A New Isolation Process for VLSI Devices
In this paper we present a new zero-bird's beak process which, with an additional photolithographic step, substitutes the thermal fully-recessed field oxide for a CVD oxide. With this process we have fabricated devices which present a very small narrow channel effect. Moreover, the use of a reference mask increases the process reproductivity and reduces the probability of the double-threshold voltage effect. The cross-section and electrical results are presented.
MOS isolation technology
Abstract Local oxidation with self-aligned field threshold implant has become pervasive as the technique for device isolation in Si-gate technology. As NMOS is replaced by CMOS, this LOCOS technology has been adapted, though with difficulty. Primarily because of poor space utilization, alternatives to LOCOS are now being pursued in a number of laboratories. In this paper the goals and limitations of isolation technology are reviewed, and several alternatives examined. Based on this examination, we suggest that in the near future, evolutionary advances in LOCOS will be adequate. In the longer term, the greatest promise is offered by a technique involving etching and refilling trenches in the substrate.
Convergence Anatomization of Aquaculture Production in Leading Fish-Producing Countries During the Period of 1997-2013
Growth and national importance of aquaculture production is empirically assessed as an important indicator of development. The present article aims to test whether the major aquaculture producing countries of the world are converging over time. The authors have applied the absolute and conditional beta convergence and sigma convergence approaches on the data of FAO for the period 1997-2013. The results show that there is an absolute beta convergence and sigma convergence among 25 major aquaculture producing countries; negative sign of coefficient of conditional beta convergence with per capita income is also noticed. It implies, the growth rates of aquaculture for developed nations are declining with rise in per capita income and backward fish-intensive countries are catching up with the giant producers like China and India. The cross-country variations are also going down which means that the countries' development gaps are getting narrowed by means of growth of aquaculture resources.