Comparing interfertility data with random amplified microsatellites DNA (RAMS) studies in Ganoderma Karst. Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the causal pathogen of basal stem rot of oil palms, Ganoderma is somewhat problematic at present. In order to determine the genetic distance relationship between G. boninense isolates and non-boninense isolates, a random amplified microsatellites DNA (RAMS) technique was carried out. The result was then compared with interfertility data of G. boninense that had been determined in previous mating studies to confirm the species of G. boninense. Dendrogram from cluster analysis based on UPGMA of RAMS data showed that two major clusters, I and II which separated at a genetic distance of 0.7935 were generated. Cluster I consisted of all the biological species G. boninense isolates namely CNLB, GSDK 3, PER 71, WD 814, GBL 3, GBL 6, OC, GH 02, 170 SL and 348781 while all non-boninense isolates namely G. ASAM, WRR, TFRI 129, G. RES, GJ, and CNLM were grouped together in cluster II. Although the RAMS markers showed polymorphisms in all the isolates tested, the results obtained were in agreement with the interfertility data. Therefore, the RAMS data could support the interfertility data for the identification of Ganoderma isolates.
Comparative Studies on Ganoderma (Karst.) from Infected Oil Palm and Coconut Stumps with Special Reference to Their Morphological, Molecular and Isozyme Characteristics
The basal stem rot of oil palm caused by Ganoderma i s the most serious 
disease infecting oil palm in South-east Asia. It is believed that coconut stumps 
which are colonized by Ganoderma can act as sources of inoculum for i nfection to 
healthy palms through root contact. However, it is not known whether the 
Ganoderma infecting oil palm and those colonizing coconut stumps are the same 
species. Therefore, a comparative study was conducted to determine the 
similarities and differences between Ganoderma isolates from infected oil palm 
and coconut stumps, using a multidisciplinary approaches in which morphological. 
biochemical (intracellular and extracellular enzyme systems) and molecular 
characteristics (RAPD, RAMS, RFLP and direct sequencing of the ITS regions + 
5 . 8 S gene of rDNA) were analysed. Based on the morphological characteristics of the basidiomata, Ganoderma 
from infected oil palm and coconut stumps conformed to the description of G. 
boninense in Steyaert's classification system for Ganoderma ( 1 967 and 1975 ). The 
growth on various media and at different temperatures, and the cultural 
characteristics of the isolates from infected oil palm and coconut stumps were 
similar with no significant difference observed between the two groups of 
Ganoderma. However, the isolates were somatically incompatible with one 
another, which indicated that they were genotypically distinct individuals and not 
clones of a genotypic individual. 
The isozyme profiles from intracellular and extracellular enzyme systems, 
and the DNA profiles from RAPD, RAMS and RFLP of the ITS regions + 5 . 8 S 
gene revealed that Ganoderma isolates from infected oil palm and coconut stumps 
were very variable. Nucleotide sequences of the ITS regions + 5 . 8 S gene of rDNA 
from a limited number of isolates also showed that the isolates from both groups of 
Ganoderma were very variable. The Southern hybridization of RAMS gel showed 
that labelled probes from oil palm and coconut hybridized to the common bands of 
1 .2 kb by from primer (CGA)5 and 1 .4 kb band by primer (ACA)5 which indicated 
that the bands of the same molecular sizes are likely to be homologous. 
Cluster analysis based on data from biochemical and molecular characters, 
and phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence showed that the oil palm 
isolates and the coconut isolates did not cluster separately which indicated that 
isolates of both groups of Ganoderma are closely related.
MT and the Swiss language service providers: an analysis and training perspective
Switzerland is perceived as a highly multilingual country, with four national languages and a solid translation tradition in official, administrative and corporate settings, now even extended to include English. A research case study was set up to investigate the understanding and use of translation and language technologies by Swiss language service providers. This paper highlights some findings, particularly focusing upon the issue of translation automation processes in multilingual documentation production, with a view not only to spot preconceptions or knowledge gaps about MT, but also to 
suggest some training principles. We will argue that training activities ought to present MT systems as 
key aiding components of translator workbenches and, their output, as a valid linguistic resource for further human refining, if necessary. Moreover, in line with the idea that MT can be part and parcel of multilingual content production cycles, we will look at the interaction of MT with controlled language, CAT tools and terminology work. In sum, we will make explicit the usefulness of MT against the 
widespread prejudice that investing in MT does not return any benefits given the ‘low and hilarious quality of its output’, as quoted by most of the interviewees of our case study.