Kekuasaan dan Kekerasan
When states own power in a dominant position, do they tend to use violence? Is violence an instrument used by states to defend their power. To what extent the political system chosen by a state shapes the use of violence? This paper is aimed to anwer such questions. Compared to coercive communist, democratic-socialist, and traditional autocratic political systems, democratic political system has more persuasive power sources. But is there a guarantee that the democratic political system is sterile from the possibility of using violence by state?
The Determinants of Deadly Force: A Structural Analysis of Police Violence1
Political or threat explanations for the state's use of internal violence suggest that killings committed by the police should be greatest in stratified jurisdictions with more minorities. Additional political effects such as race of the city's mayor or reform political arrangements are examined. The level of interpersonal violence the police encounter and other problems in departmental environments should account for these killing rates as well. Tobit analyses of 170 cities show that racial inequality explains police killings. Interpersonal violence measured by the murder rate also accounts for this use of lethal force. Separate analyses of police killings of blacks show that cities with more blacks and a recent growth in the black population have higher police killing rates of blacks, but the presence of a black mayor reduces these killings. Such findings support latent and direct political explanations for the internal use of lethal force to preserve order.
POLICE VIOLENCE AS A FUNCTION OF COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS
The authors find that existing models concerning police violence are not i designed to explain variation among the states in the rates of police use ‘of deadly force. This variation correlates significantly with numerous cultural attributes of the public. The strongest correlates are with the public rates of violence. Therefore, the authors propose to moody existing modeb, and explain the police use of violence as a response to community characteristics. Where public violence is neither normative nor commonly occurrent. the police will be self-restrained. Where the incidence of violence reveals a common means of conflict resolution, the police will adopt its use. Thus, the police use of violence is a culturally determined characteristic and not a police pathology.