Method of rotation angle measurement in machine vision based on calibration pattern with spot array.
We propose a method of rotation angle measurement with high precision in machine vision. An area scan CCD camera, imaging lens, and calibration pattern with a spot array make up the measurement device for measuring the rotation angle. The calibration pattern with a spot array is installed at the rotation part, and the CCD camera is set at a certain distance from the rotation components. The coordinates of the spots on the calibration pattern is acquired through the vision image of the calibration pattern captured by the CCD camera. At the initial position of the calibration pattern, the camera is calibrated with the spot array; the mathematical model of distortion error of the CCD camera is built. With the equation of coordinate rotation measurement, the rotation angle of the spot array is detected. In the theoretic simulation, noise of different levels is added to the coordinates of the spot array. The experiment results show that the measurement device can measure the rotation angle precisely with a noncontact method. The standard deviation of rotation angle measurement is smaller than 3 arc sec. The measurement device can measure both microangles and large angles.
Simple three-dimensional laser angle sensor for three-dimensional small-angle measurement.
A simple three-dimensional (3D) laser angle sensor for 3D measurement of small angles based on the diffraction theorem and on ray optics analysis is presented. The possibility of using position-sensitive detectors and a reflective diffraction grating to develop a 3D angle sensor was investigated and a prototype 3D laser angle sensor was designed and built. The system is composed of a laser diode, two position-sensitive detectors, and a reflective diffraction grating. The diffraction grating, mounted upon the rotational center of a 3D rotational stage, divides an incident laser beam into several diffracted rays, and two position-sensitive detectors are set up for detecting the positions of +/-1st-order diffracted rays. According to the optical path relationship between the three angular motions and the output coordinates of the two position-sensitive detectors, the 3D angles can be obtained through kinematic analysis. The experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed 3D laser angular sensor. Use of this system as an instrument for high-resolution measurement of small-angle rotation is proposed.
APPLICATION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD TO ROTARY-WING AEROELASTICITY.
Recent research in rotary-wing aeroelasticity has indicated that all fundamental problems in this area are inherently nonlinear. The non-linearities in this problem are due to the inclusion of finite slopes, due to moderate deflections, in the structural, inertia and aerodynamic operators associated with this aeroelastic problem. In this paper the equations of motion, which are both time and space dependent, for the aeroelastic problem are first formulated in P.D.E. form. Next the equations are linearized about a suitable equilibrium position. The spatial dependence in these equations is discretized using a local Galerkin method of weighted residuals resulting in a finite element formulation of the aeroelastic problem. As an illustration the method is applied to the coupled flap-lag problem of a helicopter rotor blade in hover. Comparison of the solutions with previously published solutions establishes the convergence properties of the method. It is concluded that this formulation is a practical tool for solving rotary-wing aeroelastic stability or response problems.