Ec maritime zones: The delimitation aspect
Starting from the premise that regional cooperation is best served by settled maritime boundaries, this article looks into the delimitation practice by European Community (EC) states. First the municipal enactments are considered of those member states actually claiming an exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Special emphasis is given to the delimitation provisions. Since not much uniformity can be found in these provisions, the specific boundary agreements that these countries have so far concluded inter se are then analyzed. A geographical distinction is made between the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the north Atlantic, and the Mediterranean in this respect. The article concludes that not much uniformity can be found in these delimitation agreements either. These boundary questions are therefore believed to continue to burden further EEZ cooperation between EC member states. © 1992 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
British Off-Shore Continental Shelf and Fishery Limit Boundaries: An Analysis of Overlapping Zones
IN the North Sea Continental Shelf cases 1 Judge Sorensen said: " The delimitation of maritime areas between neighbouring States is a matter which may quite often cause disagreement and give rise to international dispute." This truism is vividly illustrated by the present situation of overlapping maritime zones around the shores of the United Kingdom. The overlap has been brought about by the progressively more extensive unilateral decrees of the United Kingdom and its contiguous neighbours in Western Europe, including the Republic of Ireland, the Faeroes and Iceland. Such decrees have drastically extended in recent years the formerly modest areas in which continental shelf 2 and fishery rights were exercisable and have been given impetus by the moves at UNCLOS III favouring the extension of the continental shelf regime to the edge of the continental margin 3 and the introduction of a 200-mile " exclusive economic zone " (" EEZ "). The latter regime has now been explicitly adopted by three of the United Kingdom's neighboursNorway (in 1976),4 France (in 1977) 5 and most recently, Spain (in
Urea removal strategies for dialysate regeneration in a wearable artificial kidney.
The availability of a wearable artificial kidney (WAK) that provides dialysis outside the hospital would be an important advancement for dialysis patients. The concept of a WAK is based on regeneration of a small volume of dialysate in a closed-loop. Removal of urea, the primary waste product of nitrogen metabolism, is the major challenge for the realization of a WAK since it is a molecule with low reactivity that is difficult to adsorb while it is the waste solute with the highest daily molar production. Currently, no efficient urea removal technology is available that allows for miniaturization of the WAK to a size and weight that is acceptable for patients to carry. Several urea removal strategies have been explored, including enzymatic hydrolysis by urease, electro-oxidation and sorbent systems. However, thus far, these methods have toxic side effects, limited removal capacity or slow removal kinetics. This review discusses different urea removal strategies for application in a wearable dialysis device, from both a chemical and a medical perspective.