The electrical hazard of the future
This paper calls attention to a continuing and growing problem concerning an ever-present electrical hazard that is being swept under the rug. Several miscalculations and lack of understanding of grounding have combined over the past 80 years to set into motion the electrocution of dairy cows, pigs and humans residing in North America from the electrical distribution system. The urge to reduce costs by the utility companies has resulted in the lack of maintenance of the electrical distribution system. This combined with an expected increase in peak demand of 16 percent over the next decade is expected to result in an increase in stray current flowing uncontrolled over the earth shocking and killing not only dairy cows and pigs, but humans too.
Equipotential Planes, a Figment of the Imagination
This paper challenges conventional established practice and presently accepted standards concerning equipotential planes. The concepts, ideas and recommendations contained within this paper are the opinions of the author. It is the opinion of the author that it is unfortunate that in the United States the vast majority of utilities use the hazardous multigrounded neutral electrical distribution system. This type of electrical distribution system uses the earth for a partial electrical neutral return path for the dangerous high voltage distribution current. The correct term for this uncontrolled current is "stray current" as opposed to the incorrect term, stray voltage, commonly used. Robert Gustafson was editor of Chapter 4, Mitigation, in the document titled, "USDA agriculture handbook no. 696, effects of electrical voltage/current on farm animals" known as the Agriculture Red Book, where he presents "various solutions to stray or neutral-to-earth voltage problems". One of his major suggestions is the installation of an equipotential plane. This paper relates testing that suggests that such a solution is harmful not only to animals such as cows and pigs, but also to humans. With the flow of stray neutral distribution current over and through the earth, one must consider the effects that this dangerous stray neutral distribution current have on an equipotential plane. According to the National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA) Standard 70, the National Electrical Code (NEC) Articles 547 and 680, equipotential planes "... prevent a difference in voltage from developing within the plane." This paper discusses the contradictions, inconsistencies and incompatibilities of equipotential planes, Ohms law and the NEC. For years it has been opined that with detailed understanding, and the correct application of Ohms law, one would come to the conclusion that the concept of equipotential planes was not only potentially dangerous, but also blatantly false. In December 2004, tests were conducted that finally confirmed that the concept of equipotential planes is a figment of the imagination
Production of new antituberculosis drug and other medical preparations by electron beam treatment
Abstract Possibility of electron beam usage for immobilization of hydrazidum of an isonicotinic acid (HIA) on dextrane was studied to produce a drug for treatment of a tuberculosis. As a result of irradiation of dextrane the processes of oxidation and formation of polysaccharide occur due to carbonyl groups which are to link isoniasidum. The HIA immobilized on dextrane may be used as an effective medical preparation having prolonged action for action on endo and extracellular population of Micobacterium tuberculosis .