Japan and Vietnam's Caodaists: A Wartime Relationship (1939–45)
The study describes an asymmetric relationship between Vietnamese Caodaists, followers of the Cao Dai religion, and the Japanese during World War Two. The Caodaists maintained a pro-Japanese stance throughout the occupation, based on their judgement that they could in this way advance the nationalist cause and achieve independence from French rule. The position of the Caodaists immediately after the end of World War Two was adversely affected as a result of their wartime collaboration.
Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953
Justice and Expediency The opening trial gripped the attention of the entire colony. Yet, the violence allegedly committed by the accused that was to guide the selection of those tried offered nothing of the brutality and atrocities that might mitigate the powerful nationalist response to the treason charges. “INA day” was declared on the opening day of the trial, on 5 November. It would be the first of many days of that name in communities across India as rallies in support of the accused were organized, and parts of Lahore and other areas of Punjab almost shut down completely in protest. On 6 November, Wavell sent a memorandum to Pethick-Lawrence predicting a revolution following the elections in the spring with the INA as the “spear-head of their revolt.”107 In November Wavell received reports from several concerned provincial governors. A report from the Governor of the United Provinces, Maurice Hallett, claimed that revolutionary brigades had been formed at Benares and Allahabad, with the latter trained by an INA veteran.108 In Benares, an “agitator” threatened revenge on European children if the INA was not left alone. The Governor of the Central Provinces, Henry Twynam, also passed on threats of revenge in the event of INA executions. 107 “Field Marshal Viscount Wavell to Lord Pethick-Lawrence” L/P&J/8/525 ff 404-7 (6 November, 1945)TOP vol. 6, #194, 452. 108 “Sir M. Hallett (United Provinces) to Field Marshall Viscount Wavell” Wavell Papers (19 Nov., 1945) TOP vol. 6, #218, 507.
Thermodynamics on the Carbochlorination of Titanium-bearing Ores
The equilibrium compositions of the multi-component, multi-phase and multi-reaction system of carbochlorination of titanium-bearing ores are calculated with HSC, a computational chemistry software. The thermodynamic equilibrium calculation of the reaction system shows that a complete conversion of titanium-bearing ores is feasible at a temperature near 200oC. At temperatures ranging from 800 to 1600oC, the products of the reaction system are all in gaseous phase. Thermodynamic analysis accords with the industrial practice. The simulated results provide reasonable scientific basis for improving suitable technological conditions of the carbochlorination reduction.