From Minitrack to NAVSTAR: The early development of the global positioning system, 1955–1975
The paper outlines the early days of satellite navigation, focusing on the work of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) on systems that contributed to the later Global Positioning System (GPS). NRL's innovations included the Minitrack system for space surveillance, the development of high-precision timing systems for use in space, the Timation navigation satellite program, and the first two Navigation Technology Satellites (NTS-1 and NTS-2). NAVSTAR-GPS emerged as a joint Department of Defense (DoD) program in 1973, by which time much of the GPS concept had been developed and a number of GPS technologies had been tested.
Track Optimization Algorithm for Automotive Telematics System
GPS track accuracy forms the building block of automotivetelematics systems. To enhancetrack accuracy more track points are required constraining bandwidth and data storage. This paper presents a GPS track optimizationalgorithm improving GPS track accuracy while maintaining low track point’s count. The algorithm employs a three-step approach;wild-point reckoning, adaptive Kalman filter, and adaptive track-point reduction.Wild-point reckoning method truncates huge deviation in geo-points. Adaptive Kalman filter further reduceserror covariance within GPS data.Track-point reductionoptimize tracking points in GPS data, based on two variables distance and angle, between trackpoints. The algorithm is adaptive to vehicle speed and precision of the GPS receiver to making it universal applicable.The algorithm enhances the efficiency of tracking/telematics system and simultaneouslyreducingDB requirement.The algorithm is a part of the device firmware of Secure Automotive Telematics System (SATS).
Pedagogy of the “Not”: Negation, Exodus, and Postdigital Temporal Regimes
Postdigital capitalist time is an incessant acceleration that acts to homogenize time and wed us to the present, to which we have to constantly catch up. While the impulse of this is no doubt economic (the realization of value), it is crucially undergirded by a pedagogical logic wherein we have to perpetually learn and re-learn the latest apps, social media configurations, operating systems, and so on. Political strategies of resistance thus need to be bolstered by an alternative mode of educational life, and I propose a pedagogy of the “not” as one possibility. Such a pedagogy is an act of suspension that sustains a detachment from the present, clearing out oppositions and thereby exposing us to a radical indeterminacy and potentiality that is always untimely. Suspension is the praxis of negation, which means that negation operates by keeping sense indeterminate to meaning and signification. Rather than suppressing, disavowing, or annihilating the stated content, negation retains even that which is negated. While this would appear as a form of exopedagogy, which withdraws from the dialectic of the private/public, I instead argue that it redefines the terms of any dialectic, redefining the very categories exopedagogy withdraws from. Before concluding, I spend some time with Sandy Grande’s important critiques of Eurocentrism and progress in Western critical education, demonstrating how negation as suspension circumvents these errors through its accommodation of—or, better, insistence on—variegated temporalities and forms of life.