Thermo-chemical Characteristics of Powder Fabricated by Oxidation of Spent PWR Fuel
Thermochemcial characteristics of powder fabricated using oxidation treatment of spent PWR fuel and SIMFUEL were evaluated for recycling of spent fuel such as DUPIC process. Especially, the influence of spent fuel burn-ups on the powder fabrication characteristics was experimentally evaluated, ranging from 27,300 to 65,000 MWd/tU. Densities of powder manufactured from an oxidation, OREOX and the milling processes at the same process conditions were compared as a function of the fuel burn-ups respectively. Also, based on chemical analysis results, homogeneity of fissile elements in oxidized powder was confirmed. Keywords—Spent PWR fuel, DUPIC, Oxidation, OREOX, Powder, Chemical analysis
Remote Fabrication of DUPIC Fuel Pellets in a Hot Cell under Quality Assurance Program
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has been developing the Direct Use of Spent Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Fuel in the CANada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) Reactors (DUPIC) fuel fabrication technology since 1992, and the basic DUPIC fuel fabrication process was established in 2002. In order to demonstrate the robustness of the DUPIC fuel fabrication process through the irradiation test, it is important that a Quality Assurance (QA) program should be in place before a fabrication of the DUPIC fuel. Therefore, the Quality Assurance Manual (QM) for the DUPIC fuel was developed on the basis of the Canadian standard, CAN3-Z299.2-85. This manual describes the quality management system applicable to the activities performed for the DUPIC fuel fabrication at KAERI. In order to demonstrate the DUPIC fuel fabrication technology and produce qualified DUPIC fuel pellets, the process qualification tests were performed, which include three pre-qualification tests and three qualification tests. The characteristics of the DUPIC fuel pellets such as the sintered density, grain size, and surface roughness were measured and evaluated in accordance with the QA procedures. The optimum fabrication process of the DUPIC fuel pellet was also established based on the qualification results. Finally a production campaign was carried out to fabricate the DUPIC fuel pellets at a batch size of 1 kg following the QA program. As a result of the production campaign, qualified DUPIC fuel pellets were successfully produced and, therefore, the remote fuel fabrication technology of the DUPIC fuel pellet was demonstrated.
Hobbes and the Reception of Leviathan
Although there has been much discussion of the reception of Hobbes’s work, Hobbes’s response to his own reception has rarely received much consideration. This article looks at Hobbes’s engagements with his critics. Far from being rearguard actions by a philosopher under siege, or disingenuous attempts to curry favour with those in power, they can be read as moments when Hobbes in fact sought to convert what he saw as the “truth of speculation into the utility of practice.”