Force Sensor Characterization Under Sinusoidal Excitations
The aim in the current work is the development of a method to characterize force sensors under sinusoidal excitations using a primary standard as the source of traceability. During this work the influence factors have been studied and a method to minimise their contributions, as well as the corrections to be performed under dynamic conditions have been established. These results will allow the realization of an adequate characterization of force sensors under sinusoidal excitations, which will be essential for its further proper use under dynamic conditions. The traceability of the sensor characterization is based in the direct definition of force as mass multiplied by acceleration. To do so, the sensor is loaded with different calibrated loads and is maintained under different sinusoidal accelerations by means of a vibration shaker system that is able to generate accelerations up to 100 m/s2 with frequencies from 5 Hz up to 2400 Hz. The acceleration is measured by means of a laser vibrometer with traceability to the units of time and length. A multiple channel data acquisition system is also required to simultaneously acquire the electrical output signals of the involved instrument in real time.
Magnetic fields influence on sensors with electrical output under sinusoidal excitations
This paper describes the magnetic effects studied at CEM in their realization of a primary standard for dynamic force calibration using sinusoidal excitations of force transducers, although they can also affect any sensor with an electrical output mounted on an electrodynamic shaker. In this study the electromagnetic behaviour for the interaction between sensor and shaker or a similar source of magnetic fields is explained and a solution to minimise this interaction is also included.
Sources of measurement error in laser Doppler vibrometers and proposal for unified specifications
The focus of this paper is to disclose sources of measurement error in laser Doppler vibrometers (LDV) and to suggest specifications, suitable to describe their impact on measurement uncertainty. Measurement errors may be caused by both the optics and electronics sections of an LDV, caused by non-ideal measurement conditions or imperfect technical realisation. While the contribution of the optics part can be neglected in most cases, the subsequent signal processing chain may cause significant errors. Measurement error due to non-ideal behaviour of the interferometer has been observed mainly at very low vibration amplitudes and depending on the optical arrangement. The paper is organized as follows: Electronic signal processing blocks, beginning with the photo detector, are analyzed with respect to their contribution to measurement uncertainty. A set of specifications is suggested, adopting vocabulary and definitions known from traditional vibration measurement equipment. Finally a measurement setup is introduced, suitable for determination of most specifications utilizing standard electronic measurement equipment.