An analysis of stress-strain behaviour and wetting effects on quarried rock shells
The analysis of stressstrain behaviour and the effects of submergence on quarried rock shells, used mainly in dams but also in road construction, is of major importance from both economic and safe...
Finite Element Analyses of Stresses and Movements in Embankments During Construction.
Abstract : The objective of this investigation was to develop procedures for conducting finite element analyses of stresses and movements in embankments during construction. The procedures developed involve incremental analyses, simulating successive stages during construction of the embankment, and employ nonlinear stress-strain parameters determined from the results of laboratory tests. Previous studies of the nonlinear, stress-dependent stress-strain behavior of soils were extended during this investigation to include variations of Poisson's ratio values as well as modulus values for use in incremental analyses. In order to examine the suitability of these procedures for representing the stress-strain characteristics of a wide variety of soils under both drained and undrained test conditions, the procedures were applied to 46 different soils, ranging from cobble sizes to highly plastic clays, for which stress-strain information had been published or was available from other sources. In each case it was found that the simple procedures developed for representing nonlinear, stress-dependent soil stress-strain behavior were convenient and provided reasonably accurate representations of the actual soil behavior. (Author)
The Inca Occupation of the South Coast of Peru
like the others, however; it forks into several nearly parallel ravines of which the largest are Huayuri, Rio Grande-Palpa, Ingenio (called Collao in ancient times), Nasca proper (the ancient Caxamarca), Taruga, and Poroma. Due to peculiarities of the local topography, the irrigated areas in Ica and the ravines of Nasca are located inland, at the foot of the mountains, rather than at the mouths of the rivers as is more usual in Peruvian coastal valleys. No sharp natural or cultural boundary separates the valley of Chincha from the valleys of Cafiete (ancient Huarco and Runahuana), Asia, and Mala, the next valleys going up the coast to the northwest. At the other end of the area we are considering, however, there is a sharp break; beyond Yauca the Andean foothills reach out to the sea, natural conditions are quite different, and there are important differences in the archaeological picture as well. The historical sources which mention the south coast are not particularly helpful, except in so far as they provide us with a few dates. To begin with, no chronicler gives an explicit account of the political organization of the south coast at the time it came into contact with the Incas. It can, perhaps, be inferred from Cabello Balboa's statements about common policy toward the Inca invaders that there was some sort of political connection between the valleys of Mala, Cafiete, and Chincha, but the connection need have been no more than a temporary military alliance. Cabello makes no mention at all of Pisco. The valleys of Ica, Nasca, and 125