Income Inequality in the 21st Century -- A biased summary of Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century
Capital usually leads to income, and income is more accurately and easily measured. Thus we summarize income distributions in USA, Germany, etc.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Social Inequality and Coincidence of Gini and Kolkata indices under Unrestricted Competition
Social inequalities are ubiquitous and here we show that the values of the Gini ( g ) and Kolkata ( k ) indices, two generic inequality indices, approach each other (starting from g = 0 and k = 0 . 5 for equality) as the competitions grow in various social institutions like markets, universities, elections, etc. It is further showed that these two indices become equal and stabilize at a value (at g = k ≃ 0 . 87) under unrestricted competitions. We propose to view this coincidence of inequality indices as a generalized version of the (more than a) century old 80-20 law of Pareto. Furthermore, the coincidence of the inequality indices noted here is very similar to the ones seen before for self-organized critical (SOC) systems. The observations here, therefore, stand as a quantitative support towards viewing interacting socio-economic systems in the framework of SOC, an idea conjectured for years.
How Does the Keyword Method Affect Vocabulary Comprehension and Usage? Report from the project on Studies in Language: Reading and Communication. Working Paper No. 278.
THE KEYWORD METHOD of vocabulary learning involves forming a linkage between a to-be-learned vocabulary word and a familiar English word that sounds like part of the to-be-learned item (the keyword). Then the learner forms an interactive image between the keyword and definition referents. In previous research, the keyword method has been found to facilitate students' recall of definitions, given vocabulary items. In this study, use of the method was also shown to increase comprehension of English vocabulary in context, as well as usage of that vocabulary in a novel context.