Untersuchungen über die Wirkung der Insektentötenden PilzeBeauveria bassiana (Bals. Vuill.) undMetarrhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. auf Warmblütler
SummaryThe muscardine-fungi are nor toxic neither pathogen for man and warmblooded animals. Reactions of sensitive persons working with spores of this fungi are not of general but of allergic nature. Against such allergic reactions it is possible to protect by breath protection, dress with long sleeves and gloves.
Studies of microörganisms pathogenic to the sod webworm
Four microorganisms—a spore-forming bacterium, two strains of a fungus, and a microsporidian—were
 tested as biological agents for the control of the sod webworm, Crambus bonifatellus
 (Hulst). Results of laboratory and greenhouse tests, or, with the microsporidian,
 very limited field tests, indicate that the bacterium is the most promising of these.
 Further tests under natural conditions are necessary to establish their practical
 value.
 The bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, was the fastest-acting and was almost 100 per cent effective against all
 instars of the sodwebworm larva. Its spores can readily be produced in quantity on
 artificial media, can be stored dry for long periods with little loss of virulence,
 and, since they are miscible with water, can easily be prepared as a suspension for
 spraying. Laboratory tests indicate that they would also be effective if prepared
 as a dust. Humidity and temperature requirements for germination are not stringent.
 Both strains of the fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo), were fairly fast-acting and were almost 100 per cent effective against
 early instars of the webworm larva. The strain isolated from Crambus sp, was more effective against late instars than that isolated from the European
 corn borer, but neither was completely effective. As with the bacillus, the fungus
 spores can readily be produced in quantity on artificial media and can be stored dry
 for some time. Since, in contrast with the bacillus spores, they are not miscible
 with water, a spore suspension for spraying was prepared with blood albumen spreader;
 but it proved less effective than a dust prepared with talc. The spores require high
 humidity and fairly high temperatures for germination—requirements that limit the
 practical applications of this agent.
 The microsporidian, Nosema infesta Hall, is an obligate parasite, and no satisfactory method of producing its spores
 in quantity was found; yet heavy concentrations are required in field applications.
 It is slowacting and in limited field tests gave very low morbidity and mortality
 rates. Hence it seems ruled out as a possible agent in the control of the sod webworm,
 at least in a short-term program.
 The effect of these microorganisms on beneficial insects is not known. None of them
 is believed to be dangerous to man, though sensitivity to the fungus spores may be
 acquired by inhaling large quantities of them.
Super-resolution of overlapped waves in time and frequency domain in a directional borehole radar measurement
The Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm is modified in order to resolve multiple waves and to estimate reflection points in 3-D space. This algorithm is suitable for directional borehole radar with a circular dipole array antenna. Making use of the spatial frequency difference of acquired array signals, the signals are decorrelated, and the 3-D MUSIC algorithm is applied. The time domain signals of the singlehole array-type borehole radar are used in order to form a measurement vector in the MUSIC algorithm. A computer simulation confirms that the proposed algorithm may estimate the directions of arrival (DOA) for three signals. Applying the proposed algorithm to field experiment data successfully estimates the DOA of a reflected wave from a fracture in rock.