Settling International Business Disputes with China: Then and Now
A Generation Later— Substantial Progress, but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 R I. Mediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 R II. Arbitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 R III. Adjudication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 R Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 R
The Judiciary in Economic and Political Transformation: Quo Vadis Chinese Courts?
Much has been achieved in China’s legal development: the courts, the bar, legal education, and the very idea of a rule-of-law system that was inserted into the Chinese Constitution. Despite these considerable achievements, China’s judicial system, which is rooted in an administrative governance society that is undergoing economic and political transformation, remains plagued by many pervasive shortcomings. There have been numerous concerns about the Chinese courts, such as the slow pace in processing cases, the lack of professional judges, the varying quality of law enforcement across the nation, and the influence of local politics and social pressures over judicial decisions, despite the continuing efforts that China has made in improving the profile of its judiciary. It is in this context that this article discusses comprehensively the judiciary in China-the size and performance of the Chinese courts, judicial appointments and the training of judges, the actual operation of courts and judges in terms of independence and integrity, and finally, the various judicial reforms that have taken place over one-and-a-half decades. Moreover, the article analyzes the tensions, compromises, and expectations of different currents in China’s ongoing judicial reform that are leading towards an aim of justice and independence against the macro backdrop of deepening marketization and social movements.
An assessment of the Impact of Devolution on Women Empowerment in Nakuru County
-Women have been grossly marginalized in organs of decision-making and governance structures. The Constitution of Kenya has sought to bridge this gap by providing both women and men the right to equal treatment, including the right to equal opportunities in political, economic, cultural and social spheres. However, gender equality has not been achieved and women are still lagging in terms of decision making processes. The main objective of the study was to detemine the impact of devolution on women empowerment in Nakuru County. The study found that substantive women representation, development of programs and accessibility of services had a positive effect on the women empowerment in Nakuru County. The study also found out that increased accessibility of Services by women influenced women empowerment, this study also concludes that the introduction of development programs had the greatest impact on women empowerment in Nakuru County. The study recommends that more programs targeting women should be introduced as these have the greatest impact on women empowerment. The findings may be used to make conclusions and recommendations.