 March William Haslam (From Charles Brown)--18 March William Haslam (From Joseph Severn)--5 May Index
The Tsadik and His Soul’s Sparks: From Kabbalah to Hasidism
The present study shows the continuity between the Safedian Kabbalistic view of the relations between the sparks of a certain soul, and the Hasidic theory, that was conceived of as innovated by and characteristic of 18th century Hasidism, as to the responsibility of the Tsadik for the sparks that belongs to his soul. In the two literatures, the rescue of a spark of one's soul is related to the beautiful captive woman that is conceived of as an externalization of an inner dimension of the righteous person, immersed in a shell.