The potential for material processing by microwave energy
This paper presents the potential applications for material processing by microwave energy which is electromagnetic waves that penetrates material and cause its molecules to rotate and generate heat. In this paper, potential uses of microwave energy in iron and steel making processes will be discussed in detail. Actually, microwave energy has been in use for various applications for over half century. One of the most well known applications is drying and cooking of food. Currently, industrial uses of microwave energy include direct-reduced iron making, wood processing, sintering, coke making, and so on. And moreover, CO2 and CH4 can be decomposed by super heating effect of microwave energy which can also be called as high temperature plasma furnace. In conventional heating processes, the materialpsilas surface is heated first and then the heat moves inward, while the material is heated the entire volume at about the same time, in microwave heating processes. Microwave heating method can be used in addition to conventional heating techniques to enhance the reaction of the material processing.
Characterisation of Fibre Morphology of Microwave-Treated Oil Palm Trunk (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
In this study, fibre morphology of microwave-treated oil palm trunks (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) was studied. Thirty years old palm trunks (OPT) were selected, felled and divided into peripheral, middle and inner zones. Only the basal portion of the OPT was used to reduce variability of sampling. Microwave treatment of the OPT samples were conducted by using a domestic microwave oven operating at 2.45 GHz and with maximum rated power output of 950 watt. The samples were microwave-treated at four different power intensities of 950, 700, 500 and 300 watts and for four different exposure durations of 5, 10, 15 and 20 min leading to a total six varying combinations of power and exposure period. The untreated OPT sample was used for comparison purpose. The fibre length, fibre diameter, fibre lumens diameter, and fibre walls thickness were measured between each of the zones of the oil palm trunk in relation to the different microwave treatment. All microwave treated samples showed changes in the fibre with the combinations of microwave treatment with 700 watts power intensities with 15 minutes exposure durations produced the most stretched and elongated fibres. This findings could be useful in finding suitable techniques for processing the OPT into value-added products.
Test security in medicolegal cases: proposed guidelines for attorneys utilizing neuropsychology practice.
In the context of forensic neuropsychological assessments, the professional interaction of law and psychology is viewed primarily as one where the retaining attorney or court dictates its needs to psychologists when resolving legal disputes. While this perspective is conceptually accurate, the positive and practical collaboration of law and psychology also relies on attorneys adhering to basic protections of sensitive psychological assessment procedures and tests. Objective testing is undermined when a practitioner of law engages in actions prior to, during, or following a neuropsychological examination in a manner that threatens the test security. An appreciation among practitioners of law and psychology regarding the necessity of test security is essential. This article reviews attorney actions that can affect test security, proposes a distinction by psychology between appropriate and problematic client preparation for a neuropsychological examination, integrates the available legal precedent regarding test security, and suggests productive measures to protect test security in medicolegal settings.