Tracer Tests in flooded underground mines
Tracer tests are a common means to investigate the hydrogeological conditions in the hydrosphere. Nevertheless, only few successful tracer tests in flooded underground mines have been described. In two flooded German underground mines tracer tests with club moss spores (Lycopodium clavatum) and microspheres had been conducted by the use of the LydiA technique. Both times, effective velocities between 1 and 8 m min could be calculated and a good hydraulic connection between the mines’ parts investigated could be proved. Lycopodium Apparatus (LydiA)
Hydrogeochemie, Wärmehaushalt und Strömung des Flutungswassers einer untertägigen Erzgrube
Die Erzgange der Polymetallsulfidlagerstatte Freiberg (Sachsen) wurden seit dem 12. Jahrhundert abgebaut. Das Hauptinteresse galt zunachst dem Silber aus dem Galenit, spater hauptsachlich dem Blei und Zink. In der letzten Betriebsperiode drang der Bergbau in der „Freiberger Himmelfahrt Fundgrube“ bis in 700 m Tiefe vor. Er hinterlies zum Zeitpunkt seiner Flutung um 1970 ein Hohlraumvolumen von ca. 2,6 Mio. m3 bis zum tiefsten wasserabfuhrenden Hauptstolln (Rothschonberger Stolln) in ca. 220 m Tiefe. Seit dem Uberlauf des Grubenreviers haben sich die hydrogeochemischen Eigenschaften des Flutungswassers stark geandert. Aus der Zusammenfassung historischer Daten und der Auswertung neuer Ergebnisse wird Bilanz uber die Entwicklung des Flutungsraumes gezogen. Es lassen sich Ursachen geochemischer Signaturen, eine Modellvorstellung von der Entwicklung des Stromungs- und Temperaturregimes und damit neue Aspekte fur die Bewertung bzw. Nutzung von Flutungraumen ableiten.
The Inca Occupation of the South Coast of Peru
like the others, however; it forks into several nearly parallel ravines of which the largest are Huayuri, Rio Grande-Palpa, Ingenio (called Collao in ancient times), Nasca proper (the ancient Caxamarca), Taruga, and Poroma. Due to peculiarities of the local topography, the irrigated areas in Ica and the ravines of Nasca are located inland, at the foot of the mountains, rather than at the mouths of the rivers as is more usual in Peruvian coastal valleys. No sharp natural or cultural boundary separates the valley of Chincha from the valleys of Cafiete (ancient Huarco and Runahuana), Asia, and Mala, the next valleys going up the coast to the northwest. At the other end of the area we are considering, however, there is a sharp break; beyond Yauca the Andean foothills reach out to the sea, natural conditions are quite different, and there are important differences in the archaeological picture as well. The historical sources which mention the south coast are not particularly helpful, except in so far as they provide us with a few dates. To begin with, no chronicler gives an explicit account of the political organization of the south coast at the time it came into contact with the Incas. It can, perhaps, be inferred from Cabello Balboa's statements about common policy toward the Inca invaders that there was some sort of political connection between the valleys of Mala, Cafiete, and Chincha, but the connection need have been no more than a temporary military alliance. Cabello makes no mention at all of Pisco. The valleys of Ica, Nasca, and 125