The experiment study of using industrial waste red mud to manufacture foamed blocks
Red mud foamed block is prepared using waste of aluminum oxide production—red mud, soft burning magnesium powder (MgO), bischofite (MgCl<inf>2</inf>·6H<inf>2</inf>O) and various addition agents. The influence of each factor on strength and density of red mud foamed block is analyzed by orthogonal experiment in this paper. The best ratio is obtained as follows: red mud 30%, MgO 40%, F-3 high efficiency composite foaming liquid 3.0 kg, MgCl<inf>2</inf>·6H<inf>2</inf>O 20% and fine sand 5% (all dry ingredients about 700 kg).
An investigation on characterization and thermal analysis of the Aughinish red mud
SummaryRed mud is insoluble, fine-grained waste residue which is generated as a by product during the production of alumina from the Bayer process. In this article, the thermal behavior of Aughinish red mud was investigated using thermal gravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). For identification of oxide and mineral phases in the red mud sample, XRD method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDAX were used. Iron (30.4%), aluminium (23.6%) and titanium (17.85%) oxides are major oxides in the sample. Two endothermic peaks were shown on DTA curve. The total mass loss in the red mud was found to be 10.1%, which was associated with moisture and water molecules in gibbsite and boehmite phases.
Stability of planar PEMFC in Printed Circuit Board technology
Abstract The use of planar PEMFCs in printed circuit board (PCB) technology with a thickness of less than 3.5 mm are presented. This planar design consists of an open cathode side which allows a completely passive, self-breathing operation of the fuel cell. Power densities of 100 mW/cm 2 at 500 mV with hydrogen as a fuel were achieved. A steady operation with this type of fuel cell was demonstrated over a week without any cell flooding. Since the electrical conducting elements of PCBs usually are made of copper, corrosion in the wet environment of a PEMFC is expected. Thus, a significant degradation in performance of fuel cells made of plain copper PCBs was seen in long-term operation. In order to avoid corrosion, the copper layer has to be coated. Fuel cells in PCB design with diverse coatings were tested in long-term operations up to 1000 h under load. Moreover, corrosion currents have been determined by the use of potentiodynamic scans. Promising coatings are electroplated Cr and Ni and a combination of Ni/Au.