Studies on Effect of Wheel Configuration-Temperature and Type of Binder on Rutting Characteristics of Bituminous Concrete Mix
This report presents the investigation of rutting characteristics of bitumen mixes using plain bitumen (VG-10) and modified binders (CRMB-60 and PMB-70). The report will be of particular interest to engineers in the public and private sectors with responsibility for the design, construction, maintenance and rehabilitation of HMA pavements. The present work is aimed at understanding the properties of mix and the machine parameters which influence the deformation causing ruts for mixes. The rutting was caused on the beam specimens prepared in the laboratory. The study includes the influence of different types of binders, air voids, and along with the applied loads on the rutting characteristics. The results are analyzed to formulate regression equations. It is found that modified binders resist rutting compared to plain binders. PMB-70 binders perform better than VG-10 and CRMB-60 binders under the laboratory induced applied pressures and number of passes.
Bitumen Concrete Mix Design Using Cement and Phosphogypsum as Filler Materials
— Fillers play an important role in engineering properties of bituminous paving mixes. Conventionally stone dust, cement and lime are used as fillers. An attempt has been made in this investigation to assess the influence of non-conventional and cheap fillers such as phosphogypsum (which is a waste product generated for phosphoric acid industries in large quantities discussed later) in combination with cement in asphalt paving mixes. It has been observed as a result of this study that asphalt mixes with these non-conventional fillers result in satisfactory Marshall Properties though requiring a bit higher bitumen content, thus substantiating the need for its use. The fillers used in this investigation are likely to solve the problem of solid waste disposal of the environment to a very large extent. In this study we have worked out the optimum percentage of cement and phosphogypsum to be mixed in bitumen which gives best results in Marshall Stability Test. The combination of both optimum values are then taken to prepare the Asphalt mix for paving flexible pavements. The various results obtained live upto the expectations and are tabulated later on.
Same-Sex Marriage in the United States
This Chapter gives a brief analysis of the status of same-sex marriage in the United States prior to the US Supreme Court decisions of 2013 and the status of litigation and political reforms triggered in part by these court decisions. It shows that marriage is a central institution in the country’s rationale of family law in ways that separate it from other western countries that have allowed same-sex marriage.