Design and application of multidimensional decision system for aluminum electrolysis
Aluminum electrolysis is a complex process, the outputs of the controller are hard to decide. This paper described a system for the decision of the setting voltage, AlF3 addition and aluminum tapping amount in aluminum electrolysis process according to the equivalent superheat which is regarded as the main parameter. The system has four sub-systems, which are the fault diagnosis, equivalent superheat calculation, control extent decision, decision quantity correction. The cell state diagnosis was implemented based on the frequency characteristics of cell resistance, which helps to select the decision strategy. The superheat soft measurement model was given by the analysis and calculation of electrolyte composition after the aluminum fluoride volatilization rate model was built, and it was on-line corrected by the actual measured value. The outputs of the controller were got by the equivalent differential diagram. At last, the decision content was corrected by the prediction of temperature. This system have been applied in a 300kA aluminum production control system, and the results showed that the temperature can be controlled between 945 degree celsius and 960 degree celsius, and the superheat can be controlled within 12 degree celsius, the current efficiency increased and power consumption reduced.
Calculation and control of equivalent superheat for 300kA prebake aluminum electrolysis
The superheat is one of most important technical parameters in aluminum electrolysis. Based on the principle of material and energy equilibrium, this paper analyzed the effect of superheat on the aluminum industrial process. By combination of the dairy decisions of the aluminum reduction, the vaporization model of aluminum fluoride was built with selecting the temperature and free aluminum fluoride, and the model for superheat soft measurement was given by use of the data from chemical analysis and computation of the compounds of electrolyte. This model can be periodically revised on line in the practical uses. This paper also divided the cell status by three parameters which are temperature, superheat and aluminum level, on which the control charts were plotted and decision system was designed. This technique was applied in Baotou Hope aluminum limited, and results showed that temperature was largely controlled 950–960 centigrade degree, the superheat was controlled between 5–10 centigrade degree, and the current energy consumption has been lowered obviously.
The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice ten years on: Successes and future challenges under the Stockholm Programme. CEPS Paperbacks. June 2010
This book celebrates the tenth anniversary of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) by bringing together the views of key practitioners and policy-makers who have played an outstanding role in thinking about and shaping EU policies on freedom, security and justice. 
 
Ten years ago, the member states transferred competences to the EU for law and policy-making in the fields of immigration, asylum and border controls, and began the transfer process for criminal justice and policing. This decade of European cooperation on AFSJ policies has experienced very dynamic convergence, the enactment of a large body of European law and the setting-up of numerous EU agencies working in these domains. Such dynamism in policy-making has not been without challenges and vulnerabilities, however. As this collective volume shows, the main dilemmas that lie ahead relate to an effective (while more plural) institutional framework under the Treaty of Lisbon, stronger judicial scrutiny through a greater role for national courts and the Court of Justice in Luxembourg, better mechanisms for evaluating and monitoring the implementation of EU AFSJ law and a more solid fundamental rights strategy. The contributions in this volume address the progress achieved so far in these policy areas, identify the challenges for future European cooperation in the AFSJ and put forward possible paths for making more progress in the next generation of the EU’s AFSJ.