The Eleventh Central Committee : Continuity or Change ?
After the Seventh Party Congress in 1945, party congresses have been landmarks in the listory of the party and the republic. During ~he first six congresses held in the short span ~f seven years, the main focus was on consolidation of’ the ideological and organizational bases under the guidance of the Soviet Union, and on tiie attainment of the bourgeoisdemocratic revolution under the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT). Chiang Kai-shek’s Shanghai coup of 1927 and the succeeding civil war resulted in fundamental changes in the revolutionary situation in China and CPC’s strategy to attain bourgeois-democratic revolution. This new strategy was more Chinese than Soviet, which resulted in the two-line struggles within the party. The Seventh Party Congress held in 1945 marked the consolidation of the Maoist line
Shape of the E1 Strength Function in the Region of Pygmy Anomaly Due to Non Statistical Background Coupling
Systematic deviations from the Lorentzian approximation to the E1-giant dipole resonance (GDR) shape has been observed at the low energy side of the GDR /1,2/. The strength involved amounts to a few percent of the E1 sum rule,so this phenomenon is called pygmy resonance. A remarkable regularity has been mentioned by Lane /3/: The anomaly appears in mass number regions where empty single-particle states with l=0,1 are near the threshold. Applying the 1p-1h description the 1p-1h states containing the mentioned s or p-neutron particle states (threshold states) have unperturbed energies close to the energy of the anomaly. So these states may be saved from being coupled to the GDR. Such calculations /3,4,5/ performed in the pure 1p-1h shell model provide different amounts of the strength of the pygmy resonance as a function of the used residual interaction and basis.
Italian Influence on the Development of Calvinist Scholasticism
THIS ARTICLE TRIES to show that the rise of Calvinist scholasticism, which was the most important development in Calvinist theology during the second half of the sixteenth century, stemmed largely from several converging Italian influences, particularly from the writings of Peter Martyr Vermigli and Jerome Zanchi. Here Calvinist theology refers not only to the personal thought of John Calvin but also to the teachings of the founders of the Reformed or Calvinist tradition as it spread out from Geneva and Switzerland to France, Germany, England, Scotland, Poland, and the Low Countries. In this context Calvin emerges as the brightest star in a galaxy of Reformed theologians which includes Heinrich Bullinger, Pierre Viret, Theodore Beza and Wolfgang Musculus as well as Martyr, Zanchi and others. These theologians were often more influential than Calvin himself at a given place or time or on a given point of doctrine. Bullinger, Martyr, and Martin Bucer were all more important for spreading Calvinist ideas to Edwardian England than was John Calvin. Early Elizabethan Protestantism looked more to Zurich than to Geneva, as did early Polish Calvinism. German Calvinism owed more to Heidelberg than to Geneva.' These leaders developed their theologies sometimes in mutual dependence, sometimes with surprising independence. By no means was their relation to Calvin simply that of disciple to master, for each gave a personal nuance to his style of Calvinism. Thus the sixteenth century Jesuit Cornelius Schulting states on the opening page of his five volume polemic against Calvin and Peter Martyr that Martyr was clearer and far more learned than Calvin.2 Recently John Bray has pointed out that research in seventeenth century Calvinism leads "to the conclusion that the impact of Calvin upon the Calvinistic movement has been greatly over-rated. It may well be that some of