Student Achievement: Improving Our Focus.
ABSTRACT An efficient way to help students achieve academically is to maximize the consistent attendance of permanent teachers in the classroom. Students nationwide are spending increased amounts of time with instructors other than their permanent teachers. A large contributor to the problem of teacher absenteeism is mandatory leave for professional development training programs. To combat teacher absenteeism caused by burnout, stress, or abuse of available teacher leave, districts have implemented an incentive program instead of a use them or lose them policy. Student achievement, to a large degree, depends on continuity of instruction. Research shows that interruption of instruction negatively affects academic achievement. Students often experience lack of instructional continuity due to exposure to untrained substitutes who often do not have regular teaching certificates and are not qualified to be in the classroom. School districts must provide effective, comprehensive training for substitute teachers that addresses professional behavior, classroom management, legal and first aid issues, teaching and instructional strategies, fill-in activities, and substitute resource kits. Such training benefits students more than anyone else. Trained substitutes will most likely do a better job of maintaining instructional continuity, which is essential to student achievement. (Contains 17 references.) (SM)
Teacher Absenteeism: What Administrators Can Do
Teacher absenteeism has increased dramatically in recent years, especially in large, urban districts. This writer, who studied trends in one East Coast city, draws on his findings to formulate recommendations for improvement.
Hedy: A Gradual Language for Programming Education
One of the aspects of programming that learners often struggle with is the syntax of programming languages: remembering the right commands to use and combining those into a working program. Prior research demonstrated that students submit source code with syntax errors in 73% of cases and even the best students do so in 50% of cases. An analysis of 37 million compilations by 250.000 students found that the most common error was a syntax error, which occurred in almost 800.000 compilations. It was also found that Java and Perl are not easier to understand than a programming language with randomly generated keywords, stressing the difficulties that novices face in understanding syntax. This paper presents Hedy: a new way of teaching the syntax of a programming language to novices, inspired by educational methods by which punctuation is taught to children. Hedy starts as a simple programming language without any syntactic elements such as brackets, colons or indentation. The rules slowly and gradually change until the novices are programming in Python. Hedy is evaluated on 9714 programs.