Landgrafin Karoline of Hessen-Darmstadt: Epistolary Politics and the Problems of Consort Biography
Karoline of Hessen-Darmstadt exemplifies the problems in writing the biography of a royal or high aristocratic consort in eighteenth-century Germany. Such a biography can only succeed if it deploys feminist historiography; takes seriously the correspondence of the consort as a historiographical source, and also takes seriously marriage politics as an important aspect of foreign politics.
Die »Begeisterung eines Poeten« in den Briefen eines Frauenzimmers
In seinem Antwortbrief auf ein Schreiben der 2ljahrigen Verehrerin seiner Werke Demoiselle Caroline Christiane Lucius’ vom 22. Oktober 1760 schreibt Christian Furchtegott Gellert: 
Sie haben mich Ihrer Achtung und Freundschaft in einer so aufgeweckten, naiven und uberzeugenden Sprache versichert, das ich sehr unempfindlich seyn muste, wenn mir Ihr Brief nicht hatte gefallen sollen, und sehr undankbar, wenn ich Ihnen nicht gleich den ersten Tag fur dieses unerwartete Geschenk danken wollte.
Italian Influence on the Development of Calvinist Scholasticism
THIS ARTICLE TRIES to show that the rise of Calvinist scholasticism, which was the most important development in Calvinist theology during the second half of the sixteenth century, stemmed largely from several converging Italian influences, particularly from the writings of Peter Martyr Vermigli and Jerome Zanchi. Here Calvinist theology refers not only to the personal thought of John Calvin but also to the teachings of the founders of the Reformed or Calvinist tradition as it spread out from Geneva and Switzerland to France, Germany, England, Scotland, Poland, and the Low Countries. In this context Calvin emerges as the brightest star in a galaxy of Reformed theologians which includes Heinrich Bullinger, Pierre Viret, Theodore Beza and Wolfgang Musculus as well as Martyr, Zanchi and others. These theologians were often more influential than Calvin himself at a given place or time or on a given point of doctrine. Bullinger, Martyr, and Martin Bucer were all more important for spreading Calvinist ideas to Edwardian England than was John Calvin. Early Elizabethan Protestantism looked more to Zurich than to Geneva, as did early Polish Calvinism. German Calvinism owed more to Heidelberg than to Geneva.' These leaders developed their theologies sometimes in mutual dependence, sometimes with surprising independence. By no means was their relation to Calvin simply that of disciple to master, for each gave a personal nuance to his style of Calvinism. Thus the sixteenth century Jesuit Cornelius Schulting states on the opening page of his five volume polemic against Calvin and Peter Martyr that Martyr was clearer and far more learned than Calvin.2 Recently John Bray has pointed out that research in seventeenth century Calvinism leads "to the conclusion that the impact of Calvin upon the Calvinistic movement has been greatly over-rated. It may well be that some of