From Subservience to Autonomy: Kim Wŏnju's "Awakening"
Kim Wŏnju ( 1896-1971 ), better known by her pen name, Iryŏp (One Leaf), was one of the most outspoken and controversial feminist writers of modern Korea. This study presents a brief biography of Kim up to the time she became a Buddhist nun in the early 1930s, situating her life in the ideological, literary, cultural, and even political settings of her time. It then critically analyzes the structure, narrative strategies, and ideological implications of Kim's short story "Chagak" (Awakening, 1926), attempting to ascertain the story's place in the context of the time and in the author's development as a feminist writer.
A History of Korean Literature: Silla writings in Chinese
Owing to geographic proximity, Chinese graphs and classics were introduced into the ancient Korean kingdoms as early as the second century bc . The fact of cultural intercourse between China and the Korean states is documented by Chinese and Korean sources alike. With the establishment of Chinese commanderies in the peninsula, the flow of Chinese culture increased and the Koguryŏ kingdom in the northwest commenced active contact with Chinese immigrants. Koguryŏ used the Chinese script from early times. Under King Sosurim (371–384), a Chinese-style national academy was established and the learned class studied the Five Classics, histories, and the Wenxuan ( Selections of Refined Literature ). There were also private schools ( kyŏngdang ) that taught Chinese and archery. The representative example of Koguryŏ writing is the inscription to the monument erected in honor of King Kwanggaet'o, an inscription in Korean-style calligraphy. The Paekche kingdom had erudites ( paksa ) of the Five Classics, medicine, and the calendar, and it was they who transmitted Chinese writing to Japan. An example of Paekche writing is the state paper sent by King Kaero (455–475) in 472 to the Northern Wei, preserved in the Weishu (7A:137), and the monument of Sat'aek Chijŏk. Monuments erected at the sites of King Chinhŭng's tours of inspection show the mastery of written Chinese in Silla. The four monuments built when King Chinhŭng inspected the newly acquired territory include those at Mount Pukhan (555), at Ch'angnyŏng (561), and at Hwangch'o Pass and Maun Pass (both erected in 568).
Hill country sheep production. I. The influence of age, flock, and year on some components of reproduction rate in Romney and Border Leicester × Romney ewes.
Data from 7,091 straightbred Romney and Border Leicester × Romney ewes grazed at the Whatawhata Hill Country Research Station over the period 1959 to 1967 have been used to obtain estimates of flock and age-of-ewe effects on reproduction rate and its components and of year-to-year variation. The ewes were from six groups: a Romney control (RCR) flock, a Romney flock in which ewes were mated either to Romney (RER) or to Border Leicester rams (REB), and flocks of first-cross (F1), second-cross (F2), and third-cross (F3) Border Leicester × Romney ewes mated to first-cross Border Leicester × Romney rams. The ewes' ages at lambing varied from 2 to 5 years and no selection was practised. The ratio of number of lambs weaned per ewe present at lambing increased from the RCR (0.84) to the F1 (1.07), then declined with interbreeding to the F2 (0.92) and further to the F3 (0.87) ewes. Similar changes were evident for the percentage of ewes lambing, of multiple births, and of lambs surviving to weaning. Over...