Laser scanning of MOS IC's reveals internal logic states nondestructively
A laser scanning system has been used to observe the internal logic pattern in a MOS LSI device in a nondestructive manner. The laser scanner has also been used to selectively change logic states deep within the device. Pictures of the logic patterns revealed by the scanner are discussed.
LOGIC FAILUREANALYSIS OF CMOS VLSIUSINGA LASER PROBE
An improvedtechniquefor usinga focused laser beam to extract logical levels of internalIC transistorsin a non-contactand non-destructivemanner is introduced and described.Advances in the detection scheme coupled with computer control and signal processingallowautomatedoperation. Various tests were performed on CMOS microprocessorsto exemplifythe frequency, noise, and drift insensitivityof the detection scheme. These results will be presented,along with a discussion on the practical use of the techniqueand its extension for testing NMOS and bipolar technologies. - I 1940's , 1950's A 1960's 5 1970's 1980's , 1990's Time 'V
Heavy metal adsorption from industrial wastewater by PAMAM/TiO2 nanohybrid: Preparation, characterization and adsorption studies
Abstract This study investigates the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater using TiO 2 nanoparticles modified with poly-amidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM, G 4 ). The metal ions Cu 2 + , Pb 2 + , and Cd 2 + were selected as model pollutants. FTIR, SEM, BET surface area and Zeta potential measurements, and Dispersion Observing methods have been employed for characterizing the synthetic nanohybrid and these techniques indicated that the PAMAM loaded on to TiO 2 have been favorably synthesized. The effects of several parameters including initial metal ion concentration, temperature, pH solution, the nanohybrid dosage and contact time were studied. The experimental data were analyzed using equilibrium isotherm and kinetics models. The adsorption process was studied using isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamics models. The analysis shows that the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics are appropriate models for the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters illustrate that the absorption is endothermic and spontaneous. The findings suggest that the nanohybrid is a good super absorbent for the removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents.