Late Holocene Changes in Vegetation of the Mrągowo Lakeland (NE Poland) as Registered in the Pollen Record from Lake Salęt
Abstract Pollen analysis of sediments from the upper part of bottom deposits from Lake Salęt allowed reconstruction of main stages of the Late Holocene vegetation transformation in the Mrągowo Lake District (from ca. 3600 cal. years BC) and to correlate some of these changes with immigration and economic activity of local human groups. Significant spreading of secondary semi-natural birch forest, development of horn beam forest and increasing importance of anthropogenic open communities were the most characteristic features of vegetation evolution. A definite break down of elm took place between 2900 and 2500 cal. years BC, slightly after increased contribution of birch in wood lands. Disappearance of hazel around 1200 cal. years BC, accompanied by expansion of horn beam has been observed and should be linked with activity of the Ząbie-Szestno type culture and the Lusatian culture tribes during the Bronze Age, but not with a climate change. Considerable intensification of settlement processes recorded in the younger part of the Subatlantic chronozone was one of the important reasons that were responsible for quick changes in forest structure. Strong and continued deforestation started as early as the end of the 10th century AD and was substantially intensified in the first half of the 13th century.
Integration of Late Glacial and Holocene pollen data from Poland
Scalenie poźnoglacjalnych i holocenskich danych palinologicznych z obszaru Polski 
 
Quaternary palynological data are stored in tables which are typical computer database objects. The individual pollen table, in order to be integrated with other tables using computer-based methods, has to be attributed with (1) geographical coordinates, (2) dates attached to each row' (sample) of the table, and (3) taxa names, common to all tables, attached to each column. In this paper, integration o f individual lists o f palynological taxa is shortly described, and some remarks are given on extracting data for selected time slices. The problem of dating of all pollen spectra, while few radiocarbon dates are available in the profile, is considered. Some mathematical models of age-depth relation are proposed, as well as incorporation of information derived from lithology of the profile. The algorithm of integration (averaging) of pollen percentages on the map of Poland is discussed. The techniques of bootstrap and so-called removed residuals are proposed as tools for assessment of reliability of isopollen lines. A possibility of construction of migration (rate of change) maps is also mentioned. The presented algorithm has been used to obtain hundreds of isopollcn maps for the Holocene in the area of Poland.
Detection and Counting of On-Tree Citrus Fruit for Crop Yield Estimation
In this paper, we present a technique to estimate citrus fruit yield from the tree images. Manually counting the fruit for yield estimation for marketing and other managerial tasks is time consuming and requires human resources, which do not always come cheap. Different approaches have been used for the said purpose, yet separation of fruit from its background poses challenges, and renders the exercise inaccurate. In this paper, we use k-means segmentation for recognition of fruit, which segments the image accurately thus enabling more accurate yield estimation. We created a dataset containing 83 tree images with 4001 citrus fruits from three different fields. We are able to detect the on-tree fruits with an accuracy of 91.3%. In addition, we find a strong correlation between the manual and the automated fruit count by getting coefficients of determination R2 up to 0.99.