The Effect of Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Quantum-Well Structure on Efficient White Organic Light Emitting Devices
In this study, the effect of MQW structures adopting inorganic material (sodium fluoride) has been demonstrated. Brightness, current efficiency was significantly enhanced with a NaF/NPB MQW structure being inserted. The admittance spectroscopy was measured to explain the different mechanism of reducing hole between organic/organic inorganic/organic MQW
Electroluminescence of doped organic thin films
Electroluminescent (EL)devices are constructed using multilayer organic thin films. The basic structure consists of a hole‐transport layer and a luminescent layer. The hole‐transport layer is an amorphous diamine film in which the only mobile carrier is the hole. The luminescent layer consists of a host material, 8‐hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq), which predominantly transports electrons. High radiance has been achieved at an operating voltage of less than 10 V. By doping the Alq layer with highly fluorescent molecules, the EL efficiency has been improved by about a factor of 2 in comparison with the undoped cell. Representative dopants are coumarins and DCMs. The ELquantum efficiency of the doped system is about 2.5%, photon/electron. The EL colors can be readily tuned from the blue‐green to orange‐red by a suitable choice of dopants as well as by changing the concentration of the dopant. In the doped system the electron‐hole recombination and emission zones can be confined to about 50 A near the hole‐transport interface. In the undoped Alq, the EL emission zone is considerably larger due to excitondiffusion. The multilayerdopedEL structure offers a simple means for the direct determination of excitondiffusion length.
THE CHALLENGES IN IDENTIFICATION OF ARTISTS-MANAGERS: CONSEQUENCES FOR CREATIVITY
Research on identity, its tensions and paradoxes have extensive literature and a large number of scientists exploring the subject. Our own experiences in the fields of art and management were the main arguments for the introduce of the concept of “artists-managers” and to undertake research in the area of artists-managers’ identity to find the conclusions for creativity. This article aims to describe the challenges in the identification of artists-managers, who can be crucial in understanding the creativity factor. To reach our goal, we run empirical qualitative research based on in-depth interviews with key-informants from Europe, Africa and North America as well as auto-analysis of an artist-manager identity. We answer the research question “Who is the artist-manager?”. We present our “creativity development model” on the base of artists-managers’ characteristics and we describe what kind of challenges should be considered in the empirical research of artists-managers. These challenges may be used as guidelines for artists-managers: for those who discover an artist-manager in their personality, for defined artists-managers to help to better understand their features, and for artists-managers’ followers to be more sensitive for their leaders’ characteristics. Our model may help to understand and develop the creativity of society.