The report of my death is an exaggeration: central city retailing in Melbourne since 1900
In most North American cities, the Central Business District has declined as a retail centre, from a historical position of absolute dominance. In many US metropolitan areas, the CBD is no longer the largest single retail centre; in most others, it is merely primus inter pares. It is generally assumed that a similar process has been at work in Melbourne and other Australian cities, as suburban sprawl and the rise of the motor car have reduced the relative accessibility of the centre. This proposition is evaluated by analysing historical and statistical sources of information about the distribution of the retail trade in Melbourne. The evidence appears to be that Melbourne's CBD was relatively weak at the turn of the century, but steadily increased in importance, eclipsing suburban rivals, until World War II or shortly afterwards. Since that time, there has been a relative decline, but Melbourne's CBD retains a greater significance in the metropolitan retail trade than is the case in other Australian and N...
The suburbanization of retail trade: a U.S. nationwide view☆
Abstract The Censuses of Business 1958, 1963 and 1967 and the Censuses of Retail Trade 1972 and 1977 provide data on retail sales in CBDs and major retail centers (MRCs) of SMSAs. Through this period sales in MRCs increased while CBDs lost, reflecting the decline in the population and income of central cities. However, MRCs grew faster until 1963 compared to the late sixties and seventies, due to the rapid diffusion of MRCs all over the country in the early sixties. Retail sales in CBDs continued to decline through the seventies. The trends of increase in MRC retail sales reflect several stages of suburbanization of population, and an increase in the ‘doughnut effect’.
Fascism and the right in Europe, 1919-1945
This new text places interwar European fascism squarely in its historical context and analyses its relationship with other right wing, authoritarian movements and regimes. Beginning with the ideological roots of fascism in pre-1914 Europe, Martin Blinkhorn turns to the problem-torn Europe of 1919 to 1939 in order to explain why fascism emerged and why, in some settings, it flourished while in others it did not. In doing so he considers not just the 'major' fascist movements and regimes of Italy and Germany but the entire range of fascist and authoritarian ideas, movements and regimes present in the Europe of 1919-1945.