Chinese Nationalism and the Fate of Tibet: Implications for India and Future Scenarios
Abstract Chinese nationalism primarily represents Han nationalism and ignores ethnic minority sub-nationalisms and identities in the larger cause of the state's unity and integrity. The Chinese state calls for submerging of all minority identities within the predominant Han identity, for promoting national cohesion and nationalism, effectively precluding the possibility of the assertion of Tibetan nationalism and autonomy. Because of the suppression of Tibetans in China, a large number of them have fled and settled in India and elsewhere. The Tibetan movement for safeguarding their identity, culture and political space has grievously suffered as a result of Chinese nationalism and China's Tibet policy. The fate of Tibetan nationalism is, to a large extent, tied to the dynamics of the Sino-Indian relations and the course of the internal Tibetan politics and that of its relationship with the community in exile in the post-Dalai Lama era.
Industrial Policies in the Context of Disputed or Occupied Territories
Over the past centuries industrialization has played a relevant role in the development of nations, especially through its contribution to economic growth and, thus, to raising the standards of living. However, industrial development and how it can be influenced by government decisions has been largely ignored in the context of disputed or occupied territories with a problem of sovereignty recognition. This paper aims to contribute to overcoming this gap, through a methodological approach based on a comparative analysis of the industrial policies conducted in four case studies, namely, the experiences of Northern Cyprus, Taiwan, Tibet, and the West Bank (Palestine). This comparative approach intends to explore the lessons we can take from these diverse experiences. On the one hand, from territories that have achieved a significant degree of success in terms of industrial policies, despite suffering on-going disputes, contributing to their evolution from developing to developed territories. On the other hand, from territories where the disputes are more severe, raising several obstacles to their industrial development, and whose effects it is important to debate and discuss. Our study finds that, in disputed or occupied territories, there are some specificities and similarities among the factors that play a significant role in the success/failure of their industrial policies to achieve broader development goals. These seem to be: the level of political stability and autonomy of the local government in defining and pursuing their development goals; the influence of past and current occupations and their strategic orientation (more segregationist or more integrated ones); the protectionist orientation especially during the first stages of industrialization; the ability to attract foreign investment as a means to transfer innovation and technology to the local economy; and the level of openness of the local economy, conjugated with the ability to increase local industrial productivity and competitiveness and thus to increase exports. Keywords: Industrial Development; Industrial Policies; Occupied Territories; Northern Cyprus; Taiwan; Tibet; West Bank
Protective effect of ginsenoside Re on acute gastric mucosal lesion induced by compound 48/80
The protective effect of ginsenoside Re, isolated from ginseng berry, against acute gastric mucosal lesions was examined in rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of compound 48/80 (C48/80). Ginsenoside Re (20 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) was orally administered 0.5 h prior to C48/80 treatment. Ginsenoside Re dose-dependently prevented gastric mucosal lesion development 3 h after C48/80 treatment. Increases in the activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO; an index of neutrophil infiltration) and xanthine oxidase (XO) and the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS; an index of lipid peroxidation) and decreases in the contents of hexosamine (a marker of gastric mucus) and adherent mucus, which occurred in gastric mucosal tissues after C48/80 treatment, were significantly attenuated by ginsenoside Re. The elevation of Bax expression and the decrease in Bcl2 expression after C48/80 treatment were also attenuated by ginsenoside Re. Ginsenoside Re significantly attenuated all these changes 3 h after C48/80 treatment. These results indicate that orally administered ginsenoside Re protects against C48/80-induced acute gastric mucosal lesions in rats, possibly through its stimulatory action on gastric mucus synthesis and secretion, its inhibitory action on neutrophil infiltration, and enhanced lipid peroxidation in the gastric mucosal tissue.