Judicial Review and Rights Protection in Mexico: The Limits of the 2011 Amparo Reform
The paper critically discusses the potential impact of the much-awaited 2011 Mexican constitutional reform on the amparo writ, in connection with other changes the Mexican constitutional system has recently undergone. It reaches pretty pessimistic conclusions, arguing that much more should have been done to put amparo in conditions to operate effectively in terms of rights protection. The paper includes a historic overview that describes the structure of the writ and identifies some of the causes behind its current procedural complexity. And it argues that, although the reform improves to some degree access conditions as well as the kind of remedies the amparo judge can adopt, the changes are shy, and they do not significantly diminish an utterly unacceptable degree of procedural complexity. Regulatory obscurity and the impossibility of reasonably foreseeing what the filing of an amparo will end up delivering in terms of rights protection will continue to set significant barriers and keep amparo away from ordinary citizens.
Acceso a la justicia y nuevas formas de participación en la esfera política
El presente articulo pretende identificar situaciones-tipo en las que el poder judicial ha asumido la tarea de verificar estandares juridicos en el diseno y ejecucion de politicas publicas relacionadas con la garantia de derechos economicos, sociales y culturales, y derechos civiles y politicos. A partir del estudio de sentencias proferidas por tribunales nacionales e internacionales, se establecen cuatro posibles tipos de intervencion de los jueces en este campo. Por ultimo, se analiza la intervencion judicial para garantizar la participacion de grupos y movimientos sociales en el diseno y toma de decisiones relacionadas con dichas politicas.
Effect of spray nozzle design on liquid-solid contact in fluidized beds
Abstract In industrial fluid cokers the feedstock, consisting of heavy bituminous hydrocarbons, is atomized with steam and injected into a hot fluidized bed of coke. Good and uniform contact of the liquid droplets with the solid particles is required to provide heat for the cracking reactions while minimizing mass transfer effects. Experiments in a pilot plant coker have suggested that the initial particle/liquid mixing, in the spray jet, is rather poor. Experiments in a X-ray scanner showed that liquid droplets and entrained particles accumulate just below the tip of the jet plume to form agglomerates. An experimental technique was used to quantitatively determine the quality of mixing with a variety of nozzle configurations including several novel designs. By improving spray stability, redistributing liquid droplets to the solids-rich region of the jet and increasing the surface area of the gas–liquid jet-fluidized bed interface, liquid/solid contact is improved.