From six to ten and beyond: The European Community at the crossroads
The purpose of this paper is to assess the main factors causing the impasse which the EC has reached. The next section examines the lack of consensus of the member states on the aims of the EC and on the means to achieve them. Subsequently, this is related to the EC enlargement. Finally, recommendations will be made on major policy issues in order to provide a new stimulus to the integration process in Western Europe.
Discriminatory Membership and the Redistribution of Enlargement Gains: A Rational Expectations Approach to EU Membership Accession
Conflicts between EU members about enlargement result from its re-distributive effects. EU members are more likely to suffer from enlargement if they profit from EU transfers and if they are relatively close to applicant countries in which unemployment is significantly higher than in member countries. Phasing-in membership rights serves to compensate the opponents of enlargement in order to accomplish EU widening. Using data from all previous enlargement rounds, we demonstrate that EU members are more likely to demand a discrimination of new members if distributional conflicts arise. The existence of these distributional conflicts in turn increases the odds of EU members and the accession candidates actually agreeing on a phase-in period.
Allokations- und Verteilungswirkungen alternativer Regelungen von internationalen Gemeinnutzungsressourcen
Im vorliegenden Papier werden Allokations- und Verteilungswirkungen analysiert, die von alternativen Zugangsregimes zu zwei wichtigen Gemeinnutzungsressourcen mit internationalem Charakter ausgehen: den Fischbestanden und den auf dem Meeresgrund lagernden Manganknollen. Zur Diskussion stehen ein Regime des offenen Zugangs, die Regelungen nach dem neuen Seerecht und die Schaffung von privaten Eigentumsrechten. Ferner werden Schlusfolgerungen fur die kunftige Regulierung der Antarktis und des Weltraums gezogen.