Comparative measurement of residual stresses with the method based on the magnetic Barkhausen noise and the relaxation method
For an efficient prediction of residual stresses in a material or a machine part the non-destructive method based on the magnetic Barkhausen noise is, among others, employed in practice. An experimental system developed at home and including measuring and assessment units has proved to be very efficient in various applications of surface hardening or cold hardening, and heat treatment.
Residual Stress State Characterization of Machined Components by X-ray Diffraction and Multiparameter Micromagnetic Methods
Machining induced residual stress states have been identified to affect the distortion of parts during following heat treatments. Thus, ideally a complete characterization of the components residual stress state is required. Magnetic and micromagnetic analysis of residual stresses can represent an important gain of time compared to X-ray diffraction. Investigations with these two methods were performed on different components with various and inhomogeneous residual stress states: cylindrical and tapered ball bearing rings made from AISI52100 steel and a disc made from AISI5210 steel. Reliable results and good agreement between X-ray diffraction data and residual stresses obtained from the magnetic and micromagnetic analysis can be obtained with the use of a calibration for each single component. An important gain of time can be achieved with the combined use of X-ray diffraction analysis for the calibration and the micromagnetic technique. However, local residual stress variations in zones smaller than the sensor size may not be detected. A global calibration of the micromagnetic equipment with one calibration file for several parts still needs optimization.
Translating Legal Language and Comparative Law
Legal texts are in the focus of both lawyers and translators. This paper discusses the binary opposition of these two views especially in the light of contract law. There is one crucial epistemic difference between the point of view of the translator and the lawyer when it comes to the interpretation of legal texts. In the translator’s view legal text is traditionally conceived as static as to its nature; something that already exists in the form of text. Traditionally, the translator is interested in the text itself as it was written down in a document, i.e. the translator needs to go back to the frozen moment when a legal document was constructed and finalised. The lawyer, in contrast, is very much interested not only in the text of the legal document but also in the contextual surroundings of the text. In fact, for legal interpretation, sometimes the key-elements for the interpretation come from outside of the text itself. This paper concludes that legal translation is in many cases closer to transcreation than it is to traditionally understood translation.