Design of broadband, highly integrated, 20-30 GHz and 35-45 GHz MMIC up-converters
The design of broadband, highly integrated up-converters is described. Two up-converters have been designed to reduce the complexity and cost of broadband millimetre wave systems by integrating a number of functions into a compact MMIC. Broadband performance was achieved for 20-30 GHz and 35-45 GHz with OIP3 exceeding 24 and 15 dBm, respectively; 2xLO leakage better than 3 dBm and excellent gain control. To our knowledge, this is the highest level of integration achieved for an up-converter at these frequencies.
A broadband millimetre-wave differential pHEMT frequency doubler MMIC
This paper presents the design and performance of a broadband millimetre-wave frequency doubler MMIC using active 0.15-/spl mu/m GaAs pHEMT and operating at output frequencies from 10 to 50GHz. Thanks to a differential pHEMT structure and distributed amplifier, the MMIC doubler exhibits more than 10dB conversion gain from 15 to 50GHz with more than 18-dBm of saturated output power. The fundamental rejection is typically -25dBc up to 40GHz and better than -15dBc to 50GHz. The chip size is 2.7mm/sup 2/ and nominal DC power consumption is 1250mW, although 6-dB broadband conversion gain is obtained with as little as 250mW of DC power. To the authors' knowledge, these results represent the largest bandwidth and the highest gain-bandwidth product reported to date for any solid-state frequency doubler.
The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866 . By Geoffrey Wawro. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1966. Pp. 313. $59.95. ISBN 0-521-56059-4.
This expanded and reworked Yale dissertation ventures into a topic done spellbindingly two decades ago by one of the grand masters of German military affairs, Gordon Craig, whose Battle of Koeniggraetz (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1964), was published in a series commissioned by Hanson W. Baldwin. NewYork Times military affairs editor. Wawro does not approach the literary brilliance of Craig, but his work goes beyond it in several important respects. First, although Craig dealt with a good deal of the preliminary background and also the aftermath, his book focused squarely on the major battle which decided the war, whereas the book at hand deals with the entire war, which included several other battles, notably Langensalza, between Prussia and the Hanoverians in north-central Germany and Custoza between Austria and Italy in northern Italy. Secondly, whereas Craig knew the German sources as well as anyone, Wawro here uses not only German, but Austrian, French, British, and Italian ones. Of the last two, the former are important for the diplomatic background, the latter for the southern campaign area as well as for the problematic PrussianItalian relations. Thirdly,Wawro has dug deeper than Craig into primary source archives. Especially for the central emphasis of the book, the Austrians and Italians, he has mined the archives in Vienna, Rome, Naples, Milan, and Venice. For example, he uses a number of war diaries which officers from captain to field marshal kept and later deposited in military archives. Interestingly, both authors use Hans Delbriick andTheodor Fontane. Delbriick wrote half a dozen essays on the war and after his death in 1929 two of his colleagues published a fifth volume of his classic Art of War in the Framework of Political History which dealt substantially with 1866, partly on the basis of Delbriick's Berlin University lecture notes. Fontane covered the war as a newspaper correspondent and published more than a thousand pages from his eyewitness experiences, Der deutsche Krieg von 1866, 2 vols, (Berlin, 1871-72).