Intelligent Recognition Method of Mine Geological Body Based on Knowledge
In order to solve the problems of 3D modeling as too much reliance on expert participation in geological identification process, this paper is to discuss on intelligent identification method of geological body, with the object-oriented knowledge representation method. The results have important reference value to improve the degree of automation and the effect of 3D modeling software, and have the important practical significance for reasonable development and utilization of mine.
The Four Traditions of Geography
In 1905, one year after professional geography in this country achieved full social identity through the founding of the Association of American Geographers, William Morris Davis responded to a familiar suspicion that geography is simply an undisciplined “omnium-gatherum” by describing an approach that as he saw it imparts a “geographical quality” to some knowledge and accounts for the absence of the quality elsewhere. Davis spoke as president of the AAG. He set an example that was followed by more than one president of that organization. An enduring official concern led the AAG to publish, in 1939 and in 1959, monographs exclusively devoted to a critical review of definitions and their implications. Every one of the well-known definitions of geography advanced since the founding of the AAG has had its measure of success. Tending to displace one another by turns, each definition has said something true of geography. But from the vantage point of 1964, one can see that each one has also failed. All of them adopted in one way or another a monistic view, a singleness of preference, certain to omit if not to alienate numerous professionals who were in good conscience continuing to participate creatively in the broad geographic enterprise. The thesis of the present paper is that the work of American geographers, although not conforming to the restrictions implied by any one of these definitions, has exhibited a broad consistency, and that this essential unity has been attributable to a small number of distinct but affiliated traditions, operant as binders in the minds of members of the profession. These traditions are all of great age and have passed into American geography as parts of a general legacy of Western thought. They are shared today by geographers of other nations. There are four traditions whose identification provides an alternative to the competing monistic definitions that have been the geographer’s lot. The resulting pluralistic basis for judgment promises, by full accommodation of what geographers do and by plain-spoken representation thereof, to greatly expedite the task of maintaining an alliance between professional geography and pedagogical geography and at the same time to promote communication with laymen. The following discussion treats the traditions in this order: (1) a spatial tradition, (2) an area studies tradition, (3) a manland tradition and (4) an earth science tradition.
FREIGHT TRAFFIC FUNCTIONS OF ANGLO-AMERICAN RAILROADS1
ESPITE some spectacular recent mergers, the Anglo-American railroad system remains unique in its operation by hundreds of separate companies. Elsewhere in the world, state control has, first or last, acted to produce unitary national railnets or at least unified regional railway systems. In most countries the day of the privately owned, independently operated railroad company, if it ever existed, has passed into history. But in the United States, and to a lesser degree in Canada, the large number of separate railroads and the vigorous interchange of freight traffic between these carriers make it inaccurate to consider individual railways as discrete functional units. On all American and most Canadian railroads, traffic interchanged with connecting lines constitutes a major part of all freight handled, and most of the tonnage carried originates or terminates on some connecting or more distant railway. Thus it is that, contrary to popular impression, most Anglo-American railroads are largely concerned with hauling freight to or from other roads, and rarely do shipments move over the rails of only a single system. Because the Anglo-American railnet is composed of many separate systems, and because these railroads interchange large amounts of traffic with one another, nearly all railways have become specialized in certain kinds of traffic functions. These functions are determined by the regional setting of a railroad, together with the traffic connections that it has established with other systems.