Numerical simulation on the influence of solar incidence angle on the car internal flow field
This paper simulates and analyzes non-uniform thermal environment in the cabin by means of CFD. The RNG k -ε turbulent model is chosen, and the Discrete Ordinates radiation model is used to calculate the thermal radiation of the cabin. This paper analyses the influence of three different solar incidence angles on the thermal comfort of car occupants. A reference for the optimal research of the evaluation of indoor comfortable environment is given.
Effects of Spectral Properties of Glass on Thermal Comfort of Car Occupants
Abstract The effect of different sources of radiation on the transmissive and reflective performance of glass was investigated to enable the accurate evaluation of solar radiation through a glass window. The performance of these two properties is quite different with different radiation sources, such as solar radiation from the sun or infrared solar lamps, because of the spectral properties of both the glass and radiation sources. We also discuss how differences in the transmissive and reflective performance of the glass affect the thermal comfort of car occupants. A numerical simulation method, based on comprehensive combined analysis of a thermoregulation model of the human body, radiation models, including thermal radiation and solar radiation, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is conducted for this purpose. In addition, the numerical simulation method was combined with a numerical thermal manikin model, including the algorithm for the control system of the thermal manikin, and tested for its effectiveness for the evaluation of thermal comfort. It was shown that the numerical model performed equally well and therefore could be used as a substitute for the thermal manikin for the assessment of equivalent temperature in the experiments discussed in ISO/NP-14505.
Child psychiatry curricula in undergraduate medical education.
OBJECTIVE
To review the literature describing the content and time allocated to undergraduate medical education curricula in child and adolescent psychiatry and make recommendations about child and adolescent psychiatry teaching goals and curricula content.


METHOD
A literature search from 1970 to February 2007 using the key words undergraduate, curriculum, teaching, education, psychiatry, child, adolescent, and medical school, was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science.


RESULTS
There is limited agreement about curricula content for undergraduate child and adolescent psychiatry teaching programs in medical schools, with a wide range of objectives identified by different programs. On average, the time allowed for teaching child and adolescent psychiatry is small. There is also great variation in the time allocated by different medical schools. In many countries, the number of child and adolescent psychiatrists with academic appointments is limited, and child and adolescent psychiatry programs are developed and taught by a small number of teaching staff at each medical school.


CONCLUSIONS
Medical schools should reconsider the relatively low priority given to teaching child and adolescent psychiatry to medical students. The child and adolescent psychiatry profession must identify clear learning goals for a longitudinal developmentally appropriate model of child and adolescent psychiatry education commencing at an undergraduate level in medical schools and continuing through residency and fellowships. There is a need to promote national and international standards for teaching in this area and to encourage stronger collaborations between teaching staff across different medical schools.