Relationship between mode choice and the location of supermarkets – empirical analysis in Austria
Summary. Main goal of the study work is to gain data about shopping and mobility behaviour at small local supermarkets with sales floor space less than 1.000 m 2 . Four location types have been defined and discussed; rural − peripheral location, rural − central location, urban – central location and urban – peripheral location. 200 shoppers each location were interviewed at the exit of the supermarket, which means a total of 800 interviews were carried out during all day times and working days of the supermarket. As expected, the mode choice is strongly dependent on the location of the supermarket. In car oriented settlements, which can be found at rural peripheral locations, nearly all shoppers accessed the supermarket with their cars. If weighting the expenditure per visit with the frequency of visits, the average expenditure per month and mode can be derived. The average purchase per month between the modes is more or less balanced. A difference in behaviour lies in the fact that cyclists and pedestrians go shopping more frequently but are spending less per visit. Additionally, the results of this study are indicating the existence of a potential mode shift, especially if there is better land use planning for supermarket locations. Furthermore, considering the given situation and a given threshold of less than 5 kilograms of weight of the goods purchased, more than fifty percent of all shoppers could use non motorised modes with insignificant loss of travel quality. Combined with short travel distances to the next shop (the average distance is 4.9 km), a change to alternative means of transport would be relatively easy for a significant number of shoppers. different food shops within the city of Salzburg. Main results were: (1) Shopping trips are usually very short: 34% of all shoppers interviewed, who approached the supermarket by car, travel less than 1 kilometre, 84% travel less than 5 kilometres. (2) Approximately half of the shoppers argued, they would not be able to use a bicycle because of the weight of their purchased goods. (3) The expenses of the purchased products is independent from mode used, especially private car and bicycle. (4) The
EINKAUFSVERKEHR - NAHVERSORGUNG VERSUS EINKAUFSZENTREN
Die in den Raumordnungsverordnungen immer noch zugelassene Errichtung von Einkaufszentren auf der gruenen Wiese und an Stadtraendern, die meist nur mit dem Auto erreichbar sind, wirkt sich negativ auf die Umwelt und auf die Lebensqualitaet der Bevoelkerung aus. Durch die wettbewerbsverzerrende Bevorzugung autoorientierter Einkaufszentren entstehen Umsatzverluste bei den Nahversorgern, die schliesslich gezwungen sind, ihre Geschaefte zu schliessen. In Oesterreich gibt es als Folge dieser Entwicklung bereits in mehr als 200 Gemeinden kein Lebensmittelgeschaeft mehr. Der "billige" Einkauf in Einkaufszentren ist letztendlich sehr teuer, da er mit immensem Flaechenverbrauch, Kaufkraftabfluss aus den Gemeinden, Luftverschmutzung, Zeitverlusten durch Staus und weiteren Negativwirkungen erzwungener Auto-Mobilitaet verbunden ist. Vorschlaege fuer die Erhaltung und Sicherung der Nahversorgung werden gemacht, wobei auch verwirklichte Modellprojekte zur Loesung der Probleme des Einkaufsverkehrs vorgestellt werden. Derartige Loesungsmoeglichkeiten sind zum Beispiel "Rollende Kaufhaeuser" oder verschiedene Formen von Zustelldiensten. Weiters werden Vorschlaege zur Verkehrserschliessung und Gestaltung von Einkaufsbereichen, fuer das Orts- und Stadtmarketing und zur Schaffung von Chancengleichheit fuer Nahversorger und Einkaufszentren unterbreitet. Hier muesste vor allem im raumordnerischen und -planerischen Bereich angesetzt werden. (KfV/H)
Determination of Optimal Ball-Burnishing Parameters for Plastic Injection Moulding Steel
The objective of this study is to determine the optimal plane ball-burnishing parameters for plastic injection moulding steel PDS5 on a machining centre by utilising the Taguchi’s orthogonal array method. The design and manufacture of a burnishing tool are described. Four burnishing parameters, namely the ball material, burnishing speed, burnishing force and feed, were selected as the experimental factors in Taguchi’s design of experiments to determine the optimal burnishing parameters which have the dominant influence on surface roughness. The optimal burnishing parameters were found after carrying out the experiments specified by Taguchi’s L18 orthogonal table, by the analysis of variation, and by a full factorial experiment. The optimal plane burnishing parameters for the plastic injection moulding steel PDS5 were a combination of a tungsten carbide ball, a burnishing speed of 200 mm/min, a burnishing force of 300 N and a feed of 40 μm. The surface roughness Ra of the specimen can be improved from about 1 μm to 0.07 μm by using the optimal burnishing parameters for plane burnishing.