Building organizational citizenship
Since every organization’s success is built on the participation and good work of its staff, this article advises leaders to view their organization as a country, and frames their primary management challenge as creating “organizational citizenship”, defined as a voluntary consistent commitment to the goals, methods, and ultimate success of the organization. Most leadership strategies are designed to create specific business results; their effectiveness will depend on the creation of a culture of patriotism throughout the organization.
Effect of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour on Total Quality Management and Organizational Performance (Case study: Dana Insurance Co.)
This study examines the effect of organizational citizenship behaviour on organizational performance and total quality management. The objective of this study is functional survey in terms of data collection and it uses correlation to analyze data. Reviewing the literature and available models of organizational citizenship behaviour, total quality management and organizational performance, the important variables were identified and the model and hypotheses were developed. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the variables. The studied sample included 217 workers of Dana Insurance, Tehran, selected by simple random sampling method. Test results of hypotheses using structural equation modeling indicate a significant effect of organizational citizenship behavior on components of total quality management as well as a significant effect of these components on organizational performance. Finally, based on the results obtained, suggestions and solutions were presented to the insurance company and future investigators.
The Impact of EU Unfair Contract Terms Law on U.S. Business-to-Consumer Internet Merchants
When the Court of Appeals for Versailles issued its decision in AOL France v. UFC Que Choisir2 in September 2005, it sent the message to U.S. Internet businesses that even contractual boilerplate localized for European markets may be invalid in European consumer transactions. In that case, a French consumer advocacy group challenged the terms AOL offered its French customers after AOL had made extensive revisions to its standard form contracts to respond to the concerns regarding those terms expressed in an advisory opinion by a French consumer protection agency. In 2004, a trial court invalidated nearly every term in the revised agreement; the appeals court affirmed on all counts. Subsequently, in July 2006 following concerns raised by the Office of Fair Trading (“OFT”), a United Kingdom government agency charged with “making sure markets work well for consumers,”3 Dell Corporation Limited changed its online terms and conditions to make them fairer to consumers.4 European consumer contract law had an impact in both cases. At issue for AOL France and Dell Corporation Limited was the application of France’s and the UK’s consumer contract law which is based on the Unfair Contract Terms Directive of 19945 and calls into question the validity of many of the terms that U.S. courts routinely enforce in transactions involving American consumers and merchants.