Extremely low threshold InGaSsp/InP DFB PPIBH laser diode
We report on an extremely low threshold InGaAsP/InP DFB laser realized by an MOCVD/LPE hybrid process.
Low-threshold (3.2 mA per element) 1.3 mu m InGaAsP MQW laser array on a p-type substrate
A low-threshold 1.3- mu m InGaAsP MQW laser array was fabricated on a p-type InP substrate taking compatibility with n/p/n-type laser-driver circuits into account. The laser has a p/n-type current-blocking structure and is made entirely by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). A 10-channel laser array with a threshold current as low as 3.2+or-0.2 mA (per element) and a slope efficiency of 0.27+or-0.01 W/A is obtained.<<ETX>>
Using Fuzzy-Delphi technique to determine the concession period in BOT projects
BOT projects are affected by several risks and uncertainties. One of the most important issues in this type of contract is to determine the length of concession period considering these uncertainties. The previous studies have developed several models to determine the concession period. However, the uncertainties are not taking into account in most of the previous works. Moreover, none of the previous researches has the capability to aggregate the opinions of different experts being involved in a project regarding the values of the uncertain input parameters. In this research, a Fuzzy-Delphi technique is implemented to determine the length of concession period considering uncertainties. Using the proposed Fuzzy-Delphi technique, the values of different uncertain factors affecting a BOT project is determined considering opinions of a group of experts. The NPV value is calculated considering the resulted aggregated values of uncertain input parameters. Finally, the concession period is determined using fuzzy approach. A case study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology. It is shown that the concession period is determined more effectively using the proposed approach.