Measurement of dynamic magnetization induced by a pulsed field: Proposal for a new rock magnetism method
This study proposes a new method for measuring transient magnetization of natural samples induced by a pulsed field with duration of 11 ms using a pulse magnetizer. An experimental system was constructed, consisting of a pair of differential sensing coils connected with a high-speed digital oscilloscope for data acquisition. The data were transferred to a computer to obtain an initial magnetization curve and a descending branch of a hysteresis loop in a rapidly changing positive field. This system was tested with synthetic samples (permalloy ribbon, aluminum plate, and nickel powder) as well as two volcanic rock samples. Results from the synthetic samples showed considerable differences from those measured by a quasi-static method using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). These differences were principally due to the time-dependent magnetic properties or to electromagnetic effects, such as magnetic viscosity, eddy current loss, or magnetic relaxation. Results from the natural samples showed that the transient magnetization–field curves were largely comparable to the corresponding portions of the hysteresis loops. However, the relative magnetization (scaled to the saturation magnetization) at the end of a pulse was greater than that measured by a VSM. This discrepancy, together with the occurrence of rapid exponential decay after a pulse, indicates magnetic relaxations that could be interpreted in terms of domain wall displacement. These results suggest that with further developments, the proposed technique can become a useful tool for characterizing magnetic particles contained in a variety of natural materials.
Influence of stress relief on hysteretic magnetoimpedance in Co-rich amorphous ribbons at the relaxation frequency

Abstract.The magnetoimpedance response shown by amorphous and nanostructured ultrasoft magnetic materials is a very promising effect suitable for application in a great variety of fields, as magnetic stress, strain or torsion sensors. However, magnetoimpedance hysteresis, which is related to irreversibilities in transverse magnetization processes, is an undesired effect for technological devices. Various thermal treatments were performed on Co-rich amorphous alloys to obtain quasi-reversible magnetoimpedance. Stress-relief-like treatments were found to reduce in a very significant way the hysteretic behaviour. Moreover, this improvement was analysed at the relaxation frequencies of the samples, where the magnetoimpedance has its maximum value. An attempt to understand the origin of this hysteresis reduction is given in this paper. The proposed explanation is based on the improvement of the reversibility in the magnetization processes, as a consequence of the decrease in the anelastic component of the induced anisotropy and the removal of wall pinning centres.
Failure analysis for poor solderability of Au surface of PCB
Nonwetting is one of the common problems and is always rejected in electronic assemblies. ENIG pads of a PCBA exhibited nonwetting after lead-free reflow soldering. With the aid of stereomicroscope, SEM&EDS and XRF, a series of analysis was performed. And after visual inspection, surface and cross section analysis, thickness measurement and solderability test, it can be inferred that oxidation of plating surface was the main reason for nonwetting, and corrosion in Ni plating caused an adverse impact on solderalibity.