Regeneration Of Diesel Particulate Filters With Hydrogen Rich Gas
The options for the regeneration of a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) using hydrogen rich gas are investigated. The advantages of using hydrogen rich gas for this purpose are described. The system requirements for such a system are also evaluated. The use of a plasmatron fuel converter for the onboard generation of hydrogen rich gas from diesel fuel is discussed. The advantages of homogeneous, non-catalytic reforming by the plasmatron fuel converter are described. Finally, the effect of homogeneous combustion of the hydrogen rich gas in the exhaust (upstream from the DPF) is investigated.
Particulate Emissions from Hydrogen Diesel Fuelled CI Engines
Compression ignition engines are much-celebrated power plants for both heavy transport and stationary applications, owing to their high thermal efficiency and low-end torque. However, CI engines are infamous for emission of black smoke mostly composed of carbon soot particulates. These soot particulates are a complex agglomeration of carbonaceous materials, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and trace heavy metals. Moreover, the soot particulates are reported to be associated with numerous hazards like impaired human organ functionality, climate change and visibility. Attempts have been made to reduce the soot emissions using diesel particulate filters (DPF) and other catalyst-based after-treatment technologies. However, life and performance efficiency of these measures remain questionable. This chapter aims to report the influence of hydrogen addition in a diesel engine on the particulate formation. The researchers have concluded that the primary pathway for PM formation in diesel engines is through hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition (HACA) mechanism, where a polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) acts as a precursor to soot formation. The literature reports that hydrogen presence in the combustion chamber can deteriorate the formation of PM by interfering with HACA mechanism. Considering PM size and number are essential emission control parameters in vehicular emission norms throughout the world, and it is highly imperative to critically evaluate the potential of hydrogen in the reduction of PM size and number. Therefore, the chapter discusses in detail the effect of hydrogen enhancement in a dual-fuel engine. Further, attempting to critically present the hydrogen's influence on particulate modes, distribution and morphology.
Novel method for the determination of the methoxyl content in lignin by headspace gas chromatography.
The paper reports on a headspace gas chromatographic (HS-GC) method for the determination of methoxyl in lignin. The method involves the quantitive cleavage of methoxyl with hydroiodic acid (HI) to form methyl iodide in a closed headspace sample vial at 130 °C for 30 min. After HI has been added, the sample is neutralized by injecting a sodium hydroxide solution; the methyl iodide in the vial was determined by HS-GC using a flame ionization detector. The results showed that the method has an excellent measurement precision (RSD < 0.69%) and accuracy (RSD < 3.5%) for the quantification of methoxyl content in lignin. The present method is simple and accurate and can be used for the efficient determination of methoxy1 content in lignin and related materials.