Eurocommunism and the Spanish Communists
This article attempts to place the PCE in the generally‐held views of Eurocommunism and explore the current orientation of the party. Focusing on the ideology and the political practice of the PCE, the thesis is that the PCE is a ‘Eurocommunist’ party in the mould of the French and Italian parties but with obvious differences arising from nearly forty years of underground existence under Franco. The perspectives attached to Eurocommunism in many ways do not represent a sharp departure from the past history of the PCE. The major strength of the PCE today is not in the electoral arena where it receives only about 10 per cent of the vote, but rather in the trade union movement where it enjoys a hegemonic position in the largest trade union federation, the Workers’ Commissions (CCOO).
The Spanish peace movement in a European context
The sharp decline of the Spanish peace movement in the latter part of the 1980s paralleled quite closely the decline of similar movements elsewhere in Western Europe, particularly the United Kingdom and Germany. There has been considerable research carried out into the rise of the ‘new social movements’ in Western Europe but little attention has been given to southern Europe, particularly Spain. Also, most of the literature has focused on the period of ascendancy for these movements rather than the era of their decline in the later 1980s. This article seeks to fill that gap by focusing on the decline of the Spanish peace movement within the wider context of the European ‘new social movements’. It explores the common factors in the European‐wide decline while highlighting certain factors that were unique to Spain.
The Evacuation of Sick and Wounded by Air
AIR AMBULANCE CARRIAGE has been used with' success by vanous countries both in peace,and war. In England, since the War, it has not yet been ufled on a large scale owing to hospitals being somewhat easily accessible, but when aerodromes are available in outlying districts this method will obviously come more into use. In our Air Force we use it where flying stations are situated at long distances from our hospitals, or where we consider air carnage IS preferable to other means. In the East we use it as the means of evacuation. In Iraq since 1923 it has been the regular method, and it is the only means of rapid transfer in that type of country. It has proved extremely valuable in war operations, both in the desert and in the hills. In England 'it was not until the year 1919 that we turned our attention seriously to this type of transport for casualties. I can find no his'tory of the regular employment of air ambulance by Great Britain in the Great War. (2) TYPE~ OF AIRCRAI!'T OAPABLE OF AMBULANCE CARRIAGE. Before we consider the carriage of casualties by air we must know our requirements, and what type of aircraft is suitable, as, owing to designs of aircraft differing, some types are not suitable.