Main trends and patterns in Women’s Football Migration
Page  2 In the last twenty years, a phenomenon has emerged which is entirely new in the study of gender, migration, women and sport, namely the international migration of female football talent and labour. Just as boys all over the world, also a growing number of girls dream about becoming a professional footballer and pursue this dream at intensively investing into their skills over years. The number of registered players has in fact more than doubled since 2000, with now over 30 million female footballers; but until date, “making a living” as a female football player is only possible in 17 out of 168 FIFA-listed women’s football countries. This means for highly talented and skilled women in 90% of the countries that they actually have to leave their home in order to act as professionals. The percentage of top players who leave the “developing countries” of women’s football is at levels of up to 80%, while migrants constitute between 36 up to 50% of players in premier league clubs of the “core countries”. The paper will analyze main trends and patterns in women’s football migration at following these questions: a) Are the fluxes mainly from South to North and North to West? Do they expand beyond traditional geographical limits and assume globalized characteristics? b) What makes women leave (structural, super-structural, subjective reasons)? c) How far do motives, experiences and outcomes of migration projects differ between the developing and core countries of WF? The logics of this migratory process shall be approached by presenting quantitative data on fluxes and qualitative material on the women’s migration projects which derived from an ethnographic case study on Portuguese players and from interviews with Norwegian and Brazilian female football migrants. The paper concludes by approaching the open question, if and how migration is increasing substantially and which are the opportunities and challenges for players, key agents and -parties involved. Nina Clara Tiesler Main trends & patterns in women’s football migration Introduction: some numbers Page  3  40 countries, 800 national squad players: 190 abroad  Extreme case Ireland: 80% top level players abroad  2000-2010: hundreds of Scandinaviens in the USA  Among ca. 170 FIFA-countries only 17-20 can provide (semi-) professional contracts  Players from 90% of these countries have to leave home in order to become professionals  Clubs in the Swedish women’s premier league Damallsvenskan: up to 50% expatriates Nina Clara Tiesler International Migration of Women Footballers
Mobile Spielerinnen als Akteurinnen im Globalisierungsprozess des Frauenfußballs
Drei Botschaften wurden wahrend der FIFA Frauen-WM 2011 (ab hier folgend kurz: WM 2011) von Interessenvertreterinnen und -vertretern und den Medien produziert. Von der „Sport-Medien-Wirtschafts-Allianz“ (vgl. Schaaf et al. 2011) nachhaltig kolportiert, uberlebten sie das Turnier, das vom 26. Juni bis zum 17. Juli 2011 in Deutschland ausgetragen wurde.1 Die drei Botschaften konnten sich von einer erfolgreichen Vorbereitung und ausgiebigen Vermarktung tragen lassen, sowie sich der authentischen Begeisterung internationaler Zuschauermassen bedienen. Mit einander verwoben, betonen sie nicht nur den beeindruckenden Erfolg des Ereignisses, sondern diverse positive Entwicklungen im Frauenfusball an sich, die im Scheinwerferlicht des Megaereignisses zutage traten und per TV-Ubertragung weltweit sichtbar wurden.
Role of the coronoid process in varus osteoarticular stability of the elbow.
The role of the coronoid process in varus osteoarticular stability of the elbow was investigated in 10 cadaveric elbows. Testing was performed at multiple flexion angles after incremental removal of the coronoid. At each flexion angle, removal of more than 50% of the coronoid produced a statistically significant decrease in the load resisting varus displacement compared with all lesser resection levels (P < .003). There was a trend for decreasing load after removal of 50% of the coronoid. The mean decrease in load across all flexion angles was 10.1%, 50.4%, and 75.4% after removal of 50%, 75%, and 100% of the coronoid, respectively. Resistance to varus displacement tended to decrease more as a percent of control at lower flexion angles than at higher flexion angles after removal of more than 50% of the coronoid. The coronoid process was found to be a key varus stabilizer in the elbow and may contribute more to elbow stability in extension than in flexion.