The US military-technological revolution and the ‘Europeanization’ of the French defence industrial sector during the 1990s
RUSI JOURNAL FEBRUARY 2004 This article suggests a possible correlation between the United Statesled military-technological revolution and the cab for 'Europeanization' of the French defence industry during the 1990s. It presents French views with regard to the US-promoted 'Revolution in Military Affairs' (RMA) and points to elements that fostered an intensified European orientation of the French defence industry during the 1990s. I
Mapping European Defence Cooperation
The post-Cold War era has witnessed a set of changes in the security landscape faced by European states which have important implications for the institutional architecture of European security. The bi-polarity of the Cold War and threat of attack by the Soviet Union has given way to a more uncertain and diffuse range of security threats, including environmental security, transnational crime, global pandemics, international terrorism, failed states and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).1 At the same time, several more traditional security issues persist. As North Sea oil and gas reserves begin to mature, European states face the challenge of ensuring security of gas, particularly oil, supplies in the context of an increased scarcity of resources. European states must also cope with the challenge of managing the rise of new powers in the international system: the emergence of China and India as global players and the re-emergence of Russia.2
Urban Identities and Catastrophe: Izmir and Salonica at the End of the Ottoman Empire*
Two huge fires dramatically influenced the urban development of Salonica and Izmir, in 1917 and in 1922, respectively. These catastrophes occurred after the Ottoman Empire fell, and Salonica and Izmir had shifted into new national contexts. The fires mainly destroyed the districts that were transformed during the late‐Ottoman period. These districts became the cosmopolitan façades of modern Izmir and Salonica. The post‐fires' tabula rasa provided an opportunity for Greek and Turkish politicians and European planners to change the urban identity of both cities. Moreover, the Lausanne Treaty of 1923 transformed their multicultural societies also. Reconstruction plans had been thought to de‐Ottomanize and remove the previous idea of the towns and their multiplicity, interpreting new cultural and nationalist feeling. Here, I emphasize how modernity was interpreted before and after the fires, and point out contradictions between ideological aspects of planning and how the first urban districts were built during the 1920s.