Quantitative HPLC determination and extraction of anthraquinones in Senna alata leaves.
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of four anthraquinones: rhein, aloe-emodin, emodin, and chrysophanol in Senna alata leaves. The method involves the use of a TSK-gel ODS-80Tm column (5 microm, 4.6 x 150 mm) at 25 degrees C with the mixture of methanol and 2% aqueous acetic acid (70:30, v/v) as the mobile phase and detection at 254 nm. The parameters of linearity, precision, accuracy, and specificity of the method were evaluated. The recovery of the method is 100.3-100.5%, and linearity (r(2) > 0.9998) was obtained for all anthraquinones. A high degree of specificity as well as repeatability and reproducibility (relative standard deviation values less than 5%) were also achieved. The solvent for extraction of anthraquinones from S. alata leaves was examined in order to increase the anthraquinone content of the leaf extract. It was found that a solution of 5% hydrochloric acid (v/v), 5% ferric chloride (w/v), and 15% water in methanol (v/v) was capable of increasing the anthraquinone content in the leaf extract up to 1.67% (w/w).
A Promising Emodin-Loaded Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)-d-α-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate Nanoparticles for Liver Cancer Therapy
ABSTRACTPurposeEmodin (EMO) has multi-targets and multi-way antitumor effect, which was limited by the instability and poor solubility of EMO. The aim of this study was to formulate EMO-loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (PLGA-TPGS) nanoparticles (EPTN) to increase the liver targeting of EMO for cancer therapy.MethodsEMO/coumarin-6-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles (ECPTN) and EMO-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (EPN) were also prepared as comparison. The cellular uptake of ECPTN by HepG2 and HCa-F cells was investigated using Confocal laser scanning microscopy. The apoptosis of HepG2 cells handled with EPTN was assayed by flow cytometry. The liver targeting property of ECPTN in mice was evaluated using the drug concentration determined by RP-HPLC and the freezing slices were investigated via fluorescence inversion microscopy. The blood samples were obtained from vein intubation to illustrate the pharmacokinetics process of EPTN. The tumor-bearing mice model was established to elucidate the in vivo therapeutic effect of EPTN.ResultsThe results demonstrated that ECPTN could be internalized by HepG2 and HCa-F cells respectively. The ratio of apoptosis cells was increased after dealing with EPTN. The detection indexes of drug concentration and fluorescence inversion microscopy images indicated ECPTN had an excellent effect on liver targeting property than EMO solutions (EMS). The pharmacokinetics process of EPTN showed obvious sustained-release effect than EMS. Compared with EPN, the in vivo antitumor activity of EPTN against tumor cells were better.ConclusionsIn conclusion, EPTN could be used in the treatment of liver cancer acted as a kind of promising intravenous dosage forms.
Spray drying of dairy products: state of the art
Milk is extremely perishable, and yet, for a number of reasons, it has to be preserved for later consumption. The removal of water prevents the growth of micro-organisms and facilitates pres- ervation and storage of milk constituents. Spray drying is one of the most convenient techniques for producing milk powders and for stabilizing milk constituents. Before spray drying, the milk under- goes several processes (such as heat treatment, cream separation, membrane processes, vacuum evap- oration and homogenization). The chemical, physical, technological, nutritional, functional and microbiological properties of final products are influenced by a number of factors such as operating conditions, properties of the dairy products and storage conditions. The aim of this review is to de- scribe the process of spray drying of dairy products and to review the present and recent advance- ments of knowledge on the properties of spray-dried milk products, on modelling and water transfer simulation (drying and rehydration), dairy powders and the spray drying equipment and energy con- sumption.