A report on the educational status of black women during the un decade of women, 1976–85
By most statistical indicators, the educational gains made by black women during the past decade are rapidly being eroded: high school completion rates and college enrollment figures are declining, and dropout rates are increasing. The increase in black women earning bachelors and graduate degrees is due almost entirely to their higher participation rates in college. A higher proportion of blacks than whites are below 24 years of age; declining enrollments at a time when the black population is expanding reflects a significant loss. Important areas for policy initiatives include increases in financial aid. a critical factor in college attendance by black women-particularly at the graduate and professional degree levels-improvement in quality of primary and secondary education and counseling, and continuing education programs for teenage mothers.
Mature Women Students: Effects of the Gender Division of Labor on Education
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 3 Motivations for Returning to School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Barriers/Problems Faced . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Family Problems and Multiple Roles . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Psychological Problems Faced .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 15 Part-time vs. Full-time Status ............................... 19 Satisfaction and Role Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 21 Obstacles in the University . . . ... . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 24 Discussion of the Literature . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Assumption of Marriage ................................. 25 Structural Aspects . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Lack of Comparison Groups .............................. 29 Neglect of Race and Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 29 Implications for this Paper . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . 33 African-American Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Differences Between African-American and White women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 39 Theoretical Framework . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . .. . . . . . . 42 Specific Areas of Focus ....................................... 42 Gender Division of Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Structural Aspects and Everyday Life ............................ 46 Division of Household Labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 50 Connecting the Theory to the Research . . . . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . .. . ... 52 The Methodology ................................................ 56
Problems of a centralised department in a decentralised mental hospital.
Abstract This paper deals with some of the issues and problems which arose in a state mental hospital, when in the course of becoming a more community-oriented facility, the hospital decentralized its clinical structure into geographically-based treatment units while retaining a centralized nursing department administration. The effects of unitization and a subsequent attempt to reoganize the nursing department on both the character of professional roles and the integration of parts of the hospital are discussed within the context of an open-systems conceptual model of hospital organization.