Low threshold current MOVPE grown GaInAs-Al(Ga)InAs separate confinement heterostructure multiquantum well metal-clad ridge-waveguide lasers emitting at 1585 nm
GaInAs-Al(Ga)InAs separate confinement heterostructure (SCH) multiquantum-well (MQW) metal-clad ridge-waveguide (MCRW) laser diodes were successfully fabricated for the first time from layer structures grown by atmospheric pressure (AP) metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) on InP substrate without any use of phosphine. CW operation of 2.9- mu m-wide and 400- mu m-long MCRW laser diodes emitting at 1585 nm was demonstrated with a minimum threshold current of 38 mA.<<ETX>>
GaInAs/AlGaInAs DH and MQW lasers with 1.5-1.7 mu m lasing wavelengths grown by atmospheric pressure MOVPE
The first successful growth and fabrication of long wavelength (1.5-1.7 mu m) DH and MQW lasers by atmospheric pressure MOVPE in a 'phosphorus-free' material system is reported. The GaInAs/AlGaInAs DH and MQW lasers were grown on InP substrates. DH lasers emitting at around 1690 nm exhibit threshold current densities down to 2.8 kA/cm/sup 2/ at 25 degrees C; the characteristic temperature is 50 K in the 15-55 degrees C range. First MQW lasers with 1565 nm emission wavelength have threshold current densities around 3.2 kA/cm/sup 2/. >
Climate change, disasters and electricity generation
Abbrevia ons Foreword 1. Introduc on 8 2. The impacts of changing climate pa erns and changing disaster risks on energy 9 op ons and electricity genera on infrastructure 2.1 The rela onship between climate change and disaster risks 10 2.2 The impact of changing climate pa erns and changing disaster risks on electricity 11 genera on from fossil fuels 2.3 The impact of changing climate pa erns and changing disaster risks on electricity 14 from nuclear power 2.4 The impact of changing climate pa erns and changing disaster risks on electricity 17 genera on from renewable energy 2.4.1 Hydropower 17 2.4.2 Wind Energy 19 2.4.3 Bioenergy 22 2.4.4 Solar Energy 24 3. Climate change and changing disaster risks: implica ons for energy policy and 26 planning