Research: Early Childhood Education: Issues for a New Decade
Abstract The past two decades have provided early childhood educators with new insights, information and additional questions regarding the care and education of young children. This article provides a review of the past decade and suggests issues that should be addressed in the decade of the '80s. Consensus-seeking on these issues should be of interest to all persons concerned with young children.—N.L.Q.
Women and their children.
The possible effects of womens increasing employment on fertility rates and family size concern business and government leaders who try to plan for the future. In the US women born in 1880 had 3 or 4 surviving children compared with the 2-child average expected for women born in 1950. The proportion of women who remain childless to age 40 has dropped from 22% among women born in the 1880s to 10% among women born in the 1930s. Only a slight increase in voluntary childlessness is expected for those born in the 1950s and marrying in the 1970s. However it is very unlikely that available and effective fertility control will divide women into childless workers and homemaker mothers. Only 3% of the 17-year-old girls surveyed in the National Assessment of Educational Progress in 1973-74 selected housewife as their first choice for a career and only approximately 10% of young women expect to childless. Nearly 80% of all young women ages 18 to 34 in 1976 said they expected to have between 1 and 3 children with 47% expecting 2 children. 10 to 15% of all preschool children use day care centers an approximate doubling in a decade since in 1965 <6% of the preschool children of working mothers were in day care centers. In 1977 there were approximately 18300 day care centers in the United States with an estimated total enrollment of 900000 children which equaled half the number of 3 to 5-year-old children of working mothers in 1977. The subsidization of care in centers since the late 1960s lowered the cost of such care to parents. The development of children who are physically emotionally and intellectually healthy is an important social goal. If women are drawn into the labor force regardless of their preferences inadequate child rearing may result. However most working women cannot afford to quit working to enhance the development of their children. For the raising of children in healthy families it is essential to formulate policies that assure the equal employment opportunities of women as well as the time and energy for childrearing.
Simulation Analysis of Local Heat Treatment Formability of an Aerospace Aluminum Alloy Frame Parts
Wang Zhijian1,a, Guo Fangyu1,b, Shang Xiaofeng1,c, Song Hongwu2,d, Wang Ling3,e and Wang Jiale1,f 1School of Mechatronics Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China 2Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, China 3Shenyang aircraft industry company, Shenyang 110134, China aWangzhijian1974@sina.com, b1486121506@qq.com, c1009074102@qq.com dhwsong@imr.ac.cn, ew_ling2008@aliyun.com, f1591897439@qq.com