CPTED (Crime prevention through environmental design)
Arising from Newman's theory of defensible space, the theory of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) is premised on the idea that crime is linked to physical features of the environment and not solely predicated on individual, structural, or institutional measures. CPTED enjoyed a flourish of support in the early 1970s but, following years of limited success, it has fallen by the wayside in criminological theory. Currently, CPTED has yet to be definitively demonstrated as a successful strategy for suppressing crime. 
 
 
Keywords: 
 
Crime Prevention; 
Deterrence; 
Ecology; 
Environmental Criminology; 
Police
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Characteristics Associated With Violence and Safety in Middle Schools.
BACKGROUND
This study used a new Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) assessment tool to test the associations between physical attributes of schools and violence-related behaviors and perceptions of students.


METHODS
Data were collected from 4717 students from 50 middle schools. Student perceptions of risk and safety, and violence were assessed. Evaluators used the CPTED School Assessment (CSA) to quantify how well the physical elements of each school correspond to ideal CPTED principles. Generalized linear mixed models were used to adjust for school- and student-level characteristics.


RESULTS
Higher CSA scores were generally associated with higher perceptions of safety and lower levels of violence perpetration and perceived risk in unadjusted models. Higher CSA scores were also associated with lower odds of missing school because of safety concerns in most adjusted models, with significant adjusted odds ratios (AORs) ranging from 0.32 to 0.63. CSA scores for parking and bus loading areas also remained associated with higher perceived safety (AORs = 1.28 and 1.32, respectively) and lower perceived risk (AORs = 0.73 and 0.66, respectively) in adjusted models.


CONCLUSIONS
The CSA is useful for assessing school environments that are associated with violence-related behaviors and perceptions. The CSA might help guide school environmental modifications to reduce violence.
Estimating alcohol-related absenteeism in New Zealand.
Summary 
 
Absence from work has often been regarded as a major contributor to the economic costs imposed by alcohol use. Utilising general population Survey data, this study used a variety of methods to identify those days of reported absence which were likely to be alcohol related. No clear relationship was found between heavy drinking and overall absenteeism. However, regardless of the way in which alcohol-related absenteeism was assessed there was a higher probability of occurrence among those classified as heavy drinkers. This suggests that there are clear differences between heavy and non-heavy drinkers in relation to only certain kinds of absenteeism.