Determination of alginate in dairy products.
Abstract Comprehensive study was made of the precipitability of several hydrocolloids and other related compounds by divalent cations and, specifically, of the optimum conditions for recovering alginate from milk and dairy products by precipitation as calcium, strontium, and manganese salts. In aqueous dispersion, these cations selectively precipitated alginate, pectinic acids, and pectic acid. Alginate was recovered from milk, chocolate milk, ice cream, cheese spreads, cream cheese spreads, and other products by predigesting the mixture with papain, clarifying the digest with Celite 535 and charcoal, filtering and converting any pectin, pectinic acid, and pectic acid to galacturonic acid by pectinmethylesterase (pectinesterase) and polygalacturonase. Then, calcium chloride was added to the filtrate. The calcium alginate precipitate was washed free of sugars, dispersed by sodium hexametaphosphate, and the amount of alginate in the dispersion determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid test. Recoveries obtained were 96-101% for water dispersions, 92-96% for milk, 90-95% for ice cream, and 85-95% for cheese products.
ESTIMATION OF ALGINATE, CARRAGEENAN AND FURCELLARAN IN BEER
Quantitative and semi-quantitative methods are given for estimating alginate, carrageenan and furcellaran at low concentrations in beer. A number of commercial beers and experimental beers known to have been brewed with either copper finings or auxiliary finings containing these acidic polysaccharides as active ingredients were analysed for alginate, carrageenan and furcellaran residues. The results show that alginate and carrageenan do not occur in finished beers at levels greater than 1 mg/litre. Using a serological technique which is more sensitive for furcellaran, it was found that levels of furcellaran in most finished beers were below 0.5 mg/litre, though a few beers contained this polysaccharide at about 0.5 mg/litre.
Soil organic matter and microbiological development of technosols in the South Wales Coalfield
Abstract Degraded land (formerly ‘reclaimed’) after surface-coal-mining is a serious problem in South Wales. This project uses forestation to foster soil development on opencast coal-mine spoil technosols. It compares records of humification and the soil microbiological system (microcoenosis) using paired data from the same plantings in 1998 and 2018. Statistical analysis finds no significant difference between samples collected under trees planted by the pit-planting versus trench planting method or trees planted using organic or mineral fertilizer. However, there are strong significant differences in both soil organic matter and microflora components and significant correlations with time since tree planting. Most components of the soil organic carbon (TOC) and the microflora increase, often significantly. However, compared to 2018, 1998 samples contain significantly greater maximum levels of Insoluble Carbon while the microflora had significantly more Ammonifying bacteria. Decreases in Insoluble Carbon explain the relatively small increase in TOC between 1998 and 2018. The % extracted with 0.1 N H2SO4 is significantly larger in 2018, suggesting active weathering. Similarly, both the maxima and minima of total Humic and Fulvic acids content, extracted with 0.1 M Na4P2O7 + 0.1 M NaOH, are significantly greater in 2018. Total microflora shows significant positive correlations with time-since-tree-planting as do the proportions of bacilli and actinomycetes but the correlation with ammonifying bacteria is negative. In 1998, the microflora was dominated by non-spore-forming bacteria while, in 2018, bacilli and actinomycetes prevail; both are involved in the transformation of complex organic compounds and humification. This indicates active transformation of more complex organic compounds and advancing humification. In sum, forestation of these degraded, formerly reclaimed, opencast coal-mine spoils has resulted in a massive increase in both the size and functioning of the soil organic system.