New modulation techniques for increased efficiency in UHF-TV transmitters
The use of electron-beam modulation in klystron amplifiers is an important means of reducing the electrical power consumption of ultra-high-frequency power amplifiers, employed in the transmission of television signals. This paper explores the characteristics of the amplifiers, describes the methods developed for applying video modulation, and gives details of typical power savings which can be expected.
13 – Television Transmitters
Publisher Summary 
This chapter discusses television transmitters. There are two basic types of television transmitter, one using combined and the other separate vision and sound amplification. In the first, modulated vision and sound signals are combined at low level and amplified together by a single amplifier chain. In the second, vision and sound are amplified separately and combined at high level. Combined amplification has the advantage that, as only one amplifier is used; the transmitter is simpler, smaller and less expensive. A modulator introduces precorrections adjusted to be equal and opposite to those encountered in subsequent stages to maintain the transmitter output within close specification limits. By enabling the use of a larger part of the power amplifier's transfer characteristic, transmitter efficiency is increased significantly. The up-converter contains two identical chains. Each comprises a double balanced mixer, an amplifier, a channel filter, and a further amplifier. These convert the outputs of the modulator to the radiated carrier frequencies. The local oscillator signal is generated by a synthesizer or a temperature stabilized crystal oscillator with multiplier and filter. It is split to feed both mixers. In subcarrier systems, the composite baseband signal is generated by a coder that is usually a part of the program input equipment. Provided that the sound channel has adequate deviation and bandwidth, multi-channel/stereo sound has little effect on the design of a transmitter.
The mark of sexual preference in the interpretation of texts: preface to a homosexual reading.
Since reading is an interaction or confrontation between the reader and the text-an interaction that depends upon the background and perspectives of the reader as well as on the text being read-we can assume that the dynamics of sexuality and sexual object choice will influence how readers ascribe meaning to literary texts. In fact, although other aspects of our identities come into play when we read, sexual identity is unique and central because of the role that it plays in the creation of subjectivity. Specifically, male homosexuality informs and structures the reading of texts. But what does it be a homosexual reader or to effectuate a homosexual reading of a particular text?