Research features of voltage static load characteristics in the electric system of Russia
At the present time using the standard (generalized) voltage static load characteristics which can differ from actual considerably is provided in software packages for calculations of the steady-state mode and steady-state stability (in the absence of exact data). Absence of the metering or the incorrect metering of the actual voltage static load characteristic, and also using the standard (generalized) static load characteristics could lead to considerable errors and the incorrect final results while making calculations. The definition experience of actual voltage static load characteristics in different ways made by authors is given in this paper: making tests in situ in electric power systems by allocation of energy area load or separately taken electric power substation to the isolated electric supply, load allocation of the power supply from the power plant generator; registration data using of crash conditions of the electric power system. Such test of actual voltage static load characteristics definition in electric system of Russia it is reduced by authors in making tests in situ technique. Error estimation which can appear in calculations of steady-state modes with the absence of the voltage actual load characteristics is executed.
Assessment of the probability of the Arctic Council expansion
The article describes the essence of the Arctic Council, the importance of the programs implemented by the Council. The activities of the Arctic Council are focused primarily on environmental issues, as well as on the sustainable development of the Arctic. Besides the member countries of the Council, other countries with an observer status and those participating in working groups in the above-mentioned areas take part in the work. The criteria for assigning the Council membership as observers are mainly economic factors. The authors suggest that the activity of the Arctic Council should not be influenced by any political motives. In this regard, it is assumed that political risk does not affect the inclusion of the state as an observer in the Arctic Council.The article presents conclusions and determines the choice of factors influencing the probability of a country joining the Arctic Council as an observer. An analysis of the literature on the influence of political factors on corporate valuation, profitability of financial assets, internal and external conflicts, etc. is conducted. Based on the empirical analysis, a conclusion is made that the probability of becoming an observer country in the Arctic Council depends on the credit risk (sovereign rating) and the level of a country’s GDP. At the same time, the level of GDP and higher ratings increased the possibility of including the country in the community of observers. The authors also highlight the factors affecting the willingness and ability of a sovereign government to timely and fully service its financial, economic and fiscal obligations.
Empirical evaluation of a decision support model for adopting software product line engineering
Abstract Context The software product line engineering (SPLE) community has provided several different approaches for assessing the feasibility of SPLE adoption and selecting transition strategies. These approaches usually include many rules and guidelines which are very often implicit or scattered over different publications. Hence, for the practitioners it is not always easy to select and use these rules to support the decision making process. Even in case the rules are known, the lack of automated support for storing and executing the rules seriously impedes the decision making process. Objective We aim to evaluate the impact of a decision support system (DSS) on decision-making in SPLE adoption. In alignment with this goal, we provide a decision support model (DSM) and the corresponding DSS. Method First, we apply a systematic literature review (SLR) on the existing primary studies that discuss and present approaches for analyzing the feasibility of SPLE adoption and transition strategies. Second, based on the data extraction and synthesis activities of the SLR, the required questions and rules are derived and implemented in the DSS. Third, for validation of the approach we conduct multiple case studies. Results In the course of the SLR, 31 primary studies were identified from which we could construct 25 aspects, 39 questions and 312 rules. We have developed the DSS tool Transit-PL that embodies these elements. Conclusions The multiple case study validation showed that the adoption of the developed DSS tool is justified to support the decision making process in SPLE adoption.