Laser soldering of small pitch BGAs on Plexiglas substrate PCBs
The paper presents the results of the study and the procedure of soldering 200µm pitch BGAs on circuits on PMMA (Poly-methyl-methacrylate or Plexiglas) substrate, starting from the paste deposition process, fine placement of the BGAs and finally soldering. The novelty in this research is that it had to face two restrictions. The combination of PMMA substrate, transparent to laser, and SnBi, ecologic solder paste, which required a low and very well-controlled soldering temperature, and the small size of the BGAs which needed a punctual soldering. These particularities led the team to use laser for soldering, due to the possibility of highly accurate energy calculation and very small size of the focused beam.
Modeling and simulation of Pb-free solder joints behavior during laser soldering correlated to the 4P model
Laser soldering is a new and very promising soldering technology. The theory that stands at the base of this process was not fully developed, and the real conditions for soldering are far from ideal. Because of the many variables that appear in the calculus, modeling of the process is hard and many times it would be correct for ideal conditions, but would not apply in real life. We had to take into consideration all the elements for soldering (Pad, Paste, Pin- the 3P model), and also the Process involved, thus resulting the 4P model.
The Tsetse Problem on the Eastern Cattle Route in the Gold Coast
1. Primary fly-belts round Makongo consisted of three different vegetational communities: a Cynometra-Vitex association along the main length of the Makongo river, on a clay soil; a Ficus congensis association along the river close to the town, on a sandy soil; and Isoberlinia doka woodland on moist sandy soil north-west and south of Makongo. 2. Secondary fly-belts of less dense vegetation occur in the orchard bush savannah round Makongo, and these are not colonised until the commencement of the rainy season. 3. Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis both occurred in the riverside communities, and G. palpalis alone in the Isoberlinia woodland. 4. Along the river G. palpalis outnumbered G. tachinoides by 3:1 in the dry season. At the commencement of the rains G. tachinoides increased more quickly than G. palpalis , bringing their numbers very nearly equal, but at the end of the rains there was a decrease in G. tachinoides which restored the original proportion. 5. G. morsitans had been found at Makongo formerly but was not met with at the time of this investigation, its absence being due to the disappearance of the larger antelope from the neighbourhood. 6. Smaller game animals, small mammals and reptiles afforded an adequate food supply for tsetse in the fly-belts, and also passing herds of cattle, as well as natives from the village and travellers. 7. The distribution of G. palpalis within the fly-belts was markedly influenced by the proximity of a cattle road along which herds of cattle passed almost daily, and by village water-holes. 8. During the dry season the primary foci were always found to be the places of greatest relative humidity, and the fly does not tend to move out of these until the general atmospheric humidity has reached a certain fairly high degree. 9. In clearing the fly-belts the removal of all primary foci within a quarter of a mile of the town and of thick bush within 100 yards of water-holes was undertaken. The work lasted from the beginning of February to the end of March 1931. 10. The effect of clearing the Isoberlinia doka woodland was to banish G. palpalis completely, and it never returned to these clearings. 11. On clearing the riverside Ficus congensis fly-belt, G. tachinoides was practically eliminated for the first three months, but reappeared in the clearings in June when there was a general increase and up-stream migration of this fly. G. palpalis remained in this clearing in fluctuating numbers up to June, when observations were suspended. 12. 565 marked tsetse were liberated in the fly-belts immediately previous to clearing. Of G. palpalis 12·7% were recaptured in the clearings and 11% outside the clearings. Of G. tachinoides 5·5% were recaptured in the clearings and 6·8% outside.