A Pan-American composer? Coleridge-Taylor and Africa
From early published compositions (the seven African Romances, op. 17, for voice), Samuel Coleridge-Taylor consciously projected himself as a composer of lively African sensibilities. His later scores reflect more somber musical influences from the African diaspora. The composer also made one specific attempt to incorporate West African thematic materials into his work, offering a tantalizing glimpse of a path he might have taken had he not died so young. He never visited Africa or met his father, but he had firm contacts with the tight-knit social circle of West African professionals to which his father belonged. At least twenty-four West Africans attended the composer's funeral in 1912, and a wreath in the shape of the continent, highlighting Sierra Leone, was laid at his grave (Fryer 1984, 261). African aspects of both his music and his family background are relevant to proper assessment of the composer and his work. Coleridge-Taylor came to prominence at the high point of Victorian political and popular engagement with Africa. The commander-in-chief of the British-led forces in Egypt, Sir Herbert Kitchener, defeated the Mahdists at Omdurman on September 2, 1898. Tory prime minister Lord Salisbury's main intent in venturing into the Sudan was to counter French threats to control continental river and rail connections. On
Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914
Preface Introduction "The Eastern Question": The Occupation of Tunisia and Egypt, 1881-1882 France and Imperialism Tunisia Great Britain and Imperialism Egypt The Sudan and the Nile Conclusion The Congo and the Creation of the Free State, 1882-1885 Belgium and Leopold II The Brussels Conference and Its Consequences Europeans in the Congo The Congo Question, 1882-1884 Germany and Imperialism The Berlin Conference The Birth of the Free State Conclusion "Cool and Courageous": Germany and Great Britain in East Africa, 1885-1890 The Rise of Zanzibar and British Influence Germany and East Africa Great Britain and Germany in East Africa, 1886-1890 The Cape-to-Cairo Dream and the Zanzibar-Heligoland Treaty Uganda Epilogue: The French Occupation of Madagascar Conclusion Soldiers and Traders: France and Great Britain in West Africa, 1890-1898 France in the Sudan Britain and the Niger The Partition: Phase I, 1890-1895 The Partition: Phase II, 1895-1898 Conclusion The Long March to Fashoda, 1893-1898 The British Nile Strategy The French Nile Strategy Italy and Imperialism The Mission that Failed: The Marchand Mission Fashoda Conclusion Boers and Britons in South Africa, 1890-1902 The Historical Background Foreigners and Gold Strikes, 1884-1886 Rhodes and Rhodesia, 1890-1893 Rhodes vs. Kruger Toward the Second Boer War The Second Boer War, 1899-1902 Conclusion Epilogue: The Partition of Morocco, 1905-1912 Morocco and Europe France and Morocco From Tangier to Agadir Conclusion Notes Bibliography Appendix 1: Important Treaties and Agreements Appendix 2: Synchronic Survey Index of Names
The Provincial Centre at Camulodunum: Towards an Historical Context
Present assessment of the provincial enclosure at Camulodunum, more particularly how far it can be compared to the standard picture of similar centres elsewhere, is inevitably constrained by the limited evidence at our disposal. With no numismatic sources to draw on and in the absence of a single record of the provincial priesthood — a striking void that calls for comment — documentary testimony is restricted to what can be made of two passages in the literary authorities. The first, a notorious sneer in Seneca's Apocolocyntosis (VIII.3), tells only that a temple of some sort was associated somehow with the emperor Claudius. The second text, an obscure allusion in Tacitus, is at first sight no more enlightening but, on closer analysis, the phrase templum Divo Claudio constitutum (Ann. xiv.31) yields the invaluable inference that the temple was to the deified, not the living Claudius; in which case construction must have been begun in a.d. 54 or later. Archaeological data throw no light on the origins of the temple or of the precinct in which it stood but exploration has steadily enlarged our knowledge of the site itself, and understanding of the remains has now reached the stage at which, for all its puzzling lacunae, the centre is as well known in some ways as the triple-tiered complex at Tarraco, the provincial enclave of Hispania Citerior. We have arrived at the point where the British sanctuary and its counterparts on the Continent can be mutually illuminating.