Preventing Terrorism in the Long Term: The Disutility of Racial Profiling in Preventing Crime and the Counterproductive Nature of Ethnic and Religious Profiling in Counterterrorism Policing
Abstract : After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the desire of Americans to feel secure made ethnic and religious profiling a tempting security trade-off. Generalizations about Arabs and Muslims as terrorists seemed to lead to an increasing practice of singling out individuals who look Arab or appear to be Muslim in entry-exit systems and in counterterrorist investigations. Civil liberties and Muslim advocacy groups immediately cried foul as accusations of profiling began to surface in the media and various government reports. Today, the main emphasis of the debate continues to focus on civil liberties. The aim of this thesis is to take a fresh perspective on profiling in counterterrorist-operations and demonstrate that profiling is actually counterproductive to an effective long-term counterterrorism strategy. This thesis first highlights major findings on the usefulness of racial profiling in criminal policing. It then examines issues of ethnic identity and the grand strategy of Islamic terrorist organizations and illustrates the counterproductive nature of ethnic and religious profiling. It will also demonstrate that while complaints of ethnic profiling persist within the Muslim community, the technique does not appear to have played a role in the disruption of actual terrorist plots in the United States.
THE SMELL OF FEAR
![Figure][1] 

For many of us, when faced with a dangerous situation, our first reaction might be to yell and scream or in some way vocally communicate the danger to others. However, unbeknownst to us, we are also likely communicating the danger in a more subtle way. Plants and animals have
Become a Problem-solving Crime Analyst in 55 Small Steps
Cincinnati. He has contributed to the development of problem-oriented policing since 1984 when he studied the first full scale attempt to implement the concept in the United States at Newport News, Virginia. He helped to develop a number of now standard techniques in problem solving, including the SARA model and the crime analysis triangle. He was a cofounder of the International Problem-Oriented Policing Conference held annually in San Diego. Dr Eck has served as consultant to the London Metropolitan Police and since 1999 has been a judge for the Tilley Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing. He In assembling this manual we have drawn freely on the work of many colleagues and friends to whom we owe a large debt of gratitude. Those who have commented on drafts of or supplied material for the manual include: Pat and We owe special thanks to Marcus Felson who helped design the manual and who supplied material for some of the sections. Finally, we thank the Home Office for sponsoring our work.