Employment-related Collective Bargaining in Germany: Annual Report 2001
The latest trends and developments on employment-related collective bargaining in Germany during the reference period are analysed in this study. We start with a quantitative overview on recent collective agreements and then describe the main types of measures negotiated in the newly concluded collective agreements.
Ausmaß und Bestimmungsgründe der Mitgliedschaft in Arbeitgeberverbänden: Eine empirische Untersuchung mit Firmendaten**
Nach einer knappen Darstellimg des theoretischen und empirischen For schungsstandes uber Arbeitgeberverbande in Deutschland werden in diesem Beitrag die Mitgliedschaft in Arbeitgeberverbanden und deren Bestimmungsgrunde unter sucht. Die Auswertung neuer Daten von uber 900 niedersachsischen Betrieben zeigt, das gut die Halfte der Industriebetriebe, in denen rund zwei Drittel aller Beschaf tigten arbeiten, Mitglied eines Arbeitgeberverbandes sind. Die Organisationswahr scheinlichkeit steigt mit der Grose und dem Alter des Betriebes, dem gewerkschaftli chen Organisationsgrad der Mitarbeiter lind dem Arbeitskampfrisiko, und sie geht mit dem Ausmas an internationalem Wettbewerb zuruck. After a brief discussion of the state of theoretical and empirical research on employers' associations in Germany, this paper investigates the membership of employers' associations and its determinants. Using a new set of data on more than 900 establishments in Lower Saxony, it is found that about 50 percent offirms in manufacturing industry (which employ about two-thirds of the total workforce) are members of an employers ' association. A firm's probability of being a member increases with the size and the age of the establishment, with union density among its employees, and with the risk of industrial disputes, whereas international competition makes membership less likely.
The role of early lithification in development of chalky porosity in calcitic micrites: Upper Cretaceous chalks, Egypt
Abstract Petrological and geochemical examination of Upper Cretaceous chalks from the Abu Roash area and Bahariya Oasis (Egypt) provide insights into factors which control porosity development in fine-grained calcitic carbonates. Petrological studies indicate that primary skeletal fabrics of coccoliths and foraminifera in micrites of Abu Roash are well preserved. In contrast, primary skeletal fabrics of the Bahariya Oasis chalks are pervasively altered. Geochemical analysis of these chalks reveals a striking contrast in composition. The high porosity chalks at Bahariya Oasis have depleted isotopic values ( δ 13 C = −5.0‰, δ 18 O = −8.9‰ PDB ) and low concentrations of trace elements (Sr and Na). In contrast, the low porosity chalks at Abu Roash are less depleted in terms of their isotopic values ( δ 13 C = 1.0‰, δ 18 O = −4.0‰ ) and possess elevated concentrations of Sr, Na, Fe and Zn. Importantly, fracture and collapse veins, present only at Abu Roash, are filled with calcite whose δ18O value is coincident with that of altered micrites at Bahariya Oasis. The lithic fragments cemented by this calcite, however, retain compositions identical to other lithified limestones at Abu Roash. Differences in fabric and chemistry of the pelagic marine micrites observed between Abu Roash and Bahariya Oasis reflect the degree of early lithification and compaction prior to exposure and meteoric diagenetic alteration associated with regional Late Cretaceous/pre-Eocene subaerial unconformity.