The Stability of Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: The Clash between State and Antistate Actors
T he September 11 terrorist attacks on the U.S. mainland have transformed calculations about the threats posed by nonstate actors, especially those who largely are inspired by a global, antistate ideology such as al-Qaeda's panIslamist vision. Since 11 September 2001 the old threat of nuclear holocaust has acquired a new dimension-the possible possession and use of nuclear weapons by terrorists and extremist movements. Structural designs for nuclear weapons and other such materials were confiscated from underground hideouts of the alQaeda terrorist group in Afghanistan. The stability and instability of nuclear deterrence between India and Pakistan also has been a major issue of concern since the late 1980s. Proponents of nuclear deterrence in South Asia who argue that the introduction of nuclear weapons has prevented the outbreak of a largescale conflict between India and Pakistan, generally belong to the "State-as-arational-actor" school of thought. Others worry about the new threat against the stability of nuclear deterrence in South Asia posed by the intrusion of nonstate actors, or perhaps, more accurately, "antistate actors." Many perceive their agendas as "irrational" in their ideological orientation (Wahabism today as was Maoism in the 1960s).' Because their ultimate stated objective is to destroy the modern international system--a system based on nation-states-they should, therefore, be described as antistate actors in nature and purpose. Why should we pay greater attention to the role and perspective of antistate actors in our discussion of the stability of nuclear deterrence in South Asia?
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2000 Review conference of the parties to the treaty on the non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, final document
4. The Conference notes that the non-nuclearweapon States Parties to the Treaty reaffirmed their commitment not to receive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly, not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, and not to seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. 2000 REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TO THE TREATY ON THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS FINAL DOCUMENT