The Use and Abuse of Lotteries as a Revenue Source.
word "lot," from which the name lottery is derived, originated from the Teutonic word "hleut," and was used to designate an object such as a disk, pebble, or bean that was drawn or cast to decide disputes, divide property, settle uncertain matters, or determine winners in games of chance.1 Accordingly, lottery gambling is a distribution scheme by lot or chance, a game of hazard in which consideration is ventured for the chance at obtaining a prize.2 Lots have been in use from time immemorial. Archaeologists in Egypt found artifacts used in gaming from as early as 3500 B.C. Also, the use of lots for determining the distribution of property is traceable to biblical times as first appears in the book of Numbers of the Old Testament where it is written that Moses apportioned the land west of the Jordan to the twelve tribes of Israel on the basis of lots.3 In Acts of the New Testament, the casting of lots was used to determine who should replace Judas Iscariot as an apostle.4 Also, lotteries were used extensively by the Romans, including Emperors Nero and Augustus, to give away slaves and gifts during Saturnalias feasts and other banquets.5 Furthermore, Italian merchants used the lottery to distribute prizes and dispose of unsold merchandise during the Middle Ages. Some historians propose that the first public lottery was held in the French town of L'Ecluse in 1420 to raise funds for fortifications;6
A Logistic Regression Model Explaining Recent State Casino Gaming Adoptions
The scholarly literature has argued that state fiscal stress, interstate tax competition, political feasibility, and economic development goals were the main reasons underlying the adoption of casino gaming by several American states. Archival data were collected and analyzed using logistic regression in an attempt to explain why some states have adopted casino gaming and others have not. Four statistically significant predictors of state casino gaming adoptions were discovered: moderate aggregate state ideological identifications, 1990 per capita tax rankings by state, longitudinal changes in state per capita taxes, and longitudinal changes in state job growth. These results suggest that motives related to political feasibility and economic development provide the best explanation of recent state casino gaming adoptions.
Capital Accumulation and Women's Labour in Asian Economies
* Contents * Foreword by Gerrit Huizer * 1. Feminism and the conceptualization of women's labour in Asian economies. * PART I: The Discourse on Women's Labour in Historical Perspective * 2. The patriarchal bias of working class theoreticians: Marx and Proudhon. 3. The proletarian women's movement in Germany and women's labour. 4. The legacy of the second feminist wave: the debate on household labour revisited. * PART II: The Industrial Work of Women in India and Bangladesh * 5. Home-based women labourers in the garment industry in West Bengal. 6. Wage slavery among women garment workers in the factory system in Bangladesh. 7. The German feminist school and the thesis of housewifization. * PART III: Women's Role as Agricultural Producers * 8. Developmental feminism and peasant women's labour in Bangladesh. 9. The ecofeminist discourse in India. 10. The German feminist school and the thesis of subsistence labour. * PART IV: Japanization and Women's Labour * 11. The Japanese style of management and Fordism compared. 12. Japanese women as a vast reserve army of Labour. 13. Conclusion: capital accumulation in contemporary Asia