Transnational “Ne Bis In Idem” Principle and European Competition Law with Regard to the Different Approaches to Corporate Criminal Liability Among EU Member States
In the following contribution three issues are discussed. First of all, this chapter discusses the meaning and the scope of the transnational “ne bis in idem” principle in the European Union law. The second issue deals with the applicability of this principle in European competition law in particular. Last but not least, this contribution focuses on the question if and to what extent the different approaches to corporate criminal liability among the EU Member States could influence the implementation of the “ne bis in idem” principle and lead to its breach.
»Ne bis in idem« bei Sanktionen nach deutschem und europäischem Kartellrecht
Der Beitrag behandelt eine Querschnittsthematik aus dem Wettbewerbsrecht, Europarecht und Strafrecht. Ausgehend von den Gewährleistungen des ne bis in idem-Grundsatzes, werden rechtlicher Rahmen und Rechtsnatur der Sanktionen im Kartellverfahren herausgearbeitet, um auf dieser Grundlage denkbare Konstellationen von Mehrfachsanktionierungen zu beleuchten.
PRECISION FARMING APPROACHES TO SMALL-FARM AGRICULTRUE
Precision farming implies a management strategy to increase productivity and economic returns with a reduced impact on the environment. It is based on the application of information technology to a description of variability in the field, variable-rate operations and the decisionmaking system. There are three technology levels and three strategies in the development of precision farming. Precision farming practices can be used on small farms as well as big ones, and they play a core role in rural development programs which are integrated with industry. A real-time soil spectrophotometer was developed to describe soil variability in farmers' fields, to be used in precision farming.