Degressive proportionality - source, findings and discussion of the Cambridge Compromise. Mathematical Economics, 2011, Nr 7 (14), s. 39-50
The principle of degressive proportionality in relation to the division of indivisible goods in the past few years – especially since the signing of the Treaty of Lisbon – has been one of the topics frequently appearing in studies of economists, mathematicians, lawyers and people involved in politics. It combines a purely theoretical and easily definable question with a very important practical problem that concerns primarily members of the European Union and countries aspiring to become one. The article shall include a debate and discussion of the findings of the Cambridge Compromise concerning proposals to solve the problem of allocating seats in the European Parliament.
A numerical method to determine a degressive proportional distribution of seats in the European Parliament
Distribution of seats in the European Parliament postulated by the Treaty of Lisbon should be degressively proportional. We propose a numerical method which determines uniquely a distribution of seats in the European Parliament which fulfil the requirements of degressive proportionality. More generally, let li, 1≤i≤n, be any non-increasing sequence of real positive numbers. We say that a sequence of positive integers mi is degressively proportional with respect to the sequence li, if mi and limi are non-increasing sequences. For fixed positive integer M we determine inductively a sequence Mi degressively proportional with respect to li which is smaller, then any other such sequence with the first element ≥M. Moreover, for every integer ∑i=1nMi≤Y≤nM we determine a degressively proportional sequence mi with respect to li, which has the first element m1=M and satisfies inequalities Y−(n−2)≤∑i=1nmi≤Y.
Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate
PART I: The Pre-Islamic Middle East Chapter 1 Mesopotamia Chapter 2 The Mediterranean Middle East PART II: Founding Discourses Chapter 3 Women and the Rise of Islam Chapter 4 The Transitional Age Chapter 5 Elaboration of the Founding Discourses Chapter 6 Medieval Islam PART III: New Discourses Chapter 7 Social and Intellectual Change Chapter 8 The Discourse of the Veil Chapter 9 The First Feminists Chapter 10 Divergent Voices Chapter 11 The Struggle for the Future Conclusion Notes Index.