Environmental issues in Nepal and solving them using the cleaner production approach
Owing to rapid industrialisation, environmental problems in sectors such as water, air, waste, energy and forestry in Nepal are reaching a crisis point. Although the Nepalese government has been trying to solve these problems by various means, the main emphasis has been on end-of-pipe solutions. This paper investigates why Nepal needs to implement Cleaner Production concepts as a matter of urgency and provides several recommendations to the government as well as sectors such as waste, industry, energy and pesticide regarding the implementation of such concepts.
Application of gray correlation analysis for cleaner production
The current methods used to select the schemes for cleaner production in China have some disadvantages. This paper presents research on gray correlation analysis with application to one cement factory in Chongqing, China. The results show that the gray correlation analysis can effectively avoid the subjective bias on the scheme selection for cleaner production. Schemes for cleaner production selected by the gray correlation analysis have better performance than those selected by the traditional method based on economic, environmental and technical indices.
Achievements and contradictions of the Peruvian agrarian reform
Different paths of transition to capitalist agriculture, as well as different types of agrarian reform, can be distinguished. The Peruvian agrarian reform is analysed within this context and evaluated in terms of its contribution to rural development. The Peruvian case underlines the importance of understanding the rationality of the pre‐existent agrarian system for a successful restructuring of the agrarian economy and society. The contradictions which arose between the State's model and the peasants’ model of agrarian reform, as well as those between different types of peasants, are discussed. Peru's experience is also a reminder that a land reform is not a sufficient condition for rural development unless accompanied by proper price, marketing, credit and investment policies.