Critical analysis of a steel wire rod plant Processes for Energy Optimization-A case study
Energy is needed in the wire rod plant processes for any value addition activity to develop the finished product. The increased energy costs and an uncertain steel markets have created the demand for a system in the steel plant, to utilizes the rolling process waste heat, or improve rolling process so that next further processing may be avoided for rolled product.. The process energy optimization is a tool to improve profitability, environment and productivity of an organization. In a wire rod plant processes, the aim of energy saving can be achieved by reduced resource consumption and by efficient use of plant installation like reheating furnace, mills and utility. A case study is used to illustrate the rolling processes energy optimization and to demonstrate its applicability.
Temperature distribution in steel during hot rolling: pseudo-bond graph view
Abstract In hot rolling, a metal is given its final shape by plastically deforming the original stock. In this present work, the above mentioned deformation process is modelled, i.e., temperature, flow stress at each point in and around the deformation zone. A viable bond graph model has been developed to study the essential dynamics inside the material. Low-carbon steel has been considered and the modelling is described for single-pass hot rolling.
The crystal structure of stilpnomelane. Part II. The full cell
Summary The structural formula of stilpnomelane averaged from 37 representative literature analyses and based on the determined structure is (Ca,Na,K)4(Ti0·1Al2·3Fe35·5Mn0·8Mg9·3)[Si63Al9](O,OH)216·nH2O. Ferrostilpnomelanes have up to 12 R 3+ cations in the octahedral sheet, ferristilpnomelanes commonly have between 24 and 30 R 3+ cations, rarely up to 37. The two groups can be distinguished by accurate X-ray powder diffraction, ferrostilpnomelanes having d 001 less and a greater than have ferristilpnomelanes. The unit cell is triclinic, a = b∼21·8 Å, γ = 120°, d 001∼12·2 Å, P . Hexagonal groups or ‘islands’ of 24 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra co-ordinate to the octahedral sheet, the centres of the ‘islands’ are displaced by 5a/12, 8b/12 on either side of the octahedral sheet as a result of warping of this sheet to permit articulation with the smaller tetrahedral sheet. The 24-tetrahedra ‘islands’ are linked laterally by 6-member rings of inverted tetrahedra, which in turn link at their apices to like rings connecting the next sheet of ‘islands’. Thus a single tetrahedral layer is 4 tetrahedra thick and has symmetry 6/m. The 6-member rings of tetrahedra act as hinges permitting up to 0·5 Å extension or contraction of the tetrahedral sheet to accommodate variations in the octahedral sheet dimensions with varying R 2+/R 3+ ratio.