The review programme in the European Union for existing biocidal active substances—outcome of the notification process
Abstract The European Commission Biocidal Products Directive 98/8/EC lays down rules and procedures concerning the placing of biocidal products on the EU market. Based on the Directive, a First Review Regulation was adopted for the review of existing biocidal active substances. These substances had to be either identified or notified (two different processes) to the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) by 28 March 2002. More than 1000 companies took part in the review programme. In total 953 different existing active substances were identified and 372 different substances were notified. This article presents an analysis of the notified substances regarding the number of notifications per substance, notifiers per substance and per Member State and number of notified substances per product type. The results are compared with data from former statistics.
IMPACT OF NATURAL NANOADDITIVES SiO2 AND TiO2 ON THE QUALITY OF MACHINING PROCESS FLUIDS AND BACTERICIDAL PROPERTIES
An understanding of machining process fluids (types, compositions, operational conditions, lubricating and cleaning effect) is important for maximizing machining process efficiency by reducing heat generation, improving surface roughness, stabilizing the machining process, and increasing the operating life. Contamination by bacteria or even fungi is the weak point of these liquids. The uninhibited growth of bacteria may lead to poor lubricating properties and higher material oxidization; moreover, the presence of endotoxins in a shop floor atmosphere is the consequence of bacterial activity. Thus, biocide chemicals are added to process fluids in order to prevent the bacterial growth. The biocides maintain the efficiency of the process fluids; however, they are injurious to the operators (potential carcinogenic compounds). Natural nanoadditives are a modern way of increasing the biocidal effects. Nanoadditives added to the process fluids have a positive effect on the machining process by reducing the friction coefficient resulting in a reduction of wear of the cutting tool. Nanoadditives can also enhance the bactericidal effect by reducing bacterial respiratory rates and viability.
Regional strategies for the minerals industries of the states of the SADCC
The SADCC has been in existence for eleven years but little progress has been made in regional coordination of the minerals sector even though this sector is the most important exporter of the region. There is however scope for minerals development at the regional level.