Bistatic SAR Raw Data Simulation for Ocean
Bistatic SAR is a potential and effective tool for ocean remote sensing, and the simulation of bistatic SAR raw data from ocean surface plays a great role in the understanding of the mechanism of bistastic SAR ocean surface imaging. In this paper, a bistaitc SAR raw data simulation model for ocean surface is presented, which includes bistatic scattering simulation and ocean echo data simulation. In our research, based on IEM scattering model, a stochastic multiscale scattering model is improved by applying the second order nonlinear modulation model, and the speckle noise and coherent time character of ocean surface are simulated in the SAR raw data simulation.
An improved composite surface model for the radar backscattering cross section of the ocean surface: 2. Model response to surface roughness variations and the radar imaging of underwater bottom topography
In the companion paper we have presented an improved composite surface model for the calculation of normalized radar backscattering cross sections (NRCS) of the ocean surface. The proposed model accounts for the impact of the full two-dimensional ocean wave spectrum on the radar backscatter and was shown to reproduce measured absolute NRCS values for a variety of radar configurations and wind speeds satisfactorily after some reasonable tuning of the input ocean wave spectrum. This paper focuses on the modulation of the NRCS in the presence of spatially varying surface currents. First, the sensitivity of the NRCS to intensity variations of different ocean wave spectral components is investigated. Then the hydrodynamic modulation of the wave spectrum over underwater bottom topography in tidal waters is computed in different ways, and the resulting radar signatures are discussed. The composite surface model yields comparable radar signatures at high (10 GHz, X band) and low (1 GHz, L band) radar frequencies, which is in much better agreement with experimental results than the predictions of a first-order Bragg scattering model. On the other hand, measured variations of the NRCS at high radar frequencies appear to be still underestimated in some cases, which may be due to shortcomings of our description of the wave-current interaction by conventional weak hydrodynamic interaction theory. Possible improvements of the theory are discussed, and requirements for future experiments are formulated.
Die Populationsdynamik Von Canthocampt Us Staphylinus (Jurine) (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) Im Litoral Des Bodensees
The population dynamics of Canthocamptus staphylinus in the littoral zone of Lake Constance are described (fig. 2). Adult animals aestivate as cysts. The main part of the population emerges from the cysts in autumn. During the resting stage and the first spell after emerging, mortality is very low (fig. 3). Reproduction, expressed as numbers of ovigerous females, begins in November and reaches its maximum in January. The new generation becomes adult in May/June and encysts without previous reproduction. According to Sarvala (1979) it may be possible, that in littoral populations dormancy is induced by long day periods and temperatures of over 12° C (figs. 1, 2). In the profundal zone C. staphylinus also forms cysts, however, both light and temperature are not likely to induce this stage in depths of over 60 m.