Review article: Zambia's foreign policy: themes and approaches
Marcia Burdette Zambia: Between Two Worlds Boulder: Westview Press, 1988. Stephen Chan Kaunda and Southern Africa: Image and Reality in Foreign Policy London: British Academic Press, 1992. Timothy Shaw and Douglas Anglin Zambia's Foreign Policy; Studies in Diplomacy and Dependency Boulder: Westview Press, 1979.
ZAMBIA: THE POLITICS OF DISENGAGEMENT
NORTHERN RHODESIA formed part of the Central African Federation between 1953 and 1963 and became independent as the Republic of Zambia on 24 October 1964. The economy was dominated by copper and copper made Zambia rich by African standards. However, her wealth was unevenly distributed, the bulk going to the wage-earning population on the Copperbelt and along the line of rail stretching from the Copperbelt to Livingstone in the south. Commercial agriculture, undertaken almost entirely by European farmers, was also concentrated along the line of rail. Zambia therefore inherited what has been called a dual economy: an industrialized and substantially urban sector and a predominantly subsistence rural sector. Already at independence, some 25 per cent of the people were living in towns and the problem of urban drift has subsequently assumed alarming proportions; according to a recent estimate, some 35 per cent of the population is now urbanized. At independence, too, Zambia formed part of the Southern African economic system: the great bulk of Zambian supplies came from or through Rhodesia, and Zambian copper was exported via the same route. The Copperbelt obtained its coal from Wankie colliery in Rhodesia and electricity from Kariba, where the power-station, jointly owned with Rhodesia, was sited on the Rhodesian side of the Lake.
Protection of the Marine Environment: The International and National Regulation of Deep Seabed Mining Activities
This chapter provides an overview of the international and national regulatory framework pertaining to deep seabed mining activities. It begins by discussing the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the backdrop for all marine activities – be they national or international – and examines the obligations of states to protect the marine environment from the harmful effects arising from deep seabed mining. Next, the chapter examines the international regime for deep seabed mining (i.e. “activities in the Area”), explaining the “common heritage of mankind” status of the Area (i.e. the international seabed); the functions of the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the international organization established to govern deep seabed mining in the Area; and the concept of state sponsorship of non-state entities (i.e. private actors) for deep seabed mining in the Area. The chapter follows with a discussion of the development of national legislation to regulate deep seabed mining, examining efforts in the Pacific region where many prospective deep-sea mining sites are located. This includes a look at the legislative regimes of several Pacific Island nations, namely, Papua New Guinea, Tonga and the Cook Islands, for whom deep seabed mining may soon become a reality – as well as New Zealand and Japan, countries with comparatively developed rule of law and legislative regimes that have undertaken or considered deep seabed mining in their national waters. Overall, the chapter critically describes and evaluates the current regulatory status in the international and national seabed areas and highlights some salient gaps that require urgent attention in order to ensure marine environmental protection and mitigate impacts on humans.