Field breaker tripping options for generator static excitation systems with AC field circuit breakers - A case study
Short circuit contributions from synchronous generators can persist for several seconds even after the field circuit breaker is opened. Delayed tripping of an AC field circuit breaker can allow faster reduction of generator field current in some circumstances. Faster reduction of generator field current will reduce the energy in a short circuit and consequently reduce the damage caused by the short circuit. This paper describes a case study examining the issues associated with the decision to delay tripping of AC field circuit breakers.
Modern technical aspects of Field Discharge equipment for excitation systems
The ANSI/IEEE C37.18 1979 ldquostandard enclosed field discharge circuit breakers for rotating electrical machineryrdquo [1] has passed through several reaffirmations and still valid until 2008. This standard provides excellent information and is widely used as basis for the specification, design and testing of field discharge equipment. However, the content of this standard still reflecting the technological state of the art for equipments designed and manufactured during the time that this standard was being approved for the first time (1976). This paper contains an overview of the actual technological aspects of field discharge equipment in terms of available technology, design criteria and practical executions. The information of this paper could be partially used for future actualization of the IEC37.18.
X-rays and photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice
It is well known that excessive X-ray radiation can cause non-melanoma skin cancers. With the increased incidence of sun-related skin cancer there is a need to investigate the combination of sunlight and X-rays. Immunocompetent C3.Cg/TifBomTac mice (n = 298) were divided into 12 groups. Mice were irradiated with 12, 29 or 50 kV X-rays. The mice received a total dose of 45 Gy. They were irradiated with 3 SED simulated solar radiation (SSR) either before or after irradiation with X-rays. The groups irradiated with X-rays alone, 0, 3, 9 and 10 mice (0, 12, 29 and 50 kV, respectively) developed squamous cell carcinoma. In the groups irradiated with SSR after X-rays the development of tumours was significantly faster in the 50 kV group than in the corresponding control group (175 vs. 194 days, p < 0.001). In the groups irradiated with SSR prior to the X-ray radiation the development of tumours was significantly faster in the 29 and the 50 kV groups than in the corresponding control group (175 vs. 202 days, p < 0.001 and 158 vs. 202 days, p < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, X-ray radiation alone is a weak carcinogen in hairless mice. There is an added carcinogenic effect if X-ray radiation is given on prior sun-exposed skin or if the skin is sun-exposed after X-rays. We still believe that X-ray radiation is a safe and effective therapy for various dermatological diseases but caution should be observed if a patient has severely sun-damaged skin or has a high-risk sun behaviour.