After the Countercoup: Advising the Imperial Armed Forces of Iran
Abstract : Iran in the 1950s was in the cross hairs of the Cold War power struggle between the United States and the USSR. Strategically located, Iran became critical to the foreign policy endeavors of the Eisenhower Administration in the Middle East. After the decision to force Mohammed Mossadeq to retire as Prime Minister, the United States gave more than $700 million in mutual security assistance to the Shah of Iran from 1953-1959. In addition to the money, the United States faced the challenge of transitioning the Iranian Armed Forces from an organization used by Iranian monarchs to quell unrest in the major population centers into a collective security partner with a trained and equipped military that could fight a defensive campaign against a possible Soviet invasion. A Military Assistance Advisory Group was created and advisory efforts began. Iranian history, international rivalries, and the strategic constraints of continuous interference from policy makers in Washington and the Shah's embellished interests for Iran weighed heavily on the effort. This case study discusses the strategic context of Iran in the 1950s, the national-level deliberations regarding the importance of Iran and the amount of assistance it required from the United States, and whether or not the USSR was deterred from intervening in Iran due to the United States' demonstrable commitment there. The case study attempts to inform future policy makers as to the roles and organizations necessary to conduct foreign internal defense and advise the militaries of allied nations. Success or failure at advisory operations can have strategic consequences.
Present at the creation.
The report provides an important snapshot of the state of library use of metadata tools for the creation of metadata, the standards being used, and how well libraries are integrating the tools, standards and exposure of their metadata outside the institution of origin. The report pulls together the insights gained from the survey very effectively and makes some important points about how libraries see their mission and how this affects their processes of metadata creation and use of metadata tools.
Thermally Induced Dynamics of Satellite Solar Panels
Thermally induced structural motions are known to affect the attitude dynamics of low Earth orbiting satellites during eclipse transitions. Motions of e exible appendages such as solar panels lead to rigid body rotations of the entire satellite because the total angular momentum of the system is conserved. These potentially large attitude disturbances may violate pointing accuracy and jitter requirements. One type of thermally induced dynamics exhibited by solar panels is thermal snap. The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite is a prominent example of a satellite that experiences thermal snap disturbances during eclipse transitions. This paper describes recent studies of thermally induced dynamicsof solarpanels, including an analysisofsatelliteattitudedynamics resulting from thermally induced structural motions and a laboratory investigation of the thermal-structural performance of a satellite solar panel. Analytical and experimental results demonstrate thermal bending deformations with acceleration transients that have characteristic thermal snap disturbance histories in response to rapid changes in heating. The studies show that solar panel thermal snap disturbances are caused by through-the-thickness temperature differences that vary at a nonconstant rate. Finite element analysis correctly predicts the thermal snap phenomenon observed in the solar panel experiments.