The Future of United States - Chinese Space Relations
In recent years the U.S. space program has been in decline, mostly due to budget cuts. Because of those reductions, NASA is struggling to fund its space exploration programs. One solution to this problem is to collaborate with other space agencies to share the cost and the knowledge gained. The Chinese have recently put a lot of effort into becoming a global space power and are willing to collaborate with other agencies in their space exploration efforts. The United States, however, is very reluctant to enter into any type of collaborative effort with the Chinese for a host of reasons. In order to gain greater insight into this issue, a survey will be conducted using the following three control groups: 1) individuals affiliated with the U.S. space program and related agencies, 2) individuals affiliated with the U.S. military and related security agencies, and 3) individuals not affiliated with either group previously mentioned. It is believed that these three groups will give a good indication of the general feelings of the United States population towards cooperating with the Chinese in spaceflight and what obstacles need to be overcome. The central research questions will focus on whether the participants believe the United States should collaborate with the Chinese, what they believe are the main objectives of the Chinese space program, and what issues need to be addressed before collaboration is possible. The author predicts that the individuals affiliated with the space program and those of the military will be diametrically opposed to one another while most of the general public will support collaboration.
Implanted Helium-3 Abundance Distribution on the Moon
Introduction: Helium-3 (He) is expected to be the cleanest fuel of choice for potential 21st century fusion reactors, because its reaction is efficient and produces low residual radioactivity. He is very rare on the Earth and much concentrated in the lunar regolith. It is possibly the most valuable resource on the Moon. As we had known, the mineral ilmenite [FeTiO3] retains helium much better than other major lunar materials. The more mature soils should contain high concentration of He, because they have been exposed to the solar wind longer and contain greater amounts of fine-grained aggregates that absorb He. A map of implanted He abundance distribution on the Moon is constructed in this paper. The map is calibrated using a correlation between the He concentration and the TiO2 concentration and maturity index Is/FeO of lunar regolith. The distributions of the TiO2 concentration and the regolith maturity Is/FeO are derived from the multispectral lunar digital image model (DIM) of the Moon in five spectral ranges (415, 750, 900, 950, 1000 nm wavelengths), which was obtained. Data Source: This multi-spectral lunar digital image model (DIM) of the Moon is a radiometrically and geometrically controlled, photometrically modeled global image mosaic compiled using more than 400,000 images from multiple filter observations of the UltraViolet-Visible (UVVIS) camera onboard the Clementine Spacecraft. The DIM mosaic is mapped in the simple_cylindrical projection at a spatial resolution of 100 meters per pixel. Final PDS (Planetary Data System) data set archive volumes CL_4001 through CL_4078 were produced in July, 1999 by a group led by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) branch of astrogeology at flagstaff, Arizona (http://pdsmaps.wr.usgs.gov/maps.html) Algorithm: Taylor (1994) found that the abundance of He in the lunar regolith at a given location depends on surface maturity, and titanium content, because ilmenite (FeTiO3) retains helium much better than other major lunar minerals. He proposed a correlation between the abundance of He and TiO2 content and maturity index Is/FeO of lunar soil from the statistical analysis of the measurement of Apollo lunar soil sample [1]. The abundance of He in the lunar regolith is determined by: 3 0 2 He (ppb)=0.2043 [(Is/FeO) TiO ] × .645
The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866 . By Geoffrey Wawro. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1966. Pp. 313. $59.95. ISBN 0-521-56059-4.
This expanded and reworked Yale dissertation ventures into a topic done spellbindingly two decades ago by one of the grand masters of German military affairs, Gordon Craig, whose Battle of Koeniggraetz (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1964), was published in a series commissioned by Hanson W. Baldwin. NewYork Times military affairs editor. Wawro does not approach the literary brilliance of Craig, but his work goes beyond it in several important respects. First, although Craig dealt with a good deal of the preliminary background and also the aftermath, his book focused squarely on the major battle which decided the war, whereas the book at hand deals with the entire war, which included several other battles, notably Langensalza, between Prussia and the Hanoverians in north-central Germany and Custoza between Austria and Italy in northern Italy. Secondly, whereas Craig knew the German sources as well as anyone, Wawro here uses not only German, but Austrian, French, British, and Italian ones. Of the last two, the former are important for the diplomatic background, the latter for the southern campaign area as well as for the problematic PrussianItalian relations. Thirdly,Wawro has dug deeper than Craig into primary source archives. Especially for the central emphasis of the book, the Austrians and Italians, he has mined the archives in Vienna, Rome, Naples, Milan, and Venice. For example, he uses a number of war diaries which officers from captain to field marshal kept and later deposited in military archives. Interestingly, both authors use Hans Delbriick andTheodor Fontane. Delbriick wrote half a dozen essays on the war and after his death in 1929 two of his colleagues published a fifth volume of his classic Art of War in the Framework of Political History which dealt substantially with 1866, partly on the basis of Delbriick's Berlin University lecture notes. Fontane covered the war as a newspaper correspondent and published more than a thousand pages from his eyewitness experiences, Der deutsche Krieg von 1866, 2 vols, (Berlin, 1871-72).