The ideology of reform and changing ideas concerning Jews in the works of rupert of deutz and hermannus quondam iudeus
In 1965 Lea Dasberg postulated that one result of the Investiture Struggle was that the political and economic status of the Jews began to erode. Jews, as the perceived allies of the emperor, were cast in the role of the enemies of an increasingly assertive Church intent on establishing its freedom from all non-ecclesiastical interference.' This theory has not received widespread acclaim; nonetheless, there is an obvious appeal in the suggestion that one should investigate possible connections between the Gregorian Reform and changing twelfth-century attitudes of Christians to Jews. The religious revival toward the end of the eleventh century, which spilled over into the twelfth century, was marked by the attempt of the reforming popes to disengage the Church from lay authority. In the eyes of popes such as Gregory VII, only a Church unimpeded by temporal encroachment could play its allotted function to create in society iustitia, or justice. And that meant total compliance of all who lived in that society with the life ordained by Jesus Christ.2 Only a universal Church that was properly steered by Rome, through papal legates and bishops who looked to Rome for instruction, could effectively play this role. One side of the Reform movement thus concentrated on the structure which the Church needed in order to Christianize society.
Hassliebe. Żydowska samonienawiść w ujęciu Sandera L. Gilmana (część pierwsza: od Hermana z Moguncji do Johannesa Pfefferkorna)
Hassliebe. Jewish self-hatred as seen by Sander L. Gilman (part one: from Hermann of Mainz to Johannes Pfefferkorn) The present paper constitutes the first part of the analysis of Sander L. Gilman’s famous book Jewish Self-Hatred , and the pioneering interpretation of the concept of stereotype. According to Gilman, a stereotype emerges as a result of an active collaboration of the person who stereotypises and the outsider. The latter opposes the image imposed by the stereotype, and thus splits the stereotype into a positive and a negative part. By identifying himself with the positive part, the outsider delegates the purity of classification not only to the subgroup he does not feel any attachment to, but also involuntarily legitimises the stereotype, because without his authorisation, the stereotype would merely remain a racist insult. The article is based on the narrations of Jewish converts to Christianity from the Middle Ages to the 15th century. Hassliebe. Żydowska samonienawiśc w ujeciu Sandera L. Gilmana (cześc pierwsza: od Hermana z Moguncji do Johannesa Pfefferkorna) Tekst jest pierwszą cześcią omowienia glośnej ksiązki Sandera L. Gilmana, Jewish Self-Hatred i przedstawionej w niej pionierskiej koncepcji stereotypu, powstającego w ramach aktywnego wspoldzialania stereotypizującego i outsidera. Ten ostatni, walcząc z narzuconym mu niesprawiedliwym wizerunkiem, dokonuje rozszczepienia stereotypu na pozytywny i negatywny, identyfikując sie z tym pierwszym. W ten sposob nie tylko deleguje „nieczystośc klasyfikacyjną” na podgrupe, z ktorą nie czuje związku, ale przede wszystkim niezauwazalnie sam legitymizuje stereotyp, ktory bez jego autoryzacji mialby range rasistowskiego oszczerstwa. Material źrodlowy artykulu stanowią narracje zydowskich konwertytow na chrześcijanstwo od średniowiecza po wiek XV.
Rapid Spatially Coupled AVO Inversion
The Bayesian methodology yields a natural framework for many geophysical inverse problem, see e.g. (Tarantola and Valette, 1982; Tarantola, 1987; Duijndam, 1988a; Duijndam, 1988b). The solution of a Bayesian inverse problem is represented by the posterior distribution. From the posterior distribution the best estimate and the corresponding uncertainty can be extracted and a set of plausible solutions can be drawn.