The Problem of Policing
The legal problem of policing is how to regulate police authority to permit officers to enforce law while also protecting individual liberty and minimizing the social costs the police impose. Courts and commentators have largely treated the problem of policing as limited to preventing violations of constitutional rights and its solution as the judicial definition and enforcement of those rights. But constitutional law and courts alone are necessarily inadequate to regulate the police. Constitutional law does not protect important interests below the constitutional threshold or effectively address the distributional impacts of law enforcement activities. Nor can the judiciary adequately assess law enforcement practices or predict police conduct. The problem of policing is fundamentally a problem of regulation — a fact largely invisible in contemporary scholarship. While scholars have criticized the conventional paradigm, contemporary scholarship continues to operate within its limits.
Reinventing Structural Reform Litigation: Deputizing Private Citizens in the Enforcement of Civil Rights
The aim of this Article is to explore the possibility of constructing a litigative model that harnesses the power of private citizens to reform unconstitutional practices, particularly in the critical area of police-related rights violations. I seek here to reintegrate private citizens into the enforcement of public laws, to tap the private experiential and financial resources that were a necessary condition of the great structural reform efforts of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950's and 60's. The vehicle by which I propose to accomplish these ends is an amendment to 42 U.S.C. 14141, the statute which authorizes the Justice Department to seek broad injunctive remedies against municipal police departments engaged in unconstitutional "patterns and practices." While Supreme Court standing jurisprudence would preclude private litigants from engaging in the sort of reformist enterprise envisioned in 14141, I advance a theory of deputation which would give citizens a powerful voice in the social discourse on police-related policies. Drawing upon the notion of "public-private" partnerships, I argue here for the creation of an agency relationship between the executive charged with enforcing prohibitions against unconstitutional police practices, and the individuals and community groups that are directly affected by, and have the information, means and incentives required to challenge, those practices.
Stereoselective disposition of ibuprofen enantiomers in infants.
The pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of ibuprofen were investigated after oral administration of a single 7.6 +/- 0.3 mg kg-1 dose of the racemate in 11 infants. Mean (+/- s.d.) half-lives were 1.6 +/- 0.5 h for S(+) and 1.5 +/- 0.5 h for R(-) and mean (+/- s.d.) AUC values were 31.5 +/- 14.3 mg l-1 h for S(+) and 36.6 +/- 13.8 mg l-1 h for R(-). Since plasma concentrations of the active S(+)-isomer were lower than those reported in adults, a higher dosage might be required in infants.