Syncretisms involving clusivity
The inclusive and exclusive are commonly considered to be kinds of the first person plural. In this chapter, I will investigate whether they deserve this name by looking at syncretisms between clusivity and other person markers. Such syncretisms are rare, but a thorough investigation has resulted in a large enough sample to allow for some conclusions. The result is that the exclusive is often syncretic with the first person singular, and can thus indeed be considered a kind of first person plural. In contrast, the inclusive cannot. Further, the often claimed link between inclusive and second person in spurious. This claim probably only arose because of selected attention for those syncretisms arguing for such a connection, but disregarding all other syncretisms that argue against it. In this survey, all possible syncretisms are considered resulting in the observation that the inclusive/second person syncretism does not occur more often than others.
Functional Changes in the Salish Pronominal System
1I am grateful to the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, which provided me with a grant-in-aid. I also wish to thank M. Dale Kinkade for offering helpful comments on an earlier version of this study. 2 "The Salish Independent Pronoun System", IJAL 43 (1977): 302-14 (henceforth SIPS); "A History of the Salish Possessive and Subject Forms," IJAL 45 (1979): 207-23 (henceforth HSPSF); "The Salish Object Forms," IJAL 45 (1979): 299-308 (henceforth SOF). The present paper is cited as FCSPS.
Optimal Combination and Concentration of Antibiotics in Media for Isolation of Pathogenic Fungi and Nocardia asteroides
Strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix schenckii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neoformans, Nocardia asteroides, and Coccidioides immitis were tested for in vitro susceptibility to polymyxin, gentamicin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, and neomycin at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 μg/ml. Polymyxin was the most inhibitory and gentamicin was the least inhibitory of the five antibiotics. Two Histoplasma mycelial strains were partially inhibited by 2 and 8 μg of gentamicin per ml and showed at least a 2+ growth at the higher antibiotic concentration. Kanamycin and neomycin produced significant inhibition of N. asteroides but otherwise were noninhibitory. A combination of chloramphenicol and kanamycin, each at 16 μg/ml, and gentamicin, at 4 μg/ml, was noninhibitory to the strains tested except for N. asteroides. Chloramphenicol at 16 μg/ml was not inhibitory for N. asteroides. The results suggest that the optimal antibiotic combination to use in the isolation of fungi and higher bacteria is chloramphenicol, 16 μg/ml, and gentamicin, 4 μg/ml. Addition of sheep blood (5%) had no effect on antibiotic susceptibility of the organisms studied.