(Z)-5-tetradecen-1-ol: A secondary pheromone of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly, and its relationship to (Z)-10-nonadecenal
The yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer), was known to possess a potent secondary pheromone with the polarity of an alcohol, based on earlier studies with Florisil fractions. Purification of the 25% ether-hexane Florisil fraction (polarity as with alcohols) and the hydrolyzed 5% ether-hexane fraction (polarity as with esters) from 50,000 females yielded a total of ca 3μg of an active compound identified as (Z)-5-tetradecen-1-ol (Z5–14∶ OH). When added to 100 ng of (Z)-10-nonadecenal (Z10–19∶Al), which behaves as the primary pheromone in this sawfly, 0.5 ng of syntheticZ5–14∶ OH caused an 8.8-fold increase in the greenhouse bioassay response, compared toZ10–19∶Al alone.E5–14∶ OH caused a 2.8-fold increase. Only the combination ofZ5–14∶ OH andZ10–19∶ Al consistently elicited mating attempts among males. When Hercon® formulations ofZ5–14∶OH andZ10–19∶ Al were used together to bait traps, catches were up to four times higher than for theZ10–19∶ Al alone, but this increase was seen only after emergence and mating activity in the field population were virtually complete. TheZ5–14∶ OH was inactive alone, and at higher levels it depressed trap catches toZ10–19∶ Al. The Hercon formulations ofZ5–14∶ 0H andZ10–19∶Al together were as attractive as virgin females.Z10–19∶Al alone and the (Z,Z)-9,19 hydrocarbon dienes (found in all females and able to oxidize in air to produceZ10–19∶Al) were similar to mated females. ThusZ5–14∶:OH accounted for the difference in attractiveness between virgin and mated females.
Parasite Complex of the Larch Sawfly in Minnesota
Only 2 parasites of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), were found in all 16 study plots in northern Minnesota from 1970–72: the tachina fly Bessa harveyi (Townsend) averaged 30% parasitism over all plots; and the ichneumon Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley seldom exceeded 10% parasitism. Approximately 26% of the B. harveyi adults emerged in late-summer rather than the more beneficial spring emergence.

Olesicampe benefactor Hinz, an ichneumon introduced into Minnesota in 1971 and 1972, was recovered from all 8 release plots. Parasitism reached 48% in one release plot, but was ca. 2% in other release plots by 1972. Dispersal into Minnesota, from releases in 1961 in Manitoba, was conspicuous by 1972 when O. benefactor was recovered from 5 of 8 check plots. Mesochorus dimidiatus Holmgren, an ichneumon hyperparasite of O. benefactor , was found in Minnesota for the 1st time.
Inhibition of Pheromone Perception in European Pine Shoot Moth by Synthetic Acetates
Insect sex pheromones have recently received considerable attention as potential agents for selective control of insect populations. One pheromone-related behavioral approach involves interrupting the normal reproductive cycle by preventing orientation of male to female by the use of pheromone inhibition (Wright 1965, Shorey et al. 1967, Roelofs and Comeau 1968, Traynier 1970, Beroza et al. 1971). A series of sixteen 12-carbon aliphatic acetates were evaluated as inhibitors of European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermuller), sex pheromone perception.