Meaning of Money before, After and during Dual Currency Circulation Period Among Estonian Students☆
Abstract The research design of the study was a longitudinal trend study measuring the meaning of money from cross-sectional samples of middle-school students over the period of four years with 16 month time interval: May 2008, September 2009, January 2011, and May 2012. Teenagers were administered a questionnaire before, after and during dual currency period consisting items about multidimensional meaning of money: symbolic, affectional and behavioral, and open-ended questions. The meaning of money before and after the dual currency period was highly evaluated in symbolic and during dual currency period in conflicting affectional terms, but conveys over the time functional meaning.
Représentations sociales de la monnaie : contraste entre les citoyens et les porteurs de monnaies locales
This article analyzes the social representations of money from survey data. More specifically, it tests how holders of a complementary currency project have a distinct perception of money compared to other citizens. The main results confirm the existence of significant differences between the two groups. The structure of their representations shows that money is less tied to official institutions, the symbol of the sovereign State, to work and wages than for the representative population group. This confirms a number of theoretical works that see these social innovations as protest projects of the standard system, questioning the sovereignty State currency and close to the concepts of unconditional income. Local currencies, by differences in social representations they contain, could well be generators of societal change.
Is there a signalling role for public wages? Evidence for the euro area based on macro data
Do public sector wages have an influence in the determination of private sector wages? This article tries to isolate the pure signalling effect that one sector might exert on the other by controlling for other determinants of wages (prices, productivity, institutions) for the main euro area economies (Germany, France, Italy and Spain) and the periods 1980–2007 and 1991–2007. It exploits available quarterly information not yet used in the literature, and combines different data sources in the framework of mixed-frequencies time series models. The quarterly frequency of our data allows us to decompose the casual effects into purely intra-annual effects and across-years effects. Our conclusions establish the existence of purely intra-annual links between public and private sector wages (signalling effect). There is strong evidence of public wages’ leadership, either in conjunction with bi-directional links from the private sector (Spain, Italy) or pure public sector leadership (Germany and France in the sample 1991–2007). Our empirical approach allows us to also unveil a complex and rich structure of indirect links of wages with other variables (prices, productivity and institutional factors).