Development of bimorph vibrator using lead free BNT piezoelectric film deposited by hydrothermal method
PZT piezoelectric film synthesized hydrothermally has been studied actively in our laboratory. However, it is apprehended recently that PZT affects health and the environment, because PZT is chemical compound containing lead. Therefore, we tried to synthesize lead free BNT piezoelectric film on titanium substrate hydrothermally. The synthesized BNT films on titanium substrates were evaluated with SEM image, XRD pattern and EDS. We fabricated bimorph vibrators with synthesized lead free BNT film and evaluated their performances.
Synthesis and Characterization of Piezoelectric (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 Films by a Hydrothermal Method
Thin films of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 (abbreviated as BNT) were prepared on pure titanium substrates by a hydrothermal method. The properties of BNT films synthesized from the reaction solution with various contents of bismuth and titanium were investigated using SEM, EDX, XRD and other instruments. Moreover, the effects of the concentrations of starting materials on permittivity and piezoelectric effect of deposited BNT films were discussed. The results showed that an impurity of Bi2O3 crystal was produced on the surfaces of all deposited films. With assumption of deposited films as an system of (1-x) (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-xBi2O3, the BNT content was calculated from the Bi/Ti ratio of the EDX results. The optimized synthesis condition was determined on the evaluation target of the calculated BNT content. In addition, the unimorph cantilever type actuators were fabricated by BNT deposited samples, and their piezoelectric responses were measured at their resonance frequencies under AC field. It was noted that the piezoelectric effect of the deposited BNT film was greatly dependent on its crystallization level.
Comparison between Two Chemicals for Reducing Scale Formation in Reverse Osmosis Systems
In this present research was transacted with the calcium carbonate scale inhibition on the membrane surface of the reverse osmosis desalination system. Influence of changing feed solution flow rate (10-25)l/h, pH of the feed solution (6-10) on the recovery ,penetrate flow rate and total dissolved solid in (RO) system by using solution of calcium carbonate as feed solution was investigated, furthermore the effect of adding two types of scale inhibitor ,zinc chloride and polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate with difference concentration (2-8)mg/l for zinc chloride and (8-15) mg/l for polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate was calculated. The results showed that the permeate rate increases as the feed flow rate augmentation ,while it reducing with time, the total dissolved solids decreases as the feed flow rate increases while it increases with time and recovery rate decreases as the feed flow rate increases and it also decreases with time. It was concluded that the permeate rate decreases as the feed solution pH value increases and it cause high scale forming thus decrease the permeate TDS.By adding the scale inhibitor, it was found that the permeate rate and recovery rates increases as the concentration of inhibitor increases while the total dissolved solids decreases in the permeate with increasing the concentration of both inhibitors .It was discovered that Polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate more sturdy than zinc chloride as scale inhibitor for reverse osmosis desalination system in all concentrations was studied in this article.