Manganoxyd-Phasen als Pigmente antiker Vasenmalerei
function (dots) and the fitted survivor function (continuous line) for ear thquakes with M ~ 2.0 in Eastern Canada for the period t925-1965 (Ranalli, in preparation). Seismic zoning in terms of frequency isolines of damaging earthquakes is therefore a useful first step in ear thquake risk analysis. In order to refine the ear thquake risk index ~ however, it is necessary to weigh it for magnitude, focal depth, and ground response. Ultimately, an empirically based relation between ground acceleration, distance, and magni tude is required, so tha t ear thquake risk can be translated into terms of more immediate relevance to h u m a n and social problems.
Four shades of black: Non-invasive scientific studies on the painted potteries from Shahr-i Sokhta, eastern Iran
Abstract Shahr-i Sokhta in east of Iran represents different stages of settlements from the fourth to the second millennium BC. A large assemblage of ceramics shards has been unearthed from Shahr-i Sokhta many of which are decorated with different shades of black, yellow and red colours. Micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman) on some seventy painted shards from Shahr-i Sokhta with polychrome, bi-chrome and monochrome decorations showed haematite and goethite as red and yellow decorations, respectively. Black decorations, however, consisted of four main groups including carbon black, magnetite, haematite and jacobsite. This paper represents a successful application of non-invasive spectroscopic methods for identifying pigments on archaeological ceramics.
Frequency distributions of the mixing height over an urban area from SODAR data
The height of the mixing-layer (MLH) is an important parameter in the assessment of the dilution of primarily emitted or secondarily formed air pollutants in the atmospheric boundary-layer. A continuous measurement of MLH is possible only by remote sensing. Here, 17 months of SODAR data have been analysed automatically to derive the MLH over the city of Hannover in Northern Germany. In contrast to earlier studies the MLH has been determined from vertical profiles of the acoustic backscatter intensity and from the variance of the vertical velocity component. The results are presented in form of monthly frequency distributions and mean daily courses of MLH. These statistical evaluations of MLH show a clear annual course and interannual variability. The study shows the possibility to derive meaningful climatological information from long-term SODAR measurements for air quality issues.