Women in US cities: urban captives
Abstract This article examines the contemporary position of women in US urban areas. It seeks to explain the increasing numbers of service-dependent women residing in urban locations through reference to the historical evolution of the urban political economy as it reflects the national and global political economy. More specifically, it recognizes that policies at the national level influence and change urban form and function, a process which has definite and identifiable consequences for society.
The global impact of sexual equality.
The author addresses the issue of sexual equality and what its impact is on the entire world. This is especially so in the developing world where women are denied basic human rights such as freedom from male violence and freedom of movement. The author maintains that in fact the heart of the global crisis is due to sexual inequality. If women were allowed to utilize available birth control technologies and were given free access to socially respected and valued roles other than wife and mother then the global population explosion could be solved. Even in the domain of global poverty and hunger 1 finds inequality since the overwhelming majority who suffer in this are women and children. Economic development programs which have been instituted to solve some of the urgent problems cannot succeed until women are included in financial aid land grants loans training and education for modernization. Sexually stereotyped childrearing must be eliminated; otherwise we will continue to have a world full of male violence and a world filled with institutionalized violence (war). Social scientists are finding a statistically documentable correlation between male dominance sexual inequality and authoritarianism. Historical evidence of this is seen during the Nazi era in Germany and in the early Christian movement. What we see today is that the struggle over sexual equality is actually the struggle between 2 different ways of living on earth--1 based on sexual inequality (based on ranking as the primary organizational principal in human affairs) and the other based on equality (based on linking rather than ranking). The 2nd is seen in the general movement of society towards democracy and egalitarianism in the aim of creating a just social order. The way of the future is dependent on us.
Turkish Political Culture and Civil Society : an Unsettling Coupling?
This paper attempts to analyze Turkish politics in the post-1980 period with a special reference to the relationship among the state elites, political elites and societal actors and its impact on the constitution of civil society in Turkey. After the 1980 military intervention, the political and economic realms of Turkey witnessed a relative degree of liberalization through Uzal's neo-liberal policies. The January 24 economic decisions paved the way for economic liberalization as well as letting new economic and societal actors emerge. These new economic actors were different from the prevailing economic actors which used to enjoy having a considerable amount of opportunity spaces in the economic sphere. Together with the Uzal governments, Islamic segments started to become powerful in both political and economic realms. This paper analyses the chief traits of Turkish politics and economics and their impact upon civil society aftermath the 1980 coup in general, and the relationship and/or interaction among the state elites, political elites and societal actors in particular. The engagements of newly-emerging societal and economic actors into Turkish political scene and the challenge of these actors against the so-called 'Kemalist-Republican' elites are also illustrated in the paper. Moreover, state-Islam interaction, politics-Islam interaction as well as Kemalism-newly-emerging societal and economic actors interaction will be studied with a special emphasis to the post-1980 period. The major argument of the paper is that, in Turkey, both civil society issues and political issues reveal outcomes which are primarily shaped by the nature of the relationship between state elites and political elites in general and by Turkish political culture in particular.