Politics and piracy: The duchy of Gaeta in the twelfth century
The history of the duchy of Gaeta in the early twelfth century is ignored by historians of southern Italy, as attention focuses on the activities of the Gaetans' Norman overlords in this period. This paper argues that the political developments in Gaeta in this period deserve further recognition, being significantly different to those in other southern cities. The emergence of a consulate in the city links it with the better-known communal structures of cities in northern Italy at this time. Commercial exchanges between Gaeta and northern cities, especially Genoa, are examined as a possible cause of this political novelty. It is concluded that the division of Italian historiography on the twelfth century into studies confined to the southern kingdom of Sicily and the northern communes overlooks parallel developments in each and underestimates the level of exchange between the two halves of the peninsula.
The Two Italies: Economic Relations Between the Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Northern Communes
List of maps Preface A note on the tables Abbreviations Part I. The Foundations: 1. The sources 2. The resources Part II. The Development of Trade: 3. The first phase of alliances, 1116-54 4. The maritime alliance of 1156 and its afternath 5. Crisis and recovery, 1162-79 6. An age of peaceful competition, 1179-89 7. The last phase of alliance, 1189-91 8. Quid plura? 1191-5 Part III. The Structure of Trade: 9. The structure of Genoese trade with Sicily, 1155-64 10. The structure of trade in the late Norman period Conclusion Bibliography Index.
The Provincial Centre at Camulodunum: Towards an Historical Context
Present assessment of the provincial enclosure at Camulodunum, more particularly how far it can be compared to the standard picture of similar centres elsewhere, is inevitably constrained by the limited evidence at our disposal. With no numismatic sources to draw on and in the absence of a single record of the provincial priesthood — a striking void that calls for comment — documentary testimony is restricted to what can be made of two passages in the literary authorities. The first, a notorious sneer in Seneca's Apocolocyntosis (VIII.3), tells only that a temple of some sort was associated somehow with the emperor Claudius. The second text, an obscure allusion in Tacitus, is at first sight no more enlightening but, on closer analysis, the phrase templum Divo Claudio constitutum (Ann. xiv.31) yields the invaluable inference that the temple was to the deified, not the living Claudius; in which case construction must have been begun in a.d. 54 or later. Archaeological data throw no light on the origins of the temple or of the precinct in which it stood but exploration has steadily enlarged our knowledge of the site itself, and understanding of the remains has now reached the stage at which, for all its puzzling lacunae, the centre is as well known in some ways as the triple-tiered complex at Tarraco, the provincial enclave of Hispania Citerior. We have arrived at the point where the British sanctuary and its counterparts on the Continent can be mutually illuminating.