PIPA ARTISTS AND THEIR MUSIC IN LATE MING CHINA
Abstract During the Ming dynasty, within a span of almost three centuries China's political organization, social structure, and important cultural elements were transformed by changes in government, military reforms, urban life, interaction with foreign peoples (in particular the naval expeditions of Zheng He <inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="splitsection3_in1.tif"/> [1371–1433]), advancement in science and technology, and the growth of literature and art. Thanks to the increase of commercial printing during the period, a vast amount of primary sources has been preserved, providing modern-day scholars with the necessary information to understand the diversity and complexity of the Ming era. However, although sinologists and historians have produced a tremendous amount on various Ming topics, much work is needed concerning music. One can certainly argue for the attention that has been given to tuning systems, qin <inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="splitsection3_in2.tif"/> music, ritual music, and dramatic arts, but they constitute only a fraction of the multiplicity of genres and the wide range of expression in Ming music. Without scrutiny into the other genres and expressions, we will never be able to enlarge our picture of Ming music and musical life, and their relationship to the larger social and cultural milieus.
Music and Masculinities in Late Ming China
This examination of music and masculinities in late Ming China (1572–1644), a turbulent time in Chinese history, consists of two parts. The first part introduces late Ming China, its masculine ideals and practices, and proposes a heuristic framework for analyzing available data; the second part employs the framework to analyze a selection of representative late Ming texts and visuals that illustrate music and masculinity negotiations of the time.
Simulating the Illuminance and Efficiency of the LEDs Used in General Household Lighting
Abstract The advantage of the LEDs illumination in general household lighting was proposed. High efficiency white LED as the light source was provided the energy saving illumination of the general household lightings. Different spaces in general household with different standards of average illuminance were designed and simulated by LightTools and DIALux software. The power consumptions and efficiency of traditional illuminated light sources and LED light source in lighting the household environment were analyzed and compared with each other at the same standard of average illuminance. Finally, it provided the advantage of using white LEDs in different spaces of the general household lighting.