Quantitative Model for Measuring Line-Drawing Inequity
The law draws lines. It draws lines between manslaughter and murder, negligence and gross negligence, speeding and driving legally, and capital gains and ordinary income. Those lines invariably cause undesirable results. In particular, lines in the law cause inequity because they impose different treatment on similarly-situated persons. Despite line-drawing’s inequity, analysts generally shun inequity and embrace the quantitative comforts of inefficiency analysis. This Article introduces a quantitative model for measuring inequity, so the preference for quantitative measures no longer justifies the disdain for inequity analysis. Instead, democratic and philosophical ideals should make now-quantifiable inequity analyses the analytical tool of choice.The quantitative model introduces a robust method for measuring line-drawing inequity. The quantitative information it provides illustrates that the location of a line affects the amount of inequity line-drawing causes. The model provides an opportunity to test and rethink the relationship between equity and efficiency. It demonstrates that the governed may reduce line-drawing inequity by altering their behavior to avoid negative line-drawing effects. The model also provides quantitative evidence that the perceived tension between equity and efficiency analyses is misinformed. In fact, the model shows that efficiency and equity may correlate in the line-drawing context. Finally, the Article illustrates that the criteria used to draw a line may result in the inappropriate orientation of the line. The Article concludes that excessive inequity may signal a need to change the orientation of a line or otherwise alter the law to reduce line-drawing inequity.
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Ceramic microwave antennas for mobile applications
Due to their medium to high permittivity values, ceramic microwave materials are attractive as building blocks for miniaturised antenna solutions. Further advantages are low dielectric losses and an excellent temperature stability of standard ceramic materials. Yet, the permittivity of the ceramic material also has a strong influence on the radiation efficiency and bandwidth of the antenna. This implies that in the design process a suitable compromise has to be found between the degree of miniaturisation on the one hand and the antenna efficiency and bandwidth on the other. We describe two approaches towards efficient miniaturised ceramic microwave antennas: the dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with partial metallisation and the shorting post patch antenna. We focus on design steps taken to ensure both a high degree of miniaturisation and high values of the radiation efficiency, the choice of the ceramic material and the experimental performance of the antennas.