Reinforcing Finland's Attachment to the West: British and American Propaganda and Cultural Diplomacy in Finland, 1944-1962
383 List of Abbreviations ABC American Broadcasting Company ACF America Calling Finland AFL American Federation of Labour AP Associated Press ASLA Amerikan Suomen Lainan Apurahat (Grants from the American Loan to Finland Program) BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBS Columbia Broadcasting System CCF Congress for Cultural Freedom CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIO Congress of Industrialized Organisations COI Central Office of Information COS Chiefs of Staff CRD Cultural Relations Department CREST CIA Research Tool CU Bureau of Cultural and Educational Affairs EBU European Broadcasting Union ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EFTA European Free Trade Area EPU European Payments Union FCMA Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (YYA) FCSTUS Finnish Committee on Studying and Training in the USA FO Foreign Office FTUC Free Trade Union Committee FUSEEC Finnish-US Educational Exchange Commission FWF Forum World Features GMT Greenwich Mean Time HM His/Her Majesty's Government HUAC House Committee on Un-American Activities IBS Intercollegiate Broadcasting System ICTFU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions IIA US International Information Administration IIE Institute of International Education IIS Interim International Information Service IMP International Motion Picture Division IPD Information Policy Department IPS International Press Service IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union IRD Information Research Department IRS Independent Research Service ISC-COSEC International Student Conference KAVI Kansallinen audiovisuaalinen instituutti KGB Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (Committee for State Security) KK Kulutusosuuskuntien Keskusliitto (Central Association of Consumer Cooperatives) MOI Ministry of Information MP Member of Parliament MRA Moral Re-Armament NARA National Archives and Records Administration NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NBC National Broadcasting Company NCFE National Committee for a Free Europe NGO Non-governmental organisation NSA US National Student Association NSC National Security Council NTS Nationalnyi Truduvoi Sojus (Russian refugee organisation) OCB Operations Coordinating Board OEEC Organisation for European Economic Cooperation OIC Office of International Information and Cultural Affairs OIE Office of International Information and Educational Exchange OWI Office of War Information PL Public Law PSB Psychological Strategy Board PWE Political Warfare Executive RCA Radio Corporation of America RG Record Group RFE Radio Free Europe RIAS Radio in the American Sector RKP Suomen Ruotsalainen Kansanpuolue (Swedish People's Party of Finland) RL Radio Liberty SAJ Suomen Ammattijärjestö (Finnish Trade Union Centre) SAK Suomen Ammattiyhdistysten Keskusliitto (Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions) SDP Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue (Finnish Social Democratic Party) SIB Soviet Information Bureau (Sovinformburo) SIS Secret Intelligence Service (more commonly known as MI6) SKDL Suomen Kansan Demokraattinen Liitto (Finnish People’s Democratic League) SKP Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue (Finnish Communist Party) SNS Suomi-Neuvostoliitto-Seura (Finland-Soviet Union Society) SOK Suomen Osuuskauppojen Keskuskunta (Central Organisation of Finnish cooperatives) STK Suomen Työnantajain Keskusliitto (Confederation of Finnish Employers) STT Suomen Tietotoimisto (The Finnish News Agency) Supo Suojelupoliisi (Finnish Security Police, 1949) SVUL Suomen Valtakunnan Urheiluliitto (Finnish Athletics Federation) SYL Suomen Ylioppilaskuntien Liitto (National Union of University Students) SYT Suomen Yhteiskunnan Tuki (Finnish anti-communist organisation) TASS Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (Tyelyegrafnoye agyentstvo Sovyetskogo Soyuza) TES-TV Finnish television station (formerly Tesvisio) TPSL Työväen ja Pienviljelijöiden Sosialidemokraattinen Liitto (Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders) TST Työväen Sanomalehtien Tietotoimisto (Social Democratic Press Agency) TUC Trade Union Congress TUL Työväen Urheiluliitto (The Finnish Workers’ Sports Federation) UN The United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UP United Press UPI United Press International US United States of America USEF United States Educational Foundation in Finland USIA United States Information Agency USIE Office of United States Information and Educational Exchange USIIA US International Information Administration USIS United States Information Service VAL Vapauden Akateeminen Liitto Valpo Valtiollinen poliisi (Finnish Security Police, 1944-1948) VOA Voice of America VOKS Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries WAY World Assembly of Youth WFDY World Federation of Democratic Youth WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions YFU Youth for Understanding YLE Yleisradio (Finnish Broadcasting Company) In this study I have opted to use the definite article in connection with the abbreviations of the names of certain institutions according to their conventional use in historical literature.
‘Cloak Without Dagger’:1How the Information Research Department Fought Britain's Cold War in the Middle East, 1948–56
In 1948, the Foreign Office's Information Research Department (IRD) embarked upon a global anti-Soviet and anti-communist propaganda war. Drawing upon recently declassified records, this article investigates IRD's Middle Eastern Cold War. Outlining IRD's operational methods and the activities in which it engaged, it concludes that although IRD's Middle Eastern operation before the 1956 Suez Crisis must ultimately be regarded as a failure, the frequently employed caricature of IRD as a group of doctrinaire Cold Warriors is misplaced and that, by the eve of the Suez Crisis, IRD had evolved into a flexible instrument of psychological warfare which, in the Middle East, was to be primarily employed against anti-British nationalist movements.
Analysis: The Agenda 2007 Proposals: Evolution or Revolution?
On 10 February 2004 the Commission published its proposal for the financial perspective 2007-2013. A week later it adopted the third report on economic and social cohesion. These two documents form the basis of the so-called ‘Agenda 2007 reforms’. They will be the greatest challenge for the enlarged EU after the intergovernmental conference, since they will determine the financial basis for EU policy-making until the middle of the next decade. The Agenda 2007 proposals certainly hint at courageous reforms, because they place a previously unheard-of emphasis on performance and quality. Under the proposals, structural operations should generate value for money, and the funds should focus on projects which generate added value at a European level. Overall the Commission’s proposals point in the right direction, because they balance, on the one hand, solidarity for the new Member States and weak regions in the old Member States with, on the other hand, investments in future tasks. Moreover, they constitute a paradigm shift. For the first time, the Common Agricultural Policy will not be the dominant expenditure category. Now it is up to the Member States to examine the proposals politically and find a compromise between sometimes very divergent interests. It is to be hoped that, during the debate over expenditure limits and division of funds, national interests do not outweigh European interests.