Growth and performance of Kisan Credit Card Scheme in India with special reference to Karnataka
The credit is the life blood of agriculture and which was disbursed through KCC Scheme in our country. The number of KCC issued and amount sanctioned in India, Karnataka, North-East Karnataka region and Bellary district was estimated using the compound growth rate analysis. The necessary secondary data about KCC scheme for India were collected from RBI publications since inception of the scheme. The same data for Karnataka, North East Karnataka region and Bellary district were collected for the period 2006-07 to 2011-12. The collected were pertaining to three formal agencies viz., commercial bank, RRBs and co-operatives. At national level, the commercial banks have issued the highest number of KCCs amongst the three formal financial agencies. The commercial banks issued highest KCCs (45.33%) followed by co-operative banks (40.30%) and minimum issued by RRBs (14.37%). The similar pattern was observed for Karnataka state and Bellary district. Whereas in North-East Karnataka region, the highest number of KCCs was issued by RRBs. The highest percent of operational holding covered by KCC was in case of North-East Karnataka region (610.09%) followed by Karnataka (391.82%) and Bellary district (332.87%).
Financial Innovation in Indian Agricultural Credit Market: Progress and Performance of Kisan Credit Card
Credit is one of the critical inputs in agriculture and an effective means of rural development in India. The institutional credit delivery system for agriculture was started in the country with the setting up of co-operative credit societies in 1904, but the coverage of these societies towards meeting the credit requirement of farmers was limited. Therefore, the farming community had to depend on informal money-lending sources for its entire credit requirement. The recommendations of All India Rural Credit Survey Committee in fact laid the foundations of institutional mechanism for establishing a sound credit delivery system in the country for financing agriculture and allied activities. A large number of agencies, including co-operative banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), commercial banks, non-banking financial institutions, micro financial institutions and Self-Help Groups together constitute the Indian institutional rural credit delivery system. One of the objectives of the credit policy is to minimise the role of money lenders in the flow of agricultural credit. Several initiatives have been taken in this direction and the major milestones in rural credit flow are: acceptance of the Report of Rural Credit Survey Committee (1954), nationalisation of major commercial banks (1969 and 1980), opening of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in 1975, and establishment of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in 1982 and introduction of the on-going reforms in the financial sector since 1991. Simultaneously, several other measures like launching of Lead Bank Scheme, directed lending for the priority sectors, linkage of banking sector with the government sponsored programmes targeted at the poor, Differential Rate of Interest Scheme, Service Area Approach, SHG-Bank linkage programme, etc. were also undertaken. In recent years, initiatives like Kisan Credit Card Scheme (KCCs), special Agricultural Credit Plans, and Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF)
The occurrence of three flagellar phases in Arizona serotypes.
Since Andrewes (1922) described •gspecific•h and •gnonspecific•h flagellar antigens in several Salmonella types, the diphasic state has been recognized in hundreds of Salmo nella serotypes and has been recognized also in the Arizona group (Edwards and West, 1945). Similar variations have been found in the Escherichia freundii (Citobacter) group by Edwards (1946), in the Hafnia group by Deacon (1952), and in the Aerobacter clo acae (Cloaca) group by Sakazaki and Namioka (1960). Salmonella types which had complex phases and which gave rise to simpler types through loss variation were reported. Edwards and Bruner (1942) described S. salinatis (4, 12:d, e, h:d, e, n, z15) which could be changed irreversibly to S. san diego (4, 12:e, h:e, n, z15) while Edwards, Kauffmann and Huey (1957) found that S. mont gomery (11:d, a:d, e, n, z15) was changed to S. luciana (11:a:e, n, z15). Both of the changes resulted from the permanent loss of the common major antigenic constitu ent of phases 1 and 2 through cultivation in semisolid medium which contained d serum. Further, Edwards (1950) observed spontaneous irreversible segregation of e, h phases from more complex d, e, h phases. •gArtificial•h or induced phases often have been obtained by cultivation of salmonellae in homologous flagellar antisera. Thus, Kauffmann (1936) obtained j phases by cultivation of S, typhi in d serum and Edwards and Bruner (1939) and Bruner and Edwards (1941) obtained induced phases from S, abortus equi and S.