Chapter 4. High Temperature Barrier Layers
The concept of hybrid electrode-barrier layers is introduced in the first section. The experimental process and ferroelectric properties of PZT films on the electrode-barrier layers are explained in detail in the second section. The fatigue problem and minimization of the fatigue are reviewed, and the improvement of the fatigue properties using the high temperature multi-layer substrates are discussed in the last section. 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the previous two chapters, high density destructive readout (DRO) FRAM were investigated by primarily focusing on materials processing temperature. The low temperature processing was successfully achieved for the high density DRO FRAM applications by using a modified sol-gel processing. The other approach we have taken for integrating PZT films into high density CMOS devices is to develop novel electrode-barrier layers for high temperature processing. Since the currently used diffusion barrier layers such as TiN and TiSi 2 maintain their electrical conductivity only up to 550 °C, high temperature barrier layers are desirable for the integration of PZT films into high density CMOS devices. Ideal electrode materials for the DRO FRAM devices should possesses good electrical conductivity, outstanding thermal and chemical stability, and amenability to dry etching. In particular, the electrode-barrier should be a good diffusion barrier without reacting the ferroelectric materials or the underlying substrate (poly-Si) during high temperature processing. In this research, we propose Pt/IrO 2 /Ir hybrid electrode

 Report

ra n g e d f ro m 3 0 t o 1 9 0 m g /L .  C h a n n e l d iv e rs io n  N o m a jo r c h a n g e in o v e ra ll c a tc h m e n t a n d th u s a d v e rs e im p a c t to h y d ro lo g y a n d th e a s s o c ia te d w a te r q u a lit y im p a c t is n o t a n ti c ip a te d .  S e w e ra g e p ro p o s e d b y t h e d e v e lo p m e n t c o u ld b e b e n e fi c ia l to e x is ti n g w a te r q u a lit y.
Comparison between Two Chemicals for Reducing Scale Formation in Reverse Osmosis Systems
In this present research was transacted with the calcium carbonate scale inhibition on the membrane surface of the reverse osmosis desalination system. Influence of changing feed solution flow rate (10-25)l/h, pH of the feed solution (6-10) on the recovery ,penetrate flow rate and total dissolved solid in (RO) system by using solution of calcium carbonate as feed solution was investigated, furthermore the effect of adding two types of scale inhibitor ,zinc chloride and polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate with difference concentration (2-8)mg/l for zinc chloride and (8-15) mg/l for polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate was calculated. The results showed that the permeate rate increases as the feed flow rate augmentation ,while it reducing with time, the total dissolved solids decreases as the feed flow rate increases while it increases with time and recovery rate decreases as the feed flow rate increases and it also decreases with time. It was concluded that the permeate rate decreases as the feed solution pH value increases and it cause high scale forming thus decrease the permeate TDS.By adding the scale inhibitor, it was found that the permeate rate and recovery rates increases as the concentration of inhibitor increases while the total dissolved solids decreases in the permeate with increasing the concentration of both inhibitors .It was discovered that Polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate more sturdy than zinc chloride as scale inhibitor for reverse osmosis desalination system in all concentrations was studied in this article.