Determination of furan fatty acids in extra virgin olive oil.
The presence of 4 different furan fatty acids (F-acids) was detected in 18 samples of transmethylated monovarietal extra virgin olive oil: methyl 10,13-epoxy-11,12-dimethyloctadeca-10,12-dienoate [diMeF(9,5)], methyl 12,15-epoxy-13,14-dimethyleicosa-12,14-dienoate [diMeF(11,5)] and both olefinic derivatives of diMeF(11,5) with one unsaturation on the side chains conjugated with the furan ring. Transmethylated oils were analyzed by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled on-line with capillary gas chromatography. After the gas chromatographic separation step, a more selective detection of F-acids was achieved by using a photoionization detector mounted in series with a flame ionization detector. The concentration of F-acids ranged between 50 ppb (detection limit of the method) and 2.1 ppm in the oil. The olefinic derivatives of diMeF(11,5) acids detected were not artifacts created during the sample preparation or during the chromatographic analysis.
Analysis of Intact Cholesteryl Esters of Furan Fatty Acids in Cod Liver
Furan fatty acids (F-acids) are a class of natural antioxidants with a furan moiety in the acyl chain. These minor fatty acids have been reported to occur with high proportions in the cholesteryl ester fraction of fish livers. Here we present a method for the direct analysis of intact cholesteryl esters with F-acids and other fatty acids in cod liver lipids. For this purpose, the cholesteryl ester fraction was isolated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using a cool-on-column inlet. Pentadecanoic acid esterified with cholesterol was used as an internal standard. GC/MS spectra of F-acid cholesteryl esters featured the molecular ion along with characteristic fragment ions for both the cholesterol and the F-acid moiety. All investigated cod liver samples (n = 8) showed cholesteryl esters of F-acids and, to a lower degree, of conventional fatty acids. By means of GC/MS-SIM up to ten F-acid cholesteryl esters could be determined in the samples. The concentrations of cholesteryl esters with conventional fatty acids amounted to 78–140 mg/100 g lipids (mean 97 mg/100 g lipids), while F-acid cholesteryl esters were present at 47–270 mg/100 g lipids (mean 130 mg/100 g lipids).
Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate
PART I: The Pre-Islamic Middle East Chapter 1 Mesopotamia Chapter 2 The Mediterranean Middle East PART II: Founding Discourses Chapter 3 Women and the Rise of Islam Chapter 4 The Transitional Age Chapter 5 Elaboration of the Founding Discourses Chapter 6 Medieval Islam PART III: New Discourses Chapter 7 Social and Intellectual Change Chapter 8 The Discourse of the Veil Chapter 9 The First Feminists Chapter 10 Divergent Voices Chapter 11 The Struggle for the Future Conclusion Notes Index.