Butterfat Losses in Buttermilk from Commercial Churnings
Abstract The effect of churning procedures on fat losses in the buttermilk at two creameries in south Alberta was studied. Seasonal fluctuations were found to exist. Losses ranged from 0.72% to 3.00% with averages of 1.11 and 1.57% at the two plants. The temperature of the buttermilk at time of draining was quite important, 59°F being the maximum permissible to prevent greatly increased losses. A churning time of 45 to 60 minutes appeared to give minimum fat losses although churning times below 45 minutes showed a greater tendency to high losses than did those in excess of 60 minutes. Overloading of the churn greatly increased fat losses.
The Relation of Certain Semen-quality Tests to Breeding Efficiency and Characteristics of Semen from Low-fertility Bulls Before and After Hormone Injection
Summary Laboratory tests for semen quality including concentration, motility, fructolysis index, percentage dead sperm, and percentage abnormal sperm were investigated for their relationship to breeding efficiency. The two latter tests were most closely correlated to fertility, as measured by 30-60 day non-returns. A deficiency of follicle-stimulating hormone appears as one of the factors involved in the production of low-quality semen by certain related bulls. The luteinizing hormone and testosterone appeared to be secreted in normal amounts in these bulls. Factors other than the above are indicated to have been involved in poor-quality semen production by three inbred Holstein bulls.
A Method for the Estimation of Nicotinic Acid in Milk
Summary A method is given for the estimation of nicotinic acid in milk. The results of weekly analysis of the milk of six Ayrshire cows during the month of January, 1941, are given. The average nicotinic acid content of the milk from normal cows is found to be 1.46 micrograms per ml.