On the Optimal Timing of Foreign Aid
We offer a dynamic formulation of the aid process, in which questions of timing are central. It is shown that in most cases it is optimal to give the aid partly in a lump, at the outset, and partly as a flow, over time. However, if the donor and recipient cooperate, stock and flow aid may be of opposite sign. It is shown also that when marginal utility is of constant elasticity, the rate of flow of aid increases (decreases) if and only if the initial world stock of capital is less than (greater than) its steady-state value.
Does Concessionary Aid Lead to Higher Investment Rates in Low-Income Countries?
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The development of biological systematics : Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, nature, and the natural system
A reevaluation of the history of biological systematics that discusses the formative years of the so-called natural system of classification in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Shows how classifications came to be treated as conventions; systematic practice was not linked to clearly articulated theory; there was general confusion over the "shape" of nature; botany, elements of natural history, and systematics were conflated; and systematics took a position near the bottom of the hierarchy of sciences.