Religion Work and Inequality
Work behaviours and inequality in work-based rewards are essential to financial security and general well-being. Although the benefits of receiving work-based rewards, such as income, benefits and retirement packages, are significant, they are not enjoyed uniformly. This title articulates an agenda for better understanding these social processes.
The Three-Generations Hypothesis
Herberg maintains that the children of immigrants weakened their religious ties while the grandchildren of immigrants exhibit greater religious participation. Lenski, in Detroit, however, found increasing church attendance associated with increasing Americanization for Protestants and Catholics. National sample survey data on Protestants and Catholics support Lenski's Detroit findings. However, when Protestants and Catholics are subdivided by sex and the children-of-immigrants category is confined to people both of whose parents were foreign-born, it is found that (1) Protestants of both sexes show an increasing frequency of church attendance with more generations in the United States; (2) among Catholic men who are children of immigrants church attendance drops; (3) Catholic women show no meaningful changes in church attendance for the various generations. It is thought that these Protestant-Catholic differences stem from the secular orientation of Protestant immigrants.
Hedy: A Gradual Language for Programming Education
One of the aspects of programming that learners often struggle with is the syntax of programming languages: remembering the right commands to use and combining those into a working program. Prior research demonstrated that students submit source code with syntax errors in 73% of cases and even the best students do so in 50% of cases. An analysis of 37 million compilations by 250.000 students found that the most common error was a syntax error, which occurred in almost 800.000 compilations. It was also found that Java and Perl are not easier to understand than a programming language with randomly generated keywords, stressing the difficulties that novices face in understanding syntax. This paper presents Hedy: a new way of teaching the syntax of a programming language to novices, inspired by educational methods by which punctuation is taught to children. Hedy starts as a simple programming language without any syntactic elements such as brackets, colons or indentation. The rules slowly and gradually change until the novices are programming in Python. Hedy is evaluated on 9714 programs.