Characteristics of in situ coal gasification liquids from a cretaceous coal
The concept of harnessing energy from fossil fuel by gasification of coal in the ground has been revived with the aim to increase usuable coal reserves and to minimize the environmental impacts of mining and other problems. We report here the characteristics of liquids formed as a by-product of an underground gasification pilot test burn of a Cretaceous coal seam at a central Alberta location. The simplicity of the composition of liquids produced suggests that in situ coal gasification may be an economically viable source of refinery feeds or fuel.
Sources and Types of Inorganic Pollutants
Pollution of the environment by inorganic chemicals is caused by the release of inorganic chemical waste that causes detrimental effects on the environment. Environmental pollution is often divided into pollution of (i) the air, (ii) the water, and (iii) the land or soil. Water supplies the atmosphere and the soil. Because the field of organic chemicals is broad and often refers to hundreds or thousands of several different types of pollutants, including toxic and high concentrations of normally innocuous compounds. While the blame for much of the pollution is caused by the inorganic chemical industry, domestic sources of pollution include waste and automobile exhaust. Individuals and chemical and petroleum companies contribute to the pollution of the atmosphere by releasing inorganic and organic gases and particulates into the air. These chemicals can react with tissues in the body and change the structure and function of the organ, cause abnormal growth and development of the individual, or bind with the genetic material of cells and cause cancer. One of the central tenets of the study of such effects (toxicology) is that the dose of a chemical determines its overall effects and that most chemicals can be dangerous at high exposure.
Archaeological Survey of Dangoyama Kofun by 3DGPR
We presented a three-dimensional ground penetrating radar (3DGPR) system for the archeological investigation in a harsh site, where we have to deal with many trees and/or great topographic variations. This system consists of a commercial GPR system with a laser positioning system. With this system, we can move the GPR antenna freely, on which a positioning detector can record accurate position for each GPR data trace. We applied our 3DGPR system at Dangoyama Kofun, a burial mound, in Fukushima prefecture, Japan. A lot of trees and bushes covered the survey area and cannot be cut. We acquired six datasets in two days in this area. We successfully imaged the boundary between the original surface of the burial mound and the covering soil clearly at about 0.3 m depth around the mound. Furthermore, we found some strong reflections appeared at 0.8 m depth in the top area of the mound, which can be from the artificial parts of the burial mound. The results would greatly aid the following archaeological excavation. In addition, we compared the non-interpolated depth slice with interpolated depth slice at same position and demonstrated that the interpolation process on threedimensional GPR data may introduce some artifacts which might mislead our interpretation.