The Federalist and Executive Power
Occasionally, the United States is confronted with the dilemma that, in emergencies, presidents may find it necessary to take actions that ignore constitutional restraints and break the law. In such cases, a strict adherence to the law might constrain the president from acting quickly to protect national security. Some have argued that the president has the constitutional authority to take whatever actions are deemed to be necessary, regardless of the law, and that this authority is available indefinitely as long as it is exercised under the commander in chief authority conferred in Article II. After reviewing the arguments in The Federalist, this paper argues that in crises presidents may legitimately take extraordinary actions outside their constitutional authority, but their actions are legitimate only insofar as they are transparent and presidents seek congressional sanction as soon as the immediate emergency has passed.
The Pacificus-Helvidius Debates of 1793–1794: Toward the Completion of the American Founding
Washington's Neutrality Proclamation, 22 April 1793 Defence of the President's Neutrality Proclamation (Alexander Hamilton), May 1793 Pacificus Number I (Alexander Hamilton), 29 June 29 1793 Pacificus Number I1 (Alexander Hamilton), 3 July 3 1793 Pacificus Number 111 (Alexander Hamilton), 6 July 1793 Pacificus Number IV (Alexander Hamilton), 10 July 10 1793 Pacificus Number V (Alexander Hamilton), 13-17 July 1793 Pacificus Number VI (Alexander Hamilton), 17 July 1793 Pacificus Number VII (Alexander Hamilton), 27 July 1793 'Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 7 July 1793 Helvidius Number I (James Madison), 24 August 1793 Helvidius Number I1 (James Madison), 31 August 1793 Helvidius Number 111 (James Madison), 7 September 1793 Helvidius Number IV (James Madison), 14 September 1793 Helvidius Number V (James Madison), 18 September 1793 Americanus Number I (Alexander Hamilton), 31 January 1794 Americanus Number I1 (Alexander Hamilton), 7 February 1794 Index.
Dimensional Errors of Fixtures, Locating and Measurement Datum Features in the Stream of Variation Modeling in Machining
Machining processes are usually multi-station processes involving a large number of operations and several locating datum changes. Machining errors are thus introduced, transformed and accumulated as the workpiece is being machined. This paper introduces procedures for expressing the influence of errors in fixtures, locating datum features and measurement datum features on dimensional errors in machining. These procedures are essential in the derivation of the Stream of Variation model of dimensional machining errors using the CAD/CAPP parameters of the machining process. The linear state space form of the Stream of Variation model allows for advanced control theory achievements to be employed in formal solutions to problems in multi-station machining. Modeling procedures presented in this paper were experimentally verified in machining of an automotive cylinder head.