Spectroscopy of gadolinium gallium garnet crystals doped with Y b3 + revisited
The optical spectroscopy measurements of gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) crystals doped with Yb show evidence of the presence of non-equivalent optical centers with very similar radiative decay rates. The energy level schemes of those centers have been determined on the basis of optical absorption, luminescence and Raman experiments. Crystal field fitting resulted in two sets of slightly different crystal field parameters for two non-equivalent Yb centers. Both sets of parameters describe perfectly the experimentally detected Y b3 + energy levels. Correlation between systematic trends in the experimental energy level schemes and crystal field parameters is discussed.
Spin – Orbit interaction in Yb3+ – Ground level and nephelauxetic effect in crystals
Abstract The matrix elements of spin – orbit interaction (SOI) have been evaluated for the ground level 2F7/2 of Yb3+ ions in crystals. The dependence of the normalized ratios of SOI relative to the free ion Yb IV – value on the crystal field strength Nv has been found similar to the nephelauxetic effect. The variations with Nv of the nephelauxetic parameter β, maximum splitting of the ground level, and the number of crystal – field parameters have been discussed. The analysis comprises 49 symmetry sites of Yb3+ ions in stoichiometric or doped compounds: complexes with inorganic ligands, simple and complex oxides, halogenides, and semiconductors. A discrepancy has been found between theoretical and experimental values of the maximum splitting in the ground level 2F7/2 of Yb3+ ions in crystals.
Addiction‐Specific CACREP Standards in Clinical Mental Health Counseling Programs: How Are They Met?
In 2009, the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) included training standards specific to addiction for clinical mental health counseling programs. This study surveyed CACREP-accredited program coordinators to determine how addiction-specific standards were addressed.