ALENCE OF RUMINANT PESTIVIRUS INFECTIONS IN NAMIBIA
DEPNER, K., HUBSCHLE, O . J. B. & L1ESS, B. , 1991. Prevalence of ruminant pestivirus infections in Namibia. Onderslepoorl Journal ofVelerinary Research 58. 107-109 (1991) Following several clinical cases of suspected bovine virus diarrhoea .(BVD) on three Namibian ca ttle farms, a serological survey was cooducted on bovloe , ovme , capnne and wold rUffilOant sera originating from different regions of the country. Neutralizing antibodies to BVD ViruS (BVDV) were detected in 58 % of 1 014 cattle sera, 14 % of 618 sheep sera and 4,6 % of 1 118 goat sera. Sera from seven of teo wildlife species lVere positive with kudu , eland and giraffe having prevalence rates greater than 40 %. BVDV was isolated [rom six clinically affected bovlOes and three healthy heifers persistently infected with BVDV . The survey demonstrated that pestivirus infections are widespread 10 Namibia In hoth domestic and wild ruminants.
Prevalence of bovine virus diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis antibodies in Nigerian sheep and goats
SummaryNeutralising antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus were commoner in Nigerian sheep than goats while precipitating antibodies offered an alternative but less reliable indicator of previous infection. In contrast, neutralising antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were more common in goats than sheep.These findings are discussed in relation to infectivity rates in cattle and general husbandry practices.RésuméLes anticorps neutralisant le virus de l'entérite virale des bovins sont plus communs chez les moutons de Nigeria que chez les chèvres; la recherche des anticorps précipitants constitue un autre moyen de sérodiagnostic, mais moins efficace pour déceler des infections antérieures. En contraste, les anticorps neutralisants du virus de la rhinotrachéite infectieuse sont plus communs chez les chèvres que chez les moutons.Ces observations sont discutées en relation avec le taux d'infectivité chez le bétail et les techniques générales de l'élevage.ResumenAnticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus de la diarrea viral bovina fueron más comunes en ovejas que en cabras Nigerianas. Le prueba de precipitación de anticuerpos se utilizó alternativamente, pero fué un indicador más pobre de infecciones pasadas. Por el contrario, los anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus de la rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina fueron más comunes en cabras que en ovejas.Estos resultados se discuten en relación con las ratas de infectividad en bovinos y prácticas de manejo general.
Gambling and Problem Gambling in Sweden: Changes Between 1998 and 2009
Gambling participation and rates of problem gambling change over time in response to a variety of factors including gambling availability, demographic changes and adaptation at individual and societal levels. These relationship are complex and only partially understood. The major aim of the present study was to provide general population estimates of gambling participation and problem gambling for Sweden and compare these estimates with estimates from a previous national study. The study was also designed to identify risk factors for problem gambling including change in these factors over time. Data are from the first phase of the Swedish Longitudinal Gambling Study (Swelogs) in which a representative sample of 8,165 people was assessed using validated problem gambling and other measures to facilitate comparison with findings from the 1997/1998 Swedish Gambling Study (Swegs). Overall, it was found that gambling participation reduced markedly, although in some population sectors increases were evident for some forms including poker and electronic gaming machines. Lifetime prevalence of probable pathological gambling increased; however, past 12 months probable pathological and problem gambling prevalence did not. Males, younger adults and people born outside Sweden were at high risk in both studies. Significant prevalence increases were evident for people aged 18–24 and those with low levels of education. The results indicate that relationships between gambling exposure, participation and problems are dynamic with shifting implications for public health and social policy.