Retarding field energy analyzers for the ion temperature measurements in the SOL plasmas of the tokamak ISTTOK and the TJ-II stellarator
Measurements of the ion temperature in the plasma boundary of fusion devices typically employs the Retarding Field Analyzer (RFA) that is based on selective rejecting or retarding the plasma ions by a varying braking electric field. Normally, the RFA comprises an input slit and collector electrode with two or more separately biased fine grids placed in front of it. With an assumption of Maxwellian ion distribution, the exponential decay of the RFA collector currentvoltage characteristic is determined by the ion temperature. This contribution describes 1- and 3channels RFAs for the ion temperature measurements in the scrape-off-layer of the tokamak ISTTOK and the TJ-II stellarator. Selected results of the ion temperature measurements on the ISTTOK and the TJ-II are presented. In addition, limitations related to the RFA operation (including the alignment along magnetic field direction and plasma loading) are considered.
Measurements of ion energies in the tokamak plasma boundary
Abstract Measurements of ion energies in the boundary of tokamak plasmas in L-mode discharges and during ELMs are reviewed. A profile of the ion-to-electron temperature ratio T i / T e from the edge of the confined plasma into the scrape-off layer (SOL) is produced by compiling the available T i measurements. The picture that emerges is that in the SOL, as well as in the edge, T i is systematically higher than T e (ratios up to 10 just outside the last closed flux surface) for most plasma parameter regimes. Far SOL ELM ion energies measured in JET, and more recently in MAST and AUG, agree with the models of the ELM transients, providing strong evidence that ELM ions can reach the first wall with significant fraction of the pedestal energies.
The Alzheimer's Disease Home Hospice Knowledge Scale: development, validity and reliability.
BACKGROUND
Several instruments are available to assess knowledge about hospice care, but none specifically address knowledge about home hospice for persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD).


AIM
To develop and validate the Alzheimer's Disease Home Hospice Knowledge Scale (AD-HHK-S).


METHODS
A total of 107 Israeli family caregivers of persons with dementia (mean age=71.2; 73% female) participated in the study.


RESULTS
The AD-HHK-S included 28 true/false items assessing 3 areas of knowledge: knowledge about hospice, knowledge about home hospice, and knowledge about home hospice for AD. Good internal reliability was found, with Cronbach alpha ranging from 0.72 to 0.85. Good face, construct and predictive validity were found.


CONCLUSIONS
The AD-HHK-S proved to be a valid and reliable tool to assess knowledge about hospice care in the area of AD. It might provide an effective tool for palliative care nurses to communicate with family caregivers of persons with AD at the end of life.