Luttinger liquid behaviour of Li0.9Mo6O17 studied by scanning tunnelling microscopy
Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS) was used to study the Luttinger liquid behaviour of the purple bronze Li0.9Mo6O17 in the temperature range 5 K < T < 300 K. In the entire temperature range the suppression of the density of states at the Fermi energy can be fitted very well by a model describing the tunnelling into a Luttinger liquid at ambient temperature. The power-law exponent extracted from these fits reveals a significant increase above 200 K. It changes from α = 0.6 at low temperature to α = 1.0 at room temperature.
New Luttinger-liquid physics from angle-resolved photoemission on a paradigm material
Abstract Li 0.9 Mo 6 O 17 is a paradigm material for studying Luttinger-liquid physics in the solid state. This paper summarizes recent and new photoemission studies directed at the quantum critical behavior that is expected for such a system. A theoretical description of the results requires a two-band Tomonaga–Luttinger model augmented by marginal interactions.
Design of reinforced concrete lining in pressure tunnels, considering thermal effects and jointed rockmass
Abstract Jaeger's theory (Jaeger, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering , Cambridge University Press, 1972) of the design of the lining for a pressure tunnel applies to a tunnel located in an isotropic, homogeneous and elastic medium. The theory is derived from the elasticity equations for the plane stress condition. In this paper, Jaeger's theory is extended to a plane strain situation. Also included is a discussion of the effects of a uniform increase (or decrease) in the lining temperature, jointed rockmass, cracking of the tunnel lining, and cracking of the rockmass around the opening. Tables are presented for the modulus of subgrade reaction for various rockmass conditions and for rock sharing pressures for various lining conditions. The reduction factor to include the effect of joints in rockmass is derived by the analysis of a numerical model of the lined tunnel by the finite-infinite-interface element method.