FACTOR ANALYSYS OF WASTE REDUCTION THROUGH VARIABLE RATE PROGRAM WITH TWO-TIER PRICING
日本ではごみ有料化方式の中で超過量有料制は少数派である．しかし，本方式は，具体的なごみ減量目標を提示できることから，人々にはそれを達成するためのごみ減量意識が生まれる．環境に配慮したいと思っている市民にとっては，具体的な目標が設定されることが環境配慮行動を実践する場合の励みとなり，実効性のある行動を選択させる．しかし，無料で収集されるごみ量が多いと人々のごみ減量意識の向上をもたらさず，その量以上に減量努力しても経済的なメリットがないため，大部分の住民にごみ減量行動を実行させることはできない．無料収集ごみ量とそれを超えたごみに対する徴収料金の設定が重要である．
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF MAINTAINING THE WASTE REDUCTION EFFECT THROUGH VARIABLE RATE PROGRAM
本研究では, 全国の有料化実施都市を対象とした質問紙調査, 及び, 統計資料調査によるデータを用いて, (1) 一人一日当たり総ごみ排出量の要因モデルを推定し, (2) これに基づき全量従量制有料化による減量効果の持続性を分析した. その結果1) 一人一日当たり総ごみ排出量に対して, 平均世帯人数の逆数, 一人当たり所得, 第一次産業就業者割合, 一人当たり資源ごみ収集量, 一人当たり就業者数が影響を及ぼしていることが明らかとなった. また, これらの地域特性等の影響を除いても, 有料化の有無, 袋価格ま影響を及ぼしていることが明らかとなった. 2) 全量従量制有料化の減量効果は, 地域特性の影響を除いても, 平均的には10年以上の持続性があることが明らかとなった. ただし, 袋価格の影響の持続性については明確な結論は得られなかった.
Sôbre a meiose de Dysdercus mendesi bloete (1937) - Hemiptera, pyrrhocoridæ
1  - The spermatogonia of Dysdercus mendesi Bloete have 16 chromosomes : 7 pairs of autosomes and 2 sex-chromosomes. 2  - After the last spermatogonia! division, the chromatin of the autosomes diffuses and the nucleoplasm assumes an uniform granulai- aspect ; each sex-chromosome is involved by a vesicle and stands well colored. 3  - While the chromatin of the autosomes starts to condense again, to form the long threads (that finnally are seen in a paired condition) the cycle of the sex-chromosomes is as follows : a)  yet contained in the vesicles, they grow in size and become long rods ;        b)  the vesicles disappear, the sex-chromosomes move inside the nucleoplasm and come to be disposed longitudinally, close together.        c)  they touch each other, become fissured, and a tetradlike chromatic element is formed, which contracts itself, remaining always well colored. 4  - The hetero-pycnosis of the sex-chromosomes is observed through the whole grow phase of the spermatocyte I. 5  - The separation of the sex-chromosome tetrad, originating two independent sex-chromosomes, is observed in the early grow phase of the spermatocyte as well as during any other period of this phase. The latest separation is observed during the diffuse stage of the nucleus. 6  - When the autosomes are in diakinesis, the sex-chromosomes assume the aspect of chromosomes in pachytene. 7  - In metaphase I the autosomic tetrads are in a more condensed and colored condition than the sex-chromosomes. The sex-chromosomes move to the center of the autosome-forming circle, but there is no contact between them. 8  - In anaphase I it is observed 2 interzonal connections between each autosomic dyad ; some exceptions are observed. Only one interzonal connection is observed between the separating sex-chromosomes. Moving to the poles the sex-chromosomes also approximate one to the other. 9  - In telophase I the sex-chromosome touch each other, and fuse side-by-side, forming only one chromatic element. The line of fusion is well visible through the subsequent stages of meiosis. 10  - In metaphase II the autosomes are disposed at the equator. The sex-chromosome, dyad is also disposed at the equator, as well as at any other position. 11  - In anaphase II the separation of the auto.somes is normal, and it is seen only one interzonal connection between its halves. The sex-chromosome dyad do not separate and moves to one pole, always in precession. 12  - There are two classes of spermatids : a) with 7 autosomes ; b) with 7 autosomes plus the sex-chromosome dyad. 13  - During the first phases of the spermatogeneses the 7-autosomc containing nucleus presents a reticulated aspect ; the sex-chromosome-dyad containing nucleus shows this chromatic element well colored inside the reticulated nucleoplasm. 14  - The male of Dysdercus mendesi Bloete has 7 AA + XX chromosomes. NOTE - A discussion on the movements of the sex-chromosome and its cycle. as well as on some aspects of the pairing of the autosomes, is being prepared. It will be published in the near future. The female of Dysdercus mendesi Bloete has 2n = 14A+4X.