A new eco-friendly defatting process of peanuts by mechanical expression preserving structure integrity (MEPSI)
This article represents a scientific approach to the environment-friendly and energy saving processes which incited us to develop a new efficient, healthy, economical and less polluting defatting process. In this paper, mechanical oil extraction was conducted on peanuts by preserving their structure integrity and the process was followed by a quantitative and qualitative study on the physicochemical properties of the defatted grains in order to investigate the best extraction parameters. The described extraction process coupled to a reconstitution process by Intensification of Vaporization by Decompression to the Vacuum (IVDV) showed that the optimal conditions are 5% d.b. initial water content, 2 days at 4°C of homogenization period, pressing at around 10 MPa (at room temperature) for 3 to 4 min most preferably at a compression speed of 8mm/sec, using the appropriate process modification to avoid structure damages and loss of deteriorated seeds, then reconstituting by IVDV with a pressure of 0.9MPa applied for 10 sec on hydrated peanuts to 10% d.b.
Expansion of partially defatted peanuts by a new texturizing process called “Intensification of Vaporization by Decompression to the Vacuum” (IVDV)
The current work introduces a new texturizing process called “Intensification of Vaporization by Decompression to the Vacuum”, proposing it as a post-treatment for reconstitution of partially defatted snacks and distorted kernels. The resulting IVDV expanded low-fat snack products allow processors to meet consumer demand for healthier snack foods. IVDV process consisted in subjecting humid defatted kernels to high steam pressure, reached in < 1 s, followed by a decompression to vacuum, allowing by that a full shape recovery while assuring better morphological, organoleptic and rheological properties at a time. IVDV process parameters (steam pressure, water content and processing time) were optimized by mean of Response Surface Methodology leading to higher defatting and expansion ratios, better grain appearance and high consumer acceptability. A compromise between all response parameters generated from a multiple optimization resulted in the following optimal conditions: 17.3% d.b. water content, 12 ∗ 105 Pa steam pressure and 18 s processing time. 
Industrial relevance 
The increasing need of efficient and eco-friendly processing methods to produce reduced fat nuts led to deeper interest in a new defatting method called Mechanical Expression Preserving Shape Integrity (MEPSI) coupled to a novel expansion process by “Intensification of Vaporization by Decompression to the Vacuum” (IVDV). In this study, IVDV process was implemented and optimized to produce low-fat peanuts with reduced fat, with improved structural qualities, including higher defatting and expansion ratios, optimal appearance, textural properties and sensory acceptance. Notably, this innovative process is currently applied on an industrial scale and on many oleaginous seeds other than peanuts. Moreover, MEPSI combined to IVDV found solutions to health conscious consumers and were proven to be significantly efficient and profitable to nuts industries. IVDV gave satisfactory results since it lead to a full shape recovery of the defatted peanuts while preserving the sensory, textural, physiological and organoleptic qualities of the finished product (aroma, taste, color, texture, overall acceptability).
AN INTRODUCTION T O THE SOILS OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN PORTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN ARID ZONE
Summary 
 
Seven soil regions, each of which is dominated by soils belonging to one or two great soil groups, are defined and mapped. The outstanding feature is the presence of a variety of soils with widely differing characteristics. The soils are deeper, have more profile differentiation and are finer-extured than those in most-arid regions and are frequently overlain by currently-forming deposits of wind-transported materials. Because the vegetative cover is better developed and there are only small areas of rocky hills and bare rock pediments, water erosion and deposition are not as prominent as in other arid areas.