Factors influencing the efficiency and efficacy of Kenya's constituency development fund : a case study of Sabatia constituency
Kenya's Constituency Development Fund (CDF) is one of the ingenious innovations of the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) Government of Kenya. Unlike other development funds that filter from the central government through larger and more layers of administrative organs and bureaucracies, funds under this program go directly to local levels and thus provide people at the grassroots the opportunity to make expenditure decisions that maximize their welfare consistent with the theoretical predictions of decentralization theory. Increasingly, however concerns about the utilization of funds under this program are emerging. Most of the concerns revolve around issues of allocative efficiency. My research aimed at establishing constituency characteristics that impact on the efficiency and efficacy of CDF and also the utilization of the funds to ensure that the program achieves its full potential. My research observed that CDF could have negative outcomes because of fiscal illusion and reduced local fiscal effort. The research also found out some political economy aspects associated with this program. The study used both primary and secondary sources of data. The school and church heads, contractors' and members of the management committee of Sabatia CDF were consulted as the source of primary data The secondary data was obtained from written reports about CDF use in Kenya and other development reports. The study used Cluster random sampling to obtain the sample population from the target population. The study was conducted through survey research design and was concerned with the efficient use of CDF in Sabatia constituency. The survey research design generally entailed the use of sample populations to analyze and discover occurrences of events. In data analysis the
CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF) AND ITS EFFECTS ON COMMUNITY WELFARE IN TIGANIA EAST CONSTITUENCY, MERU COUNTY KENYA
Purpose: The objective of the study was to identify the effects of Constituency Development Fund (CDF) on community welfare in Tigania East Constituency. 
Methodology: The study adopted descriptive design. The target population was the Constituency Development Fund beneficial groups and project leaders including project management committees (PMCs) of Tigania East Constituency currently implementing projects funded by the CDF. The population comprised of 500 project-member committee drawn from the ongoing CDF-funded projects in Tigania East Constituency. The study employed stratified sampling where the Constituency was divided into Sub Counties. This study utilized a sample size of 100. The study used structured questionnaire and semi structured interviews to collect data. Pilot study was done on ten randomly picked members, two from each sub county and would not participate in the actual study. The researcher used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version to analyse data. Data analysis employed both descriptive and inferential statistics. 
Results: The findings showed that devolved funding has impacted positively on the community welfare of the people of Tigania East constituency. The findings revealed that all the independent variables notably; (X1) youth projects, (X2) health programmes, (X3) infrastructure projects and (X4) educational programmes have a significance influence on community welfare. Youth projects, health programmes, infrastructure projects and educational programmes have p-value of 0.022, 0.004, 0.049, and 0.007 respectively. These p-values are statistically significant at 5% significant level. The study concludes that youth projects, health programmes, infrastructure projects and educational programmes had a significant positive relationship with community welfare in constituency offices. The findings show there are several projects that are being funded/ have been funded by the CDF. It also shows that there are positive outcomes to the community from CDF and that the level of community participation in the projects funded by devolved funds is high. 
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that all stakeholders have to participate in ensuring sustainability of positive strategies adopted in the management of the fund so as to continue realizing their effects. The study also recommends that the national government should fasten the processes leading to disbursement of funds to local units so as not to delay the implementation of projects. The study further recommends that there is the need to train CDF Funds staff as well as the community representatives on issues of project prioritizing, choice and management.
Severe Burns of the Hand: A Practical Guide to Their Management
Abstract Those who work regularly in burns units will be familiar with most of the contents of this paper, but it may be helpful for surgeons who treat hand burns less frequently outside this environment. Several reviews have appeared in recent years and this practical guide is intended to complement these (Salisbury, 1979; Leung and Chow, 1982; Madden and Enna, 1983; Groenevelt and Kreis, 1985; Levine and Buchanan, 1986; Silver, 1987; Grossman, 1990).