Protective effect of inactivated bovine herpesvirus-1 in calves experimentally infected with bovine herpesvirus-1 and Pasteurella haemolytica.
The protective effect of an inactivated whole-virion bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) immunising inoculum, without adjuvant, against viral-bacterial respiratory disease was studied in three experimental treatment groups of five calves each. One group was boosted 14 days after the first vaccination and at this time the second group received their initial inoculation. Seven days later, calves were challenged with BHV-1 in aerosol and four days after this challenge all calves were exposed to Pasteurella haemolytica A1 in aerosol. Among the three groups, differences in rectal temperature responses four days after viral challenge (P less than 0.01) did not relate to protection. However the main response variable, viral-bacterial pneumonia, was reduced in boosted calves (P less than 0.05).
Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 colonization of the nasal passages of virus-infected calves.
Nasal passages of calves with a virus-induced respiratory tract disease became colonized by Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 after they were inoculated intranasally with P haemolytica. Inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus caused a more severe clinical illness and resulted in a greater degree of colonization with P haemolytica than developed after inoculation with parainfluenza-3 virus. Nasal passages of parainfluenza-3 virus-inoculated calves were colonized to a greater degree with P haemolytica than were those of healthy, nonstressed calves. Calves were susceptible to P haemolytica colonization during or shortly after virus-induced illness, even though they had been previously exposed to P haemolytica and had serum antibody and nasal secretion antibody to P haemolytica.
Introduction to Dutch Law for Foreign Lawyers
Part 1 Dutch legal system: history sources judicial organization legal education and the legal profession classification. Part 2 Private law: family law property law law of obligations representation and procuration legal persons law of succession commercial law air law civil procedure private international law. Part 3 Public law: constitutional law administrative law criminal justice system tax law economic law. Part 4 Labour law. Part 5 Legal philosophy.