Money Market Calculations
The money market is the market for short-term debt instruments. Short-term debt is traditionally defined as having original maturities of one year or less. Some of these instruments are interest bearing while others are discount instruments. Moreover, many of these securities calculate interest based on a 360-day year while others use a 365-day year. There are some essential money market calculations including day count conventions and basic formulas of price/yield one needs to know to understand how the money market works. 
 
 
Keywords: 
 
day count convention; 
day count basis; 
actual/actual; 
actual/360; 
30/360; 
yield on a bank discount basis; 
CD equivalent yield; 
bond-equivalent yield; 
effective annual yield
State Taxes and Reserve Requirements as Major Determinants of Yield Spreads among Money Market Instruments
Abstract Empirical studies and much marketplace opinion have it that the spread between private money market rates and the U.S. Treasury bill rate of comparable maturity is due to differential default risk, liquidity risk, and relative supplies. This paper presents an argument and empirical evidence that the bulk of the systematic and medium-term differential between privates rates—in this case, domestic CDs, commercial paper, bankers' acceptances, and Eurodollar CDs—and the T-bill rate is due to the exemption of interest on Treasury securities from state and local taxation. In the case of Eurodollar CDs, the additional and major systematic factor explaining the spread (vis a vis T-bills) is the exemption of Eurodollar CDs from the Federal Reserve's “tax” via reserve requirements. An empirical section confirms the role of standard default risk, liquidity risk, and market “absorption” variables in determining short-term deviations from tax-adjusted parity. The taxadjusted parity condition, however, remains the major systematic and medium-term determinant—certainly more important than has been suggested previously in the literature.
Achievements and contradictions of the Peruvian agrarian reform
Different paths of transition to capitalist agriculture, as well as different types of agrarian reform, can be distinguished. The Peruvian agrarian reform is analysed within this context and evaluated in terms of its contribution to rural development. The Peruvian case underlines the importance of understanding the rationality of the pre‐existent agrarian system for a successful restructuring of the agrarian economy and society. The contradictions which arose between the State's model and the peasants’ model of agrarian reform, as well as those between different types of peasants, are discussed. Peru's experience is also a reminder that a land reform is not a sufficient condition for rural development unless accompanied by proper price, marketing, credit and investment policies.