Advanced Dispenser Cathodes
Controlled porosity reservoir cathodes offer significantly improved performance over conventional impregnated cathodes. Optimized performance requires additional design to achieve reduced barium deposition on adjacent surfaces, increased lifetime, and high current density emission. This paper describes the achievable performance and the associated design requirements.
Design and 3-D Simulations of a 10-kW/28-GHz Gyrotron With a Segmented Emitter Based on Controlled Porosity-Reservoir Cathodes
In this paper, the design of a 10-kW/28-GHz gyrotron is presented. The main characteristic of the new gyrotron is the emitter ring, which is assembled from twelve individually supplied emitters based on controlled-porosity reservoir (CPR) technology. The main goal is to evaluate the use of CPR emitters for gyrotron applications. In addition, the azimuthally segmented emitter ring could be used for the generation of controlled nonuniform electron beams. In this way, it is planned to experimentally study the effect of nonuniform emission on the gyrotron operation. In this context, the effect of nonuniform emission on the beam quality is numerically investigated using the 3-D, electrostatic, parallel-code Ariadne, while the effect of the degraded beam on mode coupling and stability of the wave-particle interaction in the cavity is numerically studied using the nonstationary, self-consistent multimode cavity code Euridice.
Velocity moments in alongshore bottom stress parameterizations
The time-averaged alongshore bottom stress is an important component of nearshore circulation models. In a widely accepted formulation the bottom stress is proportional to , the time average of the product of the instantaneous velocity magnitude |u→| and the instantaneous alongshore velocity component υ. Both mean and fluctuating (owing to random, directionally spread waves) velocities contribute to . Direct estimation of requires a more detailed specification of the velocity field than is usually available, so the term is parameterized. Here direct estimates of based on time series of near-bottom currents observed between the shoreline and 8-m water depth are used to test the accuracy of parameterizations. Common parameterizations that are linear in the mean alongshore current significantly underestimate for moderately strong alongshore currents, resulting in overestimation of a drag coefficient determined by fitting modeled (with a linearized bottom stress) to observed alongshore currents. A parameterization based on a joint-Gaussian velocity field with the observed velocity statistics gives excellent overall agreement with the directly estimated and allows analytic investigation of the statistical properties of the velocity field that govern . Except for the weakest flows, depends strongly on the mean alongshore current and the total velocity variance but depends only weakly on the mean wave angle, wave directional spread, and mean cross-shore current. Several other nonlinear parameterizations of are shown to be more accurate than the linear parameterizations and are adequate for many modeling purposes.