Preparing the Boys for War Compulsion or Coercion? Physical Education and Training, 1919-1939
Post 1919 saw an emerging organisation of national resources as anticipation of a potential second major war became more widespread. One prime resource was the youth of the nation – and much was achieved through massive investment in physical activity. This paper demonstrates how – through the mechanisms of sport, physical education and outdoor activities – such changing perceptions initiated major developments in schools from curricula to the establishment of school medical services. Evidence is collated from academic research, personal testimonies and records of schools. In the past the widespread view was that fascist and communist states coerced their young men, whilst UK developments were purely voluntary. This paper seeks to challenge that, demonstrating that whilst UK changes might not have been overly directed by law, the full machinery of the state was extensively and actively involved in changing attitudes, beliefs and pursuits.
Exercise and education: facilities for the young female body in Scotland, 1930–1960
This article uses testimony gathered from oral history interviews and contemporary physical education sources to explore the schooling of the young female body in Scotland between 1930 and 1960. It looks at the ways in which girls were educated about their own bodies and their physical capabilities at school, taking into account official understandings of the adolescent female body and how these may have affected girls’ experiences of exercise. The article examines the ways through which girls negotiated the particularities of their adolescent female bodies throughout their exercise experiences, and specifically how they learned about and coped with menstruation and body changes. It argues that the school environment within which most Scottish girls would first have been exposed to exercise would hardly have been conducive to the formation of a healthy relationship between girls and their bodies.
[Leisure and culture].
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