Field Testing of Submersible Cable
The increased number of installations of submersible pumps in the oilfield has brought about an increased need for decreasing the operating costs associated with the cable. The devices and methods of field testing the cable are explained, and the results of application of different testing parameters and techniques are evaluated. The effect of temperature on the insulating material is presented. Specifications and standards for manufacturing and factory testing of submersible cable are also discussed.
Electric Submersible Pump Cable Standards and Specifications Preview
Electric submersible pump cable is a specialized product for deep well application. Different environments require various configurations. A synopsis is presented of pending standard specifications for the two most common designs. These are a round cable using polypropylene insulation and another using ethylene propylene rubber insulation. A review of the pending guide for testing these cables is also included.
Experimental investigation of the geotechnical properties and microstructure of lime-stabilized saline soils under freeze-thaw cycling
Abstract The Song-Nen Plain in northeastern China holds one of the three largest expanses of soda saline-alkali soil in the world. Due to its disadvantageous geotechnical properties, the saline soil in this area is unable to meet the needs of construction projects. This study evaluates the stabilizing effect of adding lime to such soils. Specifically, it investigates how the physicochemical and mechanical properties and microstructure of soda saline-alkali soil are altered by lime and how these changes are affected by both freeze-thaw cycling and the duration of curing. The results reveal that adding lime to saline soil transforms clay particles into sand and silt particles and causes the pore size distribution (PSD) to become bimodal, with small-pore and macropore populations. An increase in lime content leads to an increase in the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) but a gradual decrease in both the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and plastic index. Freeze-thaw cycles break up coarse particles and aggregate finer particles, increasing the diameter of macropores and decreasing the USC; however, the effect on specimens with >9% lime is negligible. It is further shown that the geotechnical properties of the soil change immediately after the addition of lime, indicating that the cation exchange reaction takes place very quickly. Furthermore, the pozzolanic reaction leads to an increase in the percentage of sand-sized particles and a decrease in porosity after 28 days of curing. Overall, these results indicate that it is feasible to use lime to improve the engineering properties of soda saline-alkali soil in this area.