The biosphere 2 project and its potential role in assisting space exploration
Abstract Space Biospheres Ventures is developing technologies for its Biosphere 2 project — a 3 acre materially closed ecological system with human habitat, intensive agriculture and five wilderness biomes — and other life-support testbeds for space habitats in microgravity and the Moon and Mars, as well as for ecological research pertinent to the biosphere of Earth. These include soil bed reactors for air purification and biomass production; aquatic waste processing systems; real-time analytic systems; and computer systems of control and management. A space policy pursuing joint Earth and ‘space biospheres’ objectives and implications is discussed.
Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
General Principles: Wastewaters: A Perspective (A.J. Smith). Wetlands Ecosystems: Natural Water Purifiers? (D.A. Hammer and R.K. Bastian). Hydrologic Factors in Wetland Water Treatment (R.H. Kadlec). Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Freshwater Wetland Soils (S.P. Faulkner and C.J. Richardson). Wetland Vegetation (G.R. Guntenspergen, F. Stearns, and J.A. Kadlec). Wetlands Microbiology: Form, Function, Processes (R.J. Portier and S.J. Palmer). Wetlands: The Lifeblood of Wildlife (J.S. Feierabend). Case Histories: Constructed Free Surface Wetlands to Treat and Receive Wastewater: Pilot Project to Full Scale (R.A. Gearheart, F. Klopp, and G. Allen). The Iselin Marsh Pond Meadow (T.E. Conway and J.M. Murtha). Integrated Wastewater Treatment Using Artificial Wetlands: A Gravel Marsh Case Study (R.M. Gersberg, S.R. Lyon, R. Brenner, and B.V. Elkins). Sewage Treatment by Reed Bed Systems: The Present Situation in the United Kingdom (P.F. Cooper and J.A. Hobson). Aquatic Plant/Microbial Filters for Treating Septic Tank Effluent (B.C. Wolverton). Creation and Management of Wetlands Using Municipal Wastewater in Northern Arizona: A Status Report (M. Wilhelm, S.R. Lawry, and D.D. Hardy). Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater on Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge for Wetland/Crane Habitat Enhancement: A Status Report (J.W. Hardy). Waste Treatment for Confined Swine with an Integrated Artificial Wetland and Aquaculture System (J.J. Maddox and J.B. Kingsley). Treatment of Acid Drainage with a Constructed Wetland at the Tennessee Valley Authority 950 Coal Mine (G.A. Brodie, D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich). Constructed Wetlands for Treatment of Ash Pond Seepage (G.A. Brodie, D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich). Use of Wetlands for Treatment of Environmental Problems in Mining: Non-Coal-Mining Applications (T.R. Wildeman nad L.S. Laudon). Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment at Amoco Oil Company's Mandan, North Dakota Refinery (D.K. Litchfield and D.D. Schatz). Utilization of Artificial Marshes for Treatment of Pulp Mill Effluents (R.N. Thut). Use of Artificial Wetlands for Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate (N.M. Trautmann, J.H. Martin, Jr., K.S. Porter, and K.C. Hawk, Jr.). Use of Wetlands for Urban Stormwater Management (E.H. Livingston). Design, Construction and Operation: Use of Wetlands for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Disposal-Regulatory Issues and EPA Policies (R.K. Bastian, P.E. Shanaghan, and B.P. Thompson). States' Activities, Attitudes and Policies Concerning Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment (R.L. Slayden, Jr. nad L.N. Schwartz). Human Perception of Utilization of Wetlands for Waste Assimilation, or How Do You Make A Silk Purse Out of A Sow's Ear? (R.C. Smardon). Preliminary Considerations Regarding Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment (R.K. Wieder, G. Tchobanoglous, nad R.W. Tuttle). Selection and Evaluation of Sites for Constructed Wastewater Treatment Wetlands (G.A. Brodie). Performance Expectations and Loading Rates for Constructed Wetlands (J.T. Watson, S.C. Reed, R.H. kadlec, R.L. Knight, and A.E. Whitehouse). Ancillary benefits of Wetlands Constructed Primarily for Wastewater Treatment (J.H. Sather). Overview from Ducks Unlimited, Inc. (R.D. Hoffman). Configuration and Substrate Design Considerations for Constructed Wetlands Wastewater Treatment (G.R. Steiner and R.J. Freeman, Jr.). Hydraulic Design Considerations and Control Structures for Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment (J.T. Watson and J.A. Hobson). California's Experience with Mosquitos in Aquatic Wastewater Treatment Systems (C.V. Martin and B.F. Eldridge). Constructing the Wastewater Treatment Wetland - Some Factors to Consider (D.A. Tomljanovich and O. Perez). Considerations and Techniques for Vegetation Establishment in Constructed Wetlands (H.H. Allen, G.J. Pierce, and R. Van Wormer). Operations Optimization (M.A. Girts and R.L. Knight). Pathogen Removal in Constructed Wetlands (R.M. Gersberg, R.A. Gearheart, and M. Ives). Monitoring of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater (D.B. Hicks and Q.J. Stober). Recent Results from the Field and Laboratory: Dynamics of Inorganic and Organic Materials in Wetlands Ecosystems (R.H. Kadlec, W. Grosse, R.L. Davido, T.E. Conway, R. Schultz-Hock, Y.-P. Hsieh, and C.L. Coultas). Efficiencies of Substrates, Vegetation, Water Levels and Microbial Populations (S.C. Michaud, C.J. Richardson, R.S. Hedin, R. Hammack, D. Hyman, R.J. Portier, T.A. DeBusk, P.S. Burgoon, K.R. Reddy, J.B. Kingsley, J.J. Maddox, P.M. Giordano, W. Batal, L.S. Laudon, T.R. Wildeman, and N. Mohdnoordin, and J. Vymazal). Management of Domestic and Municipal Wastewaters (H. Brix, H.-H. Schierup, J. Jackson, A. Wood, L.C. Hensman, K.J. Whalen, P.S. Lombardo, D.B. Wile, T.H. Neel, B.B. james, R. Bogaert, R. Haberl, R. Perfler, T.J. Mingee, R.W. Crites, J.A. Hobson, G. Miller, A.L. Schwartz, R.L. Knight, H.J. Bavor, D.J. Roser, P.J. Fisher, and I.C. Smalls, P.R. Scheuerman, G. Bitton, S.R. Farrah, and C.H. Dill). Treatment of Nonpoint Source Pollutants-Urban Runoff and Agricultural Wastes (G.S. Silverman, E.C. Meiorin, P. Daukas, D. Lowry, W.W. Walker, Jr., L.C. Linker, C.J. Costello, E.F. Lowe, D.L. Stites, and L.E. Battoe). Applications to Industrial and Landfill Wastewaters (M.S. Ailstock, V.G. Guida, I.J. Kugelman, W.W. Staubitz, J.M. Surface, T.S. Steenhuis, J.H. Peverly, M.J. LAvine, N.C. Weeks, W.E. Sanford, R.J. Kopka, and J.N. Dornbush). Control of Acid Mine Drainage Including Coal Pile and Ash Pond Seepage (M. Silver, E.A. Howard, J.C. Emerick, T.R. Wildeman, S.E. Stevens, Jr., K. Dionis, L.R. Stark, E.A. Howard, M.C. Hestmark, and T.D. Margulies, P. Eger, K. Lapakko, R.L. Kolbash, T.L. Tomanoski, J. Henrot, R.K. Wieder, K.P. Heston, M.P. Nardi, W.R. Wenerick, S.E. Stevens, Jr., H.J. Webster, L.R. stark, E. DeVeau, E.L. Snoddy, G.A. Brodie, D.A. Hammer, and D.A. Tomljanovich). Index.
Thermal properties of the Florida Current as related to Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
The thermal properties of the Florida Current are presented and analyzed for the available ocean thermal energy. For a cold water intake depth equal to or greater than 600 m, potential sites for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power plants appear to exist in the Straits of Florida and, to a lesser extent, off the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina. The maximum thermal differences occur on the continental shelf because of the geostrophic motion of the Gulf Stream. An estimate of the total available ocean thermal energy from the Florida Current, delivered in the form of electricity, is 3.5 × 1012 kWh yr−1. For a cold water suction depth of 600 m or more, seasonal variability in the ocean thermal resource is approx. ±35 per cent of average annual output.