The Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove
Although Shan Tao, Ruan Ji, Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling, Ji Kang, Ruan Xian, and Wang Rong were historical figures, their identity as a group of like-minded iconoclasts who flouted Confucian ideology and norms of behavior has been questioned in modern scholarship. Even their epithet Zhulin qixian (The Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove), as some scholars argued, was retrospectively coined. This chapter argues that not only were the Seven Worthies historical figures in the third century, but they were also famously known by their epithet in their own time. Further, the political significance of their domicile in Shanyang District is explained. Yet the Seven Worthies were not a homogenous group because their political aspirations and philosophical inclinations were quite diverse and dissimilar, as the analysis of the philosophical thinking of Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, and Xiang Xiu in this chapter demonstrates.
Les Sept Sages De La Forêt Des Bambous Et La Société De Leur Temps
I1 est peu de figures dans l'histoire de la Chine qui soient aussi universellement connues que les Sept Sages de la Foret des Bambous Pj j4 , ce club d'amis qui se reunissaient pour boire et bavarder vers la fin de la courte dynastie des Wei, soit aux environs de l'an 260 de notre ere. J'ai dej'a parle de leur role dans la vie de Hi K'ang et des doutes qu' on a pu avoir sur l'historicite de certaines des traditions qui les concernent 1). II n'est pas sans interet d'examiner leur place dans la societe de leur temps 2).
Contractor Failure: Analysis
The possibility exists for any construction contractor to fail to filfill the contract requirements associated with a facility. Contractor failure occurs when a contractor is unable to perform his/her contractual duties, thus requiring the facility owner to invoke the contract's nonperformance clause. This paper provides aggregate contractor business failure statistics and outlines potential causes for failure. A framework to identify and quantify the associated costs is also introduced. Several case studies are presented to examine the cause and cost of failure and the means by which the facilities were completed. Alternatives available for project completion when contractor failure occurs are discussed. Recommendations to identify and monitor contractors at high risk for failure are outlined as well. This paper provides facility owners with a greater awareness of the possibility of contractor failure, how to quantify costs of contractor failure, and avoidance techniques.