Hu Yaobang: New Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
AT THE SIXTH PLENUM of the Eleventh Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in June 1981, Hua Guofeng, Mao Zedong's designated successor, was forced to resign his posts as party chairman and chairman of its Military Affairs Commission. Hua was replaced as party chairman by Hu Yaobang, a protege of Deng Xiaoping, China's de facto leader and party general secretary, and as Chairman of the Military Affairs Commission by Deng himself. Meanwhile, Hua was demoted to a junior party vice-chairman, and Zhao Ziyang, another Deng protege and Premier of the State Council, was promoted to party vice-chairman. In ranking order, the changes have created the following lineup in the powerful Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP Central Committee: Hu Yaobang, He Jianying, Deng Xiaoping, Zhao Ziyang, Li Xiannian, Chen Yun, and Hua Guofeng.1 Thus, Hua was dropped from first to seventh in the party hierarchy. Hua's demotion and Hu's promotion were the products of a compromise between the Deng faction and the Maoists. It is still unknown whether Hua retains some sort of residual power; probably his party vice-chairmanship like his former party chairmanship is a nominal position. The results of this plenum are: a tripartite leadership with Hu running the party, Zhao running the government, and Deng running the army; the formal end of the Maoist era; abolition of lifetime tenure for the party chairmanship; and the discontinuance of the concentration of party and military power in the hands of one man. Now Hu, as Deng's heir apparent, plays a leading role in China's decision-making process, although Beijing continues to emphasize collective leadership.
The Problem of Cadres in China
only hinders their moclcr-niration programme, but also threatens their consolidation of power. In consideration of these dangers, they have repeatedly criticize theshort-comingsof both the cadre system and the bureaucracy, and have decided to change the status quo by following Deng’s dictum : ’Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.’ In order to understand this point, this article will examine the origin of the cadre problem and analyse the validity of the reforms on the basis of the
THE PERFORMANCE OF STEADY DETONATION ENGINES
Propulsion systems driven by steady normal detonations are studied. The practical di‐culties associated with stabilizing a detonation wave are highlighted. The requirement on the freestream total enthalpy is considered in parallel with efiects such as condensation or auto-ignition of the fuel-air mixture and limitations associated with fuel sensitivity to detonation. A criterion for detonation stabilization is formulated and applied to an analytical treatment of a detonation ramjet and a detonation turbojet, which are the respective analogs of the ramjet and the turbojet using detonative combustion. The performance of these engines is evaluated and compared to the ideal ramjet and turbojet models for hydrogen and JP10. A limitation is placed on the maximum total temperature allowed in the combustor, based on material considerations. The results show that steady detonation engines have a small thrust-producing range, due to the requirements for detonation stabilization. Their performance is always lower than that of the conventional ramjet and turbojet because of the total pressure loss across the detonation.