Contact dermatitis to polyester spin finishes
A female laboratory assistant, aged 28, showed yellow stained palms and nails when examined for paronychia of two fingers. Determination of amylase involved contact with dinitro salicylic acid (DNSA) in several steps. It was found that plastic gloves used in dishwashing the utensils were rapidly penetrated by DNSA. Though she did not work with DNSA for 4 months, the yellow stains did not disappear. Yellow stains were now also observed on her cheeks and soles. For about 2 months she had been taking a drug containing Nitrazepam, 5phenyl-7-nitro-lH -1.4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-on. She stopped using Nitrazepam and the yellow staining decreased, but when she again beg~n to have contact with DNSA in her work, the yellow stains had not disappeared completely. They increased again on palms and nails but not on cheeks or soles. She then moved to another place and it has not been possible to examine her again. It is obvious that the patient's skin was first stained yellow by DNSA. It can only be suspected but not established with certainty that Nitrazepam gave yellow stains on her cheeks and soles. We did not find reports on yellow staining from Nitrazepam, nor does the manufacturer have any such reports on file. It is known that aromatic nitro compounds stain skin, nails and hair yellow. Thus explosives, e.g. trinitrotoluene, give such staining. Some of the aromatic nitro compounds are yellow and can then stain by simple contamination. However, there is staining by chemical reaction, but the nature of this reaction seems to be only partly studied. Aromatic nitro compounds might combine with amino acids in three ways: The phenols act as weak acids and form salts with aminogroups in basic amino acids, e.g. histidine, lysine and argmme. DNSA acts in the same way. Aromatic nitro compounds may form charge transfer complexes with aromatic rings. Some amino acids, e.g. tryptophane, tyrosine and phenylalanine contain such rings. When the aromatic nitro compounds contain, for example, a halogen or a sulfonyl group, they may form covalent linkages with amino acids. Many of the aromatic nitro compounds are yellowish and the compounds formed may therefore become stained. Particularly the covalent linkage can change the color and strong yellow staining may arise from weak or uncolored aromatic nitro compounds.
Evaluation of the fragrance mix in the European standard series
Patients and Methods During 1994–1998, 757 of our outpatients, suspected of allergy to cosmetics, were patch-tested with the European standard series, including fragrance mix, and with its 8 separate components: oakmoss, iso-eugenol, eugenol, hydroxycitronellal, cinnamic alcohol, cinnamic aldehyde, geraniol and a-amyl-cinnamic aldehyde (2% in sorbitan sesquioleate 1%). All test substances were supplied by Hermal TrolabA (Reinbek, Germany). Test results were analysed retrospectively.
Shakespeare, Machiavelli, and Montaigne: Power and Subjectivity from Richard II to Hamlet
HISTORICISM AND THE CULTURAL PRESENT IN SHAKESPEARE STUDIES: SUBJECTIVITY IN EARLY AND LATE MODERNITY HAMLET AND THE TRAGEDY OF THE SUBJECT