The Poor Little Rich District: The Effects of Suburbanization on a Rural School and Community.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Aimee Howley, Educational Studies Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701. (howley@ohio.edu) Citation: Howley, A. (with Carnes, M., Eldridge, A., Huber, D., Lado, L. M., Kotler, R., & Turner, M.). (2005, July 18). The poor little rich district: The effects of suburbanization on a rural school and community. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 20(9). Retrieved [date] from http://jrre.psu.edu/articles /20-9.pdf
Spatial Differentiation of Educational Outcomes at Junior High and High School in the Region of Małopolska in a Historical Perspective
The term “institution” refers to the collection of certain practices and principles that are part of everyday social life. This set of accepted norms and rules of behaviour in communities of different territorial units is usually associated with their history and institutions operating on their territory. Today it is believed that the relational and social capital primarily determine the potential economic development of a territorial unit. In the knowledge economy, particular attention is focused on qualified staff. Therefore, a robust and efficient educational system remains an essential element of economic development. Respect for science and knowledge in a given society, not only by its usefulness, is one of the conditions of its evolution. The region of Malopolska was deprived of universal primary education until the times of the Galician autonomy. The school allowed not only professional career but also ensured social advancement. Malopolska shows significant spatial variations at the level of education. Krakow has remained the strongest centre of education for centuries, with an extensive participation of Tarnow and Nowy Sącz. In spatial terms, better education was recorded in the north-west of the region and around Krakow. However, in recent years a noticeable growth of education in the peripheries has been observed. Examples include high schools located around Krakow, which is associated with sub-urbanisation and an increase in the quality of education in closed centres (e.g. Piekary), or local centres of education (e.g. Rabka-Zdroj). The largest increase in knowledge according to the Education Value Added occurs in schools located peripherally.
Evaluation of buckling load and dynamic performance of steel shear wall retrofitted with strips made of shape memory alloy
One of the most imperfections of the steel shear wall is out of plane displacements that cause severe damage in both structural and non-structural elements. In this paper, the effects of shape-memory alloys on steel shear walls are investigated. First, a numerical analysis using the finite element method in ABAQUS software has been carried out according to an experimental test. The results of the numerical analysis have been verified with experimental results. Next, shape-memory alloy fibers have been added vertically and horizontally to various parts of the steel shear wall. The results show that retrofitting with the shape-memory alloy reduces the out-of-plane displacement of the steel shear wall under both cyclic and seismic loadings. Besides, the buckling load in the steel shear wall increases when it is retrofitted with the shape-memory alloy. Also, the total out-of-plane movement (accumulated absolute displacements) of the steel shear wall and non-structural damage are controlled by the characteristic of a shape-memory alloy material called “super-elastic”.