Impact of group purchasing in cooperative of hospital in Colombia, using a price index from 1999 to 2012
The application of price indices is useful to analyze the behavior of prices as an important component in patients' access to essential medications over a period of time. The present work analyzed the variation in the prices of 303 medications sold by a cooperative of hospitals in central Colombia between 1999 and 2010 by applying inflation-adjusted price indices and Laspeyres-Paasche quantities by ABC groups and principal therapeuticals in the first and second ATC (anatomic, therapeutical, chemical) level, taking 1999 as the starting year. The medications of type A and B, as well as those belonging to the first four therapeutical groups in the first ATC level in cost and for seven groups in the second ATC level, registered a drop between 40 and 53% (P < 0.05) in the applied price indices. In addition, all the ABC and ATC groups showed increases between 9 and 12 times (P < 0.01) when applying the indices on units sold. The estimated net saving in 2010 at prices of 1999, went above $ 16.9 billion COP. This impact on prices has helped to expand the coverage in essential medications supplied to the public hospitals which are afterwards administered to the patients of this region of Colombia.
Price and Quantity Index Numbers: Models for Measuring Aggregate Change and Difference
1. Price indices through history 2. The quest for international comparisons 3. Axioms, tests, and indices 4. Decompositions and subperiods 5. Price indices for elementary aggregates 6. Divisia and Montgomery indices 7. International comparisons: transitivity and additivity.
Autonomic dysreflexia in a tetraplegic patient due to a blocked urethral catheter: spinal cord injury patients with lesions above T-6 require prompt treatment of an obstructed urinary catheter to prevent life-threatening complications of autonomic dysreflexia
BackgroundThe Manchester Triage System is commonly used as the triage system in emergency departments of the UK. As per the Manchester Triage System, patients presenting with retention of urine to the accident and emergency department are categorized to yellow, which denotes that the ideal maximum time to first contact with a treating clinician will be 60 min. Cervical spinal cord injury patients, in whom urinary catheter is blocked, may develop suddenly headache, sweating, high blood pressure, cardiac dysrhythmia, convulsions, intracranial bleed, and acute neurogenic pulmonary oedema as a result of autonomic dysreflexia due to a distended bladder.Case presentationA 46-year-old male with C-6 tetraplegia developed urinary retention because of a blocked catheter. He was seen immediately on arrival in the spinal injuries unit. The blocked catheter was removed and a new catheter was about to be inserted. Then this patient said that the ceiling lights were very bright and glaring. Five milligrams of Nifedipine was given sublingually. This patient started having fits involving his head, face, neck and shoulders with loss of consciousness. A 14-French silicone Foley catheter was inserted per urethra without any delay and 300 ml of clear urine was drained. This patient recovered consciousness within 5 min. Computed tomography of the brain revealed no focal cerebral or cerebellar abnormality. There was no intra-cranial haemorrhage.ConclusionThis case illustrates that spinal cord injury patients with lesion above T-6, who develop retention of urine because of a blocked catheter, may look apparently well, but these patients can develop suddenly life-threatening autonomic dysreflexia. Therefore, spinal cord injury patients, who present to the accident and emergency department or spinal units with a blocked urinary catheter, should be seen urgently although their vital signs may be stable on arrival. Increasing the awareness of staff in emergency departments regarding autonomic dysreflexia as well as education of the patient and carers will be useful in preventing this complication in persons with spinal cord injury.