Comparison between leached metakaolin and leached diatomaceous earth as raw materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5
Inexpensive raw materials have been used to prepare ZSM-5 zeolites with SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios in the range 20 – 40. Kaolin or Bolivian diatomaceous earth was used as aluminosilicate raw materials and sodium hydroxide and n- butylamine were used as mineralizing agents and template. Dealumination of the raw materials by acid leaching made it possible to reach appropriate SiO2/Al2O3 ratios and to reduce the amount of iron and other impurities. After mixing the components and aging, hydrothermal treatment was carried out and the products were recovered The results clearly show for the first time that well-crystallized ZSM-5 can be directly prepared from leached metakaolin or leached diatomaceous earth using sodium hydroxide and n-butylamine as mineralizing agents and template under appropriate synthesis conditions. A longer induction time prior to crystallization was observed for reaction mixtures prepared from leached diatomaceous earth, probably due to slower digestion of the fossilized diatom skeletons as compared with that for microporous leached metakaolin. The use of leached diatomaceous earth allowed higher yield of ZSM-5 crystals within comparable synthesis times. However, low amounts of Mordenite formed, which was related to the high calcium content of diatomaceous earth. Another considerable advantage of diatomaceous earth over kaolin is that diatomaceous earth does not require heat treatment at high temperature for metakaolinization.
Synthesis of mordenite from diatomite: a case of zeolite synthesis from natural material
A high mordenite product was obtained from a natural raw material, diatomite, either with or without the presence of diethanolamine. The synthesis process took 2 days, and was carried out under hydrothermal conditions, at autogenic pressure, and at a temperature of 180 °C. The resulting crystals were identified as mordenite by X-ray diffraction and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and differential thermal and gravimetric analyses. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of Lapping Grains based on Shape Characteristics.
The shape and size of abrasive grains during lapping varies complicately and irregularly. In this study, the aspect ratio of grain size and the fractal dimension of the grain external form were used as shape characteristics of grain in order to evaluate grains with lapping time. The results obtained are summarized as follows : (1)The fractal dimension increases due to microscopic fracture and decreases due to macroscopic fracture or attritious wear. (2)The aspect ratio and the fractal dimension, which are grain shape characteristicsis of the macroscopic shape and the microscopic surface complication of grain respectively, can be used for evaluating grain shape variation during lapping.