On Paternity Leaves and Parental Leaves – The Dilemma over “Daddy Days”
Filipino fathers generally refrain from undertaking childcare functions, an attitude that can be traced from the traditional notion that men are the economic providers while women are the nurturers of the family. In 1996, a breakthrough legislation was passed by the Philippine Legislature providing for seven days of paid paternity leave. A good beginning, but certainly not sufficient if the intention is really for the father and mother to share in the joys and pains of parenthood. Thus, Filipino women are left with no choice but to be mothers first and workers second. The article will look at experiences in the United States, Canada, France, and Sweden and conclude that a shared system of paid parental leave might be a promising solution to encourage Filipino men to perform more caring functions at home and to allow Filipino women greater participation in the world of work.
Contemporary Western European Feminism
Figures, tables and maps. Abbreviations. Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. Part 1: Western European Women: An Overview 1. The postwar movements: Their character. Their significance. Why call it the second wave? Why the new wave movements developed. Mass protest. The diversity of second-wave feminism 2. Women's status and employment: Women in the labour force. Women and technology. Women and domestic work. Women in politics. Women and civil liberty. Some hypotheses. Part 2: Some Characteristics of Individual Countries 3. Progressiveness in Scandinavia: Sweden. Norway. Denmark. Finland. Iceland. The model examined 4. Conservatism in Germanic countries: West Germany. Austria. Switzerland. The model examined 5. Fringe upheavals and creative traditionalism in France and the Netherlands: The Netherlands. France. The model examined 6. Revolutions and radicalism in Southern Europe: Portugal. Spain. Greece. Italy. The model examined Part 3: The Outlook 7. Into the 1990s: The coming Europe. Appendix: Feminist research addresses. References: Alphabetical. Cross reference by country. Index: Names and places index. Subject index.
Comparison between Two Chemicals for Reducing Scale Formation in Reverse Osmosis Systems
In this present research was transacted with the calcium carbonate scale inhibition on the membrane surface of the reverse osmosis desalination system. Influence of changing feed solution flow rate (10-25)l/h, pH of the feed solution (6-10) on the recovery ,penetrate flow rate and total dissolved solid in (RO) system by using solution of calcium carbonate as feed solution was investigated, furthermore the effect of adding two types of scale inhibitor ,zinc chloride and polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate with difference concentration (2-8)mg/l for zinc chloride and (8-15) mg/l for polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate was calculated. The results showed that the permeate rate increases as the feed flow rate augmentation ,while it reducing with time, the total dissolved solids decreases as the feed flow rate increases while it increases with time and recovery rate decreases as the feed flow rate increases and it also decreases with time. It was concluded that the permeate rate decreases as the feed solution pH value increases and it cause high scale forming thus decrease the permeate TDS.By adding the scale inhibitor, it was found that the permeate rate and recovery rates increases as the concentration of inhibitor increases while the total dissolved solids decreases in the permeate with increasing the concentration of both inhibitors .It was discovered that Polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate more sturdy than zinc chloride as scale inhibitor for reverse osmosis desalination system in all concentrations was studied in this article.