Organic cacao chain for development: the case of the Talamanca Small-Farmers Association
Costa Rica and Panama both produce only small volumes of organic cacao. Some cocoa producers started production of organic banana. APPTA has to cope with market instability due to excess supply and with low local production due to biological threats. APPTA has to find a reliable buyer and either to increase the volume of cacao or to pool its production with the production realized by COCABO in Panama. This latter option will lead to a number of associated challenges such as harmonization of quality, organizing logistics, tracking and tracing, elaborating contracts between cooperatives etc. Developing new commercialization channels towards Europe reveals three options: APPTA sells beans directly to a Dutch buyer; APPTA sells beans to a Costa Rican processor who in turn exports semi-manufactured products to Dutch producers; or beans are processed by Costa Rican industry and APPTA commits to selling semimanufactured products to Dutch producers. Each of these three options has different repercussions on labelling, quality, environmental impact and profits. Additional options to improve livelihood of cacao farmers consist of diversification of the production at farm level and developing alternative sources of income, such as eco-tourism. The real challenge facing APPTA is to determine how to bring stakeholders with different interests and competencies together in an effective way to improve chain performance and to enhance farmers’ livelihoods.
Developing Best Practice Guidelines For Sustainable Models of Cocoa Production to Maximize Their Impacts on Biodiversity Protection World Wildlife Fund Vietnam
World Wildlife Fund Vietnam developed this research project in order to understand and address the social and environmental implications of expanding cocoa production in Vietnam as part of the “From Trade Negotiations to Global Adjustment” project. The intent of this research is to develop guidelines for best practices of sustainable cocoa production via data on cultivation models and their impacts on natural resources and farming communities. A focus of the research is to identify elements of cocoa cultivation that have positive impacts for the conservation of biodiversity.
The Concept of Human Dignity
현대사회에서 지구화는 우리의 일상생활에서 직면하는 현상이며, 생활의 모든 영역에서 커다란 영향을 미치고 있다. 이러한 지구화의 현상은 세계와 인간존재에 관한 인식범위를 확장하는 것을 의미한다. 지구화는 전지구적 가치의 창조로 이어지고 있다. 지구화의 개념이 친인권적이거나 반인권적인 것은 아니지만, 지구화 자체는 많은 영역에서 많은 문제를 낳고 있다....