HUMAN RIGHTS OF PRISONERS - INDIA AND THE WORLD
One of the major issues championed fervently by the world human rights movement, is the recognition of human rights of prisoners, or more specifically, the recognition of the prisoner as a human being. Central to the quest for amelioration of the miserable condition of prisoners, is the logical assumption that the prison degrades and dehunmanizes a human being. Another implicit assumption, is that all prisoners are not necessarily born criminals but the brutally and barbarity of prison life, transform them into potential enemies of society, adding to the list of arch criminals dreaded and despised by all. George Bernard Shaw observed very rightly, that 'To punish a man retributively, you need to injure him. And men are not improved by injuries'. T. H. Green, the noted idealist thinker, was of the decided view, that when the state condemns a person to imprisonment, its aim should be to transform him into a good citizen through a radical reformation of his character. Green was decidedly in favour of reformatory punishment as a against retributive punishment. Michel Foucault, one of the leading Post-Modernist thinkers, in a scathing criticism of the inhumanities of prison life, says that 'those leaving prison, have more chance before, of going back to it ... The prison can not fail to produce delinquents. It does so by the very type of
Human rights in India : historical, social and political perspectives
The essays in this volume tackle the complex issue of human rights from different perspectives, and cover such diverse issues as the rights of tribal peoples, prisoners and refugees, the constitutional context of human rights, human rights in education, feminist perspective, the role of the media, organizational bases of human rights and the NHRC.
The National PKI of Peru: a new certification hierarchy
In order to guarantee secure transactions through the Internet and to generate strong evidence that could be used in case of future legal disputes, several countries around the world have promoted and regulated the use of digital signatures based on Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). However, despite the high expectations, its implementation has achieved neither the desired results nor its globalization. Many of the reasons were discovered years ago, but they are still open problems for the scientific community nowadays. In order to consider the case of the national PKI of the Peruvian state as empirical evidence for studies that address the open problems, this article describes the details about a new certification hierarchy which is expected to overcome some of its predecessors’ limitations. It is also expected that the information disclosed in this article could be useful to other countries for making a preliminary assessment for possible cross-border recognition of Peruvian digital signatures.