Determination of ERL optics with Undulators
Cornell University is currently investigating the feasibility and benefits of building an Energy Recovery Linear Accelerator. One possible layout is shown in Fig.1. The ERL will use undulators (series of dipole magnets with alternating poles), to produce high quality x-ray beams. Part of this investigation is optimizing the electron/positron bunches to make sure that the required beam parameters can be achieved. In order to manipulate the beams and achieve the proposed results you need to alter the magnet strengths within the ERL. Here I will investigate whether it’s possible to take into account the undulators’ effects on the particles’ optics and still achieve the desired beam parameters. We will show that it is possible to conform the beam to the specifications all the way throughout the ERL. Computer simulation software and computer optimizers were used to help us attain our goals.
Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering
Concerned with the design and operation of modern accelerators including linacs, synchrotrons and storage rings, this text includes both theoretical and practical matters. Chapters on beam dynamics and electromagnetic and nuclear interactions deals with linear and nonlinear single particle and collective effects including spin motion, beam-environment, beam-beam and intrabeam interactions. The impedance concept and calculations are covered along with the instabilities associated with the various interactions mentioned. A chapter on operational considerations deals with orbit error assessment and correction. Chapters on mechanical and electrical considerations present material data and aspects of component design including heat transfer and refrigeration. Hardware systems for particle sources, feedback systems, confinement and acceleration (both normal conduction and superconducting) receive detailed treatment in a subsystems chapter, which also covers beam measurement techniques and apparatus. The closing chapter gives data and methods for radiation protection computations as well as much data on radiation damage to various materials and devices.
Techno-economic analysis of solar thermal power plants using liquid sodium as heat transfer fluid
Abstract Solar thermal power plants with central receiver and thermal storage are expected to be one key technology in future electricity generation, because they are renewable and due to the thermal storage independent of the current solar radiation. State-of-the-art solar power plants often use molten nitrate salts as heat transfer fluid. The use of liquid sodium instead leads to lower electricity generation costs. Sodium has a high thermal conductivity and thus large heat transfer rates are possible. Hence, a smaller absorber surface is sufficient for the same thermal power. As a result, the sodium receiver achieves a higher efficiency at lower investment cost. Additionally, the aiming strategy, which reduces the peak heat flux on molten salt receivers isn’t necessary for sodium. Even at high heat flux densities, the absorber tubes will be cooled sufficiently due to the high heat transfer coefficients. Therefore, the sodium receiver in this analysis is designed for one single aim point, resulting in a heat flux density of q mean = 1.06 MW / m 2 and q peak = 2.99 MW / m 2 . The state-of-the-art system with molten salt considers q mean = 0.51 MW / m 2 and q peak = 1.0 MW / m 2 . The presented techno-economic analysis of two sodium based concepts compared to a reference system with molten salt results in up to 16% lower electricity generation costs.