The Origins of the Athenian Economic ARCHE
Abstract Histories of the Athenian Empire (478–404 BC) have traditionally been offered as political and military narratives. They explain the origins of a naval alliance created in 478/7 BC, the so-called Delian League under Athenian leadership and its development into an ‘empire’ (arche) sometime in mid-century. Moreover, most treat the phenomenon as comprehensible as a self-contained period of enquiry. This article takes issue with both approaches. Through close examination of a wide variety of evidence connected with Athenian activity during the formative years of the ‘Delian League’ (478 to ca. 465), it argues that the Athenians made immediate use of the League navy and funds to appropriate resources, profits and territory for themselves, especially in Thrace, beginning with the capture of Eion on the Strymon, but also that these interests explain other early activities. Finally, it argues that the Athenians' economic behaviour should be understood in the context of Athenian aims and activities in the Archaic period.
Athenian Democracy at War
Classical Athens perfected direct democracy. The plays of this ancient Greek state are still staged today. These achievements are rightly revered. Less well known is the other side of this success story. Democratic Athens completely transformed warfare and became a superpower. The Athenian armed forces were unmatched in size and professionalism. This book explores the major reasons behind this military success. It shows how democracy helped the Athenians to be better soldiers. For the first time David M. Pritchard studies, together, all four branches of the armed forces. He focuses on the background of those who fought Athens' wars and on what they thought about doing so. His book reveals the common practices that Athens used right across the armed forces and shows how Athens' pro-war culture had a big impact on civilian life. The book puts the study of Athenian democracy at war on an entirely new footing.
Velocity moments in alongshore bottom stress parameterizations
The time-averaged alongshore bottom stress is an important component of nearshore circulation models. In a widely accepted formulation the bottom stress is proportional to , the time average of the product of the instantaneous velocity magnitude |u→| and the instantaneous alongshore velocity component υ. Both mean and fluctuating (owing to random, directionally spread waves) velocities contribute to . Direct estimation of requires a more detailed specification of the velocity field than is usually available, so the term is parameterized. Here direct estimates of based on time series of near-bottom currents observed between the shoreline and 8-m water depth are used to test the accuracy of parameterizations. Common parameterizations that are linear in the mean alongshore current significantly underestimate for moderately strong alongshore currents, resulting in overestimation of a drag coefficient determined by fitting modeled (with a linearized bottom stress) to observed alongshore currents. A parameterization based on a joint-Gaussian velocity field with the observed velocity statistics gives excellent overall agreement with the directly estimated and allows analytic investigation of the statistical properties of the velocity field that govern . Except for the weakest flows, depends strongly on the mean alongshore current and the total velocity variance but depends only weakly on the mean wave angle, wave directional spread, and mean cross-shore current. Several other nonlinear parameterizations of are shown to be more accurate than the linear parameterizations and are adequate for many modeling purposes.