Viking and native: re–thinking identity in the Danelaw
This paper addresses the impact of the Scandinavian settlements in England in the ninth and tenth centuries, and the role that ethnic identity and affiliation played in the society of the so–called Danelaw. It is argued that ethnic identity was not a constant factor, but one that only became relevant, at least in the evidence available to us, at certain times. It is suggested that the key to understanding expressions of ethnicity lies in the absorption of new ruling elites in northern and eastern England, and in subsequent political manoeuvring, rather than in the scale of the Scandinavian settlement. Indeed, the scale of the settlement does not easily explain most of our evidence, with the exception of some of the linguistic data. This paper stresses the importance of discussing the Scandinavian settlements not simply by reference to ethnic factors, but within the social and political context of early medieval society.
The Viking Barrow Cemetery at Heath Wood, Ingleby, Derbyshire
THE CEMETERY at Ingleby, Derbyshire, is the only known Scandinavian cremation cemetery in England. The unique nature of the site makes it an important source of information for Viking pagan graves in the Danelaw, but also makes its interpretation difficult. The fragmentary nature of the finds and the sketchy reports of the excavations of the 1940s and 1950s has led to limited discussion of the site. The proximity of the cemetery to the important and complex discoveries at Repton now gives it added significance. As a possible pointer to the origins and ideologies of Danes in the East Midlands, Ingleby is of critical importance. This papa reviews previous work on the site, presents the principal results of a new earthwork survey, and proceeds to discuss Ingleby in the light of what is known of other Scandinavian burials in England. The survey has shown that the apparent clustered distribution of the barrows within the cemetery is real and not the product of differential survival; it has also indicated that ...
Design of reinforced concrete lining in pressure tunnels, considering thermal effects and jointed rockmass
Abstract Jaeger's theory (Jaeger, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering , Cambridge University Press, 1972) of the design of the lining for a pressure tunnel applies to a tunnel located in an isotropic, homogeneous and elastic medium. The theory is derived from the elasticity equations for the plane stress condition. In this paper, Jaeger's theory is extended to a plane strain situation. Also included is a discussion of the effects of a uniform increase (or decrease) in the lining temperature, jointed rockmass, cracking of the tunnel lining, and cracking of the rockmass around the opening. Tables are presented for the modulus of subgrade reaction for various rockmass conditions and for rock sharing pressures for various lining conditions. The reduction factor to include the effect of joints in rockmass is derived by the analysis of a numerical model of the lined tunnel by the finite-infinite-interface element method.