The October 1905 pogroms and the Russian authorities
This article analyzes the October 1905 pogroms in the Russian Empire. It explores the reasons for the pogroms, the perpetrators, the victims, and the consequences for the Jewish population. The article shows the differences and peculiarities of the pogroms, which occurred in the cities and shtetls, rural areas, on the railroads, and in the ports. The article also explores the attitude and involvement of the higher and local authorities, police, and troops in the pogroms. Historians continue to debate whether these pogroms occurred spontaneously or were organized by the Tsarist authorities. This article provides considerable evidence that the October 1905 pogroms were not a spontaneous reaction of conservatives to the revolutionary events, but rather was the policy of the Russian government directed toward the suppression of the revolutionary movement.
Pogroms: anti-jewish violence in modern russian history
Part I. General Introduction: 1. Russian Jewry on the eve of the pogroms John D. Klier 2. The pogrom paradigm in Russian history John D. Klier Part II. The Pogroms of 1881-1884: 3. The anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia in 1881 I. Michael Aronson 4. 'Black repartition' and the pogroms of 1881-1882 Moshe Mishkinsky 5. Cosomopolitanism, antisemitism, and populism: a reappraisal of the Russian and Jewish socialist response to the pogroms of 1881-1882 Erich Haberer Part III. The Impact of the First Pogrom Wave: 6. The development of the Russian Jewish community, 1881-1903 Alexander Orbach 7. Tsarist officialdom and anti-Jewish pogroms in Poland Michael Ochs Part IV. The Pogroms of 1903-1906: 8. The pogroms of 1903-1906 Shlomo Lambroza 9. The pogrom of 1905 in Odessa: a case study Robert Weinberg Part V. The Pogroms of 1919-1921: 10. Pogroms and white ideology in the Russian civil war Peter Kenez Conclusion and overview Hans Rogger Bibliographical essay Avraham Greenbaum.
Political Developments: Some Conclusions and an Interpretation
When the political decisions and achievements of the post-Khrushchev Soviet leadership are considered as a whole, it is not immediately obvious that there is any pattern to them. It may, nevertheless, be useful to begin by devoting attention to some of the major policy tendencies and outcomes of the past decade, most of which have already been considered in greater detail by other contributors, before going on to enquire if any broad strategy underlying them may be discerned and to attempt to place the various changes in a broader political context.