A literature review on welding certificate for robotized welding
The higher production of more and more complex products challenges the accurately for manual welding, and increase the time it takes to programme automatic welding systems. The main objective for the article is to see if current regulations and standards are able to accommodate the shift from automatic weld to autonomous welding systems. To do this, the most current and applicable standards have been analysed. Where there is a need for human input I have tried to find research in new systems that is able to assist computer systems in obtaining that information. The findings are that most of the current standards have room to accommodate autonomous systems, given that the correct safety precautions are taken.
The American Welding Society
Throughout the 20th century, there has been rapid development of welding technology and applications, and, since 1919, the American Welding Society (A WS) has worked to advance the science, technology and application of welding. As the century nears its conclusion, a mature welding industry finds itself facing unprecedented opportunities, both domestically and internationally. Meeting these opportunities will challenge industry on economic and sociological fronts as well as in the familiar realm of technology as a much higher level of inter-industry cooperation must be cultivated. Withmorethan35,000members,AWS sees its major challenge in the 1990s as the need to coordinate and focus the efforts of businesses, research institutions and professional organizations as they attempt to meet these challenges. To achieve this goal, A WS recently invited 34 executives and scientists from major welding fabrication and research organizations to a series of strategic planning sessions designed to explore issues vital to the future of materials joining. Called Welding 2000 Fastigium, these four days of intense discussion by some of the top minds in the industry produced valuable insights that will be used to guide AWS's creation of programs as it attempts to facilitate the development of the industry. The meeting was conducted by Sherman Titens of the Fromm Institute, a Kansas City-based consulting firm specializing in long-range strategic planning. Participants included executives and researchers from such organizations as the U.s. Department of the Navy, Sandia National Laboratories, Caterpillar, Inc., and such welding industry giants as Hobart Brothers, Lincoln Electric and Miller Electric Manufacturing Company. At first in small groups and later together, participants discussed the potential effects of scenarios dealing with the workforce, globalization, the professional interface, the materials joining process and "over design" dilemmas. The fastigium panel concluded that the U.S. can remain prominent in manufacturing technology only by bringing together its resources in welding and directing priority to specify goals. Competition from abroad runs the gamut from low labor costs in Asia to increased market leverage by large European con-
Evaluation of Lapping Grains based on Shape Characteristics.
The shape and size of abrasive grains during lapping varies complicately and irregularly. In this study, the aspect ratio of grain size and the fractal dimension of the grain external form were used as shape characteristics of grain in order to evaluate grains with lapping time. The results obtained are summarized as follows : (1)The fractal dimension increases due to microscopic fracture and decreases due to macroscopic fracture or attritious wear. (2)The aspect ratio and the fractal dimension, which are grain shape characteristicsis of the macroscopic shape and the microscopic surface complication of grain respectively, can be used for evaluating grain shape variation during lapping.