Cassava in Indonesia: its Economic Role and Use as Food
Cassava, Manihot esculenta crantz, is not native to Southeast Asia. It was imported from the New World as were sweet potatoes, white potatoes, corn or maize, peanuts and tomatoes. The exact timing of this importation is not clear. One author suggested that cassava came to Java in Indonesia as early as the seventeenth century from the Moluccas1 while another author implied that cassava was introduced into Java in the later eighteenth century.2 At about the same time that cassava was arriving in Indonesia it also reached other parts of Asia. In 1786 cassava was reported in Ceylon after arriving via Mauritius; in 1794 it was planted in the East India Company's new botanic garden in Calcutta. Sir Stamford Raffles does not mention cassava in his History of Java,1 but he does mention other New World imports such as corn and sweet potatoes. While the use and spread of cassava has been fairly recent in many of the countries of Southeast Asia, it is now grown in all of them. However, it is a major agricultural product only in Thailand and Indonesia. Table 1 gives comparative details of cassava, rice, and corn for various Southeast Asian countries. Thailand's production of cassava is almost entirely exported to several of the European Common Market countries to be used as an animal feed; some quantities are also turned into starch. In Indonesia, however, cassava is a basic staple for the population. This paper examines the use of cassava as human food in Indonesia, how it is grown and processed, its nutritional aspects, the economics of the substitution between cassava and the other staples, and the possibilities of increasing demand and consumption of cassava in the future.
MASALAH ANEMI GIZI PADA WANITA HAMIL DALAM HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN POLA KONSUMSI MAKANAN
Penyelidikan pendahuluan yang dilakukan Martoatmodjo dan kawan-kawan di desa Bendungan menunjukkan adanya prevalensi anemi gizi yang tinggi pada wanita hamil. Penyelidikan tersebut dilanjutkan pada tahun 1970-71 di Kabupaten Bogor, meliputi 217 wanita hamil triwulan II dan III dan 78 wanita tak hamil sebagai kelompok kontrol. Pada tahun 1971-73 dilakukan penyelidikan pada 266 wanita hamil triwulan III dan kelompok kontrol (129 suami mereka dan 109 wanita tak hamil) dengan pola konsumsi makanan berlainan berdasarkan makanan pokok utama yaitu beras di Kabupaten Indramayu & Purwakarta, gaplek & beras di Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, beras & ubi jalar serta jagung & singkong di Bali. Prevalensi anemia gizi besi pada wanita hamil yang tertinggi ditemukan di daerah makanan pokok beras (77% menurut kadar Hb dan 83% menurut jenuh transferin); nomor dua tertinggi dijumpai di daerah makanan poko beras & ubi jalar (56% menurut kadar Hb dan 70% menurut jenuh transferin). Di dua daerah tersebut persentase parasit usus didapatkan tinggi. Masalah anemi gizi besi pada wanita hamil yang terendah ditemukan di daerah dengan makanan pokok utama gaplek & beras (Gunung Kidul 46% menurut kadar Hb dan 58% menurut jenuh transferin) dengan konsumsi bahan makanan beraneka ragam dan juga ditemukan persentase parasit usus terendah dari semua daerah yang diselidiki.
The development of biological systematics : Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, nature, and the natural system
A reevaluation of the history of biological systematics that discusses the formative years of the so-called natural system of classification in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Shows how classifications came to be treated as conventions; systematic practice was not linked to clearly articulated theory; there was general confusion over the "shape" of nature; botany, elements of natural history, and systematics were conflated; and systematics took a position near the bottom of the hierarchy of sciences.