Response to the letter of M. Brugnoli
1. In the Aquatrainer, the Xowmeter is positioned at the end of a long corrugated hose, and therefore, the temperature of the exhaled gases before being measured is assumed to be the same as that of the surrounding environment (i.e., ambient temperature). This requires a signiWcant expiratory BTPS correction. The user is thus requested to enter in the appropriate input Weld (i.e., temperature @ Xowmeter) the measured ambient temperature.
Comparison of gas exchange data using the Aquatrainer® system and the facemask with Cosmed K4b2 during exercise in healthy subjects
The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement between the new Aquatrainer® system and the facemask in the assessment of submaximal and maximal cardiopulmonary responses during exercise performed on ergocycle. Twenty-six physically active healthy subjects (mean age: 41 ± 14 years) performed a submaximal constant work test followed by maximal incremental exercise test on ergocycle, one with cardiopulmonary responses measured using the Cosmed K4b2 facemask, the other using the Cosmed K4b2 Aquatrainer®. Using the Aquatrainer®, the gas exchange variables at 100 W were significantly lower for VO2 (1,483 ± 203 vs. 1,876 ± 204 ml min−1, P < 0.0001), VCO2 (1,442 ± 263 vs. 1,749 ± 231 ml min-1, P < 0.0001), VE (38 ± 5 vs. 44 ± 6 l min−1, P < 0.0001), and VT (1.92 ± 0.47 vs. 2.18 ± 0.41 l, P < 0.0001) relative to facemask. The bias ±95% limits of agreement (LOA) for VO2 was 393 ± 507 ml min−1 for the submaximal constant work test at 100 W and 495 ± 727 ml min−1 for VO2max. At maximal intensity, cardiopulmonary responses measured with the Aquatrainer® system were significantly lower for: VO2 (2,799 ± 751 vs. 3,294 ± 821 ml min−1, P < 0.0001), VCO2 (3,426 ± 836 vs. 3,641 ± 946 ml min−1, P = 0.012), VE (98 ± 21 vs. 108 ± 26 l min−1, P = 0.0009) relative to facemask. A non-constant measurement error [interaction effect: (facemask or aquatrainer) × power] was noted from 60 to 270 W for VO2 (ml min−1), VCO2 (ml min−1), ventilation (l min−1) (P < 0.0001) and VT (l, P = 0.0001). Additional studies are required to detect the main sources of error that could be physical and/or physiological in nature. Due to the significant measurement error, the new Aquatrainer® system should be used with extreme caution in filed testing conditions of swimmers.
A social analysis of the members of the Newfoundland House of Assembly, Executive Council, and Legislative Council for the period, 1855-1914
Chapter I consists of an introduction to the thesis, its purpose, and intent. Chapter II is an aggregate analysis of the members of the three chambers of government during the period 1855-1914. Chapter III is an analysis of geographic factors contributing to recruitment into Newfoundland politics. Chapter IV analyzes religion and its importance in Island politics. Chapter V studies occupation and class and Chapter VI is concerned with kinship and marriage. Chapter VII summarizes the findings of the previous chapters.