Design of broadband, highly integrated, 20-30 GHz and 35-45 GHz MMIC up-converters
The design of broadband, highly integrated up-converters is described. Two up-converters have been designed to reduce the complexity and cost of broadband millimetre wave systems by integrating a number of functions into a compact MMIC. Broadband performance was achieved for 20-30 GHz and 35-45 GHz with OIP3 exceeding 24 and 15 dBm, respectively; 2xLO leakage better than 3 dBm and excellent gain control. To our knowledge, this is the highest level of integration achieved for an up-converter at these frequencies.
Resitive FET Mixers
This thesis presents theory, device models and circuits related to resistive FET mixers: A wave analysis for resistive mixers The analysis gives an intuitive estimate of resistive mixer performance when most parameters are unknown. It is based on the assumption that all mixing terms generated in the mixer are terminated with the same impedance. An expression for the conversion efficiency is therefore simple to derive in time domain. For HFETs and MESFETs, the wave analysis is extended to incorporate the effect of the local oscillator power level. The analysis methods are successfully verified by measurements. A symmetrical HFET/MESFET nonlinear model The nonlinear FET model reflects the intrinsic symmetry of microwave HFETs and MESFETs. The model is successfully verified by intermodulation measurements on mixers and amplifiers. Single device balanced resistive FET mixers Two types of single device balanced resistive HEMT mixers are presented. The mixers utilize the inherent symmetry of the FET to achieve balanced operation. The first type has a balanced, and the other a single ended, extraction of the intermediate frequency. Both types are successfully verified at 20 GHz. A FET transceiver suitable for FMCW radars The FET transceiver uses the same device for output power generation as for down-conversion of the received signal. The FET operates simultaneously as an amplifier and as a resistive mixer. It, thereby, avoids the problems associated with the separation of the transmitted and received signals which are closely spaced in frequency. The circuit is, empirically, shown to be insensitive to DC-bias variations. We also derive a method to optimize the output power simultaneously with the mixer conversion efficiency. A resistive FET frequency multiplier The operation of the multiplier is analogous to that of the resistive FET mixer. The wave analysis mentioned above is used to deduce the optimum way of operating the FET as well as estimating the conversion efficiency of a multiply-by-n circuit. The theoretical analysis is verified with two different 2 to 4 GHz multipliers. The verification shows good agreement between theory and measurements.
Numerical Simulation for Natural State of Two-Phase Liquid Dominated Geothermal Reservoir with Steam Cap Underlying Brine Reservoir
Hydrothermal reservoir which liquid-dominated hydrothermal reservoir is a type of geothermal reservoir that most widely used for power plant. The exploitation of mass and heat from the geothermal fluid will decrease the pressure in the reservoir over time. Therefore the pressure drop in the reservoir will have an impact on the formation of boiling zones or boiling will increase. The impacts are an increase in the fraction of steam, dryness, in the reservoir and with good vertical permeability will form a steam cap underlying the brine reservoir. The two- phase liquid dominated reservoir is sensitive to the porosity and difficult to assign average properties of the entire reservoir when there is boiling zone in some area of the reservoir. These paper showed successful development of two-phase liquid dominated geothermal reservoir and discussed the formation of steam cap above brine reservoir through numerical simulation for state natural conditions. The natural state modeling in steam cap shows a match with the conceptual model of the vapor-dominated developed. These paper also proofed the presence of transition zone, boiling zone, between steam cap and brine reservoir.