On Viscoelastic Viscoelastic Viscoelastic Modelling of Poly Ethylene Terephthalate Behaviour during Multiaxial Elongations Slightly over the Glass Transition Temperature
The mechanical response of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) in elongation is strongly dependent on temperature, strain and strain rate. Near the glass transition temperature Tg, the stress-strain curve presents a strain softening effect vs strain rate but a strain hardening effect vs strain under conditions of large deformations. The main goal of this work is to propose a viscoelastic model to predict the PET behaviour when subjected to large deformations and to determine the material properties from the experimental data. To represent the non–linear effects, an elastic part depending on the elastic equivalent strain and a non-Newtonian viscous part depending on both viscous equivalent strain rate and cumulated viscous strain are tested. The model parameters can then be accurately obtained trough a comparison with the experimental uniaxial and biaxial tests.
Development of texture in poly(ethylene terephthalate) by plane-strain compression
Abstract Morphological alterations induced by plane-strain compression of semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) at 190°C were studied using small-angle and wide-angle X-ray diffraction techniques, polarized light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Based on the observations, a scheme of texture development is outlined. An initially spherulitic morphology transforms into one that comprises stacks of fragmented crystalline lamellae with lamellar normals oriented towards the flow direction. After some initial deformation by interlamellar sliding in the amorphous material (100)[001] chain slip operated throughout the remainder of the deformation. Up to a compression ratio of 2.6 the (100)[001] chain slip mechanism orients lamellar normals towards the compression axis. Further deformation caused fragmentation of the thinned-out lamellae and subsequent reorientation of lamellar normals towards the flow direction. Pole figure analysis indicated cooperative activity of the (100)[001] chain slip and (100)[010] transverse slip during the later stages of texture development. The (100)[010] transverse slip mechanism controlled the orientation of the crystal structure in a plane orthogonal to the flow direction. There was no evidence of (010)[001] chain slip during texture development. At a compression ratio of 3.3 pole figure analysis revealed the existence of a dual unit cell orientation that renders an overall orthotropic symmetry to plane-strain compressed PET.
Traceability strategy for gear-pitch-measuring instruments: development and calibration of a multiball artifact
There is a strong demand to ensure the traceability of gear-measuring instruments (GMIs). We propose a multiball artifact (MBA) for the evaluation of pitch-measuring accuracy. The aim of the MBA is to transfer the minimum uncertainty from a calibrated value at the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) to a measured value of GMIs at a shop floor. The MBA is composed of equally spaced high-accuracy balls around an axis. The pitch-measuring accuracy of GMIs is evaluated by measuring the angular pitch deviation of the balls instead of the angular pitch deviation of a gear. We calibrated the angular pitch deviation using a coordinate measuring instrument (CMM) at the NMIJ and adapting a multiple-orientation technique. We proposed a calibration strategy of the angular pitch deviation. The calibration value of the pitch deviation for the MBA at the NMIJ was obtained with a measurement uncertainty (U95) of 0.2 µm. We evaluated the pitch-measuring accuracy of a GMI using the calibrated MBA. Each value of U95 for the cumulative and single pitch deviations for the left and right flanks was less than or equal to 0.5 µm. The small uncertainty was transferred from the NMIJ to the GMI.