Displacement Determination of the Guard Electrode for the New Calculable Capacitor at NIM
We present our continuing work on the displacement determination of the guard electrode for the new vertical calculable capacitor. We describe a method for determining the displacement by actively locking the Fabry-Perot interferometer to a stabilized laser at two cavity lengths of interest. In order to lock the interferometer tightly, the modulation width of the laser is optimized for the full-width at half-maximum at the two different cavity lengths. For each of the cavity lengths, the Fabry-Perot interferometer is maintained at its resonance, and the cavity length is quantized with a space of λ/2. Then, its corresponding ratio between the fixed standard capacitor and the calculable capacitor is accurately measured by a capacitance bridge. The two main parameters for determining the displacement between the two cavity lengths-i.e., the difference in order number (AN) of the interferometer and the laser wavelength (λ)-are obtained from the capacitance bridge measurement based on a 1-pF standard capacitor with a priori value and the accurate wavelength measurement of an iodine laser, respectively. Evaluation of the displacement sensing system confirms a relative uncertainty of 5.2 × 10-9 over a range of 205 mm.
A measurement chain for the determination of RK using a calculable capacitor
The BIPM has an ongoing project to establish a Thompson Lampard calculable capacitor for use in the determination of the von Klitzing constant, RK. This paper describes key parts of the measurement chain used to provide the link between the dc quantum Hall effect and the calculable capacitor. The bridge used to calibrate a conventional 1 pF standard against a known 0.4 pF capacitance change is presented. The target relative uncertainty for the overall measurement is 1 part in 108.
The unfolded universe of elementary particles. A geometric explanation of the standard model structure
We propose a geometric explanation of the standard model of Glashow, Weinberg and Salam for the known elementary particles. Our model is a generic Quantum Field Theory in dimension four, obtained by developing along a Lorentz sub-manifold the lagrangian of Einstein and Dirac in dimension twelve. The main mechanism which gives birth to the standard model is a certain gauge fixing of triality, which permits to identify the multiplicity of fermions, as seen from the four dimensional world, with the eight unseen dimensions of the generating universe. In this way we get the known tables of particles, explaining the series of fermions and the gauge bosons. We suggest that the Higgs field dynamics could appear through a bosonization of the right handed neutrino and correspond to a displacement in the unseen dimensions. We also propose hypotheses for dark matter, and perhaps dark energy. Then we suggest predictions to go beyond the standard model.