Superpave grading for high traffic volumetric criteria
The Superpave mix design system is a comprehensive method of designing paving mixes determined by the traffic, climate, and structural section of a particular pavement site. The first project of the Superpave mix design in Malaysia was in 1996. The application was in the technical specifications for runway and taxiway pavement for Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) project. In the meantime, research work carried out by the Public Works Department (PWD) showed that distresses happened usually on heavily trafficked roads and becomes a major problem as axle loading increased. It is clearly shown that there are inabilities of conventional mix design methods to control the performance of materials. In conjunction with that, the Superpave has been proven in western countries as the best mix design method because it offers performance-based specification for asphalt pavement mixtures. For this reason, this method is selected for the laboratory mix design. After all, the aim of this research is to evaluate the properties of the Superpave mixture design using Malaysian materials. The properties of the mixture design intended to satisfy for heavy duty roadways. As a summary, several trial aggregate gradations were developed and initial trial asphalt content has been calculated for four categories; CLV, CHV, FLV, and FHV. And finally, three design aggregate structures are selected and it's has proven suits for heavy duty roadways volumetric criteria.
THE SUPERPAVE MIX DESIGN MANUAL FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION AND OVERLAYS
The Superpave mix design system is a comprehensive method of designing paving mixes tailored to the unique performance requirements dictated by the traffic, environment (climate), and structural section at a particular pavement site. It facilitates selecting and combining asphalt binder, aggregate, and any necessary modifier to achieve the required level of pavement performance. This laboratory manual presents Superpave mix design system in a complete, step-by-step format. It is intended for engineers and technicians in public and private organizations to use when designing paving mixes for all classes of highways, from farm-to-market roads to urban freeways. An essential companion to this manual is "The Superpave Mix Design System Manual of Specifications, Test Methods and Practices." The Superpave software program--"The Superpave Specification, Mix Design and Support Program"--and its users manual are also necessary to take full advantage of the mix design system.
Comparative Industrial Sociology and the Convergence Hypothesis
Industrial sociology grew spectacularly after World War II, concentrating on three areas: workers' relations with each other, their managers, and their unions; the social organization of the factory; and the impact of technology on social systems extending from the factory to the society. Unable to sus­ tain leadership in all of these areas, industrial sociology shrivelled as other fields invaded its domains. Human relations became the ideological property of the business schools; labor economics maintained its grip on industrial relations; industry-community relations waned as interest in community power soared; industrial organizations were absorbed into the study of com­ plex organizations; occupational sociology maintained research impetus in labor force analysis; and the sociology of the economy dominated the study of industry's institutional relationships. Industrial sociology survived on remnants: worker-machine relationships (job satisfaction, alienation, un­ employment), organizational responses to technological changes. and a bit of working-class ethnology. Enduring interest in technology, however, en­ abled industrial sociology to take part in sociology's expanding interest in comparative studies.