Reinforcing Finland's Attachment to the West: British and American Propaganda and Cultural Diplomacy in Finland, 1944-1962
383 List of Abbreviations ABC American Broadcasting Company ACF America Calling Finland AFL American Federation of Labour AP Associated Press ASLA Amerikan Suomen Lainan Apurahat (Grants from the American Loan to Finland Program) BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBS Columbia Broadcasting System CCF Congress for Cultural Freedom CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIO Congress of Industrialized Organisations COI Central Office of Information COS Chiefs of Staff CRD Cultural Relations Department CREST CIA Research Tool CU Bureau of Cultural and Educational Affairs EBU European Broadcasting Union ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EFTA European Free Trade Area EPU European Payments Union FCMA Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (YYA) FCSTUS Finnish Committee on Studying and Training in the USA FO Foreign Office FTUC Free Trade Union Committee FUSEEC Finnish-US Educational Exchange Commission FWF Forum World Features GMT Greenwich Mean Time HM His/Her Majesty's Government HUAC House Committee on Un-American Activities IBS Intercollegiate Broadcasting System ICTFU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions IIA US International Information Administration IIE Institute of International Education IIS Interim International Information Service IMP International Motion Picture Division IPD Information Policy Department IPS International Press Service IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union IRD Information Research Department IRS Independent Research Service ISC-COSEC International Student Conference KAVI Kansallinen audiovisuaalinen instituutti KGB Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (Committee for State Security) KK Kulutusosuuskuntien Keskusliitto (Central Association of Consumer Cooperatives) MOI Ministry of Information MP Member of Parliament MRA Moral Re-Armament NARA National Archives and Records Administration NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NBC National Broadcasting Company NCFE National Committee for a Free Europe NGO Non-governmental organisation NSA US National Student Association NSC National Security Council NTS Nationalnyi Truduvoi Sojus (Russian refugee organisation) OCB Operations Coordinating Board OEEC Organisation for European Economic Cooperation OIC Office of International Information and Cultural Affairs OIE Office of International Information and Educational Exchange OWI Office of War Information PL Public Law PSB Psychological Strategy Board PWE Political Warfare Executive RCA Radio Corporation of America RG Record Group RFE Radio Free Europe RIAS Radio in the American Sector RKP Suomen Ruotsalainen Kansanpuolue (Swedish People's Party of Finland) RL Radio Liberty SAJ Suomen Ammattijärjestö (Finnish Trade Union Centre) SAK Suomen Ammattiyhdistysten Keskusliitto (Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions) SDP Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue (Finnish Social Democratic Party) SIB Soviet Information Bureau (Sovinformburo) SIS Secret Intelligence Service (more commonly known as MI6) SKDL Suomen Kansan Demokraattinen Liitto (Finnish People’s Democratic League) SKP Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue (Finnish Communist Party) SNS Suomi-Neuvostoliitto-Seura (Finland-Soviet Union Society) SOK Suomen Osuuskauppojen Keskuskunta (Central Organisation of Finnish cooperatives) STK Suomen Työnantajain Keskusliitto (Confederation of Finnish Employers) STT Suomen Tietotoimisto (The Finnish News Agency) Supo Suojelupoliisi (Finnish Security Police, 1949) SVUL Suomen Valtakunnan Urheiluliitto (Finnish Athletics Federation) SYL Suomen Ylioppilaskuntien Liitto (National Union of University Students) SYT Suomen Yhteiskunnan Tuki (Finnish anti-communist organisation) TASS Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (Tyelyegrafnoye agyentstvo Sovyetskogo Soyuza) TES-TV Finnish television station (formerly Tesvisio) TPSL Työväen ja Pienviljelijöiden Sosialidemokraattinen Liitto (Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders) TST Työväen Sanomalehtien Tietotoimisto (Social Democratic Press Agency) TUC Trade Union Congress TUL Työväen Urheiluliitto (The Finnish Workers’ Sports Federation) UN The United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UP United Press UPI United Press International US United States of America USEF United States Educational Foundation in Finland USIA United States Information Agency USIE Office of United States Information and Educational Exchange USIIA US International Information Administration USIS United States Information Service VAL Vapauden Akateeminen Liitto Valpo Valtiollinen poliisi (Finnish Security Police, 1944-1948) VOA Voice of America VOKS Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries WAY World Assembly of Youth WFDY World Federation of Democratic Youth WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions YFU Youth for Understanding YLE Yleisradio (Finnish Broadcasting Company) In this study I have opted to use the definite article in connection with the abbreviations of the names of certain institutions according to their conventional use in historical literature.
Putting culture into the Cold War: the Cultural Relations Department (CRD) and British Covert Information Warfare
In 1943 the British Foreign Office created an obscure outfit called the Cultural Relations Department (CRD), to manage the growing organization of intellectual, cultural, social and artistic contacts designed to promote Allied goodwill. It became clear early on that the Soviet Union was already well-organized in this field, with many seemingly independent international organizations claiming to represent ‘world opinion’ yet operating as fronts for Moscow's foreign policy objectives. In the three years before 1948, when the more widely-known Information Research Department began its operations, CRD was the cutting edge of Britain's informational Cold War, focused very much upon the twin issues of culture and organized youth. This essay will examine this little-explored organization by focusing upon these twin issues and its neglected records in FO 924 in the Public Record Office, London.
Propaganda by Proxy?: Britain, America, and Arab Radio Broadcasting, 1953-1957
Vaughn, James, ''Propaganda by Proxy': Britain, America and Arab Radio Broadcasting 1953-1957 ', Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television (2002) 22(2) pp.157-172 RAE2008