Manganoxyd-Phasen als Pigmente antiker Vasenmalerei
function (dots) and the fitted survivor function (continuous line) for ear thquakes with M ~ 2.0 in Eastern Canada for the period t925-1965 (Ranalli, in preparation). Seismic zoning in terms of frequency isolines of damaging earthquakes is therefore a useful first step in ear thquake risk analysis. In order to refine the ear thquake risk index ~ however, it is necessary to weigh it for magnitude, focal depth, and ground response. Ultimately, an empirically based relation between ground acceleration, distance, and magni tude is required, so tha t ear thquake risk can be translated into terms of more immediate relevance to h u m a n and social problems.
Four shades of black: Non-invasive scientific studies on the painted potteries from Shahr-i Sokhta, eastern Iran
Abstract Shahr-i Sokhta in east of Iran represents different stages of settlements from the fourth to the second millennium BC. A large assemblage of ceramics shards has been unearthed from Shahr-i Sokhta many of which are decorated with different shades of black, yellow and red colours. Micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman) on some seventy painted shards from Shahr-i Sokhta with polychrome, bi-chrome and monochrome decorations showed haematite and goethite as red and yellow decorations, respectively. Black decorations, however, consisted of four main groups including carbon black, magnetite, haematite and jacobsite. This paper represents a successful application of non-invasive spectroscopic methods for identifying pigments on archaeological ceramics.
Elektronenmikrosonde und antike Vasenmalerei
Mit der Elektronenmikrosonde wurde die chemische Zusammensetzung der nur 5–40 μm dicken attischen Schwarzmalschicht und der Uberzugsschicht der Terra sigillata getrennt von der Scherbenmasse quantitativ untersucht. Die Schwarzmalschicht und die Uberzugsschicht enthalten viel mehr Kalium als die Scherbenmasse und mehr Eisen, wahrend der Siliciumgehalt fast der gleiche ist. Die Scherbenmasse enthalt erhebliche Gehalte an Calcium. Die Intentional-Red-Schicht enthalt erhebliche Mengen an Eisen, aber sehr wenig Kalium. Wahrscheinlich wurde fur den Schwarzmalschlicker und fur den Uberzugsschlicker ein eisenhaltiger illitischer Ton, und fur den Intentional-Red-Schlicker ein eisenhaltiger kaolinitischer Ton fein ausgeschlammt. Fur die Scherben des Gefases wurde ein kalkhaltiger Ton verwendet. 
 
 
 
By means of the electron probe microanalysis, the chemical compositions of the attic Black-Paint layer (being only 5–40 μm thick) and the surface coating of Terra-sigillata have been quantitatively estimated without interference by the body material. Much more potassium and more iron were found than in the body material, whereas the Si contents are almost the same. The body mass has a considerable content of Ca. The Intentional-Red layer contains much iron, but a very small amount of K. 
 
 
 
Probably an iron-containing illitic clay was finely elutriated for the Black-Paint and the coating slip, whereas an iron-containing kaolinitic clay was used for Intentional-Red. The body of the vessels was prepared from a lime-containing clay.