The Search for a Cultural Identity: A Personal View of South African "Indian" Theatre
Because it is a tiny community, it is often seen from without to be a homogenous group. Outsiders are often unaware of the differences between religions, languages, customs, class, and political affiliations that exacerbate internal tensions within the community. Very conscious of their minority position in the country, Indians in South Africa have also been subject to a great deal of external pressure. In the apartheid era, they were required to live in segregated areas and attend segregated schools and were also subjected to threats of repatriation to India (although these threats never materialized). At the same time, the relative affluence of some of their members and their social position caught between the haves (mostly white) and the have-nots (mostly black) made them targets of African resentment.2 As a result, there are two
Transnational locality: Diasporas and indentured South Asians
This article investigates why Diasporas are often considered threatening to state security, especially during periods of national or international uncertainty. The central argument is that this perception can best be understood if they are seen as inhabiting a transnational locality, a space that encapsulates both their indigenization and transnationality. In other words, it is limiting to view Diasporas in terms of a home–host trope; this relies on a state-to-state structural analysis that elides the complex identities associated with Diasporas and the abiding perception that they are a threat. What is distinctive about Diasporas is that they are indigenized over time (Creolized, hybridized), but they retain a transnational identity that is associated with a perceived homeland (real or imagined). While they are insiders in the nation-state, they are also outsiders in all states – they reside in a transnational locality that is rooted, but also removed. The article relies on empirical evidence from the Indian indentured diaspora in Fiji and South Africa. It is proposed that the transnationality intrinsic to their diaspora identities not only marks them “Indian”, but also alienates them from other national ethnic groups and from India.
Barbarians, Gentlemen and Players : A Sociological Study of the Development of Rugby Football
Part I: Folk Antecedents and Transitional Forms of Football in the Public Schools 1. The folk antecedents of modern rugby and their decline 2. Football in the early 19th century public schools Part II: The Modernisation of Rugby Football 3. The preconditions for modernization: embourgeoisement and public school reform 4. The incipient modernization of rugby football 5. The 'civilising process' and the formation of the RFU. 6. The democratization of rugby football. 7. Professionalisation and the amateur response. 8. The split. 9. The class structure and the professionalisation of British sport. Part III: The Development of Rugby Football as a Modern Sport 10. The professionalisation of rugby league. 11. Rugby union as a modern sport: bureaucracy, gate-taking clubs and the swansong of amateurism. Conclusion: Sociological Reflections on the Crisis in Modern Sport