Energy in the Soviet Union
Abstract A prominent commentator on Eastern European affairs takes up some points raised by J.H. Chesshire and Miss C. Huggett in their paper, ‘Primary Energy production in the Soviet Union’ which appeared in the September 1975 issue of Energy Policy.
Primary energy production in the Soviet Union problems and prospects
Abstract Analyses and commentary on the Soviet energy situation by observers in the non-communist countries have usually been primarily historical or have dealt with particular aspects only. However, in this article, Mr Chesshire and Miss Huggett review the current situation, problems and prospects of the primary energy industries in the USSR and the extent of Soviet trade in fossil fuels with both her COMECON partners and the non-communist countries. They also discuss the implications of long-term Soviet economic growth projections and possible changes in international relations, with particular reference to the possible emergence of the USSR in the longer term as a significant exporter of primary fuels.
Trade, exchange rate, and agricultural pricing policies in Thailand
Thailand is still largely an agricultural country. In 1984, agricultural work was still the main source of earnings for more than 70 percent of the population. For much of the 25 year period covered by this report, government intervention in the prices of rice, maize, and natural rubber was extensive. For these products, intervention took the form of explicit export taxes and restrictive quotas. Sugar, on the other hand, was imported until 1960. For many years prior to that, government policy was to encourage growers and thus achieve self-sufficiency. One conclusion of this study is that the Thai sugar industry would have shrunk dramatically if the government had refrained from intervention. Intervention in the prices of rice and natural rubber had the effect of penalizing farm producers by reducing their output prices. There was, as a consequence a shift of resources towards Thailand's small industrial sector. In 1981, the Thai government lifted its quota restrictions, and liberalized its trade by eliminating its intervention in the maize, rice, sugar and natural rubber markets. Unfortunately for export growers, however, the gradual elimination of intervention was overshadowed by sharp declines in the world prices of Thailand's major agricultural exports.