NUTRIENT-TO-CALORIE RATIOS IN APPLIED NUTRITION.
This paper discusses the desirability of expressing the nutrient require ments of man and animals relative to their associated energy intake, and proposes a format for expressing a dietary standard for humans. Caloric needs are known to vary with size, activity, and productive performance. There is agreement that most of the nutrients quantitatively considered in diet or ration formulation should remain in balance with each other and with energy, for optimal food efficiency. Many nutri tionists believe that it is not possible to state the requirements for individual nutrients without also specifying the amounts of others also to be ingested. In the case of nutrients that must be stored in the body, as during growth, the ratio to energy intake changes progressively to the final adult equilibrium status. In the case of the human, one adult, and 3 juvenile "diet" categories appear to be adequate, within each of which the interbalances between nutrients and that between nutrients and energy are constant. Within these 4 categories, adequate daily nutrition can be accomplished by adjustments in the intake of the diet as a whole. One of the far-reaching concepts in dietetics and animal rationing is the im portance of balance between the nutrients of the diet â€” the realization that relative excesses are no less undesirable than rela tive deficiencies. We have only begun to unravel the picture of nutrient interrela tionships, but it is abundantly clear that the efficiency of food utilization by the animal body may be markedly affected by alterations in the inter-nutrient balance, or between the nutrient and energy pattern, or both. There may be some doubt whether we yet can define the ideal interrelations, but periodically since 1810 tabulations have been made of the quantities of energy and of nutrients that evidence indicated were needed daily by farm animals accord ing to species, weight, age, sex and produc tion performance. One pertinent study was that by Guilbert and Loosli ( 1) in which they computed for farm animals and poultry from the appro priate feeding standards (NAS-NRC series) the recommended daily feed intakes, and total digestible nutrients (TDN); and per unit TDN, the digestible crude protein, calcium, phosphorus, carotene, vitamin A, vitamin D, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and pantothenic acid for individuals at at tained weights of from 10 to 100% of expected adult size. Although their study was mostly concerned with immature growing animals, and was hampered by excessive variability partly from the fact that the NAS-NRC feeding standard values at that time contained margins of safety of unknown magnitude over the true require ments, they prepared a table of generalized recommended allowances of protein, Ã‡a,P, thiamine and riboflavin in ratio to TDN intake for farm livestock and poultry. They state, 'The feasibility of expressing (in feeding or dietary standards â€”E.W.C.) the relationship of the various nutrients with metabolizable energy rather than with total digestible nutrients should be ex plored." They also comment, "In the pre occupation of seeking new nutritional fac tors, it would appear desirable to pause when they are found to determine their fundamental relations to other nutrients, to body weight, or to caloric intakes, and the quantitative requirements in a sys tematic procedure." Because of incomplete knowledge, the authors of the early tabulations often claimed as requirements, nutrient values later shown to be excessive; and it is sig nificant that, other than inclusion of addi tional nutrients, the chief changes in the chronologically successive "standards," even though by different authors, have been downward revisions of the amounts of nutrients believed to be required rela tive to energy intake. The criteria for such changes have been: increased effi ciency of the ration in producing growth, fattening, milk or egg production, or deReceivedfor publicationAugust8, 1963. J. NUTRITION, 82: '64 353 D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /jn/article-at/82/3/353/4777993 by gest on 19 M arch 2019
Intake of Selected Nutrients by Infants in the United States
data on the intake of calories and iron by food classification for 4,310 six-month-old infants in a representative sample.6 It was evident from our previous study that the intakes of other nutrients could be readily quantitated by the same methods. A second nationwide survey was accordingly conducted in order to augment available data on the feeding patterns of six-month-old infants. While, in general, pediatricians in the United States have an adequate idea of the needs of growing infants, specific knowledge of their intakes can give a better frame of
Antimicrobial activity in pulp extract of Neem(Azadirachta indica Linn.)
Antimicrobialactivityin leaf extract of neem ( Azadirachta indica ) against human pathogenic bacteria. E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus pumilus. Antimicrobia l activities of alcoholic extracts of neem leaves were used. Varying concent ration of each extracts 200mg/ml, 150 mg/ ml,100mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml prepared by using disc diffusion method. When compared with gentamycin 200mg and gentamycin 10mg, the methanol and ethanol extract shows maximum inhibition on Bacillus pumillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureusin an asending order.