Somali Piracy: A Form of Economic Terrorism
Abstract Piracy over the years has been driven by geography, political instability and the availability of safe havens. Apart from these established factors, economics too play a role. This article reviews and examines Somali piracy, which has flourished due to the international community ignoring the growing instability in Somalia, the rampant illegal fishing and toxic waste dumping. It examines the international response, the legal and economic factors and advocates that piracy be viewed as a form of economic terrorism and be combatted as such, as well as by land-based operations.
Disguised Terrorism Versus Political and Economic Failures- Which Diagnosis Do We Need to Recognize? 205 Countries in Two Decades of Analysis
Identifying the causes of terrorism has been a goal of researchers for decades. The evidences and implications of terrorism are both extremely ambiguous, but also poignant. Dealing with terrorism has become the centerpiece of political debates for years. Despite of that, it has always been followed by the similar and identical uncompromising and intransigent security measures in different parts of the world, even if the reasons behind the acts combine many and different types of human sides, including political, social, security, psychological, cultural, and religious dimensions. There are lots of tremendous feelings, not only for the victims but also for the assailants that believe in their unprejudiced acts and are continuously able to justify their significance of the use of violence. That is why the paper started by introducing the subject to the reader, including the terms related to the phenomena, but also introducing the idea that there is an economic cost associated with this phenomenon. A key challenge of understanding terrorism is both defining the various and multidimensional theoretical and practical features of extremism, while, at the same time trying to render the various Political and Economic impacts of terrorism on societies. With effort to help the different spheres to understand the roots of this phenomenon, we thought that it was necessary to bring the widest and assorted point of views related to the roots, and also failures that might lead to violence, in particular from political and the economic perspectives, from different countries. We have also added English, French, Spanish and Arabic references written in their native languages.

Empirically, we have chosen to assess the Political and the Economic drivers for Terrorism. Political drivers have been measured by “Control of Corruption” (X4), “Government Effectiveness” (X5), “Regulatory Quality” (X6), “Rule of Law” (X7) and “Voice and Accountability” (X8). Economic determinants are used as control variables in the robustness check and they have been measured by “GDP growth” (X1), “GDP per capita” (X2) and “Employment Ratio” (X3). Using panel data analysis according to GMM technique results indicate that all of these political drivers have significant positive effects on “Political Stability”. Analysis has been conducted using annual data of 205 countries during the period from 2002 to 2019.  

Robustness checks indicates that controlling for economic factors has slightly enhanced the explanation power, providing R2 of 0.2498 instead of 0.1836 (for the first hypothesis), of 0.8928 instead of 0.8853 (for the second hypothesis), of 0.2333 instead of 0.1748 (for the third hypothesis), of 0.8941 instead of 0.8869 (for the fourth hypothesis) and of 0.9920 instead of 0.9821 (for the fifth hypothesis). The paper concludes that terrorism is mainly caused by political drivers. Economic factors had a slight impact and enhanced very much the explanation power of the model. Nevertheless, mixing political and economic considerations have shown that that terrorism is predominantly due to lack of political lacunas, and not for the most part to economic needs.
The fight against the ‘anti-nation’ as a historical mission: the delegitimization of the enemy in Italian Fascism and Spanish Fascism
For the Italian Partito Nazionale Fascista (Pnf) and the Falange Española (Fe), the political community coincided with the nation, conceived not as an undifferentiated conglomeration of citizens but as a community of believers in a ‘religion of the Fatherland’. The common goal of the Italian and the Spanish fascists, since their appearance on the political scene of their respective countries, was the defence of national values. But the claim to being the only and exclusive representatives of those values denied any effective freedom of dissent, even to those who respected national values but intended them in a different way. This article will analyse how the ideologues of the Pnf and the Fe articulated their respective campaigns against the anti-national enemies in order to legitimise their own parties and pave the way to the effective realization of their own nations: nations that had to be clearly and totally fascist.