Export Incentives and Industrial Efficiency
Foreign exchange constraint, due to recurring balance of payments deficits, is a common feature of the developing countries. In order to boost the growth of their exports, particularly those of manufactured and non-traditional products, these countries have, from time to time resorted to various incentive schemes which have the effect of creating a dual exchange rate regime. The success or failure of these schemes has generally been judged in terms of improvement in export performance only. But these schemes have many indirect effects which have a bearing on industrial efficiency. Thus there can be situations where production may increase without regard to efficiency and exports may become profitable without being competitive. The expected long run beneficial effects of these schemes may tend to get partially or wholly negated. A prominent example of such a scheme is the export bonus scheme (EBS) of Pakistan which
A Proposal for Fiscal Incentives for the Raw-Jute Exports
While jute is an important crop, jute policy of Pakistan has often been inadequate. Efforts to improve the productivity of jute and to pursue a price policy consistent with the long-term interest of jute in the external market have been peripheral and uncoordinated and all along not been commensurate with the gravity of the issues involved.
Women and fascism
This seminal book challenges the common assumption that fascism is a misogynist movement which has tended to exclude women. Using examples from Germany, Italy and France, Durham analyses the rise of women in fascist organizations across Europe from the early twenties to the present. Unusually, however, the author focuses on British fascism and in doing so he offers valuable new perspectives on fascist attitudes to women. Offering interesting examples of women training in armed combat, and more generally as voters and members of fascist organizations, he highlights women's relationship to fascist policies on birth rate, abortion and eugenics.