Bell and Banner: Armenian Revolutionaries at the End of the Ottoman Empire
Abstract : This study begins by addressing the political, social, and economic conditions in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in order to provide the historical context for the emergence of Armenian revolutionaries. It then details the attempts at reforming the empire by the Tanzimat and Hamidian regimes, the effect these reforms had on social and economic conditions for provincial Ottoman Armenians, and the steps those within the empire but especially among the Armenian diaspora took to adopt revolutionary tactics in attempting to alleviate conditions in the Armenian fatherland. Specific attention will be paid to the programs and activities of the major parties that have comprised the Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Dashnaktsutiun, the Hunchaks, and the Armenakans. This study then reviews revolutionary activity amidst the rise of the Committee of Union and Progress, particularly the Dashnaktsutiun who were most active during this period, in an effort to complete a survey of Armenian revolutionary activity. Finally, it concludes with general observations regarding the process by which some Armenians, who had at one point been considered the Ottoman Empire's loyal millet, decided to arm themselves first in self-defense in pursuit of autonomy and then to engage in terrorism as an acceptable tactic in carrying out their strategy.
Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State
A review of modern Armenian politics and political thinking from the mid-19th century to the 21st century, discussing the evolution of Armenians from peoplehood to statehood. Written by a governmental advisor in the early years of Armenian independence, the text analyses the internal dynamics of the revolutionary movement, the genocide, the Armenian diaspora, its recent independence, and the relationship of these developments to processes in the Ottoman/Turkish, Russian and Western states. Starting with an overview of Armenian history from mid-19th century to the 1970s, the volume proceeds to explore the dynamics that led up to and shaped the modern republic. The first part is devoted to understanding the ideologies adopted by the Armenian revolutionary movement in the late-19th century Ottoman Empire that had earlier absorbed historic Western Armenia. Gerard Libaridian examines the causes of the rise of political parties and a guerrilla movement and mutations in their strategies. He also describes the tensions within the Armenian community in the face of increasing impoverishment and Ottoman repression. In the second part, Libaridian focuses on the ideology of the Young Turks, who were responsible for the World War I genocide, and then offers an analysis of the causes of the tragedy. In a third part, he describes the complexities of dealing with the history of relations between Armenians and Kurds and Armenians and Turks. He explores mutual perceptions and the politics of recognition of the genocide. Libaridian concludes with an overview of Armenia and Armenians during the last two decades, including the rebirth of an independent Armenia, its foreign and security policy options, and its relations with the diaspora. The work should be of interest to students of Armenian history, independence movements, the dissolution of the Soviet empire, and foreign relations.
America Or Europe?: British Foreign Policy, 1739-63
International developments Britain and the War of the Austrian Succession Anglo-French relations the Crown Parliament diplomats and ministers defence, foreign policy and strategy Pitt and moves towards new strategies, 1755-63 conclusion - Europe or America?.