Off-Stream Detention Design for Storm-Water Management
AbstractA detention basin is designed for storm-water quantity and quality controls. An in-stream basin is often located on a widened floodplain, whereas an off-stream basin can be part of open space in a parking lot, park, or sport field. The inflow channel associated with an off-stream basin is allowed to carry its base flow not to exceed the downstream capacity. When the inflow channel is full, the excess flood water is diverted into the off-stream basin through the side weir. During the flood recession, the equalizer conduit drains the basin flow back to the channel. In this study, the rational volumetric method was expanded from in-stream to off-stream detention design. The required off-stream detention volume is maximized by the rainfall event longer than the time of concentration of the tributary area. In comparison, the off-stream detention volume can be significantly less than an in-stream, depending on the flow-through capacity in the downstream channel. This paper presents a design procedure to...
Green Concept in Storm Water Management
Storm runoff is considered one of important water resources for urban areas. Over a geologictime, streams and lakes are periodically refreshed with flood water and continually shaped with the flood flows. Urban development always results in increases of runoff peak rates, volumes, and frequency of higher flows. As a result, flood mitigation has become a major task in urban developments. Before 1970’s, storm water drainage systems in an urban area were designed to remove flood water from streets as quickly as possible. From 1970 to 1980, the US EPA conducted a nationwide stormwater data collection and reached a conclusion that stream stability is more related to frequent, small storm events rather than the extreme, large events. Since man-made stormwater systems were designed to pass extreme events, the large inlets and outlets release frequent events without any detention effect. As a result, urban pollutant and sediment solids are transported and deposited in the receiving water bodies. Under a US Congress mandate starting in 1980’s, a nationwide stormwater best-management-practices (BMPs) program was developed and implanted in major metropolitan areas. The tasks in BMPs include: (1) retrofitting the existing drainage facilities to achieve a full-spectrum control on peak flows, and (2) applications of Low-Impact -Development (LID) designs to reduce runoff volumes under the post-development condition. With the latest observations in climate change, the uncertainty in the design floodhas imposed unprecedented challenges in flood mitigation designs. The flexibility in freeboards and easements need to be refined in order to accommodate the changes in extreme rainfall events. This paper presents a summary of the Green approach in stormwater management and LID designs as the engineering measures to preserve the watershed regime.
Linear Programming in the Allocation of Milk Resources for Cheese Making
Abstract To use linear programming, the cheese making process can be modeled as a resource conversion process. The relationship between input milk resources and output products can be analyzed using mass balance assumptions. The variables used in the linear programming model will represent the pounds of each milk resource chosen to formulate a vat of cheese milk. Additional variables will be used to represent the pounds of cream to be removed from a milk resource that has the potential to have cream removed. Three objectives that could be considered are 1) maximize net returns, 2) maximize cheese yield, or 3) minimize cost. A hypothetical example is used to illustrate how the cheese making process can be modeled. This linear programming model depends on formulas that relate ratio of casein to fat of milk to the fat on the dry basis of the cheese. Sensitivity analysis is performed to determine at what cost a milk resource not in the optimal formulation will replace a milk resource currently in the optimal formulation. The linear programming model can be an effective management tool in the allocation of milk resources for cheese making.