Chosen Institutional Arrangements in Trading of Agricultural Land of the State Treasury in Poland
This paper discusses the problem of state trading of agricultural land, for which is responsible a state institution – the Agency of Agricultural Real Estates (AARE). The legal conditions and effects of activity were to present. Analysis was based on selected literature, data from the AARE and appropriate legal acts. In essence, the intervention of the Agency on the farmland market involves giving preference, when selling farmland, to people with adequate qualifications who run family farms. The distinguishing feature of the regional branch of the Agency in Warmia and Mazury is the considerable share of state-owned farmland found in this region in the past.
Factors shaping the agricultural land market in Poland
Abstract The research aim has been to demonstrate the current state of Poland's agricultural land market and offered perspectives on changes to the market. The agricultural land market in Poland is divided in two parts: privately owned farms and land owned by the State Treasury. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire distributed in 2008 among 943 owners and/or leaseholders of agricultural land located in all regions of Poland. According to empirical studies, private and family farm ownership is dominant in Poland, and land is most often acquired due to inheritance – 84.84% of surveyed farmers benefited from a land grant, which was mainly given by their parents or parents-in-law (78.90%). In addition, 80.34% declared that they will pass their land to their children or grandchildren. Notably, almost 100% of farmers reported having children or grandchildren. The motives presented by leaseholders and agricultural land buyers can be divided in three categories: (1) the desire to expand owned farmland or establish a new farm; (2) an investment on the expected price increase of agricultural land; and (3) to receive benefits from EU funds (i.e., a direct subsidy payment, a subsidy to less favoured areas, production, establishing new farm, activities in the frames of Sectoral Operational Programme). Moreover, leaseholders indicated that the pre-emption right for leased land was very important to them, as 81.75% leaseholders declared the intention to use this right. According to Agricultural Property Agency (APA) statistics, 57.52% farmers bought land from the APA before it was offered to the public. The agricultural land market in Poland after 1989 has been shaped by various factors. These include: - historically based attitudes toward land and its cultural and symbolic value; - a socialist heritage (although even during socialism in Poland, private ownership was widespread in agriculture); - a regard for land as a multifunctional good (e.g. production factor, natural good, public good); - citizens’ and in particular farmers’ attitude toward land ownership and agricultural leasing; - changes in agriculture and ownership rights to improve the efficiency of land management; - integration with the EU and joining the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP); and - the possibility of obtaining various rents (i.e. economic, land, quality, total, planning, localisation, agricultural, mining, building, rural, capital, EU support, and changing the purpose of the land) ( Marks-Bielska, 2010, 7 ). State policy in the field of spatial management needs further elaboration and should address a complex system that encompasses both land used for agriculture and land use for other purposes.
The Soviet Home Front, 1941-1945: A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II
List of tables and maps Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations and technical terms Part 1: On the Eve 1. Building Socialism 2. The Great Patriotic War 3. The State in Wartime Part 2: Soviet Society at War 4. Mobilisation 5. Subsistence and Survival 6. The Social Order Part 3: The Productive Effort 7. Fortress of the Rear 8. Labour: The 'Ultimate Bottleneck' 9. 'In Labour as in Combat' 10. Production: The Power of Victory 11. Planning: 'The Military-Economic Staff' Epilogue Tables Important dates References Maps Index