Estrategias para la prevención y el control de intoxicaciones naturales por plantas fotosensibilizantes en bovinos Strategies for the prevention and control of natural intoxication by photosensitizing plants in cattle
The study was conducted at the Livestock Production Enterprise Bacuranao, of the Habana del Este municipality (La Habana province, Cuba), in order to establish a strategy for the prevention and control of natural intoxications by photosensitizing plants in cattle. For such purpose, a presumptive diagnosis on photosensitization was carried out, through the floristic inventory of the plants present in grazing and with the use of the clinical method. Diverse plants which cause hepatogenous photosensitization in the animals were identified, with Ageratum houstonianum Mill., Lantana camara L., Crotalaria retusa L. Crotalaria incana L. and Crotalaria spectabilis Roth standing out. The density of cattle per quadrant, the areas with higher incidence of this type of plants and the animals with dermatitis were determined through the Epidemiological Surveillance System (SIVE), by quadrants and grids. In the evaluation of the relative risk (RR) with and without the presence of the sun and with regards to the green forage intake, it was found that the animals exposed to sunlight and those that consumed forage had 1,85 and 3,17 times more incidence, respectively, of clinical signs associated to the hepatogenous photodynamic dermatitis, with higher levels for the ones that ingested the toxic plant A. houstonianum Mill along with the forage. From these results a plan of general and specific measures was elaborated for the control of toxicosis in the areas contaminated with these plants. It is concluded that the use of SIVE, the botanical census, the support treatments to animals with severe symptoms and the management and feeding measures can improve the efficacy in the control of toxicosis and, in turn, the protection of the animals at risk.
Intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. em ruminantes no Brasil
Brachiaria species are the most important grasses for cattle production in Brazil. However, a limiting factor for the use of Brachiaria spp. is their toxicity. Most outbreaks of hepatogenous photosensitization are caused by B. decumbens; however B. brizantha, B. humidicola and B. ruziziensis can also cause poisoning. The poisoning affects cattle, sheep, goats and buffalo. Sheep are more susceptible than other animal species and the young are more susceptible than adults. There are differences in susceptibility among animals of the same species and it has been suggested that this resistance is genetic. Also has been suggested that buffalo and probably some sheep are resilient, i.e. when poisoned these animals have histologic lesions and high GGT serum concentrations, but do not show clinical signs. In general, saponin concentrations are higher in growing plants, but outbreaks occur all over the year, probably due to unexplained rise in saponin concentration in the plant. A clinical syndrome of progressive weight loss and death, without photosensitization, has been reported in cattle poisoned by B. decumbens. Main preventive measures are based on the selection of resistant or resilient animals and on the development of Brachiaria species or varieties with low saponin concentration.
The fight against the ‘anti-nation’ as a historical mission: the delegitimization of the enemy in Italian Fascism and Spanish Fascism
For the Italian Partito Nazionale Fascista (Pnf) and the Falange Española (Fe), the political community coincided with the nation, conceived not as an undifferentiated conglomeration of citizens but as a community of believers in a ‘religion of the Fatherland’. The common goal of the Italian and the Spanish fascists, since their appearance on the political scene of their respective countries, was the defence of national values. But the claim to being the only and exclusive representatives of those values denied any effective freedom of dissent, even to those who respected national values but intended them in a different way. This article will analyse how the ideologues of the Pnf and the Fe articulated their respective campaigns against the anti-national enemies in order to legitimise their own parties and pave the way to the effective realization of their own nations: nations that had to be clearly and totally fascist.