Finite Element Evaluation of Stress Distribution in Mature and Immature Teeth
INTRODUCTION: Traumatic injuries may affect the vitality and development of tooth. So divergence or parallelism of canal walls induces an open apex which is very susceptible to fracture. The aim of this study was to determine the stress distribution pattern in immature teeth and compare it with mature teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to analyze stress distribution using finite element method, models were first designed according to actual samples by "ANSYS" software. Two models of the maxillary central incisors were designed, one mature and one with open apex. Mature tooth was designed as having undergone root canal therapy with gutta-percha and the immature one with both MTA plug and gutta-percha. Samples were loaded in seven stages and then, the stress distribution in each model was measured, using the "ANSYS" software. RESULTS: During gutta-percha condensation, the immature tooth transfers the stress directly to the external root surface where force is directly applied, whereas during masticatory occlusal forces, the stress is transferred to middle third of buccal and lingual surfaces and to buccal cervix in lunar shape. During traumatic forces, stress concentration was on the cervical region of buccal surface and middle third of buccal and lingual surfaces. MTA plug prevents stress distribution toward apical region and forces concentrate in dentin at the point where stress terminates. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this simulated mechanical analysis, it was confirmed that the pattern of stress distribution in mature and immature teeth is different. Cervical area of the buccal surface in immature teeth is one of the stress concentration areas, which contribute to the high rate of fracture in this area.
Stress analysis of an upper central incisor restored with different posts.
The effect of different anatomic shapes and materials of posts in the stress distribution on an endodontically treated incisor was evaluated in this work. This study compared three post shapes (tapered, cylindrical and two-stage cylindrical) made of three different materials (stainless steel, titanium and carbon fibre on Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (Bis-GMA) matrix). Two-dimensional stress analysis was performed using the Finite Element Method. A static load of 100N was applied at 45 degrees inclination with respect to the incisor's edge. The stress concentrations did not significantly affect the region adjacent to the alveolar bone crest at the palatine portion of the tooth, regardless of the post shape or material. However, stress concentrations on the post/dentin interface on the palatine side of the tooth root presented significant variations for different post shapes and materials. Post shapes had relatively small impact on the stress concentrations while post materials introduced higher variations on them. Stainless steel posts presented the highest level of stress concentration, followed by titanium and carbon/Bis-GMA posts.
Surface roughness monitoring by singular spectrum analysis of vibration signals
Abstract This study assessed two methods for enhanced surface roughness (Ra) monitoring based on the application of singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to vibrations signals generated in workpiece-cutting tool interaction in CNC finish turning operations i.e., the individual analysis of principal components (I-SSA), and the grouping analysis of correlated principal components (G-SSA). Singular spectrum analysis is a non-parametric technique of time series analysis that decomposes a signal into a set of independent additive time series referred to as principal components. A number of experiments with different cutting conditions were performed to assess surface roughness monitoring using both of these methods. The results show that singular spectrum analysis of vibration signal processing discriminated the frequency ranges effective for predicting surface roughness. Grouping analysis of correlated principal components (G-SSA) proved to be the most efficient method for monitoring surface roughness, with optimum prediction and reliability results at a lower analytical-computational cost. Finally, the results show that singular spectrum analysis is an ideal method for analyzing vibration signals applied to the on-line monitoring of surface roughness.