Mid-term load forecasting - application in oil facilities
Oil production is a strategic business, important investments in infrastructure are performed in order to assure the reliability, quality and safety of the associated electric power system. This issue requires making an accurate forecast of power demand in the medium and long term, to avoid over- or under-investments that would produce economic effects. Conventional methods of forecasting demand for industrial sectors do not consider the variables involved in the process of oil extraction. For that reason, the present article, proposes a comprehensive method to forecast the electric power demand for an oil field in the medium-term. The key drivers of the demand, are parameters related to oil production process, which are directly obtained through field measurements, e.g. oil, gas, and water production volumes. A multiple linear regression method is applicated to forecast the future electricity demand, and it is validated by comparing the results of applying a conventional regression model. Satisfactory results are obtained.
Petroleum Well Development by Non-linear ESP Artificial Lift with Multiple Pumps
Abstract A very modern method is proposed for oil and gas well development, by using the “Non-linear ESP Artificial Lift Method by Multiple Pumps”. According to the proposed innovative technology the well known ESP (Electric Submersible Pump) Artificial Lift Method will be extended to non-linear form, by adding multiple pumps. Consequently, the well will be able to handle very big flow rates which could be 500,000 bpd, or even up to 1,000,000 bpd. These multiple ESP pumps are used in a definite range of pumping rates. On the contrary, if the pumps are working outside the specified range, then system efficiencies rapidly deteriorate and several mechanical problems may occur. In such case there are two possible solutions: (1) the installation of a wellhead hydraulic choke or (2) by using a variable speed drive (VSD) unit. By using the first solution the wellhead hydraulic choke restricts the pumping rate and forces the ESP pump to operate within its recommended liquid rate range. By the present investigation NODAL analysis is further presented in order to study the negative effects of surface production hydraulic chokes on the energy efficiency of ESP systems, as compared to the application of VSD drives. Hence, a calculation model is investigated to evaluate the harmful effects of wellhead hydraulic choking and to find the proper parameters of the necessary VSD unit. So, the beneficial effects by using a VSD drive are shown. The international oil companies must be therefore ready to face the new challenges of drilling of very big flow rates approaching 1,000,000 bpd for a single well.
Knocking in an Internal-Combustion Engine
The question remains open of the relation between the phenomena of knocking in the engine and the explosion wave. The solution of this problem is the object of this paper. The tests were conducted on an aircraft engine with a pyrex glass window in the cylinder head. Photographs were then taken of various combinations of fuels and conditions.