The Unconventional Leadership of Corporate Leaders in the 21st Century
This paper discusses the various traits that modern corporate leaders of the 21st century that have adopted a different approach towards leadership and have guided their company to newer heights. Amongst the leaders discussed in this research paper is, Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg and Larry Page. The purpose of this paper is to explore the decisions and choices that these revolutionary leaders have made and what made them different. At the end of this paper, we will learn of what are the good ideologies or practices we can take from them.
The Moderating Effect of Leader-Member Relationship on Introverted and Extroverted Personality Traits of Leaders and Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Followers: An Empirical Study of IT Industry in Sri Lanka
This study focuses on investigating the relationship between personality and leadership supports the claim that individual differences may be the predictors of leadership effectiveness in contemporary organizations. Extended studies stress that ‘Big-Five ‘personality dimensions are related to leadership criteria and further identified introversion-extroversion as a key element of an individual personality. In general, the main differences between effective and less effective leaders are that, effective leaders make positive differences to themselves from their personality traits and the relationship building with followers. However, relatively few studies have tested how and why introvert and extrovert leaders’ personality traits relate to follower behaviors. In addition, if so; the mechanisms through which a leader’s personality traits relate to follower behaviors. Accordingly, the aims of the present study are to examine whether the introverted and extroverted personality traits of leaders affect the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of followers and to examine the role of leader-member relationship as a moderator, in social exchange process. To advance the understanding of these, simple regression analysis and regression analysis with moderator effects were performed to test hypotheses with a sample size of 46 introvert managers and 50 extrovert managers as leaders and 92 and 100 subordinates as their followers respectively from IT industry in Sri Lanka. The study found that there is a positive direct effect of introverted personality traits of leaders and no negative direct effect of extroverted personality traits of leaders on organizational citizenship behavior of followers. Yet, leader-member relationship moderates the positive and negative relationships between introverted, extroverted personality traits of leaders and organizational citizenship behavior of followers. Present study makes several theoretical contributions to path-goal theory of leadership with the support from theory of trait leadership and big five model. Further, managerial contributions of the present study make IT firms successful through better selection of leaders based on personality traits which facilitates organizational citizenship behavior.KeywordsIntroverted personality traits, extroverted personality traits, OCB, Leader-member relationship, IT industry in Sri Lanka
Developing inclusive partnerships: user-defined outcomes, networking and knowledge--a case study.
Two major developments have been associated with the reorientation of United Kingdom health and social care policy and provision in recent years, placing a new emphasis on: quality and 'outcome' measures; and service user (and public and patient) involvement. These issues have become central to health and social care, representing expressions of the shift in political and ideological interest in public policy. However, these two strands of development have tended to be treated as discrete discourses and have developed separately in policy. Nevertheless, it can hardly be assumed that what policy makers, service planners, providers and purchasers would value and prioritise as good quality would necessarily coincide with what service users would want. Developing effective partnership working needs to go beyond considerations of organisations and professional groupings, and fully involve service users as one of the key stakeholders. This paper describes the findings of three projects undertaken by Shaping Our Lives. These studies confirmed that service-user concepts of outcomes and quality may differ significantly from those currently employed; moreover, service users are able to offer a complex and sophisticated model of what outcome measures might look like if they were centrally involved in their definition and application. Nevertheless, service users currently have little impact in defining and influencing quality outcomes. The projects also highlight the importance of networking and knowledge sharing for service users and user organisations in their ability to influence policy definitions of quality, and a number of the barriers and obstacles which undermine this process. The paper concludes with two proposals which, considered together, offer the basis for taking forward effective and inclusive partnerships and developing measures for quality consistent with the rights and preferences of service users themselves. They are an essential complement to broader efforts and strategies to develop effective partnerships in health and social care.