The past, present and future tasks of Hungarian dendrological research.
Hungarian dendrological research (research of living woody plants) has more than 200 years old history; the first general work by János Keresztély Grossinger was published in 1797. Further basic works in our time yet are: Forest Botany by Lajos Fekete and Sándor Mágócsy-Dietz (1896); and the chorological work, Distribution of trees and shrubs of sylvicultural importance in the region of Hungarian State by Lajos Fekete and Tibor Blattny (1913). A few dendrologists and many botanists have helped to get better knowledge of Hungarian dendroflora. From the point of view of taxonomy, chorology and habitat - which are interested by field botanists - it can be said that knowledge is fairly heterogeneous. There are sufficient information about most of the rare (protected/endangered) woody plants (an about 50 species) and the important adventives, above all invasive trees and shrubs (an about 10 species). From these two groups beyond there are only few taxa which can be said thoroughly worked up and known (e.g. Castanea sativa, Cornus mas, Fraxinus spp., Quercus spp.). List of the dendrotaxa, hardly known in the above-mentioned point of view is rich in species that are important for forestry or horticulture (e.g. Alnus glutinosa, Acer spp., Betula pendula, Corylusavellana and most of Salix spp.), supplemented with other species (e.g. Clematis vitalba, Colutea arborescens, Lonicera xylosteum, Padus avium, Sambucus nigra, Staphylea pinnata, Viburnum spp.).Followings can be asked from our field botanists: i) look for a specialist in cases of critical dendrotaxa; ii) a circumspect identification is necessary - especially in the case of leaves - by right of great number of samples from the adequate part of shoot; iii) keep in view frequent hybridization (e.g. in the case of Betula, Crataegus, Pyrus, Tilia), and frequent appearance of hybrids (e.g. Betula × rhombifolia, Cerasus × eminens, Salix × rubens); iv) appearance of interim forms are usually typical in the cases of species classified into aggregate species (e.g. Quercus petraea agg., Qu. pubescens agg.); v) take intraspecific taxa according to various ecological demands, area, morphological differences into consideration; vi) culture variations cannot be treat as an equal with the species (e.g. Populus spp., Salix spp.); vii) natural ↔ artificial area have to be separated; viii) lend a helping hand in getting taxonomical knowledge of hardly known dendrotaxa.
Eine kritisch-taxonomische Übersicht der in Europa wildwachsenden Eschen-Arten und deren Unterarten
Die Gattung Fraxinus ist in Europa in 2 Sektionen vertreten, namlich die Sektion Ornus mit gut entwickeltem Perianth durch die Art F. ornus L., die Sektion Fraxinus (= Fraxinaster) durch 6 wildwachsenden Arten, die keine Blutenhulle besitzen. F. excelsior ist die verbreitetste Art, die in den westlichen Teilen Europas in 2 Okotypen (Wassereeche, Kalkesche) vorkommt. In der Hinsicht der Unterscheidung, Bewertung und Absonderung der weiteren ahnlichen Arten sind dagegen viele Widerspruche und Unsicherheiten in der Literatur anzutreffen. 
 
 
 
Nach der eingehenden Untersuchung der Arten stellte sich heraus, das fur die Unterscheidung Blutenstandsmerkmale masgebend sind. 
 
 
 
Bei den Arten F. excelsior, F. oxycarpa und F. coriariifolia ist die Infloreszenz zusammengesetzt, also eine Rispe (Sect. Paniclatae), bei den Arten F. angustifolia, F. pallisae und F. syriaca hingegen einfach, daher eine Traube (Sect. Racemosae). 
 
 
 
Der Okotyp „Wasseresche” der F. excelsior kommt im pannonischen Raum und ostwarts nicht vor, hier wird der Typ durch F. angustifolia ssp. pannonica vertreten. 
 
 
 
In der Literatur wird F. oxycarpa mit F. angustifolia oft verwechselt, ferner wird F. coriariifolia mit F. pallisae verwechselt. Nach dem obengesagten handelt es sich um ahnliche Arten, die jedoch zu verschiedenen Sektionen gehoren.
Subject index
Adoptive immunotherapy A1, A63, A63, A64, A64, A65, A66, A68, A69, A69, A70, A70, A71, A71, A72, A72, A73, A73, A74, A75, A76, A78, A79, A79, A7, A80, A80, A81, A81, A82, A84, A85, A86, A86, A88, A88, A89, A90, A90, A91, A92, A93, A93, A94, A95, A95, A96, A96, A97, A97, A98, A98, A99, A99, A102, A103, A104, A104, A166, A167, A169, A170, A174, A177, A179, A181, A182, A199, A204, A205, A21, A215, A220, A231, A231, A243, A251, A254, A25, A276, A287, A304, A307, A310, A315, A316, A316, A329, A331, A333, A357, A358, A369, A405, A441, A442, A458, A458, A459, A459, A461, A461, A463, A468, A468, A479, A492, A497, A497, A56, A58, A58, A59, A60, A60, A61, 1, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 13, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 173, 174, 175, 272, 273, 278, 280, 285, 290, 293, 297, 298, 324, 333, 335, 35, 353, 360, 379, 380, 400, 414, 418, 42, 454, 470, 493, 500, 504, 513, 515, 516, 542, 545, 549, 598, 599, 614, 675, 737, 739, 764, 765, 766, 767, 770, 771, 772, 780, 781, 801, 822, 830, 831, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98 Angiogenesis A108, A155, A171, A200, A201, A214, A228, A265, A305, A349, A350, A359, A410, A47, A48, A480, A483, A519, A5, 181, 257, 281, 327, 328, 351, 374, 435, 495, 583, 584, 602, 683, 76, 78, 802, 808, 873, 9 Antibody A7, A73, A81, A86, A91, A8, A99, A9, A104, A108, A108, A109, A109, A111, A115, A119, A126, A128, A130, A135, A138, A141, A144, A151, A153, A159, A160, A163, A164, A164, A171, A172, A175, A176, A2, A187, A193, A193, A195, A195, A198, A199, A20, A209, A212, A225, A229, A230, A23, A233, A233, A235, A239, A239, A240, A242, A244, A244, A245, A245, A246, A247, A247, A24, A250, A256, A260, A261, A266, A267, A268, A269, A273, A275, A286, A288, A292, A293, A296, A299, A300, A307, A3, A308, A31, A318, A324, A35, A334, A334, A336, A338, A339, A342, A343, A344, A344, A346, A346, A351, A351, A353, A356, A360, A361, A363, A368, A369, A370, A371, A372, A372, A373, A374, A376, A377, A378, A378, A379, A379, A380, A380, A388, A391, A399, A399, A41, A402, A410, A410, A411, A412, A414, A417, A418, A419, A419, A420, A422, A422, A423, A426, A427, A428, A428, A430, A431, A432, A434, A434, A435, A446, A454, A455, A459, A463, A465, A468, A468, A469, A474, A481, A483, A50, A486, A487, A491, A502, A502, A504, A507, A507, A508, A510, A511, A512, A512, A516, 12, 122, 133, 141, 151, 16, 167, 17, 174, 181, 182, 184, 185, 188, 195, 203, 210, 215, 218, 227, 231, 237, 243, 250, 253, 261, 262, 265, 267, 268, 281, 282, 287, 288, 3, 305, 313, 315, 317, 318, 323, 325, 34, 342, 348, 369, 377, 378, 38, 384, 385, 387, 393, 394, 395, 399, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 41, 412, 421, 428, 429, 438, 439, 442, 443, 450, 453, 469, 472, 476, 478, 480, 483, 486, 499, 5, 501, 51, 519, 531, 55, 550, 552, 557, 561, 562, 569, 571, 572, 573, 576, 578, 586, 587, 590, 594, 603, 605, 607, 612, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 621, 622, 626, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 647, 653, 665, 666, 67, 670, 683, 684, 686, 687, 690, 693, 696, 697, 698, 699, 702, 703, 704, 711, 713, 714, 715, 718, 721, 722, 725, 726, 727, 745, 757, 760, 766, 772, 776, 780, 781, 785, 793, 804, 808, 81, 812, 814, 820, 842, 843, 846, 851, 852, 853, 856, 858, 860, 861, 869 Antigen presenting cells A67, A79, A80, A92, A95, A96, A99, A99, A101, A102, A102, A108, A108, A111, A129, A139, A160, A166, A177, A178, A183, A191, A191, A213, A220, A221, A245, A254, A256, A262, A266, A275, A314, A322, A327, A328, A35, A335, A345, A359, A359, A360, A361, A364, A366, A368, A369, A371, A372, A403, A409, A411, A411, A418, A422, A433, A449, A48, A468, A471, A472, A4, A50, A495, A502, A506, A513, A514, A515, 108, 128, 130, 153, 157, 160, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 181, 182, 188, 217, 235, 263, 271, 290, 291, 299, 310, 311, 349, 360, 362, 404, 418, 421, 431, 438, 453, 510, 526, 538, 540, 55, 553, 575, 601, 602, 603, 605, 610, 611, 612, 615, 617, 618, 672, 682, 685, 686, 695, 703, 724, 748, 78, 780, 787, 790, 8, 81, 828, 842, 849, 862, 864, 868 Autoimmunity A8, A116, A15, A180, A181, A22, A380, A387, A394, A395, A402, A408, A502, A510, 16, 197, 27, 295, 296, 37, 637, 645, 657, 658, 671, 680, 843, 856