Perspectives on Regionalism in (Southern) Africa
This review essay uses the works of Nana Poku (2001), James Sidaway (2002) and Andrew Grant and Fredrik Soderbaum (2003) as principal texts for the discussion on regionalism in Africa. Together, the works of both authors create an elaborate text on regionalism in the continent and provide the intellectual space for re-assessing regionalisation in (southern) Africa against the backdrop of discourses of regionalism elsewhere. The essay is not intended to offer book reviews. Rather, the aim is to tease out salient points in the texts in order to bring them into a coherent discussion. The intensive re-conceptualisation of regions, place, space and scale has yielded a quite different appreciation of regions and their formation than what the areal differentiation school of thought once offered. The result has been to conceive spatial differentiation in terms of practices and processes rather than some given or preconceived qualities. Accordingly, 'it has become typical to understand regions as historically contingent social processes emerging as a constellation of institutionalised practices, power relations and discourse' (Paasi, 2004, p. 540). In this sense, spatial differentiation cannot be reduced to a single scale (Duncan and Savage, 1989). Agents of regionalism are not necessarily limited to the regional scale, but are part of a constellation of practices and a mix of actors. As Beauregard (1995, p. 239) has correctly noted, 'once we focus our attention on the agents who literally make scale, the partitioning of space into global-national-regional-local seems simplistic . . . In fact, it is the mix of those actors, and the distribution of influence among them, that results in such places becoming regional, national or international nodes in the world-system'. It can be argued that the ramification of power relations, together with changes in the nature and scales at which regions are formed, render the notion of the region unstable. Indeed, calls for new regionalisms have become a familiar feature of the debate
The New Regionalism in Africa
Contents: Foreword, Christopher Clapham Preface, Timothy M. Shaw Introduction: the new regionalism in Africa, J. Andrew Grant and Fredrik SA derbaum. Part I: Regional Perspectives: New regionalism as an alias: regionalization through trans-state networks, Daniel C. Bach Weak states, strong regimes: towards a 'Real' political economy of African regionalization, Morten BA,A[yen]s New regionalism, states and non-state actors in West Africa, Okechukwu C. Iheduru Regional development-environment discourses, policies and practices in post-Apartheid Southern Africa, David Simon. Part II: National Perspectives: Deteriorating human security in Kenya: domestic, regional and global dimensions, Stephen Brown New regionalism and conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo: networks of plunder and networks for peace, Sandra J. MacLean New regionalism and micro-regionalism in South-Western Africa: the oil-rich enclave of Cabinda, J. Andrew Grant Angola after Savimbi: new hope for the South/Central region? J. ZA e Wilson and Arsene Bwenge Mwaka Cold War regional hangovers in Southern Africa: Zambian development strategies, SADC and the new regionalism approach, Eve Sandberg and Naomi Sabel. Part III: Conclusions: Regionalization, the state and human security/development in Africa: thoughts for advancing the debate, Kevin C. Dunn and James J. Hentz The future of new regionalism in Africa: regional governance, human security/development and beyond, Timothy M. Shaw, Fredrik SA derbaum, Julius E. Nyang'oro and J. Andrew Grant Bibliography Index.
A study of the local tissue reactions in man to cortisone and compound F. VI. Histopathological studies of the local effect of compound F in normal and pathologic skin of man.
After our previous negative studies (1) of the local effect of cortisone acetate in the skin of man, a year ago, a parallel study of 17-hydroxycorticosterone-21-acetate, Compound F, was outlined. Theoretically, Compound F should be the active steroid. It was so suggested by Rothman (2), that in all probability Compound F and not cortisone would be active locally in the skin of man.