Assessment of life saving appliances regulatory requirements — Human factors knowledge gaps
Life saving appliances are used throughout Canada and around the world every day by a large number of individuals who work or travel over open water. Personnel rely on these life saving appliances to help provide protection from harsh environments, and reduce the risk of injury or death in the event of a marine accident. Due to their importance in helping to save lives at sea, life saving appliances are built and tested according to specific standards and regulations to ensure that they provide the level of performance required. Unfortunately, life saving appliances do not always perform as expected which can lead to unexpected injuries or loss of life. Given that life saving appliances must meet specific performance goals as prescribed by standards and regulations, it is often these goals that fall short of what is actually needed during a marine accident. A knowledge gap is created when the testing conditions, as outlined in a standard or regulation, do not accurately reflect those conditions found during a marine accident. As a result, a life saving appliance will often meet performance goals that are below those required to prevent an injury or loss of life during an actual marine accident. The Canadian regulation: “Life Saving Equipment Regulations” C.R.C., c. 1436 was reviewed and possible knowledge gaps with respect to human factors were identified. The goals and requirements for life saving appliances in the regulation were compared against existing work done in the area of marine safety to determine if what was prescribed adequately reflected what could be found during a marine accident. There were many gaps identified in the regulation, commonly caused by prescriptive wording specifying conditions not commonly found during a marine accident. These knowledge gaps will widen as conditions become more severe than what is prescribed in the regulations possibly leading to even further decrease in life saving appliance performance than what is already measured.
Immersion fatalities: hazardous responses and dangerous discrepancies.
In this paper the following question is addressed: 'Why, given the plethora of standards, specifications and guidelines for immersion protective equipment, are lives still being lost at sea and fatal accident enquiries questioning the quality of such equipment?' In attempting to answer this question, consideration is given to the extent to which both the possible prevailing environmental conditions, and the physiological responses they evoke, are recognised in the design, selection and evaluation of immersion protective equipment. The hazardous responses associated with immersion in cold water are briefly reviewed and the value and relevance of some of the existing tests of immersion protective clothing are considered. It is concluded that: i. when standards, policies and tests for the selection and use of immersion protective clothing are being formulated, consideration should be given to all of the hazardous responses associated with immersion; ii. it should be recognised that the performance of immersion protective equipment during an accident may be significantly inferior to that predicted by routine testing for certification.
Wiki, a New Way to Produce Accessible Documents
Adapting complex documents to make them accessible for print disabled persons is an iterative process which involves various skills and requires the intervention of several people. Collaborative approaches are well suited, especially those based on Wikis which are now widely used to edit contents on the Web. A Wiki offers useful features to overcome some of the difficulties encountered when using word-processors. MediaWiki is a popular Wiki software which can be extended to allow users to import, edit and export contents using XML DTBook, the format designed by the DAISY Consortium for structuring text in an accessible way.