A high sensitivity chemiluminescence-based CMOS image biosensor for the detection of human interleukin 5 (IL-5)
In this study, a CMOS image sensor that converts light intensity to digital image data was used to detect human interleukin 5 (IL-5). Although the application of CMOS image sensors to biosensors is well known, a more sensitive method is needed to detect molecules with very low concentrations such as cytokines. For this reason, we have used a chemiluminescence reaction to increase the sensitivity of sandwich immunoassay in CMOS image sensor. Another approach used to obtain a high sensitivity response was the pixel counting analysis. By using pixel counting analysis, much more detailed luminescence signals can be obtained. The detection sensitivity of IL-5 we obtained in our experimental measurements was evaluated up to 0.1 pg/mL.
Evaluation of various cytokines (IL-6, IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF-α) as markers for acute bacterial infection in swine - a possible role for serum interleukin-6
Abstract A total of 64 specific pathogen free pigs were divided into eight experimental groups. Pigs in Group I served as non-infected controls while the other 56 pigs were infected intranasally with approximately 7×10 8 CFU of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 (strain 700/89) in 1 ml saline. When more than 25% of the infected animals showed clinical signs of disease, i.e. 20 h post infection, 48 of the infected pigs were treated with different antibiotics (8 pigs per group), leaving 8 infected animals untreated. Serum samples collected 0, 10, 20, 28 and 44 h, and 3, 4, 7, 13 and 17 days post infection were analysed for their content of interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by immunoassays and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by a bioassay. In addition, the development of specific antibodies was determined in sera. Among the cytokines analysed, the experimental infection only induced detectable serum levels of IL-6. The appearance of IL-6 positive animals coincided with the onset of clinical signs of disease and increased body temperatures. Varying levels of IL-6 (range, 1–220 U ml −1 ) were detected in serum from a majority of the infected pigs (80%). In general, the highest levels of IL-6 were detected in serum collected for 10 or 20 h after infection. Among the animals not treated with antibiotics, the number of pigs displaying IL-6 in serum continued to increase until 28 h post infection and then declined. The duration of the IL-6 response varied between individuals and lasted from eight hours to three days. Treatment with antibiotics that ceased the infection also terminated the IL-6 production in most of the pigs. In a pilot field survey, IL-6 was detected in an approximately 30% of serum samples collected from conventional reared pigs before allocation to finishing units. Thus, serum IL-6 seems to be a potential marker for ongoing bacterial infections in swine.
Simulation and control of hybrid renewable energy system connected to the grid
This paper presents a control and simulation of hybrid renewable energy system connected to the grid. The studied system includes a photovoltaic panel, synchronous permanent magnet generator based wind turbine, and a battery for storage energy. The PV array and wind systems are connected to the common DC bus by a boost converter. The battery is connected by a bi-directional DC/DC converter, and then integrated into the AC utility grid via a common DC/AC inverter. In order to extract the maximum energy, a simulation study has been carried out according to the meteorological conditions (wind speed and variable solar irradiance) while maintaining power quality at a satisfactory level. In order to capture the maximum power, a MPPT algorithm is applied for both wind turbine and photovoltaic panel. The modeling and simulation of the whole system has been performed under Matlab/Simulink environment. The obtained results show that the current and the voltage of grid side are sinusoidal and alternative forms, and the power injected to the grid is around the power produced by the hybrid system.