Meaning of Money before, After and during Dual Currency Circulation Period Among Estonian Students☆
Abstract The research design of the study was a longitudinal trend study measuring the meaning of money from cross-sectional samples of middle-school students over the period of four years with 16 month time interval: May 2008, September 2009, January 2011, and May 2012. Teenagers were administered a questionnaire before, after and during dual currency period consisting items about multidimensional meaning of money: symbolic, affectional and behavioral, and open-ended questions. The meaning of money before and after the dual currency period was highly evaluated in symbolic and during dual currency period in conflicting affectional terms, but conveys over the time functional meaning.
Social representations of money: Contrast between citizens and local complementary currency members
This article analyses the social representations of money from survey data. More specifically, it tests how organizers of a complementary currency system have a distinct perception of money compared to other citizens. The main results confirm the existence of significant differences between the two groups. The structure of their representations shows that for the local currency members money is less tied to official institutions, to the symbol of the sovereign State, to labour and to wages than for the representative population segment. This confirms a number of theoretical studies that see these social innovations as forms of protest against the standard system, questioning the sovereign State currency and close to the concept of unconditional income. Local currencies, through the different social representations of money they contain, could well be drivers of societal change.
From the World Literature
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi INTRODUCTION: Goethe Coins a Phrase 1 PART ONE: CIRCULATION Chapter 1: Gilgamesh's Quest 39 Chapter 2: The Pope's Blowgun 78 Chapter 3: From the Old World to the Whole World 110 PART TWO: TRANSLATION Chapter 4: Love in the Necropolis 147 Chapter 5: The Afterlife of Mechthild von Magdeburg 170 Chapter 6: Kafka Comes Home 187 PART THREE: PRODUCTION Chapter 7: English in the World 209 Chapter 8: Rigoberta Menchu in Print 231 Chapter 9: The Poisoned Book 260 CONCLUSION: World Enough and Time 281 BIBLIOGRAPHY 305 INDEX 319