Numerical investigation on flow field characteristics of integral particle separator
This paper is a study and research result of vane less integral particle separator where numerical simulation of its inner flow field and the particle movement locus characteristic was undertaken with the application of calculation software Fluent. This paper obtains the characteristic of the total pressure loss from the inlet to the clearance stream outlet and the main stream outlet while the SCR differs, and its inner flow field, and also the distribution of total pressure loss at the clearance stream outlet and particle movement locus. The calculation was undertaken by using the Realizable k-ε model and using Lagrange track model for discrete phase. The research result shows: In the clearance stream, the fluid appears of the whirlpool structure. The total pressure loss decreases while the SCR increases, and increases as the main stream flow increases. On the inner side at the clearance stream outlet (near the splitter), the total pressure loss decreases as the SCR increases, while in the outer side (near the outer wall), the total pressure loss increases as the SCR increases. In the main stream, the total pressure loss increases as the SCR and the main stream flow increase. Micro-size particles barely collide with wall, and some of them enter the main stream flow, while most of large grain size particles collide with wall and enter the clearance stream where they are discharged.
Measurements of particles rebound characteristics on materials used in gas turbines
This paper describes an experimental method used to find the rebound characteristics of small solid particles impacting different materials. Such data are used for particle trajectories and erosion calculations in turbomachinery. The materials which are investigated are: 410 Stainless Steel, 2024 Aluminum, 6A1-4V Titanium, INCO 718, RENE 41, AM355, L605 Cobalt, and Alumina (A12O3). Particle materials are fly ash of 15 p. In addition, erosion rate equation was developed for INCO 718 that predicts the erosion rates at high temperatures very well.
Indian Fig Cactus (Opuntia Ficus-Indica (L.) Miller) in the Americas: an Uncertain History
Abstract: 
 Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller is a globally important cactus species with a long history of human use. In addition to the importance of O. ficus-indica as a food for humans and livestock, it also has long served a role in the production of cochineal, a once important textile dye. This cactus also is intimately interwoven into the story of Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (South American cactus moth), one of the best-known examples of biological weed control. In this regard, O. ficus-indica has been a target weed as well as an unintended host in C. cactorum invasion. Although the distribution and human-assisted movement of this cactus throughout much of the world is well documented, surprisingly little has been written about its history and movement within the Americas. Literature associated with Opuntia and their phytophagous pests in North and South America was examined in an attempt to determine the history of O. ficus-indica in the Americas. Available information suggests with some certainty that O. ficus-indica originated in present-day Mexico, but the timing of its introduction to South America is much less clear. Taxonomic difficulties associated with distinguishing among Opuntia species and the long pre-Columbian history of exchange between South American and Mesoamerican cultures are two primary complicating factors associated with dating the dispersal of this species to South America. Additionally, previous evidence in support of a pre-Columbian introduction to South America relied on questionable identification of insect-based textile dyes. These uncertainties are significant because clearer knowledge of the history of O. ficus-indica introduction to South America could provide a more complete biological and ecological context to efforts at managing this species in its native and introduced ranges, particularly with respect to the threat posed by C. cactorum in North American and Argentinean plantations.