Yahudi dalam Zionisme dan Israel
This paper traces theJudaism teachings as basic of Jewis movements. The Judaism has two meaning as its identity. Firstly, Judaism is a religion. Secondly, it is an ethnic or nation. According to Jacob Neusner, Judaism is a religion that Scripture’s account of Israel as holy people whose life encompasses the experience of exile and return. In this paper, author tried to explore three streams of the Jewish religion movements-- i.e. Reformers, Conservatives, and Orthodoxs-- which influenced the Jewish emancipation’s Europe in 19th century untill Holocaust tragedy on the Second World War. Zionism has raised as a respond to political crissis which fallen to emancipate the Jewish people from the oppressed as long as diaspora periode in Europe. Its purpose created the homeland for Israel when Jewish people returned from diaspora.
Komunisme dalam Pergumulan Wacana Ideologi Masyumi
This article explores the relationship between Islam and communism in Indonesia, which could be learnt from the political-ideological struggle of Masyumi and PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) in the parliamentary democracy era. The ideological discourse of Masyumi on the Communism was supported by ideological setting when its establishment in the revolution nature and the politic ideological competition after the proclamation of independence on August 17, 1945, and the international situation of the Cold War. The nature of ideological setting was translated in the explaining system such as ideological interpretation of Islam by comparing Islamic superiority over capitalism and communism; religious-socialism and Marxian-socialism issues; and the fatwa (legal decisions) of anti-communism that crystallized in the Masyumi factions when they faced the communism issues. Â
Compressive and flexural properties of hemp fiber reinforced concrete
The compressive and flexural properties of hemp fiber reinforced concretes (FRC) were examined in this paper. Natural hemp fiber was mixed using dry and wet mixing methods to fabricate the FRC. Mechanical properties of the FRC were investigated. The main factors affecting compressive and flexural properties of the FRC materials were evaluated with an orthogonal test design. Fiber content by weight has the largest effect. The method for casting hemp FRC has been optimised. Under the optimum conditions, compressive strength increased by 4 %, flexural strength increased by 9 %, flexural toughness increased by 144 %, and flexural toughness index increased by 214 %.