A gated electronic switch for stimulation and recording with a single electrode
A circuit design is described for an electronic device which is gate controlled to rapidly switch electrode connections between a stimulator and an amplifier. An integrated switch in the circuit is operated by transistor-transistor logic pulses and will conduct analog signals of up to 15 V amplitude. Electrographic records made using the switch show multi-unit spike discharge after repetitive stimulation of the amygdala in the kindled rat.
Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease
Optimal outcomes of deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery are often an elusive goal. 
 
 
Constant “one-program” stimulation does not reflect the reality of changing clinical symptoms. 
 
 
Closed-loop technology might provide a solution. 
 
 
Closed-loop design will likely integrate multi-sourced sensing data, computed using information from a population database and individual hierarchical paradigms to continuously titrate parameters of stimulation. 
 
 
Proof of principle already exists for the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) primate model and in human Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. 
 
 
Many elements of such a feedback system have already been developed.
The quantum particle in a box: what we can learn from classical electrodynamics
The problem of a charged particle enclosed in an infinite square potential well is analysed from the point of view of classical theory with the addition of the electromagnetic zero-point radiation field, with the aim to explore the extent to which such an analysis can contribute to enhance our understanding of the quantum behavior. First a proper treatment is made of the freely moving particle subject to the action of the radiation field, involving a frequency cutoff ωc. The jittering motion and the effective structure of the particle are sustained by the permanent action of the zero-point field. As a result, the particle interacts resonantly with the traveling field modes of frequency ωc in its proper frame of reference, which superpose to give rise to a modulated wave accompanying the particle. This is identified with the de Broglie wave, validating the choice of Compton’s frequency for ωc. For the stationary states of particles confined in the potential well, the Lorentz force produced by the accompanying field is shown to lead to discrete values for the mean speed and to an uneven probability distribution that echoes the corresponding quantum distribution. The relevance of the results obtained and the limitations of the classical approach used, are discussed in the context of present-day stochastic electrodynamics.