Nuclear Disarmament after New START
The purpose of this paper is to examine and propose concrete nuclear disarmament measures which should be taken following the entry into force of the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) on February 5, 2011. This treaty is the first concrete outcome from the famous Prague address by President Barak Obama in April 2009 and there still remain many items which should be pursued and implemented. I will take up the issues of the further reduction of strategic nuclear weapons, the reduction of non-strategic nuclear weapons, the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), the negotiation of a Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty (FMCT), and the consideration of a nuclear weapons convention. I will examine the circumstances surrounding each issue, and make proposals for their realization.
Missile Defence: Towards Practical Cooperation with Russia
The combination of impressive and gradually growing missile capabilities with a suspected nuclear-weapons programme makes Iran a serious concern for the Middle East and beyond. Increasingly, these worries appear to be shared by Russia. While the Russian military continues to state that acquisition by Tehran of a strategic capability is still distant, and thus continues to oppose American proposals to create defences against it, Russian participation in a defence system intended to protect Europe and other regions is once again high on the US–Russian and NATO–Russian agendas. Moscow has indicated that it might be prepared to accept and, under the right conditions, even join an ‘anti-Iranian’ common missile-defence system. But while there appear to be no impediments to Moscow agreeing to participate in a system that would protect Europe, or even the Middle East and the Gulf, involvement in a larger-scale system capable of intercepting strategic missiles is hardly possible. At least in the near term, it would be necessary to consciously limit the scope and capability of any joint system.
Antimicrobial activity in pulp extract of Neem(Azadirachta indica Linn.)
Antimicrobialactivityin leaf extract of neem ( Azadirachta indica ) against human pathogenic bacteria. E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus pumilus. Antimicrobia l activities of alcoholic extracts of neem leaves were used. Varying concent ration of each extracts 200mg/ml, 150 mg/ ml,100mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml prepared by using disc diffusion method. When compared with gentamycin 200mg and gentamycin 10mg, the methanol and ethanol extract shows maximum inhibition on Bacillus pumillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureusin an asending order.