‘Belching it Forth their Sooty Jaws’: John Evelyn's Vision of a ‘Volcanic’ City
Abstract Observers of seventeenth-century London often used anatomical or geographical metaphors when writing about an early modern city undergoing rapid physical, commercial, and demographic expansion. Between the 1640s and 1680s, the writer and diarist John Evelyn regularly used volcanic language and imagery to evoke a cityscape blighted by dense clouds of smoke emitted by the city's industrial furnaces. This vision of a ‘volcanic’ city was personal, inspired by Evelyn's exploration of Vesuvius in 1645, while reflecting a broader scientific and popular fascination with volcanic activity. Considered in the immediate political context, the ‘volcanic’ city was both a powerful expression of royalist anxiety about the instability of the capital, and an assertion of the need for a powerful monarch to actively regulate the social and commercial energies of the metropolis.
The grand tour and the Great Rebellion : Richard Lassels and "The Voyage of Italy" in the seventeenth century
CHANEY, Edward Title: The Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion: Richard Lassels and "The Voyage of Italy" in the Seventeenth Century Author: CHANEY, Edward Date: 1985 Publisher: Slatkine Citation: Geneve, Slatkine, 1985, Biblioteca del viaggio in Italia / Bibliotheque du voyage en Italie, 19 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1814/18594 ISBN: 88-7760-019-5 Abstract: Questo studio presenta una quantità di materiali biografici concernenti viaggiatori in Italia come Milton, Marvell, Harvey, Hobbes e molti altri meno conosciuti; ma è soprattutto importante per un'analisi dettagliata del fenomeno sociale e culturale del «Grand Tour», che conobbe un considerevole sviluppo dopo il 1630. E anche la prima volta che si studiano la condizione di Esiliato monarchico, in quanto fenomeno culturale isolato, e le conseguenze religiose, sociali e politiche che ne sono derivate. Oltre ai grandi archivi e alle grandi biblioteche, l'autore ha spogliato sistematicamente numerose fonti poco conosciute per mettere in luce una serie di dati inediti e molto interessanti sulla straordinaria esistenza dei cattolici e dei monarchici inglesi che furono «condannati al vagabondaggio» secondo le parole di uno di essi. La gran parte dei pittori, dei poeti, dei filosofi, dei musicisti, dei teologi inglesi passarono all'estero fra il 1640 e il 1660 un periodo della loro esistenza, accanto a politici monarchici che erano destinati a governare la Gran Bretagna dopo la restaurazione.
History of Amateurism in Men's Intercollegiate Athletics: The Continuance of a 19th-Century Anachronism in America
Claiming that American intercollegiate athletics are amateur at the end of the 20th century is an anachronism, for colleges in the 19th century took on professional characteristics. The upper-class British concept of amateurism did not work effectively in a more egalitarian and achievement-oriented American society. Hypocrisy resulted when colleges claimed amateurism while accepting such professional practices as hiring professional coaches, allowing athletes to play summer baseball for money, and paying athletes through grants-in-aid. Attempts to preserve amateurism, such as the Graham Plan in the 1930s and the Sanity Code in the 1940s and 1950s, yielded to the professional spirit. Thus, while Americans had generally rejected the upper-class British social hierarchy that fostered amateurism, they retained the name amateur, continuing the hypocrisy that had begun in the previous century.