Evasion as a Legal Tactic: The 1616 Amsterdam Regulations Concerning the Jews
Early modern rulers (or ruling bodies) who chose to readmit Jews in places where they had long been banned were faced with theological dilemmas and practical problems. Although it is true that the principle of freedom of conscience was gaining increasing acceptance, its adherents were rarely clear about whether it could be applied to non-Christians. And while the economic interests of rulers favored the settlement of Jews in their lands, the opposition of guilds and clergy could not be ignored. In these circumstances, a rather striking policy of evasion was adopted in France, in the Netherlands, and in England. The legal status of the Jews remained formally unclear, while in practice Jews were allowed to establish themselves with unprecedented rights. To illustrate this legal tactic, I will present the Amsterdam Regulations of 1616 concerning the Jews a rather meager document which constituted the legal basis for Jewish settlement in that city for nearly two centuries. This presentation is for the following text(s): The Regulations for the Jews of Amsterdam (1616)
Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam.
Acknowledgements Preface 1. Introduction 2. The Forging of a Community: Early Years in Amsterdam 3. The Dutch Context: Working Out a Modus Vivendi 4. Iberian Memory and Its Perpetuation 5. The Rejudaisation of the Nation 6. Maintaining "the Nation" in Exile Conclusion Personalia Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index
Industrial inorganic pigments
General Chemical and Physical Properties Behavior of Pigments in Binders White Pigments Titanium Dioxide Zinc Sulfide Colored Pigments Oxides and Hydroxides Cadmium Pigments Bismuth Pigments Ultramarine Pigments Iron Blue Pigments Carbon Black Properties Production Processes Specialty Pigments Magnetic Pigments Anticorrosive Pigments Luster Pigments Transparent Pigments.