Spinning-punch new technology for aluminum alloy plate-wheels forming
The aluminium alloy plate-wheels are a new kind of wheels with light-weight, energy-saving and environmental protection. Spinning is a conventional technology to form aluminium alloy plate-wheels, but the outline dimension and run-out of rolled lip in end face are difficult to meet the exacting requirements of wheels blueprint. So the new spinning-punch forming technology for aluminium alloy plate-wheels was researched and simulated. 3-D elastic-plastic finite element models were constructed and appropriate boundary conditions were given out. The results show that aluminium alloy plate-wheels with good quality can be formed by spinning-punch forming technology through controlling roller feed rate, roller'diameter, flanging times, and punching stroke, etc. And the relationships between spinning load and roller'diameter, rolled lip forming quality and flanging times are found.
Punch flanging technology for aluminium alloy plate-wheels rolled lip forming
Rolled lip is needed to enhance intensity, rigidity and aesthetic feeling of aluminium alloy plate-wheels. The exacting requirements of rolled lip make the forming technology complex. And the forming process is difficult to control. Punch flanging technology adopted to form rolled lip of aluminium alloy plate-wheels was researched and simulated. 3-D elastic-plastic finite element models were constructed and appropriate boundary conditions were given out. The reasons for edge collapse, conner collapse and out of tolerance of run-out in end face are analysed. The results show that rolled lip of aluminium alloy plate-wheels with good forming quality can be formed by one time darwing and 30°-60°-90° three times flanging technology. Introduction Aluminum alloys are widely utilized in automotive and aircraft industry due to their various advantages such as lightness, good forgeability, high wear resistance, etc.[1~3], In the case of wheels, the increased utilization of aluminum alloys relates predominantly to improved aesthetic appearance and design flexibility over the traditional stamped and welded steel wheels. Greater than 50% of the new cars in North America are now equipped with aluminum alloy wheels[4]. so, aluminum alloy wheels have a large market now. The aluminium alloy plate-wheels are a new kind of wheels without inner tube, but with light-weight, energy-saving and environmental protection, which is taking palce of forging and casting aluminum wheels in kart, sandbeach car, mountaineering car, golf car now. Aluminium alloy plate-wheels generally are welded together by two hemi-wheels fabricated by muti-passes plate-spinning technology[5]. Rolled lip is needed to enhance intensity, rigidity and aesthetic feeling of plate-wheels. Spinning is a conventional technology to form rolled lip, but the outline dimension and run-out of rolled lip in end face are difficult to meet the exacting requirements of wheels blueprint. In this paper, punch flanging technology is applied to form the rolled lip of aluminium alloy plate-wheels. Edge collapse, conner collapse and out of tolerance of run-out in end face generated in simulation and experiment. The reasons for the flaws were studied by finite element simulation and experiment methods. And the effect regularity of flanging times, mould angle and punch stroke on forming quality of rolled lip were discovered. Experimental The 6060-O aluminium alloy was applied for plate-wheels forming. The properties are shown in Table1. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Material Engineering and Application (ICMEA 2016) Copyright © 2016, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 420 Advances in Engineering Research, volume 103
Correlation between Fluoride Release, Microhardness and Solubility of High viscosity Glass Ionomers
This study was to measure and compare the amount of fluoride, microhardness and solubility of high viscosity glass ionomer and resin-reinforced glass ionomer during 84 days. Fuji IX GP EXTRA, Fuji IX GP, Fuji II LC and FiltekTM Z350XT stored in deionized water for 84 days to measure fluoride release, microhardness and solubility. As a result of measurement of fluoride release, all the glass ionomers showed the highest amount of fluoride release on day 1 and gradually decreased. Fuji IX GP EXTRA showed the highest amount of fluoride release and cumulative release. And Fuji IX GP and Fuji II LC showed no significant difference. Microhardness measurements showed that all experimental groups decreased 1 day after exposure to water. After 84 days, microhardness showed no significant difference between Fuji IX GP EXTRA and Fuji IX GP, and Fuji II LC was the lowest. In the solubility measurement, Fuji IX GP EXTRA, Fuji IX GP, and Fuji II LC increased rapidly to 21 days. After 21 days, there was no significant difference in the three groups. As a result, short term fluoride release affects solubility and microhardness, but long term fluoride release has no correlation. Through this study, the amount of fluoride, microhardness, and solubility of various glass ionomers were evaluated, and these properties could be applied clinically.