Machiavelli's Art of War: A Reconsideration*
Abstract Machiavelli's Art of War contains an unexplored and unexplained paradox: the dialogue's chief interlocutor is Fabrizio Colonna, a condottiere in the employ of Ferdinand of Aragon, who played a critical role in the Spanish conquest of northern Italy and in the collapse of the Florentine republic led by Piero Soderini, in which Machiavelli worked as a civil servant. Yet, Machiavelli chooses Fabrizio to defend the superiority of the citizen militia, which he associates with republican civic virtue, over mercenary troops. This paradox has remained unaccounted for because literary scholars have ignored the historical background underlying the text's assorted political subtexts, while historians have ignored the nature of Quattrocento dialogue, as a literary genre, in contextualizing the work. Once these historical and literary dimensions of the Art of War are brought together, it can be seen why Fabrizio Colonna would have been perceived, by Machiavelli and his audience, as the ideal representative of a military position which he espoused neither in theory or in practice.
Fear of Enemies and Collective Action
Prologue Introduction 1. Negative association 2. 'Carthage must be saved' 3. Enemies at the gates: Machiavelli's return to the beginnings of cities 4. The enemy of my enemy is my friend: negative association and reason of state 5. Survival through fear: Hobbes's problem and solution 6. Hobbism 7. The politics of enmity Epilogue.
Design of Fixture for Pitch Circle Diameter Run-out Check
The design of fixture is an exceptionally mind boggling and natural process, which require learning and knowledge. Fixture configuration assumes an imperative part at the setup arranging stage. Appropriate fixture configuration is urgent for creating item quality in various terms of exactness, surface complete and accuracy of the machined parts. In existing plan the installation set up is done physically, so the point of this undertaking is to supplant with installation to spare time for stacking and emptying of segment. Apparatuses are ordinarily grouped by the kind of machine on which they are utilized. Installations can likewise be recognized by a sub arrangement. For instance, if an installation is intended to be utilized for examination called as inspection apparatus. By using the new designed fixture, run-out checking become easier and process becomes simpler.