Synthesis and characterization of butadiene-1,3 and octene-1 copolymer prepared by a Ziegler-Natta catalyst based on neodymium
The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of octene-1 incorporation in the polybutadiene chain on the polymerization reaction and polymer characteristics. Thus, copolymerization of butadiene-1,3 with octene-1 using a Ziegler-Natta ternary catalyst based on neodymium was performed. The weight ratios of butadiene-1,3/α-olefin 100/0, 99/1, 97/3, 95/5, 90/10, 80/20 and 70/30 were evaluated. The copolymers were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The results showed that the degradation temperature (Tmax) was not affected by the addition of alpha-olefin, while the thermal behavior has undergone significant changes. The polymer microstructure was not influenced by the increasing of octene-1 content. However, a tendency to molecular mass increase was observed with the increasing of octene-1 content. It was also observed a trend in reduction of the polymerization conversion as the octene-1 content increased.
The effect of the comonomer on the copolymerization of ethylene with long chain α-olefins using Ziegler–Natta catalysts supported on MgCl2(THF)2
Abstract The effect of the type of the comonomer (1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene and 1-dodecene) on the copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefin over vanadium (VOCl3 and VCl4) and titanium (TiCl4) catalysts supported on MgCl2(THF)2 and activated by Et2AlCl was studied. The results show that the introduction of a longer α-olefin in the ethylene polymerization feed depresses the catalytic activity of all investigated catalysts. The catalyst activity does not depend on the type of the comonomer applied but changes with the comonomer concentration in the feed. The incorporation of α-olefin in the polymer chain was found to be dependent on the type and concentration of the comonomer in the feed as well as the type of catalyst. The incorporation of α-olefin increases with the increase of the comonomer concentration in the polymerization feed and the comonomer reactivity decreases with the increase of the size of the α-olefin chain, especially in the case of comonomers longer than octene. It should be stressed, however, that both vanadium catalysts clearly demonstrate higher activity in the copolymerization process than their titanium counterpart and also produce copolymers with higher comonomer content. The density, crystallinity and melting temperature of the copolymers decrease with increase of the amount of the comonomer incorporated, but the type of the comonomer does not have a strong influence on these properties.
Thermodynamics on the Carbochlorination of Titanium-bearing Ores
The equilibrium compositions of the multi-component, multi-phase and multi-reaction system of carbochlorination of titanium-bearing ores are calculated with HSC, a computational chemistry software. The thermodynamic equilibrium calculation of the reaction system shows that a complete conversion of titanium-bearing ores is feasible at a temperature near 200oC. At temperatures ranging from 800 to 1600oC, the products of the reaction system are all in gaseous phase. Thermodynamic analysis accords with the industrial practice. The simulated results provide reasonable scientific basis for improving suitable technological conditions of the carbochlorination reduction.