Free Trade Today by Jagdish Bhagwati Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2002, pp. 121. Free Trade under Fire by Douglas A. Irwin Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2002, pp. 253.
Free Trade Today by Jagdish Bhagwati and Free Trade under Fire by Douglas A. Irwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bijit Bora The Role of the World Trade Organization in Global Governance by Gary P. Sampson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miles Kahler The Political Economy of Environmental Protectionism by Achim Körber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Axel Michaelowa
Trade concentration and dynamics of the Norwegian imports: an application of R-MANOVA model
This article proposes to analyse trade concentration and dynamics of the Norwegian import's expenditures by applying the two-way random effect MANOVA (R-MANOVA) model. The MANOVA model factors considered in this econometric analysis are origin continents or countries (spatial effects) and the business cycles (dynamic effects). The R-MANOVA model fit estimation results confirms that the Norwegian import trade is sustainable in both short and long run controlling for the effect of both origin continent and business cycles. More importantly, the expenditure and the share of Norwegian imports across the continents show considerable dynamics. The overall econometric estimation results suggest that across all continents the Norwegian import expenditure is increasing with time. However, the share of the Norwegian import expenditures across continents is relatively stable. The analysis confirms that European exporters will be the leading partners for Norwegian import expenditures in future trade patterns. The ranking of the remaining continents in descending order will be Asia and Oceania, North and Central America, South America and Africa.
Urban Identities and Catastrophe: Izmir and Salonica at the End of the Ottoman Empire*
Two huge fires dramatically influenced the urban development of Salonica and Izmir, in 1917 and in 1922, respectively. These catastrophes occurred after the Ottoman Empire fell, and Salonica and Izmir had shifted into new national contexts. The fires mainly destroyed the districts that were transformed during the late‐Ottoman period. These districts became the cosmopolitan façades of modern Izmir and Salonica. The post‐fires' tabula rasa provided an opportunity for Greek and Turkish politicians and European planners to change the urban identity of both cities. Moreover, the Lausanne Treaty of 1923 transformed their multicultural societies also. Reconstruction plans had been thought to de‐Ottomanize and remove the previous idea of the towns and their multiplicity, interpreting new cultural and nationalist feeling. Here, I emphasize how modernity was interpreted before and after the fires, and point out contradictions between ideological aspects of planning and how the first urban districts were built during the 1920s.