Application of Optimization Methods to Solid Phase Analysis of Combustion Gases Desulphurization Products
Abstract The variations in calcium and sulphur concentrations measured along cross-sections of limestone-lime sulphated particles in scanning electron microscope (EDS microanalysis) and the computation of the sum of oxides CaO+SO 3 , ( s ) and the molar ratio CaO/SO 3 , ( r ) are essential to identifying the compounds which could appear. A method of estimating the phase of sulphation limestone/lime products is presented in this paper. The aim of this method is to find such component proportions which minimize the differences between the measured and the calculated values of s and r . The method is developed using the software package CAMOS and enables one to calculate automatically the component proportions for the given system. In the paper the CaS–CaSO 4 –CaO–CaCO 3 and CaS–CaSO 4 –CaO–Ca(OH) 2 systems are considered. Some experimental examples are also shown.
The Use of Optimization Techniques in the Phase Identification of Sulphation Limestone Products
Abstract A new general method has been employed for the solid phase analysis of sulphation limestone products. The variations in calcium and sulphur concentrations measured along cross-sections of limestone sulphated particles in scanning electron microscope (EDS microanalysis) and the computation of sum of oxides CaO + SO3, (s) and the molar ratio CaO SO 3 , (r) are essential to identifying the compounds which could appear. The method of estimating the composition of the system uses an optimization technique, the aim of which is to find such component proportions which minimize the differences between the measured and the calculated values of s and r. The method is developed using a computer program which calculates automatically the component proportions for the given system. In the paper the CaSCaSO4CaOCaCO3 system is considered. Some experimental examples have also been shown.
Continuity, Legitimacy, and Agricultural Development: Conclusions
This chapter aims at bringing together the principal conclusions of the volume, emphasising some particular aspects and questions. Policy continuity in relation to the late 1980s was rightly defined by the Aylwin government policymakers as an essential instrument for further agricultural growth. But in a democratic environment the Aylwin policies, in part precisely because of their strong element of continuity, could be implemented only if they were perceived as legitimate by the majority of the rural population, and by the poor in particular. This means that substantial improvements in agricultural income distribution, and in the quantity and quality of the social services provided to the rural poor, were unavoidable. In order to achieve legitimacy it was, and is, necessary to introduce changes. A lucid, creative combination of continuity and change was the only guarantee of success for the Aylwin policies, and for those of future democratic administrations. Continuity and legitimacy are the fundamental pillars for democratic agricultural development.