Sources of economic growth and regional convergences in Morocco
Which strategy of growth and economic convergences of the Moroccan regionals to the support of a constant economic growth?¶Called a long time the "economic miracle", the economic growth has causes, a dynamics and consequences.¶ In fact, it of it is nothing miracle since a vigorous growth can be analyzed and explained.¶The actions should target then the infrastructures, the human capital (education and health), the Research and Development (D-R) which are the sources of this growth.¶From now on, the economic growth must be targeted not only on the level of the sectors of the national economy but more especially on the level of its areas.¶Consequently the downward approach, which purely sectoral and is supported by the financial equalization, must be replaced by the strategy of development based on the regional endogenous growth.¶In such a context, the economy morocaine will gain, certainly, of the additional points of growth.¶ ¶In short, the growth at the macroeconomic level needs powerful regional economic.¶The regional economic growth, it also, requires the activation of the factors of growth and the reduction of the regional disparities which are dependent.¶The good working of the factors of growth, on its side, requires good a gouvernance economic.¶
La gestion décentralisée du développement économique au Maroc
Essai de mise en forme d’un Etat minimal, la decentralisation territoriale est admise aujourd’hui comme une recette ineluctable du developpement local. Au Maroc, l’option en faveur des collectivites locales, en tant qu’acteurs economiques, est le resultat d’une “necessite utilitaire” qui s’est imposee au pouvoir central. L’Etat vise, par son biais, a occulter son incapacite a sortir le pays de ses crises economiques et a rendre ainsi responsables les pouvoirs decentralises des echecs eventuels. La gestion decentralisee du developpement economique revele une multitude de contraintes juridiques que les reformes de 2002 n’ont pas pu surmonter. Les cadres institutionnels et territoriales decentralises s’averent inadaptes. La repartition des competences economiques s’est faite au detriment des autonomies locales. Le caractere specifique de la competence economique favorise les contraintes normatives qui s’imposent aux pouvoirs decentralises. La politisation accrue du developpement local l’a certainement fragilise. La divergence des interets en presence s’est faite au detriment de la clarte indispensable a la reussite economique. Le developpement a pris, par consequent, une dimension redistributive et non creatrice de richesses. La mise en œuvre de la politique decentralisee de developpement, malgre sa diversite, s’est traduite par des carences apparentes. La planification du developpement local et sa gestion temoignent des difficultes a articuler les deux. L’effectivite d’une politique decentralisee de developpement est tributaire de l’amelioration des ressources consacrees au developpement local ainsi que du depassement des lacunes methodologiques.
The microscale obstacle-resolving meteorological model MITRAS v2.0: model theory
Abstract. This paper describes the developing theory and underlying
processes of the microscale obstacle-resolving model MITRAS version 2. MITRAS
calculates wind, temperature, humidity, and precipitation fields, as well as
transport within the obstacle layer using Reynolds averaging. It explicitly
resolves obstacles, including buildings and overhanging obstacles, to
consider their aerodynamic and thermodynamic effects. Buildings are
represented by impermeable grid cells at the building positions so that the
wind speed vanishes in these grid cells. Wall functions are used to calculate
appropriate turbulent fluxes. Most exchange processes at the obstacle
surfaces are considered in MITRAS, including turbulent and radiative
processes, in order to obtain an accurate surface temperature. MITRAS is also
able to simulate the effect of wind turbines. They are parameterized using
the actuator-disk concept to account for the reduction in wind speed. The
turbulence generation in the wake of a wind turbine is parameterized by
adding an additional part to the turbulence mechanical production term in the
turbulent kinetic energy equation. Effects of trees are considered
explicitly, including the wind speed reduction, turbulence production, and
dissipation due to drag forces from plant foliage elements, as well as the
radiation absorption and shading. The paper provides not only
documentation of the model dynamics and numerical framework but also a solid
foundation for future microscale model extensions.
