Characterization technique of crystalline materials for most efficient their application as active element of electro-optic cell in infocommunication systems
In this work we present the experimental technique suitable for the determination of all the linear electro-optic effect (LEOE) tensor components in crystal materials of any symmetry. We describe in details the sample geometries that are needed to determine a complete set of the LEOE tensor components as well as derive the corresponding equations. It gives a possible to perform the electro-optic characterization for all crystalline materials with aim of most efficient their application as active elements of electro-optic cells for infocommunication systems.
Growth and Optical Properties of LiNbO3: MgO Single Crystals
The technological procedure of the manufacturing of the LiNbO3˙ single crystals doped with 5 mol.% MgO is described in this paper. The results of the investigation of the crystal optical properties, ESR spectra and optical homogeneity are presented. The refractive index dispersion in 300–700 nm region and their temperature dependencies in 20–500 °C range are measured. The dispersion curve is approximated by the two oscillator Sellmeier formula. The data on the LiNbO3: MgO crystal optical resistance are presented.
Increasing pulp yield in kraft cooking of softwoods by high initial effective alkali concentration (HIEAC) during impregnation leading to decreasing secondary peeling of cellulose
Abstract Pulp yield can be improved by a more homogeneous delignification of the chips, achieved by improved impregnation prior to the cooking stage. Complete and efficient impregnation is obtained by increasing the diffusion rate by means of an impregnation liquor with a high initial effective alkali concentration (HIEAC). In the present study, the effect of HIEAC in the impregnation was evaluated and compared to a reference impregnation procedure and a prolonged impregnation. After the various impregnation scenarios, the alkali concentration was always adjusted to the same level in the beginning of the cooking stage. Impregnation with a HIEAC resulted in yield improvements by 1–1.5% units, due to a higher cellulose yield and possibly also to higher yield of glucomannan. The HIEAC with an even alkali distribution within the chips prior to the cooking stage resulted in a more uniform delignification carbohydrate degradation. Yield increase obtained by uniform delignification is due to both decreased shives content as well as less secondary peeling.