The Social Consequences of the Crisis
A factor to be taken into consideration in evaluating the social consequences of the financial crisis and subsequent recession is the long-period trend to be seen towards increasing social inequality. In the case of Italy the data reveal symptoms of the social gap appearing even before the recent crisis, but growing inequality is by no means limited to Italy. Indeed, the trends towards inequality have led sociologists to abandon the image of confluence at the centre, putting in its place that of the social gap. The crisis of deregulation brings back to the fore the possibility of considering organic measures to relaunch the economy, and new agreements to promote social cohesion.
La disuguaglianza di reddito in Italia nell'ultimo decennio
Income inequality is in Italy among the highest among rich countries. However, only recently the issue has become a matter of public concern, as journalists, political commentators and research institutions have stressed an ongoing process of impoverishment of Italian households. This conclusion is not confirmed by the results of the most reliable sources: both the Istat's Survey on Household Budgets and the Bank of Italy's Survey of Household Income and Wealth show a surprising stability of the distribution of economic resources (expenditure or income) across households since the mid 1990s, after a sharp widening amid the 1991-92 recession. This evidence does not imply that the distribution did not change at all. First, a significant redistribution took place across socio-economic groups, as incomes increased much less for the households of the employees than for the households of managers and the selfemployed. Second, income mobility rose considerably, generating in many families a sense of insecurity and greater vulnerability to external shocks. These changes have made the flaws of the Italian social safety net even more manifest. Following a lead by Hirschman (1973), the discontent of Italian households shown by several statistical indicators may hence be seen as a signal of a "changing tolerance for income inequality".
Analysis of the Ionospheric Effect for Time Offsets per GPS Code Measurements
This paper shows the analysis results of time offsets using P1, P2 and P3 code in GPS time transfer. The r2cggtts program has been used in GNSS Time Transfer and use the P3 ionosphere free combination of P1 and P2 code measurements. We modified the r2cggtts program in order to calculate and write all kinds of time offsets P3 as well as P1 and P2. The result of the modified r2cggtts program shows that time offsets using P1 and P2 are of wide distribution comparing to time offsets using P3. In order to Figure out the error factors for wide distributions of P1 and P2, we analyze and present the relation between the elevation angle and time offsets in this paper.