Selective Tests of Grouting Material for Fractured Coal and Rock Masses in a Water-borne HS Environment
Coal mining is vulnerable to multiple kinds of threat from water incursion. Many coal seams contain dissolved H2S, which may be released during mining, seriously endangering the health of workers. Orthogonal testing was used to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of composite slurries in different proportions. The results showed slurry with a water-solid ratio of 0.8:1 to have the optimal combination of properties. A uniform experimental method was used to investigate the impact of the water-cement ratio, concentration of sodium silicate, and volume of cement-sodium silicate (CS) on the setting time and consolidating strength of CS slurry. This paper provides the appropriate application scope of two grouting materials (optimized composite slurry and CS slurry), based on experimental data and the results of a large number of in situ trials. Finally, the optimized composite slurry and cement-sodium silicate slurry were used to carry out grouting of the center auxiliary transport roadway of the 3 coal seam at the Ningtiaota Coal Mine, operated by the Shaanxi Coal Industry Group. It was shown that the type and formula of the slurry could be changed in a timely manner, based on the water outlet and concentration of H2S at the site, achieving successful grouting reinforcement and seepage-proofing.
Grouting Rock Fractures with Cement Grout
The radial flow rate of a cement grout in a rock fracture is obtained from Bingham’s relation and the fact that the power expended by the injection mechanism is the energy dissipated by viscous effects. The energy balance reveals that the advance ratio is of fundamental importance in the grouting process and is inherently related to the rest and advance phases of a cement grout. This allows giving a precise definition of the zero flow path that divides the energy diagram into two distinct domains for advancing and non-advancing grout. The advance ratio and the zero flow path are used to explore the grouting of one or more fractures, analyze the GIN model in the context of the SL dispute, draw a terminal sequence considering the energy interval alternative, and reformulate the refusal criterion of the North American grouting method. Secondary grouting effects are also investigated.
Reinforced jet-grouted piles. Part 2: materials and tolerances
Part 1 of this two-part set of papers was intended to raise awareness of the specific problems encountered with the design of jet-grouted piles, the latter being usually based on reinforced concrete codes, as there is a lack of specialist documents on the subject. Among the problems identified in Part 1, those associated with the variability and uncertainty of both the material characteristics and the construction tolerances are prominent. The present article discusses the implications of the latter problems for the design of reinforced-concrete grouting structures and proposes guidelines that aim to minimise the risk of inappropriate design solutions, which are usually among the main causes of structural failures.