The Loss and Persistence of Black-Owned Farms and Farmland: A Review of the Research Literature and Its Implications *
A method of forming an improved planarization mask for shallow trench isolation process area in integrated circuit manufacturing is disclosed. The planarization mask is generated automatically by using actual mask data as a reference. The invention discloses an algorithm which measures the geometric and relative separation distances of the active areas and performs the necessary merging, deletion and differential biasing to produce the planarization mask which has relaxed geometric boundaries, thereby allowing low cost and simplified manufacturing.
Race , Class , and Food Justice in South
Urban gardening has been hailed as a tool for community empowerment in the inner city to relieve food security. But in some low-income communities with predominantly people of color, the Whiteness of a new wave of urban gardening and the Alternative Food movement for local, slow, and organic, can be a source of race and class tension, hindering the potential for collaborative partnerships. This study applies critical perspectives on race and explores through qualitative analysis the race-class conflicts around food and urban gardening in a very diverse, low-income neighborhood in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania called South Allison Hill. A series of seven interviews with some neighborhood leaders and organizations involved with revitalization and/or urban agriculture reveal some of the claims to social roadblocks in local food systems development. They give insight into some of the structural limitations, local history, and experiences that shape group and individual actions. In the process, they suggest what needs to be done to more effectively and collaboratively harness the potential of urban agriculture in community empowerment, poverty alleviation, and conflict resolution. Findings reveal necessity of structural economic justice, centralizing experiences of people of color in food discourse, building cultural competency, using empathy-based communicative action for racial reconciliation, and engaging residents in participatory community revitalization. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Black political power and the decline of black land ownership
ConclusionThe absence of a viable equity base has been costly to the black community both economically and politically. Black dependency on white economic support has served to rob the black community of its autonomous decision-making potential. Further, without the advantage of a steady income and personal property in which they can take pride, many povertystricken Blacks have been unable to develop a serious interest in political activity. At the same time, black organizational efforts—both political and economic—have been crippled by the lack of a sufficient equity base to keep them independently viable.