Development of a single phase prepaid Electrical Energy Meter using 89S8252 microcontroller architecture
The Electricity Company implements the `Prepaid Electrical Energy Meter (PEM)' scheme among the electricity consumers to meet the objectives of: (i) collecting advance money and (ii) motivating the customers to make conservative use of electricity. The 2nd objective can be effectively achieved with an indoor type PEM fitted with 7-segment bright display unit. The meter designer aims, using appropriate hardware modules and software routines, to guide the PEM for cycling through the following steps: (i) deduct cost of every 0.01kwhr energy consumed, (ii) display balance, (iii) check balance, (iv) disconnect load at zero balance, (v) issue alarm signal to engage correct prepaid card, (vi) read the prepaid card, (vii) zeroing the prepaid card, (viii) update balance, (ix) save balance in nonvolatile EEPROM at power failure, and (x) retrieve balance from EEPROM at power resumption. This paper has described, based on extensive experiments on real hardware using AT89S8252-ADE7755-AT90S2313 chip set, the implementation methodology of a PEM with bright display unit. A prototype meter has been built, tested and found to work as per standard specifications.
Development of a Demand Response Program: A Case Study of Cairo, Egypt
This paper focuses on Demand Response (DR) and the implementation of DR programs in Egypt. Egypt suffers from high consumption in electrical energy due to the rapid growth of industrial buildings and new cities. This increase enforce the electrical network operator to control the load directly by repeatedly cutting off the electrical supply over different areas. A Direct Load Control (DLC) is simulated in this paper illustrating its pros and cons, also a Pay-Back Program (PBP) is proposed and compared with the implemented DLC program. A feasible solution is presented and the simulations are made using actual data from customers through wide survey collected in Cairo, Egypt.
The Soviet Home Front, 1941-1945: A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II
List of tables and maps Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations and technical terms Part 1: On the Eve 1. Building Socialism 2. The Great Patriotic War 3. The State in Wartime Part 2: Soviet Society at War 4. Mobilisation 5. Subsistence and Survival 6. The Social Order Part 3: The Productive Effort 7. Fortress of the Rear 8. Labour: The 'Ultimate Bottleneck' 9. 'In Labour as in Combat' 10. Production: The Power of Victory 11. Planning: 'The Military-Economic Staff' Epilogue Tables Important dates References Maps Index