EVALUATION OF BOVINE TEAT CONDITION IN COMMERCIAL DAIRY HERDS: 2. INFECTIOUS FACTORS AND INFECTIONS
Table 1 Teat conditions observable according to the cause of the problem. Machine induced Environmental Infectious Discoloration Chapping Pseudocowpox Oedema Mud sores Herpes mammillitis Congestion Suckling damage Cowpox Wedging Fly bites Papilloma Ringing Other abrasions and cuts Foot and Mouth Disease Hemorrhaging petechia Weather damage Vesicular Stomatitis Hemorrhaging larger Allergic reactions Ringworm [Hyperkeratosis] Photosensitization Staphylococcus aureus Chemical damage Streptococcus dysgalactiae Arcanobacterium pyogenes Fusiformis necrophorum
EVALUATION OF BOVINE TEAT CONDITION IN COMMERCIAL DAIRY HERDS: 1. NON-INFECTIOUS FACTORS
Classification of bovine teat condition can be used to assess the effects of milking management, milking equipment or environment on teat tissue and the risk of new intramammary infections. Veterinarians and others require a simple and reliable method for evaluating teat health in dairy herds. Hillerton et al. (2000) proposed simple methods for quantifying short- or medium-term effects of machine milking on teats. Such changes are easily recognizable immediately after cluster removal. The purposes of this paper, by an informal discussion group of researchers and udder health advisers self-styled as the “Teat Club International”, are: 1) to review non-infectious factors affecting short- or medium-term changes in teats; 2) to propose a simple protocol for systematic evaluation of teats in commercial dairies; 3) to propose guidelines for interpretation of these observations. The full version of this paper with many references, example pictures and sample recording charts is posted on the UW-Madison Milk Quality website (http://www.uwex.edu/milkquality/ ). Other companion papers in the "Teat Club" series in this AABP/NMC Conference Proceedings discuss infectious factors (Hillerton et al.), data collection and analysis (Reinemann et al.), and the relationship between teat-end hyperkeratosis and mastitis (Neijenhuis et al.).
Influence of Diluted Spent Wash of Sugar Industries Application on Yield of and Nutrient Uptake by Sugarcane and Changes in Soil Properties
A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of irrigation with tube well water (S0) as well as with spent wash diluted for 25 (S25), 50 (S5O) and 100 (S100) times on yield of and nutrient uptake by sugarcane grown on Typic Chromustert. The results revealed that application of spent wash diluted at any level increased the sugarcane yield and nutrient uptake significantly over S0. Less diluted spent wash gave higher yield of biomass than the concentrated one. Though, there was tendency for slight increase in the soil salinity due to use of spent wash, yet the nutrient availability of P, K and S increased considerably. Further, there was indication of betterment in some physical conditions of soil.