Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indonesian Sugar Apple ( Annona squamosa L . ) Extracted with Various Solvents Deva
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
Comparative study of ultrasonic pretreatment and ultrasound assisted three phase partitioning for extraction of custard apple seed oil.
Custard apple seed oil is a marketable product extracted from custard apple seed which is a potential agriculture waste. The present work aims to elucidate simultaneous extraction of the custard apple seed oil and proteins using three phase partitioning (TPP). The efficient oil extraction was executed by optimization of parameters including time, slurry ratio, salt concentration, and slurry to t-butanol ratio. Additionally, the application of ultrasound as process intensification tool for TPP was studied that reduces the time of conventional TPP and increases the yield by 2.53%. The work also comprises a comparative study of two modes of ultrasound application, namely ultrasound pre-treatment and simultaneous ultrasound assisted TPP. This work proves ultrasonic pre-treatment followed by TPP as a superior mode of ultrasound application that attributes 33.6 ± 0.56% (w/w) oil extraction with optimized pre-treatment time of 150 s, 30 W ultrasound power and 75% duty cycle. Extraction kinetics studied for conventional, Ultrasound assisted Three Phase Partitioning (UTPP), and Ultrasound Pre-treatment assisted Three Phase Partitioning (UPTPP) were observed to fit Peleg's model.
A review on herbal antioxidants.
INTRODUCTION Antioxidants or inhibitors of oxidation are compounds which retard or prevent the oxidation and in general prolong the life of the oxidizable matter. (1) Free radicals are fundamentals to any biochemical process and represent an essential part of aerobic life and metabolism. Majority of the diseases / disorders are mainly linked to oxidative stress due to free radicals. (2) The oxidants / free radicals are species with very short half life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. These species may be either Oxygen derived (ROS) or Nitrogen derived (RNS). The most common reactive oxygen species include superoxide anion (O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxyl radicals (ROO) and reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH). The nitrogen derived free radicals are nitric oxide (NO), peroxy nitrite anion (ONOO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3). In general, the reactive oxygen species circulating in the body tend to react with the electron of other molecules in the body and these also effect various enzyme systems and cause damage which may further contribute to conditions such as cancer, ischemia, aging, adult respiratory distress syndromes, rheumatoid arthritis etc.(3) The exogenous sources of ROS include electromagnetic radiation, cosmic radiation, UV-light, ozone, cigarette smoke and low wavelength electromagnetic radiations and endogenous sources are mitochondrial electron transport chain, β-oxidation of fat. Chemical compounds and reaction capable of generating potential toxic oxygen species / free radicals are referred to as ‘pro-oxidants’. They attack macromolecules including protein, DNA and lipid causing to cellular / tissue damage on the other hand, compounds and reactions disposing off these species, scavenging them suppressing their formation or opposing their actions are called antioxidants. In a normal cell there is an appropriate pro-oxidant: antioxidant balance. However, this balance can be shifted towards the pro-oxidant when production of oxygen species is increased or when levels of antioxidants are diminished. This state is called ‘oxidative stress’ and can result in serious cell damage if the stress is massive or prolonged.(4)