A STUDY ON PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN WAYANAD DISTRICT OF KERALA STATE
Women Entrepreneurs are inspiring. An entrepreneur is someone that organizes, manages, and assumes the risk of a business enterprise. Today, more women are breaking free from the traditional, gender-specific roles and venturing into the business world. Not only are they holding high corporate positions but they are also successful women entrepreneurs .The steady rise in female entrepreneurs can be due to many different reasons, most of which share the same rational as their male counterparts—passion for their ideas, the desire to become their own boss, and the need to address philanthropic causes. The educated Indian women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a male dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. The transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life style of Indian women. She has competed with man and successfully stood up with him in every walk of life and business is no exception for this. These women leaders are assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They managed to survive and succeed in this cut throat competition with their hard work, diligence and perseverance. Women have been successful in breaking their confinement within the limits of their homes by entering into varied kinds of professionals and services women entrepreneurs have proved to be on par with their men counterparts in business acumen and are emerging as smart and dynamic entrepreneurs. Women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries.
STATUS OF RURAL WOMEN IN INDIA - A STUDY OF KARNATAKA - KHAN,MA, AYESHA,N
Pacific Affairs legislature appeared to be the only available vehicle to direct the modernization process w which the moderate Indian members had committed themselves. The frustfations arising from thdr failure to stop the Rowlatt Acts or pass protective and supportive laws affecting the Inrlian economy, or to speed up the process of lndianization of the services, did not dissuade these nationalists from continuing their participation. Mahajan concludes her study by noting the remarkable ptltience, hard work and grace with which the moderate nationalist participants accepted defeat after defeat. Their lack of success was itself a form of victory, in her view, proving that only a government controlled by Indians could be a government for the Indian people. Their continuing participation reflected as well their firm conviction that the system established by the British was now their own and could be made to work in their interests, and in the long term could not be used to support the maintenance of British power in India. Mahajan's book is a useful compendium of the procedural derails of the Indian legislature as they evolved in the period between the Morley-Minto Reforms and the Government of India Act of 19 l 9. While much of the information will not be new to scholars in the field, it has been brought together in a form that will be very useful to students. University of Toronto, Canada MILTON ISRAEL STATUS OF RURAL WOMEN IN INDIA. A Study of Karnataka. By Mumtaz Ali Khan and Noor Ayesha. New Delhi: Uppal Publishing Ho1JSe (distributed by South Asia Books, Columbia, Mi5so·uri). 1982. xiv, 224 pp. US$16.00, cloth. BASED ON THE HYPOTHESIS that the status of rural women in India has changed over time through the mechanisms of education, social organization, and social legislation, this study seeks to identify the problems of rural women in order further to motivate them to partici- pate in development activities. Assuming that education produces an egalitarian society, the authors hypothesize that it is the most important mechanism; here and elsewhere, they cite recent work by Western social scientists to buttress their position. The authors, a husband and wife team, designed a comparative study of wome:i in Bangalore Distri,ct, Karnataka, drawing respondents from two vill:iges in each of three ki.nds of taluks-the most highly developed, the moderately developed, and the most backward. Their samples came from the household lists maintained by village accountants. To ensure Scheduled Caste representation, they used a ser-arate list for the Scheduled Caste households and another list for all other castes. Anxious to look at religious difference~, they included all six. Christian households in the villages. (Midway in the book, however, realizing the number is insignificant, they drop the Christians from the analysis.) Of the 390 households selected, the eldest female members constituted the primary respondents to a detailed interview schedule (not included in the book). The information was put on code cards and analyzed
Collagen dynamics in articular cartilage under osmotic pressure
Cartilage is a complex biological tissue consisting of collagen, proteoglycans and water. The structure and molecular mobility of the collagen component of cartilage were studied by 13C solid‐state NMR spectroscopy as a function of hydration. The hydration level of cartilage was adjusted between fully hydrated (∼80 wt% H2O) and highly dehydrated (∼30 wt% H2O) using the osmotic stress technique. Thus, the conditions of mechanical load could be simulated and the response of the tissue macromolecules to mechanical stress is reported. From the NMR measurements, the following results were obtained. (i) Measurements of motionally averaged dipolar 1H–13C couplings were carried out to study the segmental mobility in cartilage collagen at full hydration. Backbone segments undergo fast motions with amplitudes of ∼35° whereas the collagen side‐chains are somewhat more mobile with amplitudes between 40 and 50°. In spite of the high water content of cartilage, collagen remains essentially rigid. (ii) No chemical shift changes were observed in 13C cross‐polarization magic angle spinning spectra of cartilage tissue at varying hydration indicating that the collagen structure was not altered by application of high osmotic stress. (iii) The 1H–13C dipolar coupling values detected for collagen signals respond to dehydration. The dipolar coupling values gradually increase upon cartilage dehydration, reaching rigid limit values at ∼30 wt% H2O. This indicates that collagen is essentially dehydrated in cartilage tissue under very high mechanical load, which provides insights into the elastic properties of cartilage collagen, although the mechanical pressures applied here exceed the physiological limit. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.