A Prospective Method to Increase Oil Recovery in Waxy-Shallow Reservoir
Waxy oil has been the main characteristics of The X field. Initial screening criteria studies indicated that cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) would be the optimum option because favorable reservoir condition. Based on this method we would like to know how much oil gain and the effect of steam for the stimulated and surrounding well. The injection of steam was done for 7 days followed by 14 days of soaking period. 39,000 liter of Marine fuel oil was used to generate steam for stimulation with an average produce steam quality about 80%. Average of 255 MMBTU of steam was injected each day with total steam injected was about 1.7 BBTU. The oil production was increased four times from 5 bopd into 21 bopd. Proper well candidate and high permeability are some reason for this method successfully increase oil production. Additional heat from steam reduced the damage near wellbore due to wax deposition. This is verifying by increasing productivity index from 3 bbl/psi to 4 bbl/psi. From results and observation data, this method can be a platform for typical shallow depth reservoir with high paraffinic content especially other reservoir in Sihapas formation.
Spontaneous Imbibition Test of Low Salinity Injection at Low Saline Waxy Crude Carbonate
Low salinity waterflooding (LSW) is categorized as one of emerging EOR technologies. It is done by injecting water with different salt composition and/or concentration. The research has been carried out for both sandstone and carbonate with the results looks promising. However, most of this research still concentrated in the north sea, middle east and North America region. This article discusses the applicability of low salinity waterflooding methodology in Indonesia. Spontaneous imbibition test is carried out to observe the recovery gain from a various combination of concentration and composition of the injected brine. The change of pH of the brine is also examined in order to confirm the pH effect mechanism. Three different concentration of brine (500 ppm, 5.000 ppm, and 10.000 ppm), three different brine composition (NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2) and high paraffinic crude oil are used as the fluid sample. It is found that the increased oil recovery is significant at a salinity of 10,000 ppm for MgCl2 and 5,000 ppm for NaCl ions. While the lowest recovery was shown by the test at a salinity of 500 ppm
Brainstem Influences on the Cephalic Circulation: Experimental Data From Cat and Monkey of Relevance to the Mechanism of Migraine
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