Standardization of the Macedonian and French Legal Terminology as a Pre-Condition for a Successful Implementation of Euro-Atlantic Integrations
One of the very important aspects and obligations that the Republic of Macedonia should fulfill on its way of Euro-Atlantic integrations is the translation of a vast corpus of texts, whose content concerns mainly the field of law. Of course, the bulk of these texts are written in English, but a considerable part is also written or should be translated into French. In order to have a successful translation it is essential to standardize the terms used in Macedonian and French legal language, and at the same time to standardize the equivalents of the source language to the target language. This paper aims to represent the characteristics of the terminology standardization in France and to compare it to the terminology standardization in the Republic of Macedonia, in order to point out the flaws and the possibilities of their overcoming. 
Key words: standardization, legal terminology, French language, Macedonian language.
La traduction des noms d'institutions
On pretend que les noms propres ne se traduisent pas. Ceci est loin d’etre le cas des noms d’institutions, qui comportent souvent un equivalent tres officiel dans plusieurs langues etrangeres, mais il ne semble pas exister une doctrine etablie concernant les principes qui doivent presider a ce genre de traduction. La presente etude vise a proposer quelques principes a la lumiere de l’observation de la pratique actuelle, telle qu’on la constate en Europe en particulier. A partir d’Internet, qui sert de megacorpus, on a examine des traductions de noms d’institutions (politiques, economiques et d’enseignement) sur les plans international et europeen, national, regional (et departemental pour la France) et local. Le plan international semble le plus systematique, le plan local le moins en ce qui concerne la presence de la traduction et de sa forme. On propose une serie de recommandations a l’intention d’institutions desireuses de traduire leur nom.
Early Missionaries and the Ethnolinguistic Factor During the ‘Invention of Tribalism’ in Zimbabwe
There is evidence from across the disciplines that at least some of the contemporary regional names of African tribes, dialects and languages are fairly recent inventions in historical terms. This article offers some evidence from Zimbabwe to show that missionary linguistic politics were an important factor in this process. The South African linguist Clement Doke was brought in to resolve conflicts about the orthography of Shona. His Report on the Unification of the Shona Dialects (1931) shows how the language politics of the Christian denominations, which were also the factions within the umbrella organization the Southern Rhodesia Missionary Conference, contributed quite significantly to the creation and promotion of Zezuru, Karanga and Manyika as the main groupings of dialects in the central area which Doke later accommodated in a unified orthography of a unified language that was given the name Shona. While vocabulary from Ndau was to be incorporated, words from the Korekore group in the north were to be discouraged, and Kalanga in the West was allowed to be subsumed under Ndebele. Writing about sixty years later, Ranger focusses more closely on the Manyika and takes his discussion to the 1940s, but he also mentions that the Rhodesian Front government of the 1960s and 1970s deliberately incited tribalism between the Shona and the Ndebele, while at the same time magnifying the differences between the regional divisions of the Shona, which were, in turn, played against one another as constituent clans. It would appear then that, for the indigenous Africans, the price of Christianity, Western education and a new perception of language unity was the creation of regional ethnic identities that were at least potentially antagonistic and open to political manipulation. Through many decades of rather unnecessary intellectual justification, and as a result of the collective colonial experience through the churches, the schools and the workplaces, these imposed identities, and the myths and sentiments that are associated with them, have become fixed in the collective mind of Africa, and the modern nation states of the continent now seem to be stuck with them. Missionaries played a very significant role in creating this scenario because they were mainly responsible for fixing the ethnolinguistic maps of the African colonies during the early phase of European occupation. To a significant degree, these maps have remained intact and have continued to influence African research scholarship.