Separation and Recycling for Rare Earth Elements by Homogeneous Liquid-Liquid Extraction (HoLLE) Using a pH-Responsive Fluorine-Based Surfactant
A selective separation and recycling system for metal ions was developed by homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction (HoLLE) using a fluorosurfactant. Sixty-two different elemental ions (e.g., Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, In, Ir, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, Os, P, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Re, Rh, Ru, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Ti, Tl, Tm, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, and Zr) were examined. By changing pH from a neutral or alkaline solution (pH ≥ 6.5) to that of an acidic solution (pH 90% efficiency into a sedimented Zonyl FSA® (CF3(CF2)n(CH2)2S(CH2)2COOH, n = 6–8) liquid phase. Moreover, all rare earth elements were obtained with superior extraction and stripping percentages. In the recycling of rare earth elements, the sedimented phase was maintained using a filter along with a mixed solution of THF and 1 M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. The Zonyl FSA® was filtrated and the rare earth elements were recovered on the filter as a hydroxide. Furthermore, the filtrated Zonyl FSA was reusable by conditioning the subject pH.
Separation of Precious Metals by Using Undiluted Ionic Liquids
The ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Bmim][Tf2N]), was evaluated as an extractant without dilution for the separation and recovery of precious metals. Au(III) was efficiently extracted from the aqueous phase to the IL phase, and a concentrated Au(III) solution almost 8 times higher than the initial feed solutions could be produced. In contrast, Pd(II) was rarely extracted and Pt(IV) was partly extracted under the present experimental conditions. Furthermore, the effect of the IL anions on the extraction ability for the metal ions was examined, and it was found that an IL having an anion component slightly more hydrophilic compared to [Tf2N], such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Bmim][PF6], showed a higher extraction ability than [Bmim][Tf2N]. It was suggested that the extraction proceeded via an anion exchange mechanism and it was shown that ILs could be effective extractants for the separation of precious metals.
The image of the Jew in European liberal culture, 1789-1914
This collection of essays explores the complex articulations and contexts of anti-Semitism in the literature of four cultures — Britain, Germany, France and Italy — in the long nineteenth century. The essays examine the presence both of explicitly anti-Semitic writing and apparently anti-Jewish stereotypes in the work of writers who were not consciously hostile to Jews. The book scrutinizes assumptions about the relative absence of anti-Semitism in Britain, the image of Germany as resistant to Jewish assimilation, and of Italy as particularly hospitable to Jews. The essays are placed in a comparative framework in order to examine the representation of Jews both within particular national cultures and in the context of Western European modernity. The volume considers the ways in which anti-Semitism functioned within liberal culture in the nineteenth century as part of the broader history of oppression with which Western modernity has been complicit.