A REVIEW OF THE COMMON CAUSES OF BOILER FAILURE IN THE SUGAR INDUSTRY
Unscheduled boiler outages in process industries are a major problem resulting not only in expensive emergency repairs, but also loss of production. This paper draws on the experience of the author's company relating to common failures of pressure parts of boilers. The paper identifies the most common types of pressure part failure and the metallurgical mechanism involved. With a knowledge of the underlying failure mechanism a number of basic causes can be identified. The paper suggests solutions that, if implemented, can reduce the incidence of unscheduled outages and thereby improve profitability.
Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) on Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG): Water Tube Boiler
This study is on Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) on Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) at UTP Gas District Cooling (GDC) plant. HRSG is a heat exchanger which converts water to steam at elevated temperature for power generation or process purposes. Operating at high temperature and pressure, the HRSG is subjected to several types of failures. The focus of this analysis are on sub equipment such as evaporator tubes, economizer tubes, boiler feed water (BFW) pump and steam drum. By using FMEA, failures associated with each sub system/component were identified and corresponding remedial methods to counteract the failures were recorded and tabulated in an FMEA table. The critical equipment of the HRSG was discovered through developing Risk Priority Number (RPN) and the critical equipment that was identified is evaporator tube. Proposed FMEA methodology can assist the maintenance engineers to analyze the HRSG’s failure and reliability.
Rotational Analysis of the CrO Bands
The (0, 1), (0, 0) and (1, 0) bands of the CrO, which appear in the red and yellow region, are analysed rotationally, and we have been able to show that these bands owe to the transition 5 Π- 5 Π. We have shown the theoretical formulae for the quintet state, which can be applied in the case of nearly (a), and obtained the molecular constants as follows,