Discrete element modeling of the transient heat transfer and toner fusing process in the Xerographic printing of coated papers
In this study, a computer model based on discrete element method is employed to simulate the unsteady state heat transfer from the fuser roll to the toner and coating layer during the Xerography printing of coated papers. The model coating layers consisted of randomly arranged spherical pigment and latex particles with commercially relevant size distributions. Effects of coating characteristics, toner size, multiple toner layers, toner melting energy, toner thermal conductivity, coating layer thermal conductivity, and fuser roll temperature and pressure were investigated. Iso-thermal contours of fusing time were generated to demonstrate the relative importance of different fusing conditions and toner properties. Simulation results showed that temperature variation highly depended on the toner size, toner melting energy and the fuser roll temperature. Moreover, simultaneous coupling of the compressive stress and heat transfer indicated that the pressure exerted by the fuser roll did not significantly affect the rate of heat transfer.
Internal temperature distributions of toner layer during flash fusing analyzed by a discrete particle model
We propose a discrete model for analyzing a temperature field during a flash fusing. The model is composed of each packed toner particle on a paper surface with assumed spherical shape and discrete coordinates. The contact condition for each particle and paper defines thermal resistance. The advantage of the model is that particle characteristics for the toner layer are considered, and more accurate analysis of the surface and interface toner temperature is possible compared with the previous layered model. First, the discrete particle model is introduced. Then, temperature changes of the toner layer during flash fusing are examined by the discrete particle model and important conditions for obtaining good fixed images are established. The calculated internal temperature in the toner layer shows that the temperatures at the top of the layer are greatly increased and similar for each particle group; however, the temperatures at the bottom of the layer vary significantly for the particle groups. The particle group structured from a smaller number of particles shows a higher bottom temperature. We suggest that to avoid smeared images and to obtain high print quality, the toner layer should be controlled to have small and uniform particle number.
Fascism and the right in Europe, 1919-1945
This new text places interwar European fascism squarely in its historical context and analyses its relationship with other right wing, authoritarian movements and regimes. Beginning with the ideological roots of fascism in pre-1914 Europe, Martin Blinkhorn turns to the problem-torn Europe of 1919 to 1939 in order to explain why fascism emerged and why, in some settings, it flourished while in others it did not. In doing so he considers not just the 'major' fascist movements and regimes of Italy and Germany but the entire range of fascist and authoritarian ideas, movements and regimes present in the Europe of 1919-1945.