Erosion-corrosion of RAFM JLF-1 steel in Lithium flow induced by impeller
The purpose of the present study is to investigate erosion-corrosion characteristics of reduced activation ferritic martensitic steel, JLF-1 (Fe-9Cr-2W) in flowing Li. The erosion-corrosion characteristics were investigated by means of corrosion tests with rectangular plate type specimen of JLF-1 in Li stirring pot, where the Li flow was induced by impeller in the pot. The test temperature was 500 C and 600 C, and there was no temperature difference in the Li stirring pot. The erosion-corrosion characteristics were evaluated by the weight loss measurement of the specimens and metallurgical analysis for the corroded surface. The results were compared with those obtained from the tests at static condition to feature the effect of Li flow on the corrosion. The weight loss of the specimens tested in Li flow was larger than that tested in the static tests. The corroded surface showed the local corrosion along lath boundary and grain boundary of JLF-1 as the same as that after the test at static condition. There were defects which were not observed in the specimen tested at the static condition. The defects were the trace of the erosion-corrosion. The corrosion attack to the boundaries made weak bonding between the subgrains, and the subgrains were peeled from the surface by the Li flow.
Corrosion–erosion and mass transfer dynamic behaviors of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel in a nonisothermal Pb-17Li system
Abstract Corrosion tests were performed to study corrosion–erosion behaviors of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel JLF-1 and mass transfer behaviors of metal elements in a nonisothermal Pb-17Li flow. The tests were performed using isothermal and nonisothermal mixing pots at approximately 773 K for up to 1000 h. The test results indicate that the steel surface corroded according to the dissolution of steel compositions (i.e., Fe and Cr) in the flowing Pb-17Li. The corroded surface then revealed a granular structure with small pebble-shaped protrusions. The protrusions were formed by preferential corrosion along the boundaries of microstructures on the steel surface. Small-scale corrosion-erosion was caused by the removal of the small protrusions from the steel surface in flowing Pb-17Li. There was also large-scale corrosion–erosion according to the destruction of the steel surface after the surface was deeply corroded. Metal elements, such as Fe, Cr and Ni, were dissolved from the steel in the flowing Pb-17Li. They were transferred to a low-temperature region with the Pb-17Li flow and finally precipitated as round-shaped particles on metal wires installed in the low-temperature region of the mixing pot.
In-services and empty threats: The roles of organizational practices and workplace experiences in shaping U.S. educators' understandings of students' rights.
This paper applies theoretical frameworks from organizational sociology and sociolegal studies to examine factors associated with educators' conceptions of students' rights to due process in disciplinary actions. We analyze a unique representative data set of 402 teachers and 200 administrators in U.S. high schools to investigate how educators understand the rights to due process articulated in the Supreme Court case of Goss v. Lopez (1975). We then examine whether individual characteristics and participation in organizational processes are associated with educators' understandings of students' due process rights. Findings suggest that educators' understandings of students' entitlements to due process vary with educators' level of education, experience of school-related legal threats, and participation in district or diocese in-service training programs on students' rights. Results point to organizational climate as a key factor in shaping educators' rights conceptions and the role of law in American schools.