Inspection and Image Analysis of Nickel Sulphide Inclusions in Toughened Glass Panels
Nickel sulphide is a kind of detrimental inclusion in toughened glass panels. Once the critical conditions are satisfied, the inclusion will cause the shattering of glass panels. An inspection tool was developed for rapid detection of inclusions. More than one thousand pieces of glass were inspected and seventeen of them were found with inclusions. With the experiment of heat soak, and analysis of dispersive energy spectrum, the appearance of nickel sulfide inclusion was presented, which can be used as guidance of in-line inspection of glass panels. The optical system was improved to get clear image of inclusions inside glass panels. Auto focus technique was used to measure the depth of inclusions, which can provide a parameter for the categorization of inclusions
In situ inspection of inclusions in toughened glass panels of high-rise buildings
Transparent toughened glass panels are widely installed in high-rise buildings. There is a growing need for inspection to detect the presence of detrimental inclusions of Nickel Sulfide. These inclusions can cause toughened glass to shatter, possibly causing property damage or injury. Optical equipment has been developed which can detect the inclusions in-situ. Light is coupled into a glass panel and propagates along the glass by total internal reflection. An inclusion in the glass will cause the light to scatter. Once an inclusion is found, it will be observed at higher magnification and the detailed image will be processed. By the analysis of its key features, the inclusion type can be identified. The coupling medium is made of a transparent, soft and deformable material. The equipment can be attached to a glass panel by vacuum suction. The optical system can scan the whole glass panel with a constant force spring as anti-weight structure. The whole system is fast, convenient and highly effective. A patent has been filed for this apparatus.
NMR characteristics of intracellular K in the rat salivary gland: a 39K NMR study using double-quantum filtering.
Intracellular K of the perfused rat mandibular salivary gland was measured by 39K NMR spectroscopy at 8.45 T. Multiple-quantum NMR arising from multiple-exponential decay was used to eliminate the resonance due to extracellular K in the perfused gland at 25 degrees C. The resonance due to intracellular K consisted of two Lorentzian signals stemming from the [spin 1/2 to -1/2] coherence (sharp resonance) and the [spin -1/2 to -3/2], [spin 3/2 to 1/2] coherences (broad resonance). The transverse relaxation time (T2) corresponding to the [spin 1/2 to -1/2] coherence was ca. 2.5 ms, and that corresponding to the [spin -1/2 to -3/2], [spin 3/2 to 1/2] coherences was ca. 0.4 ms. The relaxation time of the double-quantum coherence of rank 3 (originating from product operators like Ix2Iz) was determined to be ca. 0.2 ms. These results suggest the possibility of the presence of a single homogeneous population of intracellular K with a correlation time of ca. 2.5 x 10(-8) s and a quadrupolar coupling constant of ca. 1.4 MHz.