The United States, Iran and the Middle East's New “Cold War”
The relationship between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran both shapes and is shaped by a new Middle Eastern “Cold War”. The United States and the Islamic Republic should transcend the prospects for hegemonial conflict or strategic standoff and seek a fundamental realignment of their relations, along the lines of the realignment in relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China that took place during President Richard Nixon's tenure in the White House. The article examines the imperatives for a comprehensive and strategic realignment of US–Iranian relations from the standpoint of Iranian interests and foreign policy concepts as well as from an American perspective. It also evaluates the actual prospects for US–Iranian rapprochement.
The Outcome: The E3/EU as Identity Shapers
France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the High Representative () enabled the European Union to play multiple roles: initiator of a major diplomatic initiative, vigilant member of a rules-based international system, supporter of multilateral institutions and cooperative crisis management, committed transatlantic ally and non-proliferation norm-enforcer. The E3/EU experience also contributed to articulating the type identity of the European Union as a multi-actor foreign policy system encompassing both EU institutions and member states. Furthermore, the E3/EU effected a process through which the identity of member states was channelled through their EU membership. In the case of the outsiders, this happened because the management of Iran’s nuclear issue reflected an interest informed by EU membership. In the case of the insiders, this happened because the ‘EU option’ (i.e. acting through and along EU institutions) was internalised as a foreign policy practice that substantiated the E3’s self-representation as international agents.
The distribution of 54-Mn in the enamel and dentine of the rat incisor.
Abstract The distribution of 54 Mn was studied in the lower incisors of rats. Autoradiograms show 54 Mn to be present in the enamel and dentine 5, 10 and 15 days after its administration. In the dentine, the radioisotope is first localized in a zone near to and encircling the pulp and later becomes more diffuse. Pre-existing as well as the newly formed enamel incorporates the isotope. In both enamel and dentine 54 Mn appears to be principally associated with the inorganic portion.