study of flood risks in urban zones of the mexican republic
The objective of this article is to give an understanding of a methodology for the generation of risk, hazard and vulnerability maps due to flooding in urban areas. This work is part of an update of the Flood Risk Atlas of Mexico. Models with a twodimensional (2D) structure that includes the tie rod and velocity are used simultaneously. The foregoing will permit flood risk prevention to the local infrastructure. With this methodology, flood zones can be prioritized to assess flood damage so as to mitigate the loss of economic resources. Simulations with one dimensional model are considered for this, as well as two dimensional (2D) simulations for the generation of flood maps. This will help as a decision-making tool for flood control in urban zones. This methodology is applied in the city of Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas to demonstrate its scope and benefits. DOI: 10.29011/CRHR-106. 100006
STATE‐OF‐THE‐ART OF ESTIMATING FLOOD DAMAGE IN URBAN AREAS1
ABSTRACT: With implementation of the Flood Insurance Act of 1968 many additional local flood protection projects are being considered. Consulting engineers and local agencies need consistent methods to estimate flood damage in order to perform feasibility studies. Federal agencies have a great deal of data and long experience in making damage estimates but no comprehensive guides are available at the local level. Curves of flood damages to different residential structure types are presented. The relationships in use by the U. S. Federal Insurance Administration are shown to be reasonable and are recommended for use as approximate guides. Additional research is recommended and discussion of the paper is invited in order to make additional data available in the literature.
Electrochemical detection of copper(II) at a gold electrode modified with a self-assembled monolayer of penicillamine
A penicillamine (PCA) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was prepared on a gold electrode. It has been found that the modified electrode exhibited a selective response to copper ions. As demonstrated by cyclic voltammetric experiments, the SAM-based electrode showed an attractive ability to preconcentrate efficiently traces of copper(II) from solutions. Under optimum conditions, the anodic peak current was proportional to the concentration of Cu(II) in the range from 8.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−4 M with a detection limit of 4.0 × 10−7 M. Moreover, this modified gold electrode is also characterized by excellent repeatability, showing a relative standard deviation of 3.2% for nine successive measurements of 1.0 × 10−5 M Cu(II). The PCA/Au SAM gold electrode was used for the determination of Cu(II) in a tap water sample and the results showed a good agreement with the data obtained by atomic emission spectrometry.