Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic : religion and politics in Salamanca, 1930-1936
The research for this thesis has been confined in space and time in order to facilitate an investigation of the Church at several levels: the study is as concerned with the faith and the faithful as with the official presence of the hierarchy. It examines questions of religious identity in an area of high Catholic practice, conservative politics and, eventually, genuine popular support for the Nationalist rising. The province of Salamanca, in the north west of Spain, is a particularly appropriate focus for such a study. Part of the Castilian heartland of traditional Spain, it was the home province of Jose Maria Gil Robles and a major area of strength for the parliamentary Catholic right, which mobilised here before anywhere else in Spain. This has led to Salamanca receiving some attention from historians. Scholars such as Paul Preston and Juan Jose Castillo use it to provide examples of the Catholic right's techniques and rhetoric, arguing that the innate conservatism of the Castilian smallholders was manipulated by the great landlords. However, perhaps the most interesting feature of the history of the province in the 1930s is how its story differed from that laid out in Madrid. The historiography of the Second Republic has concentrated - perhaps inevitably - on political and parliamentary struggles. While issues such as disestablishment and the fate of the religious orders were of crucial importance at institutional and governmental level, the impact they had outside the professional circles of church and state is far less certain. This study has moved outside the administrative world of the capital to investigate the impact of the Republic on ordinary Catholic citizens. The minutiae of church/ state relations and the undoubted injustice of the treatment of the religious orders may have outraged the Catholic deputies representing Salamanca in the Cortes, but their Catholic constituents had different concerns. By examining these concerns, this thesis throws new light on the process of breakdown of the Second Republic.
Towards a New Understanding of the Child: Catholic Mobilisation and Modern Pedagogy in Spain, 1900–1936
Abstract Despite its importance, historical scholarship has largely ignored Catholic education as a historical force. This article argues that a closer look at Catholic education in Spain in the first decades of the twentieth century can widen our understanding of educational modernity and at the same time help us to grasp better the specificity and contradictions of religious political mobilisation in Europe. Catholic pedagogues and schools responded to the increasing politicisation of education, the changing demands of upper- and middle-class parents and challenges posed by the new psychological and pedagogical knowledge with fundamental changes in their educational practices. The article identifies the main developments in this contradictory shift, concluding that, first, it is highly misleading simply to identify the ‘new pedagogy’ of the early twentieth century with liberal democracy. This questions a sterile dichotomy of collectivism versus individualism in analysing social movements in the twentieth century. Second, the case study points to both the power and the inherent limits of Catholic mobilisation. Vers une nouvelle compréhension de l'enfant: la mobilisation catholique et la pédagogie moderne en Espagne (1900–1936) En dépit de son importance, l'éducation catholique a largement été ignorée par la recherche historique. Cet article soutient qu'une analyse plus approfondie de l'éducation catholique en Espagne durant les premières décennies du vingtième siècle permet de mieux comprendre la modernité pédagogique et de saisir les paradoxes de la mobilisation religieuse et politique en Europe. Les pédagogues et les écoles catholiques ont réagi à la politisation montante de l'éducation et aux défis que le nouveau savoir psychologique et pédagogique ont apporté, à travers des changements radicaux dans leurs pratiques éducatives. L'auteur considère la libéralisation des systèmes éducatifs, leur ouverture vers la bourgeoisie et l'emploi de pratiques appropriées aux enfants, pour une mobilisation religieuse plus forte des enfants, comme des arguments allant contre une association de la ‘nouvelle pédagogie’ du début du vingtième siècle avec la démocratie libérale. Ce procédé remet en question l'opposition courante du collectivisme et de l'individualisme comme grille d'analyse des mouvements sociaux du vingtième siècle. En outre, cette étude de cas montre la force et les limites inhérentes de la mobilisation catholique. Für ein neues Verständnis des Kindes: Katholische Mobilisierung und moderne Pädagogik in Spanien (1900–1936) Historiker haben sich bislang kaum mit katholischer Bildung beschäftigt, obwohl diese historisch äußerst wirkmächtig war. Der Aufsatz argumentiert, dass eine genauere Untersuchung katholischer Erziehungspraktiken in Spanien nicht nur unser Verständnis der pädagogischen Moderne, sondern auch der Besonderheiten und Widersprüche religiöser Mobilisierung in Europa erweitern kann. Katholische Pädagogen und Schulen reagierten in den ersten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts auf die Politisierung von Erziehungsfragen und die Herausforderung neuen psychologischen und pädagogischen Wissens mit einer grundlegenden Neuordnung ihrer Bildungsanstrengungen. Insbesondere die Liberalisierung des Schulregiments, die Öffnung hin zur industriellen Moderne, sowie die Einführung kindorientierter Erziehungsmethoden, die eine bessere religiöse Einbindung der Schüler bezweckten, werden als grundlegende Momente des Wandels benannt. Im Ergebnis ist es falsch, die Neue Pädagogik des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts allein mit liberalen und demokratischen Strömungen zu identifizieren. Damit wird auch eine sterile Gegenüberstellung von Kollektivismus und Individualismus in der Analyse sozialer Bewegungen im 20. Jahrhundert in Frage gestellt. Die Fallstudie betont schließlich die Kraft, aber auch die inneren Widersprüche katholischer Mobilisierung.
The Provincial Centre at Camulodunum: Towards an Historical Context
Present assessment of the provincial enclosure at Camulodunum, more particularly how far it can be compared to the standard picture of similar centres elsewhere, is inevitably constrained by the limited evidence at our disposal. With no numismatic sources to draw on and in the absence of a single record of the provincial priesthood — a striking void that calls for comment — documentary testimony is restricted to what can be made of two passages in the literary authorities. The first, a notorious sneer in Seneca's Apocolocyntosis (VIII.3), tells only that a temple of some sort was associated somehow with the emperor Claudius. The second text, an obscure allusion in Tacitus, is at first sight no more enlightening but, on closer analysis, the phrase templum Divo Claudio constitutum (Ann. xiv.31) yields the invaluable inference that the temple was to the deified, not the living Claudius; in which case construction must have been begun in a.d. 54 or later. Archaeological data throw no light on the origins of the temple or of the precinct in which it stood but exploration has steadily enlarged our knowledge of the site itself, and understanding of the remains has now reached the stage at which, for all its puzzling lacunae, the centre is as well known in some ways as the triple-tiered complex at Tarraco, the provincial enclave of Hispania Citerior. We have arrived at the point where the British sanctuary and its counterparts on the Continent can be mutually illuminating.