THE BANKS GUARANTEE UNDER THE UNIFORM INTERNATIONAL RULES
The UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) officially endorsed the most recent revision of the ICC Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (URDG N 758) at its 44th annual session in Vienna from 27 June-8 July 2011. It became effective on July 1, 2010. Jean-Guy Carrier, ICC Secretary-General said: The UNCITRAL endorsement of the ICC URDG will undoubtedly define the direction of banking practice for demand guarantees, establish international unity with regards to these practices, and alleviate any confusion and miscommunication which could arise in the completion of trade transactions” [10]. Clear, precise and comprehensive new rules aim to maintain legal risk control through the high level of certainty and predictability that they foster. The interest of financial stability of business entities and the desire to quickly collect receivables need a legal instrument for security payments which provide safety to business partners to the fullest extent and will minimize the effect of risk factors. From the number of these instruments, the bank guarantee is the most important security instrument for contemporary circulation of commodities in the world. In this work, the object and purpose of the study is to analyze the legal aspects and results when using the international banking guarantees and are based on the theoretical methodology of scientific research.
The United Nations Convention
A. As is noted in Lecture I, the CISG contains substantive law governing the rights of parties to certain international sales contracts – “international private law” –, and it deals with issues such as the formation of a contract for sale, the seller’s delivery obligations, the quality of goods the seller must provide, the buyer’s obligation to pay, remedies for breach, and exemption from liability based on unforeseen circumstances (force majeure).
DESIGN CONSIDERATION TO PPM KLYSTRONS FOR INDUSTRIAL LINAC
Toshiba has been developing the C-band and X-band Periodic Permanent Magnet (PPM) focused klystron in collaboration with KEK and manufactured prototypes for the JLC project. [1] The PPM klystron has an advantage to enhance the total efficiency as a result of eliminating the electric power for the focusing magnet. From experience on the development the PPM focused klystrons for the JLC project, we plan to apply the PPM focused klystron to the medical and industrial linac. The periodic magnet focusing scheme has some technical difficulties such as stop band voltage. To design the PPM klystron for the medical and industrial linac, it is necessary to give heed to electron beam instability; so that the tube parameters of the PPM focused klystrons have some constraints. The size of the accelerator system is substantially reduced if a PPM focused klystron is used. The majority of medical and industrial linacs use frequencies of S-band range. We discuss the availability of the S-band PPM focused klystron in this paper.