Difatty acyl urea from corn oil: synthesis and characterization.
In this study, difatty acyl urea has been successfully synthesized from corn oil using sodium ethoxide as a catalyst. Ethyl fatty ester and glycerol were produced as by-products. In this reaction, corn oil was refluxed with urea in ethanol. The highest conversion percentage (78%) was obtained when the process was carried out for 8 hours using urea to corn oil ratio of 5.6: 1.0 at 78 degrees C. Both difatty acyl urea and ethyl fatty ester have been characterized using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique.
Lipase-catalyzed production of novel hydroxylated fatty amides in organic solvent
Abstract Pseudozyma ( Candida ) antarctica lipase B is known to catalyze the direct amidation of carboxylic acids with ammonia in organic solvents. We tested this system for production of primary fatty amides from hydroxy fatty acids including the naturally occurring mono-hydroxy fatty acids, ricinoleic acid (RA) and lesquerolic acid (LQA) and the novel multihydroxy fatty acids, 7,10-dihydroxy-8( E )-octadecenoic acid (DOD) and 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8( E )-octadecenoic acid (TOD). Reactions were performed at temperatures up to 55 °C. Ricinoleic acid and lesquerolic acid were transformed at initial rates comparable to or better than that of oleic acid, a non-hydroxylated substrate. Transformation percentage at 7 days was better than 95% for all substrates except TOD (93.9%). At 55 °C, most reactions approached completion within 1 day. The primary amides of LQA, DOD, and TOD are novel compounds having melting points of 73, 105, and 100 °C, respectively.
Effect of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) on Yield of Resistant and Susceptible Soybean Cultivars Grown in Ohio.
Soybean (Glycine max) producers in Ohio rarely use soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines, SCN)-resistant cultivars because of concerns over limited yield potential and lack of resistance to Phytophthora sojae. A two-year study was initiated to determine grain yield and nematode population increase on soybean cyst nematode-resistant cultivars in maturity groups II and III in production fields. Sites differed in soil texture, nematode densities, and P. sojae infestation at a number of locations in Ohio. Soil was assayed for nematode densities before planting and at harvest. Yields of resistant cultivars averaged 0% to 18% higher than those of susceptible cultivars in fine-textured soils with average preplant populations ranging from 463 to 14,330 SCN eggs/100 cm(3) soil. In coarse-textured soils, yields of susceptible cultivars were 21% to 56% less than the resistant cultivars with average preplant densities ranging from 1,661 to 15,558 SCN eggs/100 cm(3) soil. The reproductive index ranged from 0.1 to 5.5 for resistant cultivars and 0.4 to 112 for susceptible cultivars. In 1993, yield of P. sojae-susceptible, nematode-resistant 'Asgrow A 3431' was as high as yield of the P. sojae-resistant, nematode-susceptible cultivar 'Resnik' in a Phytophthora-infested field. The nematode-resistant cultivars Madison Experimental 131527 and Asgrow A3431 had higher yields than AgVenture AV1341 and susceptible cultivars Resnik and Kenwood when compared over five nematode-infested sites. Nematode-resistant cultivars were found to be excellent alternatives to currently grown susceptible cultivars for managing SCN where group III cultivars are used. However, better cultivar alternatives may be needed for sites with combined Phytophthora root rot and cyst nematode problems.