What Makes Chilean Agriculture Tick? Estimation and Interpretation of Elasticities in Representative Markets
The Chilean countryside has experienced dramatic change in the last 20 years. From the mid-1960s onwards successive governments implemented increasingly radical land reforms. This process was stopped by the 1973 military coup, after which some land was returned to the original owners and most of it distributed in individual parcels. Later on some concentration occurred, resulting mainly from small farmers being forced to sell by lack of credit and technical support. But the age-old traditional large estates (described by some authors as pre-capitalist latifundia or haciendas) were not reestablished; instead new family-sized and modern capitalist farms developed. At the same time, the post-1973 macroeconomic policies liberalised external trade and domestic prices, and agricultural exports and imports rose. The traditional patterns of land exploitation, labour use and rural-urban migration all experienced substantive change (Rivera and Cruz, 1984; Kay, 1985).
Assertion without empirical basis: an econometric appraisal of monetary trends in... the United Kingdom, by Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz
This paper critically re-evaluates some of the fundamental empirical claims about monetary behavior in the United Kingdom made by Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz in their 1982 book Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom. We focus on six aspects of their analysis: the exogeneity of money; their claims of the constancy and correct specification of their money-demand equation; their interpretation of a dummy variable in that equation as capturing a "shift in liquidity preference" for 1921-55; their treatment of the interdependence of money, income, prices, and interest rates; and their use of phase-average data. They fail to support many of their empirical assertions with valid econometric evidence: in particular, they leave untested many conditions necessary to sustain their inferences. However, those conditions either are in part directly testable from their data or have testable implications: we test many of those hypotheses and reject virtually all of them. We reject basic claims made for their empirical model of money demand, e.g., those of parameter constancy, price homogeneity, and normality of the disturbances. En route, we show that their model of velocity as a constant performs poorly relative to the "will-o'-the-wisp" model of velocity as a random walk. As constructive evidence against their models, we develop a money-demand model superior to either model of velocity, and which has an unexplained residual variance less than one tenth that of their money-demand equation. This paper, however, is not an "anti-monetarist" critique; rather, it is a pro-econometrics tract which highlights the practical dangers of seeking to analyze complex stochastic processes while eschewing modern econometric methods.
WOMEN AND AGRARIAN REFORM: CHILE, 1964–1973
Chile (1964–1973) provides one of the few examples of large scale agrarian reform conducted legally in a non-socialist country. The literature on this experience is extensive, but no analysis systematically considers the implications of the Chilean case for the integration of women into the agrarian reform or rural development processes. 
 
 
 
The purpose of this paper is to consider the factors which influenced the role of Chilean women in agrarian reform. The principal topics considered are: the objectives of reform under Frei (1964–1970) and Allendc (1970–1973); provisions of agrarian reform legislation; and changes in reformed units during rhe Allende administration. The final section considers changes which were, and were not, possible that would have enhanced the participation of women in the reformed units and the roles of women as agricultural producers. 
 
 
 
Resume 
 
Le Chili (1964–1973) constitue un des quelques exemples d'une reforme agraire dc grande amplcur, conduite par des voies legales dans un pays non socialiste. Une abondantc litterature existe sur le sujet, mais on ne dispose d'aucune etude systematique centree sur les implications de l'experience chilicnne quant a l'integration des femmes dans la reforme agraire ou le processus de developpement rural. 
 
 
 
L'objet de cet article est d'examiner les facreurs qui conditionncnt le role des femmes dans la reforme agraire chilienne. Les principaux themes traites sont les suivants: les objectifs de la reforme agraire sous Frei (1964–1970) et Allende (1970–1973); lesapports de la legislation de reforme agraire; les changements observes sous l'administration Allende. La derniere partie precise les changements, possibles ou non, qui auraient pu accroitre la participation des femmes dans les exploitations concernees par la reforme, et valoriser leur role comme producteurs agricoles. 
 
 
 
Kurzfassung 
 
Chile (1964–1973) stellt eines der wenigen Bcispiele einer gros angelegten, legal durchge-fuhrten Agrarreform in einem nichtsozialistischen Land dar. Es gibt einc umfangreiche Literatur uber dieses Experiment, aber keine Analyse untcrsucht systematise!) am Falle Chile die Implilcationen fur die Integration der Frauen in die Agrarreform oder den Prozess der landlichen Enrwicklung. 
 
 
 
Das Anlicgen dieses Beitrages ist es, zu untersuchen, welche Faktoren die Rolle der Frau in der Agrarreform beeinflust haben. Vor allem werden betrachtet: die Ziele der Reform unter Frei (1964–1970) und Allende (1970–1973); die Bestimmungen in der Gesetzgebung zur Agrarreform, die Veranderungen in den durch die Agrarreform geschaffenen Betrieben unter Allende. Im letzten Teil werden die Veranderungen untcrsucht, die moglich waren und auch nicht moglich waren, um der Partizipation der Frauen und ihrer Rolle als landwirtschaftliche Produzcnten in den neugebildten Betrieben einen hoheren Stellenwcrt zu geben.