The Loss and Persistence of Black-Owned Farms and Farmland: A Review of the Research Literature and Its Implications *
A method of forming an improved planarization mask for shallow trench isolation process area in integrated circuit manufacturing is disclosed. The planarization mask is generated automatically by using actual mask data as a reference. The invention discloses an algorithm which measures the geometric and relative separation distances of the active areas and performs the necessary merging, deletion and differential biasing to produce the planarization mask which has relaxed geometric boundaries, thereby allowing low cost and simplified manufacturing.
Land Ownership and Black Economic Development
every family farmer in America is . experiencing hardship. Many are facing the inevitable loss of land that has been in their families for generations. The situation for black farmers however, is far more serious than that faced by their white counterparts. In addition to difficult economic conditions, black farmers still have to contend with the age old problem of discrimination. At a time when money is extremely tight, the black farmer finds it almost impossible to borrow enough to develop a successful operation. Where once it was too little too late, today two out of ten black farmers receive nothing at all. Primarily because of this lack of access to capital, nearly one-third of all black farmers went out of business during the period from 1982-1987, according to the Department of Agriculture. Other alarming statistics relating to black farmers include:
Research requirements to reduce maintenance costs of civil helicopters
The maintenance problems faced by the operators of civil helicopters that result in high costs are documented. Existing technology that can be applied to reduce maintenance costs and research that should be carried out were identified. Good design practice and application of existing technology were described as having a significant impact on reducing maintenance costs immediately. The research and development that have potential for long range reduction of maintenance costs are presented.