Establishement of the magnetic flux density standard in the range 100 µT to 1000 µT
The magnetic flux density standard in the range 100 µT to 1000 µT has been established using a standard Helmholtz coil. The ambient magnetic field including earth's magnetic field components inside the room and other noises has been compensated to a level of the order of 100 nT. A circular triaxial Helmholtz coil pair of size nearly 800 mm has been used for compensating the ambient magnetic field. The standard Helmholtz coil of size 300 mm has been placed in the geometrical centre of the triaxial Helmholtz coil pair. The magnetic flux density has been measured using triaxial and single axis fluxgate magnetometers. The coil constant of the standard Helmholtz coil has been found to be 850.6808 ± 0.0036804 µT/A, which is in good agreement with the manufacture's specification viz, 850 µT/A, with an uncertainty of < ± 0.5 %.
Intercomparison of magnetic flux density by means of field coil transfer standard
The coil constant k/sub 0/-i.e. the quotient of magnetic flux density in the coil centre over the coil current-of a Garrett type field coil has been determined in units as maintained by various standard laboratories. Most of the laboratories have also measured the coil constant k(f) as function of frequency up to f=15 kHz.
Analysis of Potential Contribution to Medical Savings Accounts Based on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenses in Poland
The purpose of this paper is to analyze medical savings accounts in the context of their potential use to finance private health care expenses incurred by individuals in Poland. A medical savings account (MSA) represents a financing mechanism which relies on the accumulation of personal savings to cover the costs of health care services at the time of consumption. With the use of actuarial methods an attempt was made to estimate the amount of the MSA contribution based on the discounted value of a person’s health care expenses, age, gender, and investment variants. In the analysis, statistical data from representative household budget surveys conducted by the Central Statistical Office of Poland was used. The obtained results confirm that a medical savings account can be used to finance personal out-of-pocket health care expenses; however it requires systematic and long-term saving for health purposes. Age and gender of an MSA holder have the greatest impact on the amount of contribution, as these factors determine mortality rates and the length of the discounting period. From the individual’s perspective, MSA application requires this financing instrument to be taken into account in decisions related to the intertemporal choice between consumption and saving.