Small States, History of
Small states have been the subject of historical enquiry since the writings of Herodotus and Thucydides. Intertwined with the history of empire, the survival or demise of small states has regularly inspired patriotic encomium or tragic lament. Small states threatened by large empires or ambitious neighbors developed numerous survival strategies including alliance, the balance of power, economic specialization, and reliance upon military manliness. All of these were failing by the mid-eighteenth century, leading to a crisis of the small states and the development of new strategies to maintain them in a world increasingly dominated by large commercial empires.
European Warfare, 1660-1815
European warfare and its global context Weaponry and tactics Decisiveness Warfare 1660--1721 Warfare 1721--63 Warfare 1763--91 Warfare in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic age 1792--1815 Social and political context Conclusion.
Finite Difference Modeling on the Temperature Field of Substrate in Friction Surfacing
Friction surfacing is an advanced process of great potential, especially in the field of repair and reclamation of worn and damaged components. As a kind of thermal processing technology, the temperature profile and changes of the substrate in friction surfacing are important factors to get coatings of high quality. In this paper, the temperature field of the substrate during the process is simulated by finite difference method. The results are consistent with experiments, reappearing the temperature change of the substrate during friction surfacing, allowing further study on figuration and quality of coatings.