Effect of electric impulse on sporocarp formation of ectomycorrhizal fungusLaccaria laccata in Japanese red pine plantation
We examined the effect of electric impulses on sporocarp formations of ectomycorrhizal fungus in a Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) plantation.Laccaria laccata was the dominant species in this study plantation. Spatial distribution concentrated in the electric impulse treatment zone, and recorded a markedly larger number of sporocarps compared with untreated control plots. The effect of electric impulses was also recognized onL. laccata fruiting with a mycorrhizal sapling in a pot. Sporocarp production ofL. laccata was strongly promoted by the electric impulse in experiments bothin vivo natural plantation stands andin vitro pot saplings. Our work indicates the possibility of enhancement of sporocarp production of the mycorrhizal fungi with electric impulses in the nursery and plantation.
Fruit body formation of lentinula edodes by pulse electric field stimulations
Pulsed high voltages were applied to logs for mushroom culturing to clarify an effect of the pulse voltage stimulation on fruit body formation of basidiomycetes i.e. mushroom. Inductive energy storage system was combined with Marx type pulsed power generator for construction of a pulsed power generator with compact size and high output voltage. The output voltage of 50 ns pulse width was applied to natural logs for culturing Lentinula edodes, Pholiota nameko and Naematoloma sublateritium as an electrical stimulation. The experimental results clearly showed that the fruit body formation for some kinds of mushroom was improved to be more than 1.5 times total weight of the formed fruit body by applying pulse voltage as electrical stimulation. The total weight of the cropped mushroom increased with increasing stimulation number. The increase of the total weight of cropped mushroom was mainly caused by the increase of the size for each fruit body.
Iustitia Dei: A History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification
Preface Acknowledgements 1. Prolegomena 2. The fountainhead: Augustine of Hippo 3. The development of the doctrine in the medieval period 4. The medieval schools of thought on justification 5. The transition from the medieval to the modern period 6. The development of the doctrine in the Reformation period 7. The Tridentine decree of justification 8. The legacy of the English Reformation 9. The modern period Appendix: a glossary of medieval soteriological terms Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index.