IDENTIDAD Y VOZ AU(C)TORIZADA: LA FUNCIONALIDAD DE LA CITA CICERONIANA DE LOS POETAE VETERES
It is possible to find, through Cicero’s works, a great number of citations of the so-called “archaic authors” –as Naevius, Ennius-, which are the result of the Arpinate’s own readings. The objective of our article consists on pointing out their frequent appearances in important places of the Ciceronian production and on analizing its particular function within this context. Thus, our purpose is focused on establishing how the inclusion of somebody else´s voice in those texts allows to see a number of discursive strategies that collaborate in the construction of Cicero’s identity as an author. It’s possible, then, to prove that his appropriation and manipulation of the sources -acquired through his readings- tend to be similar to those applied to the construction of his political imago. Authorized through tradition, Cicero himself becomes an auctor and a privilege interpreter of the Roman history by means of his poetic work. Therefore, we contemplate a 
twofold intention in quoting these old texts: the auctoritas that comes from their place in tradition and the relationship that Cicero establishes with them on a poetic level, association that acts as a guarantee in order to enable him to place himself as their follower and the next link in the chain towards poetic perfection.
Orator and the Definition of the Ideal Orator
The composition of Orator took place in 46 B.C., following upon that of Brutus : A letter of Cicero reveals that the work was ready for publication by the end of summer; editing was probably done partly in the villa at Tusculum, in Rome. In the catalogue of his philosophical and rhetorical works that opens the second book of De divination , Cicero linked Orator closely to De oratore and Brutus , presenting the five 'books' that comprise the three works as the articulation of a single general reflection on eloquence. A superficial reading reveals that Orator is divided into two sections: the first is concerned with the definition of the ideal orator and with the best kind of style; the second contains a study of oratorical rhythm. This second section opens with a sort of long 'second introduction', which functions as a 'hinge', so to speak, between the parts of the work. Keywords: Brutus ; Cicero; ideal orator; Orator ; Rome; Tusculum
History of Amateurism in Men's Intercollegiate Athletics: The Continuance of a 19th-Century Anachronism in America
Claiming that American intercollegiate athletics are amateur at the end of the 20th century is an anachronism, for colleges in the 19th century took on professional characteristics. The upper-class British concept of amateurism did not work effectively in a more egalitarian and achievement-oriented American society. Hypocrisy resulted when colleges claimed amateurism while accepting such professional practices as hiring professional coaches, allowing athletes to play summer baseball for money, and paying athletes through grants-in-aid. Attempts to preserve amateurism, such as the Graham Plan in the 1930s and the Sanity Code in the 1940s and 1950s, yielded to the professional spirit. Thus, while Americans had generally rejected the upper-class British social hierarchy that fostered amateurism, they retained the name amateur, continuing the hypocrisy that had begun in the previous century.