The International Programme for the Development of Communication: A decade of infancy
The IPDC, which at inception promised practical assistance to developing nations unencumbered by the conflicting ideologies of the First and Third Worlds, quickly fell short of expectations and has been largely ignored since the mid-1980s. Despite administrative and budget problems, the Programme remains an acceptable, if small, effort to address communications imbalances. Most projects approved for funding in the past decade have dealt with media training and research, radio and television broadcasting, and the creation or improvement of regional news agencies. In support of the 1991 Declaration of Windhoek, future projects will be funded not only according to need, but also based on their contributions to press freedom and the principles of independence, pluralism and diversity of the media.
The New International Information and Communication Order
AbstractUNESCO has been in the forefront of the struggle for a new International Information and Communication Order. The publication of the MacBride report has led to a fierce debate on some of its findings and recommendations. However, as Unesco’s director-general Amadou Mahtar M’Bow articulates very effectively here, the very basis of the movement for a new order is the “democratization of information” to serve the “great ethical principles” of peace, justice, fraternity and progress which have been founded on each citizeny’s individual and collective rights.
Mechanism of the depressor response to dopamine in the rat treated with phenoxybenzamine.
Alterations of hypotensive responses to dopamine by antagonists were characterized in alpha-blocked, anaesthetized rats. Responses were not affected by d-propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) whereas d,1-propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) or haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg) attenuated them; higher doses of inhibitors (1.0 mg/kg; 5.0 mg/kg, respectively) failed to produce a higher inhibition, but combinations of low doses abolished the depressor responses. In adrenalectomized rats, hypotensive responses decreased; haloperidol always attenuated the responses while d,1-propranolol became ineffective. Dopamine produced an enhancement of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels, which was decreased by d,1-propranolol and increased by haloperidol. The data suggest that in rats the depressor component of dopamine is due to activation of both dopaminergic and beta-adrenoceptors. The beta component appears to be due to the release of adrenaline. The results also support the concept of the existence in sympathetic nerve endings and adrenal glands of stimulatory beta-adrenergic and inhibitory dopaminergic prejunctional receptors.