The Ashgate Research Companion to International Criminal Law: Critical Perspectives
International criminal law is at a crucial point in its history and development, and the time is right for practitioners, academics and students to take stock of the lessons learnt from the past fifteen years, as the international community moves towards an increasingly uni-polar international criminal legal order, with the International Criminal Court (ICC) at the helm. 
 
This unique research companion takes a critical approach to a wide variety of theoretical, practical, legal and policy issues surrounding and underpinning the operation of international criminal law as applied by international criminal tribunals. The book is divided into four main parts. The first part analyses international crimes and modes of liability, with a view to identifying areas which have been inconsistently or misguidedly interpreted, overlooked to date or are likely to be increasingly significant in future. 
 
The second part examines international criminal processes and procedures, and here the authors discuss issues such as victim participation and the rights of the accused. The third part is a discussion of complementarity and sentencing, while the final part of the book looks at international criminal justice in context. The authors raise issues which are likely to provide the most significant challenges and most promising opportunities for the continuing development of this body of law. 
As international criminal law becomes more established as a distinct discipline, it becomes imperative for international criminal scholarship to provide a degree of critical analysis, both of individual legal issues and of the international criminal project as a whole. This book represents an important collective effort to introduce an element of legal realism or critical legal studies into the academic discourse.
The Kenya Situation Before the ICC
As part of the road map for criminal accountability for the post-election violence in Kenya, parties which were involved in the violence agreed categorically that the ICC’s intervention would be invoked if the agreed domestic judicial mechanisms failed. This agreement would appear to be evidence of a strong determination to break the “culture of impunity” which had become entrenched in Kenya as far as gross violations of human rights are concerned. However, when the domestic mechanisms actually failed and the ICC intervened, both legal and political “battles” ensued. This chapter addresses the legal issues relating to or arising from the Kenya situation before the ICC, covering four main areas. Firstly, it clarifies and examines the trigger mechanism employed; jurisdictional issues and the scope of the charges and ICC investigations. Secondly, it identifies and analyses contentious legal issues arising in relation to the definition of crimes against humanity and the principle of complementarity. Thirdly, it evaluates Kenya’s legal responses as well as political and diplomatic strategies and reactions to the ICC’s intervention. Fourthly, it examines the future of the ICC process in Kenya in light of Kenya’s 2013 presidential election results and other specific developments at domestic level.
Subject index
Adoptive immunotherapy A1, A63, A63, A64, A64, A65, A66, A68, A69, A69, A70, A70, A71, A71, A72, A72, A73, A73, A74, A75, A76, A78, A79, A79, A7, A80, A80, A81, A81, A82, A84, A85, A86, A86, A88, A88, A89, A90, A90, A91, A92, A93, A93, A94, A95, A95, A96, A96, A97, A97, A98, A98, A99, A99, A102, A103, A104, A104, A166, A167, A169, A170, A174, A177, A179, A181, A182, A199, A204, A205, A21, A215, A220, A231, A231, A243, A251, A254, A25, A276, A287, A304, A307, A310, A315, A316, A316, A329, A331, A333, A357, A358, A369, A405, A441, A442, A458, A458, A459, A459, A461, A461, A463, A468, A468, A479, A492, A497, A497, A56, A58, A58, A59, A60, A60, A61, 1, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 13, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 173, 174, 175, 272, 273, 278, 280, 285, 290, 293, 297, 298, 324, 333, 335, 35, 353, 360, 379, 380, 400, 414, 418, 42, 454, 470, 493, 500, 504, 513, 515, 516, 542, 545, 549, 598, 599, 614, 675, 737, 739, 764, 765, 766, 767, 770, 771, 772, 780, 781, 801, 822, 830, 831, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98 Angiogenesis A108, A155, A171, A200, A201, A214, A228, A265, A305, A349, A350, A359, A410, A47, A48, A480, A483, A519, A5, 181, 257, 281, 327, 328, 351, 374, 435, 495, 583, 584, 602, 683, 76, 78, 802, 808, 873, 9 Antibody A7, A73, A81, A86, A91, A8, A99, A9, A104, A108, A108, A109, A109, A111, A115, A119, A126, A128, A130, A135, A138, A141, A144, A151, A153, A159, A160, A163, A164, A164, A171, A172, A175, A176, A2, A187, A193, A193, A195, A195, A198, A199, A20, A209, A212, A225, A229, A230, A23, A233, A233, A235, A239, A239, A240, A242, A244, A244, A245, A245, A246, A247, A247, A24, A250, A256, A260, A261, A266, A267, A268, A269, A273, A275, A286, A288, A292, A293, A296, A299, A300, A307, A3, A308, A31, A318, A324, A35, A334, A334, A336, A338, A339, A342, A343, A344, A344, A346, A346, A351, A351, A353, A356, A360, A361, A363, A368, A369, A370, A371, A372, A372, A373, A374, A376, A377, A378, A378, A379, A379, A380, A380, A388, A391, A399, A399, A41, A402, A410, A410, A411, A412, A414, A417, A418, A419, A419, A420, A422, A422, A423, A426, A427, A428, A428, A430, A431, A432, A434, A434, A435, A446, A454, A455, A459, A463, A465, A468, A468, A469, A474, A481, A483, A50, A486, A487, A491, A502, A502, A504, A507, A507, A508, A510, A511, A512, A512, A516, 12, 122, 133, 141, 151, 16, 167, 17, 174, 181, 182, 184, 185, 188, 195, 203, 210, 215, 218, 227, 231, 237, 243, 250, 253, 261, 262, 265, 267, 268, 281, 282, 287, 288, 3, 305, 313, 315, 317, 318, 323, 325, 34, 342, 348, 369, 377, 378, 38, 384, 385, 387, 393, 394, 395, 399, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 41, 412, 421, 428, 429, 438, 439, 442, 443, 450, 453, 469, 472, 476, 478, 480, 483, 486, 499, 5, 501, 51, 519, 531, 55, 550, 552, 557, 561, 562, 569, 571, 572, 573, 576, 578, 586, 587, 590, 594, 603, 605, 607, 612, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 621, 622, 626, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 647, 653, 665, 666, 67, 670, 683, 684, 686, 687, 690, 693, 696, 697, 698, 699, 702, 703, 704, 711, 713, 714, 715, 718, 721, 722, 725, 726, 727, 745, 757, 760, 766, 772, 776, 780, 781, 785, 793, 804, 808, 81, 812, 814, 820, 842, 843, 846, 851, 852, 853, 856, 858, 860, 861, 869 Antigen presenting cells A67, A79, A80, A92, A95, A96, A99, A99, A101, A102, A102, A108, A108, A111, A129, A139, A160, A166, A177, A178, A183, A191, A191, A213, A220, A221, A245, A254, A256, A262, A266, A275, A314, A322, A327, A328, A35, A335, A345, A359, A359, A360, A361, A364, A366, A368, A369, A371, A372, A403, A409, A411, A411, A418, A422, A433, A449, A48, A468, A471, A472, A4, A50, A495, A502, A506, A513, A514, A515, 108, 128, 130, 153, 157, 160, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 181, 182, 188, 217, 235, 263, 271, 290, 291, 299, 310, 311, 349, 360, 362, 404, 418, 421, 431, 438, 453, 510, 526, 538, 540, 55, 553, 575, 601, 602, 603, 605, 610, 611, 612, 615, 617, 618, 672, 682, 685, 686, 695, 703, 724, 748, 78, 780, 787, 790, 8, 81, 828, 842, 849, 862, 864, 868 Autoimmunity A8, A116, A15, A180, A181, A22, A380, A387, A394, A395, A402, A408, A502, A510, 16, 197, 27, 295, 296, 37, 637, 645, 657, 658, 671, 680, 843, 856