A methodology for cyber operations targeting and control of collateral damage in the context of lawful armed conflict
Throughout history, the law of warfare has evolved to protect non-combatants and limit collateral damage. The same legal and ethical constraints apply to the conduct of cyber warfare, where it is similarly desirable to limit the effects of offensive actions to specific locations and groups. However, conventional wisdom suggests that this is extremely difficult, if not impossible to accomplish in the cyber domain. In this paper, we argue to the contrary. It is possible to constrain the effects of cyber actions to specifically desired, legitimate targets while significantly limiting collateral damage and injury to non-combatants. To this end we present a generalized methodology for analysis of the targeting and effects of cyber operations with respect to principles of lawful conduct in armed conflict. This methodology includes a framework of effects categories, target attributes and control measures to direct and constrain cyber operations. It also includes a process for evaluating these effects and controls against the principles for lawful conduct in armed conflict. We illustrate the methodology in action by applying it to W32.Stuxnet, software widely considered to be a cyber weapon. Our results indicate that it is entirely possible to analyze complex cyber war problems, identify legally authorized courses of action, and focus effects on desired targets while greatly minimizing collateral damage.
Strategic Warfare in Cyberspace
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The International Legal Implications of Information Warfare
Abstract : Although the definition of information warfare is still evolving, the Air Force has described it as encompassing "any action to deny, exploit, corrupt or destroy the enemy's information and its functions; protecting ourselves against those actions; and exploiting our own military information functions." Because of potential wartime applications, the question arises as to what the legal implications of information warfare are. One initial hurdle posed by the breadth and uniqueness of certain aspects of information warfare is the question of what constitutes an armed attack in the information age. The Law of Armed Conflict analysis discusses the three basic principles central to LOAC: the principle of military necessity, the principle of humanity, and the principle of chivalry. Several international treaties may also constrain potential information warfare activities. Most prominent in this area are treaties dealing with outer space. Treaties place limitations on the use of certain satellites to "peaceful purposes." The Treat on Neutral appears to preclude neutrals from interfering with the use of telecommunications lines which cross their countries, which is nearly impossible in many cases.