The Andalusi origins of the Berbers?
Building on the contributions of H.T. Norris, Joaquín Vallvé Bermejo, Eduardo Manzano Moreno, Maya Shatzmiller and others about the Berbers, this article uses the difference between the political situation in al‐Andalus and the Maghrib in the eighth century to argue for a possible Andalusi origin of a particular use of the category “Berber.” Since before the Arab conquests the sources did not imagine that the “Berbers” inhabited northwest Africa and that today it is common to do so, the article introduces the idea of a Berberization to account for that transformation. It argues that al‐Andalus was an important early site of production of a specific notion of what Berber meant and seeks to show categories such as Arab and Berber did not refer to an unchanging objective reality and that they did not always carry the same connotations or support the same understandings. Embracing the limits posed by the historical record, the article participates in the effort of historians to replace ideologically informed convictions with a more nuanced delineation of the boundaries of the knowable.
Le mythe d'origine berbère (aspects historiques et sociaux)
Resume Le mythe d'origine berbere presente un grand interet, d'autant plus que, du Maghreb medieval, nous n'avons pas de temoignages ecrits proprement berberes, ni pour la langue ni pour la culture. Quand apparait le mythe pour la premiere fois ? Pourquoi et comment est-il ne et en quelles circonstances ? Pouvons-nous voir des variations et des transformations a travers l'epoque medievale ? Quel rapport a-t-il avec l'apparition des dynasties berberes ? S'agit-il d'une expression de resistance intellectuelle ou sociale, ou au contraire d'acculturation et de soumission a la mentalite des conquerants ? Dans quelle mesure etait-il present dans les aspects reels de la vie ? L'etude de ces questions nous occupe dans cet article et nous donne des apercus plus approfondis sur la societe maghrebine, ses structures sociales et mentales.
Climate change, disasters and electricity generation
Abbrevia ons Foreword 1. Introduc on 8 2. The impacts of changing climate pa erns and changing disaster risks on energy 9 op ons and electricity genera on infrastructure 2.1 The rela onship between climate change and disaster risks 10 2.2 The impact of changing climate pa erns and changing disaster risks on electricity 11 genera on from fossil fuels 2.3 The impact of changing climate pa erns and changing disaster risks on electricity 14 from nuclear power 2.4 The impact of changing climate pa erns and changing disaster risks on electricity 17 genera on from renewable energy 2.4.1 Hydropower 17 2.4.2 Wind Energy 19 2.4.3 Bioenergy 22 2.4.4 Solar Energy 24 3. Climate change and changing disaster risks: implica ons for energy policy and 26 planning