Farmer–herder conflicts and water governance in a semi-arid region of Africa
Sedentary farmers in the Volta Basin are endangering the activity of transhumant herders relying on grazing ranges between 9° and 11°N. Despite mutual benefits, farmers try to deny them access to water and thereby the possibility to graze their stock on crop residues. This new behaviour is changing the geographical distribution of traditional activities and risks endangering herding activity, a leading economic resource in these regions. Meeting livestock watering requirements is thus a matter of local conflict resolution and good governance. Countries should be encouraged to adopt legislation to maintain or even promote the mobility of herding activities.
The challenges of a water system management handover in eastern Ethiopia : from the United Nations Refugee Agency to a local community
During the height of a political crisis in the late 1980s, hundreds of thousands of Somali refugees crossed into eastern Ethiopia. A humanitarian crisis soon unfolded as water was in short supply in the arid region. In response, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) constructed the largest water system ever built by the agency, with the clear understanding that the Jerer Valley Water System (JVWS) would be passed on to a local institution. More than a decade later, with most of the refugees repatriated, the JVWS tenuously exists within the management jurisdictions of both everyone and no one-between the local, regional, and national governments and UNHCR. The thesis aims to go beyond simply identifying the shortfalls in management, but seeks to understand key underlying factors which help drive such failure. Factors include issues of geopolitics, sovereignty, dependency and space. The Ethiopian state's right to territorial sovereignty has very significant spatial and planning implications for where refugee camps are located, how they are built and to what extent public services are shared with the local community. In the refugee camp studied in this thesis, a heavy dependence on the part of the local community has formed on the continued existence of Kebribeyah camp, as the space has become a key node of development for the surrounding community. Thus, while UNHCR attempts to pull out, its efforts are complicated by the fact that the local, regional and national governments have a deep seated interest in continued operations of the water system as it is now. A case is made for greater inclusion of local institutional capacity development in the emergency response phase (accompanied by the needed funds from international foreign aid) as a means to ensure a more timely infrastructural management handover. Thesis Supervisor: Balakrishnan Rajagopal, Ford International Associate Professor of Law and Development
Dairy development in Sub-Saharan Africa : a study of issues and options
Rapid population growth and urbanization is creating a strong demand for milk in sub - Saharan Africa (SSA) and the majority of countries have the potential to meet the growing demand by developing their domestic resources. This study provides an overview of dairying in SSA and discusses the principal constraints to development as well as the experience gained from some earlier initiatives. It analyzes the main biological, technical, economic and institutional issues and summarizes the opportunities and options for future dairy development. Appropriate strategies and policies are suggested and estimates are made of the investment requirements to meet future demand for dairy products. Some implications for donor agencies are also considered.