FACTORS INFLUENCING TEACHERS USE OF GAMES AS STRATEGY FOR PEDAGOGY OF PRIMARY SCIENCE IN SCHOOLS: THE ROLES OF LIBRARIES
This study investigates the effectiveness of games as technique for teaching and learning of primary science in schools and the role play by library services. Game, when carefully employed and executed served as an integral part of teaching method and measure of effectiveness of instruction. Research has shown that educational games can have positive impacts on student learning and motivation. The success of a game played in an instruction class depends on the type of game selected, the development of learning outcomes, and the flexibility of library in providing library unit that is equipped with multimedia equipments where learners can interact. The study was restricted to 600 male and female respondents’ teachers in Ojo Local Educational District of Lagos State. Data were collected through 18 items questionnaire. The three generated hypotheses for the study were rejected, while the result of the finding revealed that significant difference exists between factors influencing teachers’ choice of game, its usefulness and problems hindering the effectiveness of game(s) for teaching and learning process of primary science in schools. Conclusion and recommendation were also proffered.
Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue
Summary This article deals with the experience of the librarians at the Simmons College Libraries as they integrated active learning strategies into the library instruction program for first year students. Occurring over two semesters, students took self-guided tours of the library and played a game of library jeopardy in the fall, and participated in the research process during workshops in the spring. Research indicates that students who are active partners in the learning process increase their chances of retaining material. The librarians attempted to measure the success of the program through anecdotal evidence and reviews of students' research paper bibliographies.
Pharmacokinetics of Mivacurium Isomers and Their Metabolites in Healthy Volunteers after Intravenous Bolus Administration
Background Previous studies report the pharmacokinetics of mivacurium isomers after an infusion using venous blood sampling. Although the extent of the mivacurium arterial‐venous gradient is not known, the sampling site is likely to influence mivacurium pharmacokinetic parameters because the drug is rapidly metabolized as it traverses the circulation. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the pharmacokinetics of mivacurium isomers in healthy persons after intravenous bolus administration using intensive arterial blood sampling, and (2) to characterize the formation and elimination of mivacurium metabolites in human plasma. Methods Eight persons classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 or 2 who were scheduled to undergo elective surgery under balanced anesthesia received 0.15 mg/kg mivacurium chloride as an intravenous bolus. Arterial blood samples were collected every 10 s during the first 2 min and at frequent intervals for 4 h thereafter. Plasma concentrations of mivacurium isomers and their metabolites were determined by two stereoselective high‐performance liquid chromatographic methods coupled with fluorometric detection and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters. Results Mean elimination half‐lives of the trans‐trans, cis‐trans, and cis‐cis isomers were 2.4, 2, and 28.5 min, respectively, with corresponding mean plasma clearances of 29.2, 45.7, and 6.7 ml [center dot] min‐1 [center dot] kg‐1. The volumes of distribution at steady state of the trans‐trans, cis‐trans, and cis‐cis isomers were 0.047, 0.054, and 0.189 l/kg, respectively. Plasma concentrations of monoester and alcohol metabolites peaked 25 s (median) after mivacurium injection, with half‐lives in the range of 90 min, except for the cis alcohol metabolite, which was only negligibly and transiently formed. Conclusions Substantial hydrolysis of mivacurium isomers by cholinesterases was confirmed by the rapid appearance of mivacurium metabolites in plasma. The intensive arterial sampling proved to be critical for the trans‐trans and cis‐trans isomers because the area under the curve between 0 and 2 min accounted for 75% and 86% of the total, respectively.