Carbon Capture Overview
Government research funding initially emphasizing pre-combustion (CO2 capture from syngas) has led to the realization that less-glamorous post-combustion (flue gas scrubbing) most likely represents the best option for timely, cost-effective Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in the immediate future. A better understanding of capture costs resulting from the renewed interest in post-combustion has prompted the U.S. Government to increase the acceptable target for increased cost of energy required for flue gas scrubbing from 20% in 2006 to 35% today, highlighting the importance of advancing the current technology. While acid gas removal from process streams using alkanolamines is a mature technology, flue gas scrubbing presents many new challenges still not adequately met on the scale necessary for GHG abatement. In addition to discussing those challenges, this paper reviews (1) flue-gas scrubbing facilities installed over the past 30+ years for commercial purposes such as EOR, urea manufacture, soda ash manufacture and food processing, and (2) current status of innovative technologies employing, for example, sterically hindered amines and aqueous ammonia. While the GHG contribution of sulphur recovery activities is arguably insignificant, potential monetary CO2 reduction incentives will likely improve the economics of reducing incineration fuel by simple, established means as discussed.
CO2 Absorbing Capacity of MEA
We describe the use of a gas bubbler apparatus in which the gas phase is bubbled into a fixed amount of absorbent under standard conditions as a uniform procedure for determining the absorption capacity of solvents. The method was systematically applied to determine the CO2 absorbing capacity of MEA () at several aqueous MEA (β) and gas-phase CO2 concentrations. approached the nominal CO2 absorbing capacity of MEA (720 g CO2/kg MEA) at very low β levels, increasing from to  g CO2/kg MEA as β was reduced from 30 to 2.5% (w/w). did not depend on the CO2 concentration in the inlet gas stream as long as the gas stream did not include other amine sensitive components. During the bubbling tests the outlet CO2 concentration profiles exhibited a sigmoidal shape that could be described by an exponential equation characterized by an efficiency factor () and a form factor (). Statistical analysis based on correlation analysis indicated that in all cases the experimental data fit the equation well when a was and was . The results of these experiments may be used to optimize scrubber designs for CO2 sequestration from fossil fuel derived flue gases.
Morpho-biometric Relationship, Relative Condition Factor and Meat Yield of Distant Scallop Bractechlamys vexillum (Reeve, 1853) in Asid Gulf, Philippines
Understanding the relationships of morphometric and biometric characters of a species allows the prediction of one trait from the other and generate a measure of relative condition. These relationships were studied for the Distant scallop Bratechlamys vexillum (Reeve, 1853) in Asid Gulf. Representative samples collected during the dry season (May 2018, n = 99) and wet season (September 2018, n = 100) were used to analyse these relationships through models of simple linear and power regression analyses, revealing allometric growth patterns. For both periods, it was revealed that shell width (SW) is a slightly better predictor than the height (SH) for total weight (TW) (R2 = 0.90 and 0.92) and the adductor muscle weight (AW) (R2 = 0.78 and 0.80). The strong functional relationship was also observed between TW and AW (R2 = 0.80 and 0.81). The relative condition factors (Kn) were high in both seasons. High meat yields were also observed in May (12.77 %) and September (14.26 %). The significant difference in meat yields (P < 0.05) can be a result of the seasonal difference manifested by the dynamics of energy partitioning during gametogenesis and spawning. These biological metrics are vital inputs in analysing mariculture prospects for the resource and a contribution to the scarce information on the biology of the species.