Studies on the streaming transparency of red blood cell suspension. III. Factors controlling the streaming transparency of suspension.
Materials and methods are essentially the same as detailed in the foregoing paper (Nakamura et al., 1957 a and b), except for the following points. Erythrocytes suspension (0.4% o f cell concentration) : In the Exp. V the concentration of NaCl in media is varied between 0.1 and 1.0 mol gradually. Iodine crystal suspension: Thick alcohol solution of iodine crystal is poured into water stirring gently. Then minute needle-shaped crystals of iodine grow out in the liquid. Crystals of approximately the same dimension are gathered by means of decantation. The concentration of suspensoids is below 1%. Vessel: 36.7 cm of inner diameter. Scattered light measurement o f suspension : The light is received by the multiplyer through a tubelet 1 mm of diameter.
Studies on the streaming transparency of red blood cell suspension. I. Modified apparatus for measuring the streaming transparency of red blood cell suspension.
The change of the transparency of red blood cell suspension by flow was first studied quantitatively by Kuroda (1955; 1956). Performing analytical studies on it, he elucidated that the degree of streaming transparency (D.S.T.) of red blood cell suspension is in a good correlation with the morphological and optical characters of suspensoides. Recent theoretical and experimental advances have clearly demonstrated the potentialities of this method in the elucidation not only of various sorts of anaemiae but also of antigen antibody reaction. Deeply interested in it, we also have been engaged in the reformation of the apparatus with moderate success. The present paper deals with the description of mechanical arrangement of the apparatus.
Measuring Sheet Resistances of Dielectrics Using Co‐Planar Hydrogel Electrochemical Cells with Practical Applications to Characterize the Protective Quality of Paints on Sculptures
Electrical properties of thin dielectric films at the solid-liquid phase boundary are an important performance characteristic of many devices, coatings and sensors. In this paper, co-polymeric hydrogels of polyacrylic acid co-sulfonic acid, swollen with a salt solution to act as the solid electrolyte, were used to assess interfaces using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a co-planar geometry. Silane-modified glasses were characterized by the co-planar hydrogel EIS cell and found to be distinguishable based on their surface monolayer chemistry. EIS measurements were also made on primed and painted metal substrates, using both test panels and an outdoor sculpture, Tony Smith's Stinger. The panels were then exposed to accelerated and outdoor weathering and showed degradation on the surface paint layers, which was observable electrochemically using EIS and confirmed visually by SEM. Electrochemical spectral features were compared between data from a standard paint-test cell versus this co-planar hydrogel cell; both cell types were able to measure coating capacitance, providing useful information about the condition of the bulk coating. Yet, sheet resistance (Rs) was a spectral feature seen only by the co-planar hydrogel cell. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of such co-planar hydrogel cells can provide an earlier warning sign to coating degradation and such cells provide a new type of spectral information that is not assessable by the standard geometry.