Dissolution of salts crystallised in building materials using ultrasound: an alternative to NORMAL (1983) standard methodology.
Our aim in the present work is to extract salts from ornamental stone using a faster and less tedious method than the customarily used NORMAL method [NORMAL, Dosaggio dei Sali Solubili, CNR-ICR, Roma, Italy (1983) 13/83]. For extraction in aqueous medium, the latter method requires shaking for 72 h at a temperature of 60 degrees C. Our aim is to attempt to shorten this time to less than 1 h using ultrasound. The results of the present study indicate that there is a good correlation between the amount of salts extracted applying the method described in the NORMAL (1983) normative and the amounts extracted with the method proposed here, subjecting the material to ultrasound (50 KHz) for 45 min.
Removal of salts from granite by sepiolite
Abstract A study has been carried out on the extraction of salts from different types of granite using patent sepiolite formulation. The ability to remove salts greatly depends on the mineralogical compositions of the granites. Two types of equilibria are important: the absorption and/or adsorption of salts on the stone, and the partition of ions constituting the salt in the adsorbed state between the clay minerals in the rocks and that used as an extracting agent.
Current Issues in English Education for Young Learners in East Asia
Recognizing English as an increasingly powerful lingua franca, many governments in East Asia have implemented English-language education at the...