Excess low frequency noises in some electronic materials and components
We devised burst noise eliminating equipment and characterized the 1/f and burst noise in some electronic materials, components, electric contacts and bipolar transistors. The burst-eliminated noise spectrum is the 1/f type. The noise intensity is proportional to the square of the current and to the fifth power of the contact resistance. This contact resistance dependence of the noise is analyzed with the constriction resistance of the contact surface material. The measured results are also shown in the amplitude and phase fluctuations in the transistor collector current. They are also of 1/f type and correlate each other. On the other hand, we did not find this correlation in another transistor with burst noise. Hence, the 1/f fluctuation is considered to be due to diffusion or mobility fluctuation and the burst noise is not due to the diffusion process in the solid.
1/f Noise in Metal Contacts and Granular Resistors
To measure the current noise in metal contacts and granular resistors, we arranged a noise measuring system with a switched-capacitor filter. The samples are crossbar contacts and grphite thick-film resistors. All noise spectra are the 1/f type. The noise of crossbar contacts and thick-film resistors increases in proportion to the fifth and third power of the resistance, respectively. A model for the noise of metal contacts and granular resistors is proposed. It is based on the spontaneous fluctuation of temperature of the small Conducting spots between metal surfaces and granular boundaries, respectively. The results of the analysis are qualitatively in agreement with those of measurement.
The unfolded universe of elementary particles. A geometric explanation of the standard model structure
We propose a geometric explanation of the standard model of Glashow, Weinberg and Salam for the known elementary particles. Our model is a generic Quantum Field Theory in dimension four, obtained by developing along a Lorentz sub-manifold the lagrangian of Einstein and Dirac in dimension twelve. The main mechanism which gives birth to the standard model is a certain gauge fixing of triality, which permits to identify the multiplicity of fermions, as seen from the four dimensional world, with the eight unseen dimensions of the generating universe. In this way we get the known tables of particles, explaining the series of fermions and the gauge bosons. We suggest that the Higgs field dynamics could appear through a bosonization of the right handed neutrino and correspond to a displacement in the unseen dimensions. We also propose hypotheses for dark matter, and perhaps dark energy. Then we suggest predictions to go beyond the standard model.