A Method for Evaluating Exposure to Nitrous Oxides by Application of Lognormal Distribution
A Method for Evaluating Exposure to Nitrous Oxides by Application of Lognormal Distribution: S.S. Borjanovic, et al. Department of Work Physiology, Institute of Occupational Health “Dr Dragomir Karajovic”—A lognormal distribution adequately describes exposure to nitrous oxides in a work environment. The aim of this paper was to assign to the measured data a certain degree of variability which defines the interval in which real concentrations can be found with a given probability. Exposures may be evaluated by using estimates of the geometric mean (GM) and the geometric standard deviation (GSD), i.e. central value and dispersion index, to calculate the confidence interval (Cl) around the mean exposure and compare this interval to the occupational exposure limit. The concentration of nitrous oxides (114 random temporal measurements covering all three shifts, during 6 consecutive days) on coated electrode welding in a car manufacturing plant, was determined with colourimetric direct reading method. Statistical analysis (chi‐square and Kolmogorov‐Smirnov goodness of fit tests, lognormal and Gaussian distribution fitting and Q‐G plots) was performed. The distribution of the nitrous oxides concentration in the work environment studied closely resembled that of lognormal distribution. The geometric mean was 4.098 mg/m3, median 4.00 mg/m3, geometric standard deviation 1.829 and 95% confidence interval 3.66‐4.58 mg/m3. It is possible to apply the computed GSD for evaluation of exposure limits to nitrous oxides in any other work environment, even with only a few measurements.
Fluctuations of occupational exposure indices to mixtures.
In workplaces, two or more hazardous substances are often used simultaneously. Daily average exposure to each can vary considerably from day to day, and thus indices (Emix) combining exposures to all substances used must vary in a more complex manner. In this study, we examined the between-days distributions of Emix using occupational data for five workers exposed to two or more organic solvents, and found Emix to be log-normally distributed. To describe the between-days fluctuation of Emix, we propose a new model in which the causes of fluctuation were classified as a Specific Factor and a Common Factor. We also present a new method for estimating the distribution of Emix. The usefulness of our new model and new method is shown by their application to actual data.
A functional comparison of human Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes active in natural cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Natural (or “spontaneous”) cytotoxicity against the K-562 myeloid cell line and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against sensitized Chang liver cells were monitored simultaneously in a 4 hr 51 Cr release assay, using the same preparations of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes as effector cells. Both types of cytotoxic activity were expressed by lymphocytes bearing receptors for sheep erythrocytes and for the Fc portion of IgG. Up to 80% of the total natural killer (NK) cell and K cell (ADCC) activities were recovered in E-rosette pellets separated under optimal conditions. Since the ability to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes is primarily a marker for human T cells, it seems likely that both NK and K cells are in the T cell lineage. Further, both NK and K cell cytolytic activities were severely depressed after brief exposure of lymphocyte suspensions or rosette pellets to ammonium chloride solutions. Both activities returned to normal values after 24-hr incubation at 24°C. Such sensitivity of human lymphocytes to ammonium chloride solutions may explain why other investigators have failed to observe NK or ADCC activity by E-RFC. When lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors were adsorbed onto plastic surfaces coated with a monolayer of immobilized antigen-antibody complexes made up of TNP and rabbit anti-TNP serum, both NK and ADCC activities were simultaneously depleted. Such depletion was completely blocked when Staphylococcal protein A, which binds selectively to the Fc portion of IgG, was incubated on the antigen-antibody monolayers before adding the lymphocytes. This confirmed that both NK and ADCC activities were mediated by effector lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors. When protein A at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 µg/ml was added to the 51 Cr release assays, ADCC was significantly inhibited, presumably due to binding of protein A to available Fc sites of the sensitizing antibody. However, protein A had no effect on NK reactivity at any of the concentrations tested. When lymphocytes were treated for 30 min at 37°C with purified trypsin or α-chymotrypsin at concentrations from 0.01 to 10 mg/ml, NK activity was significantly inhibited whereas ADCC was unaffected. Other enzymes depressed (pronase, subtilisin) had no effect except at high concentrations (lipase), or stimulated (neuraminidase) both NK and K cell activity similarly, and therefore failed to distinguish between the effector cell types. Thus, our data indicate that effector cells in NK and ADCC are in overlapping, if not identical, subpopulations of Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes of probable T cell lineage. The cytolytic mechanisms in NK and ADCC appear to be distinct, since we have been unable to find evidence for an “arming” antibody involved in this NK system.