Post-Conflict Peace-Building: Establishment of the Human Rights Ombudsman
In the post Cold War period, armed conflict continues to proliferate. Inter-state conflict, however, is the exception. Civil conflict — based on ethnic, religious, political and other differences — is common.1 War-torn societies suffer from a variety of domestic weaknesses, including state institutions that are flawed or have been destroyed, human rights abuses and breakdown in the rule of law. After the conflict ends, reconstruction of state and societal sectors needs to occur to prevent the state from slipping back into armed conflict. The concept of post-conflict peace-building developed in the 1990s, often associated with internationally-brokered peace agreements.2
International Law in the Post-Cold War World : Essays in Memory of Li Haopei
I. Trends and Perspectives 1. Shifting paradigms of international law and world order in an era of historical transition Edward McWhinney 2. Towards a law of co-progressiveness Sienho Yee II Sources of Law 3. The contribution of the international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to the ascertainment of general principles of law recognized by the community of nations Antonio Cassese 4. Opinio juris: A key concept in international law that is much misunderstood Bin Cheng 5. Judicial decisions as a source of international law and the defence of duress in murder or other cases arising from armed conflict Bing Bing Jia III. Substance and Theories of Law 6. The concept of "war crimes" Georges Abi-Saab 7. A new area of international law: the protection of maritime cultural property Kaare Bangert 8. IMF governance, the Asian financial crisis, and the new international financial architecture Bartram S. Brown 9. Passing the baton: the delegation of security council enforcement powers from Kuwait to Kosovo Simon Chesterman 10.State responsibility for violations of human rights Wladyslaw Czaplinski 11. Russia and international human rights Gennady M. Danilenko 12. Responsibility of states and individuals for international crimes Vladimir-Djuro Degan 13. China and the principle of sovereign equality in the 21st century Gao Feng 14. The legality of NATO's military action in Kosovo: is there a right of humanitarian intervention? Christine Gray 15. Immunity and "double criminality": General Augusto Pinochet before the House of Lords John R.W.D. Jones 16. The use of the term "(Public) Morality" in the European convention on human rights: a brief history Santiago Legarre 17. International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis Vaughan Lowe 18. Content and contours of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes Jordan J. Paust 19. The legal qualification of the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia: double standards or new horizons for international humanitarian law? Marco Sass'oli 20. Monitoring the convention against racial discrimination in the post-cold war context Theo van Boven 21. General principles of law regarding the protection of minorities Budislav Vukas 22. Sovereignty in global economic integration: a Chinese perspective Guiguo Wang 23. The doctrine of command reponsibility as applied to civilian leaders: the ICTR and the Kayishema case Zhu Wenqi IV Courts and Adjudication 24. The international protection of human rights: experiences with the European court of human rights Ronald St J MacDonald 27. Judicial procedures and the protection of human rights: the European context Peter Malanczuk 28. Challenges to indictments in international crimin
Hapten inhibition of passive antidextran dextran anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Role of molecular size in anaphylactogenicity and precipitability of dextran fractions.
High titred antidextran antisera have been raised in rabbits by prolonged immunization with soluble conjugates between isomaltose oligosaccharides or dextran mw 4,400 and bovine serum albumin in complete Freund’s adjuvant. Guinea pigs sensitized with such antisera exhibited anaphylactic shock on i.v. challenge with fractions of hydrolyzed B512 dextran. The severity of anaphylaxis depended on the amount of sensitizing antibody and the dose and molecular size of the challenging dextran fraction. In maximally sensitized animals, fractions of mw 3,600 or larger were anaphylactogenic and smaller molecular size fractions were nonanaphylactogenic. In submaximally sensitized animals, dextran fractions of mw 10,500 or less were foundnonanaphylactogenic. In addition, nonanaphylactogenic dextran fractions produced desensitization, i.e. protection from anaphylaxis due to subsequent or simultaneous injection of more high molecular and anaphylactogenic dextran fractions. When the molar ratio in a mixture of nonanaphylactogenic/anaphylactogenic fractions was about 7.6, protection was complete with reduction of mortality from 100 to 0%. A molar ratio of 1.9, corresponding to a 13-percent by weight admixture of nonanaphylactogenic dextran, still significantly reduced mortality from 100 to 50%. From the ability to form precipitates with antidextrans and to elicit anaphylaxis in sensitized guinea pigs, and from the absence of these properties, the approximate molecular size range of bivalent and monovalent dextran B512 fractions was found to correspond to mw 3,600 and mw 1,430, respectively. The practical applicability of hapten inhibition is discussed.