United States Patent ( 10 ) Patent No . : US 7479 , 375 B 2
(54) METHOD FOR CLASSIFYINGA 5,372,946 A 12/1994 Cusak et al. MCROORGANISM IN A BIOLOGICAL 5,389,547 A 2f1995 Tanaka et al. SAMPLE 5,401,647 A 3, 1995 Tanaka et al. 5,474,984 A 12/1995 Tanaka et al. (75) Inventors: Norman R. Wainwright, Falmouth, MA 5,504,011 A 4, 1996 Gavin et al. 5,518,006 A 5/1996 Mawhirt et al. (US); Dana M. Nutter, Charleston, SC 5.534.226 A 7/1996 Gavin etal (US) 5,550,030 A 8/1996 Tanaka et al. 5,574,023 A 11/1996 Shibata et al. (73) Assignee: Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 5,591.403 A 1/1997 Gavin et al. Wilmington, MA (US) 5,591,628 A 1/1997 Baek et al. 5,605,806 A 2/1997 Tanaka et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 5,637,474 A 6/1997 Takaoka et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 D380,555 S 7/1997 Kurosaki et al. U.S.C. 154(b) by 264 days. 5,681,710 A 10/1997 Tanaka et al. 5,695,948 A 12/1997 Tanaka et al. (21) Appl. No.: 11/331,600 5,702,882 A 12/1997 Tamura et al. D390,661 S 2/1998 Foggia (22) Filed: Jan. 13, 2006 (Continued)
In the spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) the prophenoloxidase is located in plasma not in haemocytes.
In the spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus), unlike other crustaceans most of the prophenoloxidase (proPO) was detected in cell-free plasma (86.3%). In spite of its location, lobster proPO activating system has a similar activation mechanism to other crustacean proPO systems. Haemocyte lysate was able to activate the plasma proPO indicating location of the prophenoloxidase activating enzyme (PPAE) in haemocytes. Lobster haemocyte PPAE was isolated by affinity chromatography and its participation as activating enzyme was demonstrated. This enzyme is a serine-proteinase that transforms the inactive form (proPO) to an active one (phenoloxidase). The PPAE was also present in the cell-free supernatant of haemocytes previously incubated with Vibrio alginolyticus.
Temperature effects on lily development rate and morphology from the visible bud stage until anthesis.
Day (DT) and night temperatures (NT) influenced Lilium longiflorum Thunb. 'Nellie White' stem elongation and development rate from the visible bud stage (VB) until anthesis. Plant height increase after VB was a function of the difference (DIF) between DT and NT (DT-NT). Plant height increased 90% as DIF increased from - 16 to 16C. A cubic model described bud development rate as a function of temperature from 14 to 30C. A linear model adequately described bud development rate as a function of average daily temperature from 14 to 21C. Based on the linear model, bud development rate increased 0.05 per day for each 1C increase in average daily temperature. The base temperature for bud development, i.e., the temperature at which bud development rate was 0, was calculated as 3.5C. Greenhouse forcing of vernalized Easter lilies is commonly divided into three phases: I) placement of vernalized bulbs in the greenhouse to flower initiation, II) flower initiation to VB, and III) VB to anthesis (De Hertogh and Wilkins, 1971). Plant morphological development differs during each of the forcing phases (De Hertogh and Wilkins, 1971). Growth during phase I is vegetative and consists of stem elongation and leaf expan- sion. Flower initiation, leaf expansion, and stem elongation oc- cur during phase II. Inflorescence expansion and stem elongation occur during phase III. Lily responses to temperature during phase III differed from those during phases I and II (Wang and Roberts, 1983). Lily development rate, quantified as days to unfold a leaf, is a de- creasing linear function of average daily temperature between 14 and 30C during phases I and II (Karlsson et al., 1988). Lily development rate during phase III is a nonlinear function of temperature (Healy and Wilkins, 1984). The effect of temper- ature on the rate of lily development decreases as DT and/or NT increase during phase III (Rob and Wilkins, 1973; Healy and Wilkins, 1984). Easter lily morphological development is thermomorpho- genie. For instance, internode length increases as the DIF be- tween DT and NT increases (Erwin et al., 1989). In addition, leaf orientation, leaf length, and flower length are also influ- enced by diurnal changes in temperature.