The Saint Pierre and Miquelon dispute: Towards a further redefinition of French fishing rights in the Northwest Atlantic
Abstract The Canada-France dispute concerning the extent of maritime jurisdiction around the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon is distinct from other maritime boundary disputes. The French claim creates a large enclave within Canada's 200 nautical mile zone, raises questions about the extent of maritime jurisdiction which dependent islands can claim, and involves historic fishing rights governed by treaty. After reviewing the redefinition and relocation of these rights, attention is turned to what has happened since 1977. It is argued that the effect of the boundary settlement to be decided by an international tribunal will be critical to both Canadian and French fisheries. Whatever the tribunal's decision, it will be another step in the redefinition of the French fishing rights in the Northwest Atlantic but it will not be the last. It is likely to be followed by a renegotiation of the 1972 fisheries agreement which continues to govern French fishing rights in the Canadian exclusive fishing zone.
Maritime Boundaries, Jurisdictional Disputes, and Offshore Hydrocarbon Exploration in Eastern Canada
Abstract: With the development of hydrocarbon exploration off the east coast of Canada, maritime boundary disputes and jurisdictional problems have developed at the international, federal-provincial, and interprovincial levels. This paper traces the evolution of maritime boundaries off the east coast in the past fifteen years and their effects on oil and gas exploration. It pinpoints the boundary problems that remain. It also shows how the federal and provincial governments in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland have attempted to set aside jurisdictional problems with the conclusion of bilateral offshore management agreements, which have served both to clarify maritime boundaries and to pinpoint areas of dispute. Abstract: De pair avec l’extension de la prospection d’hydrocarbures au large de la côte orientale du Canada, il s’est déclenché aux niveaux international, fédéral-provincial et inter-provincial des différends au sujet des frontières maritimes et des conflits de compétence. Cet article trace l’évolution des frontières maritirnes au large de la côte orientale durant les quinze dernières années et leur effet sur la prospection pétrolière et gazière pour définir enfin les problèmes frontaliers qui subsistent toujours. L’article montre de quelle façon le gouvernement fédéral et celui des provinces de Nouvelle-Ecosse et de Terre-Neuve ont essayé d’écarter les conflits de compétence en signant un accord bilatéral d’exploitation des ressources petrolières au large des côtes lequel a servi à démêler les frontières maritimes tout en y précisant les zones de désaccord.
Petroleum and hard minerals from the sea
The volume is organized into two parts: The first, Continental Margin, includes the continental shelf, slope, and rise. The second, Deep Seabed, encompasses areas seaward of the continental rise. Mining activities covered in this book include all extractive operations on or below the ocean floor, such as pumping, dredging, or direct access by offshore entries or by land-based tunnels to recover naturally occurring inorganic substances, though not necessarily of inorganic origin. Minerals contained in beach sands lying above the normal high-tide level are excluded. Also not examined is the industrial extraction of minerals from seawater, an important source for various salts and the metal magnesium as well as a potential source for such other metals as uranium. With the deepest gratitude, I acknowledge the assistance of scores of individuals in industry and government in the United States and other countries who provided data, maps and photographs. I also appreciate the many permissions granted to use copyrighted material; Robert G. Burke, Editor of the journal Offshore, and Ben Russak, publisher of the journal Marine Mining, have been especially helpful in this regard. Many redrafted and reproduced illustrations included in this book are the work of Becky Heinzelman, Russell Ault, Pat Taj-Terhani, Frank Martin, and William Lensch, all of Northern Michigan University's Learning Resources Center. Their efforts were skillfully coordinated by Scott Seaman, Assistant director of Learning Resources. Numerous photographic reproductions are the handiwork of Donald Pavloski, Tim Clloway, and Kim Marsh in the University News Bureau's Photographic Department. Jessie Luttenton of the Geography Department's Cartographic Laboratory helped design and draft several maps, and I owe a major debt to my colleague, Professor John P. Farrell, for his advice and direction in the design and preparation of several original maps. Without the frequent and diligent efforts of Dena Bovee, Roberta Henderson, John Drabenstott, and Marsha Larmour, all of the University's Library, I would not have had and access to a multitude of reference items. I am especially grateful to Niki Calloway, Deborah Skehen, Laura Campbell, Myra Vaughan, Connie Del Bello, Jane Potvin, Pat Ogle, and Ruth Bishop for their skill and good humor in deciphering my rough draft manuscript and for typing the final copy.