Black Board Struggles: Teacher Unionism Under the ‘Democratic’ Rawlings Regime 1992-2000
Introduction hana’s return to liberal democratic rule formed part of what has been generally accepted as the third wave of democratisation in Africa, when internal frustrations with growing corruption, repression and unemployment in most African countries, conjoined with the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989, triggered waves of democratic protests, which eventually led to the birth or rebirth of new democracies across Africa (see Bratton & Van de Walle 1997). In Ghana, by December 1991, when the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC), the quasi-military regime that was formed after the 1981 coup, observed its tenth anniversary, the move towards constitutional rule had taken firm roots. Two significant developments in 1992 sealed the rebirth of a democratic Ghana. The first was a
The teaching profession in the history of Ghanaian education
This article presents part of the data gathered for a study of Ghanaian elementary teachers' job satisfaction and their attitudes to their profession and other job alternatives. Since cne of the central objectives of the study is to see how the teachers view their profession vis-a-vis alternative avenues of employment in Ghana and how such comparisons influence their wort beh||yfpjar and plans, we examine in this article historical evidence on the influence which such factors as salary and conditions of Service, teacfiers' asSocia&ojns and their prestige and prof essional * status have had on their work behaviour and plans. Other points which we shall examine are teacher education and factors which have helped to improve the teachers' general conditions of service.
Sex Inequalities in Urban Employment in the Third World
The development process involves a restructuring of the labor force from traditional and subsistence-type rural employment to modern organized urban employment. For women this restructuring is often considered to increase their disadvantage; the modern sector is said to take over economic activities which were traditionally the means by which self-employed women earned their income--such as food processing retail trade and making cloth and clothes--while employers in the modern sector are said to favor men as employees. This volume investigates male-female inequalities in modern sector non-agricultural employment in developing countries. The case of the catering business in Ile-Ife illustrates the ways in which the modernization of an industry can exclude women even when the occupations involved are traditionally female. A key factor in the restricted employment of women is the existence of a well-defined hierarchy in the modern catering establishment. In a society like Nigeria where it is felt that women are inappropriate for supervisory jobs the top levels of the hierarchy tend to be male even in the kitchen. This also tends to exclude women from the lower levels since male bosses can be accused of sexually victimizing female but not male subordinates. Another important disadvantage of women is their greater difficulty of access to the capital required for ownership of their own business. Certain changes in the modernization process tend to discourage women as potential employees. The fixed location and fixed hours of work makes work more difficult to combine with womens domestic responsibilities. In a society like that in Ife where women are traditionally economically active and are expected to be active their gradual exclusion from economic activity by male dominated modernization is a real danger to their place within society.