Use of Waste Plastic and Waste Rubber in Aggregate and Bitumen for Road Materials
Many roads agencies have been experiencing problem of premature failure of pavements like potholes, roughness, cracks and etc. which leads to poor performance of roads and its life. On the other hand, plastics, rubbers, etc. are increasing day by day. Waste like plastic bottles, polymers, cups, waste tyre's can be re-used by powdering or blending it with crusher's and can be coated over aggregate and bitumen by any heating process. In this study we have used polymer and crumbed rubber as a binder with respect to aggregate and bitumen. In bituminous roads, we use materials like aggregate (of various sizes), grit and bitumen. The various tests are conducted during this study on aggregates such as crushing value, impact value, abrasion value, and specific gravity and also on bitumen penetration value, ductility, softening point. The results are discussed in this paper.
Use of Waste Plastic and Waste Rubber Tyres in Flexible Highway Pavements
Plastics are user friendly but not eco-friendly as they are non-biodegradable. Generally it is disposed by way of land filling or incineration of materials which are hazardous. The better binding property of plastics in its molten state has helped in finding out a method of safe disposal of waste plastics, by using them in road laying. Modified Bitumen is one of the important construction materials for flexible pavements. Use of plastic waste (LDPE) and Crumb Rubber i.e. the rubber obtained from the waste tyres of vehicles, in the construction of flexible pavement is gaining importance. It is also worth mentioning that, the modifier raw-material has been sourced from disposed waste plastic and crumb rubber. This not only allows us to collect modifier raw- material at low cost, but also provides a solution towards ecological menace posed by increased use of plastics (non-biodegradable). In the present study, an attempt has been made to use waste plastic, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Crumb Rubber, blended using dry process for LDPE and wet process for CRMB. Marshal method of bituminous mix design was carried out for varying percentages of LDPE and Crumb Rubber to determine the different mix design characteristics.
The Origins of Jewish Guilt: Psychological, Theological, and Cultural Perspectives
The idea that guilt and Judaism are closely interlinked has a long historical legacy. After discussing recent work on anthropology and emotion focusing on shame and guilt, we examine three theories purporting to account for this link: psychoanalytic, theological, and guilt as a cultural stereotype particularly the notion of the Jewish mother.