The review programme in the European Union for existing biocidal active substances—outcome of the notification process
Abstract The European Commission Biocidal Products Directive 98/8/EC lays down rules and procedures concerning the placing of biocidal products on the EU market. Based on the Directive, a First Review Regulation was adopted for the review of existing biocidal active substances. These substances had to be either identified or notified (two different processes) to the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) by 28 March 2002. More than 1000 companies took part in the review programme. In total 953 different existing active substances were identified and 372 different substances were notified. This article presents an analysis of the notified substances regarding the number of notifications per substance, notifiers per substance and per Member State and number of notified substances per product type. The results are compared with data from former statistics.
Quality assessment of milling technology and the biocidal effects of SiO2 or TiO2 nanoadditives in cooling lubricant emulsions
Abstract Nanoparticles (NPs) of TiO2 or SiO2 (size of 10–25 nm) added to a cooling lubricant emulsion (CLE) have a positive effect on the machining process due to a reduction in the average friction coefficient, a reduction in the variance of the measured values and a reduction in the wear of the cutting tool resulting in increased durability. The functional properties of NPs were evaluated using two different CLEs – CLE1 with the majority content oxygen molecule and various amines; and CLE2 composed of oxygenated organic compounds comprising glycols and higher alcohols. Conventional face milling was selected as the machining process type with the cutting speed 119 m min−1; rotor speed 600 rpm; feed per tooth 0.1 mm; feed rate per minute 60 mm; depth of cut 1 mm and width of cut 40 mm. The addition of spherical SiO2 NPs and TiO2 NPs with a flat surface texture with smooth edges led to a reduction in wear, in the sticking region there was no evidence chipping, cracking or peeling of the coating. The different compositions of CLE1 and CLE2 influence the biocidal effects of the NPs on bacteria cells; CLE1 with SiO2 of 56.6%, and with TiO2 of 18.4%; CLE2 with SiO2 of 26.5%, and with TiO2 of 55.3%. The presence of NPs in the CLEs does not increase the cytotoxic effect on mouse fibroblast cells; however, the composition of CLE1 and CLE2 affects the cytotoxicity for mouse fibroblast cells; CLE1 has an up to 59.6% higher cytotoxic effect than CLE2.
Die Populationsdynamik Von Canthocampt Us Staphylinus (Jurine) (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) Im Litoral Des Bodensees
The population dynamics of Canthocamptus staphylinus in the littoral zone of Lake Constance are described (fig. 2). Adult animals aestivate as cysts. The main part of the population emerges from the cysts in autumn. During the resting stage and the first spell after emerging, mortality is very low (fig. 3). Reproduction, expressed as numbers of ovigerous females, begins in November and reaches its maximum in January. The new generation becomes adult in May/June and encysts without previous reproduction. According to Sarvala (1979) it may be possible, that in littoral populations dormancy is induced by long day periods and temperatures of over 12° C (figs. 1, 2). In the profundal zone C. staphylinus also forms cysts, however, both light and temperature are not likely to induce this stage in depths of over 60 m.