Profiles of some clinical chemical parameters in growing dwarf and landrace kids.
Plasma creatinine, urea, bilirubin, glucose, cholesterol, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, inorganic phosphorus and total serum proteins were analyzed in kids of Dwarf and Danish Landrace breeds from birth to 12 months of age. The purpose was to determine the reference ranges, age profiles and the influence of other factors. Comparisons between parametric (mean +/- standard deviation) and the corresponding nonparametric (5th and 95th percentile, median) values were calculated for each parameter, the results of which indicated no apparent differences. The levels were very much dependent on age. Creatinine, urea and total serum protein levels increased gradually with age. Glucose and cholesterol levels were high at birth and then decreased with age. The electrolyte concentrations were maintained within narrow limits. Significant differences were observed between kids of different ages (within the breeds), breeds (within similar age) and herds (within the same age and breed). Differences between female and male Landrace kids of the same ages were observed in plasma urea, creatinine, glucose and total serum proteins. It is concluded that age has a major influence on the clinical chemical reference values in young goats, followed by herd and breed, but the influence of sex was small and is negligible in most parameters.
Enzymes, metabolites and electrolytes levels in the blood of local Israeli goats.
Summary 
 
The levels of enzymes, metabolites and electrolytes in the blood of the local young and mature Israeli goats (Capra mambrica) are reported. Enzymes studied were glutamic-oxalacetic transminase, glutamic-pyruvic transminase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and pepsinogen. Proteins and metabolites studied were total proteins, albumin, globulin, haemoglobin, total lipids, cholesterol, glucose, and urea. The serum minerals studied were inorganic phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. The levels of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase were significantly higher in the young goat than in the adult goat, while that of pepsinogen was lower. No difference was observed in the levels of serum transaminase. Total lipids, cholesterol and glucose were higher in the young goats, while serum total proteins, globulin and albumin were lower. Small differences were also seen in the levels of the serum minerals Ca, Mg, Na and K. There was a distinct difference in the level of blood inorganic phosphorus. A comparison with values reported by other investigators is given and the importance and significance of the results are discussed. 
 
 
 
Zusammenfassung 
 
Enzyme, Metaboliten und Elektrolyte im Blut von einheimischen Israelischen Ziegen 
 
 
 
Im Blut von einheimischen, jungen und adulten Israelischen Ziegen (Capra mambrica) wurden folgende Parameter bestimmt: Glutamat-Oxalacetat-Transaminase, Glutamat-Pyruvat-Transaminase, alkalische und saure Phosphatase, Laktat-Dehydrogenase, Gesamtprotein, Albumin, Globulin, Haemoglobin, Gesamtlipide, Cholesterin, Glukose, Harnstoff, anorganischer Phosphor, Kalzium, Magnesium, Natrium und Kalium. Die Konzentrationen von alkalischer und saurer Phosphatase waren bei jungen Ziegen signifikant hoher als bei adulten, wahrend die Pepsinogenkonzentrationen tiefer lagen. Bei den Serumtransaminasen wurden keine Unterschiede beobachtet. Gesamtlipide, Cholesterin und Glukose waren bei jungen Ziegen hoher, wahrend Gesamtprotein, Globulin und Albumin niedriger waren. Bezuglich Ca, Mg, Na und K im Serum wurden nur kleine Altersunterschiede festgestellt. Dagegen war der Unterschied in der Konzentration des anorganischen Phosphors ausgepragt. Die beobachteten Werte werden mit Literaturangaben kritisch verglichen und hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung diskutiert. 
 
 
 
Resume 
 
Enzymes, metabolites et electrolytes dans le sang de chevres israeliennes locales 
 
 
 
Les parametres suivants ont ete determines dans le sang de chevres israeliennes jeunes et adultes (Capra mambrica): transaminase glutamo-oxalacetique, transaminase glutamo-pyruvique, phosphatase alcaline et acide, lactino-deshydrogenase, proteines totales, albumine, globulines, hemoglobine, lipides totaux, cholesterine, glucose, uree, phosphore inorganique, calcium, magnesium, sodium et potassium. Les concentrations de la phosphatase alcaline et acide furent plus elevees chez les jeunes chevres que chez les adultes, alors que les concentrations du pepsinogene furent plus basses. On n'a pas observe de differences pour les transaminases seriques. Les lipides totaux, la cholesterine et le glucose furent plus elevees chez les jeunes chevres, tandis que les proteines totales, les globulines et l'albumine etaient plus basses. On a etabli que de petites differences dues a l'âge pour Ca, Mg, Na et K dans le serum. La difference fut cependant marquee dans la concentration du phosphore inorganique. Les valeurs observees sont comparees de facon critique avec les donnees de la litterature et discutees du point de vue de leur signification. 
 
 
 
Resumen 
 
Enzimas, metabolitos y niveles de electrolitos en la sangre de cabras israelitas autoctonas 
 
 
 
En la sangre de cabras israelitas autoctonas (Capra mambrica), jovenes y adultas, se valoraron los parametros siguientes: glutamato-oxalacetato-transaminasa, glutamato-piruvato-transaminasa, fosfatasas alcalina y acida, lactato-dehidrogenasa, proteina total, albumina, globulinas, hemoglobina, lipidos totales, colesterina, glucosa, urea, fosforo inorganico, calcio, magnesio, sodio y potasio. Las concentraciones de fosfatasa alcalina y acida eran significantemente mas elevadas en las cabras jovenes que en las adultas, mientras que las concentraciones de pepsinogeno eran mas bajas. En las transaminasas sericas no se observaron diferencias. Los lipidos totales, colesterina y glucosa eran mayores en dos cabritos, mientras que la proteina total, globulina y albumina eran mas bajas. Con respecto a Ca, Mg, Na y K en el suero sanguineo, solo se apreciaron diferencias pequenas debidas a la edad. Sin embargo, era muy marcada la diferencia en la concentracion del fosforo inorganico. Los valores observados se comparan criticamente con los datos bibliograficos, discutiendose con respecto a su importancia.
Hydrogen-rich gas production from biomass air and oxygen/steam gasification in a downdraft gasifier
Biomass gasification is an important method to obtain renewable hydrogen. However, this technology still stagnates in a laboratory scale because of its high-energy consumption. In order to get maximum hydrogen yield and decrease energy consumption, this study applies a self-heated downdraft gasifier as the reactor and uses char as the catalyst to study the characteristics of hydrogen production from biomass gasification. Air and oxygen/steam are utilized as the gasifying agents. The experimental results indicate that compared to biomass air gasification, biomass oxygen/steam gasification improves hydrogen yield depending on the volume of downdraft gasifier, and also nearly doubles the heating value of fuel gas. The maximum lower heating value of fuel gas reaches 11.11MJ/Nm3 for biomass oxygen/steam gasification. Over the ranges of operating conditions examined, the maximum hydrogen yield reaches 45.16gH2/kg biomass. For biomass oxygen/steam gasification, the content of H2 and CO reaches 63.27–72.56%, while the content of H2 and CO gets to 52.19–63.31% for biomass air gasification. The ratio of H2/CO for biomass oxygen/steam gasification reaches 0.70–0.90, which is lower than that of biomass air gasification, 1.06–1.27. The experimental and comparison results prove that biomass oxygen/steam gasification in a downdraft gasifier is an effective, relatively low energy consumption technology for hydrogen-rich gas production.