Guidelines for the rail grade selection
M. Tomicic-Torlakovic, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia Over the years the rail steel manufacturing process and quality of material produced have improved significantly through alloy design and/or head treatment procedure. The objective of this paper is to give the recommendations for the application of the available rail steel grades in accordance with the accessible investigations. The main source are the results of the Innotrack project in correlation with Euronorm prEN 13674-1. The conclusion for the Serbian Railway is made.
MANUFACTURE AND PROPERTIES OF DEEP HEAD HARDENED RAIL
Slack-quenched rails made by Nippon Steel have made an important contribution to reducing the maintenance cost of railroads. Recently, the number of companies that use heavy lubrication and grinding of rail heads to improve rail life has been increasing. Thus, depending on the conditions under which the track will be used, rails with various types of hardness and a much deeper hardened layer are in great demand. To satisfy this demand, Nippon Steel has developed a new, heat-treated rail called the deep head hardened (DHH) rail, which can be produced by in-line direct heat treatment with a special cooling system designed by Nippon Steel. Features of DHH rail are as follows: (a) various grade types of hardness, (b) a deep and uniformly hardened layer in the rail head, and (c) high weldability. The construction of these rails has been completed and tested. The new rail wll be available late in 1987.
Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention
Introductory text on the principles of decay and discoloration processes in wood, with emphasis on the major fungal damages which may develop during the growth, storage, and use of wood. The characteristics, detection, effects, and control of microbial attacks are stressed. Provides a synthesis of the current literature on wood microbiology, a rapidly expanding field of study. (Abstractor's note: This is an important resource for conservation researchers studying the decay of wood in art and architecture.) The following is a list of chapter headings: 1) Introduction to wood microbiology; 2) Wood deterioration agents; 3) Characteristics and classification of fungi and bacteria; 4) Factors affecting the growth and survival of fungi in wood (fungal ecology); 5) Fungal metabolism in relation to wood decay; 6) The decay setting: some structural, chemical, and moisture features of wood in relation to decay development; 7) General features, recognition, and anatomical aspects of wood decay; 8) Chemical changes in wood caused by decay fungi; 9) Ultrastructural features of wood decay; 10) Changes caused by decay fungi in the strength and physical properties of wood; 11) Colonization and microbial interactions in wood decay; 12) Decays originating in the stems of living trees; 13) Biodeterioration of stored wood and its control; 14) Wood stains and discolorations; 15) Decay problems associated with some major uses of wood products; 16) Detection of internal decay; 17) Paint mildew and related degradative problems; 18) Natural decay resistance (wood durability); 19) Chemical protection of wood (wood preservation); and 20) Some trends in wood microbiology research and a new emphasis (biotechnology). -- AATA