Preparation of 3-deoxy-3-deuteroestrone and 3-deoxy-4-14C-estrone.
3-Deoxy-3-deuteroestrone (1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one-3-d) and 3-deoxy-4-14C-estrone (1 ,3 ,5(10)-estratrien-17-one-14C) have been prepared. The mechanism of reductive dehalogenation of aryl iodides with lithium aluminum deuteride is discussed. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 3-deoxy-3-deuteroestrone is discussed.
Studies on metabolism of 3-deoxysteroids. VII. Migration of deuterium during aryl hydroxylation of 3-deoxyestrone.
In order to examine the occurrence of "NIH shift"during hydroxylation of the aromatic steroid, 2-and 3-deuterio-3-deoxyestrones (IIIb, V) were synthesized as substrate. After oral administration of these labeled steroids to a rabbit, two principal metabolites, 2-hydroxy-3-deoxyestrone (Ib) and 17α-estradiol, were isolated from the collected urine specimen. Inspection of mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra revealed that aryl hydroxylation was accompanied by a migration of deuterium from the initially labeled site to an adjacent position. The direction and extent of isotope migration are listed in Table I.
Training and maintaining the performance of dogs (Canis familiaris) on an increasing number of odor discriminations in a controlled setting
Abstract The number of substances detector dogs are trained to detect varies depending on the mission of the agency they serve. No studies have been conducted concerning how training multiple odor discriminations affects detection performance and refresher training requirements. This study used a controlled field setting to examine the effects of training dogs to detect multiple substances on their subsequent detection performance and refresher training requirements. Dogs were first trained to detect a single odor. Their detection performance was tested 10 days later and refresher training was then given to bring their performance back up to a predetermined standard. Following refresher training, detection of a new substance was trained, and approximately 10 days later the detection of both trained substances was tested. This sequence of testing, refresher training, and new odor training continued every 10 days until the dogs had been trained and tested on 10 odors. The detection of previously learned odors did not decrease as the number of substances trained increased. In fact, the amount of training required to refresh detection performance and to train new odor discriminations tended to decrease as more odor discriminations were trained.