AN ECONOMIC OUTLOOK OF THE NUT TREES SECTOR IN GREECE
EDITORIAL of the Walnut Subnetwork, is in charge of its publication. As both publications are species germplasm related, the Subnet-work on Genetic Resources has been closely involved in the editing. We, as Coordination Centre of the Nut Network, are very grateful to all institutions and researchers who contributed by sending useful information and encouraging curators to complete it. The Inventory on Chestnut Germplasm, Research and References is being produced by G. Bounous, Liaison During 1999 a number of planned activities were carried out within the FAO-CIHEAM Interregional Cooperative Research Network on Nuts following the agreed programme (1997-2002). National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) under the auspices of the International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS) and supported by the Centre technique interprofessionnele des fruites et légumes (Ctifl), FAO and CIHEAM. In each case, corresponding Subnetwork meetings took place. However, an International Congress on Stone Pine, planned to be held in Valladolid, Spain, was rescheduled for February 2000. Officer of the Chestnut Subnetwork. The Inventory on Pistachio Germplasm, Research and References, which will be produced jointly with the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), was relaunched during the XI GREMPA Meeting on Pistachio and Almond held in San-liurfa, Turkey and now N. Kaska, Liaison Officer of the Pistachio Subnetwork and B.E. Ak are compiling the information requested via internet. All these catalogues are being funded by FAO's Regional Office for Europe (REU), the Seed and Plant Genetic Resources Service (AGPS) together with CIHEAM-IAMZ. In addition, a special volume of Options Méditerranéennes containing the papers presented at the Economics Subnetwork Meeting held in late 1996 in CIHEAM-IAMZ, Zaragoza, to review the economic situation of the nut sector in different Me-diterranean countries, has been edited. This volume will be used as a base document for calling a new meeting of the Economics Subnetwork during 2000 in Reggio Calabria, Italy. The approach of the next century has generated many discussions and uncertainties about the future. The trend to a global economy and the new trade agreements have originated significant changes in most aspects of horticultural production and thus also on nut tree production. It seems clear that the ability to predict new trends and to adjust them to the future market efficiently will afford new opportunities for nut tree growers. It is necessary to quickly adopt changes for global competition while covering customer demands. Changes are needed at all levels: training, research and industry. Research …
Shot hole encourages almond drop, doesn't harm kernels
Severe spring outbreaks of shot hole disease are often accompanied by leaf fall and fruit drop. Although fruit are shed in response to defoliation, the direct effect of shot hole infection on developing fruit was not known. When fruit at various stages of development were inoculated with high concentrations of the shot hole pathogen, very young and midsized fruit fell, whereas older fruit were retained. Typical shot hole lesions developed on midsized fruit, and full-sized fruit became resistant to infection when embryo development began. Infection did not affect kernel weight, but caused a slight, economically unimportant reduction in kernel length.
The etiology and surgical management of tracheal collapse in calves.
The mean ages of 10 calves with tracheal collapse were 2.7 weeks at onset of clinical signs and 9.4 weeks at presentation for treatment. Inspiratory and expiratory dyspnea and stunted growth were the most common clinical signs. There were abnormalities of the cranial ribs consistent with healing fractures with redundant callus in eight lateral thoracic radiographs. Tracheal collapse in calves may result from cranial thoracic trauma during or soon after birth. Short polypropylene ring prostheses made from 60 ml syringe barrels were placed on the tracheas of four calves with cervical tracheal collapse. There were cranial rib masses in all calves and resection of the right first and second ribs was necessary in one calf to allow placement of prostheses. Dyspnea was relieved in all calves. One calf died of unrelated causes in year 3, and one calf had recurrence of clinical signs at month 5 and was euthanatized. In both calves, tracheal stenosis resulted from continued growth and infolding of the trachea within the constraints of the prostheses. One calf was alive at month 11, and one calf died of acute bronchopneumonia on day 2. Removal of tracheal prostheses in calves is recommended after 2 to 3 months if clinical signs recur.