Freedom of Religion in Sudan
The multiplicity of ethnic and religious communities has created divisions in the social setting in Sudan. This chapter explores the topic of freedom of religion according to the UN conventions. The focus is directed at how various religious communities in Khartoum perceive and assess the way their freedom of religion is guaranteed in the State of Sudan. Since Sudan ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR (1966)) in 1986, the regime which came to power in 1989 was committed to grant citizens freedom of religion. The chapter discusses three issues linked to religious freedom for religious minorities in Sudan: restrictions on the building of churches, the prohibition of alcohol, and representation in the public sphere. It further discusses two restrictions on religious freedom regarding the Muslim majority: apostasy and compulsory female dress code. Keywords:alcohol; apostasy; Christian churches; female dress code; ICCPR; Muslim majority; religious freedom; religious minorities; Sudan
Charter of the United Nations 1945
This chapter explores the relevant articles of the Charter which relate to the threat or use of force and are interpreted and applied in accordance with the principles enunciated in earlier chapters. Emphasis is placed on an interpretation and application of Article 51, including an analysis of its travaux preparatories to conclude that it was the intention of states in 1945 to recognise and incorporate the inherent right of self-defence into the Charter, to protect this right from impairment by the operation of the treaty and to continue to exercise this right, at its earliest point, in the face of an imminent threat of armed force. It is in this chapter that the previous hypothesis concerning a definition of the legal commencement of an armed attack in international law is important. This definition is applied to Article 51 to demonstrate that its words ‘if an armed attack occurs’ referred in 1945 to the point at which the threat of force became imminent, this being the point at which the inherent right of self-defence could lawfully be exercised.
Britain and the Problem of International Disarmament: 1919-1934
Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. The Concept and Context of Disarmament, 1919-1934 3. The Human Element 4. The Lloyd George Coalition Government, 1918-1922 5. The Conservative Governments, 1922-1923, and the First Labour Government, 1924 6. The Conservative Government, 1924-1929 7. The Labour Government, 1929-1931 8. The National Government, 1931-1934 9. Conclusion Bibliography