Research of output characteristics of the heterodyne executed on the printed circuit board with the increased resistance to electrostatic discharges
In operation results of computer simulation of characteristics of the standard analog device — the heterodyne executed on the printed circuit board from the composite dielectric having feeble conductivity are explained. Results of simulation showed that increase in specific bulk conductivity of material of the printed circuit board to 2·10<sup>−7</sup> Ohm<sup>−1</sup>-m<sup>−1</sup> practically does not change operating characteristics of a heterodyne. The possibility of effective use of the composite poorly carrying out dielectrics in standard radio engineering devices allowing to prevent origin of electrostatic discharges is set.
Upsets related to spacecraft charging
The charging of spacecraft components by high energy radiation can result in spontaneous pulsed discharges. The pulses can interrupt normal operations of spacecraft electronics. The 20-year history of ground studies and spacecraft studies of this phenomenon are reviewed. The data from space are not sufficient to unambiguously point to a few specific solutions. The ground based data continue to find more problem areas the longer one looks. As spacecraft become more complex and carry less radiation shielding, the charging and discharging of insulators is becoming a more critical problem area. Ground experiments indicate that solutions for spacecraft are multiple and diverse, and many technical details are reviewed or introduced here.
The General Theory of Relativity
THE WORD “SPECIAL” IN “SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY” means that the theory is restricted to those frames of reference for which the law of inertia holds, that is, inertial frames of reference.* Einstein sometimes referred to them as Galilean frames of reference. At first glance, it does not seem reasonable to expect that the principle of relativity can be extended to non-inertial frames. The reasons are fairly obvious. The principle of relativity that we have been using states that the laws of physics have the same form in all frames of reference to which the principle applies. In other words there should be no way to determine by an experiment which of two frames of reference is in motion relative to the other.