SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THE ROAD SAFETY PROBLEM IN TANZANIA
Road traffic accidents have been increasing in Tanzania, despite some considerable efforts to reduce the level of the problem. Road safety management is widely used worldwide in various forms and at different levels of refinement to manage traffic safety. This paper discusses and recommends the scientific methods that should be used to alleviate the road safety problems in Tanzania.
FHWA STUDY TOUR FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN JAPAN, AUSTRALIA, AND NEW ZEALAND
This report presents the findings of a U.S. study team that examined safety management practices in Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), this trip was conducted between June 10 and June 24, 1994. The purpose of the trip was "to assess Safety Management Systems (SMS) in the three countries, their programs or components and technologies of SMS activities, including people, vehicles, and roads; compile the information; and identify effective strategies for implementation in the United States of America". The team met with a variety of officials who were responsible for or involved in major highway safety activities in their countries. While considerable diversity exists in the highway transportation environment within and among the three countries, each has programs that approach highway safety in similar philosophical and managerial styles. Each embarked on aggressive national safety campaigns in the 1990s, employing some level of strategic planning in formulating their safety programs.
Parboiled rice effluent: A wastewater niche for microalgae and cyanobacteria with growth coupled to comprehensive remediation and phosphorus biofertilization
Abstract The potential of microalgae and cyanobacteria for bioremediation of wastewater by nutrient uptake combined with simultaneous biomass production is a well recognized perception of today's world. The present study illustrates the treatment of a highly polluted wastewater generated during parboiling of paddy in rice mill industries, widely operational in developing countries where rice is the staple food crop, with the help of microalgal and cyanobacterial isolates capable of growing at high rates in parboiled rice mill effluent (RME). This endeavor leads to comprehensive bioremediation of the said effluent and subsequent use of the harvested biomass as slow release phosphorus biofertilizers and the treated effluent for crop irrigation. The RME-acclimatized algal consortium demonstrated highest growth in terms of fresh weight and greatest remediation efficiency at the end of 36 days' treatment of RME, with 93.9% phosphorus and 100% ammonia-nitrogen removal, 98.7%, 91.6% and 93.5% reduction in biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total dissolved solid, respectively, and an increment of 186 ± 0.3 mg L − 1 dissolved oxygen, bringing down the pollutants level well below the discharge limits suggested by Central Pollution Control Board, India. Additionally, microalgae in the consortium aggregated in clumps spontaneously in presence of the filaments of Phormidium sp. facilitating easy harvest. The RME-acclimatized algal consortium demonstrated highest accumulation of polyphosphate (poly-P) (0.76 ± 0.01% of dry weight) as well as highest release of phosphorus in non-sterile soil emphasizing the essential role of soil phosphorus solubilizing organisms to leach soluble phosphorus from the insoluble poly-P present in the biomass. The rice seedlings watered with treated RME also showed improved growth effect on shoot height and leaf width. The study results establish the suitability of RME as an excellent growth media for microalgae and cyanobacteria.