The Quarks as Dirac States
As fermions, the quarks and leptons of the first family could be described as pairs of solutions of the Dirac equation (Dirac states). The color and electric charges are associated with the symmetry operations bringing the Dirac states into pairs. The obtained quark model is similar to that given by Han – Nambu, where the electric charges of the d and u quarks assume integer values. The quark s may have an inner structure formed from quarks of the first family, s = uud and s = uud.
A semi-classical picture of the electron spin
Abstract By postulating that the spin angular frequency of the electron is related to its rest energy by ωo = moc2/ℏ, we arrive at a value for radius of the electron, equal to its Compton wavelength λc = ℏ/moc. An assumed spherically symmetrical mass and charge density distribution of the form ϱm ∝ ϱe ∝ r3 then results in a spin angular momentum of S = 1 2 ℏ and a magnetogyric ratio of μ/S ⋍ 1.055 e/mo.
Evaluation of antioxidants by a rapid polarographic method
A simple, rapid, precise, and reproducible method and an adaptable apparatus for polarographic measurement of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity is described. This method measures antioxidant activity within a few min time as compared to the hours or days needed for several widely used methods. Peroxidation rates were measured for different lipids as a function of amount of lipid, and amount of biocatalyst. The method is applicable to the detection and measurement of the antioxidant effects exhibited by weak antioxidants and has been satisfactorily used for the measurement of the antioxidant activity of different concentrations of powerful antioxidants.