A Legal Cadastral Domain Model
During the last decade numerous attempts have been made to describe and discuss the cadastral domain on both national and international level. In this paper the term “legal cadastral domain” is used as a common term for laws and regulations regulating the content of traditional cadastre, multipurpose cadastre and land register storing legal real property information, regardless of any national differentiation between these registers. A problem towards description of the domain is that real property and cadastre are not homogeneous and standardised terms and different definitions are presented by several authors, see e.g. (FIG, 1995); (Kaufman and Steudler, 1998); (Silva and Stubkjaer, 2002). Such standardisation efforts are in addition primarily orientated towards technical storage environment of cadastre and other (software) solutions, but have, in my opinion, minor focus on legal aspects, even if the importance of the legal cadastral domain has been addressed by several authors, e.g. (Lemmen et al, 2003) and (Kaufman and Steudler, 1998). So, surprisingly little has been done to describe the legal issues of standardisation of real property information and cadastre.
Further progress in the development of the core cadastral domain model
SUMMARY In our paper ‘Impact Analysis of Recent Geo-ICT Developments on Cadastral Systems’ presented at the FIG Washington Congress in April 2002 we concluded that cadastral systems must be flexible and generic because user requirements keep on changing due to new legislation, new registrations, new technology. In addition we stated that (geo-) ICT developments, such as geo-DBMSs, Internet, GPS, and data exchange (XML) and modeling standards (UML), have greatly contributed towards the efficient implementation of effective systems. However, a core cadastral domain model supported by vendor software would have increased efficiency yet more. Such a model would enable application of Model Driven Architectures in the context of cadastral systems.
Prevalence of lice on dairy cattle in England and the bordering counties of Wales
A postal questionnaire was used to collect information on the prevalence of lice on cattle on a random sample of dairy farms in England and the bordering counties of Wales. Replies were received from 1040 (52.8 per cent) of the 1970 farms which were mailed. Fifty per cent of farmers reported having ever seen or suspected lice in their herds and 29 per cent reported possible infestations in the winter of 1996/97. Visits were made to 24 farms in the south west of England during February 1998. Twelve of the farmers said that they had seen or suspected lice in their herd since October 1997, and that lice were more frequently observed on the adult cattle. However, examination revealed lice on 18 of the 24 farms, and adult cattle were the least likely group to be infested.