Meaning of Money before, After and during Dual Currency Circulation Period Among Estonian Students☆
Abstract The research design of the study was a longitudinal trend study measuring the meaning of money from cross-sectional samples of middle-school students over the period of four years with 16 month time interval: May 2008, September 2009, January 2011, and May 2012. Teenagers were administered a questionnaire before, after and during dual currency period consisting items about multidimensional meaning of money: symbolic, affectional and behavioral, and open-ended questions. The meaning of money before and after the dual currency period was highly evaluated in symbolic and during dual currency period in conflicting affectional terms, but conveys over the time functional meaning.
Before and after: National Identity versus a European 0ne
The paper studies political socialization via the introduction of the euro in the 12 countries of the European Monetary Union. Teenagers’ (14 to 18-year-old) attitudes towards the euro and their social representations of the euro are compared during two steps of the introduction of this new currency (January 15th - February 15th 2002 when the euro first became the single currency of the European Monetary Union, and one year later, from January 15th to the end of February 2003). It is assumed that the feeling of belonging to Europe, along with the impression of being European, might change with the simultaneous issuance of the common European currency in the twelve countries of the euro-zone. It can be concluded that, via the example of the introduction of a single currency at the same time in the 12 countries belonging to the European Monetary Union, this important economic and political change has produced a specific fundamental modification, producing a much broader feeling of territorial belonging, going from a national identity feeling to a European feeling of belonging. Data concerning the influence of the euro in relation with becoming more European are discussed.
The evaluation of sexual harassment litigants: reducing discrepancies in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Relatively few targets of sexual harassment cope with the psychological sequelae of their experiences by engaging in litigation. Those who do are often subjected to forensic examination to evaluate their history of psychological distress or disorder and to determine whether such a condition could be reasonably attributed to the alleged harassment, as opposed to some other cause. An unbiased approach to such examinations is critical to all parties, as well as to the profession itself. This study investigates the relationship between the clinical and restructured clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, the Trauma Symptom Inventory subscales, the Crime-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CR-PTSD) scale, and an American Psychiatric Association diagnosis (APA, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; DSM-IV-TR; 4th ed., text rev., 2000, Washington, DC, Author) of PTSD in a sample of sexual harassment plaintiffs. All measures performed well independently, but together provided improved predictive accuracy, suggesting that the use of multiple validated measures as well as structured diagnostic interviews may help us better understand litigants' experiences and reduce bias in evaluations.