Early Resistance to Fascism in Eugène lonesco’s Interwar Romanian Journalism
When in 1932 the young editors of a minor Bucharest newspaper, Axa, joined the fascist Legionary Movement—also known as the Iron Guard—and used the paper to attract other young intellectuals to their ranks, the young Eugène Ionesco who was writing the paper’s literary column became increasingly isolated in his literary and political views. Looking at Ionesco’s articles in the first issues of Axa, we can see that the importance of the newspaper’s editorial shift to the Legionary Movement has been greatly overlooked, as has Ionesco’s resistance to fascism and his criticism of nationalism in literature. He left the paper as its contributors radicalized their positions, but this experience likely served as one of the earliest sources of the metamorphosis staged in his play Rhinoceros. Ionesco’s journalism both exemplifies the complexities of 1930s literature in Romania and those of reading Ionesco’s fiction and non-fiction.
Nationalism and orthodoxy: Nichifor Crainic and the political culture of the extreme right in 1930s Romania
This article explores the interplay of religion, anti-Semitism, and personal rivalries in building the ultra-nationalist movement in 1930s Romania, using the career of Nichifor Crainic as a case study. As a theologian, Crainic created and taught a synthesis of nationalism and Romanian Orthodoxy which was broadly accepted by most ultra-nationalists in interwar Romania. As a journalist, Crainic directed several newspapers which spearheaded acrimonious attacks on democratic and ultra-nationalist politicians alike. As a politician, he joined and left both Corneliu Zelea Codreanu's Legion of the Archangel Michael and A.C. Cuza's National Christian Defense League before attempting to form his own Christian Workers' Party. Crainic's writings ultimately earned him a place as a minister in two governments and membership of the Romanian Academy. His career reveals an ultra-nationalist movement rife with division and bickering but united around a vaguely defined ideology of religious nationalism, xenophobia, and anti-Semitism.
Cholesterol synthesis from acetate in the diabetic liver.
Brady and Gurin (1) recently compared the ability of liver slices prepaped from both normal and diabetic rats to incorporate added acetate into cholesterol. They drew the conclusion that the conversion of acetate to cholesterol in the diabetic liver is “apparently unimpaired, although this process may be inhibited when diabetes is sufficiently prolonged and severe.” In view of our interest in the relation of cholesterol synthesis to arteriosclerosis, the development of which is generally regarded as being accelerated in diabetes (2), we have reinvestigated cholesterol synthesis from acetate in diabetes. A definite increase in cholesterol formation in the diabetic liver is demonstrated here. It is further shown that, as a result of insulin injections in a diabetic rat, slices subsequently prepared from its liver have a reduced capacity to synthesize cholesterol.