Electrical manipulation of magnetization switching in Co2FeAl alloy based magnetic tunnel junctions with in-plane and perpendicular magnetization
Electrical manipulation of magnetization switching, such as spin-transfer torque (STT) switching, electric-field-assistant magnetization switching, and spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching, has been attracting great attentions due to its applications in low-power-consumption spintronic devices, such as magnetoresistive random access memories (MRAMs) and non-volatile magnetic-logic circuits. Recent investigations of electrical manipulation of magnetization switching in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) have mainly been carried out in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB structures. However, the switching current density of those MTJs is still too high for the scaling of gigabit MRAMs. Therefore, the establishment of new ferromagnetic materials for MTJs is greatly desired.
Spin-transfer switching in full-Heusler Co2FeAl-based magnetic tunnel junctions
We demonstrated spin-transfer magnetization switching using magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a full-Heusler alloy Co2FeAl (CFA). We prepared CFA (1.5 nm)/MgO/CoFe (4 nm) (“CFA-free”) and CFA (30 nm)/MgO/CoFeB (2 nm) (“CFA-reference”) MTJs on a Cr(001) layer. The intrinsic critical current density (Jc0) of the CFA-free (CFA-reference) MTJ was 29 MA/cm2 (7.1 MA/cm2). The larger Jc0 of the CFA-free MTJ is attributed to the significant enhancement of the Gilbert damping factor (∼0.04) of the CFA due to the Cr layer. The Jc0 of the CFA-reference is as small as that reported for typical CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB MTJs.
Barbarians, Gentlemen and Players : A Sociological Study of the Development of Rugby Football
Part I: Folk Antecedents and Transitional Forms of Football in the Public Schools 1. The folk antecedents of modern rugby and their decline 2. Football in the early 19th century public schools Part II: The Modernisation of Rugby Football 3. The preconditions for modernization: embourgeoisement and public school reform 4. The incipient modernization of rugby football 5. The 'civilising process' and the formation of the RFU. 6. The democratization of rugby football. 7. Professionalisation and the amateur response. 8. The split. 9. The class structure and the professionalisation of British sport. Part III: The Development of Rugby Football as a Modern Sport 10. The professionalisation of rugby league. 11. Rugby union as a modern sport: bureaucracy, gate-taking clubs and the swansong of amateurism. Conclusion: Sociological Reflections on the Crisis in Modern Sport