The Relationship of International Criminal Tribunals to Domestic Courts: Towards a New Division of Labor? (L'Articulation Entre Tribunaux Penaux Internationaux Et Juridictions Nationales: Vers Un Nouveau Partage Des Competences Judiciaires?)
International criminal justice claims to challenge the very fundamentals of the international legal order. Yet international criminal justice is also still very much a work in progress. It success will depend on how well it can deal with its great founding dilemmas, while respecting international law and its continuity. No question seems more central yet more ambiguous to international criminal tribunals' existence, in this context, than how they relate to domestic courts. This is an issue which in fact raises anew the very conundrum at the heart of international criminal tribunals' creation and identity. On the one hand, international criminal tribunals can be seen from a "universalist" perspective which argues that they are first and foremost about the emergence of a global public order; on the other hand, they can be conceived from a "sovereignist" angle, which sees their prime duty as working for the benefit of states whose crimes they are judging. It is by putting this problematic relationship back into its overall evolution and, in particular, by focusing on what a "non-functioning" domestic court is under international law, that it will become possible to transcend that ambiguity. It will appear that the issue of what is a domestic court that is either "unwilling" or "unable" is in fact an old international law question whose understanding can be improved by a dynamic reading of the evolution of international law. In final analysis, however, it may be that the International Criminal Court's capacity to emancipate itself entirely from the political will be limited, as the Prosecutor adopts a prosecutorial policy which, in itself, is unlikely to be reducible to law's categories.
Le crime contre l'humanité au regard des principes fondateurs de l'État moderne : naissance et consécration d'un concept
Connu de tous, employe dans toutes les disciplines, abondam-ment utilise, le concept de crime contre l'humanite n'en reste pas moins un objet obscur. Il peut paraitre deroutant en ce qu'il est a la fois simple – il renvoie a des actions qui revoltent la conscience – et complexe, tant sa signification est empreinte d'inconstance. De nombreux travaux scientifiques temoignent de cette ambiva-lence, au travers de l'etude de la notion de crime contre l'huma-nite et de son regime juridique ; des travaux dont l'apport majeur est de repondre au comment. Sevane Garibian propose ici de joindre a ce comment un pourquoi – en d'autres termes, de re-construire l'histoire du concept a partir des sources primaires et de l'abondante doctrine preexistante en adoptant un nouvel angle de vue. Cette approche inedite exige, au-dela du travail compilatif relatif a la definition a proprement parler du crime et a l'analyse de l'incrimination, de rendre visibles les facteurs juri-diques commandant l'evolution du concept. Pour ce faire, l'ana-lyse de l'auteure trouve egalement appui sur les ecrits dedies, plus generalement, aux questions classiques et incontournables soulevees par l'internationalisation du droit penal et l'emergence d'un ordre penal international, indissociable de celle du concept, et d'une actualite sans cesse renouvelee.
Research on Application of Information Technology and Mathematical Modeling in Precision Agriculture
Abstract:  This paper analyses the principle and development potential of Precision Agriculture, then provides the elementary scheme of Precision Agriculture in China based on applied mathematical model and information technology.