Aesthetic surgery training: the role of art education.
After initiating a trial series of art classes for plastic surgery residents, the authors recommend that art education, including hands-on training and art appreciation, becomes part of an aesthetic surgery training curriculum.
Overlapping worlds of art and plastic surgery: developing a concept model and its implications in surgical education
Purpose Editorials speculate on the relationship between art and plastic surgery, and studies of limited art education in surgical training show intriguing benefits. Identifying the shared concepts and skills in art and plastic surgery could advance incorporating artistic skills and concepts into plastic surgery training and curriculum. Methods Using a grounded theory approach, we interviewed plastic surgeons and formally trained or self-identified artists and then analyzed the transcripts. During the process, we used a constant comparison approach while coding along with data collection. The team developed the codebook from initial transcripts; 2 members coded each transcript. We reconciled codes and summarized codes into themes based on discussion among the team. Results 15 plastic surgeons aged 36–80 years and 16 artists aged 19–62 years were interviewed. We then developed a concept model, “Ways of Making,” to illustrate the shared aspects of the artistic and surgical process through their ways of doing, knowing, seeing, and thinking. Both plastic surgeons and artists recognized that strong technical foundational skills are key to developing competency. Both groups spoke about the Elements of Art and Principles of Design, though artists know this formally. Artists and plastic surgeons shared that awareness to one’s surroundings or to human features facilitates identifying problems or ideas. They described how technical skills, manual dexterity, and three-dimensional thinking can be taught and nurtured. Both groups also recognized that creativity played a major role in their work. While creativity was seen as innate, participants can learn to be innovative through critical thinking. Conclusion This study provides a model for how plastic surgery and art overlap using data from interviews. Though there are differences between the two fields, the ways of doing, knowing, seeing, and thinking are key components of the artistic and surgical processes. Identifying the shared concepts and skills in art and plastic surgery could help enhance curricula seeking to incorporate artistic skills and concepts into plastic surgery training.
Effects of the mineral phase and valence of vanadium on vanadium extraction from stone coal
The influence of roasting on the leaching rate and valence of vanadium was evaluated during vanadium extraction from stone coal. Vanadium in stone coal is hard to be leached and the leaching rate is less than 10% when the raw ore is leached by 4 mol/L H2SO4 at 90°C for 2 h. After the sample is roasted at 900°C for 2 h, the leaching rate of vanadium reaches the maximum, and more than 70% of vanadium can be leached. The crystal of vanadium-bearing mica minerals decomposes and the content of V(V) increases with the rise of roasting temperature from 600 to 900°C, therefore the leaching rate of vanadium increases significantly with the decomposition of the mica minerals. Some new phases, anorthite for example, form when the roasting temperature reaches 1000°C. A part of vanadium may be enwrapped in the sintered materials and newly formed phases, which may impede the oxidation of low valent vanadium and make the leaching rate of vanadium drop dramatically. The leaching rate of vanadium is not only determined by the valence state of vanadium but also controlled by the decomposition of vanadium-bearing minerals and the existence state of vanadium to a large extent.