A Novel Hybrid-Channel Attenuation Measurement System at 50–110 GHz
A novel hybrid-channel attenuation measurement system has been built for the measurement of Vand W-band waveguide attenuators from 50 to 110 GHz. The measurement system combines two single channels of the V and W bands together into one system. The V-band channel is used as the measurement channel and the W-band channel is used as the synchronization channel when the V-band attenuator is measured and vice versa. The measurement system is free of cross talk between the two channels and removes the need for isolators between the local oscillator and the mixer since the RF signal frequencies in the two channels are different. In addition, a compensation module was designed to cancel the self-mixing produced by the W-band mixer at frequencies above 102 GHz. The expanded uncertainty of the system is evaluated to be 0.004-0.08 dB at frequencies ≤102 GHz and 0.005-0.11 dB at frequencies 102 GHz for an attenuation range from 0 to 80 dB.
Accurate measurement of millimeter-wave attenuation from 75 GHz to 110 GHz using a dual-channel heterodyne receiver
Abstract A dual-channel millimeter-wave attenuation measurement system from 75 GHz to 110 GHz using a heterodyne receiver is described. The millimeter-wave attenuation is derived from the voltage ratio at 5.02 kHz using an inductive voltage divider as a reference standard. The measurement uncertainties are estimated to be 0.015–0.030 dB for attenuation ranging from 0 dB to 70 dB at 110 GHz. Measurement results of a waveguide rotary vane attenuator with 0–70 dB attenuation steps at 110 GHz are presented.
The unfolded universe of elementary particles. A geometric explanation of the standard model structure
We propose a geometric explanation of the standard model of Glashow, Weinberg and Salam for the known elementary particles. Our model is a generic Quantum Field Theory in dimension four, obtained by developing along a Lorentz sub-manifold the lagrangian of Einstein and Dirac in dimension twelve. The main mechanism which gives birth to the standard model is a certain gauge fixing of triality, which permits to identify the multiplicity of fermions, as seen from the four dimensional world, with the eight unseen dimensions of the generating universe. In this way we get the known tables of particles, explaining the series of fermions and the gauge bosons. We suggest that the Higgs field dynamics could appear through a bosonization of the right handed neutrino and correspond to a displacement in the unseen dimensions. We also propose hypotheses for dark matter, and perhaps dark energy. Then we suggest predictions to go beyond the standard model.