Education and national development
It is suggested in this paper that educators give serious thought to boarding schools to help reduce the cumulative achievement deficit between most middle and lower class children in the United States. The author recalls his own experience with boarding schools in Nigeria, reviews the ineffectiveness of compensatory education in America, and summarizes the history of residential schooling in Europe and North America. It is pointed out that many of the privileged in this society have long enjoyed the alternative of boarding schools while the only residential institutions available to most of the poor are the armed forces and the puoiit j~ils.
The Cultural Revolution at Peking University.
Peking University, familiarly called Peita in China, was founded as the Imperial University in 1898. It has been the country's most celebrated modern institution of higher learning, as well as its oldest. By the early 1960's Peita had about 10,000 students in its eighteen faculties. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Social Change through Imagery and Values of Teen‐Age Africans in Northern Rhodesia
N ANY society undergoing rapid technological and social change, such as is occurring on the copper-belt of Northern Rhodesia, young people form an interesting focus for study of change. In the community where this study was made, there were some 50,000 Africans of many different Bantu tribes with Bemba as their lingua franca, some 5,000 Europeans, and a few hundred Indians. The copper-mining industry, in existence since 1925, dominates the economic life and greatly influences the social life. The majority of men work in the mines. European culture is being communicated to the Africans in many ways, among which are the mass media. About a third of the adults were literate in English or a vernacular language, or both; half listened to the radio; twofifths attended movies. The percentages include men and women, but a much higher proportion of men. These Africans are now in contact with, and to some degree participating in, a new technical and moral order. As Redfield has pointed out, "each precivilized society was held together by largely undeclared but continually realized ethical conceptions" (Redfield 1953:15). Today, the African's awareness of a new moral order makes explicit what had been largely implied in the past. The new technical order is of course more explicit and easier to observe than the moral order. This is both explicit and implicit, and the rather limited degree of social contact between Europeans and Africans does not tend to give either group a clear understanding of each other's moral order. Nor is the European moral order homogeneous. It is represented by upper, middle and working class Englishmen, South Africans, Boers, missionaries, government officials, mine officials, mine foremen, and the like, all of whom present different versions of a European moral order. It is axiomatic that values are the core of a moral order, and we use Kluckhohn's definition of value, "a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of action" (Kluckhohn 1951: 395). As Northrop points out, values are rarely transferred intact from one culture to another, and new facts coming into a culture tend to be conceptualized in terms of old concepts (Northrop 1953: 330-332). We would add that the conceptualization may also be conditioned by psychological needs, including those growing out of anxieties induced by a rapidly changing way of life. In the transition from a traditional preindustrial culture to a modern industrial one, all members of the society can be placed somewhere on a continuum with traditional and modern values at opposite ends. Young people in their teens living in urban communities and attending schools, are obviously