The Scintillation Counter
The scintination counter is a relatively new instrument for the detection and measurement of nuclear and atomic radiations. Light produced in a fluorescent material by the incident particle or quantum Is picked up by a photomultiplier tube. The resultant photoelectric emission is amplified in the photomultiplier by a series of secondary-emission stages. This paper is a review of the present state of knowledge regarding the characterstics of the counter and the details of Its operation.
SCINTILLATION COUNTERS FOR SLOW NEUTRONS
The suitability of boric oxide glass containing phosphorescent materials for use as scintillation counters for slow neutrons is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A theory is developed which can be used for predicting counting efficiencies of the phosphor disks given optical data and neutron absorption properties of the materials present, and physical details of the experimental arrangement. This is compared to experiment in one case with good agreement. It is shown that there are serious practical difficulties in the use of a boric glass phosphor as a slow neutron detector.
The effect of collimation on image quality and radiation safety in digital radiography of small animals
Collimating the primary x-ray beam to the specific area of anatomic interest has traditionally been strongly recommended to produce high quality radiographic images, even though some small animal patients can fit their entire torso on a single radiographic casette or detector. However, modern digital radiography may allow for whole-body projections for these patients at similar quality to specific collimated projections. Lateral and ventrodorsal projections of 31 small dogs were obtained to evaluate the effect of collimation on the quality of the resulting digital radiograph. Each projection was performed using both a collimated and whole-body technique. Scatter radiation was detected during each exposure as well to determine the effect of collimation on radiation safety for veterinary personnel. The resulting images were cropped to portray only the thorax, and were evaluated by five radiologists blinded to the procedure used for each image. Visual grading characteristics analysis was performed. An overall trend towards higher image quality was found in the collimated approach compared to the whole-body, but in most cases this change was not significant. Overall image quality for the ventrodorsal images was found to be significantly better in the collimated approach compared to the whole-body. Evaluation of image histograms suggests that the application of digital processing and the look-up table differs between them, and this may account for a large portion of any quality difference. Over twice as much scatter radiation was detected during the whole-body images as during the collimated images. Overall image quality was rated as adequate to high for almost all images with both approaches. Adequate collimation remains recommended to provide the highest quality images with the lowest exposure to veterinary personnel.