The Peculiarities of the Electrical Conductivity of LiNbO3 Crystals, Reduced in Hydrogen
The low-frequency impedance spectroscopy method has been used to investigate the electrical conductivity peculiarities of lithium niobate (LN) crystals reduced in hydrogen. It has been found that the activation energy value of the dark electrical conductivity of such crystals in a temperature range of 288...370 К is equal to 0.68±0.02 eV. It has been demonstrated that the multiple heating of «black» LN crystals up to a temperature of about 420 K results in surface layers with modified electrical properties to occur in the crystal’s polar faces. The electrical conductivity mechanism of LiNbO3 crystals reduced in the hydrogen-containing atmosphere, and the causes of the instability of these properties are discussed.
Chemically reduced lithium niobate single crystals: processing, properties and improvements in SAW device fabrication and performance
Chemical reduction of lithium niobate yields crystals with enhanced electrical conductivity and optical absorption. The higher conductivity of such crystals makes them less susceptible to pyroelectric charging, which would otherwise present difficulties in SAW device fabrication and operation. The crystals' increased near-ultraviolet light absorptivity allows improvements in photolithographic exposure, such as generating narrower and more precise lines.
Kant's 'Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason'
Preface 1. Context 2. Overview of Themes 3. Reading the Text Prefaces to the First and Second Editions Part I of the Religion Part II of the Religion Part III of the Religion Part IV of the Religion 4. Reception and Influence 5. Guide for Further Reading Bibliography Index