Extension of Coding CEVNI Signs and Marking for European Waterways
This paper presents a new method of coding for signs and marking, which is based on the extension of signs and marking described in Annexes 7 and 8 of the European Code for Inland Waterways (CEVNI). Being members of three European expert groups, we have proposed these new codes of waterway signs and marking and recommend them for cases where they can be efficiently used. The main goal is to enable the use of these codes in databases, GIS systems and Web applications for efficient maintenance of waterway information. In addition, they will also contribute to international data exchange for creating standardised electronic messages described by ERI and NtS working groups. The intention is not to amend the existing coding from the Inland ECDIS Standard, which was developed for creation of Electronic Navigation Charts (ENCs). For example, the use of these new codes is tested through the Web GIS application for presentation of inland waterway signs and marking on the Danube River in Croatia. The application examples concern automatically generated reports on the position, characteristics and functioning of different waterway signs and river navigation marking located on the digital map.
The Concept of Dynamic Temporal and Spatial Data Presentations on the Web
Efficient data management requires a timely availability and completeness of information in the form acceptable for its efficient application. The concept of dynamic temporal and spatial data presentations on the Web has shown to be the best solution for satisfying such requirements. This concept has been applied in the development of an integrated Information system for temporal and spatial presentation of complex data [1]. The Information system possesses the main characteristics of both the Geographic Information System (GIS) and DataBase Management System (DBMS). Based on the performed GIS-DBMS integration, it is possible to analyze all the necessary types of information, so that presentations such as maps, statistical reports, time series diagrams and others could be obtained. In this paper, the most significant aspects of the development of the integrated Information system by using the Object-Oriented (OO) approach and modern technologies have been brought out. Attention is also paid to the description of its interactive dynamic Web application, which enables a timely availability of relevant temporal and spatial presentations. Examples of the Web application deal with the problems from the multidisciplinary field of environmental protection [1, 2].
An Introduction to Property Theory: Utilitarian Property Theories
As a leading property law casebook puts it, “[u]tilitarian theory is, without doubt, the dominant view of property today, at least among lawyers.” This is certainly true, but the story is also significantly more complicated. Although utilitarian analysis provides tremendous insight into the institution of property, it raises a number of important questions when treated as a comprehensive theory of property. Moreover, the term utilitarian masks a great deal of intellectual and methodological diversity. Rather than a single utilitarian theory, it is more appropriate to speak of a number of utilitarian (or even utilitarian-influenced) property theories . For our purposes, these utilitarian-influenced theories include many contemporary theories that refer to themselves as economic or welfarist . In this chapter, we will explore the broad outlines of these theories, focusing on their points of overlap and also on key areas of disagreement. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UTILITARIANISM Utilitarianism is a consequentialist moral philosophy, that is, one that judges the rightness and wrongness of actions or rules or institutions by the goodness and badness of the consequences they bring about. Utilitarianism assesses the goodness or badness of consequences in terms of their tendency to maximize utility or welfare. Bernard Williams has observed that “[t]he fathers of utilitarianism thought of it principally as a system of social and political decision,” as opposed to “a system of personal morality.” As Williams correctly notes, it is sometimes hard to keep these two domains apart. Nevertheless, it is plainly as a theory of social choice that utilitarianism has been deployed in the context of property theory.