A Dependence of Crystallinity of In2O3 Thin Films by a Two-Step Heat Treatment of Indium Films on the Heating Atmosphere
A difference in crystallinity of In2O3 thin films on sapphire substrates by heat treatment of indium films was reported. Indium films were heated in an inert atmosphere or in air until they reached a specified temperature and then oxidized in air at much higher temperatures. Crystallinity of the In2O3 thin film which was heat-treated in air from room temperature was quite poor. On the other hand, narrow X-ray rocking curves of the In2O3 films were obtained when the temperature was increased in an inert atmosphere to a specified tem-perature.
Preparation and Characterizations of New Hybrid PVA-InAlO Thin Films by Dip Coating Method
New hybrid PVA-InAlO thin films were successfully prepared by using the dip coating method. Functional group analysis confirms the presence of metal-oxide vibration in the prepared films. Structural analysis revealed that the prepared film was amorphous in nature whereas annealed films were polycrystalline in nature. Morphological images show that films are compact and have homogeneous grains of various sizes ranging between 200 and 400 nm. The compositional analysis confirms the presence of In, Al, and O. Dielectric constant values vary from 4.65 to 19.89 and dielectric loss values were ≤0.977. Activation energy was found to be very low. The results suggest that the new hybrid PVA-InAlO thin films could be used as high k layer in thin film transistor applications.
Venus: Evolution of the Upper Atmospheric Clouds
Abstract The large number of UV photographs taken by different observatories throughout the world are grouped for analysis at the IAU Planetary Photograph Center of Meudon Observatory. Three horizontal V, Y, or psi-shaped dark-hued cloud features are usually aligned along the equator and move 110 m s−1 westward in a planetary-wide rotation. The more intense and distinctly V-Shaped features last several weeks. The smaller scale cloud structures usually show significant changes after each successive rotation in 4 days around the planet. The average UV contrast is 32% but can fluctuate from disappearance to 37%. For periods of several years, the polar areas are sometimes covered by a white cloud. According to a set of photographs taken at Pic-du-Midi, this never occurred between 1962 and 1966 but has happened during 25% of the time for at least one pole since 1967, and only when the planet was in a given half of its orbit. These polar clouds are ephemeral and usually last several weeks or months; they evolve...