Plasma Performance of the Central Cell of a Cat-D Tandem Mirror Reactor
A particle and power balance assessment of the central cell of a conceptual D-D tandem mirror reactor (TMR) is carried out using a two-dimensional (2-D) Fokker-Planck code and a zero-dimensional (0-D) simulation code. The two computational models produce excellent agreement except for the mean triton energy, the difference in which can be attributed to the fact that the 2-D code considers the long slowing-down time of the tritium. It is demonstrated that for an ion confining potential between 200 and 300 keV, a) the central cell of a catalyzed-deuterium (Cat-D) fueled TMR can achieve ignition in the temperature range of 40-60 keV, b) the alpha ash buildup must be strictly controlled to obtain an economical ratio of electrostatic confining potential to central-cell temperature ¿/T, allowing the exhaust tritium to beta decay to helium-3 prior to reinjection results in roughly the same net electrical power output, and c) injecting extra tritium beyond that bred in the plasma allows a drop in the minimum ion confining potential required for ignition. It is shown that the ion confining potential is minimized when Tic, = 50 keV; this results in a plasma Q of 26. A quantitative comparison with a D-T reactor scenario is presented. It is shown that under ideal operating conditions, a conceptual Cat-D TMR has a 35-40 percent higher power conversion efficiency than a D-T device; this must be weighed against the higher temperature and plugging requirements of Cat-D.
Collisional loss of electrostatically confined species in a magnetic mirror
The basic problem of particle end-loss in a magnetic mirror field with an electrostatic confining potential is considered. The analytic treatments of Pastukhov and Chernin and Rosenbluth have been generalized to apply to any electrostatically confined species in a multi-species plasma, and the Pastukhov analysis has been extended to apply to arbitrary magnetic-field profiles (instead of square-well). The analytic results are compared with results obtained from one-and two-dimensional Fokker-Planck codes. In particular the scaling with potential, mirror ratio, and effective charge is considered. The closest agreement (within 20%) is between the 2-D Fokker-Planck and generalized Pastukhov results.
Deviant Women: Female Crime and Criminology in Revolutionary Russia, 1880-1930
This title examines the position of women in early Soviet society through the lens of deviance. After seizing power in 1917, the Bolsheviks initiated reforms aimed at abolishing the old way of life in Russia. A new Family Code liberalized marriage procedures, promoted communal living arrangements, and abolished the concept of illegitimacy. Other decrees legalized abortion, deregulated prostitution, and emancipated women. The Bolsheviks' Marxist ideology that guided these reforms was also behind the assertion that crime, an artifact of bourgeois capitalist exploitation, would disappear under socialism. As crime persisted, Soviet criminologists - a cohort of jurists, doctors, sociologists, anthropologists, psychiatrists, statisticians, and forensic experts - were charged with examining its causes and motives to determine the most effective methods to eliminate it. The problem of female crime occupied a prominent position in criminologists' studies. In explaining 'traditional' female crimes of the domestic sphere - infanticide, spouse murder, and petty theft, among others - criminologists pointed to the offenders' backwardness and ignorance, material circumstances, and even biology. Kowalsky examines the position of women in early Soviet society through the lens of deviance, exploring how Soviet criminologists understood female crime and how their attitudes helped shape the development of Soviet social and behavioral norms. "Deviant Women" looks at the emergence of criminology in early Soviet Russia, tracing the development of principles and theories - in particular of female deviance - and highlighting the ways in which criminologists were able to conduct innovative social science research under the constraints of Bolshevik ideology. Kowalsky then focuses on the analyses of female crime and criminologists' attitudes concerning sexuality, geography, and class. Concluding with a close study of infanticide, the most 'typical' crime committed by women, Kowalsky discusses the social attitudes that were revealed in the professional discussion of this crime. Historians of modern Russia and the USSR, scholars of gender studies, and those studying criminology will be fascinated by this original study.