Global and Comprehensive Regimes: The un System
The scope of multinational economic policy regimes must be defined in at least two different dimensions: 1) geographic or political scope, referring to spatial and/or other jurisdictional dimensions of the regime; and 2) functional scope, referring to the kinds of activities over which the regime is intended to have some influence. The geographic/political scope of the European Union (EU), for example, is limited to certain countries in Europe that have opted and been accepted for membership. The functional scope of most multinational regimes is also typically limited; they deal only with the specific set of concerns (e.g., trade, air travel, environmental issues) agreed upon among their participants. A regime that is (at least in principle) open to all participants that might have an interest in its activities, or that takes actions intended to affect all parts of the world, may be termed global. A regime that may (again, at least in principle) address any and all concerns that might arise among its participants, without regard to specific prior agreement as to the appropriateness of the inquiry, may be termed comprehensive. (National political regimes, i.e., governments, are functionally comprehensive within their individual borders.)
Regulating the Multinational Enterprise: National and International Challenges.@@@Legal Control of the Multinational Enterprise: National Regulatory Techniques and the Prospects for International Controls.
of pretrial conferences (p. 302). Invariably, the authors' argument on points of legal policy such as these is eminently practical and eloquently stated and bears the imprint of experienced wisdom. None of the major areas of arbitration law that constitute the necessary topics of inquiry and description escape the penetrating, lucid analysis of the authors. This is so, obviously, in regard to the relationship between the courts and arbitral tribunals (which, as stated above, is what the whole law of arbitration really is about). Among the subjects dealt with in a particularly illuminating manner are the contractual versus status theories applicable to the relationship between parties and arbitrators (pp. 186-90), the concept of the "fair trial" (see esp. pp. 252-53 and ch. 22, p. 261 et seq.), the theories grouped under the heading "scope of agreement" (which embraces, but goes far beyond, the doctrine of separability) (pp. 78-79, 450 et seq.) and the vast and pivotal subject of misconduct (pp. 494-505). The latter—as a ground for the setting aside or remission of an arbitral award—is sought by the authors (with the support of the American doctrine of "manifest disregard") to be extended to cover situations where the arbitrator deliberately transgresses his mandate (pp. 602-04). The authors have had no ambition on their part to draw on any non-English materials for comparison, "not because the English system has nothing to learn from abroad, but because it is the result of a long historical process which has no counterpart elsewhere" (p. ix). This limitation of scope was certainly necessary. The English arbitration law is essentially derived from centuries of case law (supplemented by recent legislation) and in the process has become totally selfcontained. Space does not permit an account to be given of Commercial Arbitration that even comes close to doing it proper justice. It is a magnificent book on one of the most important areas of a very highly developed legal system. It will serve as a powerful stimulus to all scholars and practitioners who are concerned with arbitration and its future development anywhere. Thus, paradoxically, although the book relates merely to the law of one national jurisdiction, it will no doubt exercise a far-reaching influence throughout the world by virtue of its inherent intellectual force and superb qualities of scholarship and style.
Extent of East-African Nurse Leaders' Participation in Health Policy Development
This paper reports part of a bigger study whose aim was to develop an empowerment model that could be used to enhance nurse leaders' participation in health policy development. A Delphi survey was applied which included the following criteria: expert panelists, iterative rounds, statistical analysis, and consensus building. The expert panelists were purposively selected and included national nurse leaders in leadership positions at the nursing professional associations, nursing regulatory bodies, ministries of health, and universities in East Africa. The study was conducted in three iterative rounds. The results reported here were gathered as part of the first round of the study and that examined the extent of nurse leaders' participation in health policy development. Seventy-eight (78) expert panelists were invited to participate in the study, and the response rate was 47%. Data collection was done with the use of a self-report questionnaire. Data analysis was done by use of SPSS and descriptive statistics were examined. The findings indicated that nurse leaders participate in health policy development though participation is limited and not consistent across all the stages of health policy development. The recommendations from the findings are that health policy development process needs to be pluralistic and inclusive of all nurse leaders practicing in positions related to policy development and the process must be open to their ideas and suggestions.