The relationship of entropy‐related measures to money information
The specific purpose of this paper is to trace the development of entropy-related thought from its thermodynamic origins through its organizational and economic applications to its relationship to money information. That trace reveals that existing entropy measures are of states or changes in states that are caused by energy processes. We propose that entropy may as well be conceived as entropic process. The social emergent specific exchange value provides a metric by which entropic process may be quantified. The analysis connects the traditional state-oriented entropy measures to measures of entropic process in social systems. In doing so, the character of exchange-based societies and the function of money information within them are elaborated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is information?
(a) Identification. An automated cell counter is a fully automated or semi-automated device used to count red blood cells, white blood cells, or blood platelets using a sample of the patient’s peripheral blood (blood circulating in one of the body’s extremities, such as the arm). These devices may also measure hemoglobin or hematocrit and may also calculate or measure one or more of the red cell indices (the erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin, or the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration). These devices may use either an electronic particle counting method or an optical counting method.
Use of cephalosporins with enhanced anti-anaerobic activity for treatment and prevention of anaerobic and mixed infections.
The microbiology, adverse-effect profiles, pharmacokinetics, published results of comparative clinical trials, and costs of cephalosporins with enhanced antianaerobic activity are reviewed. Cefoxitin, ceftizoxime, cefotetan, and moxalactam have been used as single agents in the treatment or prophylaxis of anaerobic or mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections, including intra-abdominal, female genital tract, and soft-tissue infections. None of these agents is as active against Bacteroides species as is clindamycin or metronidazole, but differences among the four cephalosporins do not appear to be clinically important. These agents differ somewhat in their activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The majority of adverse reactions to these agents are immunological; disulfiram-like reactions and alterations in normal hemostasis have also been observed with cefotetan and moxalactam. All of these agents are well absorbed after intramuscular injection and produce serum concentrations adequate to treat most infections. Only ceftizoxime and moxalactam produce cerebrospinal fluid concentrations adequate for treatment of gram-negative meningitis. The primary route of elimination is renal, and each agent requires dosage adjustments in patients with renal impairment. Major differences exist among the elimination half-lives of the agents in patients with normal renal function. The decision to use a cephalosporin for treatment of anaerobic infections should be based on the results of clinical trials that have demonstrated the efficacy of the agent. Data are available to support the use of cefoxitin, ceftizoxime, and moxalactam in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections; cefoxitin and moxalactam to prevent infection of traumatic injury to the abdomen; all four agents in the treatment of female genital tract infections; and all four agents for prophylactic use in surgical procedures that may involve enteric anaerobes, especially B. fragilis. Cephalosporins with enhanced antianaerobic activity appear to have similar in vitro microbiological activity and have efficacy similar to that of combination regimens for the treatment and prophylaxis of intra-abdominal infections, abdominal contamination, obstetric and gynecological infections, and soft-tissue infections.