FORMULA ON ENERGY LOSSES AT THREE-WAY CIRCULAR DROP MANHOLE UNDER SURCHARGE FLOW
1Member of JSCE, Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Eng., National Institute of Technology, Matsue College (14-4 Nishi-ikuma, Matsue, Shimane 690-8518, Japan) E-mail: arao@matsue-ct.jp 2Member of JSCE, Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. (15-1 Ginza 6-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8165, Japan) E-mail: Shunsuke_Hiratsuka@jpower.co.jp 3Honorary Member of JSCE, Professor, Kyushu University (744 Motooka, Nish-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan) E-mail: kusuda@kyudai.jp
管水路流れにおける3方向接合円形マンホールのエネルギー損失の定式化;管水路流れにおける3方向接合円形マンホールのエネルギー損失の定式化;Formula on Energy Loss at Three-Way Circular Manhole Under Surcharge Flow
The energy loss at manholes in a storm sewer network is often compared with the friction loss in pipes under a surcharge flow. It is important to estimate the energy loss at manholes exactly in the design of a storm sewer network and in a flood-analysis. Some researchers have already investigated the energy loss at three-way manholes. However, the relationship between the energy loss and the water depth in manholes has not been enough studied yet. In this study, the effect of the water depth and the ratio of the flow rates in the lateral and in the downstream pipes on the energy loss at a three-way circular manhole was investigated. This study also proposed a modified formula for energy loss coefficients described in Urban Drainage Design Manual, USA (2001) for the three-way manhole.
Pyrite multiple-sulfur isotope evidence for rapid expansion and contraction of the early Paleoproterozoic seawater sulfate reservoir
Abstract Earthʼs oxygenation is often described in terms of two unidirectional steps at the beginning and end of the Proterozoic Eon, separated by a long-lived intermediate redox state. Recent work defines a more complicated path to oxygenation, exemplified by an apparent drop in oxidation state following the early Paleoproterozoic Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion. The timing of this proposed drop in oxidation state is not well constrained, and it is not clear how it relates to redox conditions during the remainder of the Proterozoic. Here we present a study of pyrite multiple-sulfur isotopes, supported by Fe speciation and organic carbon isotopes, from early Paleoproterozoic black shales. We find evidence for the rapid expansion of the seawater sulfate reservoir during the Great Oxidation Event at ca. 2.3 Ga followed by a subsequent contraction in the size of the seawater sulfate reservoir at ca. 2.05 Ga. This scenario is consistent with the emerging view of a rise and fall in surface oxidation state during the early Paleoproterozoic. Comparison of our new data to other records of the seawater sulfate reservoir suggests that the elevated sulfate concentrations that characterize the early Paleoproterozoic did not return until the late Neoproterozoic.