Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis to laboratory populations of the olive fruit fly (Dacus oleae)
A survey of Bacillus thuringiensis recovered from the environments of olive groves in Greece was carried out. Of 80 soil samples, 24 were found to contain B. thuringiensis with parasporal crystal inclusions; these were tested for toxicity against the olive fruit fly (Dacus oleae). Mortality levels of larvae caused by the different isolates varied from 7 to 87%. Higher levels of mortality were observed if a mixture of relatively pure crystals and spores was used compared with the mortality resulting from either fraction alone. We were able to show that the toxicity of the most active isolate is likely to be specific for D. oleae.
Characterization of spore coat proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus
Abstract 1. 1. Spore coat extracts from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki and israelensis and Bacillus cereus T and B. cereus NRRL 569 were characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and by amino acid analysis. 2. 2. Both B. cereus spore coats had similar electrophoretic profiles. 3. 3. The B. thuringiensis spore coats contained crystal proteins as major components as well as lower mol. wt proteins. 4. 4. B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis had a unique coat protein profile which was different from B. cereus and B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki coats. 5. 5. Insecticidal activity of spores against the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, also was determined. 6. 6. B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki spores were lethally toxic to the tobacco hornworm (Lepidoptera) larvae, whereas spores of the other subspecies were not. 7. 7. Except for subspecies israelensis, none of the spores was effective against the mosquito (Diptera) larvae.
Application of attribute recognition method for evaluating on sustained developmental degree of water resource systems.
Taking Ping Ba area as an example, this paper explores the method of comprehensive evaluation on sustained developmental extent of water resources systems and sets up an evaluation model by applying the attribute recognition theoretical model The result shows that it is coherence to the result of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, meanwhile, this method is easy and understood, and it suit for evaluating on system quality with standardsKey words: water resources systems; attribute recognition theoretical model; fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method