Propaganda e crítica social nas cronologias dos almanaques astrológicos durante a Guerra Civil inglesa no século XVII
This article is part of an extensive investigation carried out concerning the use of astrological almanacs during the English Civil War in the 17th century as a medium for propaganda and social criticism. During that conflict there were astrologers who were partisans of the Parliament, such as John Booker, and other who supported the King, such as George Wharton. This work analyses some of those publications, showing that the political commitment of the authors was noticeable in an explicit form (and sometimes in an indirect way) in those almanacs.
The Coming of War
THE English Civil War broke out untidily and haphazardly. No-one had wanted it and the nation as a whole faced up to it slowly and reluctantly, seeking to preserve itself from the bloodshed, miseries and burdens that fighting was bound to bring. The initial military campaign between September and December 1642 cut a swathe of plunder across the midlands; it left some confusion and disorder in its wake yet it was a passing wind. This essay is concerned with provincial reactions to the war in the period between that campaign and the breakdown of the Treaty of Oxford negotiations in April 1643. It is focused on the local struggles that spluttered through the first autumn and winter of the war before becoming entrenched in the following summer, struggles that brought the war home to Englishmen living in every corner of the land.1
12.2: Enhanced Electron Emission of the Cone‐Shaped Emitters with Carbon Nanostructures
We developed novel cone‐shaped emitters with individual carbon nanotips using the resist‐assisted patterning process. The novel cone‐shaped nanotip emitters were arranged in an array with many nano emitters in pre‐patterned diameters of 3 μm. The cone‐shaped nanotip emitters consist of a number of carbon‐based nanostructures such as nanotubes and/or nanofibers with silicon and nitrogen elements at the periphery of each element. The cone‐shaped nano‐emitters strongly adhered to the substrate due to the large area bottom contact which is covered with diffused silicon elements. The growth mechanism and enhanced electron emission of cone‐shaped nanotip emitters was discussed.