Analysis of total metals in waste molding and core sands from ferrous and non-ferrous foundries.
Waste molding and core sands from the foundry industry are successfully being used around the world in geotechnical and soil-related applications. Although waste foundry sands (WFSs) are generally not hazardous in nature, relevant data is currently not available in Argentina. This study aimed to quantify metals in waste molding and core sands from foundries using a variety of metal-binder combinations. Metal concentrations in WFSs were compared to those in virgin silica sands (VSSs), surface soils and soil guidance levels. A total analysis for Ag, Al, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Te, Tl, V, and Zn was conducted on 96 WFSs and 14 VSSs collected from 17 small and medium-sized foundries. The majority of WFSs analyzed, regardless of metal cast and binder type, contained metal concentrations similar to those found in VSSs and native soils. In several cases where alkyd urethane binder was used, Co and Pb concentrations were elevated in the waste sands. Elevated Cr, Mo, Ni, and Tl concentrations associated with VSSs should not be an issue since these metals are bound within the silica sand matrix. Because of the naturally low metal concentrations found in most WFSs examined in this study, they should not be considered hazardous waste, thus making them available for encapsulated and unencapsulated beneficial use applications.
p-Toluenesulfonate in landfill leachates: leachability from foundry sands and aerobic biodegradation.
p-Toluenesulfonate (pTS) was found at concentrations between 9.6 and 48.8 mg/L in leachates from two Swiss landfill sections where foundry wastes are stored. pTS represented ≤33% of the nonpurgable organic carbon (NPOC) in the leachates. A standard test showed that pTS is easily leached from foundry sands that contained 1% (w/w) of a technical hardener consisting of tolu enesulfonates. Hence, the hardener is a likely source of pTS in the landfill leachates. Furthermore, analyses using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and UV absorption detection indicated that the hardener also was the source for toluene-2,4-disulfonate, benzenesulfonate and o- and m-toluenesulfonate, all of which were detected in the landfill leachates. Modified OECD screening tests with pure pTS or hardener as carbon source and landfill leachate as inoculum indicated that aerobic bacteria using pTS for growth are present in the landfill leachates. The intermediates p-sulfobenzyl alcohol and p-sulfobenzoate gives strong ...
Police and Political Violence in the 1960s and 1970s: Germany and Italy in a Comparative Perspective
Notwithstanding the significant differences between the German and Italian police models (federal and civil vs. centralised and militarised), in both countries the confrontation with the protest movements of the 1960s and 1970s had a profound impact on police conceptions and public order strategies. Police forces in some German federal states (West Berlin) followed a hard line until the late 1960s, while in others (Munich, Hamburg) reforms to the Weimar-centred police intervention tactics took place beginning in the early to mid-1960s. In Italy, traditional police conceptions and strategies remained largely unchanged and re-emerged in 1968. Here, a movement from within the police led to the demilitarisation and unionisation of the state police in 1981. In both countries, fighting left-wing terrorism in the 1970s stimulated technical modernisation and enhanced the centralisation of the police. In critical response to police tactics, in the late 1970s Germany police matters were increasingly perceived as a concern not only of the state but of civil society—even if policing remained a highly contested terrain. In Italy, such matters largely remained state concerns in which only politicians and internal security specialists were entitled to intervene.