Economic impacts of California's golf course facilities in 2000.
People spent $4.350 billion at California golf course facilities in 2000. The total sales, income, and tax impacts on the state economy were $7.872 billion, $4.546 billion, and $1.370 billion in 2000. Direct sales of $4.251 billion directly supported 62,173 jobs, and , through indirect and induced sales impacts, an additional 37,609 jobs.
An economic analysis of environmental horticulture with a focus on California.
1995 or a similar 12-month period. We also estimated expenditures on contractual management of green waste associated with environmental horticulture in 1995. (For brevity, we use “horticultural” for “environmental horticul-tural”, which includes “floricultural” and “arboricultural”.) Data covered both marketed horticultural goods and services and nonmarketed, or in-house, horticultural services. and academic institutions to the degree that traditional agricultural producers are (e.g., Johnson and Christensen, 1995). Thus, up-to-date and comprehensive economic infor- mation about environmental horticulture is important for determining the industry’s con-tributions to the economy relative to those of other industries, assessing impacts of land-use or regulatory changes, and establishing priorities of policy makers. The primary purpose of our research was to analyze the economy of environmental horticulture in California. Although the focus is on California, our research should be of general interest because, in all likelihood, no other state accounts for more of the national eco- nomic activity associated with environmental horticulture than does California. Moreover, some of the results about California can be used with auxiliary data to estimate sales and expenditures associated with environmental horticulture for the nation as whole. Finally, our estimation methods can be used for future research about other individual states, regions, or the nation. Previous research for California (e.g., Pittenger et al., 1991) and, with few exceptions, for other states or the whole nation (e.g., Turner and Kriesel, 1995) has focused on marketed horticultural goods and services for which secondary data have been readily
Trade, exchange rate, and agricultural pricing policies in Thailand
Thailand is still largely an agricultural country. In 1984, agricultural work was still the main source of earnings for more than 70 percent of the population. For much of the 25 year period covered by this report, government intervention in the prices of rice, maize, and natural rubber was extensive. For these products, intervention took the form of explicit export taxes and restrictive quotas. Sugar, on the other hand, was imported until 1960. For many years prior to that, government policy was to encourage growers and thus achieve self-sufficiency. One conclusion of this study is that the Thai sugar industry would have shrunk dramatically if the government had refrained from intervention. Intervention in the prices of rice and natural rubber had the effect of penalizing farm producers by reducing their output prices. There was, as a consequence a shift of resources towards Thailand's small industrial sector. In 1981, the Thai government lifted its quota restrictions, and liberalized its trade by eliminating its intervention in the maize, rice, sugar and natural rubber markets. Unfortunately for export growers, however, the gradual elimination of intervention was overshadowed by sharp declines in the world prices of Thailand's major agricultural exports.