Detection of the thickness of scale on the inner surface of water pipes by infrared thermography
The infrared thermography technique developed in the present study was successfully applied to determine the scale thicknesses of the steel pipe. We aim to estimate the thickness of the scale on the inner surfaces by calculation of the maximum temperature of the infected pipe heated surface. Dimensions of the pipe and those of the layer of scale are taken as geometrical parameter. We have studied the effect of each one on the thermal response of the considered structure. These information are important for determining dangerous state of water distribution network.
FORMATION OF CaCO3 PARTICLE AND CONDUCTIVITY OF Na2CO3 AND CaCl2 SOLUTION UNDER MAGNETIC FIELD ON DYNAMIC FLUID SYSTEM
Hard  water  causes  the  CaCO3  scale  formation  on  the  pipe  walls and  heat  exchanger  equipments  in  industrial  or domestic  water  processes.  A  great  number  of  experimental  researches  on  the  prevention  of the  CaCO3  precipitation process  by  magnetic  field  have  been  carried  out.  In  this  research,  Na2CO3  and  CaCl2  solutions  was  magnetized  in  the circulated  flow  condition  (dynamic  fluid  system).  The  velocity  of  fluid  and  the  circulation  time  was  modified  to examine  its influences  to  the  magnetization  process.  CaCO3  content  was measured  by  titration  method  of  EDTA complexometry.  Conductivity  test  was  conducted  to  find  out  hydrate  ion  bonding.  The  results  showed  that magnetization increased the CaCO3 formation and the optimum process reaches for 10 minutes circulation on 0.554 m/s of flow rate. Magnetic field decreases the conductivities of Na2CO3 and CaCl2  solution, hence reduced the ion hydrate bonding. These results showed that magnetization on Na2CO3 and CaCl2 ionic solution was effective in controlling the CaCO3 formation by increasing CaCO3 precipitation.
Evaluation of buckling load and dynamic performance of steel shear wall retrofitted with strips made of shape memory alloy
One of the most imperfections of the steel shear wall is out of plane displacements that cause severe damage in both structural and non-structural elements. In this paper, the effects of shape-memory alloys on steel shear walls are investigated. First, a numerical analysis using the finite element method in ABAQUS software has been carried out according to an experimental test. The results of the numerical analysis have been verified with experimental results. Next, shape-memory alloy fibers have been added vertically and horizontally to various parts of the steel shear wall. The results show that retrofitting with the shape-memory alloy reduces the out-of-plane displacement of the steel shear wall under both cyclic and seismic loadings. Besides, the buckling load in the steel shear wall increases when it is retrofitted with the shape-memory alloy. Also, the total out-of-plane movement (accumulated absolute displacements) of the steel shear wall and non-structural damage are controlled by the characteristic of a shape-memory alloy material called “super-elastic”.