Silver complexation and tandem mass spectrometry for differentiation of triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel.
For detection and differentiation of two types of triterpenoid saponins based on different aglycons of the lupane and oleanane skeleton from the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel, the silver ion was introduced and electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry was applied to analyze eleven triterpenoid saponin silver complexes. The quasi-molecular ion [M+Ag](+) was observed in the full-scan MS spectra of all the silver complexes. The MS(2) data of the [M+Ag](+) ion provided structural information on the sugar sequence of the oligosaccharide chains and the aglycon of the saponins. There are two patterns in the cleavage pathway of oleanane-type saponins. One is elimination of the sugar chain and subsequent loss of the carboxylic group which is the same as the cleavage of lupine-type saponins. The other is loss of the distinguishing ions at m/z 72 and 28 (C(2)H(4)) followed by loss of the carboxylic group. Diagnostic fragmentation pathways of the silver complexes of the saponins allow successful identification of the two types of saponins from the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel.
Triterpene glycosides from Pulsatilla chinensis
Four triterpene glycosides were isolated from the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel (Ranunculaceae). Two new glycosides, chinensiosides A (1a) and B (2), were identified as 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl]-28-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-3β,23-dihydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid and 3-O-{α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-α-L-arabinopyranosyl}-28-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-3β,23-dihydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid. The other two glycosides were identified as previously known hederasaponin C (3) from Hedera helix and glycoside III (4) from Pulsatilla cernua.
Efficacy of life skills training on general health in students
BACKGROUND
With regard to the importance of life skills, the present study deals with the effect of life skills training on general health of the students.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a one-group, pre-test, post-test, quasi-experimental research. Forty students were selected through purposive sampling method. The data collection tool was Goldberg General Health Questionnaire.


RESULTS
Paired t-test showed a 22 score significant decrease in general health after education compared to before education (P < 0.01).


CONCLUSION
This study showed that life skills education increases general health level of the students.