Preparing the Boys for War Compulsion or Coercion? Physical Education and Training, 1919-1939
Post 1919 saw an emerging organisation of national resources as anticipation of a potential second major war became more widespread. One prime resource was the youth of the nation – and much was achieved through massive investment in physical activity. This paper demonstrates how – through the mechanisms of sport, physical education and outdoor activities – such changing perceptions initiated major developments in schools from curricula to the establishment of school medical services. Evidence is collated from academic research, personal testimonies and records of schools. In the past the widespread view was that fascist and communist states coerced their young men, whilst UK developments were purely voluntary. This paper seeks to challenge that, demonstrating that whilst UK changes might not have been overly directed by law, the full machinery of the state was extensively and actively involved in changing attitudes, beliefs and pursuits.
The Emergence of Municipal Baths: Hygiene, War and Recreation in the Development of Swimming Facilities
Abstract Public bathing facilities were one of the many new urban monument types of the Industrial Revolution. This paper examines the changing role, function and provision of baths and swimming pools from the Victorians to the post-war consensus of the 1950s and 1960s. It details changing rationales from cleansing, through preparation for war to post-war recreational use. It places these changes within the archaeological and historical record, utilising examples from across the United Kingdom, and explores how such buildings as well as being functional were simultaneously physical manifestations of the municipal grandeur and pride of the new industrial cities.
Remotely-Piloted Helicopter Citrus Yield Map Estimation
A remotely-piloted Gas Xcell mini-helicopter with GPS, wireless Ethernet, and a machinevision system was flown over orange trees to take overhead images. The individual tree images were processed to estimate the number of orange pixels in the images. The fruit yield of individualtrees at harvest a month later had an r-squared value of 0.373 with the number of orange pixels onthe irrigated tree images. While it was demonstrated that a remotely-piloted mini-helicopter could beused to acquire useful overhead images of citrus trees, substantial further research is needed toimprove the accuracy of estimates of individual tree yields or health.