The ideology of reform and changing ideas concerning Jews in the works of rupert of deutz and hermannus quondam iudeus
In 1965 Lea Dasberg postulated that one result of the Investiture Struggle was that the political and economic status of the Jews began to erode. Jews, as the perceived allies of the emperor, were cast in the role of the enemies of an increasingly assertive Church intent on establishing its freedom from all non-ecclesiastical interference.' This theory has not received widespread acclaim; nonetheless, there is an obvious appeal in the suggestion that one should investigate possible connections between the Gregorian Reform and changing twelfth-century attitudes of Christians to Jews. The religious revival toward the end of the eleventh century, which spilled over into the twelfth century, was marked by the attempt of the reforming popes to disengage the Church from lay authority. In the eyes of popes such as Gregory VII, only a Church unimpeded by temporal encroachment could play its allotted function to create in society iustitia, or justice. And that meant total compliance of all who lived in that society with the life ordained by Jesus Christ.2 Only a universal Church that was properly steered by Rome, through papal legates and bishops who looked to Rome for instruction, could effectively play this role. One side of the Reform movement thus concentrated on the structure which the Church needed in order to Christianize society.
The Intellectual and Spiritual Quest for Christ and Central Medieval Persecution of Jews
The central Middle Ages, broadly covering the period between 1050 and 1300, conjure up different images for different kinds of medieval historians. For crusade historians this period represents both the high point of crusading history — the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 — and bitter disillusionment culminating in the fall of Acre in 1291. Socio-economic historians are offered a period of impressive growth in trade, industry and urbanization. Political and constitutional historians are struck by the burgeoning polities of the period. As intellectual historians feast themselves on the advancements in scholarship, ecclesiastical historians enjoy the fruits of reform. But however much students of Jewish history appreciate the intellectual, spiritual and economic growth of the Jewish communities of Ashkenaz (Germany and neighbouring lands) and Sefarad (Spain and neighbouring lands), they cannot overlook the reality of increasing pressure on, if not persecution of, Jews in this period. The obvious question to pose is what connections, if any, might exist between the many diverse facets of central medieval renewal and the hardening of Christian attitudes towards Jews, which commenced to the north of the Alps.
A social analysis of the members of the Newfoundland House of Assembly, Executive Council, and Legislative Council for the period, 1855-1914
Chapter I consists of an introduction to the thesis, its purpose, and intent. Chapter II is an aggregate analysis of the members of the three chambers of government during the period 1855-1914. Chapter III is an analysis of geographic factors contributing to recruitment into Newfoundland politics. Chapter IV analyzes religion and its importance in Island politics. Chapter V studies occupation and class and Chapter VI is concerned with kinship and marriage. Chapter VII summarizes the findings of the previous chapters.