Interest and Ideology in the Study of Agrarian Politics
Guatemala or Cuba in the 1950s; to Vietnam or the Dominican Republic in the 1960s; or to Iran or Nicaragua in the 1970s. Broken into its component parts, the quotation elucidates several interesting themes. The U S. will trouble a landed class, if trouble means the midwifery necessary to bring forth a capitalist baby from a feudal womb, especially when the alternative is a Communist caesarian. A peasant is conservative not because of some inherent predisposition, but because of the interests that motivate him: small-holding farmer interests beget conservatism. Last, a land system controlled almost exclusively by fourteen families (as in El Salvador) begets revolution of the wrong kind. The U. S. is in the business of fomenting revolution of the right kind: breeding capitalists like little bunnies. The case happens to have been El Salvador, and this case also happens to have certain interesting characteristics. In addition to those mentioned above, it possesses a very poor and largely illiterate peasantry that until recently seemed caught up in a web of patronclient ties that hamstrung peasants and defeated radical organizers.
The Agrarian Revolution
ture.&dquo; Their attention had been focussed for a long while on the various Indian tribes as a favored field of investigation, and, more recently, on the inhabitants of large or middle-sized American cities. This scientific &dquo;isolationism&dquo; had, therefore, effectively hidden from them the condition of the two-thirds of humanity who are neither &dquo;primitives&dquo; nor citydwellers but, rather, peasants. Robert Redfield, whose first inquiries took him to Mexico, there encountered what he called &dquo;folk culture.&dquo;’ Dispersed about the globe, his students brought back studies which led him to think that &dquo;peasant society and culture have a generic quality. This species of human organization has
Single step formation of biocompatible bimetallic alloy nanoparticles of gold and silver using isonicotinylhydrazide.
Manufacturing nanoparticles with controlled physicochemical properties using environment-friendly routes have potential to open new prospects for a variety of applications. Accordingly, several approaches have been established for manufacturing metal nanoparticles. Many of these approaches entail the use of hazardous chemicals and could be toxic to the environment, and cannot be used readily for biomedical applications. In the present work, we report a single step bio-friendly approach to formulate gold (Au), silver (Ag), and Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles with desired surface corona and composition using isonicotinylhydrazide (INH) as a reducing agent. INH also functioned as a stabilizing agent by enabling a surface corona around the nanoparticles. Remarkably, within a single step INH could also provide a handle in regulating the composition of Au and Ag in bimetallic systems without any additional chemical modification. The physicochemical and surface properties of the different nanoparticles thus obtained have been examined by analytical, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Cell cytotoxicity (release of lactate dehydrogenase), cell viability and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays confirmed that the Au, Ag, and Au-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles prepared with INH are biocompatible. Finally, the presence of organic surface corona of INH on the nanoparticles was found to impart nanozyme activity and antimycobacterial sensitivity to the nanoparticles.