REDD+ and Forest Carbon Rights in Fiji: Background Legal Analysis
The introduction of the mechanism Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) under the UNFCCC provided developing countries with the prospect of a financial incentive to reduce their levels of deforestation and forest degradation. The report discusses forest carbon rights and the ownership of the rights in the context of land tenure and the existing laws, particularly in relation to land, forests and timber rights in Fiji. Consideration is given to how a REDD+ policy might be implemented in Fiji, including the appropriate repository of forest carbon rights, the reconciliation of competing rights to lands and forests and necessary administrative arrangements and legislative changes.
World Atlas of Mangroves
Foreword Preface Introduction 1. Mangrove Ecosystems 2. Mangroves and Man 3. Mapping Mangroves Regional Chapters Western Indian Ocean 4. Eastern and Southern Africa 5. The Middle East 6. South Asia Eastern Asia and Australia/New Zealand 7. Southeast Asia 8. East Asia 9. Australia and New Zealand Pacific Ocean 10. Pacific Islands Americas 11. North and Central America and the Caribbean 12. South America West and Central Africa 13. West and Central Africa Annex 1: Species Ranges Annex 2: References for National Statistics Index
Did the metamorphosis from Export Processing Zones to Special Economic Zones improve the efficiency of trade enclaves in India?
In this paper, the efficiency of seven conventional Special Economic Zones in India is analyzed, by adopting a stochastic production frontier technique, for the period between 1986–1987 and 2007–2008.Results indicate that although the efficiency scores of these enclaves have improved over the years, specifically with the introduction of the SEZ policy (2000–2001), it is far below the threshold level as identified in the literature. Besides, one can also observe a discrepancy emerging between better export earning zones and efficient zones. On the determinants side, policy intervention and large geographical area, accompanied by clustering of units, are found to have impacted the efficiency scores of these enclaves positively.