Syncretisms involving clusivity
The inclusive and exclusive are commonly considered to be kinds of the first person plural. In this chapter, I will investigate whether they deserve this name by looking at syncretisms between clusivity and other person markers. Such syncretisms are rare, but a thorough investigation has resulted in a large enough sample to allow for some conclusions. The result is that the exclusive is often syncretic with the first person singular, and can thus indeed be considered a kind of first person plural. In contrast, the inclusive cannot. Further, the often claimed link between inclusive and second person in spurious. This claim probably only arose because of selected attention for those syncretisms arguing for such a connection, but disregarding all other syncretisms that argue against it. In this survey, all possible syncretisms are considered resulting in the observation that the inclusive/second person syncretism does not occur more often than others.
Descriptive Grammar of Ioway-Oto
0. Introduction 1. Phoneme inventory 2. Phonetic and phonological description 3. Phoneme combinations 4. Phonological neutralizations 5. Phoneme changes 6. Syllabification 7. Primary and secondary accent 8. Signs of morpheme junction 9. Vowel sandhi 10. Consonant sandhi 11. Morphophonological changes 12. Expressive changes 13. The verbal complex 14. Positional prefixes 15.0. Pronominal prefixes 15.1. With active verbs 15.2. With passive verbs 15.3. Indefinite object wa15.4. Reflexive and reciprocal 16. Directional prefixes 17. Instrumental prefixes 18. General plural prefix a19. Order of preverbal elements 20. Form of verb stems 21. Stem reduplication 22. Causative suffix
The Genetic Relationship of the Ainu Language
The Genetic Relationship of the Ainu Language. by James Patrie Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication #17. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1982. 174 pp. Map, Bibliography, Index of Ainu Forms. $7.50 (paper)