EPEIRIC SEAS: A CONTINENTAL EXTENSION OF SHELF BIOTAS
1. Overview 1.1. Controls 1.2. Temporal Distribution 1.3. Geographic Distribution 1.4. Sedimentology 1.5. Climatic Impact 2. The Environment of Epeiric Seaways 3. Origin and Evolution of the Epicontinental Sea Biota 3.1. Nature of the Epicontinental Fossil Record 3.2. Measuring Biodiversity in Epicontinental Seas 3.3. The Endemism Question 3.4. Precambrian 3.5. Paleozoic 3.5.1. Cambrian 3.5.2. Ordovician–Permian 3.6. Mesoand Cenozoic 3.6.1. Triassic–Cretaceous 3.6.2. Paleocene–Recent 3.7. Mass Extinctions Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch
Clay mineralogy, chemistry, and diagenesis of Late Devonian K-bentonite occurrences in northwestern Turkey
Thin beds of tephra (K-bentonites) formed by the diagenesis of volcanic ash are exposed within the limestone-dolomitic limestone successions of the Yilanli formation at Zonguldak and Bartin in northwestern Turkey. They were deposited on the Middle Devonian-Lower Carboniferous shallow carbonate platform of the Zonguldak terrane. In this study, K-bentonite samples collected from Gavurpinari and Yilanli Burnu limestone quarries are investigated in order to reveal their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and diagenetic evolution. Illite is the major clay mineral in the studied K-bentonites. Additionally, kaolinite and mixed-layer illite-smectite are identified in some samples. The nonclay minerals calcite, dolomite, quartz, gypsum, feldspar, pyrite, and zircon are also found. Crystal-chemical characteristics (Kubler index, d060 values, and polytypes of illites) from two different sampling locations do not show significant variations. Kubler index values for the Yilanli Burnu and Gavurpinari sampling locations, 0.47-0.93 (average: 0.71 $\Delta$°2$\theta$) and 0.69-0.77 (average: 0.72 $\Delta$°2$\theta$), respectively, indicate that illites were affected by high-grade diagenetic conditions. The swelling (or smectite) component (~5%), crystallite size (N = 10-20 nm), and polytype (2M1 > 1Md) data of illites support the same conditions. Illite d060 values of 1.491-1.503 A correspond to a range of octahedral Mg+Fe values of 0.27-0.51 atoms per formula, indicating a composition between end-member muscovite and phengite unit. Trace and rare earth element-based chemical classification of the K-bentonite samples revealed that composition of original volcanic ash is basaltic. Illitization took place by fixation of K from volcanic minerals and ash, and diffusion of elements (Mg+Fe) into and out of the beds during diagenesis. Mineralogical-chemical data point out that these K-bentonites evolved in high-grade diagenetic conditions (approximately 100-150 °C) from the products of volcanic eruptions of disputed sources and distances during the Late Devonian time.
Implementation of Tourism Satellite Account: Assessing the Contribution of Tourism to the Croatian Economy
Compiling the indicators of tourism consumption and the output of tourism industries, Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) provides a framework for internationally harmonized measurements of direct macroeconomic contribution of tourism. Ivandic and Marusic provide a detailed methodological approach for the transfer of TSA theoretical concepts to the assessment of tourism economic contribution on the case of the Croatia. Giving that the TSA compilation is still characterized by a surprisingly wide range of ‘styles’ used, the chapter contributes to a better understanding of the issues related to measurement of direct tourism impacts. It also gives a set of baseline criteria for resource allocation within tourism policy and the further evaluation of its effectiveness.