Diálogo entre municipios y estados: principio de fuente constitucional
States and municipalities are two actors of our constitutional federalism, both with a peculiar relationship of attachment in important decision whereas both holding, at the same time, spaces of autonomy protected by the Constitution; thus, state legislatures have power over the taxing power and the integration of municipalities, which, if misused, would certainly derail the design of power fragmentation foreseen by our founding fathers; this paper explores a body of precedents built by the Supreme Court justifying a constitutional judicial review over these political decisions, which consists of different standards of judicial scrutiny by which to evaluate not the content of what is decided, but the processes of decision making and its assumptions; thus, the model is not to have a judicial power ruling on the merits of the law resulting from their normative relationship, but preoccupied by the openness of political channels, which give rise to those decisions.
LA CIENCIA DEL DERECHO PROCESAL CONSTITUCIONAL
La finalidad del presente estudio consiste en ubicar el periodo fundacional del derecho procesal constitucional como nueva disciplina cientifica. El autor parte de la manera en que surgen las diversas disciplinas del derecho procesal y del derecho constitucional, ambas como fruto del derecho publico aleman del siglo XIX. De ahi analiza las cuatro etapas de conformacion del derecho procesal constitucional que ubica entre los anos de 1928 y 1956, a la luz del procesalismo cientifico de la epoca, y de las ensenanzas de Kelsen, Couture, Alcala-Zamora, Calamandrei, Cappelletti y Fix-Zamudio
Imaging the Internal Structure of an Alpine Glacier via L-Band Airborne SAR Tomography
In this paper, we report results from the analysis of 3-D L-band airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) acquisitions acquired in March 2014 over the Mittelbergferner glacier, Austrian Alps, during the European Space Agency (ESA) campaign AlpTomoSAR. The campaign included coincident in situ measurements of snow and ice properties and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data acquired at 600 and 200 MHz over a total length of 18 km. Radar data were acquired by repeatedly flying an L-band SAR along an oval racetrack at an altitude of about 1300 m over the glacier, such that two data stacks from opposite views are obtained. Data from all passes were coherently combined to achieve 3-D resolution capabilities, resulting in the generation of 3-D tomographic SAR (TomoSAR) cubes, where each voxel represents L-band radar reflectivity from a particular location in the 3-D space at a spatial resolution on the order of meters. TomoSAR cubes were finally corrected to account for wave propagation velocity into the ice, which was a necessary step to associate the observed features with their geometrical location, hence enabling a direct comparison to GPR data. The TomoSAR cubes show the complexity of the glacier subsurface scattering. Most areas are characterized by surface scattering in proximity of the ice surface, plus a complex pattern of in-depth volumetric scattering beneath and scattering at the ice/bedrock interface. Various subsurface features observed in GPR transects at 200 MHz clearly showed up in TomoSAR sections as well, particularly firn bodies, crevasses, layer transitions, and bedrock reflection down to 50 m below the ice surface.