Relationship between mode choice and the location of supermarkets – empirical analysis in Austria
Summary. Main goal of the study work is to gain data about shopping and mobility behaviour at small local supermarkets with sales floor space less than 1.000 m 2 . Four location types have been defined and discussed; rural − peripheral location, rural − central location, urban – central location and urban – peripheral location. 200 shoppers each location were interviewed at the exit of the supermarket, which means a total of 800 interviews were carried out during all day times and working days of the supermarket. As expected, the mode choice is strongly dependent on the location of the supermarket. In car oriented settlements, which can be found at rural peripheral locations, nearly all shoppers accessed the supermarket with their cars. If weighting the expenditure per visit with the frequency of visits, the average expenditure per month and mode can be derived. The average purchase per month between the modes is more or less balanced. A difference in behaviour lies in the fact that cyclists and pedestrians go shopping more frequently but are spending less per visit. Additionally, the results of this study are indicating the existence of a potential mode shift, especially if there is better land use planning for supermarket locations. Furthermore, considering the given situation and a given threshold of less than 5 kilograms of weight of the goods purchased, more than fifty percent of all shoppers could use non motorised modes with insignificant loss of travel quality. Combined with short travel distances to the next shop (the average distance is 4.9 km), a change to alternative means of transport would be relatively easy for a significant number of shoppers. different food shops within the city of Salzburg. Main results were: (1) Shopping trips are usually very short: 34% of all shoppers interviewed, who approached the supermarket by car, travel less than 1 kilometre, 84% travel less than 5 kilometres. (2) Approximately half of the shoppers argued, they would not be able to use a bicycle because of the weight of their purchased goods. (3) The expenses of the purchased products is independent from mode used, especially private car and bicycle. (4) The
EINKAUFSVERKEHR - NAHVERSORGUNG VERSUS EINKAUFSZENTREN
Die in den Raumordnungsverordnungen immer noch zugelassene Errichtung von Einkaufszentren auf der gruenen Wiese und an Stadtraendern, die meist nur mit dem Auto erreichbar sind, wirkt sich negativ auf die Umwelt und auf die Lebensqualitaet der Bevoelkerung aus. Durch die wettbewerbsverzerrende Bevorzugung autoorientierter Einkaufszentren entstehen Umsatzverluste bei den Nahversorgern, die schliesslich gezwungen sind, ihre Geschaefte zu schliessen. In Oesterreich gibt es als Folge dieser Entwicklung bereits in mehr als 200 Gemeinden kein Lebensmittelgeschaeft mehr. Der "billige" Einkauf in Einkaufszentren ist letztendlich sehr teuer, da er mit immensem Flaechenverbrauch, Kaufkraftabfluss aus den Gemeinden, Luftverschmutzung, Zeitverlusten durch Staus und weiteren Negativwirkungen erzwungener Auto-Mobilitaet verbunden ist. Vorschlaege fuer die Erhaltung und Sicherung der Nahversorgung werden gemacht, wobei auch verwirklichte Modellprojekte zur Loesung der Probleme des Einkaufsverkehrs vorgestellt werden. Derartige Loesungsmoeglichkeiten sind zum Beispiel "Rollende Kaufhaeuser" oder verschiedene Formen von Zustelldiensten. Weiters werden Vorschlaege zur Verkehrserschliessung und Gestaltung von Einkaufsbereichen, fuer das Orts- und Stadtmarketing und zur Schaffung von Chancengleichheit fuer Nahversorger und Einkaufszentren unterbreitet. Hier muesste vor allem im raumordnerischen und -planerischen Bereich angesetzt werden. (KfV/H)
Effective adsorption of lead ions using fly ash obtained in the novel circulating fluidized bed combustion technology
Abstract Fly ash was examined for the separation efficiency of Pb2+ ions from water in batch experiments. Fly ash is industrial waste produced from the incineration of sewage sludge by the novel circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technology and was taken into the experiments. Physical and chemical properties of the material were characterized using several methods, such as fraction analysis, particle size distribution, bulk density, composition, morphology, surface and internal structure by elemental analysis, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis, comprehensive thermal analysis, fly ash texture by BET adsorption isotherms, specific surface area, volume of pores, average pore diameter and pore volume distribution by the BJH method. The influence of pH values on zeta potential of the fly ash surface before and after the adsorption process was conducted. The calculated maximum adsorption capacity of Pb2+ by fly ash reached 51.98 mg/g. The kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process is better described by the pseudo-second order equation and it is well fitted to the Freundlich model. In conclusion, fly ash obtained in the CFBC technology is a promising low cost adsorbent for the highly effective recovery of Pb2+ from wastewater.