Radiative Penguin Decays at the B Factories
The flavor-changing neutral current transitions b → s and b → d cannot proceed at the tree level in the Standard Model (SM). Radiative decays such as B → Xsγ , B → Xdγ and B → Xsll hence proceed primarily via one-loop diagrams known as penguin and box diagrams. Because of this, these processes are rare in the SM, with branching ratios on the order of 10 to 10. However, for the same reason, these channels are very sensitive to new physics beyond the SM. In the past few years, the B Factory detectors, Belle at the KEKB collider at KEK, Japan and BABAR at the PEP-II collider at SLAC, U.S.A., have recorded a total of more than 0.9 ab of data, making it possible to study these decays extensively. Both experiments benefit from high-granularity electromagnetic calorimetry with excellent angular and energy resolution (∼ 3% for 1 GeVphotons), silicon vertex detectors providing position resolution on the order of 100 μmalong the beam axis and K/π separation for momenta up to 3-4 GeV. Details of the detectors can be found in references [1]. The relevant theoretical framework for all the decays reviewed in this paper is the operator product expansion (OPE) [2], with which the heavy particles (the gauge bosons and the top quark in the SM) are integrated out to obtain an effective low-energy theory with five quarks. The long-distance contributions are captured in operator matrix elements, whereas the short-distance physics is described by the effective coupling constants, known as Wilson coefficients. Physics beyond the SM can manifest in new operators, or in vastly different values for the Wilson coefficients of the existing operators, compared to the SM predictions. The OPE framework provides parton-level predictions, so the connection to the experimental observables require further non-perturbative corrections. Form factors, calculations of which introduce significant theoretical uncertainties, are needed to study exclusive final states (B → K γ , B → Kll , etc.). On the other hand, for inclusive decays, heavy-quark expansion (HQE) and quark-hadron duality keep nonperturbative corrections under control. This allows more direct interpretations of the measurements of the inclusive decay rates. However, exclusive decays, being experimentally cleaner, are observed earlier and measured with better precision. Ratios of exclusivedecay observables, in which the form-factor corrections partially or completely cancel, can also provide complimentary information to that obtained from inclusive decays.
Measurement of Branching Fractions and Mass Spectra of B→Kππγ
B. Aubert, R. Barate, D. Boutigny, F. Couderc, Y. Karyotakis, J. P. Lees, V. Poireau, V. Tisserand, A. Zghiche, E. Grauges, A. Palano, M. Pappagallo, A. Pompili, J. C. Chen, N. D. Qi, G. Rong, P. Wang, Y. S. Zhu, G. Eigen, I. Ofte, B. Stugu, G. S. Abrams, M. Battaglia, A. B. Breon, D. N. Brown, J. Button-Shafer, R. N. Cahn, E. Charles, C. T. Day, M. S. Gill, A. V. Gritsan, Y. Groysman, R. G. Jacobsen, R. W. Kadel, J. Kadyk, L. T. Kerth, Yu. G. Kolomensky, G. Kukartsev, G. Lynch, L. M. Mir, P. J. Oddone, T. J. Orimoto, M. Pripstein, N. A. Roe, M. T. Ronan, W. A. Wenzel, M. Barrett, K. E. Ford, T. J. Harrison, A. J. Hart, C. M. Hawkes, S. E. Morgan, A. T. Watson, M. Fritsch, K. Goetzen, T. Held, H. Koch, B. Lewandowski, M. Pelizaeus, K. Peters, T. Schroeder, M. Steinke, J. T. Boyd, J. P. Burke, N. Chevalier, W. N. Cottingham, M. P. Kelly, T. Cuhadar-Donszelmann, B. G. Fulsom, C. Hearty, N. S. Knecht, T. S. Mattison, J. A. McKenna, A. Khan, P. Kyberd, M. Saleem, L. Teodorescu, A. E. Blinov, V. E. Blinov, A. D. Bukin, V. P. Druzhinin, V. B. Golubev, E. A. Kravchenko, A. P. Onuchin, S. I. Serednyakov, Yu. I. Skovpen, E. P. Solodov, A. N. Yushkov, D. Best, M. Bondioli, M. Bruinsma, M. Chao, I. Eschrich, D. Kirkby, A. J. Lankford, M. Mandelkern, R. K. Mommsen, W. Roethel, D. P. Stoker, C. Buchanan, B. L. Hartfiel, S. D. Foulkes, J. W. Gary, O. Long, B. C. Shen, K. Wang, L. Zhang, D. del Re, H. K. Hadavand, E. J. Hill, D. B. MacFarlane, H. P. Paar, S. Rahatlou, V. Sharma, J. W. Berryhill, C. Campagnari, A. Cunha, B. Dahmes, T. M. Hong, M. A. Mazur, J. D. Richman, W. Verkerke, T. W. Beck, A. M. Eisner, C. J. Flacco, C. A. Heusch, J. Kroseberg, W. S. Lockman, G. Nesom, T. Schalk, B. A. Schumm, A. Seiden, P. Spradlin, D. C. Williams, M. G. Wilson, J. Albert, E. Chen, G. P. Dubois-Felsmann, A. Dvoretskii, D. G. Hitlin, I. Narsky, T. Piatenko, F. C. Porter, A. Ryd, A. Samuel, R. Andreassen, S. Jayatilleke, G. Mancinelli, B. T. Meadows, M. D. Sokoloff, F. Blanc, P. Bloom, S. Chen, W. T. Ford, U. Nauenberg, A. Olivas, P. Rankin, W. O. Ruddick, J. G. Smith, K. A. Ulmer, S. R. Wagner, J. Zhang, A. Chen, E. A. Eckhart, A. Soffer, W. H. Toki, R. J. Wilson, Q. Zeng, D. Altenburg, E. Feltresi, A. Hauke, B. Spaan, T. Brandt, J. Brose, M. Dickopp, V. Klose, H. M. Lacker, R. Nogowski, S. Otto, A. Petzold, G. Schott, J. Schubert, K. R. Schubert, R. Schwierz, J. E. Sundermann, D. Bernard, G. R. Bonneaud, P. Grenier, S. Schrenk, Ch. Thiebaux, G. Vasileiadis, M. Verderi, D. J. Bard, P. J. Clark, W. Gradl, F. Muheim, S. Playfer, Y. Xie, M. Andreotti, V. Azzolini, D. Bettoni, C. Bozzi, R. Calabrese, G. Cibinetto, E. Luppi, M. Negrini, L. Piemontese, F. Anulli, R. Baldini-Ferroli, A. Calcaterra, R. de Sangro, G. Finocchiaro, P. Patteri, I. M. Peruzzi,* M. Piccolo, A. Zallo, A. Buzzo, R. Capra, R. Contri, M. Lo Vetere, M. Macri, M. R. Monge, S. Passaggio, C. Patrignani, E. Robutti, A. Santroni, S. Tosi, S. Bailey, G. Brandenburg, K. S. Chaisanguanthum, M. Morii, E. Won, J. Wu, R. S. Dubitzky, U. Langenegger, J. Marks, S. Schenk, U. Uwer, W. Bhimji, D. A. Bowerman, P. D. Dauncey, U. Egede, R. L. Flack, J. R. Gaillard, G. W. Morton, J. A. Nash, M. B. Nikolich, G. P. Taylor, W. P. Vazquez, M. J. Charles, W. F. Mader, U. Mallik, A. K. Mohapatra, J. Cochran, H. B. Crawley, V. Eyges, W. T. Meyer, S. Prell, E. I. Rosenberg, A. E. Rubin, J. Yi, N. Arnaud, M. Davier, X. Giroux, G. Grosdidier, A. Höcker, F. Le Diberder, V. Lepeltier, A. M. Lutz, A. Oyanguren, T. C. Petersen, M. Pierini, S. Plaszczynski, S. Rodier, P. Roudeau, M. H. Schune, A. Stocchi, G. Wormser, C. H. Cheng, D. J. Lange, M. C. Simani, D. M. Wright, A. J. Bevan, C. A. Chavez, J. P. Coleman, I. J. Forster, J. R. Fry, E. Gabathuler, R. Gamet, K. A. George, D. E. Hutchcroft, R. J. Parry, D. J. Payne, K. C. Schofield, C. Touramanis, C. M. Cormack, F. Di Lodovico, R. Sacco, C. L. Brown, G. Cowan, H. U. Flaecher, M. G. Green, D. A. Hopkins, P. S. Jackson, T. R. McMahon, S. Ricciardi, F. Salvatore, D. Brown, C. L. Davis, J. Allison, N. R. Barlow, R. J. Barlow, M. C. Hodgkinson, G. D. Lafferty, M. T. Naisbit, J. C. Williams, C. Chen, A. Farbin, W. D. Hulsbergen, A. Jawahery, D. Kovalskyi, C. K. Lae, V. Lillard, D. A. Roberts, G. Simi, G. Blaylock, C. Dallapiccola, S. S. Hertzbach, R. Kofler, V. B. Koptchev, X. Li, T. B. Moore, S. Saremi, H. Staengle, S. Willocq, R. Cowan, K. Koeneke, G. Sciolla, S. J. Sekula, M. Spitznagel, F. Taylor, R. K. Yamamoto, H. Kim, P. M. Patel, S. H. Robertson, A. Lazzaro, V. Lombardo, F. Palombo, J. M. Bauer, L. Cremaldi, V. Eschenburg, R. Godang, R. Kroeger, J. Reidy, D. A. Sanders, D. J. Summers, H. W. Zhao, S. Brunet, D. Côté, P. Taras, B. Viaud, H. Nicholson, N. Cavallo, G. De Nardo, F. Fabozzi, C. Gatto, L. Lista, D. Monorchio, P. Paolucci, D. Piccolo, C. Sciacca, M. Baak, H. Bulten, G. Raven, H. L. Snoek, L. Wilden, C. P. Jessop, J. M. LoSecco, T. Allmendinger, G. Benelli, K. K. Gan, K. Honscheid, D. Hufnagel, PRL 98, 211804 (2007) P H Y S I C A L R E V I E W L E T T E R S week ending 25 MAY 2007
Simulation study of high power microwave generation by virtual cathode oscillation in coaxial vircator
Summary form only given, as follows. We have numerically simulated the high power microwave generation by virtual cathode oscillation in a coaxial vircator with 3 dimensional PIC code Magic. It is noted that the coaxial vircator has the advantage of an enhancement of power efficiency and gaining of narrow bandwidth frequency. The study is focused on the design of a diode structure for a coaxial vircator suitable for Chundoong IREB pulser (Max. 600 kV, 85 kA, 60 ns). It consists of a center annular cathode, a cylindrical meshed-anode and a reflector. The simulation results showed that the coaxial vircator can indeed be operated at the selected frequency with the narrow bandwidth and the microwave output power strongly depends on the position and geometry of the reflector. From this simulation results we expect that the maximum microwave output power will be obtained by the reflector of 4 cm in width and also 4 cm in distance away from the IREB, where the resonant frequency of microwave from coaxial vircator is simulated to be 6.577 GHz.