REGIONAL INEQUITY AND SOVIET CONCERN FOR RURAL AND SMALL-TOWN INDUSTRALIZATION
Regional inequity has been an important national issue in most industrial societies. Measures to reduce inequity usually include the location of more industries in rural and small-town areas. The USSR has always possessed a strong ideologically based concern for regional inequity, but it was not until the 1960's that the matter was given serious attention. The last three five-year plans have called for more industry in small towns and rural villages. Life in these areas is to be made more attractive, labor resources more fully utilized, local economies improved, and the out- migration of people reduced. However, there are obvious barriers to industrialization in rural and small-town areas, and as in most industrial nations, the reduction of regional inequity is a slow and difficult process.
The past, present and future of the Soviet city plan
The concept of city planning has always found a ready place in the Soviet ideology of centrally directed social change, and Soviet thinkers have long argued that national ownership of land and central planning of the economy are essential to its success. In actuality, however, the achievements of Soviet city planning have fallen far short of the planners’ aspirations, partly because of changing priorities, but also because of the failure to find an effective mechanism for controlling the urbanization process. The evolution of the urban general plan as the principal policy document in urban planning is described to the point in the early 1980s when widespread doubts were being voiced about its effectiveness. The changes brought about in the latest phase of the Gorbachev administration are then discussed in the context of radical economic and social measures which promise to change the entire context in which city planning operates and call many of its long‐standing assumptions into question.
Simulating the Illuminance and Efficiency of the LEDs Used in General Household Lighting
Abstract The advantage of the LEDs illumination in general household lighting was proposed. High efficiency white LED as the light source was provided the energy saving illumination of the general household lightings. Different spaces in general household with different standards of average illuminance were designed and simulated by LightTools and DIALux software. The power consumptions and efficiency of traditional illuminated light sources and LED light source in lighting the household environment were analyzed and compared with each other at the same standard of average illuminance. Finally, it provided the advantage of using white LEDs in different spaces of the general household lighting.