Quantitative estimation of gossypurpurin in the isolation of gossypol
It has been found that the relative amounts of free gossypol contained in the products of the extraction of defatted high-gossypol cottonseed flour by chloroform, diethyl ether, and acetone falls with an increase in the polarity of the solvents. It has been shown that, in addition to gossypol, gossypurpurin is extracted. Its highest amount (4.82%) was found in an acetone extract, and its lowest amount (2.68%) in an ethereal extract.
Gossypol analysis in Bt and non-Bt cotton seed extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Present investigation on gossypol content of various seed extracts of Bt and non-Bt of cotton varieties was conducted through an optimized High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) on a C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 mm particle) with methanol–0.5% acetic acid aqueous solution, 90: 10 (v/v), as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min and UV detection at 254 nm. The method was shown to be highly reproducible, with precision [as relative standard deviation (RSD)] and accuracy [as relative mean error (RME)] < 10%, both intra-day and interday. The results revealed slightly differences among the Bt and non-Bt varieties of cotton in gossypol content including the Gossypium hirusutum (non-Bt) and Bt varieties of cotton. Keyword: Cotton seed, Gossypol, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Impacts of climate and land use changes on flood risk management for the Schijn River, Belgium
Abstract Flooding is the most common natural disaster in Europe. Modern flood risk management relies not only infrastructure development but also on governmental and non-governmental actors applying legal, economic and communicative water management instruments. Within the European Union (EU), flood management closely relies on policy set at the EU and national levels. It is now recognized that a sound understanding of climate change is required in addition to current management by taking into account land use change and socio-political context, as climate and land use changes have major impacts on hydrological responses. This paper investigates the hydrological behavior due to urbanization under current and future climate scenarios of high summer and high winter rainfall for 20 sub-catchments of the Schijn River, located in the Flanders region near Antwerp, Belgium. As urbanization increases and existing rainfall-runoff models neglecting the specific behavior of urban runoff, a hydrological model was developed based on a basic reservoir concept and applied to the existing rainfall-runoff model (PDM) flow to examine the specific urban contribution. Results revealed that peak flow for urban runoff and the total peak flow (i.e. rural and urban runoff) were significantly higher (i.e. ranges from 200% to 500%) than the existing rainfall-runoff model (PDM) flows, because of faster and more peaked urban runoff response. The impact of climate change on current and future conditions was also assessed by estimating peak flows with respect to return periods from the flood frequency curve. The predicted peak flow of high summer future climate scenario was significantly higher (i.e. ranges from 200% to 250%) than that of the current climatic condition for this region. Furthermore, hourly peak flow and daily volume ratios of 100-year return period for the highest, lowest and average impervious area were projected for the time horizon of the year 2100. It is concluded that climate change impacts contribute the most in producing peak flow in coming years, while increased urbanization takes the second place for both hourly and daily values. Results on urbanization effect and climate change impact assessment are useful to the water managers for spatial planning, emergency planning and insurance industry.