- : # l 6 ooc 4405 Ventilation and Air Quality in Indoor Ice Skating Arenas
There are thousands of indoor ice rink arenas in the United States, Canada, and Europe. The combustion byproducts from the feel-powered ice resurfacing equipment are a potential health risk to both athletes and spectators. A field survey of ten ice rink arenas in Greater Boston and Halifax, Nova Scotia, indicates that the fael type used by the resurfacer as well as the air exchange rate, the air distribution method, and the operation strategy of the ventilation system are significant contributing factors to the indoor air quality (JAQ) . Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used to systematically investigate the impact of the air exchange rate, air distribution method, and ventilation control strategies on the IAQ in an arena. With CFD, it is possible to develop design and operating guidelines for ventilation systems in order to reduce contamination levels in the arenas.
Three-dimensional transient heat transfer and airflow in an indoor ice rink with radiant heat sources
AbstractThree-dimensional mixed convection in an ice rink heated by thermostatically controlled radiant heaters was simulated numerically using the standard k–ε model with wall functions. This large building was modelled under transient conditions by considering the real outdoors atmospheric conditions for a typical spring day in Montréal, Canada. Results indicate the usefulness of the CFD technique as a powerful tool which provides a detailed description of the flow and temperature fields as well as the heat fluxes into the ice. The most important results are:
Heating is needed only during the night (from 22 h to 7 h) when the outdoors temperature is relatively low.The On/Off switching of the radiant panels influences the temperature profiles throughout the ice rink; even the ice surface temperature is affected although the view factor between these two surfaces is zero.The radiation heat flux towards the ice increases significantly when the radiant panels are turned On; this can influence ice quality.The resurfacing operation increases the ice temperature and, by convection, the temperature of the air immediately above the stands.The air near the ice surface (1 meter over the ice) is essentially stagnant and significant air velocities can only be found above the stands and near the ceiling above the ice.The volumetric flow rate and temperature of the air evacuated from the building vary significantly between the different outlets.
Study of External Parasites Infesting Carcharhinus Melanopterus Fish From The Red Sea In Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Parasitic diseases are harmful and limiting factors in breeding and rearing ornamental fish industry, such as the Monogenea ( Dactylogyrus sp and Erpocotyletiburonis ) and copepod ( Pandarus sinuatus  and Anchistrotostangi ). The copepod and the monogenean are gill parasites found on the shark; CarcharhinusMelanopterus . The primary purpose of this study was to determine the parasitic infections of sharks in red sea in Jeddah. For this purpose, 19 female C. Melanopterus and 14 male C. Melanopterus were first examined for ectoparasites using wet mount under a light microscope. All male sharks had Monogenea and/or copepod in their gill and only 3 females haven’t infections. Then, we aimed to find a combination of copepod and monogenea infection in C. Melanopterus gills. 50% of male and 42% of female were infected by copepod and monogenea. Our findings revealed that the protozoan infections are very common among sharks. Although, no gross pathology was observed among infected shark, but it is likely that in case of any changes in the environment, then parasitic infections could be harmful.