APEC 2020: Multiplepaths to Attain the Bogor Goals
This paper is aimed at providing description of the Bogor Goals and the detail pathways to attain iy by 2020. By using the literature survey, especially the original documents related to the Bogor Goals, some previous studies, and descriptive data, this paper find out some conclusions. First, it is not easy to measure the achievement of Bogor Goals because there is no specific definition which encourage multi-interpretations; second, in the beginning, the pathways to achieve the Bogor Goals have been arranged through multilateral liberalization (WTO) and Osaka Action Agenda (Individual and Collective Action Plans), however, there are new path that have been agreed later by APEC Economic Leaders in Yokohama (2010), namely FTAAP (Free Trade Area of Asia Pacific). Third, the current situation shows that there are many competing patterns toward FTAAP and those patterns could lead to diverting APEC economies or realizing the true FTAAP to achieve the Bogor Goals.
Mapping of Issues Development in Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Indonesia Agenda toward 2013: A Historical Perspective
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) is one of the international economic cooperation which was established 1989. In the beginning of APEC, it was focused only for economic issues, especially related to the trade and investment; however, overtime the issues in APEC have moved into the non-economic issues. This study is aimed to analyze the development issues in APEC, in particular: first, analyzing the process and factor that affect the issues in APEC; second, mapping or grouping issues in APEC that accumulated from 1989 until 2010; third, analyze the potential agenda of APEC meeting in Indonesia 2013. Methods of data collection and information are based on literature studies of APEC meeting documents, interviews with resource persons from within and outside the Indonesia, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD of stakeholders). Method of analysis is based on descriptive analysis and simple statistics. Some findings are: First, issues development in APEC are influenced by two factors:(i) the events or factors related to the development of economic, social, political, and security in global, regional of APEC and APEC host country; (ii) the role of agents that bring the issues to the APEC also plays an important role apart from the government of a country/economy are PECC (Pacific Economic Cooperation Council), ASEAN (Association Southeast Asian Nations), WTO (World Trade Organization), ABAC (APEC Business Advisory Council), ASCC (APEC Study Centre Consortium), EPG (Eminent Persons Group) and PBF (Pacific Business Forum). Second, even though the issues are very broad in APEC which moves from the economic into broader of non-economic issues, the issues are still focused on the achievement of the APEC economic integration, particularly related to the Bogor Goals, as the nucleus of the whole issues. Third, all issues that evolved in APEC are part of the development issues in Indonesia in general; however, from the official documentation development plan document in Indonesia during the period, attention to issues in economic in the APEC begins to decline during the crisis and reform in Indonesia. By putting attention of the latest of issues development in APEC, the possible specific agendas of Indonesia in 2013 summit are inclusive economic growth (developments), connectivity (especially related to infrastructures), and blue economy (especially related to ocean related). All those agendas are inter-related issues of developments that have been developed since the establishment of APEC.
Fascism and the right in Europe, 1919-1945
This new text places interwar European fascism squarely in its historical context and analyses its relationship with other right wing, authoritarian movements and regimes. Beginning with the ideological roots of fascism in pre-1914 Europe, Martin Blinkhorn turns to the problem-torn Europe of 1919 to 1939 in order to explain why fascism emerged and why, in some settings, it flourished while in others it did not. In doing so he considers not just the 'major' fascist movements and regimes of Italy and Germany but the entire range of fascist and authoritarian ideas, movements and regimes present in the Europe of 1919-1945.