The Andalusi origins of the Berbers?
Building on the contributions of H.T. Norris, Joaquín Vallvé Bermejo, Eduardo Manzano Moreno, Maya Shatzmiller and others about the Berbers, this article uses the difference between the political situation in al‐Andalus and the Maghrib in the eighth century to argue for a possible Andalusi origin of a particular use of the category “Berber.” Since before the Arab conquests the sources did not imagine that the “Berbers” inhabited northwest Africa and that today it is common to do so, the article introduces the idea of a Berberization to account for that transformation. It argues that al‐Andalus was an important early site of production of a specific notion of what Berber meant and seeks to show categories such as Arab and Berber did not refer to an unchanging objective reality and that they did not always carry the same connotations or support the same understandings. Embracing the limits posed by the historical record, the article participates in the effort of historians to replace ideologically informed convictions with a more nuanced delineation of the boundaries of the knowable.
Imperial Identities: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Race in Colonial Algeria
Part 1 Algeria 1830-1870: the conquest - Kabyles and Arabs in warfare security and reconnaissance - the elaboration and confirmation of categories, Islam and society the "Royaume Arabe" (1860-1870). Part 2 Social sciences and military men: the ecole polytechnique, Saint Simoniansim and the army race and scholarship in Algeria - the impact of the military scholarly societies in France - the Kabyle myth as a racial paradigm. Part 3 Algeria 1871-1900 - the eclipse of the Kabyle myth: civilian rule Algeria, the melting pot of the Mediterranean - the impact of Louis Bertrand. Part 4 The legacy: persistent stereotypes and resultant policies. Part 5 Conclusion.
Italy and the West: Comparative Issues in Romanization
Nineteen papers examining varied responses to Romanization, and how this affects our view of the development of the Roman Empire. 
The traditional view of the Romanization is as the triumph of a superior and more advanced culture over primitive communities that was brought about by military expansion and which resulted in the creation of a very uniform political and cultural entity. It is only in the last twenty years that the variety of responses that Romanization elicited among the various ethnic groups, social classes, genders, spheres and even within the same person in different conjunctures of his or her life have begun to be appreciated. This new perspective has deep implications for our perception of Roman imperialism. The aim of this collection of papers is to further understanding of Romanization at a formative stage; early Roman expansion in Italy. There is much evidence for bi-directional negotiation between Italian communities and Rome. Understanding the motivation of the Italian peoples to become part of a new political entity is crucial to knowing how Roman Italy was kept together for more than half a millennium. Seven papers also examine responses to Romanization in other areas of the empire.