The Making of The Book of Margery Kempe: The Issue of Discretio Spirituum Reconsidered
Devotion to the Holy Spirit was a fundamental aspect of the Christian faith in the late Middle Ages and discretio spirituum was understood as a prerequisite for fully embracing the gifts of the Holy Spirit. The problem of discretio spirituum is embedded in the entirety of Margery's Book, which bears witness to the way the ideological political struggles in which clerical authority increasingly cast doubt upon female spiritual experience. Lying behind Margery's Book, and undoubtedly influencing her treatment of the issue of discretio spirituum, are the two Church Councils in her lifetime. On her pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Margery passed through Constance as the city was preparing for the forthcoming Council (1414–18). One of the major issues of the Council was the authenticity of St Bridget's revelations. Even after her canonization and its subsequent confirmation, many delegates questioned the divine origin of her visions and connected the issue with schism and heresy. The tension continued into the Council of Basle (1431–49), which was in progress when Margery revised the first version of her Book. Following the chronological development of the controversy over Bridget's revelations, this article contextualizes the Book within the specific international climate of the early fifteenth century and makes links to then evolving thinking about discretio spirituum in order to illuminate its impact on the creation of Margery Kempe's spiritual autobiography.
Constructing gender and locality in late medieval England : the lives of Anglo-Saxon and British female saints in the South English Legendaries
..........................................................................................2 Acknowledgements.............................................................................5 Introduction....................................................................................8 1. Female Saints in the SELS 2. The SEL Manuscripts of Monastic Women’s Lives 3. Narratives of Medieval Monastic Women Chapter 1 Saint Frideswide of Oxford and Topoi of Virginity........................42
Fluid to liquid membrane energy exchanger for simultaneous liquid desiccant regeneration and desalination applications–Theoretical and experimental analyses
Abstract In this paper, a thermal model developed for assessing the performance of the fluid to liquid membrane energy exchanger based liquid desiccant regenerator is presented. The model was validated with the experimental data and found accurate. Using the experimental inlet conditions reported in the literature for the structured packing chamber, the performance of the fluid to liquid membrane energy exchanger based liquid desiccant regenerator was theoretically predicted choosing water and air as working fluids and Lithium Chloride as a liquid desiccant. Further, studied the influence of inlet parameters such as working fluid and desiccant inlet temperature’s, hot liquid desiccant to cold working fluid ratio and desiccant concentration on vapour absorption rate. From this analysis, it is observed that membrane based liquid desiccant regenerator using water as a working fluid is best suitable for converting the weak desiccant into strong desiccant and for generating the pure water simultaneously (co-generation process). An experimental investigation was carried out for assessing the energy exchange process across the membrane based liquid desiccant regenerator using water as a working fluid. From the experimental analysis, it was found that desiccant temperature has a significant impact on the energy exchange process. The pressure drop across the membrane based liquid desiccant regenerator was also measured at different desiccant flow rates and concentration.