Chemical composition of leaf and root essential oils of Boenninghausenia albiflora Reichb. from northern India
The leaf and root essential oil composition of Boenninghausenia albiflora Reichb and Meissner (family: Rutaceae), collected from Uttarakhand, India, was analysed by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The major constituents identified in the leaf essential oil were β-myrcene, (Z)-β-guaiene, (Z)-β-ocimene and β-caryophyllene, whereas bicyclogermacrene, α-terpinyl acetate, geijerene and β-copaene-4α-ol were identified as the major constituents of the root essential oil. This is the first time that the chemical compositions of leaf and root essential oils of B. albiflora have been investigated in detail. The results show significant qualitative and quantitative variations in leaf and root oil composition.
Comparative volatile oil composition of four Ocimum species from northern India
The hydrodistilled essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L. cvs. ‘Vikarsudha’ and ‘CIM-Soumya’, Ocimum sanctum L. cvs. ‘Green’ (CIM-Ayu) and ‘Purple’, Ocimum gratissimum L. and Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke have been studied by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phenylpropanoids (65.2–77.6%) constituted the major proportion of the essential oil compositions of O. sanctum, O. basilicum and O. gratissimum, whilst oxygenated monoterpenes (72.7%) constituted the major proportion of the oil composition of O. kilimandscharicum. The essential oil compositions of cvs. ‘Green’ and ‘Purple’ of O. sanctum were almost the same, and both cultivars were dominated by eugenol (67.4% and 72.8%), β-elemene (11.0% and 10.9%), β-caryophyllene (7.3% and 8.4%) and germacrene D (2.4% and 2.2%), whilst the major components in O. basilicum cvs. ‘Vikarsudha’ and ‘CIM-Soumya’ were methyl chavicol (68.0% and 64.9%) and linalool (21.9% and 25.6%), along with bicyclogermacrene (2.0% and 0.7%) and α-terpineol (1.2% and 0.1%). Eugenol (77.2%), 1,8-cineole (7.6%), germacrene D (2.7%) and β-caryophyllene (1.7%) were identified as the major constituents of O. gratissimum. On the contrary, the essential oil from O. kilimandscharicum was mainly dominated by monoterpenoids (95.8%), represented by camphor (64.9%), limonene (8.7%), camphene (6.4%) and (E)-β-ocimene (3.0%).
Hapten inhibition of passive antidextran dextran anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Role of molecular size in anaphylactogenicity and precipitability of dextran fractions.
High titred antidextran antisera have been raised in rabbits by prolonged immunization with soluble conjugates between isomaltose oligosaccharides or dextran mw 4,400 and bovine serum albumin in complete Freund’s adjuvant. Guinea pigs sensitized with such antisera exhibited anaphylactic shock on i.v. challenge with fractions of hydrolyzed B512 dextran. The severity of anaphylaxis depended on the amount of sensitizing antibody and the dose and molecular size of the challenging dextran fraction. In maximally sensitized animals, fractions of mw 3,600 or larger were anaphylactogenic and smaller molecular size fractions were nonanaphylactogenic. In submaximally sensitized animals, dextran fractions of mw 10,500 or less were foundnonanaphylactogenic. In addition, nonanaphylactogenic dextran fractions produced desensitization, i.e. protection from anaphylaxis due to subsequent or simultaneous injection of more high molecular and anaphylactogenic dextran fractions. When the molar ratio in a mixture of nonanaphylactogenic/anaphylactogenic fractions was about 7.6, protection was complete with reduction of mortality from 100 to 0%. A molar ratio of 1.9, corresponding to a 13-percent by weight admixture of nonanaphylactogenic dextran, still significantly reduced mortality from 100 to 50%. From the ability to form precipitates with antidextrans and to elicit anaphylaxis in sensitized guinea pigs, and from the absence of these properties, the approximate molecular size range of bivalent and monovalent dextran B512 fractions was found to correspond to mw 3,600 and mw 1,430, respectively. The practical applicability of hapten inhibition is discussed.