Analysis of Clostridium botulinum toxigenic types A, B, and E for fatty and carbohydrate content.
Lyophilized, 48-hr log-phase vegetative cells were extracted with chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) and ethanol-ether (3:1, v/v) and then saponified with methanolic KOH. Gas-liquid chromatography of the methyl esters of extractable fatty acids revealed distinctive "pattern profiles" of Clostridium botulinum toxigenic types "A," "B," and "E." C. perfringens type "A" and Escherichia coli strain "B" were also studied in a similar manner and were found to give pattern profiles which were distinct even from those obtained for the C. botulinum microorganisms. Amino sugar content of the five microorganisms was determined by using a Beckman amino acid analyzer. The molar ratio of glucosamine to that of galactosamine was found to be of further assistance in distinguishing the individual microorganisms.
Clostridium botulinum and its importance in fishery products.
Publisher Summary This chapter briefly explains Clostridium botulinum from a group of anaerobic bacteria which causes neuroparalytic disease affecting man and animals called botulism. A brief explanation of various studies on the incidents of Clostridium botulinum by which it can be distributed and classification and nomenclature is presented. The chapter discusses the methods for isolation and identification of toxins in Clostridium botulinum. Factors affecting germination, growth, sporulation, and toxin production are because of various environmental reasons. The inhibitory effects of temperature, pH, and salt have been recognized for many years. Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum in foods has been reviewed on a number of occasions. Fishery products can be preserved in various methods—such as— pasteurization, freezing, canning, and cooking. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of production, processing, preservation, and consumption of fishery products.
Reality TV: The Work of Being Watched
Chapter 1 1 Between the New Medium and the Old Chapter 2 2 The Promise of the Digital Revolution Chapter 3 3 Rediscovering Reality Chapter 5 4 The Kinder, Gentler Gaze of Big Brother Chapter 6 5 Access to the Real Chapter 7 6 It's All About the Experience Chapter 8 7 Reality TV and Voyeurism Chapter 9 8 Survivor and Uncanny Capitalism Chapter 10 Bibliography