The Southern African Customs Union: A Reappraisal
Abstract The paper attempts to evaluate, as far as possible quantitatively, the costs and benefits to the countries of the ‘Southern African periphery’ (Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland) of participation with South Africa in the current customs union agreement. On balancing the agreement's measurable effects (on industrial development, exports, government revenue and the cost of living) against one another, it appears that on sanguine assumptions only, there would be a substantial benefit to Botswana and a much more moderate benefit to Lesotho if the customs union were dismantled and replaced by separately protected national markets. Such a calculation, however, neglects what may be the most important benefit and cost to the ‘peripheral’ countries of leaving the customs union, namely the increase of ‘economic independence’ and the risk of South African retaliation respectively: themes which are explored in the final section.
The ‘relative autonomy’ of the Basotho state: internal and external determinants of Lesotho's political economy
Abstract In economic terms, Lesotho is heavily dependent on South Africa and its political integrity is similarly precarious yet the Basotho state has displayed its ‘relative autonomy’ by recently assuming a more militant posture in respect of apartheid and the liberation struggles of the subcontinent. The space for this ‘relative autonomy’, it is suggested, has been largely created by aid disbursements, for whilst these have escalated in sympathy with Lesotho's growing militancy Pretoria has been generally tolerant given that South African capital captures the lion's share of any aid accruing to Lesotho. Nevertheless, Lesotho's position is a contradictory one for at the same time as its political relations with South Africa have deteriorated, economic collaboration has been proceeding apace. Cooperation at this level has been fuelled by the leakage of aid capital from Lesotho to South Africa but internal factors can be shown to have been important as well. Such collaboration may well undermine Lesotho's international credibility. On the other hand, Lesotho has to beware that its new aggressive postures are not considered by Pretoria as a serious threat to the security of the Republic. Lesotho has already experienced the heavy hand of South African intervention. The instability of Lesotho's position is further prejudiced by South Africa's use of opposition inside Lesotho to ‘destabilize’ its government. The interplay of internal and external determinants of Lesotho's political economy is therefore exceedingly complex, but an attempt is made in this paper to unravel them.
Iustitia Dei: A History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification
Preface Acknowledgements 1. Prolegomena 2. The fountainhead: Augustine of Hippo 3. The development of the doctrine in the medieval period 4. The medieval schools of thought on justification 5. The transition from the medieval to the modern period 6. The development of the doctrine in the Reformation period 7. The Tridentine decree of justification 8. The legacy of the English Reformation 9. The modern period Appendix: a glossary of medieval soteriological terms Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index.