The Diagnosis Analysis Of Regional Innovation-Approaches
The communitary strategic orientations that the European institutions promoted since Octomber 2006 have at their base the fact that research and innovation have a direct contribution at the prosperity and the welfare of the individual and of the community. The main objective of the research and technological development policy promoted by the European Union is that in the following years this regional group to become the most competitive economy based on knowledge in the world. The studies have shown that the density of the local networks of knowledge and their degree of involvement in the making of a plus of wealth in the region could have a ecisive contribution at the dynamism and the competivity of the enterprises, of the business enviromenent, in general.
Accounting for Innovation and Measuring Innovativeness: An Illustrative Framework and an Application
The purpose of this paper is to propose and illustrate an accounting framework for innovation. We characterize the intensity of innovation by a sales-weighted measure of innovation: the share of sales in innovative products, but other output indicators of innovation could be considered as well. Comparing statistics on the share of innovative sales across countries, industries, or firms measures but does not explain the intercountry, interindustry, or interfirm differences in innovation intensity. To have a more meaningful basis of comparison we need a model. If an exact model of innovation in its various dimensions existed and if we knew it, we would be able to understand fully why innovation differs among countries, industries, or firms. Of course, such a model does not exist. Nevertheless it is worth trying to account for innovation differences, if only very roughly. In such an endeavor, what remains to be explained is as important to consider as what can be explained, because it reflects the extent of innovative ability or capacity, or “innovativeness.” To motivate our approach better and make it more explicit, we find it appealing to draw a comparison with the standard framework for growth accounting and the underlying model of a production function. Production output is viewed as resulting from a process of transformation of inputs into output that can be represented and analyzed in terms of a production function. Based on the production function, an accounting framework can be constructed in which changes in output between periods (years, decades) or differences between spatial units (firms, industries, countries) are ascribed to changes or differences in the inputs and in a residual that is known as total factor or multifactor productivity (TFP or MFP) or simply productivity. Likewise, innovation output can be viewed as resulting from innovation inputs, such as R&D efforts, and other contextual determinants, such as the pressure of competition. This linkage can be represented in terms of an innovation function and an innovation accounting framework, on the basis of which changes in innovation output between periods or differences between spatial units can be ascribed to changes or differences in the factors of innovation and in a residual that we call innovativeness, or the unexplained ability to turn innovation inputs into innovation output. Innovativeness is thus to innovation what TFP is to production. Innovativeness is conditional on a model of an innovation function and a set of factors of innovation, just as TFP is conditional on an assumed specification of the production function and measured factors of production. Both correspond to omitted factors of performance such as technological, organizational, cultural, or environmental factors (and to other sources of misspecification errors), although TFP is commonly interpreted as being mainly an indicator of technology. The produc-
A social analysis of the members of the Newfoundland House of Assembly, Executive Council, and Legislative Council for the period, 1855-1914
Chapter I consists of an introduction to the thesis, its purpose, and intent. Chapter II is an aggregate analysis of the members of the three chambers of government during the period 1855-1914. Chapter III is an analysis of geographic factors contributing to recruitment into Newfoundland politics. Chapter IV analyzes religion and its importance in Island politics. Chapter V studies occupation and class and Chapter VI is concerned with kinship and marriage. Chapter VII summarizes the findings of the previous chapters.