First Operational Experience with DORIS II
DORIS II is a completely new designed e+-e- storage ring with a mini-beta scheme. After first runs with a 8 cm optic, the vertical amplitude functions in the interaction points were reduced to 4 cm. This yielded luminosities of L = 1.5 . l031 cm-2sec-1 with 2 × 27 mA at E = 5 GeV. Because of the short injection time, an integrated luminosity of more than 600 nb-1 per day has been obtained.
Observations of the Beam-beam Interaction
3. Measurement Techniques ........................... 5 3.1 Equipment ............................... 5 3.2 Errors ................................. 5 4. Performance of Twelve Colliders ....................... 6 4.1 Luminosity versus Current ....................... 9 4.2 Core Enlargement ........................... 9 4.3 Large Amplitude Particles ...................... ‘10 4.4 Tune Shift Limits .......................... 13 4.5 Tune Choices ............................. 19 4.6 Performance Predictions ....................... 19 5. Luminosity Improvements ......................... 20 5.1 Luminosity Limits .......................... 20 5.2 Aperture Limited Colliders ..................... 21 5.3 Current and Tune Shift Limited Colliders .............. 23 5.4 Current Limited Colliders ...................... 25 5.5 Geometric Approaches ......................... 25 5.6 Suppression of Non-Gaussian Beam Tails .............. 26 6. Limits of Vertical Beta Reduction ..................... 26 6.1 Geometrical Loss of Luminosity ................... 27 6.2 Tune Shift Limitations ........................ 27 6.3 Non-Gaussian Vertical Tail Growth ................. 29 6.4 Dynamic Aperture .......................... 29 6.5 Quadrupole Regulation ....................... 30 7. Conclusions ................................. 30 8. Acknowledgements ............................. 31
Modeling of chemical reactors—XXIX mixing-cell model for packed bed reactors. Steady state considerations. Problems of multiplicity
Abstract The axial heat and mass transfer in tubular catalytic reactors may be described by mixing-cell model and diffusion model as well. The diffusion description yields for a strong exothermic reaction and adiabatic conditions three steady state profiles, on the other hand the mixing-cell model gives rise to more than three steady states. A simple numerical and graphical analysis for mixing-cell model is presented.