Free Energy Calculation of Al-Li-Mg Alloy from Electron Level
Based on Thomas-Fermi model£¬the calculation method of free energy for atom cluster with electric field had been found. The change trend of free energy of Al-Li-Mg alloy under the effect of electric field had been calculated systemically and quantitatively. And following results had been given: mostly the free energy of Al3Li andMg5Al8 at aging temperature is lower than that of free energy at solid solution temperature, but once the negative electric field increased to certain degree there will be opposite result. At aging temperature, the free energy ofAl3Li and Mg5Al8 are lower than that of Al-2.14wt.%Li andAl-2.6wt.%Mg. And comparing with 1420 alloy, the electric field promotes the precipitation of Al3Li and restrains the precipitation of Mg5Al8.
Study of the diffusion of Al–Li alloys subjected to an electric field
An experimental investigation of the homogenization treatment of 2091 Al–Li alloy in the presence of an electric field, has revealed the phenomena of reduced volume fraction, small size, spherical shape and random distribution of second-phase particles, which bring about an increase in ductility. The results show that the dissolution of second-phase particles is promoted by means of the vacancy mechanism, because of the larger diffusion coefficient of solute atoms than the vacancy–solute complexes at the beginning of the homogenization treatment. By increasing the homogenization time and applying an electric field, the diffusion coefficient of vacancy-solute complexes is raised, whereas that of solute atoms is reduced, because of the decreased potential energy of the second phase at grain boundaries. Therefore, the non-equilibrium segregation of magnesium and copper elements is generated near the surface of the ingot by a complex mechanism. An experimental study of the solution treatment under an electric field, revealed that the lithium non-equilibrium segregation is induced at grain boundaries responsible for the δ precipitates. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
The misjudgment of criminal responsibility.
Generally, a criminal statute must consist of two essential elements: a description of the forbidden act (actus reus) and a designation of a guilty mental state (mens rea). For a crime to be committed, an individual must commit the forbidden act with the culpable mental state. For any criminal act, both criminal liability and the possible punishment turn largely on retrospective judgments by legal decision-makers about what a defendant was or was not thinking at the time of committing the forbidden act. Given the central and foundational nature of this legal judgment, there is surprisingly little empirical study of how the mens rea construct functions. Shen and colleagues have studied the reliability of mock jurors' ability to distinguish between the various mental state categories defined in the Model Penal Code and have identified some support for jurors' ability to reliably sort "guilty minds" into their "correct" categories (Shen, Hoffman, Jones, Greene, & Marois, ). The present study builds on this work by examining mock jurors' ability to reliably and "accurately" judge a defendant's mens rea at the time of an offense under conditions reflecting how criminal jurors are tasked with judging a defendant's mens rea. It was hypothesized that folk psychology models of human behavior that generally presume a high degree of personal control and responsibility would bias individuals' judgments of others' criminal behavior in the direction of reflecting intentional and purposeful conduct. Overall, results demonstrate that, in a surprisingly high percentage of cases across many conditions, individual decision-makers are indeed likely to attribute the most culpable mental state (purpose) to defendants, even when the facts on the record are judged by legal experts to depict no more than negligent or reckless conduct.