Emile Souvestre: Breton, Christian, and Republican in nineteenth century France
Title of Document: EMILE SOUVESTRE: BRETON, CHRISTIAN, AND REPUBLICAN IN NINETEENTH CENTURY FRANCE Cara Anne Gadel, Master of Arts, 2007 Directed By: Professor Donald M. G. Sutherland, Department of History While scholars of French history tend to divide nineteenth century French intellectuals into two camps anti-clerical leftwing Republican Revolutionaries versus rightwing Catholic traditionalists, Emile Souvestre represented a middle ground, and perhaps better represented the average French person as well. Souvestre, a prolific nineteenth century Breton writer, was a devout Christian and a Republican. This thesis explores the forces of regionalism, religion, and politics on Souvestre and his writings. EMILE SOUVESTRE: BRETON, CHRISTIAN, AND REPUBLICAN IN NINETEENTH CENTURY FRANCE.
Republicanism and Utopian Vision: French Freemasonry in the 1860s and 1870s
The republican movement in France, it is said, broke with its revolutionary past in the 1860s and 1870s and embarked on a new course of pragmatism. An aging generation of leaders, the vieilles barbes of 1848, was shunted aside by new men, the so-called positivist generation. Legalistic and sober minded, the positivists eschewed utopian posturing; they spurned the sentimental and fraternalist rhetoric of the old quarante-huitards. And such reasonableness paid off. The Second Republic born of the revolution of 1848 had survived less than four years. The Third Republic, the handiwork of the positivist generation, lasted almost seventy.' The evolution of Freemasonry is often cited as an illustration of such generational and ideological shifts. Masonry experienced an explosion of recruitment under the Empire. The number of ateliers affiliated with the Grand Orient, France's largest Masonic body, shot up from 244 in 1857 to 392 in 1870.2 A new generation entered the lodges, espousing a new doctrine, an "all-powerful" "scientific positivism." And with positivism came republican commitment, but of a liberal, not radical, cast.3 No moment more neatly dramatized the tightening bonds between Masonry, positivism, and liberal republicanism than the much-publicized initiation of Emile Littre and Jules Ferry into the Masonic rite in 1875. In the lodges then a small-scale version of a much wider transformation was played out: the deradicalization of republicanism at the hands of a rising generation of positivists. In this article, I want to suggest a different view of the evolution of Freemasonry and by implication a different assessment of the ideological currents that fed into the Third Republic. The Second Empire made a concerted effort to stifle public life in the 1850s, to bend to its will all
Affordable housing in London
Introduction. The Housing Situation in London. Housing, Land Use Planning, and the Government of London, a Brief History. Land Use Regulations. Positive Local Authority Powers in London. Sources of Affordable Housing: the Rented Sectors. Grants to Assist Access to Affordable Housing. Conclusions. Bibliography.