Improved impregnation efficiency and pulp yield of softwood kraft pulp by high effective alkali charge in the impregnation stage
Abstract A pulp yield increase up to 2% can be achieved by impregnation with a liquor containing 2 M effective alkali (EA) concentration instead of 1 M. The yield increase is due to higher cellulose and glucomannan contents in the pulp, which can be rationalized by less yield loss by peeling, as impregnation is more effective at an elevated EA level. A rapid loading of chips with alkali can be realized due to a high diffusion rate. When the temperature becomes higher in the cooking stage, enough alkali is available for delignification reactions without the risk of alkali depletion in the chip core, so that the delignification is more homogeneous.
Towards complete impregnation of wood chips with aqueous solutions. Part 5: Improving uniformity of kraft displacement batch pulping
Pulping uniformity is critical for improving the performances of cooking and downstream operations such as bleaching and papermaking. In spite of certain success of recent modifications of batch and continuous kraft cooking systems, there is still a lot of room for improving the contemporary cooking systems in order to address problem of heterogeneous pulping. Incomplete penetration and inadequate diffusion of chemicals into wood chips remain the primary reasons for delignification non-uniformity at the scale of a single chip. These factors can be minimized by improved quality of wood chips and optimised cooking conditions. This paper examines the effect of modifying the front-end conditions of kraft displacement batch cooking on pulping uniformity. Efficient steaming of the chips and application of higher-pressure profile at the front-end of the displacement batch cooking resulted in reductions in amount of rejects and kappa number of the bulk pulp as well as improved uniformity of delignification. In addition, the lower the kappa number level and its variability within the single heartwood and sapwood pine chips were achieved. Application of both modifications simultaneously seemed to provide the biggest effect.
Evaluation of Impact of Yarn Count and Stitch Length on Pilling, Abrasion, Shrinkage and Tightness Factor of 1 ? 1 Rib Cotton Knitted Fabrics
This study investigates the impact of yarn count and stitch length of 100% cotton knitted fabrics. 1 × 1 ribs structured fabrics were used in this research work. The stitch length 2.50 mm, 2.52 mm, 2.60 mm, 2.70 mm, 2.80 mm and 2.96 mm were used of the yarn count of 26Ne, 28Ne and 36Ne. The areal densities of the grey fabrics were in various amounts. The impacts of yarn count and stitch length were measured concerning pilling resistance, abrasion resistance, and shrinkage and tightness factor. The result showed that the fabric pilling grade decreased while number of cycle increased. Abrasion resistance decreased but length wise shrinkage increased despite the fact that the stitch length increased. The results also exposed that the tightness factor of the fabric increased with the increase of the stitch length in both dyeing and washing state and finished state compared to grey state for the yarn count 26Ne and homogeneous result not found for yarn count 28Ne and 36 Ne. Evaluation of Impact of Yarn Count and Stitch Length on Pilling, Abrasion, Shrinkage and Tightness Factor of 1 × 1 Rib Cotton Knitted Fabrics