Meaning of Money before, After and during Dual Currency Circulation Period Among Estonian Students☆
Abstract The research design of the study was a longitudinal trend study measuring the meaning of money from cross-sectional samples of middle-school students over the period of four years with 16 month time interval: May 2008, September 2009, January 2011, and May 2012. Teenagers were administered a questionnaire before, after and during dual currency period consisting items about multidimensional meaning of money: symbolic, affectional and behavioral, and open-ended questions. The meaning of money before and after the dual currency period was highly evaluated in symbolic and during dual currency period in conflicting affectional terms, but conveys over the time functional meaning.
Money profiles: the love of money, attitudes, and needs
Purpose – To develop money profiles based on money attitudes and investigate differences in work‐related attitudes across money profiles.Design/methodology/approach – Data from 564 university students in the USA were collected and four money profiles based on the Love of Money Scale (LOMS) were identified using cluster analysis.Findings – Achieving money worshipers (23.22 percent) have the highest scores on factors good, respect, achievement, and power. Careless money admirers (30.16 percent) have the lowest scores on factors budget and evil. Apathetic money managers (31.08 percent) have the lowest scores on factors respect and achievement and the highest on budget. Money repellent Individuals (15.54 percent) have the lowest scores on factors good and power and the highest on factor evil. Achieving money worshipers have the highest level of organization‐based self‐esteem (OBSE), the protestant work ethic (PWE), intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction, and satisfaction with social and self‐actualization n...
Nurse responsiveness to cancer patient expressions of emotion.
OBJECTIVE
This theoretically based study examined nurse responses to cancer patient expressions of emotion using a videotaped, simulated cancer patient.


METHODS
This study used an experimental crossover design with a videotaped patient expressing anger, sadness, and neutral emotion to elicit nurse responses. Seventy-four nurses from eight sites participated. Responses were coded using Roter interaction analysis system. Correlations explored relationships between variables that impact communication (age, gender, work experience, trait anxiety, work stress, self-efficacy). Regression models explored the effect of variables on nurse affective responsiveness.


RESULTS
Patient expressions of sadness elicited more affective responses than anger. Expressions of anger or neutral emotion elicited more instrumental behaviors than sadness. Variables such as age, work stress and work experience were significantly correlated. No variables predicted affective responsiveness to patient expressions of anger or sadness.


CONCLUSION
Nurse communication showed significant variation in response to patient emotional expressions. Understanding the relationships between demographic, personality, and work variables, and identification of new variables that influence nurse-patient communication, has implications for interventional studies.


PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Over 90% of the participants indicated that the videotape simulation would be a useful method for teaching and practicing communication skills with patients expressing emotions.