Difatty acyl urea from corn oil: synthesis and characterization.
In this study, difatty acyl urea has been successfully synthesized from corn oil using sodium ethoxide as a catalyst. Ethyl fatty ester and glycerol were produced as by-products. In this reaction, corn oil was refluxed with urea in ethanol. The highest conversion percentage (78%) was obtained when the process was carried out for 8 hours using urea to corn oil ratio of 5.6: 1.0 at 78 degrees C. Both difatty acyl urea and ethyl fatty ester have been characterized using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique.
Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of fattythioic acids from palm oil.
The present work focuses on the synthesis of fattythioic acids (FTAs) by a one-step lipase catalyzed reaction of palm oil with carbonothioic S,S-acid using Lipozyme. The product was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) technique and elemental analysis. The effects of various reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, amount of enzyme, molar ratio of substrates, and various organic solvents of the reaction system were investigated. The optimum conditions to produce FTAs were respectively, incubation time, 20 h, temperature, 40°C, amount of enzyme, 0.05 g and molar ratio of carbonothioic S,S-acid to palm oil, 5.0:1.0. Hexane was the best solvent for this reaction. The conversion of the products at optimum conditions was around 91%.
Women writers of traditional china :an anthology of poetry and criticism
Editorial conventions Abbreviations Maps Introduction: genealogy and titles of the female poet Part I. Poetry: 1. From ancient times to the six dynasties (222-589) 2. Tang (618-907) and five dynasties (907-60) 3. Song dynasty (960-1279 4. Yuan dynasty (1264-1368) 5. Ming dynasty (1368-1644 6. Qing dynasty (1644-1911) Part II. Criticism: 7. Female critics and poets 8. Male critics and poets Appendixes Notes Bibliography Index of names.