Evaluation of the Durability of Hydrophobic Treatments on Concrete Architectural Heritage
Abstract The protection of historical concrete structures is a challenge for the coming years. Hydrophobic treatment may reduce the deterioration process while providing protection against water penetration. Existing commercial products - mainly silane or siloxane in either water or solvent based formulations - were submitted to different ageing processes including UV radiation, dry-wet cycles, thermal shocks, freeze-thaw cycles, carbonation and their effectiveness has been evaluated on the basis of contact angle, vapour and chloride permeability and, capillarity water absorption. The results obtained clearly show that hydrophobic treatments display a good behaviour under the main ageing conditions.
Influence of hydrophobic product nature and concentration on carbonation resistance of cultural heritage concrete buildings
Abstract The concrete based patrimony is subjected to different deterioration mechanisms, including steel corrosion induced by carbonation or chloride ion diffusion. Hydrophobic product may be used for protecting concrete structures against water ingress. No data are available on the correlation between quality of hydrophobic agent, concrete substrate properties and carbonation resistance. The influence of hydrophobic product and water to cement ratio of concrete substrate on the carbonation resistance has been investigated. The results show that there is a clear effect of hydrophobic treatment on carbonation resistance as well as chloride diffusion, specifically for high active product concentration and high W/C ratio.
A social analysis of the members of the Newfoundland House of Assembly, Executive Council, and Legislative Council for the period, 1855-1914
Chapter I consists of an introduction to the thesis, its purpose, and intent. Chapter II is an aggregate analysis of the members of the three chambers of government during the period 1855-1914. Chapter III is an analysis of geographic factors contributing to recruitment into Newfoundland politics. Chapter IV analyzes religion and its importance in Island politics. Chapter V studies occupation and class and Chapter VI is concerned with kinship and marriage. Chapter VII summarizes the findings of the previous chapters.