Estado, crédito e planejamento no desempenho da indústria da construção naval brasileira 1990-2010
The aim of this paper is discuss the recent economic history of the Brazilian shipbuilding industry from 1990 to 2010, highlighting the role of the state, through public policies for the domestic industry and credit linked to the Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Economico e Social (BNDES). During the period last 20 years, the Brazilian shipbuilding sector has undergone two distinct phases: partial dismantling and recovery activities. In addition to the introduction and final considerations, the article is divided into three topics. In the first, we will present a brief characterization of the shipbuilding industry highlighting its productive aspects, organizational and global participation. Will be detailed the process of dismantling part of the shipbuilding industry, focusing on the process of denationalization and in the absence of public policies more intensive. And, finally, will be feature the resumption of activities anchored in the naval orders from Petrobras and offshore vessels.
História Econômica da Construção Naval no Brasil: Formação de Aglomerado e Performance Inovativa
O objetivo deste artigo e descrever e analisar a formacao e a expansao do aglomerado inter-relacionado de estaleiros para a construcao naval, localizado no Rio de Janeiro e em Niteroi. Serao apresentadas as condicoes concretas que possibilitaram o Estado do Rio de Janeiro implantar uma moderna industria da construcao naval pesada, pos-1960, a partir do padrao de acumulacao da economia brasileira. Destacaremos o papel desempenhado pela industria motriz na promocao de uma performance inovadora, por meio de encomendas e aquisicoes. O texto esta dividido em dois periodos: construcao naval no Imperio (1822-1889) e na Republica (1889-1956). Em cada periodo, serao analisados, separadamente, os seguintes topicos: Arsenal de Marinha da Corte e do Rio de Janeiro, estaleiros privados e Marinha Mercante. Na conclusao, serao abordadas as dificuldades enfrentadas pelo Arsenal e pelos estaleiros privados, na transicao tecnologica das embarcacoes de madeira para o ferro e o aco.
Italian Influence on the Development of Calvinist Scholasticism
THIS ARTICLE TRIES to show that the rise of Calvinist scholasticism, which was the most important development in Calvinist theology during the second half of the sixteenth century, stemmed largely from several converging Italian influences, particularly from the writings of Peter Martyr Vermigli and Jerome Zanchi. Here Calvinist theology refers not only to the personal thought of John Calvin but also to the teachings of the founders of the Reformed or Calvinist tradition as it spread out from Geneva and Switzerland to France, Germany, England, Scotland, Poland, and the Low Countries. In this context Calvin emerges as the brightest star in a galaxy of Reformed theologians which includes Heinrich Bullinger, Pierre Viret, Theodore Beza and Wolfgang Musculus as well as Martyr, Zanchi and others. These theologians were often more influential than Calvin himself at a given place or time or on a given point of doctrine. Bullinger, Martyr, and Martin Bucer were all more important for spreading Calvinist ideas to Edwardian England than was John Calvin. Early Elizabethan Protestantism looked more to Zurich than to Geneva, as did early Polish Calvinism. German Calvinism owed more to Heidelberg than to Geneva.' These leaders developed their theologies sometimes in mutual dependence, sometimes with surprising independence. By no means was their relation to Calvin simply that of disciple to master, for each gave a personal nuance to his style of Calvinism. Thus the sixteenth century Jesuit Cornelius Schulting states on the opening page of his five volume polemic against Calvin and Peter Martyr that Martyr was clearer and far more learned than Calvin.2 Recently John Bray has pointed out that research in seventeenth century Calvinism leads "to the conclusion that the impact of Calvin upon the Calvinistic movement has been greatly over-rated. It may well be that some of