Secular Increase in the Earth's LOD Strongly Implies that the Earth Might Be Expanding Radially on a Global Scale
Exactly 101 years ago, German scientist—Alfred Lothar Wegener, sailed against the prevailing wisdom of his day when he posited that not only have the Earth’s continental plates receded from each other over the course of the Earth’s history, but that they are currently in a state of motion relative to one another. To explain this, Wegener set forth the hypothesis that the Earth must be expanding as a whole. Wegener’s inability to provide an adequate explanation of the forces and energy source responsible for continental drift and the prevailing belief that the Earth was a rigid solid body resulted in the acrimonious dismissal of his theories. Today, that the continents are receding from each other is no longer a point of debate but a sacrosanct pillar of modern geology and geophysics. What is debatable is the energy source driving this phenomenon. An expanding Earth hypothesis is currently an idea that is not accepted on a general consensus level. Antiproponent of the expanding Earth mercilessly dismiss it as a pseudo or fringe science with their main point of rejection being the energy source to power this supposed expansion. Be that asit may, we show herein that from the well accepted law of conversation of spin angular momentum, Stephenson [1]’s result that over the last 2700 years or so, the length of the Earth’s day has undergone a change of about +17.00 μs/yr, this result invariably leads to the plausibility the Earth may very be expanding radially at a paltry rate of about +0.60 mm/yr. If correct, this simple fact, automatically move the expanding Earth hypothesis from the realm of pseudo or fringe science, to that of plausible science.
Resolution of the Faint Young Sun Paradox via the Expanding Earth and Radiation Balance Equilibrium Hypothesis
We present a plausible solution to the now forty seven year old paleoclimatology riddle 1 of the so-called Faint Young Sun Paradox via the combined hypothesis of the conservation of the 2 state of radiation balance between the Earth and Sun and that of an expanding Earth, where, in the 3 face of a changing (increasing) Solar luminosity, the Earth would maintain steady temperatures 4 by re-adjusting the height of its atmosphere. That is to say, depending on whether or not the 5 radius of the solid Earth is changing, this re-adjustment of the height of the Earth’s atmosphere 6 would mean two things — i.e.: (1) either the height increases — in which event the Earth accretes 7 matter from its immediate surroundings (i.e., the obvious pool formed by the Solar wind) thereby 8 increasing the mass of the Earth’s atmosphere, or: (2) the height decreases — in which event 9 the Earth naturally expels matter from its atmosphere, thereby decreasing the effective mass of 10 the Earth. We demonstrate that if — as the current state of the art ITRF observations seem to 11 indicate, namely that — the Earth’s landmass is steadily expanding globally at a paltry rate of 12 ∼ +0.45± 0.05 mm · yr−1, and, that the Earth’s atmosphere is to have a present radial vertical 13 height of about one third of the Earth’s radius (∼ 2860 km) from the Earth’s surface, then, one 14 can (might) with relative ease, explain not only the presence of liquid water on the Earth’s surface 15 some ∼ 3.20± 0.70 Gyr ago during the Archaean eon when the Sun was about 75% of its current 16 luminosity, but also the present radial expansion rate of the Earth. When all is said and done, 17 the Earth system is herein cast as an auto-self-regulating incubator where the auto-self-regulating 18 mechanism is as a result of the Earth’s atmosphere responding by automatically re-adjusting its 19
Numerical Simulation for Natural State of Two-Phase Liquid Dominated Geothermal Reservoir with Steam Cap Underlying Brine Reservoir
Hydrothermal reservoir which liquid-dominated hydrothermal reservoir is a type of geothermal reservoir that most widely used for power plant. The exploitation of mass and heat from the geothermal fluid will decrease the pressure in the reservoir over time. Therefore the pressure drop in the reservoir will have an impact on the formation of boiling zones or boiling will increase. The impacts are an increase in the fraction of steam, dryness, in the reservoir and with good vertical permeability will form a steam cap underlying the brine reservoir. The two- phase liquid dominated reservoir is sensitive to the porosity and difficult to assign average properties of the entire reservoir when there is boiling zone in some area of the reservoir. These paper showed successful development of two-phase liquid dominated geothermal reservoir and discussed the formation of steam cap above brine reservoir through numerical simulation for state natural conditions. The natural state modeling in steam cap shows a match with the conceptual model of the vapor-dominated developed. These paper also proofed the presence of transition zone, boiling zone, between steam cap and brine reservoir.