Geoelectric Evaluation of Aquifer Potential and Vulnerability of Northern Paiko, Niger State, Nigeria
This study was carried out using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to evaluate the groundwater potential and the aquifer protective capacity of Northern Paiko. Sixty vertical electrical soundings were obtained across the study area using Schlumberger electrode configuration. Three to four geoelectric layers were delineated from the interpreted results. The stratigraphy of the subsurface shows: topsoil (62.8–3082 Ωm), weathered layer (15.2–80 368 Ωm), fractured layer (191–236 672 Ωm), and the fresh basement (79.9–308 865 Ωm). The weathered layer was delineated as the major aquiferous horizon. From the results, the resistivity, thickness, and longitudinal conductance maps were drawn. It was observed that groundwater potential is low in about 76.7% of the study area. This study has also shown that the aquifer protective capacity of most parts of the study area is poor (83.3%), thus rendering the aquifer vulnerable to contamination.
THE APPLICATION OF GEOELECTRIC SURVEY TECHNIQUE TO EVALUATE AQUIFER POTENTIALS AND ITS PROTECTIVE CAPACITY IN PARTS OF THREE ARMS ZONE, MINNA, NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA
Geoelectric survey was carried out in part of Three Arms Zone Minna, north central Nigeria.  The aim of the survey is to evaluate the aquifer potential of the area and its protective capacity.  Fourty eight vertical electrical sounding stations were investigated across the area. Schlumberger electrode configuration with maximum current electrode spacing (AB/2) of 100 m was employed. The area was gridded into six profiles with profile separations of 100 m and VES spacing of 100 m apart. Two to four geologic layers were delineated from the interpreted results. The geoelectric layers of the subsurface shows topsoil with resistivity range from 2.1 to 434.4 Ωm, Weathered/fractured basement layer resistivity range from 20.4 to 4491.1 Ωm and Fresh basement resistivity ranging between 1,021.4 and 19,418.4 Ωm. The weathered/fractured layer is considered as the major aquiferous zone. Iso-resistivity and longitudinal conductance maps were produced. Eight VES points were consider as the aquifer potential of the area having weathered/fractured resistivity varying between 108.5 Ωm and 647.1 Ωm with thickness range from 11.8 m to 30.7 m. The longitudinal conductance value ranges from 0.002642 Siemens to 2.340909 Siemens. The protective capacity evaluated shows that about 50% of VES points are poorly protected, 14.48% are weakly protected, 22.92% are moderately protected and 12.50% have good protective capacity.
Study of External Parasites Infesting Carcharhinus Melanopterus Fish From The Red Sea In Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Parasitic diseases are harmful and limiting factors in breeding and rearing ornamental fish industry, such as the Monogenea ( Dactylogyrus sp and Erpocotyletiburonis ) and copepod ( Pandarus sinuatus  and Anchistrotostangi ). The copepod and the monogenean are gill parasites found on the shark; CarcharhinusMelanopterus . The primary purpose of this study was to determine the parasitic infections of sharks in red sea in Jeddah. For this purpose, 19 female C. Melanopterus and 14 male C. Melanopterus were first examined for ectoparasites using wet mount under a light microscope. All male sharks had Monogenea and/or copepod in their gill and only 3 females haven’t infections. Then, we aimed to find a combination of copepod and monogenea infection in C. Melanopterus gills. 50% of male and 42% of female were infected by copepod and monogenea. Our findings revealed that the protozoan infections are very common among sharks. Although, no gross pathology was observed among infected shark, but it is likely that in case of any changes in the environment, then parasitic infections could be harmful.