Response of Spray Formed by Liquid Jet Injected into Oscillating Air Crossflow
Experimental results on the characteristics of near-field (up to x/D=8) spray formed by a liquid jet injected into an oscillating air crossflow are presented. The modulation frequency is varied from 90 Hz to 450 Hz and the crossflow velocity (25-100 m/sec) and ambient pressure (2-3 atm) are systematically changed to investigate the spray response to modulated crossflow velocity over a range of crossflow Weber number (18, 60 and 175). Shadowgraph is used to visualize near field spray. The response of spray to modulated crossflow is characterized quantitatively in terms of upper penetration boundary and the corresponding change of momentum flux ratio is calculated based on an empirical correlation for upper penetration boundary. Spray response to modulated crossflow is found to depend on Weber number as well as modulation frequency. ILASS Americas 27th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Raleigh, NC, May 2015 Introduction Liquid jet injection into steady crossflow air which is used frequently for fuel injection in many practical combustion devices has been a topic of numerous studies [1-4 and references therein]. Under unstable combustion caused by combustion dynamics, the resulting acoustics can also affect crossflow velocity as well as the fuel injection process and the subsequent fuel/air mixing and heat release may cause either favorable or unfavorable effect on combustion dynamics. Few reports [5-8] have been made on how spray responds to modulating crossflow. However, the spray response is described mainly in qualitative manner and the spray characteristics of liquid jet in oscillating air flow are not well understood yet. Hence, more quantitative understanding of the spray response to oscillating air crossflow is warranted. The objective of this study is to characterize the near-field spray formed by a liquid jet injected into oscillating air crossflow in quantitative manner. The response of spray to modulated crossflow is characterized in terms of upper penetration boundary and the corresponding change of momentum flux ratio is calculated based on an empirical correlation for upper penetration boundary. Experimental Methods The experimental apparatus used in this paper is a horizontal test rig which consists of four major systems: an air supply system, a modulation device, a test section and a liquid fuel supply system. A main feature of the setup is the use of a modulating device (siren) to impose a periodic modulation of cross air flow rate at the frequency up to 500 Hz. It consists of a stator and a rotor and the amount of crossflow velocity fluctuation at the injector location can be adjusted by varying the amount of air passing through the siren and bypass air which does not go through the siren while maintaining the total air flow rate constant. The test section (shown in Figure 1) is made from stainless steel plates with interior dimensions 31.8mm in height and 25.4mm in width. On the sides and on top, fused silica windows are used to provide optical access up to the axial distance of 200do from the injector plane. The fluctuating crossflow velocity is measured using the two-microphone method: two dynamic piezoelectric pressure transducers (Model 112A22 PCB Electronics) are mounted so that the velocity fluctuation at the injector location is measured. The test fuel is water which is dispensed from pressurized tank by nitrogen. The flow rate of the test fuel is monitored by a rotameter calibrated at over a range of pressure drop. The metered water is then passed through a 60μm filter and injected into the test section through a simple-orifice injector which has a diameter of 0.508mm (0.02 inches). The injector is divided into three sections namely an inlet section of 1.4mm diameter, a tapered transition section (90° angle) and an exit section whose aspect ratio (lo/do) is 5.5. The injector tip is flush mounted with the floor of the test section. Table 1 lists the operating condition used. Table 1 Operating conditions. The near-field spray around injector location is characterized using a high-speed shadowgraph. A solid state lamp (HPLS-30-04, Thorlabs) is used as a light source and the shadowgraph is recorded by a high speed camera (Phantom V411, Vision Research) whose frame rate is fixed at 10000 frames/sec. Results and Discussion Figure 2 shows a sequence of typical instantaneous shadowgraph images during one period of crossflow modulation at 90 Hz, exhibiting the liquid column trajectory varies in response to modulating crossflow. However, if the modulation frequency changes to 450 Hz by keeping flow condition the same, it can be qualitatively seen that the variation of column trajectory is not as much as shown in Figure 3. Parameters Range Mean Crossflow velocity (ua) 25-102 m/sec Liquid jet velocity (uj) 5-22 m/sec Liquid momentum flux ratio (q) 10 and 18 Weber number (juj/aua) 18, 60 and 175 Mean crossflow temperature (Tc) 293 K Chamber pressure (Pc) 2 and 3 atm Liquid (water) density 1000 kg/m Crossflow modulation level (ua’/ua) 5-20 % Figure 1 A schematic drawing of the test section. Figure 2 A sequence of instantaneous shadowgraph images for crossflow modulation at 90 Hz (Pc= 30 psi, We=18, q=18 and u'/u=10%). Figure 4 shows a sequence of images at higher Weber number case (We=175). Breakup mode (Shear breakup regime) looks quite different from the low Weber number cases (Mixed breakup regime) shown in Figure 2 and 3. The windward part of liquid jet near injection location does not seem to respond as much as that of the low Weber number cases. However, the upper penetration boundary at further downstream seems to respond quite a bit to the modulation crossflow. In order to quantify the response of near-field spray (up to x/D=8), a correlation for upper boundary of spray under steady crossflow is constructed over a range of momentum flux ratios. Averaged shadow graph images for given operating condition are thresholded and the upper boundary is extracted. Figure 5 shows the predicted trajectory from the correlation overlaid on an image. The correlation is written as: The correlation is used to calculate the corresponding momentum flux ratio for instantaneous shadowgraph image: an upper spray trajectory is extracted from an instantaneous shadowgraph image and curve-fitted to the correlation to calculate the corresponding momentum flux ratio. Figure 6 shows typical time traces of calculated momentum flux ratio for the mean momentum flux ratio of 18, clearly indicating that the nearfield spray penetration changes with respect to crossflow Weber number as well as modulation frequency. Figure 3 A sequence of instantaneous shadowgraph images for crossflow modulation at 450 Hz (Pc= 30 psi, We=18, q=18 and u'/u=10%). Figure 4 A sequence of instantaneous shadowgraph images for crossflow modulation at 90 Hz (Pc= 30 psi, We=175, q=18 and u'/u=10%). ) 1 ( D x q 05 . 1 D y 5 . 0
Modulation of a Liquid-Fuel Jet in an Unsteady Cross-Flow
This paper describes an experimental study of a fuel jet in an unsteady cross flow as part of a program to evaluate active control of combustion instabilities that involve acoustic / spray coupling.The results provide insights into the different physical mechanisms through which the jet and cross flow interact and the degree to which acoustic velocity fluctuations modulate liquid jet mixing, penetration and spray distribution. They also provide a means of evaluating the effectiveness of fuel flow modulation for controlling fuel jet behavior, demonstrating that fluctuations in the downstream spray distribution can be significantly reduced by phased fuel flow modulation. The paper describes a unique method for modulating the fuel and a relatively simple diagnostic for evaluating the fuel spray density and uniformity.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Research on integral error calibrating system of high-voltage electric energy measurement device
To the question that there is no accuracy grade to the existed HV energy measuring system, a design scheme to calibrate the integer error of HV energy measuring device is provided in this paper. The hardware of the calibrating system, including test power source, signal source, power benchmark system, power source measuring and regulating circuit, has been introduced in detail. The function of the monitoring and operating software is also discussed in the paper.