A NEW STATISTICAL METHOD OF ESTIMATING SURFACE RADIANCES FROM CORRESPONDING SATELLITE WINDOW-CHANNEL RADIANCES
Abstract Stepwise linear regressions for the specification of blackbody surface radiances are computed using a set of 103 model atmospheres chosen originally by Wark et al. and the corresponding simulated values of Nimbus 2 window-channel (10–11 µ) radiances. Two stratifications are considered: (a) precipitable water vapor, u>1, and (b) u<1 gm cm–2. For each of five zenith angles considered, significant contributions are made in both regression formulas by inclusion of parameters representing the radiative transfer effects of water vapor and ozone. This regression formulation makes use of empirically derived expressions related to these effects over long atmospheric paths. The specification of the sample of surface radiances is in accordance with a multiple correlation coefficient, exceeding 0.990 and 0.995 in the respective stratifications. Corrections for atmospheric effects to be applied to Nimbus 2 window-channel radiances in estimating the corresponding surface values are displayed in nomogramic as w...
Airborne Radiometer Measurements of Effects of Particulates on Terrestrial Flux
Abstract Thin layers of particulates or clouds in the high troposphere and lower stratosphere are generally not visible to an observer at the surface, even under the favorable viewing conditions at sunset. They are not easily detected by a television camera in a satellite from above. Yet these layers affect upwelling infrared flux. A flight program, employing balloon-borne radiometers and a jet aircraft from which visual observations of particle layers were made, was conducted to measure the attenuating effects of these layers on upwelling. terrestrial flux. An estimate of the error such attenuation can cause in surface temperatures deduced from the upward flux measurement was then made. The balloon-borne radiometers were launched from a desert area of California. During the ascents the presence of cirrus or particle layers could not he visually or photographically detected from the surface. They were, however, detected by the radiometer during ascent and by observers in a jet aircraft. The observations i...
Die Populationsdynamik Von Canthocampt Us Staphylinus (Jurine) (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) Im Litoral Des Bodensees
The population dynamics of Canthocamptus staphylinus in the littoral zone of Lake Constance are described (fig. 2). Adult animals aestivate as cysts. The main part of the population emerges from the cysts in autumn. During the resting stage and the first spell after emerging, mortality is very low (fig. 3). Reproduction, expressed as numbers of ovigerous females, begins in November and reaches its maximum in January. The new generation becomes adult in May/June and encysts without previous reproduction. According to Sarvala (1979) it may be possible, that in littoral populations dormancy is induced by long day periods and temperatures of over 12° C (figs. 1, 2). In the profundal zone C. staphylinus also forms cysts, however, both light and temperature are not likely to induce this stage in depths of over 60 m.