Who are the insurgents? : Sunni Arab rebels in Iraq
• Building a profile of a typical anti-coalition Sunni Arab insurgent in Iraq is a daunting task. Demographic information about the insurgents is fragmented, and the rebels themselves are marked more by their heterogeneity than by their homogeneity. Drawing from a wide array of sources, however, we can try to piece together a view of their primary motivations for taking up arms against the U.S.-led occupation.
Rise of Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: Mawdudi, Qutb and Faraj
The turbulence and political instability in several key Muslim countries have now global consequences, as thousands of Moslems leave their countries, because they cannot live or even survive there. This is an enormous shame for the huge Islamic civilization, harbouring more than 1 billion believers in the prophet Mohammed. It should be pointed out that the coordination bodies in the Islamic civilisation – the Arab League and the Muslim Conference – have done little to stop the on-going civil wars and horrific political violence. Similarly, the rich Gulf States offer no help for refugees, turning instead to the EU with its protection for human rights. How can we understand this collapse of the Koranic civilisation? The ultimate reason is the rise of Islamic fundamentalism within the Sunni community during the 20th century. And it will not disappear soon. Islamic terrorism against Westerners, Shias, religious minorities in the Middle East could not have occurred on the present scale, if it did not have legitimation among radical fundamentalism. To understand the major changes in Islamic political thought and Koranic religion, one must go to the three men who reinterpreted Islam along radical new fundamentalism, namely Mawdudi (islamisation) (India-Pakistan), Qutb (caliphate) and Faraj (jihad) (Egypt).Their books and pamphlets are studied all over the Koranic civilisation, which is much larger than Arabia. The three inspired Ben Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri (Al Qaeda) as well as Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (ISIL) and Abu Bakr_al-Baghdad (ISIS).
Partially Commutative Magnus Transformations
Grâce a l’introduction de la notion de forme exponentielle reduite, nous montrons l’injectivite de la transformation de Magnus associee au groupe partiellement commutatif libre F(A, ϑ). Nous en deduisons la separation de la topologie p-adique de F(A, ϑ), l’existence de plus petites racines dans F(A, ϑ) et enfin la structure des centralisateurs dans F(A, ϑ). We introduce the notion of reduced exponential form in the free partially commutative group F(A, ϑ). This allows us to prove that the Magnus transformation associated with F(A, ϑ) is injective. We deduce from this result that the p-adic topology on F(A, ϑ) is Hausdorff, that there exist least roots in F(A, ϑ) and finally the exact structure of centralizers in F(A, ϑ).