Monetary Mediations and the Overcoding of Potential: Nietzsche, Deleuze & Guattari and How the Affective Diagrammatics of Debt Have Gone Global
In this paper I focus on the affective dimension of debt and its primary mode of dissemination--privately and digitally created credit money. To do so, I examine the age-old--though increasingly visible--relationship between debtor and creditor, a relationship that today is (re)defining social, cultural, and political relations by (re)distributing power along a financially inflected debtor/creditor continuum. My aim is to focus not merely on the affectively charged nature of the creditor/debtor relationship, but to consider more closely the nonhuman agency or desire of credit-money itself. My suggestion is that contemporary credit-money can compellingly be understood as a sophisticated technology of dispossession and that today’s money-machine, which necessitates and gives rise to the infrastructure that supports it, affects the social landscape by pre-conditioning it, by opaquely overcoding the relationship between debtor and creditor on a grand scale (but also imperceptibly), until finally debt saturation, through the extension of credit, precipitates a credit crisis at which time all is revealed: that the creditor holds all the cards, that the debtor holds none, and no matter how much desire the debtor has to repay the exponentially compounding debts, the debtor’s future is, and will be forever, foreclosed by the promise to repay.
The Crisis of Invented Money: Liquidity Illusion and the Global Credit Meltdown
In this Article I argue that the global credit crunch of 2007-2009 is the result of the multifaceted phenomenon of liquidity illusion. Fundamentally, the problem of liquidity illusion derives from the hollow conceptualization of "liquidity" in mainstream financial theory and practice. Represented most recently by the market completion theory, this paradigm has led to a widespread misunderstanding of the dynamics of the relationship between the process of financial innovation and the liquidity of the financial system. In order to unpack the political economy of liquidity illusion from other factors in the leadup to the global credit crunch, this Article builds upon Hyman Minsky’s vision of financial innovation and crisis. Challenging mainstream views of the liquidity-enhancing process of financial innovation, I identify the three pillars of liquidity illusion in the recent 2002-2007 bout of securitization: a) the paradigm of self-regulating finance; b) the role of Ponzi finance; and c) the function of private authority, namely credit rating agencies.
Calculation of and Errors in the Susceptibility
The measurement of the susceptibility requires three measurements, two of which have to be performed with a substance of known susceptibility. The difference of these last two measurements furnishes the proportionality constant of the apparatus, always employing the same volume, while the difference with the unknown substance gives the required susceptibility.