Global and Comprehensive Regimes: The un System
The scope of multinational economic policy regimes must be defined in at least two different dimensions: 1) geographic or political scope, referring to spatial and/or other jurisdictional dimensions of the regime; and 2) functional scope, referring to the kinds of activities over which the regime is intended to have some influence. The geographic/political scope of the European Union (EU), for example, is limited to certain countries in Europe that have opted and been accepted for membership. The functional scope of most multinational regimes is also typically limited; they deal only with the specific set of concerns (e.g., trade, air travel, environmental issues) agreed upon among their participants. A regime that is (at least in principle) open to all participants that might have an interest in its activities, or that takes actions intended to affect all parts of the world, may be termed global. A regime that may (again, at least in principle) address any and all concerns that might arise among its participants, without regard to specific prior agreement as to the appropriateness of the inquiry, may be termed comprehensive. (National political regimes, i.e., governments, are functionally comprehensive within their individual borders.)
Implementing international codes of conduct for multinational enterprises
tary character and not legally binding. This comment will deal only with one specific aspect, perhaps the most difficult of all: the manner of implementation. Before going into the subject I shall first give a bird's eye view of the Codes and an analysis of its legal character. Then the implementation provisions contained in the OECD Guidelines, the ILO Principles and the draft of the UN Code will be given closer consideration, followed by some provisional conclusions which might be drawn from that comparison. In reviewing the present situation, three Codes can be mentioned which are already, or nearly, in effect:
Arab Uprisings and the Outstanding Return to Democracy: Tunisia as a Model
In the wake of the Middle Eastern crises, the Tunisian case in focus has been doted as a unique phenomenon being that it was the Genesis of the revolution that ultimately spread across the Middle East like wild fire, but has eventually heralded a new dawn as democracy has incidentally returned to the Empire. This literature therefore looks closely at the extent to which the ‘DignityRevolution’ has been instrumental in the Middle East uprisings, which have brought an end to dynastic autocracies. The literature zeros in on the Tunisian uprising which has attracted global concerns, sympathy and has sparked interests in the international arena. The literature finds that the people hold colossal prospect in the uprising and its resultant effect, as it paved the way for the revolutionist to generate, gather and disseminate information on the condition of the entire region to the international community. The people in this context were of utmost importance and played a very crucial role in the creation of awareness, mobilization of protesters and utmost determining the direction of the uprising and also ensuring a speedy return to democratic rule. The paper submits that the role of the people in ensuring that the ruins of the uprising is not left littering around and democracy restored is highly commendable and should be a model for all other Arab countries involved in the revolution.