Chinese Nationalism and the Fate of Tibet: Implications for India and Future Scenarios
Abstract Chinese nationalism primarily represents Han nationalism and ignores ethnic minority sub-nationalisms and identities in the larger cause of the state's unity and integrity. The Chinese state calls for submerging of all minority identities within the predominant Han identity, for promoting national cohesion and nationalism, effectively precluding the possibility of the assertion of Tibetan nationalism and autonomy. Because of the suppression of Tibetans in China, a large number of them have fled and settled in India and elsewhere. The Tibetan movement for safeguarding their identity, culture and political space has grievously suffered as a result of Chinese nationalism and China's Tibet policy. The fate of Tibetan nationalism is, to a large extent, tied to the dynamics of the Sino-Indian relations and the course of the internal Tibetan politics and that of its relationship with the community in exile in the post-Dalai Lama era.
THE NEW RELEVANCE OF "RIGHTS AND INTERESTS": China's Changing Human Rights Theories
system. Li prescribed concrete rules, and it was part of existing law. 2’ The Revolutionary &dquo;Unity of Rights and Obligations&dquo; If the Chinese tradition did not set out a theory of &dquo;rights&dquo;, what are the conceptual origins of &dquo;rights&dquo; in modern China? These origins are Western, but how the Chinese came to interpret &dquo;rights&dquo; is critically important. Sun Yatsen, in his famous 1921 Guangzhou lecture acknowledged: &dquo;China’s tide of revolutionary ideas come from Europe and America....&dquo;’ &dquo;Rights&dquo; came with the assimilation of Western revolutionary ideas during a period of highly charged nationalism and social change. However, whether one speaks of the pre-1949 Republican or Communist context, &dquo;rights&dquo; were coopted in expedient interpretations of competing Western political theories regarding the relative weights assigned to &dquo;rights&dquo; as distinguished from &dquo;obligations&dquo; (sometimes translated as &dquo;duties&dquo;). In the May Fourth era, the freedom and self-realization of the individual were enlisted in the development a &dquo;strong and rich&dquo; state to protect China’s &dquo;spiritual essence&dquo; against the inroads of external imperialism and culture. This did not assume the centrality of the individual’s enjoyment of rights. Sun Yatsen discussed the natural endowment of the individual with specific reference to the individual’s self-commitment to the benefit of others, thus he reiterated the familiar theme of matual obligations in society.23 In reaction to later Guomindang political oppression, liberal intellectuals did launch a short-lived human rights movement in 1929-31, but European natural law theory was by and large neglected in favor of a nationalist focus on rights within the legal positivism of the stated ’ The second chapter of the Guomindang’s 25 December 1946 constitution highlighted the &dquo;rights and obligations of the people&dquo; in much the same way as the 21 Liang Zhiping, "Faziran yu ziranfa" (Law Following Nature and Natural Law), Zhongguo shehui kexue, No. 2, 1989, in Faxue, Renmin daxue, No. 4, 1989, pp. 139-51. 22 Sun Yatsen, transl. by Frank Price, Sanminzhuyi (The Three Principles of the People), abridged edition. Taipei 1953. 23 Sun Yatsen, op. cit., pp. 90-1. 24 For a discussion of the 1929-31 human rights movement, see Ann Kent, op. cit., pp. 40-2. For the significance of the natural law tradition in China, see Randle Edwards, Louis Henkin, and Andrew Nathan (Eds.), Human Rights in Contemporary China. New York: Columbia University Press 1986, p. 129.
Problems of a centralised department in a decentralised mental hospital.
Abstract This paper deals with some of the issues and problems which arose in a state mental hospital, when in the course of becoming a more community-oriented facility, the hospital decentralized its clinical structure into geographically-based treatment units while retaining a centralized nursing department administration. The effects of unitization and a subsequent attempt to reoganize the nursing department on both the character of professional roles and the integration of parts of the hospital are discussed within the context of an open-systems conceptual model of hospital organization.