An Investigation of Compressor Slugging Problems
Mathematical models have been popularly applied to study the compression processes of superheated refrigerant vapor in compressors. As to the case when refrigerant enters a compressor cylinder in the state of liquid and vapor mixture, however, the availability of fundamental studies is very limited. -A mathematical model is presented to simulate the compression processes of two-phase saturated refrigerant mixture. Factors leading to slugging are analyzed. It is explained why certain types of compressors are less prone to slug. Introduction Under nonnal operation of compressors, refrigerant is drawn into compressor cylinders in the state of super heated vapor. However, liquid refrigerant, or a portion of liquid refrigerant, can enter compressor cylinders under certain circumstances, such as during the cold start of a compressor. In some of the scroll compressor applications [13], refrigerant liquid is even deliberately injected into the gas pockets to decrease the discharge gas temperature under high compression ratios and thereby to extend the operating range of such compressors. Liquid refrigerant entering compressor cylinders has been a concern for a long time. However, not enough has been achieved from the view point of mathematical modeling. An extensive literature review was done in this area, but no satisfactory thennodynamic model, which could be used to simulate the compressor cylinder processes, was found. Simpson and Lis [4] measured cylinder pressures during compressor liquid ingestion in reciprocating compressors and presented an empirical relation for predicting the maximum cylinder pressure in terms of compressor power, bore size, and stroke length. Singh, Nieter, and Prater [5-6] applied the polytropic equation to simulate compressor cylinder pressure, but the polytropic index in their model is considered as a variable and can be chosen arbitrarily. It is necessary to develop a mathematical model to predict the cylinder refrigerant thermodynamic properties instantaneously and to study the effects of liquid entering the cylinder on the compressor performance by simulating the thermodynamic process of compressing the liquid and vapor mixture. Slugging problems are detrimental to compressors. Under extreme conditions, the compressor cylinder pressures could be as high as ten times the peak pressures under normal operations [5], due to the incompressibility of liquid, consequently damaging the compressor valves and reducing the reliability and lifetime of compressors. These effects should always be avoided, if possible. Does the liquid and vapor mixture entering compressor cylinders necessarily lead w a slugging problem? It depends on the quality (the ratio of vapor mass to the total mass of the liquid and vapor mixture) of the refrigerant entering the compressor cylinders, the kinematics of the compressor, and whether the compressor is a high side design or a low side design. For compressors with low side design, since the compressor shell is filled with cool suction gas and the cylinder temperature is not very hot, a slugging problem is likely to happen because of the lack of heat transfer from the cylinder to the liquid-vapor mixture, especially during the cold start. On the other hand, the cylinder of the compressor in a high side design is heated by the relatively high temperature discharge gas, therefore the possibility of liquid slugging is reduced. Common sense tells us that slugging is more likely to occur in compressors when refrigerant of low quality flows into the cylinders. However, the influence of the kinematics of a compressor on the possibility of slugging is not so obvious, and has to be studied through mathematical modeling. Thermodynamic Model
Electrical and Mechanical Methods for Detecting Liquid Slugging in Reciprocating Compressors
The ingestion of liquid refrigerant into the compressor, also known as liquid slugging, has been established as a common cause of failure in reciprocating compressors. Due to the difficulty of directly identifying the presence of liquid in the compressor cylinder, this paper proposes and develops a method of identifying slugging-induced overpressures in reciprocating compressors by analyzing the electrical power flowing into the compressor motor. In order to validate the performance of this detection method, measurements are also made of the cylinder pressures, the discharge pressure, and the compressor speed. Results from the experimental implementation of these fault detection techniques are provided to illustrate the accuracy by which electrical measurements can be used to identify this mechanical fault.
Laminar heat or mass transfer in rectangular channels and in cylindrical tubes for fully developed flow: comparison of solutions obtained for various boundary conditions
Abstract A comparison is made of results obtained with various boundary conditions at the wall of the channels. By comparing blood Sherwood numbers for finite wall resistance with those for constant concentration boundary condition only a small variation is found for various points along the blood channel.