Cybercrime and Online Safety in Cyberspace
Cybercrime is essentially a transnational crime with a ‘modus operandi’ that exploits inter-state differences in the capacity to respond to such crime, and appears in the same company as such powerful global concerns as civil war, genocide and poverty (United Nations 2004). This transnational character provides cybercriminals, especially organized crime (OC), with the agility to avoid counter-measures even when implemented by capable actors (Brenner 2002, 2006; Council of Europe 2004). Although some have questioned the existence of organized criminal activities in cyberspace, several studies have noted the potential and actual synergy between organized crime and cyberspace in recent years. This paper outlines some of the issues and problems in respect to the role of OC in cybercrime.
A Conceptual Interdisciplinary Plug-and-Play Cyber Security Framework
Malicious cyber activities are no longer a matter of if but of when, and in our increasingly interconnected world, threats to our national sovereignty can come from unexpected sources and directions—a 360°globalised challenge. Cyber threats are increasingly important and strategically relevant in both developed and developing countries. Cyber security is one of the highest priority items on the global policy and national security agendas, and an increasingly challenging policy area for governments. Our thesis is that cyber security is no longer the preserve of any single country, entity, (industry) sector or disciplinary field because of the nature and extent of an increasingly connected and sophisticated technological and user bases. There is, therefore, a need to bring together perspectives and approaches from different disciplines and countries, and investigate what we can do singularly and collaboratively to secure our cyberspace and future. This essay proposes a conceptual framework that allows theories from different disciplines and different strategies, techniques and best practices to be “plugged-and-played” when studying/understanding and responding to malicious cyber activities. Three potential research topics are also identified to seek to provide more evidence to support the proposed framework.
Kinematic Modelling and Simulation of a 2R Robot Using SolidWorks and Verification by MATLAB / Simulink Regular Paper
The  simulation  of  robot  systems  is  becoming very popular, especially with  the  lowering of  the cost of computers,  and  it  can  be  used  for  layout  evaluation, feasibility studies, presentations with animation and off‐ line programming. The  trajectory  planning  of  redundant manipulators  is  a very  active  area  since  many  tasks  require  special characteristics  to  be  satisfied.  The  importance  of redundant manipulators has  increased over  the  last  two decades  because  of  the  possibility  of  avoiding singularities  as  well  as  obstacles  within  the  course  of motion.  The  angle  that  the  last  link  of  a  2  DOF manipulator makes with the x‐axis is required in order to find the solution for the inverse kinematics problem. This angle  could  be  optimized  with  respect  to  a  given specified  key  factor  (time,  velocity,  torques)  while  the end‐effector  performs  a  chosen  trajectory  (i.e., avoiding an obstacle) in the task space. Modeling  and  simulation  of  robots  could  be  achieved using  either  of  the  following  models:  the  geometrical model (positions, postures), the kinematic model and the dynamic model. To  do  so,  the  modelization  of  a  2‐R  robot  type  is implemented. Our main  tasks  are  comparing  two  robot postures with the same trajectory (path) and for the same length  of  time,  and  establishing  a  computing  code  to obtain the kinematic and dynamic parameters. SolidWorks  and MATLAB/Simulink  softwares  are  used to check the theory and the robot motion simulation. This  could  be  easily  generalized  to  a  3‐R  robot  and possibly therefore to any serial robot (Scara, Puma, etc.). The verification of the obtained results by both softwares allows  us  to  qualitatively  evaluate  and  underline  the validityof  the  chosen  model  and  obtain  the  right conclusions. The results of  the simulations are discussed and an agreement between the two softwares is certainly obtained.