Flux growth and characterisation of rhombohedral BiFeO3-PbTiO3 single crystals
Single crystals of bismuth ferrite-lead titanate (BFPT) were grown using a flux method. Starting from bismuth ferrite, we added lead titanate, to produce a range of compositions within the BiFeO3-PbTiO3 solid solution, through to the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). Using a PbO:Bi2O3 flux, and a cooling rate of 0.5°C/h over the temperature range where crystal growth is expected, our aim was to produce highly pure, good size, crack free rhombohedral single crystals. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the chemical composition and structure of the crystals, and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the crystal structure.
Flux growth of BiFeO3–PbTiO3 single crystals
Abstract Single crystals of BiFeO3–PbTiO3 have been grown from a PbO:Bi2O3 flux by cooling at a rate of 2 °C/h from the melt. Faceted crystals of various morphologies were produced and the size of the crystals ranged from less than 0.5 to 5 mm. The crystals were reflective with smooth facets. Initial measurements were made using scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), quantifying the approximate composition of the crystals. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the crushed and sieved crystals established that the structure was rhombohedral perovskite for the (BiFeO3)0.75–(PbTiO3)0.25 composition and tetragonal perovskite for the (BiFeO3)0.50–(PbTiO3)0.50 composition. X-ray pole figures verified that the (BiFeO3)0.75–(PbTiO3)0.25 crystal had grown with a single orientation, the [1 0 0] direction. As grown, un-poled (BiFeO3)0.75–(PbTiO3)0.25 crystals exhibited a piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of 18 pC/N in the 〈1 0 0〉 direction.
The Legacy of Art in Plastic Surgery
Summary The consistent relationship between surgery and art has been very well documented since 2000 BC. The close relationship between plastic surgery and art is historical and is still expected by the public and our patients. This article emphasizes the many links plastic surgery has with art, and presents a few practical examples of its reverberation in aesthetic and reconstructive plastic surgery procedures. Based on his surgical and actual sculpting activities in the realm of contemporary art, the author elaborates on 7 contributions art education affords the plastic surgery praxis, as an incentive and a reflection of its value to the plastic surgeon’s life.