The Flame Retarding and Smoke Suppression of Flexible PVC
The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the various technologies used to flame retard and smoke suppress PVC. It gives guidelines on how to formulate PVC using these additives and also discusses the effects these additives have on the physical properties, heat stability and processibility of PVC compounds using them. It is impossible to discuss every aspect of the flame retarding and smoke suppressing of PVC in a paper designed to be presented in a 30-minute talk. However, this paper offers both beginning and experienced formulators useful information in this area.
Flame retardants and smoke suppressants for flexible vinyl compounds
This paper reviews a number of technologies employed to reduce flammability and suppress smoke in flexible vinyl compounds. Advantages and disadvantages of the various systems are discussed, along with postulated mechanisms of action. Typical applications, approximate market prices, and major suppliers are also listed.
Thermodynamics on the Carbochlorination of Titanium-bearing Ores
The equilibrium compositions of the multi-component, multi-phase and multi-reaction system of carbochlorination of titanium-bearing ores are calculated with HSC, a computational chemistry software. The thermodynamic equilibrium calculation of the reaction system shows that a complete conversion of titanium-bearing ores is feasible at a temperature near 200oC. At temperatures ranging from 800 to 1600oC, the products of the reaction system are all in gaseous phase. Thermodynamic analysis accords with the industrial practice. The simulated results provide reasonable scientific basis for improving suitable technological conditions of the carbochlorination reduction.