Introduction to Input-Output Framework for Analysis of Tourism as an Industry
Input-Output (I-O) is an economic framework which was awarded two Nobel Prizes in Economics, one in 1973 to Dr. Wassily Leontief and the other for its extended Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) to Sir Richard Stone in 1984. The I-O/SAM framework remains as a core component for Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), which cannot function without the data of I-O/SAM. Applications of I-O family have been published not only in the broader social science fields including but not limited to economics, regional science, international development, but also in the tourism field. I-O framework is the foundation of System of National Accounts (SNA), which has been used by all the national governments in the world to measure important data such as gross domestic product (GDP), capital formation etc. Need for studying I-O has been increased significantly for tourism researchers because of a simple fact that a global common recording system to measure economic activities of tourism, officially endorsed by United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, to name a few, is based on I-O.
The Impact of Steel upon the Greater New York-Philadelphia Industrial Region
For a long time the inadequacy of the traditional Weberian agglomeration analysis1 has been fully recognized. Palander, in particular, has pointed up its shortcomings.2 More recently, a fresh and more general approach has been made by P. Sargant Florence and others.3 This approach, primarily an attempt to identify from processed census data meaningful geographical associations in industry, of necessity does not concern itself with the development of a theoretical framework.4
Judicial Review, Socio-Economic Rights and the Human Rights Act
INTRODUCTION 1 THE ROLE OF COURTS IN THE PROTECTION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC RIGHTS: INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC PERSPECTIVES I. The Indivisibility of Human Rights II. The Protection of Socio-economic Rights in Domestic Courts III. Conclusion 2 THE REGIONAL PROTECTION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC RIGHTS: EUROPE I. Introduction II. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 1950 III. The Protection of Socio-economic Rights in the ECHR IV. The Protection of Socio-economic Rights in EC/EU Law V. Conclusion 3 COURTS, THE UK CONSTITUTION AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 I. Introduction II. Reading and Giving Effect to ECHR Rights in UK Courts III. Conclusion 4 JUDICIAL REVIEW: DEFERENCE, RESOURCES AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT I. Introduction II. The Constitutional Foundations of Judicial Review III. Public Law, Deference and the Human Rights Act IV. Conclusion 5 FROM NEED TO 'CHOICE' IN PUBLIC SERVICES: THE BOUNDARIES OF JUDICIAL INTERVENTION IN PRIORITISATION DISPUTES I. Introduction II. NHS Rationing: The Role of Courts in Disputes over Access to Medical Services III. Local Authority Resource Allocation Disputes IV. Interpreting Local Authority Statutory Duties Post-HRA V. Conclusion 6 ARTICLES 3 AND 8 ECHR: FAILURE TO PROVIDE AND POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS IN THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SPHERE I. Introduction II. Anufrijeva, Article 8 ECHR and Maladministration in the Provision of Welfare III. Article 3 ECHR: Respect for Dignity IV. Conclusion 7 ARTICLE 14 ECHR AND THE UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC GOODS AND SERVICES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM I. Introduction II. Socio-economic Entitlements and the Limits of Substantive Fairness in Article 14 ECHR III. Carson's Case: Refusal of Up-rated Payments to Pensioners Abroad 283 IV. Reynolds' Case: The Intensity of Scrutiny in Other 'Status Disputes' V. Equality and Human Rights VI. Conclusion 8 ARTICLE 6 ECHR: JUDICIAL REVIEW, DUE PROCESS AND THE PROTECTION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC RIGHTS I. Introduction II. What is a Civil Right for the Purposes of Article 6 ECHR? III. The Quality of Administrative Justice: The Scope of Article IV. Conclusion