Compositional Study of Indian Five Rupee Coin by EDXRF Technique
Energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence technique has been used to study five rupee indian coins of years 1992,1993,1994,1999,2009,2010,2011 and 2012 for their material/ elemental compositions. EDX-720 spectrometer provided with X-ray tube and Si(Li) detector having energy resolution 165 eV at 5.9KeV Mn K X-ray. Different metal compositions like Cupro-Nickel, NickelBrass and Ferritic Stainless-Steel (FSS) with traces of Mn, Cr, S, Si, Cl have been found in present investigation. Modern coins are found with amendment in composition that replaces Cupro-Nickel, Nickel-Brass. Variation in weights of coins have been observed from 9 to 6 gm.
Elemental analysis of one rupee Indian coins by using EDXRF technique
Elemental analysis of some Indian coins of one rupee has been carried out by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique which is non destructive, rapid and multi elemental in nature. The present investigation has been made for coins of different years for their elemental compositions with EDX-720 spectrometer equipped with Si(Li) detector having energy resolution 165 eV at 5.9 keV Mn K X-rays. This study observed the presence of Cu, Ni, Fe and Cr as the major elements.
Observations of nearshore infragravity waves: Seaward and shoreward propagating components
[1] The variation of seaward and shoreward infragravity energy fluxes across the shoaling and surf zones of a gently sloping sandy beach is estimated from field observations and related to forcing by groups of sea and swell, dissipation, and shoreline reflection. Data from collocated pressure and velocity sensors deployed between 1 and 6 m water depth are combined, using the assumption of cross-shore propagation, to decompose the infragravity wave field into shoreward and seaward propagating components. Seaward of the surf zone, shoreward propagating infragravity waves are amplified by nonlinear interactions with groups of sea and swell, and the shoreward infragravity energy flux increases in the onshore direction. In the surf zone, nonlinear phase coupling between infragravity waves and groups of sea and swell decreases, as does the shoreward infragravity energy flux, consistent with the cessation of nonlinear forcing and the increased importance of infragravity wave dissipation. Seaward propagating infragravity waves are not phase coupled to incident wave groups, and their energy levels suggest strong infragravity wave reflection near the shoreline. The cross-shore variation of the seaward energy flux is weaker than that of the shoreward flux, resulting in cross-shore variation of the squared infragravity reflection coefficient (ratio of seaward to shoreward energy flux) between about 0.4 and 1.5.