Luteolin and its C-monoglycosides fromLupinus polyphyllus
The leaves of Lupinus polyphyllus Lindley, a wild-growing biennial plant, in the flowering phase were fixed with steam and dried in a thermostat at 55-60°C. The dry comminuted material (2 kg) was repeatedly extracted with 70% ethanol at room temperature by the steeping method, and the extract was distilled in vacuum. The concentrated residue was treated with 600 ml of hot water and filtered and the resulting filtrate was extracted successively with diethyl ether, yielding fraction i, and ethyl acetate, yielding fraction 2.
The Ultraviolet Spectra of Flavones and Flavonols
The methanol spectra of flavones and flavonols exhibit two major absorption peaks in the region 240 – 400 nm1. These two peaks are commonly referred to as Band I (usually 300 – 380 nm, Table V-1 records the λmaxvalues for Band I for all flavones and flavonols examined in the present investigation), and Band II (usually 240 – 280 nm). Band I is considered to be associated with absorption due to the B-ring cinnamoyl system, and Band II with absorption involving the A-ring benzoyl system (see III) [1].
Avian infectious bronchitis.
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is caused by the gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The virus causes infections mainly in chickens and is a significant pathogen of commercial meat and egg type birds. IB is an acute, contagious disease characterised primarily by respiratory signs in growing chickens. In hens, decreased egg production and quality are often observed. Some strains of the virus are nephropathogenic and produce interstitial nephritis and mortality. The severity of IBV-induced respiratory disease is enhanced by the presence of other pathogens, including bacteria, leading to chronic complicated airsacculitis. Diagnosis of IB requires virus isolation or demonstration of viral nucleic acid from diseased flocks. Demonstration of a rising serum antibody response may also be useful. The widespread use of live and inactivated vaccines may complicate both the interpretation of virus isolation and serology findings. The occurrence of antigenic variant strains may overcome immunity induced by vaccination.