The exclusive economic zone
Abstract The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) derives from the 1945 Truman proclamation on the continental shelf, though it has earlier antecedents. The new placement of about one-third of the sea under national jurisdiction has enormous implications. The benefits of the new maritime zone, for example, will not be shared equally by all coastal states, and the land-locked states lose completely resources to which they once had free access. The rights of the coastal state within its EEZ are considerable, and its obligations much fewer. The EEZ provisions in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) represent a balancing of interests, as does the system of dispute settlement specified in the Convention. The United States has not signed the Treaty on the grounds, among others, that the common heritage principle, which calls for sharing the resources under the high seas, goes against the fundamental principles of free enterprise, and that US corporations would have to give up potential profits without gaining any advantage in return. Such criticism is unsound for a number of reasons. The US claims that all of the Treaty's provisions, except for those on seabed mining, are already customary international law, but even if this were true in principle, the particular detailed provisions are probably binding only by agreement. The US cannot claim rights under the Treaty if it refuses to become a party to it, including the EEZ.
The new law of the sea and the pacific basin
Abstract The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea is indispensable for the well‐being of the states, especially the new island states, of the Pacific Basin. Since the Treaty will be signed at Caracas in December 1982, it is important to anticipate its impact in the Pacific Region area. The article examines the need for a new ocean law to replace the old law of the Geneva Conventions. It argues that exploitation of manganese nodules in the “Area”; will be legal only under the rules of Part XI of the Convention and that the principles of the Common Heritage of Mankind are now part of customary law. Finally, the seaward expansion of Pacific states authorized in the new treaty both necessitates, and provides an opportunity for, coordinated planning for the management of ocean resources and usages.
Gambling and Problem Gambling in Sweden: Changes Between 1998 and 2009
Gambling participation and rates of problem gambling change over time in response to a variety of factors including gambling availability, demographic changes and adaptation at individual and societal levels. These relationship are complex and only partially understood. The major aim of the present study was to provide general population estimates of gambling participation and problem gambling for Sweden and compare these estimates with estimates from a previous national study. The study was also designed to identify risk factors for problem gambling including change in these factors over time. Data are from the first phase of the Swedish Longitudinal Gambling Study (Swelogs) in which a representative sample of 8,165 people was assessed using validated problem gambling and other measures to facilitate comparison with findings from the 1997/1998 Swedish Gambling Study (Swegs). Overall, it was found that gambling participation reduced markedly, although in some population sectors increases were evident for some forms including poker and electronic gaming machines. Lifetime prevalence of probable pathological gambling increased; however, past 12 months probable pathological and problem gambling prevalence did not. Males, younger adults and people born outside Sweden were at high risk in both studies. Significant prevalence increases were evident for people aged 18–24 and those with low levels of education. The results indicate that relationships between gambling exposure, participation and problems are dynamic with shifting implications for public health and social policy.