China's population figures: can the contradictions be resolved?
In recent years, the government of the People's Republic of China has been reporting the country's population as "nearly 800 million." A variety of evidence suggests that this approximation is the best currently available in China, and that it may be some time before further, more accurate, demographic data are produced. The paper presents and discusses alternate population estimates and projections by UN, US, and USSR specialists.
China's experience on population control: The elusive model
Abstract After the Cultural Revolution China initiated a very intensive family planning programme. Although statistical data are not available, there is enough information to conclude that the custom of postponing marriage and planning births is gaining momentum. The new socio-economic environment is much more conducive to the acceptance of family planning by the young adults than was the case in previous campaigns. Contraceptives, abortions and sterilizations are free of charge and readily available through the extensive public health system. Most important to the success of the programme are the unique methods of motivation which involve virtually all segments of the society.
Marketing research in the Nirodh program.
In September 1968 the Indian government began subsidizing the sale of Nirodh condoms through the countrys 6 largest and most experienced consumer goods marketing companies making the condoms available under 3 distribution schemes (the other 2 include the Free Distribution Scheme through public health channels and the Depot Holder Scheme involving mostly remote rural post offices as outlets) at price levels ranging from 0 to 15 paise (US$.02) for a packet of 3 pieces. By November 1969 distribution was nationwide although concentrated in urban areas. Sales were higher through chemist outlets than through grocers; sales at general stores and other outlets corresponded to supply. Over 6 million Nirodhs are purchased monthly in urban areas which means that about 4.7% users purchase them from the market compared to 8.2% users who obtain them either from free distribution channels or from commercial channels or use high-priced condoms. Analysis of sales variations suggests the importance of the following: 1) general development of the state (level of literacy); 2) consumer preference for family planning methods; 3) level of distribution under the Free Distribution Scheme; 4) effectiveness of the distribution network of different companies in bringing a product like Nirodh to consumers. Nationwide only 1/4 of Indian couples are aware of condoms 1/6 know how to use one 4% have ever used one and 2.6% are currently using condoms (80% use Nirodhs). About 1/2 use one regularly 16% reuse the same condom and it is used on the average of 6.2 times a month. Wives of condom users average 28 years of age and generally have secondary education; the couple averages 3 living children; the family income is between 200 and 500 rupees per month; and 3/5 users live in urban areas. A low percentage of all Indian couples use contraception (18%) and only 50% of never users even approve of family planning. Although the primary demand for condoms is increasing faster results of its distribution might be obtained by concentrating on the urban educated sector of the population since even the level of use in this group is low.