Housing Finance in India: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Sector Banks
Housing or shelter is the basic need of human being. This is accepted by the civilized society. Housing is an enigma to the developing countries; it is simultaneously the hardest problem to solvethe social housing schemes. Though shelter was enshrined as a fundamental right in the constitution, housing did not get the attention it reserved. In the light of bank reforms and government encouraged banking sectors to identify housing finance sector and its importance in lending. After 1990s all public sector banks were struggling with NPA problem. The housing shortage is increasing day by day as a proportion to the massive incr ease in population. Today, there are more than 350 housing finance companies r egistered with the registrar of companies of these 29 have been approved by NHB for financial assistance. Housing finance sector is fastest growing segment of the retail financing sector with a slew of tax breaks and sharp cut in of cost of owing housing, buying a house is easier. The agencies of public sector housing finance companies, Private sector housing companies and banks are competitors in housing finance market. Every citizen of the country dreams of having his own house. It is the bounden duty of the government to provide house to the houseless. Considering the paramount importance of housing, government no doubt considered.
An Assessment of the Indian Housing Finance System: Crucial Perspective
House is a centre and domestic device for mankind's moral and substance development ever since the dawn of civilisation. Housing is one of the most important that we human beings need. Adequate housing is essential for human survival with dignity. There are many things that we would find difficult, if not impossible to do without good-quality housing. Housing shortage is a universal phenomenon. It is more acute in developing countries. The housing dimension in India has been changing in recent years. India has initiated so many housing reform that has taken many forms and manifestations characterized by the reduction in social allocation, cutbacks in public funding and promotion of a real estate culture in close partnership between the state and private actors. Mortgage financing markets can play an important role in stimulating affordable housing markets and improving housing quality in many countries. Unfortunately, they are often less developed in India. This lack of development often translates into lower homeownership rates or lower housing quality. Most stem from the central dilemma that the resources are always too limited and housing development heavily depend on the financial institutions such as banks, credit corporations and development banks for the supply of finance to meet their daily financial needs. Against this backdrop this paper will assess basic nuances of Indian financing system. This paper will also provide key issues, future outlook and institutional performance.
The Russian language maintenance and language contacts
In our introductory article, we outline the main sociolinguistic features of Russian as a heritage language of post-Soviet immigrants in European settings and beyond. We offer a general overview of the evolution of Russian as a global language, with a particular focus on its geodemographics and economic and social value as a lingua franca . Based on this, we analyse the main principles defining the maintenance of Russian as a language of migration and as a heritage language in different countries, and emphasise the most important questions that still need to be addressed in this field of research. The main objective of this special issue is to combine the most recent research on the vitality of different languages of post-Soviet republics in new political milieu, with a particular focus on European and Asian countries, but there are other objectives as well. We propose to explore the factors that have either favoured or hindered the maintenance and transmission of languages of post-Soviet immigrants and repatriates, and how these sociolinguistic processes become evident in language vitality on both private and public levels. Our special issue primarily addresses the questions of family language policy, new language contacts and their management, and linguistic landscape in heritage speakers, diasporas and their new settings in Europe, Asia and the US.