Russian gas at European energy market: Why adaptation is inevitable
Abstract Economic crisis of 2009–2010 plus steady decarbonisation of the European Union (EU) energy policy decrease EU energy demand while gas supplies to the EU continue to increase as well as its multiplicity. Thus competitive niche for gas in Europe tightens, especially for Russian gas supplies with rather non-flexible contractual structures and pricing mechanisms such as long-term gas export contracts (LTGEC) with oil indexation. On top of this, Third EU Energy Package changes the whole architecture of the wholesale EU internal gas market. So risks and uncertainties for oil-indexed LTGEC within this tightening market niche for gas increase. To effectively address them, LTGEC need to become more flexible and adaptable. Gazprom has recently started such adaptation of its LTGEC. Whether this will stay as a temporary step-back or will become company's new regular policy towards more flexible contractual structures and pricing mechanisms in Europe?
EU-Russia energy relations: problems and perspectives
Abstract This paper analyzes the EU-Russia energy relations in the period 2010-2022. Although in other sectors the European Union has a competitive advantage, in this area the vulnerability of the EU to Russia is fully felt. The gas crises (2006 and 2009) and the conflict in Ukraine (2014 and 2022) highlighted the European Union’s over-reliance on Russian energy resources. The escalation of the conflict in February 2022 has created a state of uncertainty about the evolution of the energy cooperation between the EU and Russia. The aim of this research is to identify and assess the impact of sanctions and counter-sanctions on trade in the energy sector between the EU and the Russian Federation, as well as the problems and prospects of EU-Russia energy relations. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, this paper is the result of a mixed research design, based on a quantitative and a qualitative component, respectively. The topicality of the debate on EU-Russia energy relations is reflected in the field of scientific investigation through a significant literature. Official documents of the European Commission and the European Parliament, academic articles and studies conducted by various prestigious think-tanks were analysed. Also, the research is based on data published by Eurostat and International Energy Agency.
PASSIVE AND LOW-ENERGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICES-DEHUMIDIFICATION
Methods of achieving acceptable indoor conditions in overheated, temperate, and underheated humid climates are discussed and compared. Desiccants and desiccant systems utilizing solid and liquid sorbents and various low-energy mechanical systems are described and evaluated.