The Demography and Epidemiology of Human Health and Aging
Commons by 232 votes to 81. None of this provides any clue to how many unmarried cohabitees existed at this time or suggests that they were anything like as numerous as at the end of the century, but it is not surprising that such public acknowledgement of their existence has aroused the interest of historians. Probert traces this uncertain history, treating secondary sources with varying degrees of accuracy, through to the undoubted spread of open cohabitation following the cultural and legal changes of the late 1960s and 1970s. She shares, apparently unconsciously since she does not cite key works, what is now the common view among historians in this field, that the ‘permissive sixties’ did not spring unexpectedly from, or in reaction against, the supposedly repressive 1950s, but were the outcome of a longer, gradual process of change from at least the 1930s. Probert is convinced that this change was accompanied by a newly widespread belief that established cohabitees had the same legal rights as married people, signified by use of the term ‘common law marriage’. It is perhaps natural for a lawyer to assume that most people do not have much awareness of their legal status until they discover the limitations of their own, when they may experience severe shock. Probert offers no clear evidence that those who referred to ‘common law marriage’ held this belief, indeed the term was promoted by campaigners for such equality precisely because it did not exist. Such ambitions were encouraged by the fact that, as Probert says, tracing the process to 2010, the law gradually gave more recognition to heterosexual unmarried couples, though less than that granted to gay civil partners since 2004. She concludes: ‘My intention has been to set the historical record straight. Whatever one’s personal views, myths and misunderstandings are no basis for a coherent discussion of what the law has been and how it should develop.’ Quite so. # 2013 PAT THANE Institute for Contemporary British History Kings College London pat.thane@kcl.ac.uk http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2013.788320
Trends in Working Life Expectancy in Europe
Objective: The aim of the article is to analyze past and present developments of working life expectancy (WLE) at age 50 by age, sex, and education in Europe. WLE is also compared with life expectancy (LE) and healthy life expectancy (HLE). Method: WLE is calculated with the Sullivan method. Labor force participation is based on the European Union (EU) Labor Force Survey. Results: WLE at age 50 has been increasing since the mid- to late 1990s in most European countries. Increases were more pronounced among women than men. Differences in WLE by education are substantial. The comparison of WLE, LE, and HLE for the year 2009 reveals that the correlation between WLE and LE is smaller than between WLE and HLE. Discussion: The analysis of trends in WLE at age 50, particularly when set in relation to remaining LE, provides useful insights about the development of the distribution of economically active and inactive years in Europe’s aging societies.
The Illinois Legislature
It further provides that the county must have voted "for license" at the last general election on that subject. Also, that the petition, together with all names and addresses on it, must first be published in at least two issues of some newspaper published in the town where the petition was circulated, for at least ten days before the petition is acted upon. Any officer authorized to issue licenses violating the provisions of this act is liable to a fine of from $500 to $1000 and imprisonment in the county jail for from two to twelve months. The act does not repeal any local laws forbidding the sale of liquor, but is cumulative to all anti-liquor laws now in force. The final section is: "This Act being necessary for the public peace, health, and safety, shall take effect and be in force from and after December 31, 1913." The postponement of the time for going into effect was made io order not to interfere with licenses already issued and to give the liquor dealers time to adjust themselves to the provisions of the act. But the liquor people denied that the emergency clause could be attached to an act the operation of which was postponed nearly a year. They called attention to the omission of the word "immediate," and declared that the postponement was in itself sufficient evidence that it was not necessary for the "immmediate preservation of the public health, peace and safety." A petition for reference was circulated and the necessary number of signatures was secured. The attorney-general was first asked for his opinion as to whether the act was subject to the referendum. That officer stated that he could find no precedent for such a case. Basing his decision on reason and common sense he declared the act not subject to the referendum. The circuit court was then asked for a write of mandamus against the secretary of state to compel him to submit the act, but the court refused to grant it, saying that the attachment of the emergency clause was evidence that the legislature intended to prevent its submission. At this writing the question is pending on appeal before the supreme court.