Reactions of 5-alpha-hydroxy steroids. VII. The westphalen rearrangement of some 3-beta-substituted-6-beta-acetoxy-5-alpha-hydroxy cholestanes.
Abstract Product analyses and kinetic studies of the reactions of 3β-substituted-6β-acetoxy-5α-hydroxy cholestanes with H 2 SO 4 -Ac 2 O-AcOH reveal a marked dependence of the reactions upon the nature of the 3β-substituent.
Acetylation of substituted benzyl alcohols with acetic anhydride catalysed by sulphuric acid
Kinetic and mass spectrometric evidence show that p-anisyl alcohol is acetylated via a carbonium ion intermediate. Other, less activated, benzyl alcohols are acetylated via a mechanism which does not involve CO fission in the alcohol.
Expected annual emergency miles per ambulance: an indicator for measuring availability of Emergency Medical Services resources.
CONTEXT
To ensure equitable access to prehospital care, as recommended by the Rural and Frontier Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Agenda for the Future, policymakers will need a uniform measure of EMS infrastructure.


PURPOSE AND METHODS
This paper proposes a county-level indicator of EMS resource availability that takes into consideration existing EMS resources (ambulances), population health and demographics, and geographic factors. The indicator, the EXpected annual emergency miles per AMBulance (EXAMB), provides a basis for comparing ambulance availability across counties within states. A method for calculating the EXAMB indicator is demonstrated using data from 5 states.


FINDINGS
The EXAMB indicator was negatively correlated with ambulance availability per 100,000 population in 4 of the 5 states in the study. The indicator was positively correlated with rurality in 3 states. In Mississippi, South Carolina, and Wyoming, whole-county health professional shortage areas had median EXAMB values 45%-81% higher than those of the non-health professional shortage areas counties.


CONCLUSIONS
Future research should explore the relationship of the EXAMB to EMS outcomes, with the ultimate goal of developing a nationally recognized indicator of "adequate" EMS resource availability.