The Use of Aerial Photos in Engineering Planning
The planning of any engineering project requires information on land use, topography, soils, drainage, transportation, urban de­ velopment, and many other factors before actual location and design can be accomplished or field surveys undertaken. To obtain this preliminary information engineers surveyors, and planning com­ missions need maps. They need planimetric maps showing land use, or they need topographic maps having a contour interval of at least ten feet showing planimetric detail. Unfortunately, in numerous counties of Indiana and in the various cities of the state planimetric and topographic maps are seldom available or are obsolete. For example, of the 600 odd minute quadrangle sheets that are required for mapping the state of Indiana only about 130 maps were completed before January 1951 (10). Although 35 have been issued since that date, this great undertaking is still less than 30 per cent complete. Furthermore, the cost and time required to prepare by field survey methods the different types of maps would deplete available funds and in all probability prevent the construc­ tion of the improvement or delay it for a long period of time. In addition to the shortage of maps there is a shortage of engi­ neers for collecting and compiling information into maps. This shortage is especially felt by the county, city and state governments at a time when population is increasing; and, therefore, needs for water supply, sewage treatment, parking facilities, subdivision develop­ ment, highway development, traffic studies and other engineering studies are critical. Aerial photographs are a valuable source of basic map information to overcome the shortage of maps and also save time and money in numerous planning operations. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the characteristics of aerial photographs and to explain their use in the planning phases of engineering projects. It is to be emphasized that aerial photographs will not eliminate
IDENTIFICATION OF GRANULAR DEPOSITS BY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
THE TECHNIQUES USED TO INTERPRET GRANULAR MATERIALS FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS ARE DISCUSSED. THERE IS NO STANDARD AIRPHOTO PATTERN THAT CONTAINS ALL ELEMENTS OF THE GRANULAR PATTERN. THIS IS DUE CHIEFLY TO THE VARIATIONS IN OCCURRENCE AND TO THE VARIATIONS IN DEPTH AND TYPE OF NATURAL OVERBURDEN ON SUCH LAND FORMS. THE VARIOUS LAND FORMS IN WHICH GRANULAR MATERIAL CAN OCCUR ARE KAMES, ESKERS, GLACIAL OUTWASH, TERRACES, LACUSTRINE BEACH RIDGES, RECENT ALLUVIUM, COASTAL PLAINS, AND GREAT PLAINS AND GREAT PLAINS OUTWASH MANTLE. THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF THE AIRPHOTO PATTERN NEEDED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF ANY SOIL REGION ARE: COLOR TONE, LAND FORM, GULLY SHAPES, LAND USE, EROSION, VEGETATIVE COVER, AND DRAINAGE PATTERN. THE MORE GENERAL ELEMENTS OF THE GRAVEL PATTERN ARE: ONE OF THE CHARACTERISTIC LAND FORMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE REGION; LIGHT COLOR TONES; A MOTTLED EFFECT; OCCASIONAL CURRENT SCARS; ORCHARDS; GRAVEL- TYPE GULLIES; AND A GENERAL ABSENCE OF SURFACE DRAINAGE. /AUTHOR/
Organic geochemical characteristics and depositional setting of Tertiary organic-rich sediments from onshore Penyu Basin , eastern Chenor , Pahang , Malaysia
Poor knowledge of the organic facies characteristics of the eastern Chenor Pahang has made it remain an untapped potential in the Penyu Basin. Therefore, detailed geochemical and petrographic characterization of the Tertiary organic facies of the eastern Chenor area of the Penyu Basin was carried out to characterized its organic matter (OM) source input. Towards achieving the goal, this study focuses on determination of organic matters richness, type and origin as related to their paleoenvironmental conditions of the carbonaceous mudstone and shale using organic petrography combined with organic and inorganic geochemistry. The sedimentary succession is characterized by fine to coarse grained sandstone occurring in association with carbonaceous mudstone and shale in a predominantly fining upward sequence within a lacustrine environment. These facies are generally enriched in organic matter as indicated by the TOC results, hydrocarbon yield (S2) and extractible organic matter (EOM), suggesting significant hydrocarbon generation potential for the area.