The Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Cyperus conglomeratus, Desmos chinensis var. lawii and Cyathocalyx zeylanicus Essential Oils
The essential oil compositions of the rhizomes of Cyperus conglomeratus (Cyperaceae) collected from Oman and the leaves of two Annonaceae plants, Desmos chinensis var. lawii and Cyathocalyx zeylanicus collected from India were studied by GC, GC-MS and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Twenty-six compounds, representing 84.4% of the oil were identified in C. conglomeratus, where eugenol (31.3%), α-cyperone (10.5%) and cyperotundone (8.4%) were the major compounds. Twelve compounds, constituting 100%, were identified in D. lawii oil, of which benzyl benzoate (58.7%), β-caryophyllene (23.2%), limonene (4.9%) and α-humulene (4.0%) were the major constituents. Thirty-two compounds, comprising 98.0%, were identified in C. zeylanicus oil, of which β-caryophyllene (21.6%), α-pinene (20.4%) and E-β-ocimene (11.8%) were the major components. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the oils were tested against a panel of five bacterial and two fungal strains. The oils showed moderate activity against all the tested microbial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the oils were also determined.
Comparison of the Main Components of the Essential Oils of “priprioca”: Cyperus articulatus var. articulatus L., C. articulatus var. nodosus L., C. prolixus Kunth and C. rotundus L.
Abstract The essential oils from the tuber parts of Cyperus articulatus var. articulatus, C. articulatus var nodosus, C. prolixus and C. rotundus cultivated in the State of Pará were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The oils of C. articulatus var. articulatus and C. articulatus var. nodosus showed mustakone (9.8–14.5% and 6.6–14.5%, respectively) and caryophyllene oxide (4.6–10.8% and 5.4–13.7%, respectively) as major components. The oils of C. prolixus were characterized by a higher amount of caryophyllene oxide (6.9–26.9%), α-cyperone (13.5–20.6%), and 14-hydroxy-9-epi-β-caryophyllene (9.6–16.7%). α-cyperone (22.8%) and cyperotundone (12.1%) were the main compounds from the oil of C. rotundus. The oils of the two varieties of C. articulatus differed from those of the two other species studied here by the presence of mustakone. α-Pinene and β-pinene were higher in the oils of C. articulatus than in those of C. prolixus and C. rotundus. Concerning the two varieties of C. articulatus cultivated in Pará for commercialization in perfumery, we agree that the minor quantitative variations observed in the chemical composition probably do not modify the scent of their oils to any great extent.
Pharmacokinetics of Mivacurium Isomers and Their Metabolites in Healthy Volunteers after Intravenous Bolus Administration
Background Previous studies report the pharmacokinetics of mivacurium isomers after an infusion using venous blood sampling. Although the extent of the mivacurium arterial‐venous gradient is not known, the sampling site is likely to influence mivacurium pharmacokinetic parameters because the drug is rapidly metabolized as it traverses the circulation. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the pharmacokinetics of mivacurium isomers in healthy persons after intravenous bolus administration using intensive arterial blood sampling, and (2) to characterize the formation and elimination of mivacurium metabolites in human plasma. Methods Eight persons classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 or 2 who were scheduled to undergo elective surgery under balanced anesthesia received 0.15 mg/kg mivacurium chloride as an intravenous bolus. Arterial blood samples were collected every 10 s during the first 2 min and at frequent intervals for 4 h thereafter. Plasma concentrations of mivacurium isomers and their metabolites were determined by two stereoselective high‐performance liquid chromatographic methods coupled with fluorometric detection and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters. Results Mean elimination half‐lives of the trans‐trans, cis‐trans, and cis‐cis isomers were 2.4, 2, and 28.5 min, respectively, with corresponding mean plasma clearances of 29.2, 45.7, and 6.7 ml [center dot] min‐1 [center dot] kg‐1. The volumes of distribution at steady state of the trans‐trans, cis‐trans, and cis‐cis isomers were 0.047, 0.054, and 0.189 l/kg, respectively. Plasma concentrations of monoester and alcohol metabolites peaked 25 s (median) after mivacurium injection, with half‐lives in the range of 90 min, except for the cis alcohol metabolite, which was only negligibly and transiently formed. Conclusions Substantial hydrolysis of mivacurium isomers by cholinesterases was confirmed by the rapid appearance of mivacurium metabolites in plasma. The intensive arterial sampling proved to be critical for the trans‐trans and cis‐trans isomers because the area under the curve between 0 and 2 min accounted for 75% and 86% of the total, respectively.