The US Approach toward Islamic Militancy: Current Policies in Historical Perspective
Following the events of 9/11, the US declared a global war on terror and a new strategy based on preemption for defeating Muslim extremism and terrorism. However, the new US strategy so far has not been more successful than earlier strategies in combating either Muslim extremism or international terrorism. Arguably, it may even have contributed to the strengthening of the appeal of Islamic extremism and certain terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda. The principal reason for this lack of success has been the historically inconsistent and contradictory approach of the US to dealing with the problem of Muslim militancy and its manipulation of it for short-term objectives.
Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security
Foreword, Ambassador James F. Collins Part I. Islam in Russia, Past and Present: An Overview 1. Islam in Russia: The Historical Background 2. Islam in Post-Soviet Russia: A Demographic, Geographic, Institutional, Socio-Economic, Ideological, and Political Profile Part II, Identity Politics in the Russian Federation: The Islamic Factor 3. The Evolution of Russia's Post-Soviet National Identity: The Impact of the Islamic Factor 4. The Evolution of Russian Federalism: The Islamic Factor 5. Democratization and Multi-Party Politics in Post-Soviet Russia Part III. Russia and Islam: The Islamic Factor in Russia's External Relations 6. The Evolution of Russia's Foreign Policy Perspectives in the Post-Soviet Era 7. The Role of Islam in Shaping Russia's Post-Soviet External Relations 8. Russian Policy Toward Central Asia and the Transcaucasus 9. Russia's Relations with the Northern Tier Countries 10. Russia's Relations with the Arab World and the Balkans 11. Russian-Western Relations Conclusion
Avocado Flowering 1
The avocado (Persea americana Mill.) has increased in importance over the years in many countries around the world. The United States, Mexico and Brazil lead in world commercial production, while Israel, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Spain, Cyprus, Canary Islands, Chile, Ecuador, Venezuela, Greece, and the Caribbean area are actively increasing commercial production (B.O. Bergh, personal communication; Gustafson 1976). The history of the avocado has been detailed by Gustafson (1973, 1975,1976) and others (Bergh 1975b, Knight 1980; Popenoe 1924; Ruehle 1958; Schroeder 1958; Williams 1976). Several reviews have been published on various aspects of the avocado, including its botany (Knight 1980; Purseglove 1968; Williams 1976), breeding (Bergh 1975b), horticulture (Hodgson 1930b; Ruehle 1958; Ryerson et al. 1924), cultivars (Campbell and Malo 1976), and pollination (Gustafson and Bergh 1966). A recent collection of papers discussing the horticultural aspects of avocado production is found in Sauls et al. (1976).