The effectiveness of low-emissivity coating on a polymer film
This work describes the effectiveness of low-emissivity (low-E) coating on the polymer film with TiO2/ZnO:Ga/Ag/ZnO:Ga/TiO2 structure and the results of heat monitoring. The characteristics of the coating which determine the reduction of heat loss by the low-E coating are given. Also the results of efficiency calculations for low-E coating are presented, such as resistance to heat transfer, heat savings when installing low-E coating on the polymer film, etc. The heat monitoring is carried out to determine the effectiveness of low-E coating. The results of heat monitoring illustrate the effectiveness of low-E coating.
Durability of Ag based low‐emissivity coatings
Films of ZnO/Ag/Sn/ZnO deposited by dc magnetron sputtering are being widely used as ‘‘heat mirror’’ films in architectural applications. The long‐term durability of these films has been studied through accelerated weathering and exposure to controlled atmospheres of C12, H2S, and moisture. After accelerated exposure, films were analyzed by ultraviolet–visible–near infrared and far infrared spectroscopy, Auger depth profiling, and scanning electron microscopy. No significant changes were seen in transmittance or infrared reflectivity. No interdiffusion of layers was seen in Auger profiling.
Development of Science and Technology in the Iranian Electric Power Industry: Challenges and Future Progress
This chapter examines four key segments of the electric power industry in Iran: generation, transportation, distribution and consumption. It reviews the method, development, and evolution of electric power generation in the country. Specifically, the chapter reviews the structure of the electric industry, the main players, institutions, standards as well as laws, human resources, technology, the export and import markets, and engineering management of the industry in the country. Finally, the challenges facing the industry will be identified and policy suggestions to remedy the problems will be provided.