Culturally based goal displacement in an egyptian FP-MCH program
The adoption of an integrated family planning-maternal and child health care strategy in a cultural context non-supportive of family planning invites a shift in emphasis in which the means, MCH services, rather than the achievement of the goals, fertility reduction, become the focus of activities. This paper presents a case of such an occurrence of goal displacement. We conclude that without a carefully considered response which addresses the general cultural and organizational influences that affect project personnel, the effectiveness of integrated family planning/MCH programs in reducing fertility rates will be limited.
The Strategic Management of Development Programmes
The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of an international study of the managerial and institutional interventions associated with six relatively successful development programmes selected from different parts of the Third World (1). The important role played by managerial/organisational variables in project/programme performance has all along been recognised by development planners and policy makers, though this has been a neglected area of observation and study (2). As a result, the basic understanding of how these variables operate and interact in the public context and
Communication and Political Awareness in the Villages of Egypt
Egypt is as large as Texas and New Mexico combined, but its population is largely confined to the Nile valley and the Delta-in some 4,000 villages plus a half a dozen cities of over 100,000 (two over 1,000,000). The 24,000,000 Egyptians inhabit only 3.5 per cent of the total area. Of the two main regions, Upper Egypt begins at the Sudanese border and goes down the Nile Valley to Cairo. Along this narrow 800 mile strip live 40 per cent of the population. The rest live in Lower Egypt, which extends from Cairo to the Mediterranean in a fan-shaped delta honeycombed with canals. The Province of Menoufia, in the center of Lower Egypt, contains the five villages reported on in this paper. Menoufia presents both an over-populated and densely populated area, higher than the national average.' Menoufia has shown a decrease in the average land ownership from approximately 2.5 acres per landowner in 1901 to 1.09 acres in 1952 (the over-all rate for Egypt in 1952 was 2.14 acres)?2 The educational standard here is much higher than the national average. We chose Menoufia, not as a typical province, but because its rapidly changing characteristics indicate the factors at work in an economically developing nation. While rural illiteracy is still high, the rate is decreasing. At the same time mass communication is spreading, with newspapers, magazines and radios reaching even remote villages. One characteristic associated with spreading literacy and mass media in newly-independent states is the highly sensitive consciousness of political sovereignty and independence. Our study