Field Transmission using Fiber Bragg Grating-based Dispersion Compensating Modules with Continuous Response over the Full C-band
Fiber Bragg grating-based dispersion compensating modules with continuous response over the full C-band are demonstrated. Group delay characteristics are analysed and modules are used in 10-Gbit/s and 40-Gbit/s field experiments over 820 km installed fiber.
16 x 10 Gb/s WDM transmission over 840-km SMF using eleven broad-band chirped fiber gratings
We demonstrate wavelength-division-multiplexed transmission of 16 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero channels with 50-GHz spacing over 840 km of conventional single-mode fiber (SMF), or 14 times the 10-Gb/s dispersion limit, using a total of eleven chirped fiber gratings for dispersion compensation. Each grating has a nominal dispersion of -1330 ps/nm km for compensating 80 km of SMF and a bandwidth of 6.5 nm, and one grating has additional dispersion slope compensation of -35 ps/nm/sup 2/ equivalent to 480 km of SMF. The large number of closely spaced wavelengths and long transmission distance significantly stress the wavelength uniformity, bandwidth, and cascadability of the fiber gratings.
Modeling of chemical reactors—XXIX mixing-cell model for packed bed reactors. Steady state considerations. Problems of multiplicity
Abstract The axial heat and mass transfer in tubular catalytic reactors may be described by mixing-cell model and diffusion model as well. The diffusion description yields for a strong exothermic reaction and adiabatic conditions three steady state profiles, on the other hand the mixing-cell model gives rise to more than three steady states. A simple numerical and graphical analysis for mixing-cell model is presented.