Critiques of Marcos's Philippines
DEMOCRACY IN THE PHILIPPINES. Diosdado Macapagal. (Cusipag, Ontario, 1976) $A4.00 soft cover. PHILIPPINES: THE SILENCED DEMOCRACY. Raul S. Manglapus. (Orbis, N.Y., 1976) $A7.50 hard cover. THE CONJUGAL DICTATORSHIP OF FERDINAND AND IMELDA MARCOS. Primitivo Mijares. (Union Square, San Francisco, 1976) $A10.00 hard cover.
Philippine Authoritarianism: Framework for Peripheral "Development"
IF FILIPINOS were Frenchmen, they would probably number their political regimes and would have marked the overthrow of the Second Republic of the Philippines' sometime between the 2ist and the 23rd of September I972, when President Marcos executed his coup and began building the "New Society" that he and his technocratic advisors had long been planning.2 But like Frenchmen (during the Vichy regime, for example), many would have resisted giving the name "Third Republic" to the New Society. They-and outsiders trying to understand what has happened-sense that an era has passed, yet persist in viewing the existing regime as an aberration that will go away without a profound impact on Philippine public institutions.3 This view that the New Society is merely a temporary transition typically rests on the belief that Marcos alone is responsible for it and that martial law and the changes imposed since I972 can best be understood by seeing Marcos as a power-mad individual determined not to surrender the presidential office,4 or as head of interlocked clans driven by greed to become the new "oligarchs" of the Philippines.5 It
Socially responsible enterprise in Cuba: a positive role model for Corporate Social Responsibility?’
This article examines the unique institutional environment of socialist Cuba, where currently a process of controlled marketization and expansion of private enterprise is taking place. The article investigates business behaviour in Cuba with particular reference to implicit assumptions relating to socially responsible enterprise, or Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as the term is understood in Western Liberal Democracies. It draws upon a series of interviews with business practitioners and business commentators (both Cuban and non-Cuban residents on the island). The interviews focused on the participants’ awareness of business ethics and socially responsible enterprise, and the cultural differences in assumptions and expectations relating to the concept of CSR between the Cuban and non-Cuban interviewees. We find that Cuba at this early stage of tentative marketization presents a positive role model of socially responsible enterprise. Both the highly regulated State economy and the embedded norms and values of social equity that have emerged as a consequence of Cuba’s socialist revolution facilitate business social responsibility. The relevance of this research to current debates in relation to CSR is discussed and it is argued that capitalist economies may similarly benefit from tighter regulatory control and by cultivating more pro-social business norms that prioritise ethical over economic concerns.