Housing Finance in India: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Sector Banks
Housing or shelter is the basic need of human being. This is accepted by the civilized society. Housing is an enigma to the developing countries; it is simultaneously the hardest problem to solvethe social housing schemes. Though shelter was enshrined as a fundamental right in the constitution, housing did not get the attention it reserved. In the light of bank reforms and government encouraged banking sectors to identify housing finance sector and its importance in lending. After 1990s all public sector banks were struggling with NPA problem. The housing shortage is increasing day by day as a proportion to the massive incr ease in population. Today, there are more than 350 housing finance companies r egistered with the registrar of companies of these 29 have been approved by NHB for financial assistance. Housing finance sector is fastest growing segment of the retail financing sector with a slew of tax breaks and sharp cut in of cost of owing housing, buying a house is easier. The agencies of public sector housing finance companies, Private sector housing companies and banks are competitors in housing finance market. Every citizen of the country dreams of having his own house. It is the bounden duty of the government to provide house to the houseless. Considering the paramount importance of housing, government no doubt considered.
An Assessment of the Indian Housing Finance System: Crucial Perspective
House is a centre and domestic device for mankind's moral and substance development ever since the dawn of civilisation. Housing is one of the most important that we human beings need. Adequate housing is essential for human survival with dignity. There are many things that we would find difficult, if not impossible to do without good-quality housing. Housing shortage is a universal phenomenon. It is more acute in developing countries. The housing dimension in India has been changing in recent years. India has initiated so many housing reform that has taken many forms and manifestations characterized by the reduction in social allocation, cutbacks in public funding and promotion of a real estate culture in close partnership between the state and private actors. Mortgage financing markets can play an important role in stimulating affordable housing markets and improving housing quality in many countries. Unfortunately, they are often less developed in India. This lack of development often translates into lower homeownership rates or lower housing quality. Most stem from the central dilemma that the resources are always too limited and housing development heavily depend on the financial institutions such as banks, credit corporations and development banks for the supply of finance to meet their daily financial needs. Against this backdrop this paper will assess basic nuances of Indian financing system. This paper will also provide key issues, future outlook and institutional performance.
Convergence Anatomization of Aquaculture Production in Leading Fish-Producing Countries During the Period of 1997-2013
Growth and national importance of aquaculture production is empirically assessed as an important indicator of development. The present article aims to test whether the major aquaculture producing countries of the world are converging over time. The authors have applied the absolute and conditional beta convergence and sigma convergence approaches on the data of FAO for the period 1997-2013. The results show that there is an absolute beta convergence and sigma convergence among 25 major aquaculture producing countries; negative sign of coefficient of conditional beta convergence with per capita income is also noticed. It implies, the growth rates of aquaculture for developed nations are declining with rise in per capita income and backward fish-intensive countries are catching up with the giant producers like China and India. The cross-country variations are also going down which means that the countries' development gaps are getting narrowed by means of growth of aquaculture resources.