A sample case of an advanced lighting system in a educational building
The paper describes a case history of an advanced lighting control system designed and realized for a couple of classrooms of the University of Rome. The control is organized by adopting a BUS system with "distributed intelligence" without a central and with smart actuators. The control turns on/off and regulates the lighting output of two classrooms, according to the actual presence of activities and to the actual availability of daylighting. A classroom was arranged with a light solution consisting in “on-off switching” control and not changing the luminaires, a second classroom was arranged with an advanced solution consisting in the replacement of the luminaires with a “dimming” control. A third class identical to the other two was taken as a reference to compare the results, in fact the architecture includes a supervisory system that allows a remote meter of the energetic values for the three classrooms. The paper shows the results of a year of monitoring campaign and compares the results with the energetic evaluation done by the a suggested tool based on the Standard EN15193 methodology.
An intelligent lighting energy management system for commercial and residential buildings
This paper presents an intelligent lighting energy management system which is combined with six lighting control functions i.e. occupancy control, time scheduling, daylight control, task control, personal control and variable power shedding. There are two modes in the proposed lighting management system, which are the automatic and the personal control. Users can also control the system through the lighting management program and an Internet Web server. The lighting management system utilizing both natural and artificial light consists of the hardware, which is microcontroller and Raspberry Pi, and the software, which controls and manages the system. Furthermore, this paper proposes not only a method for choosing suitable functions in each area, but also a priority sequence method conforming to the two basic principles of efficiency in performance and effectiveness in light energy conservation. The experimental results showed that the proposed system could efficiently and effectively manage energy consumption. The system can be used to avoid energy waste, and saving energy consumption by a maximum of 68% in both switching and dimming control during typical days.
Reliability Modeling and Analysis of General Modular Redundant Systems
Hardware redundancy has been used in the design of fault-tolerant digital systems. A synthesis of protective hardware redundancy techniques is proposed and a generalized reliability model suitable for many fault-tolerant configurations is developed. This model, to be called General Modular Redundancy (GMR), yields as particular cases several known models of redundant structures.