OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SARCOCYSTIS PARASITE ISOLATED FROM SHEEP IN YAZD PROVINCE, IRAN
Introduction: Sarcocystis species are one of the most important meat borne parasites. Sarcocystosis causes several symptoms in human as well as numerous diseases with a high economic impact on livestock. In the current paper at first the results of a pilot study for determination of disease agent in the lambs of Yazd province in central Iran is presented. Then the status of parasite in red meat products in the study region is discussed. Materials and Methods: Muscles of 70 slaughtered sheep from both sexes and different ages were investigated for presence of parasite cysts from September to October 2013. Carcass inspection with naked eye at industrial slaughterhouses of Yazd for macroscopic cysts, and pepsin-digestion method for microscopic cysts was performed on common infected sites
Prevalence and distribution patterns of Sarcocystis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Yazd province, Iran
Sarcocystis spp., are zoonotic cyst-forming coccidian parasites that cause sarcocystosis. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence as well as distribution patterns of Sarcocystis spp. infection in slaughtered one-humped camels of Yazd province, Iran. Muscles of 130 camels were investigated for either macroscopic or microscopic sarcocysts during summer 2009. No macroscopic cyst was observed in the animals at naked eye inspection. Of examined camels, 67 (51.5 %) were positive for bradyzoites of the parasite by pepsin-digestion method. The infection rates of infected animals were 55.22, 50.75, 38.81, 34.33, and 28.36 %, in esophagus, heart, masseter muscle, intercostal muscle and limb muscle, respectively. Esophagus was the most commonly infected organ. No significant difference in the rate of infection between male (52.08 %) and female (51.22 %) camels was observed. Logistic regression analyses showed that infection rates’ risk increased with increment in age of camels. This considerable prevalence of microscopic Sarcocystis spp. in Yazd province camels reflects a significant role played by wild and domestic carnivores in the transmission of these parasites.
American Insurgents, American Patriots: The Revolution of the People
This is a story of rumour, charity, vengeance, and restraint. "American Insurgents, American Patriots" reminds us that revolutions are violent events. They provoke passion and rage, a willingness to use violence to achieve political ends, a deep sense of betrayal, and a strong religious conviction that God expects an oppressed people to defend their rights. The American Revolution was no exception. A few celebrated figures in the Continental Congress do not make for a revolution. It requires tens of thousands of ordinary men and women willing to sacrifice, kill, and be killed. Breen not only tells the history of these ordinary Americans but, drawing upon a wealth of rarely seen documents, restores their primacy to America's road to independence. Mobilizing two years before the Declaration of Independence, American insurgents in all thirteen colonies concluded that resistance to British oppression required organized violence against the state. They channeled popular rage through elected committees of safety and observation, which before 1776 were the heart of American resistance. "American Insurgents, American Patriots" is the stunning account of their insurgency, without which there would have been no independent republic as we know it.