Dielectric Properties of Alkoxy-Derived BaTiO3 Films on LaNiO3/Pt/TiOx/Si(100)
BaTiO3 films with higher degrees of (100) orientation were deposited using both of the heterogeneous LaNiO3 nucleation layer and homogeneous BaTiO3 buffer layer. The microstructure and dielectric properties are characterized. The temperature dependence of the dielectric properties is additionally discussed. The alkoxy-derived 1-mum thick BaTiO3 had the unique microstructure and showed predominant (100) orientation. The film showed ferroelectric to paraelectric transition around at 105degC, and improved dielectric properties. The improvement is considered to be due to the simultaneous control of crystallographic and microstructural characteristics by using the double nucleation and buffer layers.
Grain Size Effect on Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Alkoxy-Derived BaTiO3-Based Thin Films
Lead- and bismuth-free Ba(Ti1-xZrx)O3 (BTZ) thin films were fabricated on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrates by the chemical solution deposition (CSD) process. The BaTiO3 and BTZ005 thin films fabricated by the conventional process were observed to have a remarkable difference in grain size along the depth of the thin film. The microstructure of the BaTiO3 and BTZ005 thin films was improved by additional sintering process, and their grain sizes were increased to about 60 and 40 nm, respectively, by additional sintering at 800°C for 1 h. The dielectric constant εr and piezoelectric constant d33 of the BaTiO3 thin film consisting of large grains by the additional sintering at 800°C for 1 h were found to be about 375 and 14.5 pm/V. But, εr and d33 of the BTZ005 thin film changed negligibly with increasing of the grain size.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) and HPLC-Mass Spectrometric (MS) Analysis of the Degradation of the Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LH-RH) Antagonist RS-26306 in Aqueous Solution
The kinetics of the degradation of an LH-RH antagonist, RS-26306,1, in aqueous solution from pH 1 to pH 11 were studied by reverse-phase HPLC. The pH–rate profiles at 50, 60, and 80°C were U-shaped with the rate law of kobs = kHaH + kw + kOHaOH. The predicted 25°C shelf life at the pH of maximum stability, pH ∼5, is greater than 10 years. The products from the degradation were analyzed by HPLC-MS using thermospray ionization. Below pH 3, the primary product, 2, forms from the acid-catalyzed deamidation of the C-terminal amide. Above pH 7, epimerization of the individual amino acids is the principal reaction. Between pH 4 and pH 6, intramolecular serine-catalyzed peptide hydrolysis becomes important, yielding a tripeptide, 3, and a heptapeptide, 4. At the pH of maximum stability all three pathways for degradation are observed.