Performance Analysis of a Full - Duplex WDM-EPON based System with Fiber to Wireless Optical Network
Wireless technique is speedily becoming more essential during last four decade. Optical wireless channel is a type of communication in which unguided visible, IR, UV light wave is used to carry message signal. Based on transmission range optical wireless channel is used to send message at ultra-short, short, medium, high and ultra-high range. In this paper message signal is send through IR light wave at long range OWC from optical line terminal (OLT), having frequency lying in the range of 750nm-1600nm.On the other hand single mode optical fiber is used at receiver end to carry signal to the optical network unit (ONU).In this paper it is demonstrated that WDM-EPON technology has been successfully deployed in fiber to home which makes system more advanced, cost effective and having very high bandwidth and very high data rate. The proposed bidirectional simulation is made on Optisystem software and analyzed considering Qfactor, BER and power received.
Performance Analysis of Optical Wireless Communication Channel Link at Various Bit Rates
Optical wireless communication systems have got more popularity in last few years due to its advantage over conventional radio frequency communication systems. This paper reports the effect of using NRZ and RZ modulation formats on the performance of optical Wireless communication (OWC) channel in terms of Q factor and BER at bit rate of 2.5 Gbps and 3 Gbps. It has been observed that RZ format gives better performance for optical wireless link in comparison to NRZ format at different bit rates.
Gender Pay Gap in the European Union Labor Market
The participation of women in the European Union labor market has been increasing over recent years, putting an end to the notion that women are a marginal part of the labor force. However, such increased integration of women into paid work has neither ended the traditional gender divide between jobs nor it translated into gender equality in terms of economic opportunity and economic participation in the labor market. The purpose of the paper is to briefly discuss the gender pay gap in the EU labor market. The paper defines gender pay gap and provides a brief theoretical overview of the underlying causes of such pay asymmetry between men and women. Statistics provided for EU 25 reveal that the current policy attempts to reduce such a gender asymmetry still lack improvement in practice. The paper concludes with selected policy suggestions aiming to make a progress in the issue of the gender equality in pay.