Influence and modelling of urban runoff on the peak flows in rivers.
Surface waters and urban drainage systems are usually studied separately. However there are important interactions between both systems. Urban drainage systems can have an important impact on the surface waters, mainly at combined sewer overflows. On the other hand during periods of high water levels in a river, the runoff from the urban drainage system can be significantly influenced by backwater, which increases the probability of flooding in is not obvious, because the modelling tools for both systems are often hard to combine properly. To properly assess the probability of flooding for this kind of integrated water systems, different submodels are needed for both subsystems. In practice often one single model is used to describe the runoff to rivers despite the presence of urban catchments. The main objective of this study is to show the limits of this simplified approach. Furthermore, it is necessary to use continuous long term simulations, because of the differences in runoff behaviour. Detailed hydrodynamic models do not really fit for this purpose because of long simulation times and high demands in memory and disk space. Therefore simplified conceptual models are more useful.
Emission predictions with a multi-linear reservoir model
For the assessment of combined sewer overflows detailed models are not necessary. Physically based conceptual models give an optimal balance between model uncertainty and uncertainty in the input data. Besides, it is important that continuous long term simulations are performed. To prove this, in this paper the calibration of a reservoir model is discussed. The emission results of the reservoir model are compared with those of a hydrodynamic model. This research shows that a well-calibrated reservoir model can predict overflow emissions as well as a detailed model, taking into account the uncertainties in the input data. Moreover, when a reservoir model is used the calculation times are 10 4 to 10 6 times smaller. Such simplified models are an ideal tool to perform quickly various scenario analyses.
Harry Morgan’s Identity Crisis: Orientalism and Slumming during the Great Depression in Hemingway’s To Have and Have Not
This essay places To Have and Have Not in relation to the flow of illegal Chinese immigrants through Cuba and Key West to U.S. Chinatowns during the Great Depression. It also explores the representations of Asians in the novel. The essay argues that Morgan’s interaction with the “Anglomaniac” Chinese human trafficker, Sing, and his outrage against rich American tourists “slumming” in Key West reveal that his identity crisis is the result of his liminal position within the prevailing racial hierarchy.