STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF HYBRID SPECIMENS AT EARLY AGE USING FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS
Hybrid structures, notably bridges, consisting of steel girders and concrete decks, are designed to explo it in the best way the mechanical properties of both materials. In order to guarantee safe, durable and low-cost service of such structures, a long-term quality and a robust connection between steel and concrete must be guaranteed. Even if experience in construction, maintenance and exploitation of these structures is large, a good and long-lived connection remains a challenging point in their realisation. This is mainly due to the initial incompatibility in the dimensional behaviour of two materials: early and very early age deformations of concrete (thermal expansion and total shrinkage) generate stresses in both materials even before service and imperils their good interaction. With the intention of a better understanding and an accurate numerical modelling of the steelconcrete connection in hybrid structures, measurements are indispensable and, in particular the deformation evolution in both materials during the early and very early age of concrete. In this paper we present examples of this type of measurements, the monitoring of the total dimensional evolution of hybrid elements, the determination of hardening time of concrete and structural monolithisation and, indirectly, the determination of concrete’s Young modulus evolution. An approach to concrete delamination detection is also assessed. All these parameters are evaluated using fibre optic sensors directly embedded in the fresh concrete or attached to steel elements. Their high accuracy, longterm stability and especially their ability to measure early and very early deformation of concrete are essential for monitoring of mentioned parameters.
Comportement à long terme des éléments de structure formés de bétons d'âges différents
These Ecole polytechnique federale de Lausanne EPFL, n° 2283 (2000)Faculte de l'environnement naturel, architectural et construitLaboratoire de maintenance, construction et securite des ouvragesJury: Christian Huet, Jean-Paul Jaccoud, Pierre Mivelaz, Aurele Parriaux, Franz-Josef Ulm, Folker Wittmann Public defense: 2000-11-30 Reference doi:10.5075/epfl-thesis-2283Print copy in library catalog Record created on 2005-03-16, modified on 2016-08-08
The data privacy / national security balancing paradigm as applied in the USA and Europe: Achieving an acceptable balance
...................................................................................................................... iii Summary ..................................................................................................................... ix Overall Introduction.................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One ................................................................................................................. 7 The Privacy/National Security Balance from a European Perspective .................. 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7 Section I: The Council of Europe ............................................................................ 13 1.0 The Basis for the Data Privacy/National Security Balance .......................... 13 2.0 The Influence of the ECHR on National Legal Systems .............................. 14 3.0 The Jurisprudence of the ECtHR and the Data Privacy/National Security Balance ................................................................................................................. 27 4.0 Shortcomings in the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR The Application of the Margin of Appreciation ........................................................................................ 43 Section II: The European Union .............................................................................. 67 1.0 The European Union and Human Rights Protection in the Context of the data privacy/national security balance ......................................................................... 73 2.0 The Growing Involvement of the EU in Human Rights Protection, particularly in data protection and the circumstances influencing this. ............... 77 3.0 Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC and the Alteration of the Data Privacy/National Security Balance ....................................................................... 79 4.0 Features of Directive 2006/24/EC ................................................................ 81 5.0 Responses to Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC .................................... 82 6.0 Institutional Responses to Directive 2006/24/EC......................................... 94 7.0 Judgment of the CJEU (Grand Chamber) on the Validity of Directive 2006/24/EC......................................................................................................... 103 8.0 The Ruling of the CJEU ............................................................................. 105 9.0 Significance of the Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger Judgment and its Context ............................................................................................................... 109 10.0 Consequences of the Digital Rights Ireland Judgment for Data Privacy/National Security in Europe .................................................................. 114 11.0 Judgments of the CJEU in the Google Spain and Schrems Cases .............. 122 12.0 Developments following the Invalidation of the Safe Harbour Agreement 131 13.0 Impact of the CJEU decisions in the Digital Rights Ireland, Google Spain, and Schrems cases on the data privacy/national security balance ...................... 135 14.0 The Alternative Data Privacy/National Security Balance: Circumventing vi Data Privacy Protections in the EU: The Mass Surveillance of Personal Data by Spy Agencies in some EU Member States ..........................................................135 15.0 Two Parallel Systems of Surveillance .........................................................146 16.0 The Council of Europe Versus The European Union: Which Regime Provides Greater Protection For Data Privacy Rights? .......................................148 17.0 Contrasting the European and U.S. positions on the Balancing of Data Privacy Rights against National Security Interests .............................................153 18.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................156 Chapter Two .............................................................................................................165 The Privacy/Security Balance in the U.S. pre-9/11 ................................................165 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................165 2.0 U.S. Understandings of the Right to Privacy and Particularly Data Privacy .............................................................................................................................168 3.0 Major Interferences with data privacy for national security reasons pre-9/11 in the context of the data privacy/national security balance, with emphasis on the background and role of the NSA. ........................................................................179 4.0 Major Scandals Relating to Data Retention: Privacy Rights Illegally Infringed by the Executive and its Agencies .......................................................186 5.0 Church Committee Report and the Balance Between National Security and Personal Liberties Pre-9/11 .................................................................................191 6.0 Judicial Oversight of Surveillance in the name of National Security: Implications for the Data Privacy/National Security Balance. ............................194 7.0 FISA: Adjusting the Data Privacy/National Security Balance? Restricting the Interpretation of Personal Data in the Context of Intelligence Surveillance by the Executive Branch in the name of National Security ...........................................197 8.0 Balancing Rights which are Qualitatively Different: Philosophical Issues Underlying the Data Privacy/National Security Balancing Paradigm ................209 9.0 Two Data Privacy/National Security Balancing Systems Pre-9/11:The Influence of NSA Surveillance Activity. The Legal and the Actual Balances....220 10.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................224 Chapter Three ...........................................................................................................229 The Privacy/Security Balance in the U.S. Post-9/11 ..............................................229 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................229 2.0 Background ...................................................................................................230 3.0 The Administration's Defence of Its Surveillance Policies and a Scholarly Response .............................................................................................................244 4.0 Ideological Context of the Patriot Act ...........................................................252 5.0 Provisions of the Patriot Act .........................................................................253