High Resolution XRD Studies on Mg, Cr and Nd Doped LiNbO3 Crystals
Undoped and doped LiNbO3 single crystals were grown by Czochralski technique. Comparative studies on these undoped, Cr doped, Mg doped, Mg:Cr codoped and Mg:Nd codoped LiNbO3 single crystals were carried out. Phase identification was done using powder XRD technique. The effect of doping and co-doping on crystalline perfection of these crystals was monitored using high resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) technique. The diffraction curves (DCs) were recorded in symmetrical Bragg geometry for (006) diffracting planes using MoK￻ 1 radiation. tant is co-doping with Mg or Zn at a level above 4.5 mol%, which inhibits photorefractive properties of the material. Another potential application of LiNbO3 is in Nd 3+ based compact diode-pumped self-frequency doubled lasers that emit green radiation, useful for applications in optical data storage, and excitation sources to replace ion gas lasers and pumping of parametric oscillators and amplifiers (10). The
Enhancement of structural perfection of alkali halide single crystals by doping with copper
Abstract The pure and copper (Cu + ) doped alkali halide single crystals have been grown from melt by using the Czochralski (Cz) method. The optical absorption studies confirm that the doped copper is incorporated with the grown crystals. The effect of doping on crystalline perfection of grown crystals was analyzed by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurements. The HRXRD results clearly reveal that the Cu + doped crystals are having higher crystalline perfection than pure crystals. The mechanical behavior of the grown crystals was measured by the Vickers microhardness measurement. The hardness value of the crystals increases with an increase in load and thereafter it becomes independent of the applied load. The Meyer index number and hardness using Hays–Kendall approach of pure and doped crystals were calculated and tabulated.
Psychosexual Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation and the Impact of Reconstructive Surgery: A Narrative Review
Abstract Purpose: We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the health consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), with a particular focus on the psychosexual implications of this practice and the overall impact of reconstructive plastic surgery. Methods: A MEDLINE search through PubMed was performed to identify the best quality evidence published studies in English language on long-term health consequences of FGM/C. Results: Women with FGM/C are more likely to develop psychological disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, somatization, phobia, and low self-esteem, than those without FGM/C. Most studies showed impaired sexual function in women with FGM/C. In particular, women with FGM/C may be physiologically less capable of becoming sexually stimulated than uncut women. Reconstructive surgery could be beneficial, in terms of both enhanced sexual function and body image. However, prospective studies on the impact of reconstructive surgery are limited, and safety issues should be addressed. Conclusion: Although it is clear that FGM/C can cause devastating immediate and long-term health consequences for girls and women, high-quality data on these issues are limited. Psychosexual complications need to be further analyzed to provide evidence-based guidelines and to improve the health care of women and girls with FGM/C. The best treatment approach involves a multidisciplinary team to deal with the multifaceted FGM/C repercussions.