Food Vending: Adaptation Under Difficult Circumstances
The respondents discussed in this article depended on food vending as their main source of income. To succeed in this activity requires shrewd marketing and hard work. For the majority food vending was basically a hanging on and coping strategy, offering very limited surplus for investment. Food vending allowed them merely to stay in town while maintaining a foot in their home villages. The paper presents both a descriptive and an analytical account of food vending activities by female heads of households in Masvingo. The officially imposed constraints on food vending demonstrate the existence of competing and conflicting rationalities between male decision-makers and poor women. The inter -connections between food vendors and the formal markets are noted. Journal of Social Development in Africa Vol 15 No 2 2000, pp. 69-92
GENDERED SPACES IN DEVELOPING CITIES: SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING IN KAMPALA CITY UGANDA
The understanding of space use in cities differs due to variations in planning experiences across the developed and developing world. This paper focuses on equal access to spaces with infrastructure and services that meet the residential, travel, commercial and leisure needs of women and men at neighborhood to city level. Triangulated data from Kampala city, Uganda’s capital, showed that women often prefer physical and social spaces that offer personal security, flexible mobility, hygiene and physical comfort while performing their domestic and commercial travels. Men on the other hand, were primarily concerned about quality alternative travel modes, adequately-lit streets, sufficient road safety measures and directional signage, which can guarantee punctuality, security and convenience as they drive and cycle around the city for connectivity to public utilities. But planning at city level is based on economic and environmental principles that overlook these gender differences in the use of physical and social spaces, which ultimately leads to the delivery of infrastructure and services that are less aligned to end-user needs. The paper therefore draws implications on how the design of urban spaces can be made responsive to women’s compared to men’s needs in the context of developing cities.
The lights that failed: European international history, 1919-1933
PART I: THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE, 1918-1929 1. The Hall of Mirrors: Peacemaking in the West 2. Distant Frontiers: Peacemaking in the East 3. Revolution from the Left: The Soviet Union and the Post-War Settlement 4. The Primacy of Economics: Reconstruction in Western Europe, 1919-1924 5. The Primacy of Nationalism: Reconstruction in Eastern and Central Europe 6. Revolution from the Right: Italy, 1919-25 7. The Geneva Dream: The League of Nations and Post-War Internationalism 8. New Dawn? Stabilisation in Western Europe after Locarno 9. Faltering Reconstruction: Cracks in the Locarno Facade 10. Troubled Waters: Uncertainties in Italy, Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union 11. Faltering Internationalism: Disarmament and Security after Locarno Conclusion: Europe Reconstructed? PART II: THE HINGE YEARS, 1930-1933 12. The Diplomacy of the Depression: Economics and Foreign Policy 13. Beyond Europe: The Manchurian Crisis 14. The Poisoned Chalice: The Pursuit of Disarmament Conclusion: The Hinge Years Appendices Select Bibliography