Role of chelate substituents and cis sigma-effect on the rate of ligand substitution at Pt(N-N-N) and Pt(N-N-C) centres.
Four complexes of the type [Pt(N-N-X)Cl](X = N or C) were tailor synthesized for mechanistic studies in methanol. The terdentate ligands included terpy, 4'-Ph-terpy, 4'-(2"-CF(3)-Ph)-terpy, and 4'-(2"'-CF(3)-Ph)-6-Ph-2,2'-bipy. The rate of substitution of the chloro ligand by thiourea, N,N'-dimethylthiourea, and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylthiourea was studied as a function of nucleophile concentration, temperature and pressure by using a stopped-flow technique. The observed pseudo-first-order rate constants for the substitution reactions obeyed the simple rate law k(obs) = k(2)[Nu]. Second-order kinetics and negative activation entropies and volumes support an associative substitution mechanism. At 298 K, the values of the second-order rate constant show a slight dependence on the nature of the moiety attached to the terpy ligand. Changing from a nitrogen sigma-donor to a carbon sigma-donor in the cis position, results in a deceleration of the substitution rate. The results suggest that the Pt-C bond in the cis position activates the metal centre in a different way than in the trans position.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Arylchlorobis(dialkyl sulfide)platinum(II) Complexes.
Complexes trans-[PtRCl(SR'(2))(2)], where R = Ph, mesityl, and p-anisyl and R' = Me or Et, have been synthesized and their crystal and molecular structures determined. Crystals of trans-[PtPhCl(SEt(2))(2)] (2) are triclinic (P&onemacr;) with a = 10.112(6) Å, b = 13.158(2) Å, c = 14.714(5) Å, alpha = 102.48(2) degrees, beta = 94.394(4) degrees, gamma = 90.22(3) degrees, and Z = 4. Crystals of trans-[Pt(mesityl)Cl(SMe(2))(2)] (4) are monoclinic (P2(1)/c) with a = 13.158(2) Å, b = 9.170(1) Å, c = 16.013(3) Å, beta = 120.93(2) degrees, and Z = 4, and crystals of [Pt(p-anisyl)Cl(SMe(2))(2)] (5) are monoclinic (P2(1)/n) with a = 9.879(4) Å, b = 8.128(2) Å, c = 19.460(5) Å, beta = 96.56(3) degrees, and Z = 4. All complexes are square-planar, featuring Pt-Cl distances between 2.40 and 2.42 Å, indicating a large ground-state trans influence of the aryl group. The coordination geometry is maintained in methanol and chloroform solution as shown by (1)H-NMR spectra. The kinetics of substitution of the labile chloride trans to aryl by various nucleophiles has been studied in methanol by variable-temperature and -pressure stopped-flow spectrophotometry. A two-term rate law with a well-developed solvolytic pathway is followed. Negative entropies and volumes of activation indicate an associative mode of activation in all cases, independent of steric blocking of the axial sites and a large Pt-Cl ground-state bond-weakening. Comparison of the reaction rates of the present series of complexes with their bis(phosphine) analogues and with related cyclometalated compounds shows that the triethylphosphine complexes are 2-3 orders of magnitude less reactive than the thioether complexes, which in turn are a factor 10-20 less reactive than the cyclometalated ones. This reactivity increase can be rationalized mainly in terms of a decrease in steric hindrance in the series. There seems to be no inherent differences with regard to trans labilizing ability of the aryl ligands in the various types of complexes, including the cyclometalated ones.
Barbarians, Gentlemen and Players : A Sociological Study of the Development of Rugby Football
Part I: Folk Antecedents and Transitional Forms of Football in the Public Schools 1. The folk antecedents of modern rugby and their decline 2. Football in the early 19th century public schools Part II: The Modernisation of Rugby Football 3. The preconditions for modernization: embourgeoisement and public school reform 4. The incipient modernization of rugby football 5. The 'civilising process' and the formation of the RFU. 6. The democratization of rugby football. 7. Professionalisation and the amateur response. 8. The split. 9. The class structure and the professionalisation of British sport. Part III: The Development of Rugby Football as a Modern Sport 10. The professionalisation of rugby league. 11. Rugby union as a modern sport: bureaucracy, gate-taking clubs and the swansong of amateurism. Conclusion: Sociological Reflections on the Crisis in Modern Sport