Manganoxyd-Phasen als Pigmente antiker Vasenmalerei
function (dots) and the fitted survivor function (continuous line) for ear thquakes with M ~ 2.0 in Eastern Canada for the period t925-1965 (Ranalli, in preparation). Seismic zoning in terms of frequency isolines of damaging earthquakes is therefore a useful first step in ear thquake risk analysis. In order to refine the ear thquake risk index ~ however, it is necessary to weigh it for magnitude, focal depth, and ground response. Ultimately, an empirically based relation between ground acceleration, distance, and magni tude is required, so tha t ear thquake risk can be translated into terms of more immediate relevance to h u m a n and social problems.
Four shades of black: Non-invasive scientific studies on the painted potteries from Shahr-i Sokhta, eastern Iran
Abstract Shahr-i Sokhta in east of Iran represents different stages of settlements from the fourth to the second millennium BC. A large assemblage of ceramics shards has been unearthed from Shahr-i Sokhta many of which are decorated with different shades of black, yellow and red colours. Micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman) on some seventy painted shards from Shahr-i Sokhta with polychrome, bi-chrome and monochrome decorations showed haematite and goethite as red and yellow decorations, respectively. Black decorations, however, consisted of four main groups including carbon black, magnetite, haematite and jacobsite. This paper represents a successful application of non-invasive spectroscopic methods for identifying pigments on archaeological ceramics.
The Inca Occupation of the South Coast of Peru
like the others, however; it forks into several nearly parallel ravines of which the largest are Huayuri, Rio Grande-Palpa, Ingenio (called Collao in ancient times), Nasca proper (the ancient Caxamarca), Taruga, and Poroma. Due to peculiarities of the local topography, the irrigated areas in Ica and the ravines of Nasca are located inland, at the foot of the mountains, rather than at the mouths of the rivers as is more usual in Peruvian coastal valleys. No sharp natural or cultural boundary separates the valley of Chincha from the valleys of Cafiete (ancient Huarco and Runahuana), Asia, and Mala, the next valleys going up the coast to the northwest. At the other end of the area we are considering, however, there is a sharp break; beyond Yauca the Andean foothills reach out to the sea, natural conditions are quite different, and there are important differences in the archaeological picture as well. The historical sources which mention the south coast are not particularly helpful, except in so far as they provide us with a few dates. To begin with, no chronicler gives an explicit account of the political organization of the south coast at the time it came into contact with the Incas. It can, perhaps, be inferred from Cabello Balboa's statements about common policy toward the Inca invaders that there was some sort of political connection between the valleys of Mala, Cafiete, and Chincha, but the connection need have been no more than a temporary military alliance. Cabello makes no mention at all of Pisco. The valleys of Ica, Nasca, and 125