INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL FORMS ON CHANGES IN THE CONTENT OF MINERAL ELEMENTS IN GRAIN OF NEW WINTER TRITICALE HYBRID STRAINS
The paper presents a study on the content of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe in kernels (F5 generation) of winter triticale produced by crossbreeding three maternal with two paternal forms. As maternal forms, two strains were used, IGS 5101, FDT 975, as well as cultivar Alzo. The paternal components consisted of strains LAD 122 and F 8063. Morphologically established hybrid strains were selected at the Institute of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. The component selection for crossbreeding was performed to achieve hybrids with great yield-forming potential and to improve the resistance to grain sprouting. Minerals were determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) method. The results revealed differentiation in amounts of the analysed mineral components in hybrids depending on genotypes of the parental forms. Hybrid strains were usually characterized by a lower ash content in kernels than the parental forms. Among all the hybrids, strain IGS 5101 × F 8063 was distinguishable by its higher content of K, Ca, Mn, and Fe in grain versus both parental forms. It also excelled exceeded the other hybrids in respect of Ca, K and Mn. Tests on the mineral components in hybrid triticale strains indicate that it is possible to shape their levels through an appropriate selection of parental forms and selection during breeding work on X Triticosecale Wittmack genus to achieve cultivars of improved nutritional value.
Foliar application of micronutrients (Cu, Zn and Mn) and its effect on yield and selected macronutriens content in winter triticale grain
The aim of the study was to determine the yield and its components and selected minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) in winter triticale grain as affected by foliar fertilisation with micronutrients, either used individually or in combination. A field experiment was carried out at the Educational and Experimental Station in Tomaszkowo (5372 N; 2042 E), Poland. Regardless of the year, supplementation of NPK fertilisation with Cu resulted in an increase in the N and Na content in triticale grain. Application of Zn and Mn and the micronutrients in combination (Cu + Zn + Mn) resulted in an increase in phosphorus content. The year of the study affected the length of an ear at the plot fertilised with NPK fertiliser as well as the mass of 1.000 grains and Ca content in grain the NPK + Cu option. The weather conditions differentiated the grain yield and the content of N and Na in all the fertilisation options. Micronutrients applied individually and in combination affected the content of potassium in triticale grain. Foliar application of Cu + Zn + Mn stabilised the P content in grain in variable weather conditions. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) showed a positive correlation between the content of N, Na and P in grain and the grain yield and mass of 1.000 grains. The content of K and N in grain was negatively correlated with the grain yield and the mass of 1.000 grains. A positive correlation was observed between the straw yield and the ear length and the potassium and sodium content in triticale grain. Address: Katarzyna Wojtkowiak, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. J. Hewelusza 10, 10-724 Olsztyn, phone: +48 (89) 524 56 14, e-mail: katarzyna.wojtkowiak@uwm.edu.pl WPŁYW DOLISTNEGO OPRYSKIWANIA MIKROELEMENTAMI (Cu, Zn i Mn) NA PLONOWANIE I WYBRANE MAKROELEMENTY W ZIARNIE PSZENŻYTA OZIMEGO Katarzyna Wojtkowiak, Arkadiusz Stępień, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Bożena Cwalina-Ambroziak 1 Katedra Podstaw Bezpieczeństwa 2 Katedra Agroekosystemów 3 Katedra Entomologii, Fitopatologii i Diagnostyki Molekularnej Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie 4 Katedra Chemii Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu S ł o w a k l u c z o w e: nawożenie, komponenty plonu, wartość odżywcza.
Temperature effects on lily development rate and morphology from the visible bud stage until anthesis.
Day (DT) and night temperatures (NT) influenced Lilium longiflorum Thunb. 'Nellie White' stem elongation and development rate from the visible bud stage (VB) until anthesis. Plant height increase after VB was a function of the difference (DIF) between DT and NT (DT-NT). Plant height increased 90% as DIF increased from - 16 to 16C. A cubic model described bud development rate as a function of temperature from 14 to 30C. A linear model adequately described bud development rate as a function of average daily temperature from 14 to 21C. Based on the linear model, bud development rate increased 0.05 per day for each 1C increase in average daily temperature. The base temperature for bud development, i.e., the temperature at which bud development rate was 0, was calculated as 3.5C. Greenhouse forcing of vernalized Easter lilies is commonly divided into three phases: I) placement of vernalized bulbs in the greenhouse to flower initiation, II) flower initiation to VB, and III) VB to anthesis (De Hertogh and Wilkins, 1971). Plant morphological development differs during each of the forcing phases (De Hertogh and Wilkins, 1971). Growth during phase I is vegetative and consists of stem elongation and leaf expan- sion. Flower initiation, leaf expansion, and stem elongation oc- cur during phase II. Inflorescence expansion and stem elongation occur during phase III. Lily responses to temperature during phase III differed from those during phases I and II (Wang and Roberts, 1983). Lily development rate, quantified as days to unfold a leaf, is a de- creasing linear function of average daily temperature between 14 and 30C during phases I and II (Karlsson et al., 1988). Lily development rate during phase III is a nonlinear function of temperature (Healy and Wilkins, 1984). The effect of temper- ature on the rate of lily development decreases as DT and/or NT increase during phase III (Rob and Wilkins, 1973; Healy and Wilkins, 1984). Easter lily morphological development is thermomorpho- genie. For instance, internode length increases as the DIF be- tween DT and NT increases (Erwin et al., 1989). In addition, leaf orientation, leaf length, and flower length are also influ- enced by diurnal changes in temperature.