Testing for a treatment effect in the presence of nonresponders.
Good (1979, Biometrics 35, 483-489) introduced a new randomization test for the two-sample problem where a proportion 1 - p of the treatment group does not respond to the treatment, and suggested that the Wilcoxon test is not effective for this situation. We show to the contrary that the Wilcoxon test is quite useful when p greater than or equal to .6 and point out an error in his definition of a one-tailed randomization test.
Iron deficiency in women of fertile age in a Swedish community. II. Efficiency of several laboratory tests to predict the response to iron supplementation.
. Observations on haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, serum iron, serum iron binding capacity and serum iron saturation were made before and after three months of supplementation of iron and placebo to respectively 121 and 63 apparently healthy women of fertile age. 
 
 
 
A significant change in the observed parameters was defined on the basis of the changes in the placebo group. Such a change in one or several of the parameters was observed in about 30% of the women receiving iron. 
 
 
 
The property of the observed changes to be predicted from initial values was investigated; and it was found that a change in haemoglobin, or, equally well, in packed cell volume was the most predictable change. 
 
 
 
The best predictor for the change in haemoglobin, or packed cell volume, was found to be the initial value of the parameter itself. A slightly better prediction was obtained by a linear combination of the initial values of haemoglobin, packed cell volume and serum iron saturation.
Behavioral effects of low level neonatal lead exposure
Rats exposed to lead via maternal milk were tested at various stages of development on a number of behavioral tasks. Beginning at paturition, the dams were given either tap water, 0.02%, or 0.10% lead acetate in the drinking water. Pups from all three groups were weaned to normal chow and tap water at 21 days of age. The mean lead concentration of the dam's blood and of neonatal (20 days of age) brain and blood were all below 50 microgram/100 ml. No significant differences were found between the high lead-exposed group and controls in general as measured by wheel running over a 21 day period beginning at 30 days of age. However, there was a significant difference in wheel running behavior during the first three hr of testing. Both lead-exposed groups were found to display significantly less aggressive behavior as measured by the shock-elicited aggression test. Low level lead exposure had no discernable effect on the acquisition and subsequent reversal of a successive brightness discrimination task. Lead exposure under these conditions appears to affect some aspects of emotional behavior, while having little effect on general activity or cognitive function.