Building Energy Analysis Programs
Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs consist of Loads, Systems, Plant, and Economic sub-programs. They are used by engineers and architects in the design and analysis of energy efficient building envelopes, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning, electrical and other service systems. The historical development of energy analysis programs is presented, the methodologies used in various programs are compared, and areas for future improvements are discussed.
NBSLD (National Bureau of Standards Load Determination), the computer program for heating and cooling loads in buildings. Release No. 1. Software
A comprehensive computer program called NBSLD, the National Bureau of Standards Load Determination program, has been developed at NBS to reflect the time change of the many building parameters which are pertinent to accurate estimation of energy usage for heating and cooling. Current status of heating and cooling load techniques is reviewed. Of general interest are unique features of NBSLD which are not available in existing computer programs. A summary of various subroutines of NBSLD is given along with the detailed procedures for them. These subroutines constitute the recommended subroutine algorithms of the ASHRAE Task Group on Energy Requirements. Complete Fortran listing of NBSLD and data preparation forms are given for those who wish to use the program. The NBSLD computation is on the basis of the detailed solution of simultaneous heat balance equations at all the interior surfaces of a room or space. Transient heat conduction through exterior walls and the interior structures is handled by using conduction transfer functions. The use of heat balance equations, although time consuming in calculation, can avoid the vagueness and uncertainties inherent in the more popularly used weighting factor approach. In addition, it is more accurate for a specific building design. The program more » is written in the FORTRAN programming language for implementation on a UNIVAC 1108 computer using the UNIVAC 1100 Exec 8, version 33, operating system. 250K of core storage are required to operate this program. « less
Similarities in protozoan and flatworm habituation behavior.
ONE problem in the study of habituation in protozoa is that similar results, given the same experimental manipulations, may not be obtained in metazoa. I shall compare habituation behaviour in the protozoan Spirostomum with that in the micrometazoan Rhabdocoel flatworm Stenostomum; it remains to be shown whether there is a correspondence between protozoa and metazoa both in behaviour and in their underlying chemical processes. Both these organisms contract in response to mechanical and touch stimuli: when subjected to repeated stimulation, they habituate1. Furthermore, the more intense the stimulus, the longer it takes for habituation to occur1.