Art or article? The need for and nature of the British hydrogen bomb, 1954–58
This article examines the considerations which underpinned the British government's decision to produce hydrogen bombs. It is argued that the British hydrogen bomb programme was shaped by a number of factors: time constraints, the vagaries of the Anglo‐American relations, a desire to keep a check on the ambitions of both the US and USSR, and the need to maintain ‘great power’ status.
Independence and deterrence. Britain and atomic energy, 1945--1952. Volume II. Policy execution
List of Plates Introduction A Note on Documentation List of Abbreviations PART 1: THE FRAMEWORK The Men Resources The Context Money Manpower Appendix 16: Atomic Energy Annual Expenditure Appendix 17: Atomic Energy Expenditure: Some Comparative Figures Appendix 18: Some Salary Scales Appendix 19: Atomic Energy Project Strengths Health and Safety Security 'Classification' Publicity Personal Security The Role of Private Industry and Government Agencies Choice of Entrepreneur The Use of Government Agencies The Use of Private Industry Appendix 20: 'The Site Takes Shape': The Building of Aldermaston PART 2: THE ENTERPRISE Research: Harwell's Role Terms of Reference Curiosity-Oriented Research: Frontiers with Universities Frontiers with Risley and the Weapons Establishment Appendix 21: Harwell's Accelerators Appendix 22: Deployment of Scientific and Technical Staff at Harwell Nuclear Power: Feasibility Studies Appendix 23: Natural Uranium Reactors: Economic Factors in Power Production (R. V. Moore) Radioisotopes 'For Peaceful and Humanitarian Ends' Production Plans Legislation Divided Responsibilities The Achievement The Factories: Programmes and Methods Programmes Methods The Individual Factories The Uranium Metal Plant The Piles The Chemical Separation Plants The Gaseous Diffusion Plant The Weapon The Establishment The Work Monte Bello The Trial is Planned The Expedition Appendix 24: Map of the Monte Bello Islands Epilogue Appendix 25: Technical Note Appendix 26: Chronology of Events: April 1945-October 1952 References Index
Calyculins and Related Marine Natural Products as Serine-Threonine Protein Phosphatase PP1 and PP2A Inhibitors and Total Syntheses of Calyculin A, B, and C
Calyculins, highly cytotoxic polyketides, originally isolated from the marine sponge Discodermia calyx by Fusetani and co-workers, belong to the lithistid sponges group. These molecules have become interesting targets for cell biologists and synthetic organic chemists. The serine/threonine protein phosphatases play an essential role in the cellular signalling, metabolism, and cell cycle control. Calyculins express potent protein phosphatase 1 and 2A inhibitory activity, and have therefore become valuable tools for cellular biologists studying intracellular processes and their control by reversible phosphorylation. Calyculins might also play an important role in the development of several diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and type 2-diabetes mellitus. The fascinating structures of calyculins have inspired various groups of synthetic organic chemists to develop total syntheses of the most abundant calyculins A and C. However, with fifteen chiral centres, a cyano-capped tetraene unit, a phosphate-bearing spiroketal, an anti, anti, anti dipropionate segment, an α-chiral oxazole, and a trihydroxylated γ-amino acid, calyculins reach versatility that only few natural products can surpass, and truly challenge modern chemists’ asymmetric synthesis skills.