A Dependence of Crystallinity of In2O3 Thin Films by a Two-Step Heat Treatment of Indium Films on the Heating Atmosphere
A difference in crystallinity of In2O3 thin films on sapphire substrates by heat treatment of indium films was reported. Indium films were heated in an inert atmosphere or in air until they reached a specified temperature and then oxidized in air at much higher temperatures. Crystallinity of the In2O3 thin film which was heat-treated in air from room temperature was quite poor. On the other hand, narrow X-ray rocking curves of the In2O3 films were obtained when the temperature was increased in an inert atmosphere to a specified tem-perature.
Optical Properties of GdS,GdSe,GdTeamd LaS
The reflectivity of single crystals of Gd chalcogenides and of LaS has been measured at room temperature in the spectral region from 40 μm to 12 eV. The reflectivity data have been analyzed in terms of the optical constants by means of the Kramers‐Kronig relation. The dielectric function has been decomposed into contributions of free and bound electrons. Hence the plasma resonance of the conduction electrons and their effective mass have been determined. The position in energy of the 4f level in GdS has been found at 9 eV below EF by comparing the interband transitions of GdS and LaS . The stronger damping of the conduction electrons of GdS compared to LaS suggests the presence of a spin‐disorder scattering in GdS already at 300 K.
Testosterone levels, handedness and sex ratio at birth.
Geschwind has hypothesized that levels of androgens in utero affect postnatal laterality preferences, high levels being associated with left-handedness of offspring. I have hypothesized that high parental androgen levels at the time of conception are associated with subsequent male births. However, left-handed parents seem to produce an excess of female, not male, offspring. This finding could be reconciled with the two hypotheses if individuals who were exposed to high levels of androgens in utero had low circulating levels in adulthood. Some evidence for this loophole is reviewed here. Lyster & Lloyd (1987, J. theor. Biol. 126, 125) have reported that (consistent with the hypotheses) index left-handed men have an excess of brothers; but, contrary to the hypotheses, index left-handed women have an excess of sisters. Accordingly these authors proposed that left-handedness in females is associated not with high levels of androgen in utero, but with a "sensitivity" to it. If such sensitivity were associated with low androgen levels, it might explain an excess of sisters among the sibs of left-handed women. It is shown here that evidence in agreement with this hypothesis (though not discriminating between it and Geschwind's) suggests that the sex ratios of offspring of LH male x RH female and of RH male x LH female matings, are both low.