A Practical Approach for Design of Marine Propellers with Systematic Propeller Series
Original scientific paper Although there have been important developments in marine propellers since their first use in 1850, the main concept has been conserved. Parallel to the developments in the computer technologies in the past 50 years, methods based on the circulation theory are often used for the design and analysis of propellers. Due to the ability to predict the propulsion performance with just a few design parameters, the use of systematic propeller series based on open water model experiments is still widespread. The design with standard propeller series is usually made with diagrams developed from model experiments. Reading errors during the use of these diagrams are inevitable. In the presented study a practical approach is developed for preventing reading errors and time loss during the design with standard propeller series. A practical approach based on empirical formulas for the design and performance prediction for four-bladed Wageningen B propeller series is presented, and design applications for three propellers with different loading conditions are realized. The results obtained from the presented method are compared with those of open water diagram data and a good agreement between the results is observed.
The E ect of Wake Flow and Skew Angle on the Ship Propeller Performance
This paper provides an investigation into the in uence of wake and skew on a ship propeller performance, based on the potential Boundary Element Method (BEM). Two types of in ow wake from a ship (i.e. Seiun-Maru and MS689) have been investigated for two propeller types; a Conventional Propeller (CP) and a Highly Skewed Propeller (HSP). The computed results include pressure distribution, open water characteristics and thrust uctuation for one blade and for all blades of the propeller. Calculations of the unsteady pressure distributions, thrust and torque are in good agreement with experimental data. In addition, the e ect of propeller skew angle on the performance of thrust and torque, is investigated.
A bifunctional Cr/Yb/Tm:Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 phosphor with near-infrared long-lasting phosphorescence and upconversion luminescence.
Currently, upconversion nanocrystals and long-lasting phosphorescent particles have attracted extensive research interest for their possible applications as bioimaging probes. However, there are few reports concerning the achievement of both upconversion luminescence of lanthanide ions and long-lasting phosphorescence of transition metal ions in a sole host so far. Herein, we demonstrate a novel calcium gallium germanium garnet (Ca3Ga2Ge3O12) host where lanthanide ions such as Tm(3+)/Yb(3+) and transition metal ions such as Cr(3+) can be easily incorporated through substituting the Ca(2+) and Ga(3+) respectively. This Cr/Yb/Tm:Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 phosphor exhibits both broadband near-infrared long-lasting phosphorescence of Cr(3+) with an afterglow time of more than 7000 s and near-infrared to near-infrared upconversion luminescence of Tm(3+). Impressively, it is evidenced that the addition of Yb(3+)/Tm(3+) into Cr:Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 not only results in Tm(3+) upconversion luminescence but also greatly increases Cr(3+) afterglow time. Based on excitation/emission, three-dimensional thermoluminescence, and time-resolved luminescence spectra, the related long-lasting phosphorescence and upconversion luminescent mechanisms are systematically discussed as well.