The Effect of Magnetic Radiation on Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
The deposition of paraffin wax during the pipeline transportation impedes the flow of crude oil and eventually blocks the pipelines. The hot oiling method is extensively used to control the wax deposition in the oil industry. Consequently, a huge amount of energy is consumed to heat the crude oil by hot water or electrical power every year. In order to save the energy cost, the magnetic paraffin control technology is presented and evaluated with the hot oiling method, and accordingly the effect of the magnetic radiation on the oil transportation is detailed. The experiments carried out have demonstrated that the magnetic treatment can compensate for the resistance rising of the pipeline caused by the hot water reduction. Especially, the transportation of crude oil (at the surrounding temperature of -10°C~-30°C) without any heating has been observed in the Daqing oil field under the radiation of a magnetic field of 120 mT. In addition, the effect of the length of pipelines on the performance of magnetic treatment was also investigated.
Evaluation of downhole electric impedance heating systems for paraffin control in oil wells
Paraffin deposition in oil wells is a problem frequently encountered in the oil industry. Conventional methods such as hot oiling, chemical injection or using scrapers have not always been successful and cost effective. Novel approaches based on electrical technology such as electrical impedance heating offer a practical alternative to conventional methods. Three approaches using such technology are examined. An evaluation of a pilot oil well installation using the latest impedance heating technology is presented. A method of calculating skin effect and hysteresis losses is described. It is concluded that electric impedance heating can be a safe and effective method to control paraffin formation in oil wells; however, the economic viability needs to be assessed for each individual application.<<ETX>>
Laminar heat or mass transfer in rectangular channels and in cylindrical tubes for fully developed flow: comparison of solutions obtained for various boundary conditions
Abstract A comparison is made of results obtained with various boundary conditions at the wall of the channels. By comparing blood Sherwood numbers for finite wall resistance with those for constant concentration boundary condition only a small variation is found for various points along the blood channel.