Detonation loading of tubes in the modified shear wave speed regime
We performed experiments and numerical simulations on a thin-wall aluminum tube with internal gaseous detonation loading in the modified shear wave speed regime. Strain gauges were used to determine the time-dependent hoop strain on the surface of the tube. The experimental results were compared with analytical models and numerical simulations with explicit finite element computation treating the detonation as a traveling load. Hoop strain amplification factors (defined as the ratio of the dynamic strain to the equivalent static strain) close to two were obtained both in the present experiments and simulations. No resonance phenomena in the hoop strain were found in either experiments or simulations. Computations reveal the existence of a resonance in the shear strain.
Gaseous Detonation-Driven Fracture of Tubes
An experimental investigation of fracture response of aluminum 6061-T6 tubes under internal gaseous detonation loading has been carried out. The pressure load, with speeds exceeding 2 km/s, can be characterized as a pressure peak (ranging from 2 to 6 MPa) followed by an expansion wave. The unique combination of this particular traveling load and tube geometry produced fracture data not available before in the open literature. Experimental data of this type are useful for studying the fluid-structure-fracture interaction and various crack curving and branching phenomena, and also for validation for multi-physics and multi-scale modeling. 

Axial surface flaws were introduced to control the crack initiation site. Fracture threshold models were developed by combining a static fracture model and an extensively studied dynamic amplification factor for tubes under internal traveling loads. Experiments were also performed on hydrostatically loaded preflawed aluminum 6061-T6 tubes for comparison. Significantly different fracture behavior was observed and the difference was explained by fluid dynamics and energy considerations. The experiments yielded comparison on crack speeds, strain, and pressure histories. 

In other experiments, the specimens were also pre-torqued to control the propagation direction of the cracks. Measurements were made on the detonation velocity, strain history, blast pressure from the crack opening, and crack speeds. The curved crack paths were digitized. The Chapman-Jouguet pressure, initial axial flaw length, and torsion level were varied to obtain different crack patterns. The incipient crack kinking angle was found to be consistent with fracture under mixed-mode loading. High-speed movies of the fracture events and blast wave were taken and these were used in interpreting the quantitative data.

Numerical simulations were performed using the commercial explicit finite-element software LS-Dyna. The detonation wave was modeled as a traveling boundary load. Both non-fracturing linear elastic simulations and elastoplastic simulations with fracture were conducted on three-dimensional models. The simulated fracture was compared directly with an experiment with the same conditions. The overall qualitative fracture behavior was captured by the simulation. The forward and backward cracks were observed to branch in both the experiment and simulation.
Modeling of chemical reactors—XXIX mixing-cell model for packed bed reactors. Steady state considerations. Problems of multiplicity
Abstract The axial heat and mass transfer in tubular catalytic reactors may be described by mixing-cell model and diffusion model as well. The diffusion description yields for a strong exothermic reaction and adiabatic conditions three steady state profiles, on the other hand the mixing-cell model gives rise to more than three steady states. A simple numerical and graphical analysis for mixing-cell model is presented.