Participation Of Family-Women In Agricultural Production : A Case Study Of Jaffna District, Sri Lanka
Family women play significant and crucial role in  agricultural development and allied fields. Several factor both economic and non economic factors are responsible for women participation. However, it is most unfortune that role of women in agriculture has not highlighted..Therefore the effort were made to analyse the work performed by women in agriculture. This study was under taken in Valikamam area of Jaffna district. A total of 185 household were selected through proportionate random sampling. The selected respondents were interview personally using pre tested well structured questionnaire. The data were analysed using appropriate statistical tool -probit model. The finding showed that the women contribution to the agricultural production is highly in family-women. The family-women age, income level and tenure rights had inverse relationship with participation in agriculture while, educational level, years of experience, distance of the woman’s farm from homestead, member of cooperative ,woman contribution in agriculture ,extension services and level of contribution had positive and significant relationship. Keywords :agricultural production , family-women, valikamam , probit.
Gender Based Comparison on Participation of Farmers in Agricultural Extension Activities
Agriculture extension service plays a significant role in dissemination of technology among rural farmers. Therefore, participation of female as well as male farmers for these activities and application of agricultural knowledge is vital in developing the agricultural sector. However, to authors knowledge, studies on gender-based comparisons of participation in extension activities are lacking in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to find the determinants of women and men participation of extension activities separately. Taking a sample of one hundred and fifty female farmers and one hundred and fifty male farmers using simple random sampling technique this study was conducted in Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat and Poisson regression was applied to find the determinants. Study results showed that civil status of female farmer, time barriers, inflexible domestic activities and improper extension activities are the major barriers of the participation of female farmers in agricultural extension activities. Similarly, time barriers such as lack of time available to participate in extension activities, household responsibilities, financial problems, lack of enthusiasm in participating to extension activities are the major constraints that hinder male farmers’ participation in agricultural extension activities. This study recommends that wealthy female farmers should be encouraged to participate in extension activities. Furthermore, they should be educated with more cost management strategies in allocating inputs in the production through extension activities.
Turbulent boundary layer wall‐pressure fluctuations downstream from an abrupt change in surface roughness
Spectra of wall‐pressure fluctuations beneath a turbulent boundary layer have been investigated immediately downstream from an abrupt change in surface roughness, from slightly rough to very rough. Over the measurable frequency band (400 Hz to 7 kHz), the spectra in the first 150 mm scale on wall variables. This indicates that the motions responsible for the pressure fluctuations measured in this region are very close to the wall. Farther downstream this scaling procedure breaks down. It is suggested that the initially thin internal layer behaves independently of the flow external to it until it has grown appreciably and only then interacts with the outer boundary layer. It was found that, for all frequencies measured, the dimensional spectral level decreases initially then rises to a maximum at 250 mm from the roughness change before decreasing once more. The position of the maximum is close to where the internal layer ceases to have a distinct edge.