Collapsing process simulations of timber structures under dynamic loading II: simplification and quantification of the calculating method
In a previous paper we presented the efficacy of the extended distinct element method (EDEM) on the collapsing process simulation of timber-frame structures. The results obtained were qualitative, and the need for quantitative simulation was pointed out. In this report, we improved our simulating programs with the aim of establishing a quantitative simulation by EDEM. For this purpose, the parameters of the frame members (beam or column) were determined by comparing the simulated results of four-point bending tests with experimental results. Other parameters of plywood and joint members were determined by simulations of two rail shear and slip tests of joint parts, respectively. Using these parameters we made simulations of the collapsing process of an actual-size plywood-sheathed wall and at the same time carried out the experiments under similar conditions. Simulated load–displacement curves of the plywood-sheathed wall were similar to those obtained in the experiments, and the sequence of failure at nailed joints of the simulation model gave good agreement with that of the experimental collapsing processes. Using these processes, we believe that we established a basic quantitative simulation method to test the collapsing process of timber-frame structures.
Study of Ultimate Displacement of Timber Structures in Chinese Ancient Buildings
The available methods to determine the ultimate displacement of the building structures have been put forward, and the disadvantages of the methods are analyzed. According to the seismic design theory based on displacement of structures and reinforcement standard of Chinese ancient architecture, which refers to the modern structural engineering requirements, the ultimate displacement of the timber structure on Chinese ancient buildings, which is under the obvious P-∆ second-order effects, has been studied. The ultimate displacement and the drift ratio limit value of different axial compression ratio are determined by the experiments and Theoretical calculation. The results of the study of ultimate displacement can provide the technical support for the rehabilitation of the ancient timber buildings.
Industrial inorganic pigments
General Chemical and Physical Properties Behavior of Pigments in Binders White Pigments Titanium Dioxide Zinc Sulfide Colored Pigments Oxides and Hydroxides Cadmium Pigments Bismuth Pigments Ultramarine Pigments Iron Blue Pigments Carbon Black Properties Production Processes Specialty Pigments Magnetic Pigments Anticorrosive Pigments Luster Pigments Transparent Pigments.