The politics of preparation for parenthood
The focus of this study is preparation for parenthood in U.K. secondary 
schools in the decade of the 1970s. During this period it was suggested 
that cycles of deprivation are set up by inadequacies in parenting, 
resulting in a range of social problems, and preparation for parenthood 
was supported as a means of breaking this cycle. The study explores 
relevant educational policy in the U.K. between the second world war, and 
the end of the 1970s, and the views of teachers and pupils involved in 
preparation for parenthood. Methods have involved semi-structured 
interviews, reviews of literature and policy, and discourse analysis. The 
theoretical perspective used is a feminist one. A number of questions are 
considered, including why preparation for parenthood became popular in 
the 1970s; why the call for this curriculum is sustained even though 
girls express knowledge and commitment in relation to future parental 
responsibilities; and what is the likely influence on the adult lives of 
girls of involvement with this aspect of schooling. In'addition there is 
a consideration of gender divisions, how these relate to preparation for 
parenthood, and also how the personal views of teachers might influence 
this aspect of their work. The role of the state, and of educational 
policy, is explored and the possibility is raised that the preparation 
for parenthood curriculum might contribute to the creation or maintenance 
of the deprivation that it sets out to oppose.
The Sociology of Women's Education as a Field of Academic Study
(1984). The Sociology of Women's Education as a Field of Academic Study. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 42-62.
The Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use among College Students: A Nationwide Survey in Japan
To clarify the prevalence of dietary supplement use among college students, we conducted Internet-based nationwide questionnaire surveys with 157,595 Japanese college students aged between 18 to 24 years old who were registrants of Macromill Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Among the 9066 respondents (response rate 5.8%), 16.8% were currently using dietary supplements. The prevalence of dietary supplement use did not differ significantly between males (17.1%) and females (16.7%). However, it increased according to their grade (13.1% to 20.5%), and it was higher in medical and pharmaceutical college students (22.0%) compared to others (16.7%). The main purpose of dietary supplement use was for the health benefits in both males and females. Other reasons were to build muscle in males, and as a beauty supplement and for weight loss in females. According to the purpose of dietary supplement use, the most commonly-used dietary supplements were vitamin/mineral supplements in both males and females, then protein and weight loss supplements in males and females, respectively. Although most students obtained information about dietary supplements via the Internet, they typically purchased the supplements from drug stores. Of the students surveyed, 7.5% who were currently using or used to use dietary supplements experienced adverse effects, with no significant difference between genders (8.8% in male, 7.0% in female). In conclusion, the prevalence of dietary supplement use increased with grade among college students in Japan. Some of them experienced adverse effects. Education may be important to prevent adverse effects resulting from supplement use in college.