COLUMNAR APPLE TREES AND THEIR VARIETIES
DOKOUPIL, L., ŘEZNICEK, V.: Columnar apple trees and their varieties. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2012, LX, No. 8, pp. 37-48 The objective of the study was to evaluate selected varieties of columnar apple trees. The trees were monitored over a 3-year period and the focus was on growth, yield and health data. At the same time the quality of the harvested fruit was evaluated aer short storage. The varieties Polka, Bolero, Charlotte, Mc. Intosh Wijcik, Waltz and the control variety Golden Delicious were grown on rootstock M 9. The decisive data characterising the variety were: the height of the elongation, formation of the lateral fruiting spurs, number of fl owers and the amount of harvested fruit. No less important for growth was the health condition of the leaf area and particularly the incidence of fungus diseases; here the monitoring was carried out on six dates and was focused on apple scab and powdery mildew of apple. Infestation of the variety Charlotte with powdery mildew of apple was signifi cantly heavier than infestation of the other varieties. The variety Charlotte was also signifi cantly more aff ected with apple scab and diff ered from the other less infested varieties. The highest number of ripe fruit was produced by the variety Polka; signifi cantly less fruit was produced by the varieties Bolero, Mc. Intosh Wijcik and Waltz. The least number of fruit but the heaviest was produced by the variety Charlotte; the weight of the fruit of this variety was signifi cantly the highest. The variety Polka gave the highest yields. Evaluations of the organoleptic qualities included the appearance of the fruit; highly appraised in this respect was the control variety Golden Delicious, followed by Bolero and Mc. Intosh Wijcik. In terms of the appearance the variety Waltz received the lowest scores. The varieties Mc. Intosh Wijcik and Charlotte had the thickest skin, while the skin of varieties Polka, Golden Delicious and Waltz were of no concern. In terms of the consistence of the fl esh the highest- ranking variety was Golden Delicious, followed by Bolero and Charlotte. The juiciest variety was Golden Delicious, followed by Mc. Intosh Wijcik and Waltz; the least juicy was the variety Charlotte. The tastiest variety was the control variety Golden Delicious, followed by Mc. Intosh Wijcik and Waltz; the least tasty was the variety Bolero. In the overall sum of points appraising the fruit, fl esh and taste the variety Golden Delicious was at the top of the list, followed by Mc. Intosh Wijcik and Waltz. columnar apple trees, growth types, fruit-bearing, apple scab, powdery mildew
Molecular basis of angiosperm tree architecture.
The architecture of trees greatly impacts the productivity of orchards and forestry plantations. Amassing greater knowledge on the molecular genetics that underlie tree form can benefit these industries, as well as contribute to basic knowledge of plant developmental biology. This review describes the fundamental components of branch architecture, a prominent aspect of tree structure, as well as genetic and hormonal influences inferred from studies in model plant systems and from trees with non-standard architectures. The bulk of the molecular and genetic data described here is from studies of fruit trees and poplar, as these species have been the primary subjects of investigation in this field of science.
Negotiating the cultural and economic outcomes of sport heritage attractions: the case of the National Baseball Hall of Fame
ABSTRACT Contemporary museums must balance their roles as commercial entities and repositories of various, and often dissonant, heritages and histories. Sports museums in particular often have clear commercial and nostalgic aims, particularly through tourist visitation, though the extent to which they represent more challenging narratives remains unclear. This paper examines how one of the most famous sports museums in the world, the National Baseball Hall of Fame (NBHF) in Cooperstown, New York, balances its dual role as tourist attraction and repository of baseball's sometimes checkered past. It was found that different sections of the museum provide greater or lesser degrees of engagement with more controversial issues, although the commercial outputs and appeal of the museum remains clear throughout. Utlimately, the NBHF demonstrates that balancing veneration and critique in collections can be commercially prosperous, and can provide a template for other sport and popular culture museums who may be wary of incorporating more challenging narratives in their exhibits. Furthermore, the symbiotic relationship between the Hall of Fame and the village of Cooperstown, particularly in creating and maintaining cultural and economic outputs, requires further exploration.