The Effect of Magnetic Radiation on Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
The deposition of paraffin wax during the pipeline transportation impedes the flow of crude oil and eventually blocks the pipelines. The hot oiling method is extensively used to control the wax deposition in the oil industry. Consequently, a huge amount of energy is consumed to heat the crude oil by hot water or electrical power every year. In order to save the energy cost, the magnetic paraffin control technology is presented and evaluated with the hot oiling method, and accordingly the effect of the magnetic radiation on the oil transportation is detailed. The experiments carried out have demonstrated that the magnetic treatment can compensate for the resistance rising of the pipeline caused by the hot water reduction. Especially, the transportation of crude oil (at the surrounding temperature of -10°C~-30°C) without any heating has been observed in the Daqing oil field under the radiation of a magnetic field of 120 mT. In addition, the effect of the length of pipelines on the performance of magnetic treatment was also investigated.
MODIFIED MULTI – MEDIA FILTER FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Water is one of the most vital elements involved in the creation and development of healthy life. Since water is such a important resource for survival of both plants and animals, it is our responsibility to manage this resource, not only as a social, industrial and commercial good but also for the sustainable benefit of all living matter. Increasing pressure to get more stringent discharge standards or not being allowed to discharge treated effluent has led to Implementation of a variety of advanced biological treatment processes in recent years. Current and future fresh water demand could be met by enhancing water use efficiency and demand management. Thus, wastewater is emerging as potential source for demand management after essential treatment. Biological treatment is an good and important part of any wastewater treatment plant that treats wastewater from either municipality or industry having soluble organic impurities or a mix of the two types of wastewater sources. The main advantage of attached growth systems is that they maintain a high concentration of microorganisms resulting in high removal rates at relatively small hydraulic retention times. The basic design and operational characteristics of various systems are presented in terms of packing materials, organic loading rates, treatment temperature, as well as achieved removal rates. Filtration technology is a low cost treatment technology based on physical process to treat wastewater by removing contaminant like COD, BOD, turbidity and suspended solids for a wide range of applications in domestic as well as industrial applications. Research on alternate filtration media, has expanded the options available for improving effluent quality. Keywords— Filtration, Domestic Wastewater, Packing materials, Multi – Media Filters.
Effects of reservoir volume on performance of pulse tube cooler.
A pulse tube cooler has the advantages of long-life and low-vibration over conventional cryocoolers such as G-M and Stirling coolers because of the absence of moving parts at low temperature. On the other hand, the combination of a reservoir and orifice is indispensable to optimize the performance of pulse tube coolers. In order to make the pulse tube cooler compact for practical applications, the volume of reservoir should be minimized. This paper analyzes the effects of the reservoir volume on the thermodynamic performance of various components in a simple orifice and a double-inlet pulse tube cooler by combining a linearized model with a thermodynamic analysis. Expressions of entropy production for those components are presented. The results show that the reservoir volume has a significant influence on the entropy production in the various components when the reservoir to pulse tube volume ratio is smaller than about 5. The ratio is important to determine the minimum reservoir volume for a pulse tube cooler. Optimum settings for a double-inlet pulse tube cooler are also discussed.