Orodispersible Films: A Systematic Patent Review.
BACKGROUND
Nowadays, Oral Film Technology (OFT) has gained much attention among all the oral drug delivery systems. Fast dissolving film, fast disintegrating film, and orodispersible film are some synonymous words for this dosage form. Without a need of liquid for administration, this dosage form dissolves in the mouth. Typically, fast dissolving film dissolves from 1 to 30 seconds.


OBJECTIVE
At the root of its originality, many researchers patented their work on the aspect of orodispersible films using different drugs, polymers, excipients and employing various methods of preparation. The review focuses on details related to orodispersible films and their patents from 1979-2017, collected from various sources like USPTO, Google patent, Espacenet, Intellectual Property India.


RESULTS
For the ease of discussion, collected patents are segregated on the basis of drugs, polymers, and method of preparation. It was found that many researchers are shifting towards fast dissolving films for better patient compliance, extended efficacy, high bioavailability, fast dissolution, and disintegration. With the help of polymers blend suitable for the drug release and improved method of preparation various parameters like tensile strength, thickness, and pH etc. can be controlled.


CONCLUSION
It was observed that judicial selection of polymers and polymers blends and methods of preparation are key parameters in the formulation of orodispersible film.
Retrospective, Perspective and Prospective of B-Complex Vitamins: Encapsulation of Vitamins and Release from Vitamin-Loaded Polymers
Vitamins are regarded as vital nutrients because, when combined, they performed hundreds of functions in the body. They strengthen bones, heal wounds, and boost your immune system. In addition, they transform food into energy and heal cellular damage. In this regard, B-complex vitamins, such as thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin are soluble vitamins that serve as coenzymes in energy metabolism enzymatic activities which building blocks of a healthy body. However, B-complex vitamins are sensitive to light, pH conditions, and temperature. Consequently, they must be encapsulated before they may be used in pharmaceuticals. Recently, it is mainly focused on reducing drug degradation or loss, increase drug bioavailability, limit adverse effects, and improve drug accumulation in the targeted location. To maintain optimum bioavailability during a defined term of therapy, the fraction of drug dosage released from a controlled release product must be significant enough to adjust for the quantity of active drug metabolized and/or eliminated from the body over the same period. Drug release systems also aim to increase the effectiveness of the drug and treat the damaged area. In this chapter, it is aimed to study the production of the vitamin-loaded polymer systems in various forms, such as micro/nanoparticles, micelle, hydrogel, liposome, and nanofiber, as well as release studies in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
Apoptosis induced in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion by infection of herpes simplex virus type 2 in the mouse
After inoculation of a highly neuro-invasive strain of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 (186) into the mouse hind-paw planter skin, many virus-positive neurons and glial cells were detected in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and lumbar spinal cord by immunohistochemistry for HSV-2 antigen. A number of apoptotic cells were also observed in the spinal cord and DRGs by the terminal dUTP nick-end-labeling (TUNEL) method. Double labeling with the immunohistochemistry for HSV-2 and the TUNEL method revealed further that some glial and neuronal cells in the spinal cord, either infected or non-infected by HSV-2, showed apoptotic signs. In DRGs, however, apoptosis was detected in no neuronal cells, although some of HSV-2 -infected glial cells were apoptotic.