“Nations Like Unto Yourselves”: An Inquiry into the Status of a General Principle of International Law on Animal Welfare
Summary This article proposes that there is a general principle of international law concerning the humane treatment of animals. Preoccupation with “animal rights” has been associated with Western cultural imperialism masquerading as a universal ethic. Animal welfare is thus an instructive case study of what Jutta Brunnée and Stephen Toope have identified as the key challenge for international law, that of “construct[ing] normative institutions while admitting and upholding the diversity of peoples in international society.” This article applies the framework of interactional international law set out in Brunnée and Toope’s recent book Legitimacy and Legality in International Law, while raising questions about the weight that their analysis accords to practice and their willingness to conclude that widely recognized principles to which states fail to adhere in practice lack legal force. The article also examines how laws prohibiting cruelty to animals have emerged precisely from an interactive cultural exchange between East and West, in particular, between England and India. It concludes that Brunnée and Toope’s framework, although it does not deal at any length with general principles of law (a source of international law in which practice plays a relatively minor role), is nevertheless a useful tool for understanding how a culturally contested principle fits into international law and ultimately supports the view that there is a general principle of international law concerning animal welfare.
Injecting Compassion into International Wildlife Law: From Conservation to Protection?
Abstract International wildlife law is concerned with the conservation of sentient species, but generally ignores the welfare of individual animals. It therefore does not reflect a recognition of the moral worth of animals and perpetuates the dichotomy between conservation and welfare. It is the primary goal of this article to ascertain how welfare concerns may be incorporated into international wildlife law in order to ensure that it takes cognizance of the moral worth of animals. The article advocates an injection of ethics, via a welfare-centric approach, into wildlife law in order to escape the dichotomy between conservation and welfare in relation to wild animals, and so to advance the progressive development of law that is conducive to wildlife protection rather than merely to its conservation.
Money Laundering Control in the Caribbean
Money Laundering-Methods, Risks, and Consequences Offshore Financial Havens and Money Laundering The Evolution of Money Laundering Control - A Historical Examination of Regional and International Initiatives Making Crime a Non-Profit Activity - Confiscation and Forfeiture Criminal Liability for Money Laundering The Civil Law Dimension The Prevention and Detection of Money Laundering International Co-operation The Long Arm of American Anti-Money Laundering Laws The Impact of "Name-Calling" on the Future of Caribbean Money Laundering Control.