Country report : Serbia
This report has been produced by the CITSEE project (The Europeanisation of Citizenship in the Successor States of the former Yugoslavia) in close cooperation with EUDO CITIZENSHIP. CITSEE is a project based at Edinburgh University Law School and funded by an Advanced Investigator Award for basic research made to Jo Shaw by the European Council.
The Constitutional Mosaic Across the Boundaries of the European Union: Citizenship Regimes in the New States of South Eastern Europe
This paper begins by examining the relationship between citizenship of the European Union and national citizenship, and in particular the significance of EU law for the regulation of the acquisition and loss of citizenship in EU Member States, as part of a wider enquiry into how the citizenship regimes of the seven 'successor states' of the former Yugoslavia can be located within a 'constitutional mosaic' of overlapping and sometimes competing legal norms. It identifies six primary instruments whereby non-state sources of law impact upon the citizenship regimes of these states: compliance with international human rights norms; EU conditionality; direct intervention by international organisations; direct supervision by international organisations; other forms of international pressure; and overlapping citizenship regimes between the successor states. As part of a wider task of shifting attention onto the citizenship regimes of these states in the context of processes of Europeanisation as well as polity-building at the state and regional level, the paper concludes that polity-building and the processes of constructing citizenship regimes will remain closely intertwined for the foreseeable future.
Copper Phthalocyanine Improving Nonaqueous Catalysis of Pseudomonas cepacia Lipase for Ester Synthesis
The nonaqueous catalysis of lipases is significant for synthesis of high pure esters, but they usually behave low catalytic activity due to denaturation and aggregation of enzyme protein in organic phases. To improve the nonaqueous catalysis, the inexpensive copper phthalocyanine was taken as a new carrier on which Pseudomonas cepacia lipase was immobilized by physical absorption, and used for synthesis of hexyl acetate, an important flavor, via transesterification of hexanol and vinyl acetate. Results showed that the desired loading was 10 mg lipase immobilized on 10 mg copper phthalocyanine powder. When the immobilized lipase was employed in the reaction system consisted of 1.5 mL hexanol and 1.5 mL vinyl acetate at 37℃ and 160 rpm, the conversion was five fold of that catalyzed by native lipase after 1 h, and reached 99.0% after 8 h. Undergoing six times of 8-h reuses, the immobilized lipase had an activity attenuation rate 1.22% h− 1, lower than 1.77% h− 1 of native lipase, which meant that the immobilized lipase was more stable. Even at the room temperature and the static state without shaking or stirring, the immobilized lipase could bring conversion 42.8% after 10 h and the native lipase gave 20.1%. Obviously, the immobilized lipase is an available biocatalyst in organic phase and has great potential in food industry.