Genre et migration, une approche juridique pour le cas du Mali
Gender is becoming increasingly important in different fields including migration. The paper examines some legal aspects linked to gender and migration as far as Mali is concerned. It especially tackles issues related to family reunification, personal status, right of asylum, protection of vulnerable persons, as well as discrimination. As for family reunification, some difficulties stem from disparities between regulations in receiving countries and in Mali. Besides, incompatibilities between rules concerning the personal status of Malian women and rules in host countries create complicated situations for immigrant women. Regarding the right of asylum, protection of vulnerable persons and discrimination issues, specific provisions focusing on female migrants are scarce. The status of migrant women is thus analyzed through rules applying to Malian migration in general. The relative lack of consideration of gender issues does not work in the favor of female migrants.
Migration féminine comme parcours initiatique . La conquête d’une nouvelle identité (São Paulo, Brésil)
La migration feminine est reconnue, depuis assez peu de temps, comme un des faits de societe majeurs, bien que nos connaissances restent fragmentaires. Si, dans les annees soixante-dix, elle etait admise en Amerique Latine — dont les grandes villes recevaient un nombre tres important de jeunes femmes rurales (3,8 millions entre 1960 et 1970) a tel point que la sex-ratio en etait inversee — on continuait a la nier dans les villes africaines par exemple au nom de la « solidarite » familiale, ma...
Analysis of Potential Contribution to Medical Savings Accounts Based on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenses in Poland
The purpose of this paper is to analyze medical savings accounts in the context of their potential use to finance private health care expenses incurred by individuals in Poland. A medical savings account (MSA) represents a financing mechanism which relies on the accumulation of personal savings to cover the costs of health care services at the time of consumption. With the use of actuarial methods an attempt was made to estimate the amount of the MSA contribution based on the discounted value of a person’s health care expenses, age, gender, and investment variants. In the analysis, statistical data from representative household budget surveys conducted by the Central Statistical Office of Poland was used. The obtained results confirm that a medical savings account can be used to finance personal out-of-pocket health care expenses; however it requires systematic and long-term saving for health purposes. Age and gender of an MSA holder have the greatest impact on the amount of contribution, as these factors determine mortality rates and the length of the discounting period. From the individual’s perspective, MSA application requires this financing instrument to be taken into account in decisions related to the intertemporal choice between consumption and saving.