An Experimental Modelling and Numerical FE Analysis of Steel-Strip Ironing Process
This paper deals with analysis of steel strip ironing using experimental modelling and numerical FE simulation. Since both approaches are complementary to each other, numerous results were obtained that enable complete analysis of the processes with in deformation zone. Device for modelling of strip ironing has been developed for experimental testing. Die cone angle, holding force, contact friction conditions on the die and the punch side were varied, due to easily replace able working elements of the device. Friction coefficient values used in numerical FE simulations were determined based on measured values of forces on die and punch, as well as forming load on machine. Experimentally obtained results were confirmed by FE analysis that provided additional information about physics of the process itself within deformation zone. Presented research results point to coherent influences of process factors on tensile wall stress values, which represents key indicator for efficiency of forming, resulting in recommendations for efficient process management.
Upper-bound modelization of an ironed three-layered polymer-coated steel strip
Global beverage can and food container consumption is very high, with billions of cans produced annually worldwide. There are several steps in can manufacturing, but ironing is the most crucial. In a previous work (Sellés et al., J Mater Process Technol 202:7–14, 2008), a series of ironing experiments were reported using a new material and an ironing simulator. This material was a three-layered polymer-coated steel, and it was seen that under some process conditions, it survived the ironing process with no damage in any of the three layers. The critical die angle was determined as well as specimen quality surface tests. In this paper, an associated theoretical ironing model is described, using the upper-bound theorem and considering the cases of successful ironing or shaving. It is possible to give insight into how to design a material that irons well. For example, the optimal layer thicknesses are also found.
AN APPRAISAL OF THE THEORY OF DEEP DRAWING
AbstractThe term “deep drawing” is generally understood to apply to the process of deforming sheet metal that is characterized by the use of a punch and a die, the sheet being drawn inwards and over the die profile by the advancing punch whilst the flange is controlled by moderate “blank-holding” pressure supplied by a suitably shaped blank-holder. Pressing, stretch-forming, beading, and embossing differ from deep drawing in that the edges of the material are generally prevented from being drawn in. This is achieved in the case of pressing either by the use of a very high blank-holding pressure or by the restraint of the large area of the flanges, by gripping the edge of the sheet in the case of stretch-forming, and by the large area of undeformed sheet in the case of beading and embossing. A general discussion of these and similar processes is given by Barlow.