Modeling of the degradation of III–V triple-junction cells due to particle irradiation on the basis of component cells
The paper reports about the possibility of predicting the degradation of III–V multi-junction solar cells due to particle irradiation in space solely based on the radiation response of the respective sub cells. State-of-the art triple-junction solar cells of the 3G28 class manufactured by AZUR Space GmbH are used as an example to demonstrate how to model the degradation behavior of multi-junction cell from the degradation behavior of the respective component cells, as investigated in this study. The advantages of component cells for understanding and modeling the behavior of multi-junction cells under different conditions are discussed.
Characterizations of Radiation Damage in Multijunction Solar Cells Focused on Subcell Internal Luminescence Quantum Yields via Absolute Electroluminescence Measurements
Via absolute electroluminescence measurements, we characterized degradations of internal luminescence quantum yield or internal radiative efficiency (ηinti) in respective subcells in GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction and GaInP/GaAs double-junction solar cells after irradiations of protons and electrons with different energy and fluence (φ). Compared with typical open-circuitvoltage characterizations, ηinti turned out to be a sensitive, high-dynamic-range, quantitative, and fair indicator of radiation damage, since it purely represents material-quality change due to radiation damage, independently from small differences in bandgap energy due to alloy composition fluctuations and in other cell structures. A detailed fluence-dependence study has shown that the data of ηinti versus φ in moderate and high φ regions are very similar and almost independent of subcell materials, while the difference in beginning-of-life qualities of GaInP and GaAs materials causes dominant difference in subcell sensitivity to the low-radiation damages.
Ethics and the Treatment of the Mentally Ill, Homeless Person: a Perspective on Psychiatry Resident Training
ObjectiveThe authors outline the unique ethical challenges that psychiatry residents face in working with individuals who are homeless and mentally ill. The authors also propose steps to develop effective teaching methods with residents working with these patients.MethodsThe authors reviewed literature relevant to the training of psychiatry residents in ethics and treating individuals who are homeless and mentally ill.ResultsThe authors summarize current literature and, with the use of case examples, provide guidelines for effective teaching.ConclusionsTeaching psychiatry residents who are working in the community with individuals who are mentally ill and homeless needs to address a number of unique ethical conflicts that arise in this area. The authors outline approaches to this teaching.