Photolytic degradation of chlorophenols from industrial wastewaters by organic oxidants peroxy acetic acid, para nitro benzoic acid and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide: identification of reaction products.
In this investigation, chlorophenol (CP) containing industrial wastewater was remediated by ultraviolet irradiation in conjunction with organic oxidants, peroxy acetic acid (PAA); para nitro benzoic acid (PNBA); and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP). CP mineralization was studied with regard to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chloride ion release under identical test conditions. COD depletion to the extent of 81% by PAA, 66% by PNBA, and 67% by MEKP was noted along with an upwardly mobile trend of chloride ion release upon irradiation of samples at 254 nm. A 90-99% decrease in CP concentration (as per high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis) was achieved with an additional 15.0 ml of organic oxidant in all cases. Gas chromatography high resolution mass spectroscopy (GC-HRMS) results also indicated the formation of such reaction products as are free from chlorine substitutions. This treatment also leads to total decolorization of the collected samples.
Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol using nanoscale Fe/TiO2
Abstract A nano-catalyst Fe on TiO 2 was prepared and tested for efficient total organic carbon (TOC) removal during the photocatalytic oxidation of chlorophenols. The preparation included a sol–gel process and calcinations followed by chemical reductive deposition of Fe. The Fe/TiO 2 composite catalysts were more effective in dechlorination, oxidation of 2,4-DCP (2,4-dicholorophenol) and TOC removal, under UV irradiation, than pure Fe or pure TiO 2 . The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The loaded forms of iron include Fe, Fe 2+ and FeOOH due to the reaction with oxygen. The Fe/TiO 2 catalyst has significantly increased optical absorption than TiO 2 . The optimal pH value and iron loading content were determined to be pH 4 and 1 wt% Fe/TiO 2 , respectively. Degradation/dechlorination and TOC removal after 2 h irradiation with 297 μW/cm 2 254 nm UV were 97% and 71%, respectively. The possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.
LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTING OF SEED SPACING UNIFORMITY FOR SUGARBEET PLANTERS
Five planter configurations were evaluated for seed spacing uniformity at three field speeds using a seed 
location method in the field and a laboratory method involving an opto-electronic sensor system. Planter seed spacing 
uniformity was described using the Coefficient of Precision (CP3) measure. Results showed that CP3 measures 
determined using the laboratory test method were significantly different from those determined using the field test method. 
This indicated the laboratory test method cannot be used to predict planter seed spacing uniformity in the field. Seed 
spacing uniformity determined in laboratory tests was higher than, or equal to, seed spacing uniformity determined in 
field tests. This indicated the laboratory test method may be useful to screen out planters or planter units with poor 
uniformity of seed metering. Field testing of the planters that perform well in laboratory tests must be conducted to 
adequately determine the seed spacing uniformity of those planters in the field. Results from laboratory and field tests 
could be useful in determining areas for improvement of planters or planter units.