Net drift in an atypical estuary, Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound is an estuary with two-layered flow at the eastern opening to the ocean and a salinity gradient of about 5 parts per thousand between the eastern and western extremes. Tidal currents, wind-driven circulation, and river inflow and fresh water influx are investigated as factors affecting the net drift. Current measurements in eastern Long Island Sound indicate that the tidal circulation features that predominate there do not normally affect the net drift at the New Haven dump site. Drifter returns and a numerical model indicate that seasonal prevailing winds seem to be the primary cause of the net drift in central Long Island Sound.
Seasonal variation of residual drift in Long Island Sound
Abstract Residual drift in Long Island Sound (LIS) is analyzed based on the recovery of 346 out of 951 surface and bottom drifters released at 86 locations in 1973 and 1974. Two periods of distinctly differing drift correlate with wind and freshwater discharge variation. The summer period (June to early November 1973) is characterized by relatively weak southwest winds and low freshwater discharge. In the winter period (after early November 1973) there are strong northwest winds and relatively high freshwater discharge. An estuarine circulation (surface outflow and bottom inflow) exists in eastern LIS throughout the year. Bottom drifter returns received in the summer period indicate that the westward flux of near bottom waters does not extend into central LIS past Mattituck Sill. During the winter season near bottom waters move well into central LIS and upwelling against the Connecticut coast is apparent. There is little evidence for significant near bottom exchange between western and central LIS.
Thermodynamics on the Carbochlorination of Titanium-bearing Ores
The equilibrium compositions of the multi-component, multi-phase and multi-reaction system of carbochlorination of titanium-bearing ores are calculated with HSC, a computational chemistry software. The thermodynamic equilibrium calculation of the reaction system shows that a complete conversion of titanium-bearing ores is feasible at a temperature near 200oC. At temperatures ranging from 800 to 1600oC, the products of the reaction system are all in gaseous phase. Thermodynamic analysis accords with the industrial practice. The simulated results provide reasonable scientific basis for improving suitable technological conditions of the carbochlorination reduction.