Ideal Free Distributions of Mobile Pastoralists in Multiple Seasonal Grazing Areas
Abstract The pastoral system in the Far North Region of Cameroon is best described as an open system in which mobile pastoralists have open access to common-pool grazing resources. We hypothesized that there is a self-organizing management system of open access to common-pool grazing resources and predicted that we would find an Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) of mobile pastoralists within seasonal grazing areas. In this paper we used mobility data and remote sensing data from two seasonal grazing areas at the end of the dry season in three consecutive years to evaluate that hypothesis. We found evidence of an IFD in the two seasonal grazing areas of the Logone Floodplain and the Lake Maga area. These findings offer further support for our hypothesis that there is a complex adaptive system in which pastoralists distribute themselves effectively over available grazing resources.
Hautes terres d'élevage au Cameroun
Les hautes terres du Cameroun, "cabbal" en langue peule, sont des regions pastorales exceptionnelles. Pourtant, les pasteurs peuls ne sont arrives aux grassfields qu'au debut de ce siecle. Soumis a un regime fiscal contraignant, ils ont beneficie de conditions naturelles favorables a l'elevage bovin, permettant de fortes charges en betail. Les mbororo se sont installes aux grassfields en fonction du relief, les lignages prestigieux se reservant les plus hautes prairies. Bien que les populations locales adoptent l'elevage bovin, les relations entre eleveurs et cultivateurs sont surtout conflictuelles. L'administration a tente de resoudre ce probleme aux grassfields par diverses politiques mais sans y parvenir vraiment. Malgre ce handicap, les mbororo se sont sedentarises ou simplement fixes sur les hauts plateaux, ce qui a provoque des profonds changements dans la societe pastorale. Le systeme d'elevage est caracterise par la transhumance mais les eleveurs d'en haut perdent regulierement des pâturages de saison seches, ce qui les contraint a chercher de nouveaux secteurs de transhumance a des altitudes plus basses. Ce modele de "cabbal" se retrouve ailleurs mais, en adamaous, le contexte pastoral est different : presence de foulbe, difficultes de ravitaillement, menaces des glossines. Les "cabbe" de l'adamaous deviennent des refuges pastoraux.
Current Issues in English Education for Young Learners in East Asia
Recognizing English as an increasingly powerful lingua franca, many governments in East Asia have implemented English-language education at the...