Forecasting the sustainable development of the oil and gas complex
An analysis of the key indicators of the provision of economically recoverable hydrocarbons reveals an imbalance in the resource base of the oil and gas industry in Russia. The gas industry will have a resource base for decades to come. The Russian oil industry is limited in its development by the reduced amount of recoverable oil. This is due to the depletion of resources in the traditional centers of oil production. The strategy for developing the oil industry is complicated by significant costs both in the development of remote areas of Eastern Siberia and the development of deep horizons in the oil provinces, particularly in southern Russia using the potential of small businesses. In this regard, the updated implementation of the sustainable development of oil and gas complex is necessary.
Environmental and economic indicators of sustainable development of enterprises of oil and gas complexes
Research background: An indicator system is proposed to determine the nature of environmental and economic sustainability in the oil and gas industry.
Purpose of the article: The main purpose here is based on the experience of developed countries and the safety practices of enterprises, which are widely used in the world as well as in terms of environmental efficiency. This indicator is used to identify the impact of the oil and gas industry on the environment and environmental-economic and social indices.
Methods: Based on various experiences and indices, development and application of indicators is of great importance in terms of development strategies for enterprise formation, elimination of prerequisite in the change of environmental factors, social responsibility and environmental safety. These indicators can be used to establish the environmental rate of the enterprise. Important features of these indicators are their universality, their use in any fuel and energy complex.
Findings & Value added: Its activity specificity (environmental and economic) is to evaluate the cost of damage. One of its distinctive features is to carry out accounting of the interaction between all environmental and economic character of the enterprise. This experience is already used in the Russian gas industry. Thus, this system demonstrates its applicability in environmental management and optimization of enterprise operation. In Russia, development of significant environmental management of the country in terms of environmental and economic financing, assessment of environmental impact is carried out in accordance with ISA 14000 standards.
Heat Recovery Systems
Geothermal energy is recovered from an underground zone of relatively hot strata via a borehole into which is inserted a heat pipe system containing a working fluid, the heat pipe system comprising an assembly of two tubes in concentric relation, the inner tube being constituted by a relatively small diameter capillary for the return of working fluid to the vicinity of the zone of the relatively hot strata. The working fluid is preferably assisted in its return under gravity by means of a pump. The system includes heat exchange means operable to recover thermal energy from the working fluid. A third and outermost tube may be used to reduce heat losses, this third tube enclosing the two tubes over all but that part of their length which is in the zone of relatively hot strata.