A mathematical model for simulating and manufacturing ball end mill
The performance of ball end mill cutters in cutting operations is influenced by the configuration of the rake and clearance faces in the ball component. From the mathematical design of a cutting edge curve, the rake face can be defined by the rake angle and the width of the rake face at each cross section along the cutting edge. We propose the fundamental conditions that must govern the engagement between the grinding wheel and the designed rake face in order to avoid interference while machining a ball end mill. As a result, a new mathematical model for determining the wheel location and a software program for simulating the generation of the rake face of a ball end mill are proposed. In addition, methods for grinding the clearance face in both concave and flat-shapes are introduced. The flute surface generated by a disk wheel during the grinding process is determined on the basis of a tangency condition. The results of the experiment and the simulation are compared to validate the proposed model.
CAD based simulation of ball end mill manufacturing
ABSTRACTGeometry of micro ball end mill is quite complex, as helical cutting edges are formed on a hemispherical surface. The edge must have proper rake and clearance faces for effective cutting and appropriate radius to strengthen it. Manufacturers of micro tools do not reveal the details, as they are proprietary in nature. In the present work, a CAD approach is proposed to simulate the generation machining of micro ball end mill using appropriate kinematic relations. Different geometries of micro ball end mill can be generated by the approach proposed in the present work. A critical study of virtual micro ball end mills will be useful to understand their performance. The study allows visualization of the cutting angles and edge radius along different transverse sections, as these geometrical parameters influence mechanics of micro cutting.
Evolution of carbide precipitates in Hastelloy N joints during welding and post weld heat treatment
Abstract The effects of welding and post weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the morphology, composition and lattice parameter of the precipitates in the welding joints of Hastelloy N alloy have been investigated. Joint samples were prepared using a gas tungsten arc welding process with ERNiMo-2 fillers, and then solid-solution treated at 1100 °C for 20 min. After welding, eutectic M6C carbides can be observed in the heat affected zones (HAZ) and weld zones (WZ). These eutectic M6C carbides become spheroidized during the following PWHT. The concentration of Si decreases during the transformation from the primary ones to eutectic ones, and then increases during the spheroidizing process. The total concentration of Si + Cr in M6C carbides remains stable during welding and PWHT. At the same time, the heat leads to the outward diffusion of Mo from the M6C carbides, which results in a decrease of the lattice parameter.