Male Identity and Martial Codes of Honor: A Comparison of the War Memoirs of Robert Graves, Ernst Junger, and Kande Kamara
This article compares and contrasts the memoirs of three combatants from the First World War: Robert Graves, Ernst Jünger, and the West African Tirailleur Kande Kamara. Though the soldiers' distinctive cultural heritage and service in the British, German, and French colonial armies, respectively, informed each interpretation, they shared similar, though particular, concepts of male identity and military duty that were socially specific, which they strove to honor. Their interpretations addressed particular audiences—categorized as "the victorious," "the defeated," and "the exploited"—that contributed to and reflected the political liturgies informing mass movements—especially in Germany and the Third World—throughout the twentieth century.
"No Sacrifice is too Great, save that of Honor": Honor, Death, and Psychological Combat Trauma in the American Civil War
Examination of honor culture and attitudes toward death and dying found in letters, diaries, and newspapers – from the colonial and revolutionary period through the Civil War era – strongly suggests that Civil War soldiers did not suffer from psychological combat trauma. Psychological combat trauma is as much a part of today’s war as uniforms and ammunition, but this was not the reality for Civil War Americans. The truth is that all wars are terrible for those who fight them, and physical stresses of battle have been part of warfare in every age. Twentieth-century ideas of the psychological effects of war differ vastly from those of the nineteenth century. Civil War battle offered potential for psychiatric trauma. Civil War soldiers, however, lived in a time of different expectations and beliefs about honor and death and dying. Expectations for psychiatric trauma for these soldiers did not exist. This dissertation uses research in honor culture, masculinity studies, and attitudes toward death and dying to illustrate the idea that nineteenth-century cultural ideals of honor and death reduced or prevented psychological consequences of combat in Civil War soldiers.
La mise en valeur des colonies françaises
Le mouvement de la population montre le role du chemin de fer. En 1806, Creil, Montataire et Nogent comptaient respectivement 1161, 882 et 593 hab.; en 1846, elles en avaient 2223, 2226, 830; le recensement de 1921 leur en attribue 10 359,7 809 et 5 556. Les immigrants sont venus de presque toutes les regions de France et aussi de Belgique (1000 Belges vivent a Montataire, 450 a Creil, 200 a Nogent). Creil seule a pris quelques airs de ville; Montataire est restee une longue rue ouvriere; Nogent un simple , faubourg. Les communes environnantes comprennent presque toutes une minorite de cultivateurs et une majorite de travailleurs d'usine.