An Intersectional Exploration: The Experiences of Southern, Rural, Black and White Women Participating in an Empowerment-Based Entrepreneurial Program
Intersectionality is gaining ground as a desired way of deepening our understanding of persisting inequalities engendered by poverty. Combining an intersectional framework and the idea of strategic gender needs developed by Moser (1993), this study explores the experiences and perceptions of empowerment among rural black and white women in the southern U.S. and highlights the significance of intersectionality in exploring such issues. The findings reveal a diversity of experiences and perceptions of empowerment within the broader construction of womanhood. This paper raises the question about the shared identity of womanhood in rural southern communities. Such an understanding compels us to look closer at how oppressive ideologies become embedded within institutional structures and constrain our understanding of rural poverty. Additionally, this understanding calls us to investigate the capacity of anti-poverty and asset development efforts to work for different groups of women. Efforts such as these hold major implications for the social work profession and others who are challenged to understand and adequately address poverty in rural communities.
Race, Gender, and Class: Theory and Methods of Analysis
Part 1: The Theory of Intersectional Analysis Introduction 1. Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology (Deborah K. King) 2. Theorizing Race, Class, and Gender: The New Scholarship of Black Feminist Intellectuals and Black Women's Labor (Rose M. Brewer) 3. Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection (Patricia Hill Collins) 4. Theorizing Difference from Multiracial Feminism (Maxine Baca Zinn and Bonnie Thornton Dill) 5. Doing Difference (Candace West and Sarah Fenstermaker) 6. Symposium on West and Fenstermaker's 'Doing Difference' (Patricia Hill Collins, Lionel A. Maldonado, Dana Y. Takagi, Barrie Thorne, Lynn Weber, and Howard Winant) 7. Reply (Re)Doing Difference (Candace West and Sarah Fenstermaker) Part 2: The Methodology of Intersectional Analysis: Qualitative Approaches The Saturated Model 8. An Exploratory Analysis of the Effects of Race, Class, and Gender on Student and Parent Mobility Aspirations (Daniel G. Solorzano) 9. Policing Boundaries: Race, Class, and Gender in Cartagena, Colombia (Joel Striecker) Intersectional Analysis with Four Social Locations 10. Gender, Race, Class, and the Trend Toward Early Motherhood: A Feminist Analysis of Teen Mothers in Contemporary Society (Janet L. Jacobs) 11. Masculinities and Athletic Careers (Michael A. Messner) Intersectional Analysis with Two Social Locations 12. Working-Class Women's Ways of Knowing: Effects of Gender, Race, and Class (Wendy Luttrell) Intersectional Analysis in Historical Studies 13. You Have to Have Some Fun to Go Along with your Work: The Interplay of Race, Class, Gender, and Leisure in the Industrial New South (M. Deborah Bialeschki and Kathryn Lynn Walbert) Part 3: The Methodology of Intersectional Analysis: Quantitative Approaches Introduction Quantitative Studies with Four Locations: Separate Group Analysis 14. Producing and Reproducing Class and Status Differences: Racial and Gender Gaps in US Employment and Retirement Income (Richard Hogan and Carolyn C. Perrucci) 15. Gender and Race Differences in the Predictors of Daily Health Practices among Older Adults (Mary P. Gallant and Gail P. Dorn) Quantitative Studies with Four Locations: Interaction Analysis 16. Relations among Socioeconomic Status Indicators and Health for African-Americans and Whites (Joan M. Ostrove, Pamela Feldman, and Nancy E. Adler) Quantitative Studies with Four Locations: Interactions Combined with Separate Group Analysis 17. Predictors of Fear of Criminal Victimization at School Among Adolescents (David C. May and Gregory Dunaway) 18. The Intersection of Race and Gender among Chemists: Assessing the Impact of Double Minority Status on Income (Marina A. Adler, Gijsberta J. Koelewijn-Strattner, and Joseph J. Lengermann) 19. Race, Gender, and Attitudes Toward Gender Stratification (Emily W. Kane) Quantitative Studies with Eight or More Locations: Separate Group Analysis 20. Parenting in Black and White Families: The Interaction of Gender with Race and Class (Shirley A. Hill and Joey Sprague) 21. When Expectations Work: Race and Socioeconomic Differences in School Performance (Karl L. Alexander, Doris R. Entwisle, and Samuel D. Bedinger) Quantitative Studies with Six or More Locations: Interaction Analysis 22. The Relationship of Race, Class, and Gender with Mathematics Achievement for Fifth-, Eighth-, and Eleventh-Grade Students in Pennsylvania Schools (Richard L. Kohr, James R. Masters, J. Robert Coldiron, Ross S. Blust, and Eugene W. Skiffington) 23. Women's STD Prevention and Detection Practices: The Specificity of Social Location (Erika Laine Austin) Quantitative Studies Using Separate Group Analysis with t-Tests 24. Are there Race and Gender Differences in the Effect of Marital Dissolution on Depression? (Kei M. Nomaguchi) 25. Generalized Expectancies for Control among High-School Students at the Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender (Brett A. Magill) 26. Race, Gender, and Class Variation in the Effect of Neighborhood Violence on Adolescent Use of Violence (Jennifer Castro and Bart Landry)
Morphological and molecular evidence for a new species of the genus Raphidascaris (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from marine fishes from the South China Sea
A new anisakid nematode, Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) longispicula sp. nov., is described from the intestine and stomach of the marine fish Uroconger lepturus (Richardson) (Anguilliformes: Congridae) from the South China Sea (Guangdong and Hainan Province, respectively). The new species differs from all congeners in the subgenus Ichthyascaris by the short ventricular appendix (0.36–0.49 mm long), the number and arrangement of caudal papillae (25–28 pairs of preanal, 1–2 pairs of paranal, and 6–8 pairs of postanal), and the very long spicules (1.13–1.32 mm long, representing 9.34–10.3% of body length). The sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA of R. (I.) longispicula sp. nov. are analyzed and compared with the closely related nematode sequences. Molecular analyses seem to support the validity of this new nematode species based on morphological observation.