Measurement of the modal birefringence of single-mode K(+) ion-exchanged planar waveguides with polarimetric interferometry.
The polarimetric interference pattern on the surface of single-mode planar waveguides made by potassium ion exchange in soda-lime glass substrates can be observed through a 45 degrees analyzer, which allows for the high-precision measurement of the modal birefringence of samples in a wide range of 0 to 5 x 10(-4). Using this method, believed to be new, we investigated the effects of exchange temperature and time on the modal birefringence of single-mode potassium ion-exchanged waveguides. The modal birefringence profile was achieved by measurement of the variation of the phase difference between the TE(0) and the TM(0) modes with hydrofluoric-acid-etching depth of the sample.
Measurement of modal birefringence in optical waveguides based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
A method for measuring the birefringence in planar waveguide circuits is theoretically proposed and validated. The method is based on the Mach-Zehnder interference and by measuring the spectral shift due to orthogonal polarization states. The birefringence of a silica waveguide is measured to be 2.33 × 10(-4) at nearby 1550 nm. In addition, the birefringence variations with the wavelength and its dependence on the external stress are investigated with the proposed method experimentally. The results in measuring birefringence demonstrate a high accuracy with the order of 10(-5), a wide dynamic range from 10(-5) to 10(-3), and a characteristic of multi-wavelength evaluation.
Constructing gender and locality in late medieval England : the lives of Anglo-Saxon and British female saints in the South English Legendaries
..........................................................................................2 Acknowledgements.............................................................................5 Introduction....................................................................................8 1. Female Saints in the SELS 2. The SEL Manuscripts of Monastic Women’s Lives 3. Narratives of Medieval Monastic Women Chapter 1 Saint Frideswide of Oxford and Topoi of Virginity........................42