Electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction investigations of nanostructured thin films of ZnO
ZnO films prepared by sol-gel technique using zinc nitrate and zinc acetate as precursor material have been studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The results show the formation of zinc oxide phase. The nanostructure of the films was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Nano-structured fine grains of size ranging from 20-60 nm were observed with zinc nitrate precursor film. Individual grains show a sharp contrast with different facets and boundaries. Films prepared by zinc acetate precursor show ultra-fine nano-grains in the shape of dendrites as seen by the TEM. XRD shows a larger size of crystallites with the zinc acetate precursor. Crystal planes and lattice parameters calculated by both electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction are quite close and in agreement with the reported values in literature.
Characterization of nanostructured features of thin films of zinc oxide grown by sol-gel spin process
Thin films of ZnO find application in various sensing devices. We present here the results of our studies on thin films of ZnO grown by sol-gel spin process. Zinc acetate and zinc nitrate were used as precursor materials for preparing the sols. The films grown by these precursors show different types of morphologies. The films grown using zinc acetate show much smoother topographical features than those grown using zinc nitrate as precursor materials. On the other hand, using the zinc nitrate as the precursor, we have observed the nanosized needles of ZnO. These needles could form the basis of fabrication of piezoelectric fine tips for a practical application in scanning tunneling spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy and other sensors
Reforming the Russian legal system
Preface 1. Pre-revolutionary Russian law 2. The Bolshevik experience 3. The history of legal reform 4. Forging a new constitution 5. Citizens and the state: the debate over the Procuracy 6. In search of a just system: the courts and judicial reform 7. Law and the transition to a market economy 8. Legal reform in the republics 9. Legal reform and the transition to democracy in Russia Appendix Notes Index.