Introduction to "To the Question of Energy Use of Detonation Combustion" By Ya. B. Zel'dovich
Ya. B. Zel’dovich (1914–1987) made numerous contributions [1] to the theory of detonation, beginning with his very well known and widely translated article [2] on detonation structure that first introduced the standard Zel’dovich-von Neumann-Doring (ZND) model of shock-induced combustion. Even at that early stage of detonation research, Zel’dovich was also considering the application of detonations to propulsion and power engineering. He published these ideas in another paper [3] that has been virtually unknown in the West and has apparently remained untranslated until now. We are indebted to Sergey Frolov of the N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics for first bringing this article to our attention. We believe that the focus of this paper, which is the application of detonation waves to power generation and propulsion, is very relevant to the current activity on pulse detonation engines. In particular, Zel’dovich was apparently the first researcher to consider the questions of the relative efficiency of various combustion modes, the role of entropy production in jet propulsion, and the distinction between unsteady and steady modes of detonation in power engineering and propulsion applications. Even 60 years later, we believe that his results are relevant and can be of value in modern discussions on thermodynamic cycle analysis of detonation waves for propulsion [4]. For these reasons, we have arranged for the paper to be translated and suggested that it be published by the Journal of Propulsion and Power.
Thermodynamics of Airbreathing Pulse-Detonation Engines
An analytical investigation was conducted of the idealized performance potential, from a thermodynamic cycle viewpoint, of airbreathing pulse-detonation engines (PDEs) primarily intended for air-vehicle propulsion. The investigation was restricted to the static operation of PDEs. The detonation-wave model used was of the classical Zel’dovich‐von Neumann‐Doering type, in which an initiating shock wave is followed by a Rayleigh-type combustion process in a duct, the detonation tube, of uniform cross-sectional area. The results of the analysis indicated that the idealized PDEperformance wasonly slightly betterthan thatofa simple,easily analyzed,constant-volume combustion, Lenoir-type surrogate cycle. The PDE also had the potential of being slightly more efe cient, under idealized e ight conditions, with induction ramming occurring, than the corresponding surrogate cycle. The corresponding surrogate cycle will advance thermodynamically, due to intake ramming, from a relatively inefe cient Lenoir cycle to a more efe cient Humphrey, or Atkinson, cycle.
The data privacy / national security balancing paradigm as applied in the USA and Europe: Achieving an acceptable balance
...................................................................................................................... iii Summary ..................................................................................................................... ix Overall Introduction.................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One ................................................................................................................. 7 The Privacy/National Security Balance from a European Perspective .................. 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7 Section I: The Council of Europe ............................................................................ 13 1.0 The Basis for the Data Privacy/National Security Balance .......................... 13 2.0 The Influence of the ECHR on National Legal Systems .............................. 14 3.0 The Jurisprudence of the ECtHR and the Data Privacy/National Security Balance ................................................................................................................. 27 4.0 Shortcomings in the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR The Application of the Margin of Appreciation ........................................................................................ 43 Section II: The European Union .............................................................................. 67 1.0 The European Union and Human Rights Protection in the Context of the data privacy/national security balance ......................................................................... 73 2.0 The Growing Involvement of the EU in Human Rights Protection, particularly in data protection and the circumstances influencing this. ............... 77 3.0 Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC and the Alteration of the Data Privacy/National Security Balance ....................................................................... 79 4.0 Features of Directive 2006/24/EC ................................................................ 81 5.0 Responses to Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC .................................... 82 6.0 Institutional Responses to Directive 2006/24/EC......................................... 94 7.0 Judgment of the CJEU (Grand Chamber) on the Validity of Directive 2006/24/EC......................................................................................................... 103 8.0 The Ruling of the CJEU ............................................................................. 105 9.0 Significance of the Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger Judgment and its Context ............................................................................................................... 109 10.0 Consequences of the Digital Rights Ireland Judgment for Data Privacy/National Security in Europe .................................................................. 114 11.0 Judgments of the CJEU in the Google Spain and Schrems Cases .............. 122 12.0 Developments following the Invalidation of the Safe Harbour Agreement 131 13.0 Impact of the CJEU decisions in the Digital Rights Ireland, Google Spain, and Schrems cases on the data privacy/national security balance ...................... 135 14.0 The Alternative Data Privacy/National Security Balance: Circumventing vi Data Privacy Protections in the EU: The Mass Surveillance of Personal Data by Spy Agencies in some EU Member States ..........................................................135 15.0 Two Parallel Systems of Surveillance .........................................................146 16.0 The Council of Europe Versus The European Union: Which Regime Provides Greater Protection For Data Privacy Rights? .......................................148 17.0 Contrasting the European and U.S. positions on the Balancing of Data Privacy Rights against National Security Interests .............................................153 18.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................156 Chapter Two .............................................................................................................165 The Privacy/Security Balance in the U.S. pre-9/11 ................................................165 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................165 2.0 U.S. Understandings of the Right to Privacy and Particularly Data Privacy .............................................................................................................................168 3.0 Major Interferences with data privacy for national security reasons pre-9/11 in the context of the data privacy/national security balance, with emphasis on the background and role of the NSA. ........................................................................179 4.0 Major Scandals Relating to Data Retention: Privacy Rights Illegally Infringed by the Executive and its Agencies .......................................................186 5.0 Church Committee Report and the Balance Between National Security and Personal Liberties Pre-9/11 .................................................................................191 6.0 Judicial Oversight of Surveillance in the name of National Security: Implications for the Data Privacy/National Security Balance. ............................194 7.0 FISA: Adjusting the Data Privacy/National Security Balance? Restricting the Interpretation of Personal Data in the Context of Intelligence Surveillance by the Executive Branch in the name of National Security ...........................................197 8.0 Balancing Rights which are Qualitatively Different: Philosophical Issues Underlying the Data Privacy/National Security Balancing Paradigm ................209 9.0 Two Data Privacy/National Security Balancing Systems Pre-9/11:The Influence of NSA Surveillance Activity. The Legal and the Actual Balances....220 10.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................224 Chapter Three ...........................................................................................................229 The Privacy/Security Balance in the U.S. Post-9/11 ..............................................229 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................229 2.0 Background ...................................................................................................230 3.0 The Administration's Defence of Its Surveillance Policies and a Scholarly Response .............................................................................................................244 4.0 Ideological Context of the Patriot Act ...........................................................252 5.0 Provisions of the Patriot Act .........................................................................253