Jugular versus Mammary Vein Acid-Base Balance, Blood Gases, Hematobiochemical Profiles and Inflammation Biomarkers in Goats with Acute Mastitis
The objectives of this study was to investigate the acid-base balance, blood gases, hematobiochemical profiles and the inflammation biomarkers fibrinogen, serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) in the mammary and jugular veins of goats with mastitis. Blood samples were collected from the jugular and mammary veins from 26 goats with mastitis and from 10 healthy lactating goats. In diseased goats, the affected quarter had a remarkable degree of swelling, hard and sore to touch; the milk was bloody. In the jugular vein of diseased goats, the values of PCO2, PO2, base excess (BE), HCO3 and TCO2 were significantly lower than in the jugular vein of controls. In the mammary vein, the pH was significantly lower than in controls and the values of PCO2, BE, HCO3 and TCO2 were significantly lower than in the controls. In contrast, the PO2, lactic acid and anion gap values were significantly higher in the mammary vein than in controls. The RBCs was significantly lower in the jugular and mammary veins than in controls. In the jugular and mammary veins, albumin concentration was significantly lower than controls. The serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were significantly lower in the jugular vein than controls. The serum concentration of fibrinogen did not differ significantly in the jugular and mammary veins compared to healthy controls. In the jugular and mammary veins, the serum concentrations of SAA and Hp were significantly higher than controls. In diseased animals, the serum concentrations of SAA were significantly higher in the mammary veins than in jugular vein. In conclusion, the blood gases, acid-base, hematobiochemical profiles and inflammation biomarkers in the mammary vein goats with acute mastitis could be used as by veterinarians and researchers as reference values for investigation of goats with mastitis and healthy lactating goats.
Influence of Periparturient Period on the Serum Concentrations of Inflammation Biomarkers in Goats
2 Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the periparturient period on the inflammation biomarkers haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and fibrinogen. For this purpose, during the periparturient period, blood samples from 15 goats were collected at 3 weeks before expected parturition (T0), within 12 hours of parturition (T1) and 3 weeks after parturition (T2). A control group, comprised of 10 non-pregnant non-lactating goats was sampled at parallel time points. The total white blood cell count did not differ significantly among the values at T0, T1 and T2 time points. Compared to a mean value of 0.87 ± 0.3 mg/dL at T0, the serum concentration of Hp increased significantly at T1 to reach a mean value of 6.1 ± 0.8 mg/dL. The Hp serum concentration was then decreased significantly at T2 to a value of 0.26 ± 0.12 mg/dL compared to T0 and T1.Compared to a mean value of 164 ± 31 ng/mL at T0, the serum concentration of SAA increased significantly at T1 to reach a mean value of 722 ± 44 ng/mL. The SAA serum concentration was then decreased significantly at T2 to a value of 40 ± 22 ng/mL compared to T0 and T1. Compared to a mean value of 254 ± 56 mg/L at T0, the plasma concentration of fibrinogen increased significantly at T1 to reach a mean value of 400 ± 52 mg/L. The plasma fibrinogen concentration then decreased at T2 to a value of 256 ± 43 mg/L that differed significantly from the value at T1. In the control group, none the measured inflammation biomarkers differed significantly among T0, T1 and T2 values. The results of this study showed that an acute-phase reaction was manifested by significant increases in Hp, SAA and fibrinogen, had occurred in the goats around the time of parturition.
A Study on Greenhouse Automatic Control System Based on Wireless Sensor Network
The system proposed in this paper collects temperature of leaves and humidity on leaves of crop. As well as greenhouse environmental information such as temperature, humidity, etc. Crop diseases, especially, have deep relationship not only with indoor environmental factors but also with humidity lasting time on leaves and temperature of leaves. Accordingly, monitoring crop itself is as important as monitoring indoor environments. Using these collected greenhouse environmental data, indoor environments can be more effectively controlled, and monitoring crop itself can contribute to improve productivity and to prevent crops from damages by blight and harmful insects. In addition, it will be possible for farmers to do control plant growth through closely studying relationship between indoor environmental information and monitored information on crop itself. Collected data can be stored to database either in server installed in greenhouse or to remote server. It is made possible to collect information and control effectively and automatically greenhouse in the site or from a remote place through web browser. System components are: temperature sensor, humidity sensor, leaf temperature sensor, leaf humidity sensor, Zigbee based wireless sensor node, relay nodes for automatic control, and data server to store greenhouse information. The system is implemented using low power wireless components, and easy to install.