Fiddler on the Tree - A Bush-Cricket Species with Unusual Stridulatory Organs and Song
Insects of the order Orthoptera are well-known for their acoustic communication. The structures used for this purpose show a high diversity which obviously relates to differences in song parameters and to the physics of sound production. Here we describe song and morphology of the sound producing organs of a tropical bush-cricket, Ectomoptera nepicauda, from East Africa. It has a very unusual calling song consisting of frequency-modulated, pure-tone sounds in the high ultrasonic range of 80 to120 kHz and produced by extremely fast wing movements. Concerning morphology, it represents the most extreme state in the degree of left-right fore-wing differentiation found among Orthoptera: the acoustic parts of the left fore-wing consist exclusively of the stridulatory file, comparable in function to the bow of a violin, while the right wing carries only the plectrum ( =  string) and mirror ( =  soundbox).
High ultrasonic and tremulation signals in neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Myopophyllum speciosum is a pseudophylline katydid (Tettigoniidae) from the neotropics that generates unusually high ultrasonic frequencies as the dominant carrier in its calling song. Male calls average only 148 ms duration and are given at long intervals: 8.7 s. Pairing is completed with vibrational signals, generated at closer range by body oscillation (tremulation). Two distinctive vibrational motor patterns, short and long, are produced by both sexes. Physical parameters of the sound and vibratory signals of this species are described. The relatively high-Q carrier frequency (mean = 81 kHz) varies between males over a range of 20 kHz but does not predict a singer's body size. Short tremulations are much more intense than long as measured by acceleration. Descriptions of the songs of three other pseudophylline species with unusually high principal carriers (65–105 kHz) are also presented. 
 
 
 
Eavesdropping by predatory bats offers the most plausible selective explanation for the features of M. speciosum's signal system. This hypothesis is supported by the species' sexually dimorphic defensive spination: males, the sound-signalling sex, have metafemoral spines of greater size and distinctive orientation. Evidence for eavesdropping and for alternative hypotheses is assessed. Other neotropical tettigoniids in rainforest understorey also employ elaborate vibratory signals (species of Choeroparnops, Schedocentrus, Docidocercus, Copiphora) and some show a trend to reduce or even to eliminate their use of airborne sound. Some rainforest tettigoniids may have replaced acoustic with vibrational signalling as a response to bat eavesdropping.
Implementation of Tourism Satellite Account: Assessing the Contribution of Tourism to the Croatian Economy
Compiling the indicators of tourism consumption and the output of tourism industries, Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) provides a framework for internationally harmonized measurements of direct macroeconomic contribution of tourism. Ivandic and Marusic provide a detailed methodological approach for the transfer of TSA theoretical concepts to the assessment of tourism economic contribution on the case of the Croatia. Giving that the TSA compilation is still characterized by a surprisingly wide range of ‘styles’ used, the chapter contributes to a better understanding of the issues related to measurement of direct tourism impacts. It also gives a set of baseline criteria for resource allocation within tourism policy and the further evaluation of its effectiveness.