Characterization of the materials in golf ball construction for use in finite element analysis
The overall aim of the present work is to develop suitable material tests and use the acquired data to produce a fully validated finite element (FE) model that is capable of predicting hysteresis during cyclic loading as well as coefficient of restitution (COR) on high speed impacts. This paper reports the detailed experimental study that has been carried out in order to establish accurate and reliable material properties of a two-piece golf ball. The data has been used with FE package ABAQUS to produce a model of the ball which takes into account material heterogeneity. © 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. "
Impact analysis of model combined by hand-arm and golf club when striking ball
Golf is an extremely popular activity that over 60 million of people enjoy playing it. Overuse injuries associated with the back, neck, wrist, shoulder, elbow, knee, etc., are common for both professional and amateur player due to golf swing. A lot of researchers investigate the mechanical behavior of golf club or biological response of human body individually. But there is little study on the dynamic interaction between the hand-arm and golf club mashie (HAGCM) when striking ball. Solidworks package is used to draw the 3D geometric model of a left hand-arm contacted at the grip of the golf club. Then the 3D biomechanical model is imported into ANSYS software for transient (impact) analysis. Due to complicated geometry of the sharp edge at the club head and the hand-arm, the tetrahedral element is applied for all components of HAGCM to save computer resource during ANSYS process. Finite element convergence test is obtained before any further analysis. In order to simulate the ball-striking, the hitting surface of the club head is subjected to the impact force of 22 N within 0.01 seconds. All the deformations, principle and shear stresses of the time response found in the vibrating golf head, shaft, grip and hand are compared with each other. Normal and eccentric impact analyses for HAGCM are examined as well. The angular velocity found in eccentric impact is much higher than that in normal impact, and it will cause the muscle to exert more power to hold the golf club.
Local public health agency performance and community health status.
This study describes the results of an analysis of the relationship between local public health agency performance and health outcomes. Findings support the model that local public health agency performance affects community health status, and depending on the outcome, performance contributions vary. New hypotheses are offered that could help determine how system performance affects health outcomes.