The Substantive Universals in the Relationship betweenLanguage Ideology and Language Education
While we need to problematize the notions of development and sustainable 
development, we are also faced by a particular challenge related to language: what models of 
language in the world are we using to understand the role of language education in development? I 
shall discuss a range of possible understandings of English in the world in order to see how they 
relate to questions of development
Ethnic and Language Identity Among a Select Group of Vietnamese-Americans in Portland Oregon
An abstract of the thesis of Jay Owen Peterson for the Master of Arts in TESOL presented June 4, 1997. Title: Ethnic and Language Identity Among a Select Group of Vietnamese-Americans in Portland Oregon Vietnamese immigrants within the United States have demonstrated a strong desire to retain their ethnocultural identity. They have also experienced tremendous pressure to use English. What are the implications of these two trends for identity and language choice within the Vietnamese-American community? The presented research used multidimensional scaling (MDS) methods to describe the subjects' ethnic and language identities. The population for the study consisted of adult Vietnamese-Americans who were born in Vietnam and were currently living in the US. The study had two stages. First, identity labels were generated using a modified Twenty Statements Test. A "Myself' label was added to the list, and the labels were printed on cards in both Vietnamese and English. The labels were sorted by the subjects on the basis of perceived similarity. In addition, subjects chose five cards which were most important for each of the following domains: parents, siblings, friends, school, and work.
Two distinct mechanisms for bilirubin glucuronide transport by rat bile canalicular membrane vesicles. Demonstration of defective ATP-dependent transport in rats (TR-) with inherited conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
Bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid in hepatocytes and subsequently secreted in bile. The major conjugate is bilirubin diglucuronide. Using sealed vesicles which are primarily derived from the canalicular (CMV) and sinusoidal (SMV) membrane vesicle domains of the plasma membrane of hepatocytes, we demonstrated that bilirubin glucuronides are transported by CMV by both ATP- and membrane potential-dependent transport systems. In CMV from normal rats, these processes are additive. In CMV from TR- rats, which have an autosomal recessively inherited defect in biliary secretion of nonbile acid organic anions, ATP-dependent transport of bilirubin diglucuronide was absent whereas the membrane potential driven system was retained. Other canalicular ATP-dependent transport systems, which were previously described for organic cations and bile acids, are functionally retained in TR- rats. Our study indicates that bilirubin glucuronides are primarily secreted into the bile canaliculus by an ATP-dependent mechanism which is defective in an animal model of the human Dubin-Johnson syndrome.