Rhammatocerus schistocercoides locust outbreaks in Mato Grosso (Brazil): A long-standing phenomenon
Evidence obtained orally or from publications clearly indicate that Rhammutocerus schistocercoides Rehn, 1906 (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) outbreaks in Mato Grosso (Brazil) are a long-standing phenomenon, both in terms of their extent and nature. Current theories on the origins of these outbreaks therefore must be drastically revised, especially those that blame the accelerated agricultural development that has occurred in these regions since 1980.
Origin and Decline of the 1973 Plague Locust Outbreak in Central Western New South Wales.
An important outbreak of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Wlk.), occurred in 1973 in central western New South Wales. The dynamics of the outbreak could be resolved into a sequence of five principal interacting events: (1) Sustained population increases in low-density populations in northern central western New South Wales during three successive breeding periods in 1972. The increases were a result of successful, local multiplication, immigration from more northerly breeding areas and restricted opportunities for dispersal. The continuing concentration of locusts in the northern central west led to local gregarisation and swarm formation in autumn and spring 1972. (2) Massive southward displacements at night during an intense tropical disturbance between 29 January and 4 February 1973, which resulted in an invasion and concentration of infestations in southern central western New South Wales. (3) Substantial multiplication increases (10- to 30-fold), as a result of the drought-breaking rainfall in the autumn and spring of 1973 in the central-west. This resulted in an intensification of the plague with the production of numerous, slow-moving swarms. (4) Massive southward displacements during several periods of disturbed weather in spring 1973, which led to the disappearance of adult infestations from the central west and a dispersal of infestations in areas invaded further south. (5) Heavy mortality in residual populations of hoppers and eggs. The combined effects of parasites, predators and a reduced viability of eggs and hoppers resulted in a complete collapse of the plague in the central west by December 1973.Although displacement by adults at night is shown to be the principal factor regulating both population fluctuations in specific localities and the spread of plagues through southward invasions, outbreaks are ultimately determined by initial multiplication increases in relatively sedentary recession populations. Both multiplication and migration were influenced more by variations in synoptic weather than by any other factor. Diurnal swarm movements, although conspicuous, did not significantly influence the overall spread of the outbreak studied.The quality and quantity of available fresh green food did not appear to limit further successful breeding during the decline of the plague. Although influxes of locusts into the central-west continued during disturbed weather in 1974, none remained to breed and densities fell to levels (<1/ha) lower than those of drought seasons. It appears unlikely, therefore, that plagues can be sustained in any one area, even when environmental conditions remain favourable for breeding, because of: (1) mass emigration during disturbed weather; (2) increased effectiveness of natural enemies; and (3) declines in viability and fecundity in moist conditons.
Intentional poisoning cases of animals with anticholinesterase pesticide-carbofuran in Sri Lanka.
Carbofuran is a broad spectrum insecticide and nematicide which inhibits acetyl cholinesterase. Several intentional poisoning cases of animals and birds including crows, dogs, cow, and elephant, using carbofuran were reported in Sri Lanka. Qualitative analysis of carbofuran in biological specimens was carried out using T.L.C and GC-MS. The quantitative analysis was carried out by HPLC using Zorbax Eclips XDB-C18 (150 x 4.6 mm I.D x 5 microm particle size) column with acetonitrile: water 25:75 v/v mobile phase and UV detection at 210 nm. The liquid-liquid extraction with chloroform was reproducible and sensitive. The procedure was validated in terms of linearity (0.996<r<0.999) for concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 microg/ml, repeatability (RSD 4.4% at 100 microg/ml, n=10) extraction recovery (91.7% at 100 microg/g, 77.3% at 20 microg/g), limit of detection (S/N ratio=3, 0.7 microg/ml) and limit of quantification (S/N ratio=10, 2.4 microg/ml). The method was found satisfactory and successfully applied in fatal cases of animals and birds due to carbofuran poisoning. The fatal carbofuran levels detected were in the range of 42-910 microg/g in crow's gizzard and contents, 50-800 microg/g in dog's stomach contents, 13-20 microg/g in dog's liver, 0.9 microg/g in cow's stomach and contents, 35 microg/g in elephant's stomach and contents.