Two Noucentistes: Eugeni d'Ors and Pompeu Fabra
Abstract Eugeni d'Ors's novel La Ben Plantada exemplifies the political and aesthetic doctrines of Noucentisme. Many of the same qualities are found in Pompeu Fabra's creation of a normalized Catalan language. Both Ors and Fabra sought to create a culture that would be open to new developments and also solidly rooted in Catalan tradition. Although Ors's novel now belongs to the past, the language Fabra helped to recreate retains all its vitality.
Creating a literature: Mistral and Modern Provençal
proper context for Mistral’s poetry is surely nineteenth-century French literature and historiography rather than writing in Modern Provenqal, limited both in range and in quantity, or the poetry of the troubadours, which has little relevance to his work. Conversely, our understanding of nineteenth-century French literature remains incomplete without some attention to regionalist literary movements, of which the F61ibrige, the movement Mistral founded, is by far the most important. Its importance is not limited to France; the most recent edition of The Oxford Companion to English Literature reminds us that the F61ibrige ’has served as an inspiration to a number of more recent movements favouring dispossessed languages and cultures’. For the French Romantics, language and nationality were inseparably linked. Michelet asserts near the beginning of the Tableau de la France that forms Book 3 of his Histoire de France that ’la langue est le signe principal d’une nationalite.’2 For Mistral, too, ’uno lengo ... es lou retra de tout un pople, es la Biblo de soun istbri, lou
Analysis of Potential Contribution to Medical Savings Accounts Based on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenses in Poland
The purpose of this paper is to analyze medical savings accounts in the context of their potential use to finance private health care expenses incurred by individuals in Poland. A medical savings account (MSA) represents a financing mechanism which relies on the accumulation of personal savings to cover the costs of health care services at the time of consumption. With the use of actuarial methods an attempt was made to estimate the amount of the MSA contribution based on the discounted value of a person’s health care expenses, age, gender, and investment variants. In the analysis, statistical data from representative household budget surveys conducted by the Central Statistical Office of Poland was used. The obtained results confirm that a medical savings account can be used to finance personal out-of-pocket health care expenses; however it requires systematic and long-term saving for health purposes. Age and gender of an MSA holder have the greatest impact on the amount of contribution, as these factors determine mortality rates and the length of the discounting period. From the individual’s perspective, MSA application requires this financing instrument to be taken into account in decisions related to the intertemporal choice between consumption and saving.