The development of modern propaganda in Britain, 1854-1902
There has been a general historiographical concentration on the twentieth century in terms of modern propaganda, much due to the impact of the First World War. However, it is the premise of this thesis that while the First World War was a propagandistic watershed, the sixty years preceding it were of equal importance in terms of the formation of modern propaganda in Britain. 
 
 The aim of this thesis then is to address this gap by considering the nature, meaning and operation of propaganda in this period. In order to accomplish this, this thesis creates a set of criteria for identifying and distinguishing ‘modern’ propaganda, before demonstrating that what is generally conceived as modern, and characteristic of the twentieth century, in fact existed or was developing in the latter half of the nineteenth century. 
 
 This is achieved firstly by conducting a survey of the etymology and theory of propaganda in this period in order to demonstrate how contemporaries understood that phenomenon; secondly, by analysing the Crimean War as the progenitor of the development of a modern form of propaganda; thirdly, by considering how the vast political, social, economic and technological changes that took place in the period 1854-1902 created an environment in which modern propaganda not only could emerge, but had to; and fourthly, by examining the Boer War as the zenith of this process and an example of a modern propagandistic environment. 
 
 It will be argued that modern propaganda not only developed and existed in this period, but its study can open up a dialogue between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in terms of propaganda and thereby contribute to debates that still occupy historians of propaganda today, particularly the place of propaganda in democracy. If historians are to understand the propagandistic upheavals of the twentieth century, they must first look to where such propaganda came from, why it developed and what form these developments took in a world untainted by the memory of a World War.
'Pictorial Lies'? -- Posters and Politics in Britain c. 1880-1914
In 1906, Joseph Chamberlain rose in the House of Commons to reply to the King’s Speech on behalf of the Opposition. He rapidly came to thequestionof ‘Chinese slavery’, and theusemadeof it by the Liberals at the recent general election. Chamberlain displayed a series of posters to the House, beginning with one issued by the National Liberal Federation, and argued that ‘these men have their hands behind their backs’ and that the picture was intended to represent a case of slavery. He proceeded to show a poster published by the National Press Agency featuring Chinamen in chains. His pictorial climax was provided by an image of a Chinaman: ‘a ghostly looking figure . . . strung up by a rope with his toes just touching the ground’. Throughout the debate on the King’s Speech, Conservatives returned to the cry of ‘Chinese slavery’ and, more particularly, to the posters in which it had been embodied. Burdett-Coutts argued that ‘it was a Chinese majority’, gained through resort to ‘the disgraceful pictorial weapons that were now so well known’. Sir Gilbert Parker claimed that ‘those pictures and posters practically won the election’, while Lord Robert Cecil traced the process whereby more explicit unofficial cartoons had enabled official productions to imply slavery by allusion rather than direct representation. Liberals did not, of course, simply accept such claims. Augustine Birrell offered a lengthy defence of his party’s record. Alfred Mond went on the attack, recalling a poster ‘in which the Prime Minister was depicted as a columbine dressed in a beautiful
Introduction to Dutch Law for Foreign Lawyers
Part 1 Dutch legal system: history sources judicial organization legal education and the legal profession classification. Part 2 Private law: family law property law law of obligations representation and procuration legal persons law of succession commercial law air law civil procedure private international law. Part 3 Public law: constitutional law administrative law criminal justice system tax law economic law. Part 4 Labour law. Part 5 Legal philosophy.