Numerical Simulation of Direct Test for Rock
The shear behaviour of rock joint is a combination of complex phenomena such as normal dilation, asperity shearing or sliding, contact area undergoing shearing or sliding and stiffness of the surrounding rock mass. Hence, a constitutive model for joint behaviour has to consider a large number of assumptions and uncertainties. Considerable efforts have been made in the past by various researchers to explain the shear behaviour of rock joint. Based on their laboratory, analytical and numerical studies various shear strength models have been proposed by them. In the present study numerical modeling is done for simulating the experimental conditions. Numerical study is performed based on the Distinct Element Method (DEM) and using the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) developed by ITASCA Consulting Group Inc. Direct shear test were carried out on numerically simulated rock joint using UDEC. The shear behavior of rock joint examined with asperity like 15-15 and 30-30 at different normal stress. The result of the laboratory shear test performed on the sample with asperity 15-15 and 30-30 at different normal stress is compared with the shear behaviour and failure process of numerically simulated rock joint. Indian Geotechnical Conference – 2010, GEOtrendz December 16–18, 2010 IGS Mumbai Chapter & IIT Bombay
On the Effect of Grain Size on Rock Behavior under Cyclic Loading by Distinct Element Method
field to identify the dynamic behavior of rocks in more detail. Nevertheless, the nature of dynamic failure in rocks has not yet been identified, particularly when it comes to cyclic loading The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of grain size on the mechanical behavior of rocks under cyclic loading using numerical modeling by UDEC. A total of three grain -categories with a diameter of 1, 2, and 4 mm were modeled in the software. All models were of Brazilian type with 54 mm diameter. Behavioral parameters required for modeling were determined through laboratory studies and the software was adjusted accordingly. The stresses applied to the samples were in two forms of quasi -static and cyclic loading. The result of static loading is that the smaller the grain size, the model will have a higher elastic modulus. In other words, the elastic modulus of the grain size is inversely related to the grain dimensions. Analysis of data obtained from cyclic loading showed that the amount of strain in samples with smaller grain sizes was lower than the corresponding strain in samples with larger grain sizes during the same loading periods. In other words, the resistance of samples with smaller grain sizes to deformation under cyclic load was higher compared to those with larger grain sizes. Comparison of the stress vectors for these samples sho wed that with a decrease in grain size, stress distribution in the sample became more uniform and inclusive, and the stress concentration declined. Another important result was that the smaller the grain size, the more the axial stress applied to the sampl e inclined towards one. This indicated that with a decrease in grain dimensions, the sample behavior approached a plastic behavior.  UDEC Software
Deviant Women: Female Crime and Criminology in Revolutionary Russia, 1880-1930
This title examines the position of women in early Soviet society through the lens of deviance. After seizing power in 1917, the Bolsheviks initiated reforms aimed at abolishing the old way of life in Russia. A new Family Code liberalized marriage procedures, promoted communal living arrangements, and abolished the concept of illegitimacy. Other decrees legalized abortion, deregulated prostitution, and emancipated women. The Bolsheviks' Marxist ideology that guided these reforms was also behind the assertion that crime, an artifact of bourgeois capitalist exploitation, would disappear under socialism. As crime persisted, Soviet criminologists - a cohort of jurists, doctors, sociologists, anthropologists, psychiatrists, statisticians, and forensic experts - were charged with examining its causes and motives to determine the most effective methods to eliminate it. The problem of female crime occupied a prominent position in criminologists' studies. In explaining 'traditional' female crimes of the domestic sphere - infanticide, spouse murder, and petty theft, among others - criminologists pointed to the offenders' backwardness and ignorance, material circumstances, and even biology. Kowalsky examines the position of women in early Soviet society through the lens of deviance, exploring how Soviet criminologists understood female crime and how their attitudes helped shape the development of Soviet social and behavioral norms. "Deviant Women" looks at the emergence of criminology in early Soviet Russia, tracing the development of principles and theories - in particular of female deviance - and highlighting the ways in which criminologists were able to conduct innovative social science research under the constraints of Bolshevik ideology. Kowalsky then focuses on the analyses of female crime and criminologists' attitudes concerning sexuality, geography, and class. Concluding with a close study of infanticide, the most 'typical' crime committed by women, Kowalsky discusses the social attitudes that were revealed in the professional discussion of this crime. Historians of modern Russia and the USSR, scholars of gender studies, and those studying criminology will be fascinated by this original study.