Security Dynamics in Pakistani Balochistan: Religious Activism and Ethnic Conflict in the War on Terror
Abstract Balochistan is in the grip of two distinct and mutually exclusive ethnonational and religious movements that straddle important swathes of its rugged and mountainous territory. From Quetta up in the north to the coast of Makran in the south, Balochistan is being shaped by the twin forces of local nationalism and jihadist organizations. Domestically, the issue of Balochistan has remained an Achilles heel for Pakistan's policy makers culminating in five separate insurgencies in the post-colonial era. All such insurgencies had to do with the imperative of a centralizing elite and the recalcitrance of a local elite resisting assimilationist pressures. On the religious front, since 2009 Balochistan has come under increased scrutiny, with the Americans alleging that Quetta and its environs are a safe haven for the Taliban leadership, including Mullah Omar. Coincidentally, Quetta has also seen rising sectarian conflict, and the Shia-Sunni divide in the city continues to assume importance in the War on Terror. In light of the rising tide of Baloch nationalism and jihadist activism, including sectarian killings, the paper puts forth a critically oriented analysis of the twin dynamics of religious activism and ethnic conflict in Balochistan and its attendant ramifications for domestic, regional, and global security.
Pakistan: Sectarian War Scourging an Entire Nation
The world sectarianism is derived from “sect”, which means the body of people having varied views within the same religion. Since the last three decades, sectarianism is damaging the state as well as the society of Pakistan. It has become a peril to the stability of the country. The Ahmadi community, accepted as a minority sect of Islam at the time of the country’s independence, became the first minority group to be targeted for sectarian violence in 1953. Sectarian violence was rife in Pakistan in the 1980s and early 1990s. Besides, on the downhill, the present decade is experiencing a continuation of sectarian skirmishes in various pockets of Pakistan – Karachi, Kurram, Jhang, Quetta, etc. Religious scholars, lawyers, doctors, government officials, educationists, other professionals, shopkeepers, students, and vendors, all have been targeted in one way or the other due to sectarian differences. The ongoing sectarian skirmish is dividing the already divided population of Pakistan with dangerous ramifications. It can be rightly put into writing that common people of Pakistan are living in fear since the last few decades sectarian conflicts have amplified assassination, suicide bombings, bomb blasts, and numerous terrorist attacks. 
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3623088
Mathematical Modeling of Scour and Deposition
Electronic computers are opening up the field of sedimentation engineering by permitting the analysis of problems which heretofore have required too much time and effort. Movable stream bed profiles are being calculated in addition to water surface profiles. The initial gradation of sediment material in the stream bed may be prescribed to facilitate the calculation of an armor layer. This gradation is continually changed by the computer program in response to sediment particles being deposited on the stream bed and material on the stream bed being removed to satisfy transport capacity. Hydraulic sorting of sediment by grain size is accomodated. The stream bed does not have to be represented by a single grain size. Retardance of motion because of armor layer is calculated.