Response to the letter of M. Brugnoli
1. In the Aquatrainer, the Xowmeter is positioned at the end of a long corrugated hose, and therefore, the temperature of the exhaled gases before being measured is assumed to be the same as that of the surrounding environment (i.e., ambient temperature). This requires a signiWcant expiratory BTPS correction. The user is thus requested to enter in the appropriate input Weld (i.e., temperature @ Xowmeter) the measured ambient temperature.
Comparison of gas exchange data using the Aquatrainer® system and the facemask with Cosmed K4b2 during exercise in healthy subjects
The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement between the new Aquatrainer® system and the facemask in the assessment of submaximal and maximal cardiopulmonary responses during exercise performed on ergocycle. Twenty-six physically active healthy subjects (mean age: 41 ± 14 years) performed a submaximal constant work test followed by maximal incremental exercise test on ergocycle, one with cardiopulmonary responses measured using the Cosmed K4b2 facemask, the other using the Cosmed K4b2 Aquatrainer®. Using the Aquatrainer®, the gas exchange variables at 100 W were significantly lower for VO2 (1,483 ± 203 vs. 1,876 ± 204 ml min−1, P < 0.0001), VCO2 (1,442 ± 263 vs. 1,749 ± 231 ml min-1, P < 0.0001), VE (38 ± 5 vs. 44 ± 6 l min−1, P < 0.0001), and VT (1.92 ± 0.47 vs. 2.18 ± 0.41 l, P < 0.0001) relative to facemask. The bias ±95% limits of agreement (LOA) for VO2 was 393 ± 507 ml min−1 for the submaximal constant work test at 100 W and 495 ± 727 ml min−1 for VO2max. At maximal intensity, cardiopulmonary responses measured with the Aquatrainer® system were significantly lower for: VO2 (2,799 ± 751 vs. 3,294 ± 821 ml min−1, P < 0.0001), VCO2 (3,426 ± 836 vs. 3,641 ± 946 ml min−1, P = 0.012), VE (98 ± 21 vs. 108 ± 26 l min−1, P = 0.0009) relative to facemask. A non-constant measurement error [interaction effect: (facemask or aquatrainer) × power] was noted from 60 to 270 W for VO2 (ml min−1), VCO2 (ml min−1), ventilation (l min−1) (P < 0.0001) and VT (l, P = 0.0001). Additional studies are required to detect the main sources of error that could be physical and/or physiological in nature. Due to the significant measurement error, the new Aquatrainer® system should be used with extreme caution in filed testing conditions of swimmers.
DESIGN CONSIDERATION TO PPM KLYSTRONS FOR INDUSTRIAL LINAC
Toshiba has been developing the C-band and X-band Periodic Permanent Magnet (PPM) focused klystron in collaboration with KEK and manufactured prototypes for the JLC project. [1] The PPM klystron has an advantage to enhance the total efficiency as a result of eliminating the electric power for the focusing magnet. From experience on the development the PPM focused klystrons for the JLC project, we plan to apply the PPM focused klystron to the medical and industrial linac. The periodic magnet focusing scheme has some technical difficulties such as stop band voltage. To design the PPM klystron for the medical and industrial linac, it is necessary to give heed to electron beam instability; so that the tube parameters of the PPM focused klystrons have some constraints. The size of the accelerator system is substantially reduced if a PPM focused klystron is used. The majority of medical and industrial linacs use frequencies of S-band range. We discuss the availability of the S-band PPM focused klystron in this paper.