São Paulo, city-region: constitution and development dynamics of the São Paulo macrometropolis
This article deals with the emergence of the city-region in São Paulo (Brazil), called ‘macrometropolis’, and highlights some of the challenges facing this new territorial or spatial configuration in terms of globalisation and governance. It also stresses the productive changes that gave rise to it and sheds light on the constituent dynamics of the macrometropolis at different scales. The article affirms that metropolitan problems can no longer be interpreted without taking into account the new determinants of the macrometropolis of São Paulo, which implies considering the interaction of the metropolis with other urban centres bearing social, economic and environmental singularities.
Concentrações de ozônio troposférico na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e a implementação de parques urbanos: observações e modelagem
A poluicao do ar nas grandes metropoles constitui um desafio complexo e importante, e a construcao de parques urbanos impacta positivamente a qualidade de vida nestes ambientes. Na Regiao Metropolitana de Sao Paulo, a emissao de poluentes por veiculos, influenciada pelo uso do solo, interage com a atmosfera, resultando em significativas variacoes espaciais e temporais das suas concentracoes na escala intraurbana. Altas concentracoes de ozonio, formado a partir de reacoes entre a emissao de poluentes precursores e a radiacao solar, sao recorrentes. Buscou-se compreender como a construcao de um parque poderia afetar a poluicao do ar em escala local. Dados da estacao Terminal Parque D. Pedro II (PQDP) – urbana veicular e da estacao Ibirapuera – background urbano – da CETESB foram utilizados para construcao de ciclos diurnos no periodo 1996-2011. A inclusao de um parque urbano na RMSP foi considerada com o uso do modelo atmosferico WRF/Chem para o periodo 28/01-02/02/2014. Os resultados indicam maiores concentracoes de ozonio na estacao Ibirapuera. Na estacao PQDP, observa-se maiores concentracoes de poluentes associados a veiculos. Observa-se diminuicao significativa dos poluentes veiculares na localidade a 50 metros das principais avenidas (PQDP2) em relacao a localidade a 5 metros (PQDP1), porem, com aumento de 14 µgm-3 na concentracao maxima de ozonio. As simulacoes no modelo WRF/Chem indicam diminuicao dos poluentes veiculares e aumento de 12 µgm-3 na concentracao media de ozonio na area do Parque Oratorio em relacao a simulacao controle, demonstrando a interacao entre emissao de poluentes, radiacao solar e brisa maritima. Conclui-se que o aumento de ozonio pode ocorrer em situacoes onde parques substituam areas caracterizadas por poluicao veicular, o que deve ser considerado cuidadosamente pelas autoridades locais de saude e planejamento urbano.
Complexity, Network-Decisions And Alternative Risk Premia: Some New Theories Of Structural Change And Portfolio Decisions.
Structural Change is the basis for many decisions such as government fiscal and monetary policies, government interventions, corporate-expenditure decisions, corporate strategic decisions, portfolio management decisions in finance; household allocation decisions, etc.. Structural change in industries and national economies is increasingly more difficult to detect partly because of the growth and dominance of Complex Systems and “Networks” in modern industries and economies – such Networks and Complex Systems include GVCs (global value chains), retail store networks; franchising networks; internet networks; services networks; credit-chains in industries; online social networks; etc.. The relationship between Complexity and Structural Change is well established in the physics, applied math and economic dynamics literatures. Traditional definitions and modeling of structural change have erroneously focused on changes in labor, technological progress, market share, and or capital – which are grossly inadequate in the new economy and post- global financial crisis (as confirmed by changes in the global retailing and housing industries and other industries). Also the modeling of structural change seems to be constrained by the availability of data, and often omits the relationship between structural change on one hand, and globalization, financial stability and international financial contagion. This article: i) introduces the Operations Strategy Model of structural change, explains how it differs from the Lewis Model of Structural Change; and explains the often omitted relationship between operations strategy (of companies and government agencies) and structural change; ii) introduces other new Complexity-based models/theories of Structural Change in industries; iii) reviews the relationships among Operations Research, Complexity and Structural Change; iv) explains the symbiotic relationship between structural change on one hand, and economic growth, financial stability, financial contagion and globalization; v) discusses the significant gap between academic research and practice and explains some issues and factors that should be considered in the development and testing of structural change models; vi) explains how alternative risk premia can be generated from new models of Structural Change.