Optimization of image synthesis for complex geometry objects in the robotic ultrasonic system
This paper is devoted to the optimization of image synthesis for complex shape objects in the robotic system of ultrasonic testing. The basis of this process is a preliminary analysis of the object with complex geometry to ensure reproducibility and accuracy of the tests in the specified range. It includes such stages as digital model creation, geometric surface analysis, creating of control points and vectors, searching for optimal model location, model verification on reachability, collisions and singularity.
Ultrasonic Sampling Phased Array Testing as a Replacement for X-ray Testing of Weld Joints in Ship Construction
According to European Standard EN 1712 ultrasonic testing of thin-walled welded joints is mandatory for wall thicknesses of more than 8 mm only. Any thinner components do have to undergo X-ray inspection. Besides various advantages of X-ray testing viz. high sensitivity to smallest inclusions, high acceptance in the ship building sector and 'automatic' documentation of inspection results, there are also several deficiencies (like radiation protection issues, inspection time expenditure etc.) creating a reasonable request for more cost-effective alternatives. Sampling Phased Array technology introduced by Fraunhofer-IZFP provides significant improvement of flaw detectability also in thin-walled welded joints due to its tomographic approach in processing of signals obtained by ultrasonic phased array transducers. It allows high-quality imaging of welded joints and detection of relevant material flaws. Real-time ultrasonic imaging with tomographic quality offers a great alternative to X-ray testing with respect to inspection speed and modern documentation of inspection results. The basic principles of Sampling Phased Array are presented in the paper and several application results obtained on welded joints of marine objects are presented.
Key Considerations for an Economic and Legal Framework Facilitating Medical Travel
Medical travel has the capacity to counter increasing costs of health care by creating new markets and increased revenue for health services, potentially benefiting local populations, economies, and health-care systems. This paper is part of a broad, comprehensive project aimed at developing a global health access policy (GHAP). It presents key issues to consider in terms of ensuring economic viability, sustainability, and limiting risk to the many stakeholders involved in the rapidly expanding industry of medical travel. The noted economic and legal barriers to medical travel are based on a synthesis of themes found in an extensive review of the available literature. Economic considerations, when setting up a GHAP, include a dynamic approach to pricing that is fair to the local population. Legal considerations include the implementation of international quality standards and the protection of the rights of those traveling as well as those of local populations in recipient countries. By taking into account these opportunities, the GHAP will more adequately address existing gaps in the economic and legal regulation of medical travel.