Effects of annealing on phase evolution, microstructure and magnetic properties of mechanically synthesized nickel-ferrite
Abstract The influence of milling and subsequent annealing on nickel-ferrite phase formation was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microstructure and magnetic properties of NiFe 2 O 4 were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibration sample magnetometry (VSM). Single phase nanosized nickel-ferrite was obtained by 30 h mechanical alloying (MA) and subsequent annealing at 600 °C for 1 h. Magnetic properties of the milled powder were extensively affected by the annealing temperature. Considerable growth of the particles and necking by sintering resulted from annealing at 1000 °C.
Control of Particle Size and Morphology of Cobalt-Ferrite Nanoparticles by Salt-Matrix during Annealing
Salt-matrix annealing of mechanically alloyed Co-ferrite nanopowder was used to modify its particle size and morphology. Efficiency improvement due to suppression of sintering and growth resulted in reduction of average particle size from ~100nm for salt-less to ~40nm for salt-full annealing procedure. Nanosized single-phase cobalt-ferrite particles were observed after 2h annealing at 750°C in the samples milled for 20 hours both with and without NaCl. NaCl:CoFe2O4 ratio of 10:1 resulted in cabbage-like clusters containing particles smaller than ~50 nm.
Ignition and burning rates of segregated waste combustion in packed beds.
Recent developments in national recycling and re-use programmes for municipal waste have led to segregation of an increasing proportion of waste to enhance material recovery. Several of the segregated streams contain materials that can not viably be re-used or recycled but can be used for energy recovery. In this study, the combustion of cardboard and waste wood was investigated in a small-scale packed bed reactor in order to provide fundamental data for the design/operation of moving bed furnaces. Key parameters of combustion including the ignition and burning rates were evaluated for various air flowrates and compared to the modelling results. Two successive stages of combustion were identified for both samples: the propagation of ignition front into the bed and combustion of the fuel above the ignition front. The burning rate of cardboard reached a peak of about 300 kg/m(2)h at the air flowrate of 936 kg/m(2)h and decreased at higher air flowrates. For waste wood, both the ignition and burning rates increased in the tested range of the air flowrate up to 702 kg/m(2)h, of which the values were very close to those for the cardboard. The model prediction was in good agreement with the test results for waste wood. However, the burning rate for cardboard was under-predicted due to strongly irregular shapes of the fuel.