Serological and phylogenetic analysis indicating prevalence of fowl adenovirus in China
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs), which belong to the genus  Aviadenovirus  in the Adenoviridae family, are grouped into five species named Fowl adenovirus A–E ( FAdV-A to FAdV - E ) and 12 serotypes (1–11, 8a, 8b) based on genome sequencing and virus neutralisation, respectively. FAdVs are responsible for a wide range of clinical signs, including hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS), inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and gizzard erosion (GE).1 HHS is primarily caused by the FAdV-4 serotype and causes more than 30 per cent mortality.2 3 IBH is related to the multiserotype of FAdVs and leads to 10–30 per cent mortality in chickens. Some FAdV-1 strains are responsible for GE.1 3

Cases of IBH or HHS have been increasing rapidly, resulting in great economic losses worldwide.3–8 In the present study, we determined the prevalence of FAdV infections in chicken flocks in China by serological analysis and characterised the genotypic distribution among the FAdV strains previously reported in China in GenBank database by phylogenetic analysis. Our findings could provide implications for a promising control measure and vaccination strategy for FAdV infection in the poultry industry.

To evaluate the prevalence of FAdV infections in China, a total of 4544 serum samples were collected from 119 different non-vaccinated chicken flocks in 2014–2016. These samples were localised in 13 provinces or cities in …
Characterization of fowl adenoviruses isolated between 2007 and 2014 in China.
Forty-three fowl adenovirus (FAdV) strains were isolated in China from 2007 to 2014 from poultry and ostriches with inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and hydropericardium syndrome (HPS). Phylogenetic analysis showed that 28/43 strains clustered into Fowl aviadenovirus D (FAdV-D) and 9/43 strains clustered into FAdV-E. FAdV-C included three isolates of ostrich origin, one of goose origin and two of chicken origin. Based on hexon loop 1 gene sequencing analysis, these viruses were genetically related to FAdV-4, FAdV-8a, FAdV-8b and FAdV-11, of which FAdV-11 was dominant. The isolation in 2014 of three FAdV strains belonging to serotype 4 from ostrich flocks is to our knowledge the first finding of FAdV-4 infection and HPS cases in ostriches. Epidemiological analysis showed that FAdV has been circulating in northern and eastern China, where more than 50% of layers and broilers are raised. The hosts of this pathogen included broilers, layers, geese and ostriches. IBH and HPS cases had a sporadic or cluster distribution from 2007 to 2013; however, since 2014 the number of cases has increased sharply. To control FAdV, strict biosecurity protection measures are necessary and a multivalent vaccine may be needed.
Influence of Diluted Spent Wash of Sugar Industries Application on Yield of and Nutrient Uptake by Sugarcane and Changes in Soil Properties
A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of irrigation with tube well water (S0) as well as with spent wash diluted for 25 (S25), 50 (S5O) and 100 (S100) times on yield of and nutrient uptake by sugarcane grown on Typic Chromustert. The results revealed that application of spent wash diluted at any level increased the sugarcane yield and nutrient uptake significantly over S0. Less diluted spent wash gave higher yield of biomass than the concentrated one. Though, there was tendency for slight increase in the soil salinity due to use of spent wash, yet the nutrient availability of P, K and S increased considerably. Further, there was indication of betterment in some physical conditions of soil.