Preventing Youth Violence in Urban Schools: An Essay Collection. Urban Diversity Series No. 107.
The three essays of this collection explore the prevention of violence in urban schools. The first, "Preventing Violence in Schools," by Mary Hatwood Futrell and Lee Etta Powell, focuses on how to prevent violence in schools and offers recommendations on what schools and communities can do. The factors contributing to school violence are numerous, complex, and mostly community-related. A number of strategies are available for addressing the problem from a classroom or schoolwide perspective, but others can be suggested for individual students, helping them focus on discipline as positive behavior. Investment programs such as tutoring, counseling, jobs, and recreation and youth facilities would be more cost-effective in the long-run than such measures as hiring more security. The second essay, "Gang Activity at School-, Prevention Strategies," by Shirley Lal, reviews what is known about gangs and their impact and consequences in schools. It also suggests a variety of strategies for preventing gang activity and altering negative gang behavior. The final essay, "School Violence and the Legal Rights of Students: Selected Issues," by Dorianne Beyer, considers the effects of the pulic perception of widespread and growing school violence, which leads to a .ituation in which the rights of school administrators come to take precedence over the rights of students when school safety is at stake. The current judicial trend highlights society's fears and disrespect for children. Contains a total of 90 references. (SLD) ***************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the originil document. *********************************************************************** 1
School Violence and Student Achievement in Reading and Mathematics Among Eighth Graders
This study analyzed base-year student data files from the 1988 National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS:88) cross-sectionally to identify relationships between school violence and student achievement in reading and mathematics. The analysis identified student behavior variables related to three measures of school violence: (1) personal behavior, such as being sent to the office for misbehaving, parents being warned about behavior, or fighting with other students; (2) victimization, whether having something stolen, receiving a drug offer, receiving threats or harm; and (3) perception of violence indicated by student responses to how they perceived violence problems in their school. Background variables included in the analyses were sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status quartile, school type (public, Catholic, other religious private, nonreligious private), and school community location (urban, suburban, and rural) . Associations of school violence measures plus student background characteristics on student achievement show that when the incidence of negative personal behavior increases, there is a negative effect on achievement. Students experiencing victimization and students' perceptions of violence in their schools show lower levels of effect on achievement. Implications for school practices and suggestions for future research are discussed. Three appendixes contain summaries of school violence reports, a description of the NELS:88, and the NELS:88 eighth grade questionnaire. (Contains 14 tables and 138 references.) (SLD) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** SCHOOL VIOLENCE AND STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN READING AND MATHEMATICS AMONG EIGHTH GRADERS
A Historical Introduction to the Law of Obligations
1 PROLOGUE: THE PREHISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LAW OF OBLIGATIONS 2 STRUCTURAL FOUNDATIONS 3 UNITY AND FRAGMENTATION OF THE MEDIAEVAL LAW OF CONTRACT 4 TRESPASS, TRESPASS ON THE CASE, AND THE MEDIAEVAL LAW OF TORT 5 THE SUBSTANTIVE LAW OF TORTS 6 THE SUBSTANTIVE LAW OF CONTRACT PART 2 THE TRIUMPH OF TRESPASS ON THE CASE 7 TORT, PROPERTY, AND REPUTATION: THE EXPANSION OF THE ACTION ON THE CASE 8 THE RISE OF THE ACTION OF ASSUMPSIT PART 3 THE MODERN LAW OF TORT AND CONTRACT 9 TRESPASS, CASE, AND THE MORAL BASIS OF LIABILITY 10 THE LAW OF TORTS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: THE RISE OF THE TORT OF NEGLIGENCE 11 THE LAW OF TORTS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: EXPANSION AND COLLAPSE OF THE TORT OF NEGLIGENCE 12 FOUNDATIONS OF THE MODERN LAW OF CONTRACT 13 THE RISE OF THE WILL THEORY THE WILL THEORY AND THE CLASSICAL MODEL OF CONTRACT 14 THE DECLINE OF THE WILL THEORY: LEGAL REGULATION AND CONTRACTUAL FAIRNESS PART 4 UNJUST ENRICHMENT 15 UNJUST ENRICHMENT 16 LEGAL CHANGE AND LEGAL CONTINUITY