Dietary Phytoncide Supplementation Improved Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Finishing Pigs
We conducted this 10-wk experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary phytoncide, Korean pine extract as phytogenic feed additive (PFA), on growth performance, blood characteristics, and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of 160 pigs ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc, body weight (BW) = 58.2±1.0 kg) were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 treatments according to their BW and sex, 10 replicate pens per treatment with 4 pigs per pen were used (2 barrows and 2 gilts). Dietary treatments were: CON, control diet; PT2, CON+0.02% PFA; PT4, CON+0.04% PFA; PT6, CON+0.06% PFA. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was higher in PT4 (p<0.05) than in PT6, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was lower in PT6 than in CON (p<0.05). Besides ADFI decreased linearly (p<0.05) with the increased level of phytoncide and gain:feed ratio in PT4 treatment was higher (p<0.05) than CON treatment. During 5 to 10 weeks and overall, quadratic (p<0.05) effect was observed in ADG among the treatments. At the end of this experiment, pigs fed with PT4 diet had a greater (p<0.05) red blood cell concentration compared to the pigs fed CON diet. Water holding capacity increased linearly (p<0.05) with the increased level of phytoncide supplementation. Moreover, firmness, redness, yellowness, and drip loss at day 3 decreased linearly (p<0.05) with the increase in the level of phytoncide supplementation. In conclusion, inclusion of phytoncide could enhance growth performance without any adverse effects on meat quality in finishing pigs.
Influence of Phytogenic Feed Additives on The Health Status in The Gut and Disease Resistance of Cultured Fish
Phytogenics are plant-derived natural compounds in the diets that aim to improve animal production. Several of these plant-derived substances have been tested in various aquaculture fish species particularly on their effects on growth and systemic immune response. Most of the previous studies demonstrated positive effects in improving growth, lowering the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and modulating the various immune response parameters in fish. While nutritional strategies are mostly designed towards the use of plant-based materials as feed ingredients or partial substitutions for the more expensive fish meal in the fish diets, recent initiatives have been targeting the use of these phytogenics as feed additives. The tissues and organs of the digestive system are the ones that have close contact with the phytogenic additives once these are ingested by the fish. Once, digested and absorbed, these substances are distributed throughout the body where they affect the physiological conditions of the fish, including its ability to provide resistance against various infectious diseases. The present work provides a short review on the effects during dietary administration with these phytogenics on gut health and disease resistance in fish. A synthesis of available information on these biological aspects in fish will provide a platform towards developing functional feeds in aquaculture.
Urban Identities and Catastrophe: Izmir and Salonica at the End of the Ottoman Empire*
Two huge fires dramatically influenced the urban development of Salonica and Izmir, in 1917 and in 1922, respectively. These catastrophes occurred after the Ottoman Empire fell, and Salonica and Izmir had shifted into new national contexts. The fires mainly destroyed the districts that were transformed during the late‐Ottoman period. These districts became the cosmopolitan façades of modern Izmir and Salonica. The post‐fires' tabula rasa provided an opportunity for Greek and Turkish politicians and European planners to change the urban identity of both cities. Moreover, the Lausanne Treaty of 1923 transformed their multicultural societies also. Reconstruction plans had been thought to de‐Ottomanize and remove the previous idea of the towns and their multiplicity, interpreting new cultural and nationalist feeling. Here, I emphasize how modernity was interpreted before and after the fires, and point out contradictions between ideological aspects of planning and how the first urban districts were built during the 1920s.