An architecture program for the robotic exploration of Venus
To date, most space exploration has focused on the solar system beyond Earth's orbit while the inner solar system between Earth and the Sun has received only limited attention. In this region, Venus, with a similar size and mass to Earth but with a very different environment, is probably the most interesting body. The most notable feature of Venus is the extreme runaway greenhouse effect. This phenomenon is considered a potential fate for the Earth in the future. Exploring Venus could help mitigate this threat. However, the environment of Venus is sufficiently challenging as to preclude the possibility of physical human presence for the foreseeable future. Consequently, robot-mediated exploration is required
The VEVA Mission; exploration of Venus volcanoes and atmosphere
Greeley, E. R. Stofan, M. H. Acuna, A. Chutjian, D. Crisp, J. Cutts, B. Fegley, J. Guest, J. W. Head, K. Klaasen, J. P. Mustard, D. Senske, Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, campbell@ceps.nasm.edu, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, University College London, London NW8 9RE, UK, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912.
Gill diseases of cultured salmonids in Ontario.
Between 1977 and 1981, the Fish Pathology Laboratory of the Ontario Veterinary College received 239 cases from trout farms of southern Ontario, 51 (21.3%) of which had diseased gills. Branchial lesions in 86.3% of these 51 cases were characterized by marked lamellar epithelial hyperplasia with epithelial hypertrophy and lamellar fusion. Filamentous bacteria were seen on the surface of the branchial filaments and lamellae in 68.6% of the cases. Our observations highlight the importance of gill diseases as a production problem of farmed salmonids in southern Ontario.