Application of a Digital Signal Analyzer to the easurementTofF Power System Ground Impedances
A new method is described for measuring the impedance of power system ground systems where, because of a significant reactive component or the presence of a large residual power system voltage, conventional ground resistance measuring instruments cannot be used. A white noise source together with a digital signal analyzer are used. Results of three applications are given.
Frequency Dependent Characteristics of Grounding Systems
This paper presents models for the computation of frequency characteristics and transient response of power grounding systems. The methodology can accommodate any configuration of a grounding system comprising rectilinear conductors. The approach is based on transmission line concepts. Finite element analysis is employed to model the constituent parts of a grounding system. The grounding system is segmented into short lengths of earth embedded electrodes which are characterized as lossy transmission lines with distributed inductance, capacitance, series resistahce, resistance to earth, and mutual coupling to any other finite element of earth conductors. The parameters of the short earth embedded electrodes are computed by solution of Maxwell's equations and assuming quasi-static conditions. The paper presents a validation procedure which is based on comparison of analysis results to test results obtained at BPA. The model is applicable for transient phenomena comprising a wide range of frequencies. Results are presented which illustrate the properties of grounding systems to low as well as high frequency transients.
Analysis of the Ionospheric Effect for Time Offsets per GPS Code Measurements
This paper shows the analysis results of time offsets using P1, P2 and P3 code in GPS time transfer. The r2cggtts program has been used in GNSS Time Transfer and use the P3 ionosphere free combination of P1 and P2 code measurements. We modified the r2cggtts program in order to calculate and write all kinds of time offsets P3 as well as P1 and P2. The result of the modified r2cggtts program shows that time offsets using P1 and P2 are of wide distribution comparing to time offsets using P3. In order to Figure out the error factors for wide distributions of P1 and P2, we analyze and present the relation between the elevation angle and time offsets in this paper.