The effect of the initial water of lignite on its liquefaction reactivity
In this paper, the effect of different initial water content of lignite on its direct liquefaction reactivity was studied. The results show that: initial water content in lignite can be used as hydrogen supplier and promote direct liquefaction reaction inducing higher total conversion rate, higher oil yield and lower pre-asphaltene / asphaltene yield, when the water content of lignite is of 20 ~ 30%. And the maximum of total conversion rate and oil yield is achieved 85.12% and 51.72%, respectively, when the water content of lignite is 25.33%. While the gas product yield and the pre-asphaltene /asphaltene yield is relatively lower, which is of 11.16% and 3.93%, respectively. This can be of practical significance to optimize the coal pre-treatment technology of direct liquefaction industry.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS BETWEEN SOLVENT COMPONENTS : POSSIBLE CHEMICAL ORIGIN OF SYNERGY IN LIQUEFACTION AND COPROCESSING
The traditional mechanism for coal liquefaction ties liquefaction ability of a solvent with its scavenging ability and cannot explain synergistic effects between solvent components. Such effects are naturally anticipated by mechanisms that involve interaction between components to generate reactive components. This paper discusses three recent papers, in which beneficial effets of adding nondonor species to the donor solvent were reported, in light of the solvent-mediated hydrogenolysis model for coal liquefaction-a model we have previously proposed. The nondonor species, which in these cases are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are good acceptors of hydrogen and react with hydroaromatic donors to give cyclohexadienyl radicals, which are capable of engendering hydrogenolysis, thereby increasing the overall rates. The PCAH species also help minimize wasteful transfer of hydrogen that would otherwise lead to reduced but uncleaved products. In this case the beneficial effect is reflected in the efficiency of hydrogen utilization. Finally, we extend this line of reasoning to the context of coprocessing coals and heavy oils. We use semiquantitative estimates for the fate of aliphatic radicals in the presence and absence of PCAH components to suggest that the PCAH components provided by coals convert aliphatic radicals, which are ineffective in causing bond scission, into cyclohexadienyl radicals that can do so
Reference values for some haematological, haematochemical, and electrophoretic parameters in the Girgentana goat
The purpose of this study was to determine haematolog ical, haematochemical, and electrophoretic reference values for the Girgentana goat in order to form a basis for clinical interpretation. The study included 348 female Girgentana goats aged from 1 to 6 years. The animals were divided into 3 groups: goats aged 1-2 years (group A), goats aged 3-4 years (group B), and goats aged 5-6 years (group C). Blood samples were collected from each animal every morning at the same time (0800) by means of jugular venipuncture, and red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (NEU), lymphocyte (LYM), monocyte (MONO), eosinophil (EOS), and basophil (BASO) counts, and haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume percent (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW) were recorded. Additionally, the concentration of some haematochemical parameters, including alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamine-transferase (γ-GT), creatinine, β-hydroxybutyrate, urea, non- esterified fatty acids (NEFA), potassium, sodium, and chloride, and the electrophoretic profile (albumin, α1-globulins, α2-globulins, β-globulins, γ-globulins, total proteins and albumin:globulins ratio) were determined. Statistical analysis (one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)), followed by Bonferroni's test, showed that there were significant differences only in RBC, MCV, EOS, ALT, AST, creatinine, γ-GT, sodium, urea, NEFA, γ-globulins, and the albumin:globulins ratio (P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant). The values determined in the present study contribute to the knowledge of the reference ranges for the Girgentana goat and can be used for monitoring health and disease diagnosis.