Recent developments in osmotic dehydration.
Osmotic dehydration is an operation used for partial removal of water from foods such as fruits and vegetables. In this process, foods are placed in hypertonic (osmotic) solution. Three different mass transfer mechanisms occur in the osmotic dehydration; (i) water migration from food to the solution, (ii) solute migration from solution to food, and (iii) solute concerning product extracted to solution. Osmotically dehydrated fruits and vegetables are generally dried by hot air flow. In recent years, osmotic dehydration has been combined with various methods such as the high hydrostatic pressure, high electrical field pulses, gamma irradiation, ultrasound, vacuum and centrifugal force. These new combination methods increase mass transfer and drying rate and foods by increasing the cell membrane permeability. The operation time in the combined methods is shorter than that in traditional osmotic dehydration, causing further energy saving. In this study, recent advances in osmotic dehydration will be reviewed.
Comparison of pretreatment methods on water and solid diffusion kinetics of osmotically dehydrated mangos
Abstract This study compared mass transfer during osmotic dehydration (OD), as well as some quality indices, of untreated mango samples to those pretreated by applying high intensity electric field pulses (HELPs), high pressure (HP) or supercritical carbon dioxide having the same initial cell disintegration index ( Z p ) in the range 0.50–0.58. HELP and HP pretreated samples had a higher water loss (WL) and higher solid gain (Sg) than the untreated samples. Applying supercritical carbon dioxide did not improve water loss but facilitated higher sugar gain (8–42%) than in the other pretreated samples. HP and supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatments increased the red intensity ( a values) of the mangos. The breaking force of HELP and HP pretreated samples increased with OD time.
The Categorical Stability of Gambling Motives Among Community-Recruited Gamblers: A Longitudinal Assessment
Over the past decade, several motivational models have been proposed to explain the role of motives in gambling disorder. In the model captured by the four-factor Gambling Motives Questionnaire Financial (GMQ-F), gamblers are described as being primarily motivated to gamble for ‘coping’, ‘enhancement’, ‘social’, and ‘financial’ reasons. Although this model has received significant empirical support; to date, research assessing the role of motives in gambling disorder has been primarily cross-sectional in nature. Thus, the extent to which gambling motives remain stable over time has yet to be explored. In the current study, the stability versus fluidity of self-assessed gambling motives was investigated using the Quinte Longitudinal Study, a longitudinal dataset of gambling behaviour collected over 5 years. Gambling motives of 2795 gamblers were examined over all five annual assessments. The total proportion of gamblers who stayed in the same primary motive category across each of the 5 consecutive assessments was 22%, indicating substantial fluidity in category membership. Substantial movement between categories was seen for each GMQ-F group, as well as an additional group of non-classified motives. Logistic regression analyses suggest that greater resistance to gambling fallacies significantly predicted stability between the baseline assessment and a follow-up 1 year later, but gambling severity did not. Potential limitations in the study design and opportunities for future research are discussed.