Effect of Post Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Microhardness of Friction Stir Processed NiAl Bronze (NAB) Alloy
NiAl bronze (NAB) alloy is prepared by using friction stir processing (FSP) technique at a tool rotation rate of 1200 rpm and a traverse speed of 150 mm/min. A post heat treatment is performed at the temperature of 675 °C. The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and microhardness is studied. The results show that the microstructure of the FSP NAB alloy consists of high density dislocations, retained β phase (β′ phase) and recrystallized grains. When annealed at 675 °C, discontinuous static recrystallization (DSRX) takes place. The content of β′ phase gradually decreases and fine κ phase is precipitated. After annealing for 2 h, both the microhardness of the FSP sample in the stir zone (SZ) and the difference in hardness between the SZ and base metal decrease due to the reduction of the dislocation density and β′ phase, accompanying recrystallized grain coarsening. With further increasing of the annealing time to 4 h, the aforementioned difference in hardness nearly disappears.
Optimization of machining nickel aluminum bronze matrix composite prepared by powder metallurgy
Nickel aluminum bronze (NAB) alloy presents superior properties such as high strength and excellent wear resistance. Usually, this alloy undergoes a series of machining processes during its manufacturing. In this study, Nickel aluminum bronze, reinforced with different percentage of cubic boron nitride (CBN) particles, was prepared by powder metallurgy route (PM). L16 orthogonal array was used to identify the effect of main turning parameters (viz. cutting velocity, feed rate and depth of cut) on the machining performance characteristics i.e., main cutting force, surface roughness, material removal rate and power consumption during machining NAB matrix composite. Experimental results have shown a significant influence of feed rate on main cutting force and surface roughness, while cutting velocity was the most effective factor on material removal rate and power consumption. An optimization for machining parameters using genetic algorithm was employed and the machining performance improved efficiently through this approach.
Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals
Preface.PART ONE.1. Crystal and Electronic Structure of Meals.1.1 Introduction.1.2 Crystal Structures of the Metallic Elements.1.3 Exceptions to the Rule of the Metallic Bond.1.4 Effects of High Pressure on Crystal Structure.1.5 Effect of Electronic Structure on Crystal Structure.1.6 Periodic Trends in Material Properties.2. Defects and their Effects on Materials Properties.2.1 Introduction.2.2 Point Defects.2.3 Line Defects (Dislocations).2.4 Planar Defects.2.5 Volume Defects.3. Strengthening Mechanisms.3.1 Introduction.3.2 Grain Boundary Strengthening.3.3 Strain Hardening.3.4 Solid-Solution Hardening.3.5 Precipitation Hardening (or Age Hardening).4. Disclocations.4.1 Introduction.4.2 Forces on Dislocations.4.3 Forces Between Dislocations.4.4 Multiplication of Dislocations.4.5 Partial Dislocations.4.6 Slip Systems in Various Crystals.4.7 Strain Hardening of Single Crystals.4.8 Thermally Activated Dislocation Motion.4.9 Interactions of Solute Atoms with Dislocations.4.10 Dislocation Pile-ups.5. Fracture and Fatigue.5.1 Introduction.5.2 Fundamentals of Fracture.5.3 Metal Fatigue.6. Strain Rate Effects and Creep.6.1 Introduction.6.2 Yield Point Phenomenon and Strain Aging.6.3 Ultrarapid Strain Phenomena.6.4 Creep.6.5 Deformation Mechanism Maps.6.6 Superplasticity.7. Deviations from Classic Crystallinity.7.1 Introduction.7.2 Nanocrystalline Metals.7.3 Amorphous Metals.7.4 Quasicrystalline Metals.7.5 Radiation Damage in Metals.8. Processing Methods.8.1 Introduction.8.2 Casting.8.3 Powder Metallurgy.8.4 Forming and Shaping.8.5 Material Removal.8.6 Joining.8.7 Surface Modification.9. Composites.9.1 Introduction.9.2 Composite Materials.9.3 Metal Matrix Composites.9.4 Manufacturing MMCs.9.5 Mechanical Properties and Strengthening Mechanisms in MMCs.9.6 Internal Stresses.9.7 Stress Relaxation.9.8 High-Temperature Behavior of MMCs.PART TWO.10. Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr.10.1 Overview.10.2 History, Properties, and Applications.10.3 Sources.10.4 Structure-Property Relations.11. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra.11.1 Overview.11.2 History and Properties.11.3 Beryllium.11.4 Magnesium.11.5 Heavier Alkaline Metals.12. Ti, Zr, and Hf.12.1 Overview.12.2 Titanium.12.3 Zirconium.12.4 Hafnium.13. V, Nb, and Ta.13.1 Overview.13.2 History and Properties.13.3 Vanadium.13.4 Niobium.13.5 Tantalum.14. Cr, Mo, and W.14.1 Overview.14.2 Chromium.14.3 Molybdenum.14.4 Tungsten.15. Mn, Tc, and Re.15.1 Overview.15.2 History and Properties.15.3 Manganese.15.4 Technetium.15.5 Rhenium.16. Co and Ni.16.1 Overview.16.2 Cobalt.16.3 Nickel.17. The Platinum Group Metals: Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt.17.1 Overview.17.2 History, Properties, and Applications.17.3 Toxicity.17.4 Sources.17.5 Structure-Property Relations.18. Cu, Ag, and Au.18.1 Overview.18.2 Copper.18.3 Silver.18.4 Gold.19. Zn, Cd, and Hg.19.1 Overview.19.2 Zinc.19.3 Cadmium.19.4 Mercury.20. Al, Ga, In, and Ti.20.1 Overview.20.2 Aluminum.20.3 Gallium.20.4 Indium.20.5 Thallium.21. Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb.21.1 Overview.21.2 Silicon.21.3 Germanium.21.4 Tin.21.5 Lead.22. As, Sb, Bi, and Po.22.1 Overview.22.2 Arsenic.22.3 Antimony.22.4 Bismuth.22.5 Polonium.23. Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu.23.1 Overview.23.2 History.23.3 Physical Properties.23.4 Applications.23.5 Sources.23.6 Structure-Property Relations.24. Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, and Lr.24.1 Overview.24.2 History and Properties.24.3 Thorium.24.4 Uranium.24.5 Plutonium.24.6 Less Common Actinide Metals.25. Intermetallic Compounds: Their Promise and the Ductility Challenge.25.1 Overview.25.2 Bonding and General Properties.25.3 Mechanical Properties.25.4 Oxidation Resistance.25.5 Nonstructural Uses of Intermetallics.25.6 Stoichiometric Intermetallics.25.7 Nonstoichiometric Intermetallics.25.8 Intermetallics with Third-Element Additions.25.9 Environmental Embrittlement.Index.