Fruit rot of sweet pepper caused by Stemphylium lycopersici in Japan
A severe rot of postharvest fruits of sweet pepper, a variety of Capsicum annuum, was found in Kagawa Prefecture in southwestern Japan in August 1999. A fungus, isolated repeatedly from the diseased fruits and identified as Stemphylium lycopersici, was demonstrated to be pathogenic to fruits of sweet pepper. The disease was new to Japan, and the fungus was added to the pathogens causing fruit rot of C. annuum.
Leaf Spot of Kalanchoe Caused by Stemphylium lycopersici
Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln) is a succu lent, perennial flowering plant belonging to the family Crassulaceae6). It is also called "Benibenkei" or "Hime kalanchoe" in Japan. In April 1996, severe necrotic lesions were recognized on leaves of potted kalanchoe (cv. Singapore) in greenhouses in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. An imperfect fungus which was repeatedly iso lated from the lesions was identified as Stemphylium lycopersici (Enjoji) Yamamoto and demonstrated to cause the disease. This disease of kalanchoe caused by S. lycopersici has not previously been reported. We propose the name "leaf spot of kalanchoe" for this new disease and describe the details here. Symptomatology The main diagnostic symptom of the disease was necrotic lesions on leaves (Plate I-1). The lesions tended to develop on lower leaves, initially appearing as small brownish spots on both sides of the leaves. The spots gradually enlarged into conspicuous necrotic lesions 1-5mm in diameter. The lesions near the leaf edges tended to extend along the margin (Plate 1-2). Numerous foliar lesions resulted in early yellowing, blight and defoliation (Plate 1-3). Dark brown, velvety mold appeared on lesions under moist conditions. Morphology of the pathogen The mold on foliar lesions consisted of conidiophores and conidia of the causal pathogen. Conidiophores were mononematous without branches, 1-7 septate, brown, entirely ver ruculose, with swellings at distal ends, 30-125ƒÊm in length, 4-7ƒÊm in width, 6-9ƒÊm at the swellings, devel oping by percurrent proliferation (Plate 1-4). Conidia were holoblastic, singly formed at the apex of conidio
The effect of family size on parents' labor supply and occupational prestige: Evidence from Taiwan and Mainland China
Abstract This paper studies the effect of family size on parents' labor supply and occupational prestige, using the censuses of both Taiwan and Mainland China. We rely on the exogenous increase in child quantity that results from having twins at the first birth. Our results indicate that an increase in family size has negative effects on the labor supply of mothers, but not of fathers, in both Taiwan and Mainland China. In addition, we find that in Taiwan fathers tend to switch to occupations with lower prestige scores in response to an increase in family size. However, the negative effect of family size on occupational prestige is not observed in Mainland China, where the occupational mobility is low.