Computational modeling of accelerating corrosion in primary coolants of a typical PWR
High temperature and pressure environment along with large neutron and gamma-ray flux lead to significantly large corrosion in the stainless steel used in the primary coolant circuit of pressurized water reactors (PWRs). The corrosion products become activated in the reactor core upon circulation. Corrosion rate depends on reactor power and it can be a linear as well as a nonlinear function of time. Computer simulation offers a novel approach to study the effect of corrosion acceleration on coolant activity under transient conditions. We present two related mathematical models for corrosion acceleration under high temperature and flow rate transient conditions. In the first part of the work, we have formulated a mathematical model based on a system of coupled first order ordinary differential equations governing the isotopic concentration. In the second part, flow rate transients have been forced through non-homogeneous conditions. Numerical simulations show that for Na-24, Mn-56, Fe-59, Co-60 and Mo-99, the values of specific activities approach the equilibrium value fairly rapidly under normal operating conditions. Spikes are observed in the specific activity values of the primary coolant when corrosion acceleration and flow rate transients are employed in the model. Both the height and time of these spikes has been found to depend on the value of acceleration in corrosion.
Simulation of corrosion product activity in pressurized water reactors under flow rate transients
Abstract Simulation of coolant activation due to corrosion products and impurities in a typical pressurized water reactor has been done under flow rate transients. Employing time dependent production and losses of corrosion products in the primary coolant path an approach has been developed to calculate the coolant specific activity. Results for 24 Na, 56 Mn, 59 Fe, 60 Co and 99Mo show that the specific activity in primary loop approaches equilibrium value under normal operating conditions fairly rapidly. Predominant corrosion product activity is due to Mn-56. Parametric studies at full power for various ramp decreases in flow rate show initial decline in the activity and then a gradual rise to relatively higher saturation values. The minimum value and the time taken to reach the minima are strong functions of the slope of linear decrease in flow rate. In the second part flow rate coastdown was allowed to occur at different flow half-times. The reactor scram was initiated at 90% of the normal flow rate. The results show that the specific activity decreases and the rate of decrease depends on pump half time and the reactor scram conditions.
Institutionalizing Corporate Social Responsibility: A Study of Provisions and Implications of Indian Companies Act 2013
Abstract 
The spotlight of this chapter is to understand the connection between public policy and corporate social responsibility (CSR); in other words – the institutionalization of CSR. What is the role of the government for setting standards and mandating for ensuring responsibility? The emerging accepted wisdom in policy and academic circles is that many sustainability solutions are likely to result from institutional (i.e., governance) reform. A perceptive on CSR evolving as an institution of broader societal governance appears as a promising opportunity to delve into at a point in time when conventional rules, actors, and markets that steered the global economy demonstrate to be undergoing credibility crisis. CSR therefore must be considered within the wider field of institutions for governing the corporation and the economy. This chapter is exploratory as it dwells into theoretical underpinning of emerging mandatory CSR as well as provides empirical mapping of corporate responses to the new enacted legislation. The CSR analysis presented is based on a content analysis of the information contained in the annual reports of some prominent companies, government documents, audits reports, companies websites, and newspaper reports, which will provide us evidences of responses of corporates toward the CSR provisions.