Syncretisms involving clusivity
The inclusive and exclusive are commonly considered to be kinds of the first person plural. In this chapter, I will investigate whether they deserve this name by looking at syncretisms between clusivity and other person markers. Such syncretisms are rare, but a thorough investigation has resulted in a large enough sample to allow for some conclusions. The result is that the exclusive is often syncretic with the first person singular, and can thus indeed be considered a kind of first person plural. In contrast, the inclusive cannot. Further, the often claimed link between inclusive and second person in spurious. This claim probably only arose because of selected attention for those syncretisms arguing for such a connection, but disregarding all other syncretisms that argue against it. In this survey, all possible syncretisms are considered resulting in the observation that the inclusive/second person syncretism does not occur more often than others.
Building semantic maps: the case of person marking
When comparing languages, a method is needed to deal with variability. Semantic maps are a frequently used method in typology to analyze and display cross-linguistic diversity. In my dissertation on the paradigmatic structure of person marking, I made a semantic map of person marking to summarise some structural aspects of my findings (Cysouw 2001a: 185– 187). However, the resulting map was not very satisfying, and I subsequently removed this attempt in the published version of my thesis (Cysouw 2003). In this paper I will revisit the attempt to build a semantic map for person marking, based on the data as discussed in detail in Chapters 3 and 4 from Cysouw (2003). My main conclusion will be that there is no such thing as the semantic map for person marking. Instead, various semantic maps are possible, and the traditional kind of semantic map should be seen as just one possible display of cross-linguistic variability. More generally, I will criticize the received view on establishing semantic maps (as summarised in Haspelmath 2003) because frequency of occurrence is ignored in that tradition. In Section 2, I will first discuss why there is a need for semantic maps and what is the methodological status of this approach in linguistic theory. Following this, in Section 3, I will turn to person marking, which will be the example I will use in this paper to illustrate my arguments. I will first make a semantic map for person marking along the received approach, and then sketch various ways to improve on this by including frequencies of occurrence. Section 4 will outline some possibilities of using similar approaches on different levels of linguistic structure. A summary and an outlook on further possible developments will be given in Section 5.
Serum Profiles of Luteinizing Hormone, Oestradiol and Cholesterol and Ovarian Functions in Layer Poultry Birds (Gallus domesticus) Fed Diets Containing Furazolidone
This study was carried out to assess the serum profiles of luteinizing hormone (LH), oestradiol, cholesterol and ovarian functions in layer poultry birds (Rhode Island Red;Gallus domesticus) fed a diet containing various concentrations of furazolidone (FZ). A total of 40 birds were randomly assigned to receive FZ 0, 200, 400 or 800 mg/kg feed (ppm) daily during the pre-laying age, i.e. 13–18 weeks (for 5 weeks). Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals. Concentrations of LH and oestradiol in serum were estimated at alternate weeks using radioimmunoassays. Serum cholesterol levels were analysed by an enzymatic calorimetric method. Furazolidone administration was terminated at the 18th week of age. The birds were sacrificed at 22nd week of age and ovarian tissues were processed for morphometric studies. Serum LH, oestradiol and cholesterol levels were affected by age (p<0.001) and FZ dose (p<0.001). Serum LH and oestradiol levels were lower (p<0.05) in birds receiving FZ 800 mg/kg feed daily compared with the controls, whereas serum cholesterol profiles were lower (p<0.05) in all FZ-administered groups than in the control group. The mean weight of ovaries having no yolky follicles observed in the group receiving FZ 400 or 800 mg/kg feed per day was reduced (p<0.05) compared with the control group. Dosing FZ at 800 mg/kg feed per day reduced (p<0.05) the mean volume of ovaries having no yolky follicles compared with the control group. In birds receiving FZ 800 mg/kg feed per day, the mean length of the oviduct was reduced (p<0.05) as compared with the control group. Morphometric studies revealed that the mean number of oocytes with diameter in the range 401–800 μm decreased (p<0.05) in birds fed FZ 400 or 800 mg/kg feed per day. Initial egg production was affected by age (p<0.001) and dose (p<0.001) of FZ. The mean number of eggs laid by different groups revealed that egg production was reduced (p<0.05) in birds receiving FZ 800 mg/kg feed per day as compared with the controls. The present data suggest that FZ causes suppression in serum profiles of LH, oestradiol, cholesterol and ovarian functions in Rhode Island Red layer poultry birds. Therefore, great care must be taken with use of FZ in layer poultry birds (Gallus domesticus) with regard to dosage and duration of administration.