Gender and Security in the Mediterranean
Abstract This contribution explores security issues in the Mediterranean from a feminist perspective. Feminists have developed a broad and dynamic understanding of security and insecurity. This approach takes ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ issues as interconnected on the personal, national and international level. This allows for a comprehensive perspective on the basic human need for security. It is argued that EU policies that stress ‘soft’ security issues offer more sustainable and at the same time ‘realistic’ ways of establishing an ‘area of peace and stability in the Mediterranean’ [Barcelona Declaration, 1995] than those that stress ‘hard’ security issues. After discussing feminist and developmental perspectives on comprehensive security concepts, the contribution presents some important indicators of ‘Gendered Human Security’ in EMP countries. It argues that it is important to address the huge gaps in gendered human security in order to strengthen the civil and security dimension of the EMP. The contribution finally explores the possible positive effects of womens’ participation in the armed forces. Will these processes change militarized security cultures and help create a more comprehensive security approach?
Critical Voices and Human Security: To Endure, To Engage or To Critique?
Narratives of human security have been widely adopted and adapted within both academic and policy communities. Despite debates over its meanings and uses, the concept has proven to be remarkably resilient. In particular, there has a been a surprising willingness by critical scholars not only to analyse and critique human security, but also to embrace it as a means of furthering political goals. This article maps the ways in which various strands of critical scholarship in international relations have striven to use human security. It concludes by arguing that human security has lost any true critical potential and has become a new orthodoxy. Thus, while the concept may have value in highlighting particular issues and may enable short-term gains, it is unable to provide the basis for a substantive change of the system of international security.
The parallel waveform relaxation stochastic Runge–Kutta method for stochastic differential equations
For large-scale non-autonomous Stratonovich stochastic differential equations, we study a very general parallel waveform relaxation process which is on the basis of stochastic Runge–Kutta (SRK) method of mean-square order 1.0 in this literature. The convergence of the whole parallel numerical iterative scheme can be guaranteed and the scheme provides better properties in terms of decreasing the load of the computation and operating speed. At the same time, the related limit method is also introduced as the continuous approximation derived from the iterative scheme. In the approximation interval, it is worth noting that the mean-square order of the parallel numerical iterative scheme can be kept consistent with the previous SRK method at any arbitrary time point, not just at discrete points. Some numerical simulations are presented to elaborate the computing efficiency of the parallel numerical iterative scheme.