Further aspects of enhanced ion scattering near 180 degrees.
The role of rainbow scattering in enhanced ion scattering near 180{degree} was explored by comparing calculated enhancements for protons and antiprotons. Since the rainbow effect does not occur for negative particles and since the enhancement was much smaller for them than for positive particles, this comparison demonstrated in a more direct way than previously done the importance of rainbow scattering in producing the enhancement. A procedure for calculating a similarity factor between the ingoing and outgoing portions of a trajectory was developed, and its use showed that trajectories returning near 180{degree} differ in nature from random-return trajectories. A discussion is given of the possible relationship of the enhancement to phenomena such as the correlation effect in self-diffusion by the vacancy mechanism in solids and surface-structure studies by impact-collision ion-scattering spectrometry.
Reversibility effects in disordered and ordered solids leading to scattered-ion yield enhancements near 180°
Abstract A general review is given of the recently discovered phenomenon of enhanced ion backscattering near 180°. Examples of experimental results are presented that illustrate the nature of the enhancement and its basic dependences on angle and depth. It is shown that the various aspects of the effect can be reproduced by computer simulations that include the effects of trajectory reversibility, nuclear recoils and detector depth resolution. Measured and calculated results are given that illustrate the dependences of the enhancement on ion and target parameters. Results are presented of the enhancement observed in amorphous Ge and in a single crystal of Ge rotated to create a reference spectrum. The enhancement is greater for the rotating crystal case demonstrating crystalline effects on the enhancement. Also presented are some results for the enhancement of the surface yield in a channeling direction of a crystal in the 180° geometry; possible application for surface studies is discussed.
Cognitive Correlaretes of Physics Achievement of Some Nigeria Senior Secondary Students
Some cognitive correlates of physics achievement of some Nigeria senior secondary students were considered in the study. Specifically, the study examined the relationship between measures of student’s field independency. Cognitive tasks, formal reasoning and their achievement in physics. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were employed to obtain a sample of 524 senior secondary two students from six education zones in Kogi State of Nigeria. Three instruments were used. They are science Reasoning Tasks (SRTs). Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) and Physics Achievement Test (PAT). Data analysis using multiple regressions reveals that measures of students’ fields’ independency and cognitive tasks predicted student’s achievement in physics generally. However, only measure of field independency predicted students’ achievement in physics in the higher order cognitive demand questions. Measures of formal reasoning had no significant relationship with students’ achievements in physics generally or in higher order cognitive demand questions in physics. However, the overall relationships between measures of field independency, cognitive tasks, formal reasoning and students’ achievement in physics generally and in higher order cognitive demand questions in physics were both significant. Educational implications of these findings were discussed.