Finding Your Island: To Return or Not to Return
Based upon multiple field visits to the same site in northwest Mindanao in the southern Philippines, the issue addressed here is how ethnographic data may differ, pro and con, as the researcher ages and changes over time. Issues of validity, reliability and even potential creativity of insights are touched upon as variables in long-term research to the same locale.
Auto-Ethnography: Paradigms, Problems, and Prospects
of the Indian Health Service Task Force on Alcoholism 11. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1973 Alcoholism: A High-priority Health Problem. Report of the Indian Health Service Task Force on Alcoholism. Section 111. DHEW Publication No. (HSM) 73-12002. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1976a The Forward Plan for FY 1978-1982, Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration, with Appendix (pp. 85-94). Entitled Decision Paper on the Proposal to Transfer American Indian Projects Funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to the Indian Health Service. Washington, D.C.: Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration, 2nd printing, rev. ed., October. Mimeographed. 1976b Forward Plan FY 19781982, Indian Health Service, with Appendix B, Joint NIAAA-IHS Letter to Indian Alcoholism Projects, from Emery A. Johnson and Ernest P. Noble, May 10. Washington, D.C.: Public Health Service, Health Services Administration, October. Mimeographed. 1976c An Overview of Seven NIAAA Alcoholism Treatment Programs for Fiscal Year 1976. Program Analysis and Evaluation Branch, NIAAA. Mimeographed. 1977a Summary of Meeting of Consultants from National Indian Organizations with Indian Health Service Personnel, IHS Headquarters, Rockville, MD, June 15-16, 1977; with Appendix, Draft Alcoholism Transfer Plan, June 15, 1977, by Donald A. Swetter, IHS Alcoholism Programs. 1977b Proposed Alcoholism Transfer Plan-NIAAAI I HS. Washington, D.C.: Public Health Service, Health Services Administration, July 21. Mimeographed. 1977c Progress Report. The Indian Health Care Improvement Act-P.L. 94-437, presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Congress of American Indians, Dallas, Texas, September 15. Westermeyer, J. 1976 Clinical Guidelines for the Cross-Cultural Treatment of Chemical Dependency. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 3(2):315-22.
Beyond East–West: Marginality and National Dignity in Finnish Identity Construction
Since the end of the Cold War it has become common for Finnish academics and politicians alike to frame debates about Finnish national identity in terms of locating Finland somewhere along a continuum between East and West. Indeed, for politicians, properly locating oneself (and therefore Finland) along this continuum has often been seen as central to the winning and losing of elections. For example, the 1994 referendum on EU membership was largely interpreted precisely as an opportunity to relocate Finland further to the West. Indeed, the tendency to depict Finnish history in terms of a series of “Westernizing” moves has been notable, but has also betrayed some of the politicized elements of this view. However, this framing of Finnish national identity discourse is not only sometimes politicized but arguably is also too simplified and results in blindness towards other identity narratives that have also been important through Finnish history, and that are also evident (but rarely recognized) today as well. In this article we aim to highlight one of these that we argue has played a key role in locating Finland in the world and in formulating notions of what Finland is about, what historical role and mission it has been understood as destined to play, and what futures for the nation have been conceptualized as possible and as providing a source of subjectivity and national dignity.