The Croatian Banking System
This paper provides an analysis of the stability of the Croatian banking sector. After the banking crisis of 1998, the Croatian banking system underwent a deep transformation process; foreign investors gained a dominating market share of more than 90% of total assets, with Austrian banks holding 43% thereof. Compared to other Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs), the degree of banking intermediation is relatively high in Croatia. In recent years, lending to the private sector and in particular to households has risen whereas lending to the general government has declined. Foreign currencies continue to play an important role in the Croatian banking sector, in particular on the liabilities side of banks balance sheets. While maintaining a large negative net foreign currency position on their balance sheets (with an increasing portion of net liabilities to nonresidents), Croatian banks overall net foreign currency position seems to be marginally positive. Still, foreign currency(-indexed) lending represents a credit risk as it entails an indirect exchange rate risk. Asset quality, by contrast, has improved significantly over the past five years, the capital adequacy ratio is on a relatively high — albeit declining — level, and real return on equity (ROE) is now as high as the profitability levels observed in other CEECs.
Foreign Banks in Croatia: Another Look
After a period of entry mainly through greenfield investment, foreign banks purchased several of the largest Croatian banks in late 1999 and 2000. This paper follows a previous study completed in early 2000 and reviews the effects of foreign entry on the Croatian banking market, using the results of written and oral interviews and balance sheet data. The main findings are that foreign banks have played a major role in increasing competition, bank efficiency and the quality of banking products and services. In addition, regression analysis shows that de novo foreign banks founded through greenfield investment have significantly better asset quality than other banks, and have increased overall lending as well as lending to households and lending to enterprises more rapidly than other types of banks.
The development of biological systematics : Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, nature, and the natural system
A reevaluation of the history of biological systematics that discusses the formative years of the so-called natural system of classification in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Shows how classifications came to be treated as conventions; systematic practice was not linked to clearly articulated theory; there was general confusion over the "shape" of nature; botany, elements of natural history, and systematics were conflated; and systematics took a position near the bottom of the hierarchy of sciences.