Biological Anaerobic – Aerobic Treatment Of Dairy Wastewater In Poland
In 2014, farms across the EU-28 produced approximately 164.8 million tones of milk, of which 159.6 million tones (or 96.8 %) were cows’ milk. Cows’ milk production on farms was the highest in Bretagne (France), Southern and Eastern Ireland and Lombardia (Italy) and Masovia (Poland) (8,3%). Milk processing produces wastewater. In Poland 1 m 3 of processed milk accounts for 3.2 m 3 of wastewater. In 2013 the production of dairy products in Poland generated 26.5 hm 3 of sewage: 14.7 hm 3 of which was treated (9.3 hm 3 biologically and 5.4 hm 3 with increased nutrient removal). The dairy wastewater is primarily generated from the cleaning and washing operations. Its main contaminants are: high BOD and COD concentrations, and it contains fats, nutrients, lactose, as well as detergents and sanitizing agents. Biological treatment is the basic method used for wastewater from food processing. Dairy wastewater in Poland is treated using aerobic biological methods: circulated pond, activated sludge process, sequencing batch reactor, Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor and anaerobic reactors. The two steps anaerobic-aerobic reactors are used in two cases in Poland.
Structure and indicators of electric energy consumption in dairy wastewater treatment plant.
The aim of the research was to determine the indicators of electricity consumption in every stage of the dairy sewage treatment process in relation to the sewage flow and the load of removed organics (BOD5, COD) and nutrients (TN, TP). The research was conducted in a dairy wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) consisting of mechanical treatment, averaging tank, dissolved air flotation (DAF) and biological treatment with sequence batch reactors (SBRs). Energy consumption was measured with the help of transducers. Indicators of unit electricity consumption were determined on the basis of 95 measurement series of energy consumption, sewage flow and removed load. The mean value of total unit energy consumption relating to the flow for the entire WWTP was 2.29 kWh·m-3, while for biological treatment 1.17 kWh·m-3 and 0.05 kWh·m-3 for DAF. The mean values of indicators relating to removed pollutants load for the entire WWTP were: 1.89 kWh·kgrem BOD5-1, 1.30 kWh·kgrem COD-1, 48.61 kWh·kgrem TN-1 and 160.01 kWh·kgrem TP-1. During biological treatment, energy consumption indicators were on average: 1.65 kWh·kgrem BOD5-1 and 1.19 kWh·kgrem COD-1, 52.90 kWh·kgrem TN-1 and 141.26 kWh·kgrem TP-1, while for DAF: 0.12 kWh·kgrem BOD5-1, 0.09 kWh·kgrem COD -1, 3.85 kWh·kgrem TN-1 and 16.17 kWh·kgrem TP-1. It was found that the biological treatment in SBRs was responsible for 54.1% of the total energy consumption of dairy WWTP. Aerobic sewage sludge treatment accounted for 17.0% of total consumption, mechanical treatment 17.1%, deodorization 2.6%, and other (social, lighting etc.) 6.9%, while DAF only 2.3%. The real-time electricity metering system enabled the optimisation of the electricity consumption in the WWTP, taking into account its consumption in unit processes and the removed pollutants load. The application of this system enabled to make corrections that reduced energy consumption while maintaining the required treatment efficiency.
Melanocins A, B and C, new melanin synthesis inhibitors produced by Eupenicillium shearii. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological properties.
New melanin synthesis inhibitors, melanocins A, B and C, were isolated from the fermentation broth and mycelium extract of Eupenicillium shearii F80695. Melanocin A, an isocyanide compound, inhibited mushroom tyrosinase and melanin biosynthesis of B16 melanoma cells with IC50 value of 9.0 nM and MIC value of 0.9 microM, respectively. Melanocin A also inhibited growth of Streptomyces bikiniensis. While, the structurally very related but non-isocyanide compounds melanocins B and C did not show inhibitory activity in these assays. Melanocins A, B and C showed potent antioxidant activity with scavenging activity of DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical.