Zum Einkommensreichtum Älterer in Deutschland-Neue Reichtumskennzahlen und Ergebnisse aus der Lohnund Einkommensteuerstatistik (FAST 2001)
This contribution analyzes income richness of elder persons in Germany in 2001. Using actual data of the German Wage and Income Tax Statistics, which are particularly suitable for the analysis of high incomes, new richness indices are discussed and new results are presented. It appears that the the number of rich people in upper age groups are below the average. But deepening results point out the fact that the richness intensity and the concentration of high income are particularly pronounced for upper age groups. Taking into account partial components, which are necessary to the representation of richness, an above-average relevance of income richness can be ascertained for the elderly in Germany in 2001.
Messung von Ausmaß, Intensität und Konzentration des Einkommens-und Vermögensreichtums in Deutschland (Measuring the Extent, Intensity and Concentration at the Upper Edge of the Income and Wealth Distribution in Germany)
German abstract: In diesem Beitrag wird der obere Rand der Einkommens-und Vermogensverteilung in Deutschland mit Daten des Sozio‐oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) analysiert. In Anlehnung an das von Sen (1976) fur die Armutsmessung vorgeschlagene Vorgehen werden zunachst unterschiedliche Schwellenwerte definiert, oberhalb derer eine Person zum reichen Teil der Gesellschaft gehort. Anschliesend wird untersucht, wie viele Menschen uber diesen Schwellen liegen (Ausmas), uber wie viel Einkommen oder Vermogen diese im Durchschnitt verfugen (Intensitat) und wie diese finanziellen Mittel zwischen den reichen Personen verteilt sind (Konzentration). Eine simultane Analyse von Ausmas, Intensitat und Konzentration ermoglicht ein breites Verstandnis des oberen Rands der Einkommens- und Vermogensverteilung sowie dessen Dynamik. Zum Beispiel ergeben die Untersuchungen, dass im Vergleich zum Durchschnitt in Deutschland Beamte sowohl beim Einkommen als auch beim Vermogen ein hohes Ausmas, aber eine geringe Intensitat aufweisen. Zudem sind ihre finanziellen Ressourcen weniger konzentriert als im deutschen Durchschnitt.English Abstract: In this paper we analyze the upper edge of income and wealth distribution in Germany with data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). According to Sen's (1976) recommendation for the poverty measurement, we first define different thresholds above which a person belongs to the rich part of society. Then we examine how many people are above these thresholds (extent), how much income or wealth they have on average (intensity), and how these financial resources are distributed among the rich persons (concentration). Analyzing extent, intensity and concentration simultaneously gives a broader understanding of the dynamics of the upper edge of income and wealth distribution. For example, we find that in comparison to the average in Germany, civil servants are more often above the defined thresholds but receive on average less income and own less wealth. In addition, their financial resources are less concentrated then the German average.
An assessment of the Impact of Devolution on Women Empowerment in Nakuru County
-Women have been grossly marginalized in organs of decision-making and governance structures. The Constitution of Kenya has sought to bridge this gap by providing both women and men the right to equal treatment, including the right to equal opportunities in political, economic, cultural and social spheres. However, gender equality has not been achieved and women are still lagging in terms of decision making processes. The main objective of the study was to detemine the impact of devolution on women empowerment in Nakuru County. The study found that substantive women representation, development of programs and accessibility of services had a positive effect on the women empowerment in Nakuru County. The study also found out that increased accessibility of Services by women influenced women empowerment, this study also concludes that the introduction of development programs had the greatest impact on women empowerment in Nakuru County. The study recommends that more programs targeting women should be introduced as these have the greatest impact on women empowerment. The findings may be used to make conclusions and recommendations.