Jewish Ethnic Identity and the Dissolution of the Black-Jewish Alliance
Jewish Ethnic Identity and the Dissolution of the Black-Jewish Alliance Nathan Gregg Caplin Department of History, BYU Master of Arts Since the early 20 th century, Jews promoted civil rights for Black Americans in law, society, and employment. The Jewish hand of friendship developed into a natural alliance of African-American and Jewish leaders committed to racial equality that blossomed in the 1950s and 1960s and culminated with the passage of the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. Despite their long term mutual efforts towards racial equality, the Black-Jewish Alliance faltered after Jews and Blacks cooperated to achieve these victories, and their alliance lay in ruins by the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Black-Jewish Alliance began to wane as government institutionalized racial preferences in education and employment. While observers argue affirmative action ended these communities’ cooperation, government-mandated racial preferences merely highlighted the underlying cause of the disintegration of Black-Jewish Alliance: the transformation of Jewish American identity from racial minority to “white ethnic.” The Jewish racial transformation—a gradual shift in their association with ethnic communities—augmented racial disputes between Blacks and Jews. As Jewish identity shifted from perceived racial minority to American white ethnicity, the Black-Jewish racial fault line shook along the fronts of Black Nationalism and neoconservatism. These racial cleavages—spurred by the fluidity of Jewish ethnic identity— highlighted divergent Black and Jewish conceptions of the meaning and purpose of civil rights. The chasm separating Black and Jewish conceptions of civil rights manifested itself in the 1970s when the champions of racial equality advocated competing sides of a still contentious philosophical war fought on the battlefields of the U.S. Supreme Court in University of California Regents v. Bakke (1978) and DeFunis v. Odegaard (1974).
South of the South: Jewish Activists and the Civil Rights Movement in Miami, 1945-1960
Using unusual and revealing primary materials from the careers of two remarkable Jewish women, Raymond Mohl offers an interpretation of the role of Jewish civil rights activists in promoting racial change in post-World War II Miami. He sees grassroots action as the engine that drove racial change.
Characterization of ceramic composite membrane filters for hot gas cleaning
Abstract Novel composite ceramic membrane filters suitable for hot gas cleaning operations have been prepared from fly ash and titania particles on stainless steel woven mesh substrates. Both membranes had a structure like a solid packed bed with a thickness of less than 100 μm. In the domain of laminar flow, significant differences in the pressure drop between experimental results and those predicted from the Kozeny-Carman relationship were found, particularly for flow through the titania membrane. Membrane filters with extremely small pores such as the titania membrane are greatly affected by slip up to 80% in permeability at elevated temperatures. Efficiencies of filtration of typical coal fired power station exhaust fly ashes were found to be greater than 909% for both titania and ash membranes, whilst there was greater variation in the pressure drops in the ash membrane than in the titania at typical gas flows.