DESEMPENHOS TÉCNICOS E ECONÔMICOS DA CONSORCIAÇÃO DE MILHO COM FORRAGEIRAS DOS GÊNEROS Panicum E Brachiaria EM SISTEMA DE INTEGRAÇÃO LAVOURA-PECUÁRIA
The objective of this research was to evaluate the technical and economic performance of methods for corn cropping with Brachiaria and Panicum genuses forages, in crop-livestock integration systems under no-tillage. The experiment was conducted in Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, in a Distroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol), during the growing seasons of 2007 and 2008. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of eight methods for growing corn intercropped with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaca, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, and Brachiaria ruziziensis , sown simultaneously or at side dressing nitrogen fertilization, besides single grown corn. The operating cost analysis was based on prices of inputs and operations, and the revenue at the average price for corn in Sao Paulo State. The decreasing cost-benefit ratio and the best economic returns, obtained due to higher index of contribution margin, determined the most feasible cropping methods. The Panicum maximum cv. Mombaca and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, intercropped simultaneously with corn, provided less grain yield than single grown corn. As related to technical and economic benefits of the consortium to be used in crop-livestock integration systems, the most recommended is corn with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, mainly in the simultaneous sowing. However, technical and economic results in the long term, with different prices and yields, must be evaluated. KEY-WORDS: Contribution margin; grain yield; cost-benefit ratio; no-tillage system; Zea mays L.
Consórcio de milho com Urochloa ruziziensis e os efeitos na cultura da soja em rotação
Objetivou-se com esse trabalho estudar o consorcio de milho com braquiaria (Urochloa ruziziensis cv. Comum), quanto ao desenvolvimento das plantas de milho, a capacidade de producao de materia seca pela forrageira, a infestacao de plantas daninhas e os efeitos desse sistema de producao na cultura da soja em rotacao. Foram estudadas duas formas de semeadura (a lanco e em linha) de braquiaria nas parcelas, quatro quantidades de sementes (200, 400, 600 e 800 pontos de valor cultural, PVC = quantidade de sementes x valor cultural) nas subparcelas e uma testemunha, representada pelo monocultivo do milho. O cultivo consorciado de milho com braquiaria nao interferiu negativamente na producao de graos da cultura em relacao ao milho solteiro. A semeadura de 200 PVC de sementes de braquiaria, a lanco ou em linha aos 22 dias apos a semeadura do milho, foi suficiente para a manutencao de quantidade adequada de palha sobre o solo, media de 7,7 t ha-1. No momento da colheita do milho, a materia seca das plantas daninhas reduziu com o aumento da quantidade de sementes de braquiaria e foi maior quando a forrageira foi semeada a lanco. Na cultura da soja em rotacao, a densidade e materia seca de plantas daninhas reduziram linearmente com o aumento da quantidade de sementes de braquiaria utilizadas no primeiro ano do trabalho. O consorcio de milho com braquiaria no primeiro ano do experimento beneficiou a populacao de plantas, a altura de plantas e a producao de graos de soja em relacao ao monocultivo de milho no mesmo periodo.
The status of FAO and codex alimentarius developments on vegetable proteins
The FAO is interested in increasing world protein supplies both by advising and assisting developing countries to increase their production of staple foods and by encouraging the development of technology to produce protein concentrates both from vegetable and animal sources to supplement diets which are low in protein content. Recent revisions of the amount of protein required in the diet in relation to total per capita energy requirements and the difficulties encountered in introducing novel foods into established dietary patterns has led FAO to concentrate on increased agricultural productions in developing countries as the primary means of combatting malnutrition. In the meantime, in North America and Europe, advances in the technology of processing vegetable proteins has given highly acceptable products simulating meats which are being used as meat extenders and meat analogues. The consequent increase in vegetable protein production has revealed a need for international, agreement on standardization, and it has been agreed that this will be undertaken by the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards’ Programme. The program operates chiefly through the Codex Alimentarius, Commission, an international governmental body, the purpose of which is to protect consumers against health hazard in food and against fraud. The Commission, which has 116 member governments, controls an intensive program of work covering the composition, labeling, additives, contaminants, pesticide residues, hygiene, sampling and analysis aspects of foods and has established a procedure which allows member governments ample opportunity to reach agreement on food standards and to accept them for incorporation into national legislation. The Codex Commission, at its 12th session, decided to establish a Committee on Vegetable Proteins with the following terms of references: “to elaborate definitions and world-wide standards for vegetable protein products deriving from soybeams, cottonseed, groundnuts, cereals and from other vegetable sources as they come into use for human consumption, and to elaborate guidelines on utilization of such vegetable protein products in the food supply system, on nutritional requirements and safety on labeling and on other aspects as may seem appropriate.” The question of which country will host the Committee is still under discussion.