Effects of stoichiometry on the magnetic and structural properties of perpendicular barium ferrite thin film media
The effects of stoichiometry factor n on the magnetic and structural properties of perpendicular barium ferrite thin films with composition of BaO.n(Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/) were systematically investigated. Within the range 2.2<n<6, the c-axis for barium ferrite thin films can be oriented perpendicularly by the use of a Pt underlayer and with optimized processing conditions. Perpendicular c-axis orientation becomes worse as n decreases from 6 to 2.2. The average grain size was greatly reduced from about 2000 /spl Aring/ to 300 /spl Aring/ with the decrease of n. The decrease of the grain size can be related to the existence of nonmagnetic phase BaFe/sub 2/O/sub 4/, which was observed by X-ray diffraction.
Magnetic properties of perpendicularly orientated L10 FePt nanoparticles
L10 FePt films were deposited on MgO (001) substrates heated to 700°C by magnetron sputtering. Assisted by the misfit of lattice between film and substrate, strong (001) texture was formed. The film at nominal thickness tN = 5 nm was composed of nanoparticles with a size of ∼70 nm, and showed a high coercivity of ∼105 kOe at 4.2 K. At tN =∼50 nm, as the film changed from discontinuous to continuous, the coercivity dropped about one order of magnitude. Micromagnetic simulation implies that the magnetization reversal is a vortex-like nuclear type. The ideal coercivity of a separated single-domain L10 FePt nanoparticle with a size of 70 nm× 70 nm× 5 nm is ∼121 kOe. This tells us that the experimental coercivity has nearly reached the limit of ideal single crystalline nanoparticles.
A survey of aquaculture production economics and management
Abstract The literature on production economics and management of fish culture has grown as aquaculture has matured as a commercial industry. Salmon, catfish, shrimp and trout are the focus of this literature survey as a reflection of the volume of research that has been completed on these species and their importance in US production and world trade. In addition, a discussion of low resource production systems is included that is dominated by tilapia and carp culture systems. A brief overview of the principles of aquaculture production economics and management is presented followed by a review of economic studies.