Samuel Putnam, cosmopolitismo y vanguardia española en Estados Unidos
This article explores the early reception of the Spanish avant-garde in the United States through the analysis of the work of the American literary critic Samuel Putnam (1888-1950), and frames his output as part of a new form of cosmopolitan criticism in fashion during the twenties. From his position as an expatriate in Paris, Putnam’s work as translator, reviewer, and editor made him a promoter and a publicist of the European avant-gardes, and he paid close attention to the writings of Alberti, Giménez Caballero and Jarnés. The article documents the vision that Putnam offered of the most innovative Spanish literature and explains how his critical position was modified when he returned to the States in the thirties and advocated greater involvement of writers in politics.
Transnationalism and the League of Nations: Understanding the Work of Its Economic and Financial Organisation
This article explores the work of the little-studied Economic and Financial Organisation of the League of Nations. It offers a sustained investigation into how this international organisation operated that assesses the transnational aspects of its work in relation to its inter-governmental responsibilities, and demonstrates the wide-ranging contribution of the organisation's secretariat. The second part of the article establishes the way in which transnationalism enabled the United States, the League's most influential non-member, to play a crucial role in shaping the policy agenda of the League. It also shows how a growing sense of frustration in its work prompted EFO to attempt to free itself from inter-governmental oversight and become an independent organisation to promote economic and financial co-operation in 1940 – a full four years before the creation of the Bretton Woods agreements. Cet article explore le travail d'une institution peu étudiée, l'Organisation économique et financière de la Ligue des Nations. Une enquête approfondie sur les manières de travailler de cette organisation internationale permet de souligner les dimensions transnationales de son action, en relation avec ses responsabilités intergouvernementales, et permet de montrer le rôle essentiel qu'y a joué le secrétariat de l'Organisation. La seconde partie de l'article montre comment ce travail transnational a pourtant permis aux Etats-Unis, qui étaient alors le plus influent des pays n'appartenant pas à la Ligue, de jouer un rôle crucial dans le dessin de l'agenda politique de la Ligue. Cette analyse permet en outre de montrer comment un sentiment grandissant de frustration incita l'Organisation économique et financière à tenter de se libérer des carences intergouvernementales et l'a poussé à devenir une organisation indépendante assurant un rôle de coopération économique et financière dès 1940, c'est-à-dire quatre ans avant les accords de Bretton Woods. Der Artikel untersucht die Arbeit der wenig bekannten Wirtschafts- und Finanzorganisation des Völkerbundes. Er bietet einen tiefen Blick in die Arbeitsweise dieser internationalen Organisation, beurteilt die transnationalen Aspekte ihres Schaffens im Verhältnis zu ihren zwischenstaatlichen Verantwortlichkeiten und zeigt den weitreichenden Beitrag des Sekretariats der Organisation auf. Der zweite Teil des Artikels beschreibt, wie der Transnationalismus die Vereinigten Staaten, das einflussreichste Nichtmitglied des Völkerbundes, in die Lage versetzte, eine zentrale Rolle bei der Setzung der politischen Agenda des Völkerbundes zu spielen. Zudem wird gezeigt, wie die wachsende Frustration im Hinblick auf die Wirksamkeit seiner Arbeitsweise, die EFO zum Versuch trieb, sich von staatlicher Aufsicht zu befreien und schon 1940 (vier Jahren vor Bretton Woods) eine unabhängige Organisation zur Förderung wirtschaftlicher und finanzieller Kooperation zu werden.
Electrophysiological Studies of Penticainide (CM 7857), a New Antiarrhythmic Agent, in Mammalian Myocardium
The intracellular electrophysiologic properties of a new antiarrhythmic substance, penticainide, were studied in isolated rabbit, dog, and guinea pig myocardial preparations superfused or perfused with oxygenated Tyrode's solution. “Therapeutic” concentrations of penticainide (1.5 to 3 x 10-5 M) had little effect on sinus node automaticity; sinoatrial conduction was slightly delayed. In atrial, Purkinje and ventricular fibers, amplitude, and maximal rate of rise of phase 0 (dV/dtmax) were decreased by penticainide; Purkinje-ventricle conduction velocity was depressed. Penticainide did not significantly modify action potential duration (APD) of rabbit atria and dog ventricle and reduced APD and effective refractory period (ERP) of dog Purkinje and guinea pig ventricular fibers. Penticainide reduced APD heterogeneity of Purkinje-ventricle junction with a preferential effect at the gate and decreased tension amplitude of perfused papillary muscle in dog heart. The effect of penticainide on dV/dtmax was voltage and rate dependent; the resting block was weak. Thus, penticainide is a class 1 antiarrhythmic agent with properties of class 1B agents such as APD reduction and properties of class 1C agents such as slow recovery kinetic of rate-dependent block.