Using Glance Behaviour to Evaluate ACC Driver Controls in a Driving Simulator
This paper examines the glance behaviour of drivers while interacting with two different driver-vehicle interface concepts for an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system. With the integrated concept, the speed and following distance controls were located on the steering wheel whereas with the divided concept the speed control was moved to the dashboard. A virtual Head-Up Display (HUD) was used to show the ACC settings and current speed. Twelve subjects (19 to 53 years old) drove a rural road course in a fixed-base driving simulator while being verbally instructed to adjust the speed and/or following distance of the ACC system. Dividing the controls between the steering wheel and dashboard caused significantly larger mean and maximum glance times and a lower glance frequency to the displays and controls. The percent glance time “off-road” furthermore increased significantly during task completion. Other significant results were observed between the task type and task length.
Intelligent Transportation Systems for Older Drivers: A Systems Approach to Improving Safety and Extending Driving Longevity
In just over 100 years since the first Model T Ford rolled off the production line, there have been huge changes in all aspects of automotive transportation. Cars have become increasingly sophisticated, road networks have proliferated (from 230km of sealed road in the US in 1904, to over 9.2 million km today; Berger, 2001) and most of the Western population has come to rely on private vehicles for their everyday transportation needs. This century of change has had a profound impact on every aspect of society and culture, and it is likely that the continuing evolution of automobiles and automotive transport will have an even greater impact in the decades to come. This aBstRact
Athenian Democracy at War
Classical Athens perfected direct democracy. The plays of this ancient Greek state are still staged today. These achievements are rightly revered. Less well known is the other side of this success story. Democratic Athens completely transformed warfare and became a superpower. The Athenian armed forces were unmatched in size and professionalism. This book explores the major reasons behind this military success. It shows how democracy helped the Athenians to be better soldiers. For the first time David M. Pritchard studies, together, all four branches of the armed forces. He focuses on the background of those who fought Athens' wars and on what they thought about doing so. His book reveals the common practices that Athens used right across the armed forces and shows how Athens' pro-war culture had a big impact on civilian life. The book puts the study of Athenian democracy at war on an entirely new footing.