THE REGULAR SCHOOLING AND THE FORMAL ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION: RISING, PRINCIPLES AND NORMATIVE ELEMENTS
The present essay aims to discuss the Environmental Education within regular school considering the historical path of its insertion and the main normative elements that rules it. For that, the study is divided in three sections. Firstly, before going to the Environmental Education's specifics, there's the concern of familiarizing the reader about the Brazilian formal education bringing, in the two first sections of the essay, laws and principles that guide the different levels and modalities of education. Following, in the three last sections, discussing Environmental Education, it gives attention to a brief historical background on the rising of this field of knowledge and then discussing the rules that regulate its practice in regular education. Lastly, it illustrates with some academic works a little bit of the school practice in Environmental Education realized by some different levels and modalities of teaching within the country.
A educação como um direito fundamental de natureza social
There seems to be a consensus on the idea that our government should consider education as a priority. However, reality shows that education is still a distant dream, especially for the most vulnerable groups in our society. Both the practical implications of the fact that our Constitution states the right to education as a fundamental right of social nature and the requirements that can be addressed to the State to meet it are little known. Who is benefited by such right? May it be demanded collectively? Does it only mean a seat in an elementary school or the right to require public policies? May legal mechanisms be used in case of irregular or inadequate offer? The challenge of this article is to define the legal regime of the right to education as a fundamental right of social nature to contribute to increase the concrete possibilities for its satisfaction.
Translating Legal Language and Comparative Law
Legal texts are in the focus of both lawyers and translators. This paper discusses the binary opposition of these two views especially in the light of contract law. There is one crucial epistemic difference between the point of view of the translator and the lawyer when it comes to the interpretation of legal texts. In the translator’s view legal text is traditionally conceived as static as to its nature; something that already exists in the form of text. Traditionally, the translator is interested in the text itself as it was written down in a document, i.e. the translator needs to go back to the frozen moment when a legal document was constructed and finalised. The lawyer, in contrast, is very much interested not only in the text of the legal document but also in the contextual surroundings of the text. In fact, for legal interpretation, sometimes the key-elements for the interpretation come from outside of the text itself. This paper concludes that legal translation is in many cases closer to transcreation than it is to traditionally understood translation.