Federal finance, fiscal imbalance and educational inequality
This paper discusses the practice and problems associated with the financing of education in federal political systems as a way of highlighting issues involved in the diversification of the sources of educational financing. The major imbalances between the finances and responsibilities of a federal government and the combined units of a lower level of government, and of the individual units of a lower level of government are concentrated on in general and with regard to education in particular. The experiences of six federal countries in dealing with these imbalances are then described and the lessons learned discussed.
American Education in the 1980s
The views presented are the authors’ own, and do not represent the official position of the National Institute of Education.
Professor Penck's Bluff: Geography, Espionage and Hysteria in World War I
Abstract This article considers the image of geography during World War I through a discussion of newspaper controversies about the pre‐war activities of German and British geographers. Early in the war, Sven Hedin and Albrecht Penck, renowned geographers whose achievements had been widely celebrated by the British geographical establishment, were named in the media as enemy spies whose supposedly disinterested scientific inquiries in Britain and the Empire had masked their real intention to pass sensitive information to the German High Command. British geography stood accused of collusion with enemy ‘super spies’. This article examines how Britain's geographical community, represented by the Royal Geographical Society, sought to defend the discipline's patriotic virtue and head off a full‐scale media witch‐hunt. In so doing, the article comments on the media's role in shaping the image of geography and on geography's place in public debates about the sanctity of the national space.