Sources of economic growth and regional convergences in Morocco
Which strategy of growth and economic convergences of the Moroccan regionals to the support of a constant economic growth?¶Called a long time the "economic miracle", the economic growth has causes, a dynamics and consequences.¶ In fact, it of it is nothing miracle since a vigorous growth can be analyzed and explained.¶The actions should target then the infrastructures, the human capital (education and health), the Research and Development (D-R) which are the sources of this growth.¶From now on, the economic growth must be targeted not only on the level of the sectors of the national economy but more especially on the level of its areas.¶Consequently the downward approach, which purely sectoral and is supported by the financial equalization, must be replaced by the strategy of development based on the regional endogenous growth.¶In such a context, the economy morocaine will gain, certainly, of the additional points of growth.¶ ¶In short, the growth at the macroeconomic level needs powerful regional economic.¶The regional economic growth, it also, requires the activation of the factors of growth and the reduction of the regional disparities which are dependent.¶The good working of the factors of growth, on its side, requires good a gouvernance economic.¶
La gouvernance communautaire et les nouvelles relations entre l'État et les collectivités locales
La decentralisation etait un processus par lequel l’Etat, de sa propre initiative, « accordait » une plus large autonomie aux collectivites locales. Aujourd’hui, dans la plupart des pays developpes, les initiatives en faveur de la decentralisation viennent aussi des collectivites locales elles-memes, parce que de vastes pans de la politique interieure de ces pays relevent desormais de plusieurs niveaux de decision. Les dirigeants des villes et des agglomerations urbaines ont vu s’accroitre leur pouvoir de negociation dans la mesure ou les autorites de niveau superieur comptent sur eux pour appliquer les lois et les programmes qu’elles ont adoptes. D’autre part, les autorites locales ont renforce leur capacite a resoudre elles-memes leurs problemes et leur capacite de « gouvernance communautaire » en obtenant le soutien de la population locale, en developpant des partenariats et en modernisant leur administration. Un nouvel equilibre entre l’Etat et les collectivites locales semble donc s’etablir sur la base d’une philosophie (dualiste) de la cooperation. Mais, pour exploiter pleinement les possibilites de modernisation offertes par ce nouvel equilibre, les collectivites locales devront beneficier d’une legislation coherente et mettre en pratique une strategie proactive qui tienne compte des interets fondamentaux de l’Etat.
AXIOMATISABILITY OF WEAKLY FLAT, FLAT, AND PROJECTIVE S-ACTS
ABSTRACT This paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions on a monoid S that the class of flat left S-acts be (first order) axiomatisable. It presents also a streamlined version of the result of Stepanova that the class of projective left S-acts is axiomatisable if and only if the strongly flat left S-acts are axiomatisable and S is left perfect.