The Portuguese law on social economy
This study is a reflection on the Portuguese Framework Law on Social Economy, highlighting, from a critical point-of-view, its contribution to the explicit institutional and legal recognition of the social economy sector. It does so by defining the concept of social economy and listing the entities engaged in this sector, by defining its guiding principles and the mechanisms for its promotion and encouragement, and also by describing the creation of a tax and competition regime which will take into account its specificities. The setting up of this foundation of the social economy was based on the constitutional principle of protection of the social and co-operative sector, which substantiates the adoption of differentiating solutions in view of the positive discrimination of this sector.
A identidade cooperativa na ordem jurídica portuguesa
1.1. Desde o Congresso do Centenário da Aliança Cooperativa Internacional (ACI ), realizado em 1995, em Manchester, esta organização, tendo continuado a dar grande importância aos princípios cooperativos, passou a assumir expressamente que a identidade cooperativa não se materializava apenas neles. É certo que eles continuaram a ser o seu elemento nuclear, mas essa identidade depende agora também dos valores cooperativos e de uma definição de cooperativa concreta.
Effekte einer freiwilligen Mitgliedschaft in Berufsverbänden auf das Einkommen: Eine Analyse der Einkommensdynamik bei Freiberuflern in Deutschland
Central question in our analysis is if voluntarily organised Professions, i.e. self-employed Liberal Professions (Freiberufler) in professional organisations, yield a higher income than those not associated to any professional organisation. To answer this question four waves from the German Socio-Economic Panel Survey Study (GSOEP) are used. Descriptive statistics show a positive link of gross monthly income and those who are voluntarily associated in professional organisations. Because gross monthly income is influenced by the amount of actual hours worked, gross hourly income is the central magnitude of interest. The aforementioned positive link is widely confirmed by descriptive statistics of corresponding gross hourly income. To measure causal effects through voluntary membership in professional organisations a fixed-effects-model in consideration of unobserved and time constant heterogeneity is estimated. We find a negative premium in gross hourly income for voluntarily organised Professions which varies between -7,67 und -9,15 %.