Motorway development and the conservation of traditional third world cities
Abstract Many Third World countries with pre-colonial backgrounds have traditional residential communities at the core of cities which differ from rings of modern development towards the outskirts. Some of the cities also have unique traditional social set-ups and suburbs of colonial and post-Independence development. The ideology of contemporary planning, founded on rational, impersonal layouts of districts and borrowed largely from the West, demonstrates little sensitivity to such traditional city communities, many of which are in danger of complete destruction. This article examines problems faced by such cities and the global prospects for conservation.
‘Go-slow’: the political economy of urban transport in Nigeria with an emphasis on Ado-Ekiti
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine urban transport issues in Nigeria. These issues hinge on a state-led bias for the private car that negatively affects the transport needs of the majority. Three underrepresented themes in Third World urban transport research are developed: transport in medium-sized cities, and transport from political-economy and gender perspectives. These themes are related to Nigerian cities in general, and to Ado-Ekiti, a rapidly growing administrative and agricultural centre of 150,000 people, in particular. As in many Third World countries, a conventional wisdom has developed in Nigeria, in which urban transport policies and spending measures favour car-owning elites at the expense of the poor. An unconventional approach to urban transport policy, that of the World Bank, is critically assessed. The evaluation of transport in Ado-Ekiti relies upon the author's observations and survey results. High population densities and an efficient housing market help limit the urban sprawl that would seriously exacerbate transport problems, but there are class and gender inequalities in access to and conditions of travel. Ado-Ekiti's women have achieved a measure of economic independence that work outside the home makes possible, but they use less prestigious modes of transport. Additionally, accident rates are very high in Ado-Ekiti and Nigeria, and shrinking vehicle fleets are reducing the use of motorized transport. These and other transport problems in Nigeria generate various forms of popular resistance. A variety of measures can improve transport for the popular classes, but a change from the present practice will not come easily.
A Historical Introduction to the Law of Obligations
1 PROLOGUE: THE PREHISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LAW OF OBLIGATIONS 2 STRUCTURAL FOUNDATIONS 3 UNITY AND FRAGMENTATION OF THE MEDIAEVAL LAW OF CONTRACT 4 TRESPASS, TRESPASS ON THE CASE, AND THE MEDIAEVAL LAW OF TORT 5 THE SUBSTANTIVE LAW OF TORTS 6 THE SUBSTANTIVE LAW OF CONTRACT PART 2 THE TRIUMPH OF TRESPASS ON THE CASE 7 TORT, PROPERTY, AND REPUTATION: THE EXPANSION OF THE ACTION ON THE CASE 8 THE RISE OF THE ACTION OF ASSUMPSIT PART 3 THE MODERN LAW OF TORT AND CONTRACT 9 TRESPASS, CASE, AND THE MORAL BASIS OF LIABILITY 10 THE LAW OF TORTS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: THE RISE OF THE TORT OF NEGLIGENCE 11 THE LAW OF TORTS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: EXPANSION AND COLLAPSE OF THE TORT OF NEGLIGENCE 12 FOUNDATIONS OF THE MODERN LAW OF CONTRACT 13 THE RISE OF THE WILL THEORY THE WILL THEORY AND THE CLASSICAL MODEL OF CONTRACT 14 THE DECLINE OF THE WILL THEORY: LEGAL REGULATION AND CONTRACTUAL FAIRNESS PART 4 UNJUST ENRICHMENT 15 UNJUST ENRICHMENT 16 LEGAL CHANGE AND LEGAL CONTINUITY