Iran's Islamic revolutionaries: Before and after the revolution
(1984). Iran's Islamic revolutionaries: Before and after the revolution. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 675-686.
The Role of Socialisation in Shaping Internal and External Ascendancy of the Islamic Organisations in Iran
This paper examines the role of socialisation and its impact on the Iranian armed organisations, especially Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), Basij and Al-Quds Force. This paper also examines the role of the Iranian school as an agent of socialisation beneath the secularism rule prior to the collapse of the Shah and currently beneath Islamic Shia rule. Furthermore, the paper highlights the internal ascendancy of Iran clergy against the dissenters of the Iranian Islamic Revolution and externally against the Western and Israeli interests, besides the fight in Syria against the Sunnis. The paper argues that the reason for establishing the Iranian organisations, Basij, IRGC, and Al-Quds Force is not for exporting the Iranian revolution behind the Iranian borders, but to muzzle the voice of Iran dissenters on Iran soil, and overseas. For this reason, the crucial of socialisation on the Iranian soil had successfully established stalwart organisations that work beneath Wilayat Al
Fiscal Transparency in EU Accession Countries Progress and Future Challenges
This paper discusses the findings of fiscal transparency reports on standards and codes (ROSCs) for most EU accession candidate countries. Emphasis is given to the need to establish effective and accountable medium-term budget frameworks to establish policy credibility and anchor adjustment programs to meet EU fiscal goals. Adoption of budgeting and accounting standards consistent with the IMF Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 framework will also help link budget decisions to EU standards of fiscal reporting. More consistent and comprehensive coverage of off-budget activities is needed for assessing fiscal risk and sustainability. Finally, local government issues need to be addressed by many of these countries since EU fiscal goals are set with reference to general government. Progress in all of these areas can be monitored by keeping fiscal ROSC assessments up to date.