"The Right to Purchase Is as Free as the Right to Sell": Defining Consumers as Citizens in the Auction-house Conflicts of the Early Republic
This article explores the commercial turf war over auction houses in the 1820s, a dispute which inadvertently altered how Americans imagined the civic rights and obligations of consumers. Beginning in 1817, east coast merchants embarked on a self-interested crusade to convince Congress to tax auction houses out of existence. As the auctioneers retaliated, this private conflict over profits escalated into a public debate on the state of the nation's political economy. Seeking public sympathy, both sides quickly focused on the needs of purchasers, arguing that their business alone upheld the rights of the consumer in a chaotic and corrupt marketplace. But this strategy failed as the choices and desires of individual shoppers forced both sides to reformulate their understanding of the consumer. As Americans continued to flock to shops that stocked goods bought at auction, merchants in particular conceded that championing the consumer did not serve their cause. Abandoning hope that a tariff would curb the success of the auction-house, the merchants began to argue that consumers must regulate themselves for the good of the nation. By 1828, this argument hardened into a new understanding, that placed the "right to purchase" alongside a set of new obligations, ones that made consumer choice and taste a requirement of good citizenship.
The Personal Is Political Economy
The study of the history of political economy seems indifferent to gender or the actions of women. Emphasis on financialization rather than industrialization de-emphasizes the role of paid and unpaid women’s labor. Highlighting gender makes for a truer, richer history.
Antitumor activities of (2"R)-4'-O-tetrahydropyranyl-adriamycin (THP) and its combination with other antitumor agents on murine tumors.
(2''R)-4'-O-Tetrahydropyranyladriamycin (THP) is a new derivative of doxorubicin (adriamycin, ADM). The concentrations of THP and ADM required to inhibit by 50% the growth of a cultured L1210 cells was 0.003 microgram/ml and 0.016 microgram/ml, respectively. Various therapeutic designs of combinations of THP with other antitumor agents were investigated in vivo using the L1210 murine leukemia. The combination of THP with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), cyclocytidine hydrochloride (Cyclo-C), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and cyclophosphamide (EX) showed a great effectiveness following daily intraperitoneal treatment from days 1 to 10. High therapeutic effects were also obtained with the combinations of THP with Ara-C, Cyclo-C, vincristine (VCR) and EX following intravenous combination therapy one day following implantation of L1210 leukemia. Schedule dependency and its therapeutic efficacy of THP were examined. THP showed almost the same antitumor activity on the solid-type sarcoma-180 or solid-type Ehrlich carcinoma as ADM by intraperitoneal or intravenous treatment. THP showed some superior activity to ADM in the advanced stage of L1210 leukemia. High antitumor activity of THP on murine leukemia L1210 has been reported by Tsuruo et al. (Cancer Res. 42: 1462-1467, 1982) and was also confirmed. THP gave many mice cures, especially in the intravenous treatment.