Economic impacts of California's golf course facilities in 2000.
People spent $4.350 billion at California golf course facilities in 2000. The total sales, income, and tax impacts on the state economy were $7.872 billion, $4.546 billion, and $1.370 billion in 2000. Direct sales of $4.251 billion directly supported 62,173 jobs, and , through indirect and induced sales impacts, an additional 37,609 jobs.
Segmenting Overseas Golf Tourists by the Concept of Specialization
A main goal of this study was to use the concept of specialization to segment and better understand Korean overseas golf holiday tourists' demographics, motivations, overseas golf tourism destination attributes, and preference for overseas golf tourism destination attributes. A total of 424 questionnaires were collected and 370 questionnaires were used for further statistical analysis. According to results of data analyses, the advanced segment was more likely to be motivated by the quality of overseas golf resorts and other benefits (such as business opportunities), compared to the beginner and intermediate segments. The beginner group was more likely to be a company employee or housewife who earn the least at between US$35,000–US$50,000 per annum, travel on full package tours, use information from family or relatives, and have a stronger preference for the Philippines or China as golf destinations. The study's results showed potential benefits using the concept of specialization in a sport tourism setting even though the concept has been popularly applied in the outdoor setting.
An Analysis of the Horticultural Economy in California
Californians spent $8.5 billion on environmental horticulture and generated $10.1 billion of horticultural sales in 1995. These sales directly supported 129,000 jobs. These estimates cover both market and in-house activities. Horticultural landscapes covered almost 1.37 million acres in the state. Expenditures per acre, which range from $927 for vegetation under electrical power lines to $11,718 for arboreta and botanical gardens, tend to increase as the importance of plant variety and quality in the landscape for the associated consumption activity increases. California farmers had $1.8 billion and $20.3 billion in sales, respectively, from horticultural and agricultural crop production in 1995. Forecasts of nominal horticultural expenditures and sales in 1998 are $9.8 billion and $11.5 billion, respectively. Information on the estimated size of the industry and its breakdown by landscape type can help businesses to develop marketing strategies and new products. Policy makers can use results of this study to estimate water and chemical use by landscape type and justify more budgetary support for education, extension, research, and regulation that address important issues related to this growing industry. JEL Classification Codes: Q10, Q24, R12, R14, R15