The Army and Chemical Weapons Destruction: Implementation in a Changing Context
In 1985, Congress directed the Army to destroy the nation's stockpile of chemical weapons. The estimate was that this task could be accomplished by 1994 at a cost of $1.7 billion. By 1998, only a portion of the stockpile has been destroyed, the deadline extended to 2007 and the estimated cost had risen to approximately $16 billion. This paper discusses the factors underlying cost escalation and missed deadlines. It examines the diffusion of control over the implementation process surrounding the chemical weapons demilitarization (Chem Demil) program in the United States. Focusing on the role of the Army and its difficulties in adjusting strategies in the face of political change from the Cold War to the post-Cold War setting, it analyzes the course of implementation through three converging “streams of political activity.” What differentiates the federal, intergovernmental, and international stream are the nature an number of actors, and the type of pressures with which the Army must deal.
Healthcare, Policy Implementation, and Culture: What Cultural Values Influence Unpaid Primary Caregivers to Provide Care to Older Adults?
ABSTRACT This research examines home healthcare programs implemented in Puerto Rico and Indiana. Puerto Rico is primarily a Hispanic territory of the United States, while Indiana is a culturally Anglo Midwestern state. This study explores the cultural values that influence unpaid care of older adults in these two settings. I hypothesize that dissimilar cultural values will influence care of unpaid primary caregivers (UPCs) in both jurisdictions. Results supported the hypothesis: UPCs emphasized different cultural values in caregiving. The study recommends that the federal government support families with essential services to enable them render badly-needed care to their elderly family members.
The Challenge of Chemical Weapons: An American Perspective
Chemical warfare through world war I the interwar years testing strategic deterrence-chemical weapons and world war II use and non-use of chemical weapons - the post-world war II years negotiations to control chemical and biological warfare-post-world war II years changes in chemical/biological weapons technology and public opinion since world war II Nato's chemical warfare problem today third world national and insurgent use of chemical and biological weapons looking to the future the challenge of chemical weapons - the challenge of chemical deterrence the challenge of chemical arms control the challenge implied by chemical arms proliferation the challenge of easy access to chemical weapons.