Risky Winds: Investing in Wind Energy Projects in Pakistan
Investment in renewable energy sectors in many developing countries has grown significantly in the last decade. Developing countries now seek to attract investment in the renewable energy sector. Foreign investment in developing countries hinges on factors such as security of investment, entry barriers, cost of doing business, repatriation of profits, dispute resolution, etc. This is where the role of the government and policy-makers becomes critical. Unless a sector-specific policy is adopted that is not only coherent and adaptable but also extends the right incentives, foreign investors will remain reluctant to invest in the renewable energy sector even if a huge investment potential exists. This article highlights Pakistan as a case study to examine law and policy issues pertaining to investment and transaction costs associated with investing in a developing country that possesses significant wind energy potential.
The Economics of Wind Energy of Pakistan
This paper highlights the Economics of Wind Energy in Pakistan. Pakistan is developing country and is facing energy crisis since past. Pakistan has been blessed with natural resources but they did not utilize these resources. Currently power generation is not enough to meet the power needs and as a result there is huge gap between demand and supply in energy sectors. The demand of energy exceeds the supply especially in summer and it is high as compared to supply due to huge population Pakistan has shortage of fossil fuel resources and their economy is poor they import oil from different countries. Poor economy does not allow the import of fossil fuel on wide scale. Moreover, Pakistan imported too much oil which influences the economy and oil imported is critical from energy security point of view. A large of the population lives in isolated areas and still they are waiting to be connecting to the national electricity grid. The purpose of this research is to analyze the cost of wind energy and data is collected from different articles, journals from 2000- 2030. Pakistan needs to establish more projects on wind energy and provide excellent energy at 1000 km long coastline in south and at north places. This great potential would exploit to produce electricity on community and wind farm scales. It is concluded that in future Pakistan's energy demand will increase and their supply will decrease in every year and in this way their GDP will be go down.
The risk of Listeria monocytogenes infection in beef cattle operations
Aim:  To determine the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and associated risk factors among beef operations (cow‐calf and feedlot) in central and southern California.