Parametric geometry modeling of the carotid artery bifurcation: the need for new flow metrics
Although well established correlations now exist between regions of reversed flow and sites of arterial disease [1], little evidence is available for methodologies that systematically compare how geometrical differences affect such relationships. Drawing on techniques developed in aerodynamic design, a parametric tuning-fork geometry model of the carotid artery bifurcation - based on the glass models described in [2] - is here employed to investigate the impact of bulb size and the angle of the internal carotid artery (ICA) on time-averaged shear stress. Since we seek to directly compare the effect of varying these geometric parameters, we demonstrate the need for a new metric, the integral of negative mean shear stress (INMSS), to highlight the stronger correlation between the extent of reversed flow and bulb width relative to the angle of the ICA.
Under Review
Relating the facts on the editorial process helps to maintain the integrity of the peer review system.
Property attribution in metaphor comprehension
Abstract Metaphors of the formX is a Ymay be conceived as statements of property attribution, in which properties of the vehicleYare attributed to the topicX. The properties attributed from the vehicle to the topic are those that are epitomized by the vehicle, and may characterize a dimension of within-category variation in the topic. We report two experiments that tested the implications of this “property attribution” view of metaphor comprehension. One implication of this view is that metaphors are not implicitly transformed into comparisons (X is like a Y), but rather are understood as what they appear to be: class-inclusion assertions. If metaphors are understood as class-inclusion assertions, they should either change meaning or become nonsensical when reversed. Experiment 1 provides evidence for this claim. A second implication of the property attribution view is that topics and vehicles provide different kinds of information to guide and constrain the comprehension process. Experiment 2 provides evidence for this claim. These findings cannot be accounted for by models which assume that metaphors are understood as implicit comparisons.