The Political Dimensions of Military Spending and Debt Service in Southeast Asia
Although the imperatives of external debt service have led to a reduction in the size of defence budgets in most Third World countries, the impact of military spending cannot be understood separately from the political attractiveness of external borrowing in the 1970s. While the cumulative impact of defence expend itures has been to worsen Third World borrowers' debt levels and hamper their debt servicing efforts, this is of secondary importance compared to the low political capacity of many debtor governments to mobilize and redirect the human and material resources under their nominal control towards that end. Many Third World countries used much of the borrowed capital to fin ance current budget deficits, government consumption and arms imports. Generally, the four major Southeast Asian borrowers ? Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand ? did not use foreign capital to finance their budget deficits, but appear to have invested some borrowed funds in domestic defence indus tries. One result is an apparent arms import-substitution effect: their arms imports actually declined as a percentage of total imports even as their external debt increased. Thus, their arms imports do not impair their debt service performance the way they have worsened the debt service problems of heavily indebted Third World countries elsewhere.
Türkiye’de Savunma Harcamaları, Silah İthalatı ve Dış Borçlar Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı
Submitted : 10.11.2020 Revised : 10.12.2020 Accepted : 20.12.2020 Available : 29.12.2020 Debt and deficits are important for an economy, and deficit spending policy positively affects economic growth. However, if external debt increases too much, it may also lead to economic problems. In the literature that was given relatively little information to defence spending contributing substantially to government debt level in the studies focused on the determinants of debt. Turkey is a country allocating more funds to its defence spending and arms import in recent years. Therefore, to what extent its defence expenditures and arms import is effective in increased debt stock is a subject of debate. To conclude this issue, this study examines the relationship between defence spending, arms import, and external debts through ARDL bund test with annual data for the 19752017 period. The findings show that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between defence expenditures and arms import and foreign debt in the short and long term. iThenticate similarity score: 15%
Photoreflectance characterization of vanadium-doped GaAs layers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Abstract We characterized the vanadium-doped (GaAs:V) layers grown on GaAs substrate by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The conductivity of the samples is checked by the Hall effect measurements, and it is n type with electrons concentration ranging from 2×10 13 to 2×10 17  cm −3 . We used the photoreflectance technique (PR) to study the effect of vanadium doping on the optical properties of GaAs. Our experimental results show that the built-in electric field F and the broadening parameter Γ 0 increase with V-doping concentration. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the built-in electric field and the broadening parameter of GaAs:V samples have been investigated by PR. It has been observed that these parameters increase with increasing temperature. The decrease of the built-in electric field with decreasing temperature is due to the photovoltage effect.We characterized the vanadium-doped GaAs (GaAs:V) layers grown on GaAs substrate by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy.