Housing Finance in India: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Sector Banks
Housing or shelter is the basic need of human being. This is accepted by the civilized society. Housing is an enigma to the developing countries; it is simultaneously the hardest problem to solvethe social housing schemes. Though shelter was enshrined as a fundamental right in the constitution, housing did not get the attention it reserved. In the light of bank reforms and government encouraged banking sectors to identify housing finance sector and its importance in lending. After 1990s all public sector banks were struggling with NPA problem. The housing shortage is increasing day by day as a proportion to the massive incr ease in population. Today, there are more than 350 housing finance companies r egistered with the registrar of companies of these 29 have been approved by NHB for financial assistance. Housing finance sector is fastest growing segment of the retail financing sector with a slew of tax breaks and sharp cut in of cost of owing housing, buying a house is easier. The agencies of public sector housing finance companies, Private sector housing companies and banks are competitors in housing finance market. Every citizen of the country dreams of having his own house. It is the bounden duty of the government to provide house to the houseless. Considering the paramount importance of housing, government no doubt considered.
Operational and Financial Performance Evaluation of Housing Finance Companies in India ( A Case Study of LIC Housing Finance Limited and HDFC )
Housing being the one of the essential needs of mankind, the demand for shelter grows in line with the increase in population and the standard of living; hence the need of financing the purchasing of a House came up. The importance of the housing sector can be judged by the fact that we consider house as the best investment and want to invest our hard earned money or saving in a house. The need for Finance to purchase a house brought out specialized Housing Finance Institutions. The Housing Finance Companies (HFCs) as they are called today have stepped up their lending over the years contributing to the growth of the housing sector. Historically, even as banks had slightly lower lending rates, housing finance companies scored on superior customer service, lower operating costs, long-term funding sources and focussed lending to fend off the competition. For instance, the costto-income ratios of HDFC and LIC Housing Finance are 7.6 per cent and 14.1 per cent respectively during March 2012 fiscal compared to 44.2 per cent in the case of banks. Housing finance companies have steadily increased their market share over the last few years; it rose from as low as 28 per cent in March 2007 to an estimated 34.6 per cent as of March 2012. Top housing finance companies such as HDFC, LIC Housing Finance witnessed loan book growth of 22-37 per cent during the year ended March 2012, thereby increasing their market share. Keeping this facts the present paper given an attempt to evaluate the operational performance of LIC Housing finance Limited and HDFC.
Heritage Languages: In the 'Wild' and in the Classroom
Heritage speakers are people raised in a home where one language is spoken who subsequently switch to another dominant language. The version of the home language that they have not completely acquired – heritage language – has only recently been given the attention it deserves from linguists and language instructors. Despite the appearance of great variation among heritage speakers, they fall along a continuum based upon the speakers’ distance from the baseline language. Such a continuum-based model enables researchers and instructors to classify heritage speakers more accurately and readily. This article discusses the results of research on lower-proficiency speakers, identifying recurrent features of heritage languages in phonology, morphology, and syntax. Preliminary results indicate that different heritage languages share a number of structural similarities; this finding is important for the understanding of general processes involved in language acquisition. The article also presents implications of the main findings for language education and identifies areas needing further study.