The Welfare Effects of a Liquidity-Saving Mechanism
This paper considers the welfare effect of introducing a liquidity-saving mechanism (LSM) in a real-time gross settlement (RTGS) payment system. We study the planner's problem to get a better understanding of the economic role of an LSM and find that an LSM can achieve the planner's allocation for some parameter values. The planner's allocation cannot happen without an LSM, as long as some payments can be delayed without cost. We show that, in equilibrium with an LSM, there can be either too few or too many payments settled early compared with the planner's allocation, depending on the parameter values. Using Fedwire data to calibrate our model, we describe the equilibrium that would arise with an LSM and compare welfare with and without an LSM. Our results suggest that introducing an LSM could have significant benefits.
New developments in large-value payment systems - May 2005
iii Foreword Large-value payment systems (LVPS) play a key role in the financial infrastructure, by discharging payment obligations between banks. The 1990s experienced a major transformation in the design of these systems: from deferred net settlement (DNS) systems, which settled only at the end of the day, to real-time gross settlement (RTGS) systems, which settle on a continuous basis. This revolution was largely due to the possibilities offered by information and communication technology and to the measures taken by central banks to reduce systemic risks in these systems. The Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS) of the central banks of the Group of Ten countries reflected these changes by publishing in 1997 the report Real-time gross settlement systems. The purpose of this report is to present the state-of-the-art in LVPS, taking stock of the developments which have taken place since the 1997 report. It is written so as to be free-standing and not require reference to previous reports. The central message of the report is that interbank payments today settle faster, with a lower amount of liquidity (mainly central bank money), and at a lower cost. Indeed, whereas the key achievements in the 1990s were speed and safety of payments, the focus since the turn of the century has been to reduce liquidity costs and to provide users with more flexible intraday liquidity management. In parallel, new systems have emerged to meet an expanding demand for cross-border payments. The primary example is CLS (Continuous Linked Settlement), which was established to reduce credit risk in the settlement of foreign exchange transactions. Another example is the emergence of new infrastructures in countries where a foreign currency plays an important role. Standardised arrangements have been established that enable financial institutions to settle foreign currency transactions through a correspondent bank while using the same system design as the local RTGS system. While certain trade-offs exist between achieving lower risks and achieving lower costs, recent developments in LVPS design allow more flexibility in addressing various risk and cost trade-offs than previously available in traditional architectures. Central banks on their side have continued to seek a balance between more stringent risk controls and the need for systems to be cost-efficient. The analysis in this report shows that the complexity of trade-offs between risks and costs implies a wide range of possibilities for the design of an LVPS. There is therefore no single solution fitting all …
Warm Hands in Cold Age – On the Need of a New World Order of Care
The world is aging as fertility and mortality are both decreasing. This article focuses on practical care work for the elderly. Such work is done primarily by women even though a larger portion than previously is paid rather than unpaid. All over the world, most elderly care work is organized within the family, most often unpaid. Men receive more care from partners than women, while women receive more care from female relatives. When care work is paid, the payment is generally low. A comparison between Germany, Spain, and Sweden demonstrates similar gender patterns, even though the role of the state in supporting care differs considerably as do care workers' conditions. The sustainability of today's distribution and organization of care work is questioned as the need for care increases, and the possibility of more equal sharing of care work between women and men is explored.