A Perspective View of the MODCON System
In this paper, a system of computer programs for the geometric description of hot forgings is outlined. The system is known as the MODCON system which stands for MODular CONstruction. The MODCON system allows quite complex forging shapes to be produced from relatively few input instructions. The forging geometry is defined as a series of volumetric modules which are then merged together during generation of the N.C. tape necessary to machine the finishing-cut EDM electrode for the whole forging cavity. The system can also be used for the roughing cut of the EDM electrode before the finishing cut stage as well as for generating cross-sectional data which serves as input to subsequent preform design systems. The system represents a considerable saving in time and cost over current methods involving conventional pattern making for the copy milling of electrodes.
Low Cost CAD/CAM System for Machine Parts
A CAD/CAM system known as the MODCON(1,2,3) has shown to be useful for producing machine parts such as rocker-lever, connecting-rods, etc. In spite of the usefulness of the MODCON system, it suffers the inherent disadvantage of a batch system and therefore does not interact with a MODCON user wishing to design a machine part. An interactive CAD/CAM system is now proposed which is conceptually similar to the MODCON system. The proposed system is implemented on a microprocessors based machine which includes a central processor, a numerical data processor and another processor for I/O. This low-cost/high-power machine enables a designer to interactively design a machine part to his satisfaction before a N.C. paper tape is produced for manufacturing purpose.
Gambling and Problem Gambling in Sweden: Changes Between 1998 and 2009
Gambling participation and rates of problem gambling change over time in response to a variety of factors including gambling availability, demographic changes and adaptation at individual and societal levels. These relationship are complex and only partially understood. The major aim of the present study was to provide general population estimates of gambling participation and problem gambling for Sweden and compare these estimates with estimates from a previous national study. The study was also designed to identify risk factors for problem gambling including change in these factors over time. Data are from the first phase of the Swedish Longitudinal Gambling Study (Swelogs) in which a representative sample of 8,165 people was assessed using validated problem gambling and other measures to facilitate comparison with findings from the 1997/1998 Swedish Gambling Study (Swegs). Overall, it was found that gambling participation reduced markedly, although in some population sectors increases were evident for some forms including poker and electronic gaming machines. Lifetime prevalence of probable pathological gambling increased; however, past 12 months probable pathological and problem gambling prevalence did not. Males, younger adults and people born outside Sweden were at high risk in both studies. Significant prevalence increases were evident for people aged 18–24 and those with low levels of education. The results indicate that relationships between gambling exposure, participation and problems are dynamic with shifting implications for public health and social policy.