Roughness and Hardness of 60/40 Cu-Zn Alloy
— The functional performance of machined components, often, depends on surface topography, hardness, nature of stress and strain induced on the surface, etc. Invariably, surfaces of metallic components obtained by turning, milling, etc., consist of irregularities such as machining marks are responsible for the above. Surface finishing/coating processes used to produce improved surface quality/textures are classified as chip-removal and chip-less processes. Burnishing is chip-less cold working process carried out to improve surface finish, hardness and resistance to fatigue and corrosion; not obtainable by other surface coating and surface treatment processes. It is a very simple, but effective method which improves surface characteristics and is reported to introduce compressive stresses. micro-irregularities start moving in the direction of the newly formed surface. The grain structure is condensed, producing a smoother and harder surface with superior load-carrying and wear-resistant capabilities. 2 + 0.0525X 4 + 0.0125X 1 X 4 − 0.02X X 4 − 0.0375X 3 X 4 Hv=160.625 − 2.37 5X 1 + 5.125X 2 + 1.875X 3 + 4.375X 4 − 1.625X 1 X 4 + 4.375X 2 X 4 − 2.375X 3 X 4 High surface microhardness (175H V ) was obtained at 400rpm, 2passes, 0.05mm/rev and 15kgf., and high surface finish (0.20µm) was achieved at 30kgf, 0.1mm/rev, 112rpm and single pass. In other words, surface finish improved by 350% and microhardness improved by 21% compared to as machined conditions.
Influence of burnishing process on surface roughness, hardness, and microstructure of some non-ferrous metals
Burnishing is a cold working process, which easily produces a smooth and work-hardened surface by plastic deformation of surface irregularities. In the present work, the influence of the main burnishing parameters (speed, feed, force, number of tool passes, and ball diameter) on the surface roughness and the hardness of two different non-ferrous metals were studied. Furthermore, subsurface hardness and microstructure under specific conditions were also studied. It was found that the burnishing forces and the number of tool passes are the most pronounced parameters, which have great effects on the workpiece's surface during the burnishing process. A simple, inexpensive and newly designed ball-burnishing tool, with interchangeable adapter for using different ball diameters, was used throughout the experimental work presented in this paper.
Letting Women in? Gender Mainstreaming in Regional Policies
Gender mainstreaming has over the last ten years become the dominant strategy of integrating gender issues in public policy. This article presents regional policy as a broad and increasingly important policy field to study, and analyses gender mainstreaming in this policy field in the Norwegian and the Swedish contexts. How do problem representations surrounding “gender equality” and “gender mainstreaming” produce meanings of gender as well as construct possibilities for change? The article shows that, despite some differences between the two countries, gender mainstreaming in regional policy can to a large extent be read as meaning “women”. Women are in this context given a narrow subject position and are constructed as lacking what it takes to produce sustainable regional growth. The concluding discussion highlights the relations between the implementation of gender mainstreaming and neo‐liberal political trends.