Aspekte Der Politischen Verflechtung Des Patriarchen In Der Mittelbyzantinischen Zeit
The patriarch of Constantinople became an important political factor in the 
 middle Byzantine period. Three aspects will be discussed: 1. Responsibility 
 for the inauguration of the ruler, 2. Support of usurpations and political 
 coups, 3. Mediation.
Kaiserprophetien und Hochverrat. Apokalyptische Schriften und Kaiservaticinien als Medium antikaiserlicher Propaganda
Im Juli oder August des Jahres 1280 erließ Kaiser Michael VIII. Palaiologos († 11.12. 1282) ein Gesetz, das auf den ersten Blick etwas eigenartig anmutet. Der eigentliche Text dieses Gesetzes ist nicht berliefert. Allein der Historiker Georgios Pachymeres berichtet ber den Vorgang; seine Mitteilung dar ber und insbesondere der Kontext der Ereignisse sind allerdings schwer zu verstehen. Schon Karl Krumbacher kennzeichnete die Lekt re dieses Geschichtswerkes – vçllig berechtigt – als „qualvoll“, und der Abschnitt (IV,24), der mit der Nachricht ber das Gesetz endet, gehçrt zu den schwierigsten. Es ging jedenfalls um bestimmte „Flugbl tter“ (v2lousa), deren Besitz, Lekt re oder gar Ver-
Italian Influence on the Development of Calvinist Scholasticism
THIS ARTICLE TRIES to show that the rise of Calvinist scholasticism, which was the most important development in Calvinist theology during the second half of the sixteenth century, stemmed largely from several converging Italian influences, particularly from the writings of Peter Martyr Vermigli and Jerome Zanchi. Here Calvinist theology refers not only to the personal thought of John Calvin but also to the teachings of the founders of the Reformed or Calvinist tradition as it spread out from Geneva and Switzerland to France, Germany, England, Scotland, Poland, and the Low Countries. In this context Calvin emerges as the brightest star in a galaxy of Reformed theologians which includes Heinrich Bullinger, Pierre Viret, Theodore Beza and Wolfgang Musculus as well as Martyr, Zanchi and others. These theologians were often more influential than Calvin himself at a given place or time or on a given point of doctrine. Bullinger, Martyr, and Martin Bucer were all more important for spreading Calvinist ideas to Edwardian England than was John Calvin. Early Elizabethan Protestantism looked more to Zurich than to Geneva, as did early Polish Calvinism. German Calvinism owed more to Heidelberg than to Geneva.' These leaders developed their theologies sometimes in mutual dependence, sometimes with surprising independence. By no means was their relation to Calvin simply that of disciple to master, for each gave a personal nuance to his style of Calvinism. Thus the sixteenth century Jesuit Cornelius Schulting states on the opening page of his five volume polemic against Calvin and Peter Martyr that Martyr was clearer and far more learned than Calvin.2 Recently John Bray has pointed out that research in seventeenth century Calvinism leads "to the conclusion that the impact of Calvin upon the Calvinistic movement has been greatly over-rated. It may well be that some of