Power Play: The Literature and Politics of Chess in the Late Middle Ages
The game of chess reached western Europe by the year 1000, and within several generations it had become one of the most popular pastimes ever. Both men and women, and even priests played the game despite the Catholic Church's repeated prohibitions. Characters in countless romances, chansons de geste, and moral tales of the eleventh through twelfth centuries also played chess, which often symbolized romantic attraction or sexual consummation. In Power Play, Jenny Adams looks to medieval literary representations to ask what they can tell us both about the ways the game changed as it was naturalized in the West and about the society these changes reflected. In its Western form, chess featured a queen rather than a counselor, a judge or bishop rather than an elephant, a knight rather than a horse; in some manifestations, even the pawns were differentiated into artisans, farmers, and tradespeople with discrete identities. Power Play is the first book to ask why chess became so popular so quickly, why its pieces were altered, and what the consequences of these changes were. More than pleasure was at stake, Adams contends. As allegorists and political theorists connected the moves of the pieces to their real-life counterparts, chess took on important symbolic power. For these writers and others, the game provided a means to figure both human interactions and institutions, to envision a civic order not necessarily dominated by a king, and to imagine a society whose members acted in concert, bound together by contractual and economic ties. The pieces on the chessboard were more than subjects; they were individuals, playing by the rules.
Still Thrills: The Drama of Chess
Although chess is a game that is played, it is also an event that is performed. An analysis of the Fischer-Spassky World Championship, the match between Garry Kasparov and IBM's Deep Blue, and the European tour of the 19th-century American champion Paul Morphy reveals the qualities that make competitive chess a theatrical event that relies both on bodies and on imaginations.
The Renaissance Chaucer
For Elizabethans, modern English literary history began with Chaucer. Looking back, they say him as a noble primitive, a genius in spite of the barbarity of his age and language. In this book, Alice Miskimin attempts a new kind of comparative literary history, combining both historical perspective and critical close reading to reexamine "England's Homer" in the light of the two-hundred year period of transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. A survey of the emergence of the Chaucer canon from manuscript to print shows how progressive corruption changed the texts and how the introduction of apocryphal poems into the early editions of Chaucer's published Works affected the Renaissance image of the "Father of English Poetry." The history of Troilus and Criseyde, in particular, from its medieval origins in Boccaccio and Chaucer to the Renaissance imitations of Henryson, Shakespeare, and Dryden, is a paradigm of literary metamorphosis. Other perspectives on the evolution of Chaucer's poetry are found in Spenser's deliberate reinterpretations (in The Faerie Queene and The Shepherd's Calendar) and in the Elizabethans' apprehension of the poet's personae-the Canterbury pilgrim the dreamer of the vision poems, the historian of Troilus and Criseyde. The Renaissance Chaucer is a skillful recreation of Chaucer as he appeared to Elizabethan authors. It is a provocative and a successful attempt to get beyond simple influence in literary and cultural history.