Changes in pest management practice in almond orchards during the rainy season in California , USA
In California, regulatory agencies are concerned about organophosphate (OP) contamination of surface water. OPs originate in part from applications on dormant almond and stone fruit orchards that are washed off during winter rainstorms. Programs conducted by the University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project, University of California Cooperative Extension, and the Biologically Integrated Orchard Systems (BIOS), a coalition of public and private groups, have promoted the replacement of OPs on almonds during the rainy season with alternative practices. Data from individual applicator records from the California Pesticide Use Reports demonstrated that during 1992–1997, almond growers in all nine major almond-producing counties significantly reduced use of OPs. The area of almond orchards treated with OPs during the dormant season was reduced by 40–55%, depending upon the region. Similarly, the percentage of growers who used OPs during the dormant season was reduced by 31–48%, and the mass of OPs applied to almond orchards during the dormant season was reduced by 22–57%. During the same period, there was a significant increase in the percentage of growers who used “reduced-risk” treatments: the microbial pesticide Bacillus thuringiensisat bloom-time, oil without an insecticide during the dormant season, and no treatment during the dormant or bloom season. In addition to the decrease in OPs during the dormant season, there was a significant decrease in the area treated with OPs during the growing season. However, there was also a significant increase in the use of pyrethroids during the dormant season, a practice that might result in some surface water and sediment contamination. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Insect pathogen “Bt” controls peach twig borer on fruits and almonds
Early season sprays of the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, or “Bt,” were applied to peaches and almonds to determine efficacy against peach twig borer (PTB). Data indicates one or two Bt treatments during bloom are as effective as a dormant organo-phosphate plus oil spray for PTB control. Research is currently under way to determine the impact on other pests.
Agrochemicals desk reference : environmental data
Acephate, Acrolein. Acrylonitrile. AlaclAor. Aldicarb. Ald6n. Allidochlor. Ametryn. Aminocarb. Amitrole. Anfla@ ' ANTU. Aspon. Asulam, Atrazine. Azinphos-Methyl. Bendiocaib. Benomyl. Bentazone. A-BHC. B-BHC. D-BHC. Blenox. Biphenyl, Bis(2-Chloroethyl)Ether. Bis(2-Chloroisopropyl)Ether. Bromacfl. B@xynd. Brornoxynfl Octanoate, Butifos. Butylate. @l, Carbofuran. @n Disulfide, Carbon Tetrachlond. Cafbophenoffim. Carboxin. Chloramben. Chlordane. @Wordane. Trans-Chlordane. Chi iniefoffn. CWorobenzflate. Chloropicrin. Chi . CWoroxuron. Chlorpropham. Cb]@os. Chloimlfuron, CHIWU-Dimethyl. Crotoxyphos. Cyanazine. Cydoate. Cyfl@. . Cyroffiazine. 2,4-D. Dalapon-Sodium, Dazormt. pkDDD. pp-DDE, pp-DDT@ pham. Diahfos. Diaflate. Diazinon. 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chlompropane. Di-*Butyl Phthalate. Dicamba.,DicWobeniL Dichlone. 1,2-Dichloropropane. c@1,3-DkWoropropylene. T@1,3-Dichloropropylme. DidAorvos. DirJofop-Methyl. Dicrotophos. Dieldrin. Difenzoquat Methyl, Sulfate. Diflubenzuron. Dimethoate, D@yl Phthalate. 4,6-Dinitro- oCresol. Dinoseb. Diphenaniid. Dipropetryn. Diquat. @oton. Diuron. a-Endosulfan4 b-Endosulfan. Endosulfan Sulfate. Endo@. Endrin. EPN. EVRC. Esfmvalemw. @hon. Ethiofencarb. Ethion. Ethoprop. Ediyiene Dibronude. Fenamiphos, Fenbutatin Oxide. Fensug@ Penduon. Fenvalerate. Ferbam. Flu@te. Fluo n. Fonofos. Fo@hyde. Fo@e-Amonium. F@-Aluminum. Glyphosate, Heptachlor. Heptachlor Epoxide. Hexadio@nzene. H@one. H x. Iprodione. Isofenphos. Kepone. Lindane. Linuron. Malathion. Maleic Hydrazide. Mancozeb. MCPA. Mefluidide. Metalaxyl. M@dophos. Methidadiion. Methiocarb. M@yl. Methoxycwor. Methyl Bro@. MetW isoNocyanate. MetolacWor. Metribuzin. Me n-Methyl. M@phos@ Molinate. Monalide. Monocrotophos. Monuron. Naled. Napropaniide. NapW=. Neburon. N-mapyrin. Oxadiazon. Ow*, Oxydemeton-Methyl. Para@. Pebulate. PendirnedWin. PentacM=benzene. Pentachlorophenol. Pmmthtin. Phemnedipham. Phorate. Phosalone. Phosmet. Phosphamidon. Picloram. Pindone. Profenofos. Prometon. Protnetryn. Pfopachlor. Propanfl. Propaz'me. Prophain. Propoxur. Propyz Qu'mo-metWonate. Quizatofop-Ethyl. Ronnel. Siduron. Simazine. S M@l, Sulfotepp. Sulprofos. 2,4,5-T. Tebuthiuron. Terbacfl. Terbufos. Tetbutiyn. Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate. Thiabendazole. Thiameturon-Methyl. Thidiazuron. Thiodicarb. Thir=, Toxaphene. Triaditnefon. Triaflate. TricWorfon. 2,3,6-Tricwor@nzoic Acid. Trifluralin. Warfarin.