Zum Einkommensreichtum Älterer in Deutschland-Neue Reichtumskennzahlen und Ergebnisse aus der Lohnund Einkommensteuerstatistik (FAST 2001)
This contribution analyzes income richness of elder persons in Germany in 2001. Using actual data of the German Wage and Income Tax Statistics, which are particularly suitable for the analysis of high incomes, new richness indices are discussed and new results are presented. It appears that the the number of rich people in upper age groups are below the average. But deepening results point out the fact that the richness intensity and the concentration of high income are particularly pronounced for upper age groups. Taking into account partial components, which are necessary to the representation of richness, an above-average relevance of income richness can be ascertained for the elderly in Germany in 2001.
Multidimensional Polarization of Income and Wealth: The Extent and Intensity of Poverty and Affluence
Income and wealth are important determinants of individual economic well-being because they are a fundamental resource for consumption. Due to increasing inequality the distribution of income and wealth has moved more and more into the focus of scientific and political attention. The aim of this paper is to determine the extent and the intensity of multidimensional polarization of both income and wealth. Individual well-being is modeled by a well-being function directly affected by income and wealth. In order to have a flexible functional form for the well-being function the translog function is chosen. The parameters of the well-being function are not chosen arbitrarily but determined by the German population. From the perspective of an interdependent relation of the polarization dimensions income and wealth, the extent of multidimensional poverty and affluence is represented by the number of people who are assigned to be multidimensionally poor or affluent. The polarization intensity is measured by the multidimensional mean minimum polarization gap (2DGAP). This polarization intensity measure provides a transparent representation of each singular attribute and account for their possible interdependent relations. The data basis for the empirical investigation is the SAVE study from 2010 for Germany.
Did the metamorphosis from Export Processing Zones to Special Economic Zones improve the efficiency of trade enclaves in India?
In this paper, the efficiency of seven conventional Special Economic Zones in India is analyzed, by adopting a stochastic production frontier technique, for the period between 1986–1987 and 2007–2008.Results indicate that although the efficiency scores of these enclaves have improved over the years, specifically with the introduction of the SEZ policy (2000–2001), it is far below the threshold level as identified in the literature. Besides, one can also observe a discrepancy emerging between better export earning zones and efficient zones. On the determinants side, policy intervention and large geographical area, accompanied by clustering of units, are found to have impacted the efficiency scores of these enclaves positively.