The Substantive Universals in the Relationship betweenLanguage Ideology and Language Education
While we need to problematize the notions of development and sustainable 
development, we are also faced by a particular challenge related to language: what models of 
language in the world are we using to understand the role of language education in development? I 
shall discuss a range of possible understandings of English in the world in order to see how they 
relate to questions of development
Language Ideology: Issues and Approaches
This special issue of hagmarl'cs derives from a day-long symposium on "l^anguage Ideology: Practice and Theory" held at the annual meeting of the American Anthropology Association in Chicago, November 1991.1 The organizing premise of the symposium was that language ideology is a mediating link between social structures and forms of talk, if such static imagery for some very dynamic processes can be forgiven. Rather than casting language ideology as an epiphenomenon, a relatively inconsequential overlay of secondary and tertiary responses (Boas 1911; Bloomfield 1944),, the symposium started from the proposition that ideology stands in dialectical relation with, and thus significantly influences, social, discursive, and linguistic practices. As such a critical link, language ideology merits more concerted analytic attention than it has thus far been given. In this first attempt to bring form to an area of inquiry, we have adopted a relatively unconstrained sense of "language ideology." Alan Rumsey's definition, based on Silverstein (1979), is a useful starting point: linguistic ideologies are "shared bodies of commonsense notions about the nature of language in the world "(1990: 346). We mean to include cultural conceptions not only of language and language variation, but of the nature and purpose of communication, and of communicative behavior as an enactment of a collective order (Silverstein 1987: l-2). I use the terms "linguistic" and "language" ideology interchangeably, although in the articles that follow one might detect differences in their uses, perhaps varying with the degree to which the authors focus on formal linguistic structures or on representations of a collective order. In order to build toward a general understanding of the cultural variability of language ideology and its role in social and linguistic life, the symposium brought
Creating a competitive advantage in Higher Education Institutions: proposal and test of a conceptual model
The present research aims to propose and test a conceptual model that explains the process of identification of competitive advantages in a Higher Education Institution (HEI). The paper identified the players connected to these institutions and the internal and external factors that create competitive advantage in a HEI. A case study of a HEI is analysed. The main contribution of this study is the adaptation of three theoretical approaches of the business strategy field to the higher education sector. The findings show evidence that, to be competitive, a HEI should have a stronger connection between resources, territory, and stakeholders.