F-Centres in Metaphosphate Glass
A NUMBER of investigators1 have shown that glass on exposure to radioactive and X-radiation becomes coloured. Sheline, Sharp and Arner2 suggested that this may be due to F-centres similar to those produced in alkali halides when bombarded by X-rays and cathode rays. Yokota3 found that F-centres could be created in fused silica and α-quartz by X-irradiation. He further showed that alkali silicate and borate glasses become coloured on X-irradiation due to formation of F-centres4. Przibram5 showed that F-centres could also be created in borate glass by β- and γ-irradiation from radium.
V-centers in metaphosphate glass
Einige Autoren : ) h a b e n d a r a u f hingewiesel l , dab im t 8. Sol lnenf leckel lzyklus (f 944 bis 1954) die Zahl der ch romosph~rischel l E rup t ionen , die Pro tuberanzen t~ i t igke i t u n d die e r d m a g n e t i s c h e Akt iv i t i i t ger inger gewesen sind, als n a c h der H b h e der !Relat ivzahlen zu e rwar t en gewesen w/ire, u n d so is t die V e r m u t u n g e n t s t a n d e n 2), dab in d iesem Zyk lus die Fleckent / i t igkei t du rch die Re la t i vzah l mbgl icherweise t ibersch~tzt worden ist. Somi t is t eille N a c h p r f i f u n g der K o n s t a n z der R e l a t i v z a h l e n s k a l a m i t HiKe tier l lenerdings yon der Sternwar te Greenwich 3) ve r6 f fen t l i ch ten Lis te der Sollnenfleckenareale y o n In teresse . N a c h WALDMXlER 4) s ind die ] a h r e s m i t t e I R der t i iglich b e o b a c h t e t e n Sonnenf l eckenre l a t ivzah len dell J a h r e s m i t t e l n F der "c/~glichei1 F l~ ichensummen der Sollnenfleckell p ropor t iona l : F = t6,7R. U m eille i m Laufe der Zeit e twa e inge t re tene Ska lenXnderuug der Re la t ivzah len fes tzuste l len, habe ich den Z e i t r a u m yon t878 bis 1953, ftir den die mi t t l e r en Ciglichen F15.chensummen zur Ver f i igung s tehena) , in vier gleiche Abschn i t t e zu je 19 J a h r e n getei l t u n d fiir jedell dieser Abschn i t t e ge sonde r t den P r o p o r t i o n a l i t ~ t s f a k t o r a der Fo rme l F = a R d n r c h A u s g l e i c h u n g n a c h der Methode der k le ins ten Q u a d r a t e b e s t i m m t . I ch erhiel t folgende V~rerte m i t den angegebe l len m i t t l e r e n Feh le rn :
The Impact of EU Unfair Contract Terms Law on U.S. Business-to-Consumer Internet Merchants
When the Court of Appeals for Versailles issued its decision in AOL France v. UFC Que Choisir2 in September 2005, it sent the message to U.S. Internet businesses that even contractual boilerplate localized for European markets may be invalid in European consumer transactions. In that case, a French consumer advocacy group challenged the terms AOL offered its French customers after AOL had made extensive revisions to its standard form contracts to respond to the concerns regarding those terms expressed in an advisory opinion by a French consumer protection agency. In 2004, a trial court invalidated nearly every term in the revised agreement; the appeals court affirmed on all counts. Subsequently, in July 2006 following concerns raised by the Office of Fair Trading (“OFT”), a United Kingdom government agency charged with “making sure markets work well for consumers,”3 Dell Corporation Limited changed its online terms and conditions to make them fairer to consumers.4 European consumer contract law had an impact in both cases. At issue for AOL France and Dell Corporation Limited was the application of France’s and the UK’s consumer contract law which is based on the Unfair Contract Terms Directive of 19945 and calls into question the validity of many of the terms that U.S. courts routinely enforce in transactions involving American consumers and merchants.