Performance Analysis of a Full - Duplex WDM-EPON based System with Fiber to Wireless Optical Network
Wireless technique is speedily becoming more essential during last four decade. Optical wireless channel is a type of communication in which unguided visible, IR, UV light wave is used to carry message signal. Based on transmission range optical wireless channel is used to send message at ultra-short, short, medium, high and ultra-high range. In this paper message signal is send through IR light wave at long range OWC from optical line terminal (OLT), having frequency lying in the range of 750nm-1600nm.On the other hand single mode optical fiber is used at receiver end to carry signal to the optical network unit (ONU).In this paper it is demonstrated that WDM-EPON technology has been successfully deployed in fiber to home which makes system more advanced, cost effective and having very high bandwidth and very high data rate. The proposed bidirectional simulation is made on Optisystem software and analyzed considering Qfactor, BER and power received.
Planning, Design and Simulation of a Network Access Based on FTTH-EPON for Hadhramout University
In our country copper infrastructure from Central Office (CO) to the end user is responsible for delivering poor Broadband services with loss reach 86% of the overall capacity speed. Not to mention the high prices and the impact of this inferior service to the education and economy of the country. Therefore, This paper presents a procedural proposal solution for planning, design and simulation of Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) performance through Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) technology applied on College Of Engineering and Petroleum campus at Hadhramout University as it the best way to overcome all the problems related with copper. Since the fiber terminates at the campus, we termed the network, Fiber To The Campus (FTTCampus). FTTCampus planning the location network was developed through Google Earth and AUTOCAD software which was implemented to map out the college location areas. The proposed optical network system design has been simulated based on EPON IEEE 802.3ah standards through Optisystem software program. Simulation network components such as optical transmitters, Optical network terminals (ONTs), and optical splitters among others were allocated at different coverage areas and various network links were connected among these coverage areas. A downstream network of EPON has been simulated using Continuous Wave Laser (CW Laser) and Directed-modulated Laser (DM Laser) as different optical. Validation was performed with consistent output performance indicators like quality factor, optical source power (dBm) and bit error rate (BER). This paper has a main objective in designing an affordable and feasible network and it is accomplished by utilizing EPON that merges the low-cost Ethernet technology and low-cost PON structure with the DM Laser as an optical source. This unique work revealed that, FTTCampus could be a reliable technology in an educational academic institution, if implemented.
Geomagnetic Polarity Epochs: Sierra Nevada Data, 3
Available paleomagnetic and radiometric results for about 60 igneous rocks 3.6 m.y. old or less are consistent with the following geomagnetic polarity epoch time scale: Brunhes normal polarity epoch, 0.0 to 0.85±0.15 million years; Matuyama reversed polarity epoch, 0.85±0.15 to 2.4±0.1 million years; Gauss normal polarity epoch, 2.4±0.1 to 3.35±0.1 million years; Gilbert reversed polarity epoch, 3.35±0.1 million years to (?). A brief interval of normal polarity (the Olduvai event) occurs within the Matuyama reversed epoch at about 1.9 m.y., and a brief interval of reversed polarity (the Mammoth event) occurs within the Gauss normal epoch at about 3.06 m.y. Data for twelve units from eastern California and Nevada, reported here for the first time, are particularly useful in defining the Gauss-Gilbert boundary and for recognizing the Mammoth event.