Implementation of an open-die forging process for large hollow shafts for wind power plants with respect to an optimized microstructure
To realize large wind power plants in an economically feasible way, it is necessary to identify potential for lightweight design of the generator hollow-shafts, which are commonly produced by casting. The weight of these shafts can significantly be reduced by producing them by open-die forging, since the forming of the material leads to a higher strength, which allows to reduce the wall thickness noticeable. This paper describes the development and implementation of a forging process for hollow shafts with respect to an optimized microstructure. To numerically investigate this process, a realistic finite element simulation model was developed in a first step. The kinematic of the tools has been implemented authentically to provide a realistic material flow and process conditions. Additionally, a material model for the steel 42CrMo4 was integrated into the simulation model to predict the resulting microstructure. Using the implemented FE model, the forging process was optimized manually to achieve a homogeneous and fine-grained microstructure. The optimization was based upon a variation of different forging parameters and the sequence of forging steps. In the next step, a forging on laboratorial scale was performed to validate the simulation model. For this purpose, after forging, specimens from the hollow shaft were evaluated by metallography to determine the final grain size. A comparison of the results with the numerical simulation showed a general agreement of the measured grain size with the numerically calculated grain size. Based upon these results, the process model was transferred to an FE model with an industrial scale. By this it was possible to analyze the transferability of the used FE model regarding the assumptions about the kinematics and the sequence of the forging steps. A numerical investigation of the industrial process proved the scalability of the process to an industrial relevant geometry.
STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES TOOL STEEL AFTER FORGING
The paper deals with comparison of forging technology and selected forming factors on structure of the tool steel EN X160CrMoV12-1. Steel under investigation is a high-alloyed Cr-Mo-V tool steel for exploitation both in hot and cold conditions. The steel is characterised by difficult formability and high resistance to deformation in the whole range of the forging temperatures. The authors compare the structure of forged rods with a diameter of 250 mm, forged products on the radial forging machines with second one forged on hydraulic press CKW 1600.
State estimation for integrated vehicle dynamics control
This paper discusses a vehicle controller and a state estimator that was implemented and tested in a vehicle equipped with a combined braking and chassis control system to improve handling. The vehicle dynamics controller consists of a feed forward body roll compensation and a feedback stability controller. The estimator is based on a non-linear vehicle model combined with an extended Kalman filter. The Kalman filter is also connected to an algorithm, which estimates the tyre-road friction coefficient. The developed estimator was tested in a vehicle. Good results were achieved for normal and extreme driving manoeuvers.