Arab images of the United States and the Soviet Union before and after the June War of 1967
The images of America as held by foreigners have been of great interest to social scientists in the last two decades (Buchanan, 1954; Beals, 1954; Washington, 1956; Bell, 1960). Such interest bearing on the cold war and global rivalries needs no elaboration. Of particular importance are images held by elites in developing nations. Their views are crucial in determining the nature and extent of commitments that their countries will make to the Eastern or the Western centers of power. In this article the images of the United States and the Soviet Union as held by Arab students will be analyzed before and after the June War of 1967. The students in question were studying in this country, and over half of them are in graduate schools. The group as a whole has been ideologically oriented and politically active. Like their counterpart in Europe the Arab students in the United States not only have a powerful organization (the OAS with 10,000 members in 130 chapters) but also have been vocal and influential in affecting decision-making in their homelands. Scores of the alumni of the Organization of Arab Students in recent years have occupied strategic positions in their countries ranging from heads of states to cabinet members, from members of revolutionary councils to ambassadors, and from opposition leaders to high bureaucrats.
The Mexican Student Views the United States
a rapid and satisfactory adjustment. Many students spend several years in this country, interspersed with visits home. They tend to scatter widely through the country, and it is difficult to find a reasonably large group for study at a single university. This paper is based primarily upon intensive guided interviews with ten students at the University of California at Los Angeles; the total hours for each student ranged from five to more than twenty. Confirmatory evidence is provided by background information, a simple projective test, and an ideological test from over forty additional students from seven other universities and colleges. The majority of the students interviewed were graduate students. All
Protection of the Marine Environment: The International and National Regulation of Deep Seabed Mining Activities
This chapter provides an overview of the international and national regulatory framework pertaining to deep seabed mining activities. It begins by discussing the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the backdrop for all marine activities – be they national or international – and examines the obligations of states to protect the marine environment from the harmful effects arising from deep seabed mining. Next, the chapter examines the international regime for deep seabed mining (i.e. “activities in the Area”), explaining the “common heritage of mankind” status of the Area (i.e. the international seabed); the functions of the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the international organization established to govern deep seabed mining in the Area; and the concept of state sponsorship of non-state entities (i.e. private actors) for deep seabed mining in the Area. The chapter follows with a discussion of the development of national legislation to regulate deep seabed mining, examining efforts in the Pacific region where many prospective deep-sea mining sites are located. This includes a look at the legislative regimes of several Pacific Island nations, namely, Papua New Guinea, Tonga and the Cook Islands, for whom deep seabed mining may soon become a reality – as well as New Zealand and Japan, countries with comparatively developed rule of law and legislative regimes that have undertaken or considered deep seabed mining in their national waters. Overall, the chapter critically describes and evaluates the current regulatory status in the international and national seabed areas and highlights some salient gaps that require urgent attention in order to ensure marine environmental protection and mitigate impacts on humans.