HUDUD PUNISHMENTS IN ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW
Islam is more than a religion, it encompasses faith, culture, law and the social order. Islam proposes a society of righteousness and justice. Criminal behaviour is not tolerated in the Islamic order of society. Criminal behaviour is breach of God’s sovereignty, hence stiffer penalties are prescribed. This paper examines hudud punishments in Islamic penal system, and agitates for the reformation of Islamic criminal jurisprudence. While it is reasonable to punish offenders, and violators of normative principles, it is the opinion of this paper that punishments that are prescribed in municipal penal code should at least conform to international criminal jurisprudence.
Manslaughter and Battery
This study aims at investigating characteristics of prisoners who are guilty of crimes such as manslaughter and battery. 5700 Iranian prisoners are grouped based on their social statuses in terms of their educational level, sex ratio, marital status, and occupational status. In order to carry out the study, available documents and characteristics of prisoners are used. Analysis of the quantitative data indicates that characteristics of prisoners are congruent with their committed crimes. In fact, social statues of prisoners have serious influence on their behaviors or misbehaviors. As well, women hardly commit such crimes. The reasons behind this case may be due to their religion or culture. Iranian women do stick to their faith, religion and Islamic culture. Generally, a possible explanation for these crimes may be the lack of knowledge, cognizance or education. Education as a correctional system is the development of the abilities of the mind (learning to know and to control) and reduces crime rates. Crime is a part of human society; thus, finding solutions to its complete destruction is urgent. According to Lochner and Moretti (2003), although education raises some costs, it decreases crime rates, makes persons patient, and shows the better ways. Education also changes the minds, opens the eyes, and makes better lives. On the other hand, punishment scarcely acts as a deterrent. In summary, killing of a human being is forbidden (Haram) in Islam and saving one person means saving the whole society. But it is necessary to analyze characteristics of offenders to stop such crimes in the society. More importantly, art of research and development of related information decrease the crime rates in the country.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF DAUNORUBICIN GLYCOSIDES: ANALYSIS WITH BLOCKED MUTANTS
ABSTRACT Daunorubicin (daunomycin; NSC 82151) is an anthracycline antibiotic that is useful in the treatment of human leukemias. Several Streptomyces species accumulate higher glycosides of daunorubicin, which can be converted to daunorubicin by simple hydrolysis. We isolated a number of mutants of a daunorubicin glycoside-producing streptomycete, and found that some were deficient in accumulation of daunorubicin glycosides. One such mutant accumulated no detectable anthracyclines, while other mutants accumulated anthracyclines or aglycones that have not been reported before or have been described as co-metabolites of daunorubicin glycosides. Some of these anthracyclines and aglycones were purified and used as substrates in bioconversion experiments with various mutants. The results allowed us to construct a proposed pathway for the biosynthesis of daunorubicin glycosides by this streptomycete. KEYWORDS Anthracycline; daunorubicin; biosynthesis; blocked mutants; biotransformation.