Preparation and characterization of electroless nickel-coated cellulose fibres
The aim of this project was to fabricate electroless nickel-coated cellulose fibres. Ultimately, these nickel-coated cellulose fibres will be used to develop a cost-effective polymer composite for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and/or electrostatic discharge (ESD) applications. An attempt has been made to impart electrical conductivity onto cellulose fibres via an electroless nickel plating process. The aim was to achieve a homogeneous, continuous layer of Ni on the cellulose fibres, and the plating conditions were optimized to achieve this. The relationship between the coating morphology and the performance of the coated fibre was also of interest. Testing was carried out using cellulose filter paper and then loose cellulose fibres. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of nickel-coated filter paper showed that nickel particles are bonded to the cellulose fibres. The coating appeared more compacted and continuous as plating time increased, corresponding to lower surface resistivity. This observation suggested a correlation between morphology and electrical conductivity of the coating. For nickel-coated cellulose fibres, after optimization of plating conditions, a uniform deposition of nickel particles around the cellulose surfaces was confirmed by SEM images. EDS and XRD results confirmed similar coating could be produced on filter paper and cellulose fibres. SEM images of cross-sectioned nickel-coated cellulose fibres illustrated nickel particles had penetrated into the inner walls of the cellulose fibres. This impregnation of the fibres should act to increase the bonding between nickel coating and cellulose fibres. These nickel-impregnated cellulose fibres could now be incorporated into a polymer matrix to create an electrically conducting composite with the right processing parameters.
Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness and electrical conductivity of a thin silver layer deposited onto cellulose film via electroless plating
A thin layer of silver was prepared on cellulose film (CF) surface via electroless plating to obtain high electromagnetic shielding effectiveness Ag/cellulose composite layer. The process is simple, efficient and low-cost. The developed film has a great advantage in electric conduction and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The identical deposit of thin silver layer was perfectly fabricated via the electroless plating on the CF surface. The fabricated thin silver layers were tested for electrical properties and EMI SE. The electrical and electromagnetic shielding properties of the thin silver layer were ideal when the activation concentration was 100 Mm (mmol/L). Herein, the resistance and conductivity of Ag/cellulose composite films can reach 0.35 Ω and 45 s/cm, respectively, and the EMI SE of Ag/cellulose composite films can be up to 67 dB ranging from 0.0003 to 3 GHz. The dielectric constant (ε′) of the Ag/cellulose composite film was between 6.5 and 7.5, which was stable throughout the test band ranging from 2 to 18 GHz. The permeability (µ′) of the Ag/cellulose composite film was around 1 ranging from 2 to 18 GHz.
The Soviet Home Front, 1941-1945: A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II
List of tables and maps Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations and technical terms Part 1: On the Eve 1. Building Socialism 2. The Great Patriotic War 3. The State in Wartime Part 2: Soviet Society at War 4. Mobilisation 5. Subsistence and Survival 6. The Social Order Part 3: The Productive Effort 7. Fortress of the Rear 8. Labour: The 'Ultimate Bottleneck' 9. 'In Labour as in Combat' 10. Production: The Power of Victory 11. Planning: 'The Military-Economic Staff' Epilogue Tables Important dates References Maps Index