Les politiques ottomane et républicaine au Kurdistan à partir de la comparaison des milices Hamidiye et korucu : modèles institutionnels, retribalisation et dynamique des conflits
The parallel drawn between the militia established by the late Ottoman regime in the 1890’s, the Hamidiye, and the one established in the 1980’s, the korucu, is a commonplace of works on the Kurdish issue since the 1990s. The author aims to develop a more systematic comparison between both institutions. Addressing successively the issues of the internal organisation, the tribalisation of the resources, and the relationship with Kurdish nationalism, the author points out that both militia are fundamentally different. In particular, the Hamidiye is a military corps accumulating resources by predation, as opposed to the korucu, which are much more local units under state control, drawing resources from the state and contraband more than from predation.
Pastoralité in eastern Turkey. Chronicles of the Kurdish shepherds between tribal logic, nationalisms and heritage
In this article, we will confront the pastoral practices of the Kurdish populations in eastern Turkey, which is a very ancient culture, to the heritage process in order to try to establish a pastoralite, a concept emerging in the French academic circles. Pastoral practices in eastern Turkey are characterised, like high mountains (pasture) shelters, by a great diversity due to geographical, historical and social contexts, but also to the recent establishment of the Turkish nation-state and Kurdish nationalism, the most striking trait of which is the persistence of tribal allegiance. We are witnessing an impossible standardisation of these practices and a heritage institutionalisation, although one that remains hypothetical considering how the different forces in presence play out. Stuck between three settings of representation - that of pastoral communities, those of Turkish or Kurdish nationalisms and those inherent to the internal logic of the heritage institutionalisation - pastoralism in the Anatolian East could be understood as a pastoralite defined as a resisting community, the territory being itself an actor of this resistance. In this form, the pastoralite would be an identitary construction. We would like to offer another reading, closer to a tool than to an ideology, and which can encompass both the geopolitical complexity of the Turkish land and what is at stake for the French: pastoralite could firstly be a pastoral concept and a resilience as well as a transformation field.
Environmental education in Latin American and the Caribbean: the challenges and limitations of conducting a systematic review of evaluation and research
Abstract This systematic review extends the boundary of prior reviews in the environmental education (EE) field by analyzing publications focused on Latin America and the Caribbean (LATAM). We examined peer-reviewed literature and dissertations/theses in four languages (English, French, Spanish and Portuguese) published between January 2000 and February 2018 to examine outcomes of EE interventions occurring in both formal and nonformal settings among LATAM youth up to age 18 years. Our findings reflect recurring critiques of EE, such as the field’s limited empirical research and a bias toward measuring knowledge gain. Our findings also highlight themes specific to LATAM, related to issue-based EE programs, EE versus Education for Sustainable Development, barriers to EE implementation and potential challenges posed by bias, privilege and power in LATAM-based EE research. Access to potentially appropriate publications was limited by weaknesses in search databases. Only a small selection of LATAM countries is represented in publications that met the search criteria, limiting our capacity to draw stronger conclusions about the region as a whole.