Chemical Constituents Of Mitrella Kentii ( Annonaceae ) Ainnul Hamidah
Abstract: Mitrella kentii which belongs to the Annonaceae family is a tree-climbing liana found in the Malaysian Peninsula, Islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and New Guinea. This species was studied in 1972 for their alkaloids, 1997 and 2012 for their non-alkaloid constituents. In this study, chalcones, Desmosdumotin C (1) and their tautomer, 2-cinnamoyl3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-2,4-dienone (2), flavanone, 7-hydroxy-5,6-dimethoxy-2-phenylchroman4-one (3), oxoaporphine alkaloids, Liriodenine (4) and Atherospermidine (5) and also terpenoid, -Sitostenone (6) have been isolated from this species. All these compounds were isolated for the first time from Mitrella kentii except Liriodenine (4). The isolated compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR,1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopy and by comparison their spectral data with those previously reported in the literatures. Desmosdumotin C (1) showed the anti-ulcer activity.
New Terpenylated Dihydrochalcone Derivatives Isolated from Mitrella kentii
From the EtOH extract of the stem bark of Mitrella kentii (Annonaceae), two new terpenylated dihydrochalcones were isolated, namely (−)-neolinderatin (1) and (−)-linderatin (2), together with known compounds 2‘,6‘-dihydroxy-4‘-methoxydihydrochalcone and (+)-catechin. Their structures were elucidated by means of combined analytical methods including HREIMS, DC, 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopies.
PACU nurses & postoperative pain : A focused ethnography
....................... ...... .......................... ...... ............... VII I CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................... .. .... .. .................... .. .. . 1 1.1 CONTEXT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .................................................... 1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ........................................................ 2 1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Aim .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION ....................................................... 4 1.5 ASSUMPTIONS ............................................................................................ 4 1.6 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ................................................................................ 4 1.7 SUMMARY OF THE THESIS ............................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................ ...... .................. 8 2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 8 2.2 SEARCH STRATEGY ..................................................................................... 8 2.3 PAIN: AN OVERVIEW ................................................................................... 9 2.3.1 Defining Pain .............................................................................................................. 9 2.3.2 The Physiology of Acute Pain .................................................................... 12 2.3.3 Summary of the Pain Experience ............................................................. 14 2.4 SITUATING THE POST-ANAESTHETIC CARE UNIT ............................................. 16 2.4.1 A Brief History ....................................................................................................... 16 2.4.2 Postoperative Pain in the PACU ................................................................ 17 2.4.3 Challenges for the PACU Nurse ................................................................. 19 2.5 ASSESSING AND MANAGING POSTOPERATIVE PAIN .......................................... 20 2.5.1 Nurses’ Experiences, Perceptions and Strategies ....................... 21 2.5.2 The Complexity of Postoperative Pain Assessment and Management ............................................................................................................................... 24 2.6 ETHNOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 26 2.6.1 An Introduction to Ethnography .............................................................. 26 2.6.2 Ethnography in Nursing Practice .............................................................. 26 2.6 SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 28