CO-induced ring-slippage reactions of molybdenocene and tungstenocene carbonyl complexes. Electrochemical and elevated-pressure infrared evidence for an electron-transfer catalysis
Abstract Infrared studies at a CO pressure of 120 bar show (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 W(CO) to be completely resistant to an excess of CO in the absence of oxidants, but cyclovoltammetric measurements with this complex and with (η 3 -C 5 H 5 )(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )W(CO) 2 in THF solution at 0°C indicate that the ring-slipped dicarbonyl complex is catalytically generated by a one-electron oxidation of the tungstenocene monocarbonyl under CO at ambient pressure. Similar results are found for the reaction of (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 Mo(CO) with CO.
ansa-Metallocene derivatives: IX. Electrochemical reactions of tetramethylethylene-bridged titanocene dichloride and dicarbonyl derivatives☆
Abstract In the reduction of tetramethylethylene-bridged (CH13)4C2(C5H4)2TiCl2 under argon, studied by cyclic voltammetry, a first reduction to the TiIII stage occurs at a potential of −0.92 V vs. SCE, close to that of (C5H5)2TiCl2, and a second reduction to the TiII stage at a potential of −2.53 V, about 0.3 V more negative than in the corresponding reduction of the unbridged analogue. Decay of the tetramethylethylene-bridged TiII product is considerably faster than that of its unbridged analogue. Changes induced by the presence of an N2 or H2 atmosphere indicate the occurrence of secondary reactions. In the presence of CO, reduction to (CH3)4C2(C5H4)2Ti(CO)2 occurs at −2.0 V. This tetramethylethylene-bridged titanocene dicarbonyl complex, which is also formed by reduction of (CH3)4C2(C5H4)2TiCl2 with Mg metal under CO, undergoes irreversible reduction and oxidation at −2.78 and −0.08 V, respectively. When the latter process is conducted in the presence of Cl−, the dichloride (CH3)4C2(C5H4)2TiCl2 is regenerated.
Determination of iodide with 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DBH) in comparison with the ICl-method. Analytical methods of pharmacopeias with DBH in respect to environmental and economical concern. Part 3.
USP 1995 (The United States Pharmacopeia, 23rd Edit., (1995), potassium iodide p. 1265, sodium iodide p. 1424), PH. EUR. 1997 (European Pharmacopoeia, third ed., Council of Europe, Strasbourg, (1997), potassium iodide p. 1367, sodium iodide p. 1493) and JAP 1996 (The Japanes Pharmacopoeia, 13th ed. (1996), potassium iodide p. 578, sodium iodide p. 630) determine iodide with the ICl-method (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 25 (1903) 756-761; Z. Anorg. Chem. 36 (1903) 76-83; Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 106 (1936) 12-23; Arzneibuch-Kommentar, Wissenschaftliche Erläuterungen zum Europäischen Arzneibuch, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, Govi-Verlag - Pharmazeutischer Verlag GmbH, Eschborn, 12th suppl. (1999), K10 p. 2), using chloroform, which is toxic and hazardous to environment. Without the application of chlorinated hydrocarbons USP 2000 (The United State Pharmacopeia, 24th ed. (2000), potassium iodide p. 1368, sodium iodide p. 1535) and Brit 1999 (British Pharmacopoeia London, (1999), Appendix VIII C, p. A162) titrate iodide with the redox indicator amaranth. A titration with potentiometric indication giving two end-points at the step of I(2) and [ICl(2)](-) is described. Due to the high concentration of hydrochloric acid required for the ICl-method, the determination with DBH (1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin; 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione) can be recommended and is performed easily. Similarly, the iodide content of gallamine triethiodide may be analyzed with DBH by application of a visual two-phase titration in water and ethyl acetate or with potentiometric indication in a mixture of 2-propanol and water. During the removal of the excess of DBH 4-bromo-triethylgallamine (2,2',2"-[1-bromo-benzene-2,3,4-triyltris(oxy)]N,N,N-triethylethanium) is formed.