Utilization of simulated annealing method for optical design of a thin rectangular small-size edge-type hollow-cavity LED luminaire
In this paper, we present the simulation results using simulated annealing method in the preliminary optical design for the hollow cavity of a thin rectangular small-size edge-type hollow-cavity LED luminaire. The simulation results demonstrated its feasibility of commercial use with both illuminance uniformity and light extraction efficiency of above 80% on the emission surface of its hollow cavity.
An optimization system for LED lens design
This study proposed a two-stage LED lens design optimization system, and used the viewing angle and the luminance uniformity as the optical quality objective. Optical design software (TracePro) and the orthogonal table of Taguchi method were used for simulation experiment. In the first stage, the viewing angle was used as the optical quality objective to find out the preliminary optimization of lens shape. The optimal LED lens size parameter combination of the first stage was used in the second stage to create L25(56) orthogonal table, and then the Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) was used to establish the LED lens quality predictor to predict the FWHM angle and luminance uniformity in different overall sizes. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) with the quality predictor was used to find out the optimum design parameter combination of overall size according to the required quality objective. A LED with wide viewing angle and high luminance uniformity was taken as an example in this study to design a LED optical lens with 135^o FWHM angle and 93.35% uniformity.
The alcohol-aggression stereotype: a cross-cultural comparison of beliefs.
University students (N = 1,008) in eight countries participated in a survey aimed at mapping cross-cultural alcohol expectancies. Multisample structured means analysis was applied to compare changes in aggressive behaviors believed to occur in connection with drinking after "many" alcoholic drinks. Most subjects expressed the belief that intoxication was associated with greater aggressiveness, but there were significant national differences unrelated to self-reported alcoholic beverage preference, frequency of drinking to intoxication, or rates of personal involvement in episodes of alcohol-related aggression. Thus, the expectation that drinking leads to aggression may be determined to a significant extent by contextual factors and cultural traditions related to alcohol use.