Environmental sanitation in Nigeria: colonial and contemporary
The state's preoccupation with sanitation reached a peak in 1985 during the latter months of the Buhari regime. Environmental sanitation was chosen as the theme for the fifth phase of the war Against Indiscipline (WAI), which was launched in Kano on 29 July 1985 by the then Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters, Major-General Idiagbon. He announced that a one million naira prize would be awarded for the cleanest capital.
An Appraisal of Domestic Waste Management Practices and Operations in South Western Nigeria
The study was carried out to investigate the waste management practices and operations in Southwestern Nigeria with particular reference to Ondo State. A two stage sampling was used to select four Local Government Areas in Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria as study sites. Semi structured questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data on waste management practices and resources. Out of the 300 respondents interviewed 37% engaged in a wide range of waste disposal methodsEducational status of respondents was not associated with the mode of waste disposal (χ=19.55 d.f = 3, P>0.05) however 45.5% of the respondents with no formal education most often dumped wastes into drainage channels. 51.7% of the respondents disposed waste daily although, the practice of separation of wastewas not popular as only 7.8% of the respondents separated waste before disposal. The use of Government owned Waste Management Agencies for waste collection was equally unpopular because of the irregularity in waste collection and evacuation by the agencies. Recommendations and conclusions drawn on this study is based on the empirical data collected on waste management practices and operations in Ondo State with a view to proposing an effective waste management system for the State.
Gandhi in South Africa
T H E centenary of Mahatma Gandhi's birth during 1969 (October 2) provides a reason for reassessments of the Indian leader's thought and career. Among the matters which deserve reconsideration is his South African phase, which began in 1893, on his arrival in Natal as a fledgling barrister, and ended in 1914, when he left for India by way of England to begin his main work as an Indian nationalist. A reappraisal of this period is needed principally because there is a tendency in biographical studies and Gandhi's own account of his South African years to romanticise or simplify the record and to leave unanswered questions about the development of his ideas and activities during a critical two decades of his life. A reappraisal is possible chiefly because of the recent appearance of Gandhi's Collected Works as a rich source for newer interpretations of what he said and did in Natal and the Transvaal. As an effort to contribute to reconsiderations of Gandhi's African phase, this article will examine his views of Europeans and Africans and his protest policies and tactics as they emerged over 21 years. Special attention is given to Gandhi's outlook on Africans and the circumstances surrounding his first disobedience campaign. A close inquiry into these matters helps to explain better Gandhi's role in modern South African history and the nature of his legacy to continuing issues in the continent.