Influence of Process Parameters and Viscosity on Radial Stresses in Fluid Assisted Deep Drawing Process
Deep drawing is an important process used for producing cups from sheet metal in large quantities. The process parameters and viscosity of fluid is maintained the major role in the hydro forming-deep drawing process. Hydraulic pressure can enhance the capabilities of the basic deep drawing process for making metal cups. Hydraulic pressure contributes positively in several ways to the deep drawing process. In fluid assisted deep drawing process, applying the hydraulic pressure in radial direction on the periphery of the blank is obtained through the punch movement with in the fluid chamber. The fluid is taking place in the die cavity and punch chamber and these are connected with the bypass path provided in the die. The pressure is generated in fluid due to punch movement with in the fluid chamber and directed through the bypass path to blank periphery and is to reduce tensile stresses acting on the wall of the semi drawn blank. This fluid creates the fluid film on the upper and lower surfaces of the blank and subsequently reduces frictional resistance. During the process, the blank is taking at centre place in between blank holder and die surface with supporting of pressurized viscous fluid. In this process the radial and hoop stresses are produced in the blank due to punch force applied on it, the shear stresses acted by viscous fluid on the both sides of blank, so apply viscosity phenomenon to this analysis. The blank holder pressure is controlled by the radial pressure of fluid and these are equal for 1858 R. Uday Kumar, P. Ravinder Reddy and A. V. Sita Ramaraju uniform deformation of blank to obtained required shape and also elimination of failure of blank in deformation. The pressure in the die cavity can be controlled very freely and accurately, with the approximate liquid pressure as a function of punch position, the parts can drawn without any scratches on the outside of the part and also obtained in good surface finish, surface quality, high dimensional accuracy and complicated parts. In the fluid assisted deep drawing process the pressurized fluid serves several purposes are supports the sheet metal from the start to the end of the forming process, thus yielding a better formed part, delays the on set of material failure and reduces the wrinkles formation. In this paper the radial stresses are determined in terms of process parameters and viscosity of different fluids for magnesium alloys and then influence of viscosity of fluid, process parameters and fluid pressure on these stresses incorporated. This analysis is carried through theoretically.
Sheet Metal Forming with Hydraulic Counter Pressure in Japan
Abstract The sheet metal forming method with hydraulic counter pressure, which makes use of hydraulic counter pressure generated through the penetration of the punch into the die cavity, possesses good features compared with conventional drawing methods. The advantages are higher forming limit, higher accuracy of drawn parts, achievement of complicated shape and adoption of simplified drawing die. In Japan, about 50 hydraulic counter pressure press machines have already been manufactured and now in the actual production line for reflectors of lighting equipments, aircraft parts and automobile parts, and so on. This report introduces the present situation of sheet metal forming with hydraulic counter pressure and some examples of the formed parts in Japan.
New records of Grania (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae) in the Northeast Atlantic (from Tromsø to the Canary Islands), with descriptions of seven new species
Previous northeast Atlantic records of Grania have been mainly from Germany, southern Scandinavia, and the Atlantic shores of France, Spain and Ireland. They were referred to eight species, with one, G. atlantica, reported from the continental slope. We have examined various unpublished collections from sources spanning from the Canary Islands to the Norwegian Arctic. Apart from new information on morphology, taxonomy, and distribution of known species, we describe seven new taxa (G. canaria, G. fortunata, G. mauretanica, G. aquitana, G. vikinga, G. torosa, and G. papillinasus). The collection of G. papillinasus from 2630-2885 m represents a new depth record for Enchytraeidae. Twenty-five of the now 57 Grania species occur in the North Atlantic. The North Atlantic drift moderates sea temperatures along the northeast Atlantic coasts, probably facilitating the wide latitudinal range of some taxa, as well as actual dispersal within the region. A "chaetal index" (chaetal length : chaetal foot length) is proposed to differentiate L-shaped chaetae at the species level. Complex relationships within the "type 6 group" of Grania suggest that groupings established using certain combinations of penial, chaetal and spermathecal patterns may not be monophyletic. For a better phylogenetic resolution, additional morphological details of these and other characters are needed.