Lightning protection, earthing and surge protection of base transmission stations
An effective lightning protection design for a telecommunication facility requires an integrated approach to a number of key factors: • Protection against direct lightning strikes • Effective earth termination network for discharge of lightning current • Integration of power supply and lightning protection earthing systems • Extensive equipotential bonding to prevent electric shock • Mitigation for ground potential rise • Prevention of conducted surges to equipment cabin • Mitigation of LEMP This paper examines the challenges and solutions in the integration of lightning protection, earthing and surge protection for a base transmission station comprising a telecom tower and an equipment cabin, taking into consideration external power source via overhead lines.
Grounds for Grounding: A Circuit to System Handbook
the 2008 National Electrical Code and the NEC 2008 Handbook respectively. A home's In addition, all of the home's branch circuits and feeders system. They each have different functions, but they work together to make the building's extends the ground connection — and the Code defines “ground” as the earth. Abstract: This article outlines power, ground PCB, and system layout hints Just like a high-rise building in earthquake-prone areas, great circuit design 5. American Technical Ceramics, Circuit Designer's Notebook, (Capacitor handbook).
Genotypic diversity in field isolates of Babesia bovis from cattle with babesiosis after vaccination.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether particular genotypes of Babesia bovis were common to field isolates obtained from cattle properties in Queensland where the B bovis vaccine had apparently failed.


DESIGN
A comparative study of polymerase chain reaction genotypes in different populations of B bovis.


PROCEDURE
Two polymerase chain reaction assays were applied to analyse DNA extracts of B bovis vaccine (K, T and Dixie strains) and 27 field isolates from 24 properties where disease outbreaks had occurred despite the use of the vaccine. To evaluate the stability of the genotypes identified, 11 of the field isolates were inoculated into experimental cattle that had either been previously vaccinated with T strain or not vaccinated.


RESULTS
No particular genotype of B bovis was responsible for the problems observed in previously vaccinated herds. None of the isolates had genotypes identical to the vaccine strains used. No geographic trends among the genotypes were observed. Isolates that originated from the same property also had different genotypes. Blood passage of the 11 field isolates in either previously vaccinated or nonvaccinated cattle did not alter the original genotype.


CONCLUSION
No particular genotypes identified by the Bv80 and BvVA1 polymerase chain reaction assays could be associated with vaccine failures.