Research features of voltage static load characteristics in the electric system of Russia
At the present time using the standard (generalized) voltage static load characteristics which can differ from actual considerably is provided in software packages for calculations of the steady-state mode and steady-state stability (in the absence of exact data). Absence of the metering or the incorrect metering of the actual voltage static load characteristic, and also using the standard (generalized) static load characteristics could lead to considerable errors and the incorrect final results while making calculations. The definition experience of actual voltage static load characteristics in different ways made by authors is given in this paper: making tests in situ in electric power systems by allocation of energy area load or separately taken electric power substation to the isolated electric supply, load allocation of the power supply from the power plant generator; registration data using of crash conditions of the electric power system. Such test of actual voltage static load characteristics definition in electric system of Russia it is reduced by authors in making tests in situ technique. Error estimation which can appear in calculations of steady-state modes with the absence of the voltage actual load characteristics is executed.
Assessment of the probability of the Arctic Council expansion
The article describes the essence of the Arctic Council, the importance of the programs implemented by the Council. The activities of the Arctic Council are focused primarily on environmental issues, as well as on the sustainable development of the Arctic. Besides the member countries of the Council, other countries with an observer status and those participating in working groups in the above-mentioned areas take part in the work. The criteria for assigning the Council membership as observers are mainly economic factors. The authors suggest that the activity of the Arctic Council should not be influenced by any political motives. In this regard, it is assumed that political risk does not affect the inclusion of the state as an observer in the Arctic Council.The article presents conclusions and determines the choice of factors influencing the probability of a country joining the Arctic Council as an observer. An analysis of the literature on the influence of political factors on corporate valuation, profitability of financial assets, internal and external conflicts, etc. is conducted. Based on the empirical analysis, a conclusion is made that the probability of becoming an observer country in the Arctic Council depends on the credit risk (sovereign rating) and the level of a country’s GDP. At the same time, the level of GDP and higher ratings increased the possibility of including the country in the community of observers. The authors also highlight the factors affecting the willingness and ability of a sovereign government to timely and fully service its financial, economic and fiscal obligations.
Numerical Simulation for Natural State of Two-Phase Liquid Dominated Geothermal Reservoir with Steam Cap Underlying Brine Reservoir
Hydrothermal reservoir which liquid-dominated hydrothermal reservoir is a type of geothermal reservoir that most widely used for power plant. The exploitation of mass and heat from the geothermal fluid will decrease the pressure in the reservoir over time. Therefore the pressure drop in the reservoir will have an impact on the formation of boiling zones or boiling will increase. The impacts are an increase in the fraction of steam, dryness, in the reservoir and with good vertical permeability will form a steam cap underlying the brine reservoir. The two- phase liquid dominated reservoir is sensitive to the porosity and difficult to assign average properties of the entire reservoir when there is boiling zone in some area of the reservoir. These paper showed successful development of two-phase liquid dominated geothermal reservoir and discussed the formation of steam cap above brine reservoir through numerical simulation for state natural conditions. The natural state modeling in steam cap shows a match with the conceptual model of the vapor-dominated developed. These paper also proofed the presence of transition zone, boiling zone, between steam cap and brine reservoir.