Sensorless load monitoring and management in electric power grid through energy harvesting
The article shows a possibility to measure the instant value of the consumed current in electrical devices or in branches of the electric power grid, without specialized sensors. As it is demonstrated, in some types of electrical networks the neutral conductor could be used as a current sensing device and as an energy source. The measuring of the voltage difference between the neutral conductor and the protective conductor can supply convenient information about the load.
Electric Secondary Distribution System Design
As energy prices and the costs of building new generating facilities continue to increase, electric utilities have started looking for ways to reduce system losses. The secondary distribution system is under scrutiny due to the large number of distribution transformers and high secondary load currents. A companion paper (Gibson et al., 2007) presents a new method of secondary distribution system modeling and load characterization. The secondary distribution system is modeled in terms of a few secondary circuit archetypes. The power demand of each load is derived from actual energy consumption. A computer software using Microsoft Excel has been developed to calculate the losses for all transformer secondary circuits in the pilot area, including energy losses in the service drops, secondary lines, and transformers; thus, the circuits with the greatest losses are identified for further study. The applications of the proposed secondary distribution model and load characterization on the economic analysis and design of secondary circuits are also presented.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, A Commentary
Volume VI is the sixth substantive volume to be published in the series. It deals with the work of the First Committee at the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, namely the international seabed area. The volume thus embraces the deep seabed mining regime set out in Part XI of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea together with the 1994 Agreement on its implementation. Completion of this commentary was delayed first by the consultations and negotiations that commenced in 1990 and led to the 1994 Agreement and the entry into force of the Convention. It was further delayed until the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority approved the detailed mining regulations in 2000. Additional supplementary material can be found at UNCLOS 1982 Commentary: Supplementary Documents.