Production and identification of doubled haploids in tropical maize.
The production of maize doubled haploid (DH) lines is a technique commonly used by private companies, but not by Brazilian public institutions. Research on this technique is essential to develop and improve the production of DH lines grown under tropical conditions. We assessed the ability of a gynogenetic haploid inducer system to induce haploids in a tropical environment, assessed the induction rate of haploids identified using the R-navajo morphological marker, checked for interference from the generation of hybrid donors on haploid induction, measured the ability of flow cytometry, and simple sequence repeat marker techniques to identify doubled haploids. Seeds from the inducer Krasnodar Embryo Marker Synthetic (KEMS) line were sown in Ponta Grossa, PR, and Cravinhos, SP, and the plants were crossed to produce six hybrids and their F2 generations. The seeds were separated according to the R-navajo morphological marker indicator of haploidy (purple endosperm and white embryo) and germinated in a controlled environment. Chromosomal duplication was performed in seedlings selected as putative haploids. We performed subsequent confirmation of ploidy and the success of duplication using flow cytometry and SSR marker techniques. We concluded that DH lines can be obtained from hybrids crossed with the inducer KEMS line. The generation of inbred hybrids did not affect the induction rate or chromosomal duplication in haploids. The use of flow cytometry and SSR markers was effective in verifying chromosomal duplication in haploids.
Analysis of effectiveness of R1-nj anthocyanin marker for in vivo haploid identification in maize and molecular markers for predicting the inhibition of R1-nj expression
Key messageR1-nj anthocyanin marker inhibition is highly frequent in tropical maize germplasm considerably affecting efficiency of haploid identification. Molecular markers reliably differentiating germplasm with anthocyanin color inhibitor have been identified in this study.AbstractThe R1-Navajo (R1-nj) color marker facilitates easy and quick identification of haploid kernels at the seed stage during in vivo haploid induction process in maize. However, the Navajo phenotype can be completely suppressed or poorly expressed in some germplasm, making it impossible or inefficient to identify haploids at the seed stage. In this study, we characterized the expression of R1-nj marker in a large array of tropical/subtropical inbred lines, breeding populations and landraces by crossing with the R1-nj-based tropicalized haploid inducer. There was a high frequency of inhibition of the Navajo phenotype in the maize inbred lines, which are used in tropical breeding programs. Genome-wide association mapping showed that the C1 anthocyanin regulatory locus is the most significant genetic factor influencing inhibition of the Navajo phenotype. Molecular marker assays were designed based on polymorphism in the C1 vs C1-I alleles. Analysis of a set of 714 inbred lines demonstrated that a combination of two gene-specific markers—8 bp C1-I InDel and C1-I SNP—could predict with high accuracy the presence of anthocyanin color inhibition in the germplasm analyzed. Information generated in this study aids in making informed decisions on the constitution of source populations for doubled haploid (DH) line development in tropical germplasm, particularly those derived from elite maize lines from CIMMYT. The C1-I gene-specific molecular markers identified and validated will facilitate high-throughput and cost-effective evaluation of a large pool of germplasm for the presence of the dominant color inhibitor in maize germplasm.
Capacidade combinatria como critrio de eficincia na seleo de genitores em feijoeiro
The objective of the present work was to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in the grain yield traits components through diallel cross of six bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotype using the method 2, model B, suggested by Griffing. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design, with four replications, in 1998. The studied traits were: average weight grain; number of grain/pod; number of pod/plant and grain yield. The results of GCA evidenced more importance than SCA for all traits. According to the estimate of GCA, the parent Ruda showed the best values to the traits evaluated. In this way, the greater effect of SCA for the general traits were to get in wrapping up cross with parent Ruda x CI 967/2V, Ruda x FT Nobre and Perola x CI 9661, determining the importance of these parents for the species improvement programs.