Confinement potential in the dual monopole Nambu–Jona–Lasinio model with dual Dirac strings
Abstract. Interquark confinement potential is calculated in the dual monopole Nambu–Jona–Lasinio model with dual Dirac strings suggested in [2,3] as a functional of the dual Dirac string length. The calculation is carried out by explicit integration over quantum fluctuations of a dual-vector field (monopole–antimonopole collective excitation) around the Abrikosov flux line and string shape fluctuations. The contribution of the scalar field (monopole–antimonopole collective excitation) exchange is taken into account in the tree approximation because of the London limit regime. The dominant role of quantum fluctuations for the formation of the linearly rising part of the confinement potential is argued.
Quantum and string shape fluctuations in the dual monopole Nambu–Jona–Lasinio model with dual Dirac strings
Abstract. The magnetic monopole condensate is calculated in the dual Monopole Nambu–Jona–Lasinio model with dual Dirac strings suggested in [1,2] as a functional of the dual Dirac string shape. The calculation is carried out in the tree approximation in the scalar monopole–antimonopole collective excitation field. The integration over quantum fluctuations of the dual–vector monopole–antimonopole collective excitation field around the Abrikosov flux line and string shape fluctuations are performed explicitly. We claim that there are important contributions of quantum and string shape fluctuations to the magnetic monopole condensate.
Wall-to-bed heat transfer in circulating fluidized beds
Heat Transfer from the wall of a circulating fluidized bed to the fast bed suspension has been investigated for several materials. The range of investigation includes dense and dilute phase fast fluidization and pneumatic transport. The overall heat transfer coefficient was found to be a function mainly of cross-sectional average suspension density. Effects of superficial velocity and solids mass flux were obscured by their interrelationship to the suspension density. Two models from the literature are evaluated using present and published data.