Stigma and separation: parian status and community persistence in a scottish fishing village
This paper addresses the problem of how and why a small, dependent, and stigmatized occupational community may maintain its social identity long after the material basis for its existence has disappeared. It examines the life history of Ferryden, an east coast Scottish "fishing village" which does not fish. It will argue that the ideology ofthe fisherfolk, who have historically been marked as a distinct and low-prestige occupational, residential, and kin-based group, has been used to redefine and preserve village unity in the face of drastic ecological change. It argues further that this means of cultural adaptation contains the seeds of its own destruction and will, in the long run, prove fatal for community identity. Studies of occupational communities in complex societies suggest a strong link between work, residence, and social image (Horobin 1957; Dennis, Henriques et al. 1969; Lummis 1977). The example of Ferryden suggests the possibility ofa consider? able lag between the ecological and the symbolic transformation ofa community's status. The dynamics of boundary-making between fisherfolk and nonfisherfolk will be placed within a context of economic and political dominance and dependency in eastern Scotland. The discussion is based upon data collected during a year of fieldwork and archival research in Ferryden and Montrose in 1975 and 1976. Villages may now have surpassed tribes as archetypal anthropological units of study. They have become our preserve in the sociological wilderness of complex societies. There is even some concern that villages, like tribal societies, might be endangered (Mead 1980). However, the term "village" suffers from very nearly the same epistemological ambiguity as "tribe" (Fried 1975). That is, everyone uses it, and few bother to define it. Villages may be large or small, isolated or enmeshed in an urban matrix. Villages may house semi-autonomous rural cultivators or industrial wage-slaves. They may be found in tribal, capitalist, or socialist economies (Halpern 1967:122-123). Often, however, it is assumed that villages share a crucial attribute which is often considered to be lacking in the urban setting: a sense of community, of emotional as well as interactional boundedness. Cohen (1982) stresses this affective component in the introduction to his edited volume on rural British communities, which he aptly titles Belonging. However, the literature on British communities also informs us that not all who live in villages "belong" (Fleming 1979; Strathern 1981; Elias and Scotson 1965; Jenkins et al. 1960). As Strathern (1982:249) points out, "an unwarranted
Inshore Fisheries Management
List of Figures. List of Tables. List of Contributors. Series Editor's Preface. Preface. Introduction. 1. Inshore Fisheries in Europe at the Turn of the Century D. Symes. Part I: National Studies. 2. Finland K. Nybacka. 3. Sweden G. Thoresson. 4. Denmark E. Roth. 5. The Netherlands R. van Ginkel. 6. Great Britain J. Phillipson, D. Symes. 7. Ireland N. Steins. 8. France K. Frangoudes. Part II: Common Themes: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Inshore Fisheries. 9. The Social Organisation and Reproduction of Inshore Fishing D. Symes, K. Frangoudes. 10. Inshore Fishermen: Cultural Dimensions of a Maritime Occupation R. van Ginkel. 11. An Economic Rationale for Inshore Fishing: Simple Commodity Production and the Life Mode Approach K.M. Hansen, T. Hojrup. 12. Institutional Organisation and Regulatory Systems: Locality Versus Centre Driven Approaches to Inshore Fisheries Management J. Phillipson, M. Thom. Part III: Management Issues. 13. The Role of Aquaculture in Inshore Fisheries N. Steins, E. Roth. 14. Inshore Fisheries, Marine Wildlife Conservation and an Ecosystem Based Approach to Management D. Symes. 15. Multi-use Conflicts in Inshore Waters R. van Ginkel, N. Steins. 16. Integrated Coastal Zone Management: The Swedish Example L. Piriz. Part IV: Conclusion. 17. A Future Strategy for Inshore Fisheries Management J. Phillipson, D. Symes. Index.
Did the metamorphosis from Export Processing Zones to Special Economic Zones improve the efficiency of trade enclaves in India?
In this paper, the efficiency of seven conventional Special Economic Zones in India is analyzed, by adopting a stochastic production frontier technique, for the period between 1986–1987 and 2007–2008.Results indicate that although the efficiency scores of these enclaves have improved over the years, specifically with the introduction of the SEZ policy (2000–2001), it is far below the threshold level as identified in the literature. Besides, one can also observe a discrepancy emerging between better export earning zones and efficient zones. On the determinants side, policy intervention and large geographical area, accompanied by clustering of units, are found to have impacted the efficiency scores of these enclaves positively.