The (Re)Collection of Memory after Mass Atrocity and the Dilemma for Transitional Justice
When a government engages in the mass killing of its own citizens, how can the nation ever recover? These atrocities destroy the moral fabric which binds a nation. To recover, this fabric must be remade. Many social scientists and legal scholars believe that developing collective memory – an enduring and shared memory of the events that help to heal the wounds of a tattered national conscience and prevent the recurrence of mass atrocities – is essential to such reconstruction. However, the preservation of collective memory is in tension with another impulse after mass atrocity: the desire for justice. Because notions of individualism and autonomy heavily influence legal institutions worldwide, they risk the destruction of collective memory. This friction constitutes a central dilemma in facilitating transitional justice.In this article, I urge a fundamental reconceptualization of the law’s preference for individual memory in the context of transitional justice. I argue that the inclusion of collective memory will facilitate a better understanding of the collective harms that characterize mass atrocities and will serve the distinct goals of transitional justice, including reconciliation, the creation of a historical record, nation-building, and legal reform. I further argue that human rights lawyers should act as preservers and promoters of collective memory. In doing so, they may be able to help heal wounds outside traditional justice tribunals – while at the same time providing essential assistance to these tribunals if and when legal proceedings do finally occur.
Reparations for Slavery in International Law

 Reparations for Slavery in International Law examines the case for contemporary redress for the harms and legacies of transatlantic enslavement from a legal perspective. It critically evaluates the history of transatlantic enslavement and the evolutions in international law that justified and perpetuated the exploitation of African people and people of African descent. It unpacks the requirements of state responsibility, assessing the impact of time on claims for redress for historic injustices. It presents a new theory of reparatory justice, responsive to both the underpinning principles and the modalities of redress in international law. This book considers the emerging practice of reparations in transitional justice and the relevance of these frameworks in cases of widespread historic injustice, while upending orthodox understandings of the international legal frameworks relevant to case for reparations. In so doing, it opens new space for the reconsideration not only of the international legal claim for reparations for slavery but also the moral and political case.
VLA stereoscopy of solar active regions. 2: Altitude, relative motion, and center-to-limb darkening of 20 centimeter emission
A newly developed method of stereoscopic correlation is applied to solar radio maps at a wavelength of 20 cm. On the basis of stereoscopic correlations between radio maps obtained on 6 different days we establish the presence of 66 radio source components associated with 22 active regions. We find the following statistical results for active region source structures at 20 cm: 1. The observed lifetime is consistent with an exponential distribution having an e-folding time scale of greater than 18 days. 2. The average altitude of 20 cm sources is 25 +/- 15 Mm; 90% of the sources are found in heights less than 40 Mm. 3. The average diameter of discrete source structures is 48 +/- 15 Mm, implying a vertical/horizontal aspect ratio of q(sub A) approx. = 0.5. 4. No significant source motion has been found with respect to the standard differential rotation rate of Omega = 13.45 deg - ((3 deg (sin(exp 2)B)). 5. We find a statistical limb darkening, which can be described by the relation (T(sub B)(alpha))/T(sub B)(0)) = 0.4 + ((0.6(cos(exp 2) alpha)) for sources with T(sub B) greater than 0.5 MK. 6. The degree of source polarization is 15% +/- 10% and is independent of source location. 7. Bright sources (greater than or approximately equal to 0.5 MK), or equivalently, long-lived sources (greater than or approximately equal to 5 days) show a systematic variation of their altitude as function of the center-limb distance.