Response ofMatsucoccus thunbergianae males to synthetic sex pheromone and its utilization for monitoring the spread of infestation
Attraction of (2E,4E,6R,10R)-4,6,10,12-tetramethyl-2,4-tridecadien-7-one [1; (6R,10R)-matsuone] and its antipode [2; (6S,10S)-matsuone] toMatsucoccus thunbergianae males was studied in the laboratory and in the field. They showed stronger response to1. In laboratory bioassays, the threshold concentrations for male attraction with1 and2 were 16 fg and 150 pg, respectively. In the field, during the first two days after traps were set, traps baited with 50 µg of1 on rubber septa or filter paper rolls caught more males than control traps. Between the sixth day and the tenth day after traps were set, in a daily trap catch experiment, the traps with 50 µg of1 on filter paper rolls caught more males than control traps on one day only, whereas those on rubber septa were always effective. The shape of the traps did not affect male catches. Males were caught on pheromone traps in locations where no scales were found by the customary detecting procedures.
Effect of fenitrothion on different life stages of black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae
Abstract Black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae, is one of the most destructive pests of black pine trees throughout Korea. Toxicities of five commercially available insecticides for scale insects were compared in the laboratory with that of buprofezin 40SC, which is currently used to treat the disease in Korea. Fenitrothion 50EC and buprofezin 40SC significantly suppressed the adult emergence of intermediated male nymphs when exposed to the recommended-field concentrations (RFCs) of 500 and 4,000 ppm, respectively. Fenitrothion 50EC was effective against male pupae even at one-fifth of the RFC, and showed no significant difference from buprofezin 40SC. Fenitrothion 50EC caused significantly higher mortality than buprofezin 40SC towards intermediate female nymphs and eggs, even at half RFC, and on female adults at one-tenth of its RFC. In a field test in a black pine arboretum, 50 ppm of fenitrothion 50EC was equally effective to its RFC (500 ppm) on the settled crawlers. Toxicities of fenitrothion 50EC and buprofezin 40SC to humans, other mammals, and non-target organisms are discussed. Fenitrothion 50EC can be used for urgent control of M. thunbergianae in limited outbreak areas at lower concentrations than its RFC.
Clinical chemical values and variations in Rasa Aragonesa ewes and lambs
Reference values of biochemical parameters in serum of Rasa Aragonesa ewes and their physiological variations were determined. Total proteins were 53.0–80.0 g/l, glucose 2.17–5.13 mmol/l, cholesterol 0.83–2.31 mmol/l, total bilirubin 1.85–6.49 μmol/l, urea 3.15–10.39 mmol/l, GGT 36–93 U/l (37°C), ALAT 11–33 U/l (37°C) and ASAT 71–209 U/l (37°C). Ewes were divided into three groups: A, 1- and 2-year-old ewes; B, ewes 3 and 4 years old; C, older ewes. Age had significant influence (P<0.05) on ASAT only during pregnancy, with higher levels for younger ewes. Blood parameters in lambs were determined at 5–10 d of life (nursing), 25 to 30 d of life receiving their mother's milk and 80–90 g of feed; and 45 to 50 d of life, weaned, receiving only solid feed. Serum urea and ALAT tended to increase with age, whereas total protein, globulins, cholesterol and GGT decreased with age. These values are of practical importance in the diagnosis of diseases and metabolic disorders in Rasa Aragonesa ewes and lambs under field conditions.