Development and Diplomacy: The Lobster Controversy on Newfoundland's French Shore, 1890–1904
The matter of French claims in Newfoundland probably caused more acrimony and outcry among the professionals and businessmen who dominated the Newfoundland legislature in the later nineteenth century than any other single issue. Most historians of the ‘French Shore problem’ have followed Fred Thompson's lead in analysing the history of the French shore by focusing on high-ranking diplomats and the colonial elite. They have also tended to view the conflict as involving primarily three groups: the French and British diplomatic corps and the Newfoundland mercantile and political elite. Using a well-known late nineteenth-century dispute over the lobster fishery as a case study, this paper reconsiders the history of the French Shore by drawing on reports about conditions on the Treaty Shore and on methodological and theoretical insights that have emerged since Thompson published his pioneering work in 1961. It argues that a wider array of groups exerted significant influence in how the controversy over lobster on Newfoundland's west coast in the late nineteenth century played out. Viewing the controversy from the perspective of these groups reveals the extent to which those outside of formal policy circles influenced the shape and viability of official agreements.
Race, Gender, Class, and Colonial Nationalism: Railway Development in Newfoundland, 1881-1898
Historians have long noted that policies of “progress” were integral to men and women throughout northern North America in the 19th century. A range of scholars have commented on the centrality of railway technology to these policies. Indeed, they have suggested that, in the 19th century, bourgeois nationalists were swept up in a kind of “railway fever,” and that even though there were detractors, the tenacity of pro-railway elites, and the considerable patronage that huge construction loans and contracts provided them, ensured that these projects triumphed over other possibilities. The Newfoundland case suggests that there is a need for both a slightly revised assessment of elites and their views and goals, and a more nuanced reading of the role of ordinary men and women in the policy-making process. While elites in the colony did view the railway as a means of becoming a “progressive” or “modern nation,” and while they viewed economic prosperity and “enlightenment” as central to modernity and progressiveness, commercial dynamism was only one important component of a more encompassing program. Elites supported the railway because it provided them with a way of living according to standards of Britishness that became important to Newfoundlanders and others in “white” settler dominions, especially after the mid-19th century. Central to “Britishness” as policy makers understood the term, was the idea that “British societies” were those in which men lived according to their “god given manly independence.” A careful analysis of the daily press suggests that many working people took these ideals seriously, and that they saw railway work, and the future employment and other economic opportunities its promoters promised, as a means of living according to them. When opponents of railway development did maneuver themselves into power, they found efforts to change course were met with popular upheaval. Ultimately, it was a broadly based solidarity founded on notions of male entitlement that determined which policies were “feasible.” Resume
 Les historiens ont note depuis longtemps que les politiques de « progres » etaient d’une importance primordiale tant pour les hommes que pour les femmes partout dans l’Amerique du Nord au 19e siecle. De nombreux chercheurs ont fait des commentaires sur la centralite de la technologie ferroviaire a ces politiques. En effet, ils ont suggere qu’au 19e siecle, les nationalistes bourgeois se sont eloignes tres rapidement d’une sorte de « fievre ferroviaire » et que meme s’il y avait des detracteurs, la tenacite des elites ferroviaires, et le patronage considerable grâce aux prets et contrats massifs de construction, permettaient d’assurer que ces projets ont triomphe sur d’autres possibilites. Le cas de Terre-Neuve suggere qu’il y avait un besoin d’une evaluation legerement revisee des elites et de leurs opinions et objectifs, et une lecture plus nuancee du role des hommes et des femmes ordinaires dans le processus d’elaboration des politiques. Bien que les elites de la colonie ne vissent pas les chemins de fer comme un moyen de devenir une nation « progressiste » ou « moderne » et bien qu’ils vissent la prosperite economique et la « revelation » comme les elements essentiels a la modernite et au progres, le dynamisme commercial etait le seul conmposant important d’un programme plus englobant. Les elites appuyaient les chemins de fer car ils leur fournissaient un style de vie conformement aux normes des Britanniques qui devenaient importants aux Terre-Neuviens et a d’autres dans les communautes des rapatries « blancs », surtout apres le milieu du 19e siecle. Essentiel au « caractere britannique » tel qu’il etait compris par les responsables des politiques etait l’idee que les « societes britanniques » etaient celles dans lesquelles les hommes vivaient en conformite avec leur « independance masculine donnee par Dieu ». Une analyse soigneuse de la presse quotidienne suggere que de nombreux travailleurs prennaient ces ideaux au serieux, et qu’ils voyaient les travaux ferroviaires et les emplois eventuels et d’autres possibilites economiques que les promoteurs promettaient comme un moyen de subsistance. Bien que les opposants du developpement ferroviaire aient manœuvre pour atteindre au pouvoir, ils avaient trouve que les efforts pour changer la course ont donne lieu a des bouleversements populaires. Au bout du compte, c’etait une solidarite a grande echelle fondee sur les notions des droits des hommes qui determinaient lesquelles des politiques qui etaient « realisables ».
Persius and the Programmatic Satire: A Study in Form and Imagery
Introduction 1. Style and expression in Persius' fifth satire 2. The programmatic satire and the method of Persius I 3. The nature and sources of Persius' imagery 4. Persius' first satire: analysis 5. Grandeur and humility: Juvenal and the high style Appendixes Text Translation Index of modern authors Index locorum potiorum Index of images, topics and words.