Ec maritime zones: The delimitation aspect
Starting from the premise that regional cooperation is best served by settled maritime boundaries, this article looks into the delimitation practice by European Community (EC) states. First the municipal enactments are considered of those member states actually claiming an exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Special emphasis is given to the delimitation provisions. Since not much uniformity can be found in these provisions, the specific boundary agreements that these countries have so far concluded inter se are then analyzed. A geographical distinction is made between the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the north Atlantic, and the Mediterranean in this respect. The article concludes that not much uniformity can be found in these delimitation agreements either. These boundary questions are therefore believed to continue to burden further EEZ cooperation between EC member states. © 1992 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Maritime delimitation: A view of British practice☆
‘Gonzalo, Act One, Scene 1. ‘Treafy Series, No 10 (1942), Cmd 6400. Hansard, Commons, 14 May 1942, column 81. In a Joint Declaration of 26 November 1985, Trinidad and Venezuela agreed to negotiate about delimitation in the Gulf of Paria. 3F. Vallat, ‘The Continental Shelf’, British Year Book of international Law, 1946, p 333. The article canvassed equidistance, following the line of the deepest channel extension of land boundaries or perpendiculars. In the case of the gulf, the author considered that ‘perhaps the most equitable solution (sic) would be to divide the area among the contiguous states in proportion to the length of their coasts’. 4M. Whiteman, Digest of lnternafional Law, Vol 4, p 756. 5Eg Bahrain, 5 June 1949 (ST/LEG/ SER B/l) p 23. Maritime delimitation
Italian Influence on the Development of Calvinist Scholasticism
THIS ARTICLE TRIES to show that the rise of Calvinist scholasticism, which was the most important development in Calvinist theology during the second half of the sixteenth century, stemmed largely from several converging Italian influences, particularly from the writings of Peter Martyr Vermigli and Jerome Zanchi. Here Calvinist theology refers not only to the personal thought of John Calvin but also to the teachings of the founders of the Reformed or Calvinist tradition as it spread out from Geneva and Switzerland to France, Germany, England, Scotland, Poland, and the Low Countries. In this context Calvin emerges as the brightest star in a galaxy of Reformed theologians which includes Heinrich Bullinger, Pierre Viret, Theodore Beza and Wolfgang Musculus as well as Martyr, Zanchi and others. These theologians were often more influential than Calvin himself at a given place or time or on a given point of doctrine. Bullinger, Martyr, and Martin Bucer were all more important for spreading Calvinist ideas to Edwardian England than was John Calvin. Early Elizabethan Protestantism looked more to Zurich than to Geneva, as did early Polish Calvinism. German Calvinism owed more to Heidelberg than to Geneva.' These leaders developed their theologies sometimes in mutual dependence, sometimes with surprising independence. By no means was their relation to Calvin simply that of disciple to master, for each gave a personal nuance to his style of Calvinism. Thus the sixteenth century Jesuit Cornelius Schulting states on the opening page of his five volume polemic against Calvin and Peter Martyr that Martyr was clearer and far more learned than Calvin.2 Recently John Bray has pointed out that research in seventeenth century Calvinism leads "to the conclusion that the impact of Calvin upon the Calvinistic movement has been greatly over-rated. It may well be that some of