Safety aspects for the design and operation of new accelerator facilities 1
a) During the acceleration cycle in the synchrotron, a small fraction of the partially stripped ions will loose electrons due to interaction with the rest gas. These ions leave the orbit and hit the beam tubes, thus inducing radiation. The vacuum specifications for SIS100/200 are such that these beam losses are tolerable. The radiation has also to be kept to a low level in order to avoid the quenching of the superconducting magnets. Nevertheless, the required shielding is quite substantial what made the choice of an underground installation for the SIS100/200, also motivated by ecological considerations, rather obvious.
RADIATION PROBLEMS IN THE DESIGN OF THE LARGE ELECTRON - POSITRON COLLIDER (LEP)
This is a comprehensive review of the radiation problems taken into account in the design studies for the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) now under construction at CERN. It provides estimates and calculations of the magnitude of the most important hazards, including those from non-ionizing radiations and magnetic fields as well as from ionizing radiation, and describes the measures to be taken in the design, construction, and operation to limit them. Damage to components is considered as well as the risk to people. More general explanations are given of the physical processes and technical parameters that influence the production and effects of radiation, and a comprehensive bibliography provides access to the basic theories and other discussions of the subject. The report effectively summarizes the findings of the Working Group on LEP radiation problems and parallels the results of analogous studies made for the previous large accelerator. The concluding chapters describe the LEP radiation protection system, which is foreseen to reduce doses far below the legal limits for all those working with the machine or living nearby, and summarize the environmental impact. Costs are also briefly considered.
Muon shielding around high-energy electron accelerators. Part II. Experimental investigation
Abstract This paper describes and presents results of an experiment measuring the fluence and absorbed dose delivered by electron accelerator-produced muons penetrating thick iron shields. The experiment was designed to check the theoretical calculations described in the preceding paper. Nuclear track emulsions and scintillation counters were used to measure fluence and 7 LiF was used for the dose measurements. It is shown that the absorbed dose can be calculated from the fluence data by using a restricted stopping power. The results of the measurements indicate that the theoretical calculation accurately predicts the muon fluence and absorbed dose at small angles (