Stigma and separation: parian status and community persistence in a scottish fishing village
This paper addresses the problem of how and why a small, dependent, and stigmatized occupational community may maintain its social identity long after the material basis for its existence has disappeared. It examines the life history of Ferryden, an east coast Scottish "fishing village" which does not fish. It will argue that the ideology ofthe fisherfolk, who have historically been marked as a distinct and low-prestige occupational, residential, and kin-based group, has been used to redefine and preserve village unity in the face of drastic ecological change. It argues further that this means of cultural adaptation contains the seeds of its own destruction and will, in the long run, prove fatal for community identity. Studies of occupational communities in complex societies suggest a strong link between work, residence, and social image (Horobin 1957; Dennis, Henriques et al. 1969; Lummis 1977). The example of Ferryden suggests the possibility ofa consider? able lag between the ecological and the symbolic transformation ofa community's status. The dynamics of boundary-making between fisherfolk and nonfisherfolk will be placed within a context of economic and political dominance and dependency in eastern Scotland. The discussion is based upon data collected during a year of fieldwork and archival research in Ferryden and Montrose in 1975 and 1976. Villages may now have surpassed tribes as archetypal anthropological units of study. They have become our preserve in the sociological wilderness of complex societies. There is even some concern that villages, like tribal societies, might be endangered (Mead 1980). However, the term "village" suffers from very nearly the same epistemological ambiguity as "tribe" (Fried 1975). That is, everyone uses it, and few bother to define it. Villages may be large or small, isolated or enmeshed in an urban matrix. Villages may house semi-autonomous rural cultivators or industrial wage-slaves. They may be found in tribal, capitalist, or socialist economies (Halpern 1967:122-123). Often, however, it is assumed that villages share a crucial attribute which is often considered to be lacking in the urban setting: a sense of community, of emotional as well as interactional boundedness. Cohen (1982) stresses this affective component in the introduction to his edited volume on rural British communities, which he aptly titles Belonging. However, the literature on British communities also informs us that not all who live in villages "belong" (Fleming 1979; Strathern 1981; Elias and Scotson 1965; Jenkins et al. 1960). As Strathern (1982:249) points out, "an unwarranted
Inshore Fisheries Management
List of Figures. List of Tables. List of Contributors. Series Editor's Preface. Preface. Introduction. 1. Inshore Fisheries in Europe at the Turn of the Century D. Symes. Part I: National Studies. 2. Finland K. Nybacka. 3. Sweden G. Thoresson. 4. Denmark E. Roth. 5. The Netherlands R. van Ginkel. 6. Great Britain J. Phillipson, D. Symes. 7. Ireland N. Steins. 8. France K. Frangoudes. Part II: Common Themes: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Inshore Fisheries. 9. The Social Organisation and Reproduction of Inshore Fishing D. Symes, K. Frangoudes. 10. Inshore Fishermen: Cultural Dimensions of a Maritime Occupation R. van Ginkel. 11. An Economic Rationale for Inshore Fishing: Simple Commodity Production and the Life Mode Approach K.M. Hansen, T. Hojrup. 12. Institutional Organisation and Regulatory Systems: Locality Versus Centre Driven Approaches to Inshore Fisheries Management J. Phillipson, M. Thom. Part III: Management Issues. 13. The Role of Aquaculture in Inshore Fisheries N. Steins, E. Roth. 14. Inshore Fisheries, Marine Wildlife Conservation and an Ecosystem Based Approach to Management D. Symes. 15. Multi-use Conflicts in Inshore Waters R. van Ginkel, N. Steins. 16. Integrated Coastal Zone Management: The Swedish Example L. Piriz. Part IV: Conclusion. 17. A Future Strategy for Inshore Fisheries Management J. Phillipson, D. Symes. Index.
Japan's invisible race : caste in culture and personality
that the power was in decline; but the maintenance of Tokugawa authority in the centuries between must be attributed to characteristics of Japanese society as a whole—which also explain the maintenance of daimyo authority within the domains—rather than to a single institutional device. San\in-\otai, though important, was not quite so important as this book makes it out. In conclusion, one should note two typographical errors which are of some substance. In the table on p. 88, the total of Kaga cash requirements for 1835 is entered as 700 \amme, instead of (presumably) 11,722 \amme; and the very useful appendix giving details about domains at the end of the period is said in the Table of