(Z)-5-tetradecen-1-ol: A secondary pheromone of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly, and its relationship to (Z)-10-nonadecenal
The yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer), was known to possess a potent secondary pheromone with the polarity of an alcohol, based on earlier studies with Florisil fractions. Purification of the 25% ether-hexane Florisil fraction (polarity as with alcohols) and the hydrolyzed 5% ether-hexane fraction (polarity as with esters) from 50,000 females yielded a total of ca 3μg of an active compound identified as (Z)-5-tetradecen-1-ol (Z5–14∶ OH). When added to 100 ng of (Z)-10-nonadecenal (Z10–19∶Al), which behaves as the primary pheromone in this sawfly, 0.5 ng of syntheticZ5–14∶ OH caused an 8.8-fold increase in the greenhouse bioassay response, compared toZ10–19∶Al alone.E5–14∶ OH caused a 2.8-fold increase. Only the combination ofZ5–14∶ OH andZ10–19∶ Al consistently elicited mating attempts among males. When Hercon® formulations ofZ5–14∶OH andZ10–19∶ Al were used together to bait traps, catches were up to four times higher than for theZ10–19∶ Al alone, but this increase was seen only after emergence and mating activity in the field population were virtually complete. TheZ5–14∶ OH was inactive alone, and at higher levels it depressed trap catches toZ10–19∶ Al. The Hercon formulations ofZ5–14∶ 0H andZ10–19∶Al together were as attractive as virgin females.Z10–19∶Al alone and the (Z,Z)-9,19 hydrocarbon dienes (found in all females and able to oxidize in air to produceZ10–19∶Al) were similar to mated females. ThusZ5–14∶:OH accounted for the difference in attractiveness between virgin and mated females.
Sex Pheromone of the Pine False Webworm Acantholyda erythrocephala
Females of the pine false webworm Acantholyda erythrocephala (L) produce the sex pheromone (Z)-6,14-pentadecadienal, which attracts flying males in the field. By using gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we detected (Z)-6,14-pentadecadienal in volatile collections and in whole body extracts of female A. erythrocephala. Females, but not males, also exhibited a 25-carbon cuticular hydrocarbon, (Z,Z)-1,9,15-pentacosatriene, which can oxidize to (Z)-6,14-pentadecadienal upon exposure to air and sunlight. (Z,Z)-1,9,15-Pentacosatriene and (Z)-6,14-pentadecadienal identifications were corroborated by comparison with synthetic standards. (Z)-6,14-Pentadecadienal is the second pheromone identified for pamphilliid sawflies, and the first to elicit strong field attraction, and thus offer potential as a pheromone lure to aid in control of this forest pest.
Sex Pheromone Mass Trapping and Mating Disruption for Control of Redbanded Leafroller and Grape Berry Moths in Vineyards
Mass trapping for redbanded leafroller (RBLR), Argyrotaenia velutinana , and grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana , in 2 vineyards in 1971 resulted in a substantial reduction in percent of damage compared to a check area. An extremely high population of RBLR was present, but located mainly outside the vineyard. In 1972 mass trapping experiments were continued in one vineyard, with results similar to 1971, and a mating disruption experiment initiated in the other vineyard. Data from the first year of disruption shows for both species there was almost total disruption of male orientation to attractant and live female traps, and that there was a substantial reduction in crop damage. The close proximity (12.2 m) of high populations in the check vineyard could have influenced damage counts in the disruption experiment.