Remarkable effect of nitrogen dioxide for N-hydroxyphthalimide-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of methylquinolines.
Aerobic oxidation of methylquinolines was successfully achieved by the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide/Co(OAc)2/Mn(OAc)2 as catalyst in the presence of a small amount of nitrogen dioxide as an initiator.
A New Strategy for the Preparation of Terephthalic Acid by the Aerobic Oxidation of p-Xylene using N-Hydroxyphthalimide as a Catalyst
A new methodology for the production of terephthalic acid (3) by the aerobic oxidation of p-xylene (1) using a combined catalytic system of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI)/Co(OAc) 2/Mn(OAc) 2was developed. The oxidation of 1 under a dioxygen atmosphere in the presence of a catalytic amount of NHPI/NHPI(OAc) 2/Mn(OAc) 2at 100 °C for 14 h afforded terephthalic acid in 82% yield. Removal of Mn(OAc) 2 from the catalytic system resulted in considerable reduction in the yield of 3. When the oxidation of 1 was carried out under a pressure of air (30 atm) at 150 °C, the reaction was completed within 3 h to give 3 in 84% yield. The oxidation of p-toluic acid (2), which can be prepared by the oxidation of 1 using the NHPI/NHPI(OAc) 2 system at room temperature, by the NHPI/NHPI(OAc) 2/Mn(OAc) 2system under pressure of air (30 atm) at 150 °C gave 3 in 95% yield. N-Acetoxyphthalimide (NAPI) was found to require a lower catalyst loading than NHPI, but oxidation with NAPI was slower. Thus, the oxidation of 1 catalyzed by NAPI (5 mol %)/Co(OAc) 2 (0.5 mol %)/Mn(OAc) 2 (0.5 mol %) under a dioxygen atmosphere (1 atm) in acetic acid at 100 °C gave 3 in 80% yield.
Realist Review of Programs, Policies, and Interventions to Enhance the Social, Emotional, and Spiritual Well-Being of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Young People Living in Out-of-Home Care
The child protection system in Australia includes out-of-home care (OoHC) for children and young people at risk of harm and neglect. In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and young people are 9 times more likely to be placed in care than non-Aboriginal young people (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2015). Australia’s history of colonization and subsequent policies have caused trauma to individuals, families, and communities and resulted in poor physical and mental health and mistrust of services. This review was undertaken to identify programs and policies currently in place that aim to improve the mental health and well-being of this vulnerable population. It provides an analysis of both the strengths of the current system as well as what has been inadequately addressed based on literature in the area.By incorporating an Aboriginal perspective, this review focuses on social, emotional, and spiritual well-being (SESWB) and the aspects of a child’s life and community that promote this. A realist review of the academic and grey literature was conducted in 2014. It included an extensive search of government and non-government (NGO) publications. The review identified nine programs or policies that are designed to improve the SESWB of Aboriginal young people in OoHC in local and international settings. These are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Child Placement Principle, cultural support plans, Aboriginal Community Controlled Organisations (ACCOs), family group decision-making, therapeutic care, and Panyappi Mentoring Program. Given that culturally competent service provision is important to SESWB, the review concludes that an increase in monitoring and evaluation is necessary to determine the effectiveness of programs and ensure their implementation and sustainability when warranted. Policy and research work is needed to adapt and devise programs promoting the SESWB of Aboriginal young people (at both the individual and system levels), determine their effectiveness, and ensure they are sustained when warranted.