Lice and mite infestations of cattle in Iceland
The aim of the present study was to survey lice and mite species infesting cattle in Iceland and to evaluate their prevalence on farms, prevalence and site preferences on the animals and correlation with dermatological symptoms. The survey included two separate investigations, a combing study including 50 calves and 50 dairy cows, and a study of skin samples including 27 bullocks and 28 dairy cows. The animals came from farms in Southwest Iceland. In the combing study five preselected areas on each animal were combed. Two lice species were found, the chewing louse Bovicola bovis and the sucking louse Solenopotes capillatus. Lice were found at 7 of 10 farms. B. bovis was found at 50% and S. capillatus at 40% of the farms and both species occurred at 20% of the farms. Lice were found on 40% of the calves and 4% of the cows. B. bovis was found on 28% of the calves and 2% of the cows. S. capillatus was detected on 16% of the calves and 2% of the cows. B. bovis was most prevalent on back and rump, less prevalent on the head, neck and tail and was not detected on the front leg. S. capillatus was most prevalent on the neck, then head and front leg, and was least prevalent on the posterior back and rump and on the tail. Minor dermatological signs were seen on two cows and three calves. In the study of skin samples, samples were taken from five preselected sites of the animals. In this study the hair follicle mite Demodex bovis was found in the skin of the neck of one bullock (1.8%). No macroscopic skin disorders were observed on the samples.
Bentuk dan Sebaran Lesi Demodekosis pada Sapi Bali (THE SHAPE AND DISTRIBUTION OF DEMODECOSIS LESIONS ON BALI CATTLE)
Demodicosisis a skin diseasecaused byDemodexsp., that inhabits animal hair folliclesandcandamageskintissue. This study aims to reveal the form and distribution of demodicosis lesions in Bali cattle in thecenter of breeding bali cattle Sobangan. The sample was recorded based on the present of skin lesions.Skin scraps were collected, and examined for Demodex sp. The shape of the lesions was documented byobserving existing lesions on the body of bali cattle. The size of the lesions was measured using calipers.The distribution of the lesions was done by dividing the body area of head, neck, back, and abdomen region.We found that the prevalence of demodicosis was 12.66% (38/300). The shape of demodicosis lesions werenodular, scab, and dollar plaque. Distribution of demodicosis lesions was mostly at the neck (36.8%), atthe back (34.21%), and neck to back (23.68%). In conclusion, the prevalence of demodicosis was mild, andthe greatest distribution was on neck. In order to reduce the incidence rate in bali cattle should be keptproperly and sanitation is carried out at a good standard.
Characterization of Aqueous Dispersions and Gels Made of Sodium Caseinate and Basil Seed Gum: Phase Behavior, Rheology, and Microstructure
The interactions between sodium caseinate (NaCas) and basil seed gum (BSG) in the presence of calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) were investigated. The phase behavior of the mixed aqueous dispersions and their gels revealed a homogeneous mixture, obtained at the higher concentrations of both CaCl 2 and BSG. The Herschel-Bulkley model sufficiently fitted the flow behavior of the mixture solution data. Apparent viscosity increased significantly ( p  < 0.05) by increasing the concentration of BSG, where the addition of CaCl 2 had no significant effect on the viscosity of the samples ( p  > 0.05). Furthermore, there was an increase in thixotropy due to the higher concentrations of BSG and CaCl 2 . Based on the frequency sweep test, at the low frequencies, a more gel-like behavior was observed in the case of the higher concentrations of either BSG or CaCl 2 . The rheological and SEM data suggested that the stronger structure of NaCas-BSG gel in the presence of the higher concentrations of CaCl 2 was related to the induction of complex formation between the two biopolymers.