The Emergence of a Network of ‘European Embassies’: Increasing Cooperation between EU Delegations and Member State Diplomatic Missions. EU Diplomacy Paper No. 10, December 2014
Five years after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon and at the end of the first mandate of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice-President of the European Commission (HR/VP), this analysis provides an in-depth view of the on-going institutional socialisation between Member State Embassies and EU Delegations. Specifically, it focuses on the Member States’ perceptions of the role of EU Delegations. These perceptions can back up or restrain the EU Delegations in fulfilling their mandate. More precisely, the paper examines to what extent the socialisation between EU Delegations and EU Member State Embassies helps the Delegations to fulfil their mandate in bilateral diplomacy. It argues that EU Delegations are still under dynamic processes of institutional socialisation with the Member States’ Embassies which increasingly accept and expect EU Delegations’ actions. The post-Lisbon context of EU Diplomacy is consolidating a primus inter pares role of Delegations being central hubs coordinating and implementing EU policies on the spot.
The EU, EEAS and Union Delegations and International Diplomatic Law: New Horizons?
The European Union has a unique ‘sui generis’ status on the international plane, which is reflected in its capability to enter into diplomatic relations with third States and international organizations. Over nearly six decades the EU has gradually built its own worldwide bilateral and multilateral diplomatic network which is made subject, through specific agreements with the host country, to the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. The ‘Union delegations’ are now operating as the diplomatic missions of the EU as a whole, in contrast to the former Commission delegations. This paper examines the relationship between the EU and international diplomatic law: how does the EU establish and conduct diplomatic relations? What legal instruments are being used? How do the Vienna Convention and customary diplomatic law come into play? What is the exact legal status of EU ambassadors and diplomatic staff? In critically analyzing these issues the specific contribution which the EU makes to the further development of international diplomatic law is assessed.
Atiyah's Introduction to the Law of Contract
1. Introduction 2. Definition and Classification PART I: FORMATION OF CONTRACTS 3. Offer and Acceptance 4. Beyond Offer and Acceptance: Formalities, Intent to Create Legal Relations, and Consideration PART II: THE CONTENT OF THE CONTRACT 5. Express Terms 6. Implied Terms 7. The Force and Scope of Contractual Obligations: Standards of Care, Mistake, Frustration, Breach, and Notice 8. Unenforceable Contracts and Terms PART III: EXCUSES FOR NON-PERFORMANCE 9. The Duty to Disclose Material Facts 10. Misrepresentation 11. Duress and Undue Influence 12. Unfair Contracts PART IV: ENFORCING THE CONTRACT 13. Third Party Rights 14. Remedies For Breach of Contract