Input-output and the firm: Some comments
Morrison W. I. (1973) Input-output and the firm: Some comments, Reg. Studies 7, 253–256. This paper continues the debate started by Tiebout and continued recently in Regional Studies by Hewings and Greytak, who both suggested that a method originally proposed by Tiebout could be used to integrate an individual firm into a regional input-output table. Tiebout's approach is considered in some detail, and a number of critical comments are made. It is shown that Tiebout's method was not intended for use in the way Hewings intimated, and, consequently, many of Greytak's criticisms become less important. Finally, it is suggested that an iterative approach to the Leontief inverse is often most suitable in impact studies.
Estimating Interregional Economic Impacts: An Evaluation of Nonsurvey, Semisurvey, and Full-Survey Methods
Literature shows that nonsurvey input–output tables tend to produce regional multipliers with systematic upward biases. This paper explores the related, relatively uncharted territory of nonsurvey versus survey impact studies by means of a series of simulations. The base case is provided by a very detailed five region survey of both the forward and the backward impacts of the energy-distribution sector in the four northern provinces of the Netherlands. To deal adequately with the two-sided dependence between a firm or sector and a region, as opposed to using the traditional (gross) multipliers, we argue in favor of using a new multiplier concept: the net multiplier. Next, from examining alternative impact study methods ranging from quick and dirty, via semiextensive, to full-survey methods, we conclude that using even aggregate, first-order impact information is more important than using a very detailed survey-based input–output model.
Practical, legal, and ethical issues in expanded access to investigational drugs.
The authors review the FDA policies and procedures that permit some patients with serious conditions to receive investigational drugs before formal product approval and examine the legal and ethical issues associated with expanded access.