Glow Characterization in Low-Pressure Radio-Frequency $\hbox{CH}_{2} \hbox{F}_{2}$ and $\hbox{C}_{2}\hbox{H}_{2}\hbox{F}_{4}$  Plasma Deposition Systems
The glow characteristics and deposited film structures of fluorocarbon monomers in radio-frequency glow discharges are investigated using CH<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub>, which were compared to hydrocarbon monomer such as CH<sub>4</sub>. The glow was characterized and investigated by optical photography, optical emission spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The glow differences were attributed to the nature of the luminous gas phase in respect to polymer-forming species.
The study of creation of polymerizable species in radio frequency hydrocarbon plasma polymerization in a closed reactor system
Abstract The study of radio frequency glow discharge of saturated hydrocarbon monomer indicated that the glow forms distinctive glow in plasma polymerization systems. The radio-frequency ethane plasma polymerization in a closed reactor system was studied. The composition of reactive species in the luminous gas phase was monitored during the deposition process by optical emission spectroscopy. Optical emission analysis indicates that polymerizable species are mainly formed in the glow region. It was found that, in such a closed plasma system, the deposition of ethane plasma polymers could be visualized as the batch processes. In the early stage of radio-frequency plasma initiation, the deposition of plasma polymers was dominated by the hydrocarbon-based species because the hydrocarbon-based species polymerized much quicker than hydrogen-based species. In the final stage, because of the exhaustion of all polymerizable species in the system, the deposition terminated and the deposited plasma polymer surface was endlessly treated by nonpolymer forming gas plasma. The growth of radio frequency plasma polymerized hydrocarbon film clearly showed the dominating effects of luminous gas phases on the polymerizable tendency in plasma polymerization system.
Livestock Aspects of Feed Grain Policy
It is a signal event that our topic should be included on this program. In recent years, the livestock and poultry economy has scarcely been considered in the making of price and income policy for feed grains. It has been disregarded by pragmatic policy makers. It has been almost equally bypassed by theoretical economists, who usually kibitz freely. Policy for support and target prices for corn, grain sorghums, and other feed grains has been made with an eye almost exclusively fixed on the producers of those crops. The target price has been set relatively high in order to protect crop farmers' income. The latest (and current) loan rate policy has been to hold the rate low. Although a low rate facilitates moving grain into livestock and poultry consumption when crops are abundant, it does nothing to provide buffer stocks for years when crops are short. In addition, a couple of years ago it became administrative policy to dispose of the stocks inherited from an earlier period, even subsidizing their sale abroad. But the foremost example of one-sidedness is the attitude toward release prices. In all the rhetoric heard recently about the peril of holding corn or sorghums in reserve, the scold has been that release prices would not be set high enough. What group can the spokesmen have had in mind? Feed producers, of course! Not feed consumers, that is, livestock and poultry men. It has been a one-sided consideration of a two-sided issue. If all groups are to have equal voice in policy making, how can livestock and poultry interests be so ostracized? The one-sidedness has more impact now that so much livestock and poultry production has become detached from feed supply on individual farms. The livestock-poultry economy is therefore more sensitive to the availability and price of feed. It is in fact a contradiction that historically, livestock and poultry got more attention when they were still closely connected with feed production on the farm. In the early years of farm programs, the "ever-normal granary" was consciously designed to level out the supply and price of feed for livestock and poultry. Now that livestock and poultry have become more commercial and more vulnerable to a volatile feed situation, feed price stabilization has been progressively removed from the councils of farm policy. And the ultimate contradiction is that the alleged price-depressing perils of a feed reserve have been proclaimed in disregard of the fact that the main defense of feed grain producers' incomes is the target price-direct payment mechanism, not support prices. If grains on reserve should cause market prices to be reduced below target level, producers would get bigger direct payments, that is, producers with a base on their farm are protected in that way. Admittedly, production outside such a base would not be eligible for payment.