Promotion by SF6 of a Radiolytically Induced Chain Reaction for the Geometrical Isomerization of cis or trans-Butene-2 in Dilute Gaseous Mixtures
FOR several years SF6 has been used in radiolytic studies because of its high cross-section for capture of low-energy electrons and consequent effect on observable products resulting from positive-ion neutralization reactions. A reduced yield of H2 from irradiated propane has been reported1 and attributed to electron scavenging by the small proportions of SF6 present. On the other hand, SF6 does not affect the H2 yield from irradiated liquid unsaturates such as trans-butene-2 (ref. 2), indicating that ionic species may not be important with respect to H2 formation from these olefines.
Hydrogen Formation in the Radiolyses of Liquid Butene−1 and trans‐Butene−2
The effect of temperature and various electron or positive‐ion scavengers on hydrogen formation in the radiolyses of liquid butene−1 and trans‐butene−2 have been examined. The hydrogen formation is not appreciably affected by temperature and these additives, which indicates that thermal free radicals and ionic species may not play an important role in hydrogen formation from these olefins. The liquid‐phase radiolyses of C4H8−1—C4D8−1 and trans‐C4H8−2‐trans‐C4D8−2 mixtures have also been investigated. The data indicate that hydrogen for the most part may be formed by bimolecular processes. The results have led to the conclusion that the mechanism of the hydrogen formation may be interpreted in terms of the hydrogen‐atom abstraction reaction of hot hydrogen atoms or the equivalent formed by the direct excitation which may involve ``superexcitation.''
The risk of being sued by those damaged by regulatory or enforcement action: over‐regulation of financial services?
Discusses the impact of regulatory and enforcement action on banking and financial services, focusing on Switzerland, which is one of the most developed financial centres. Describes the recent increase in legislation which introduces corporate criminal liability, plus the far‐reaching Money Laundering Ordinance with its stronger due diligence requirements. Points out that in the field of financial services, liberalisation and globalisation have been met with more rather than less regulation. Concludes that, while greater regulation can be viewed as a reasonable price to pay for globalised financial services, the over‐regulation of Swiss financial services needs to be rationalised.