Procedures in International Law
A Procedural Perspective in Law.- Procedures in International Law.- The Quest and the Notion.- National Legal Procedures.- Limiting National Jurisdiction by Procedural Means.- Substantive International Law Before National Fora.- International Legal Adjudication.- Alternative Methods of Dispute Resolution.- Conflicts Between Adjudicators Applying International Law.
Execution the European Arrest Warrant
The chapter deals with procedures in the executing Member State. It is divided into ten sections and is summarised with concluding observations. First, in Sect. 7.1 is analysed the obligation to execute the European arrest warrant and Sect. 7.2 deals with decision on surrender in the event of multiple requests. Consequently, further sections deal with special procedural issues. Section 7.3 introduces the consent to surrender, Sect. 7.4 time limits, Sect. 7.5 grounds for non-execution the European arrest warrant, Sect. 7.6 procedural safeguards, Sect. 7.7 pre-surrender detention and Sect. 7.8 handing over of property. Section 7.9 introduces transit of a requested person and expenses and Sect. 7.10 execution of the retroactively issued European arrest warrant.
Stability of planar PEMFC in Printed Circuit Board technology
Abstract The use of planar PEMFCs in printed circuit board (PCB) technology with a thickness of less than 3.5 mm are presented. This planar design consists of an open cathode side which allows a completely passive, self-breathing operation of the fuel cell. Power densities of 100 mW/cm 2 at 500 mV with hydrogen as a fuel were achieved. A steady operation with this type of fuel cell was demonstrated over a week without any cell flooding. Since the electrical conducting elements of PCBs usually are made of copper, corrosion in the wet environment of a PEMFC is expected. Thus, a significant degradation in performance of fuel cells made of plain copper PCBs was seen in long-term operation. In order to avoid corrosion, the copper layer has to be coated. Fuel cells in PCB design with diverse coatings were tested in long-term operations up to 1000 h under load. Moreover, corrosion currents have been determined by the use of potentiodynamic scans. Promising coatings are electroplated Cr and Ni and a combination of Ni/Au.