Terminology and the Classification of Fine Grained
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS – is there a difference between a claystone, a mudstone and a shale? Summary Fine grained sedimentary rocks, both clastic and carbonate, are believed to be the most abundant rock type on the Earth " s surface 1924) of all the sediment ever produced. In sedimentology the size grade scale most commonly used is that which was introduced by Udden in 1898, modified by Wentworth in 1922 and then converted into a logarithmic form by Krumbien in 1934. For a single particle, the sand-silt boundary, which is the distinction between coarser grained materials and those which are fine grained, is placed at 1/16 mm (≈63 microns or +4 Φ). For a given rock the proportion of material containing particles less than 63 microns in size is normally greater than 50% to satisfy the classification criteria of being fine grained. Despite their abundance, fine-grained sedimentary rocks, to date, have not been satisfactorily classified. Perhaps this is because they are not well exposed in the field compared to their coarser grained, more weather resistant counterparts, the sandstones (Pettijohn, 1975; Spears, 1980); perhaps it is due to their fine grained nature that makes their study more noted by Rodgers (1950) the problem of classifying fine grained sedimentary rocks, simply, but inevitably entails the problem of terminology. It is the usage of imprecisely defined terms that has often led to confusion, and frustration, when trying to describe and discuss fine grained sediments. This report will identify where confusion has arisen, and determines the type of terminology and classification that will be used in future works. In the literature there is a plethora of names for fine grained sedimentary materials – Definition and usage of the word 'shale' The term shale has been around for a few centuries. The first recorded use of the written word shale appears in Hooson " s " The Miners Dictionary " , published in 1747; within which the term shale was meant as an indurated, laminated, clayey rock. Tourtelot (1960) gives a good summary on the origin and use of the world shale, and by outlining its historical use as i) a general term for describing " laminated clayey rock " ; ii) as a formation name, e.g. the " Pierre Shale " ; and iii) it " s widespread use as a bucket term for the entire class of fine grained rocks (whether they are laminated …
A Preface to the Classification of the Sedimentary Rocks
"Perhaps if we stratigraphers insisted on a more refined classification of our sediments, instead of being satisfied with conglomerates, sandstones, shales, limestones, and some minor types, we would make more rapid progress; for it is my belief that precision in classification leads to precision in thought, and so is of vast value as a mental discipline. It might not be amiss to insist that a firm foundation in the classification of our rocks is a needful preliminary to the building of a permanent superstructure, and to urge that we get together and follow the lead of the pyro-petrographers."-A. W. Grabau (1917).
Fault Diagnosis and CAN Bus/Ethernet Redundancy Design of a Monitoring and Control System
The ship monitoring system is used to monitor and control the working status of various equipment on the ship. The navigational safety of the ship is affected directly by the stable working of the monitoring system. In this paper, a ship monitoring system with fault-type judgment function and bus redundancy is designed to improve system reliability and reduce fault checking cost. A redundant Ethernet/CAN bus communication network is constructed in the system, which connects multiple simulation nodes. The simulation node can simulate the faults that may occur during the communication process and feeds back the fault information to the host computer. The host computer will analyze and display the corresponding fault type on the user interface with the feedback information is received. The system reconfigures the network route autonomously when the simulation node has a communication fault. Routing of fault nodes can be switched to redundant routing, and the load balancing of the communication network can be maintained. Through experimental tests, the system can accurately locate faults and achieve fast switching of redundant routes between buses. Hence, the reliability of data transmission is improved.