Apparatus for calibration of a uroflowmeter.
A device has been constructed in order to obtain a flow analogous with the flow during micturition. Sources of error with instruments used in connection with micturition analysis can be determined by using this apparatus.
Urinary flow and flow pattern in paraplegics
This paper deals with uroflowmetry in 34 paraplegics with neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
The measurement of lower urinary tract obstruction in infants and children.
p RESSURE AND FLOW studies of the lower urinary tract have been carried out by many investigators in an effort to measure resistance to micturition. Urethral catheters have many disadvantages and we have used suprapubic puncture of the bladder which has been easy and safe in over 100 patients. The test is performed in boys standing up, in girls while sitting on a commode, and in infants lying down. PROCEDURE The catheter (Bardic Intracath no. 1617 with additional side holes) is inserted 1 cm. above the pubic symphysis and a specimen of urine is taken for culture. Intravesical pressure is recorded within the full bladder at rest and at the time at which micturition begins and ends. A post voiding pressure is also recorded and the urine volume passed. The bladder is refilled slowly with saline until the patient wishes to void again and the procedure is repeated. At least three voidings are necessary to produce comparable results. A satisfactory investigation usually takes about two hours. The recorder is run at 25 mm./sec, which gives a rather long (70 cm. average) but easily interpreted record. We have not measured intra-abdominal pressure because we have found that where it has been a factor during micturition we have been able to observe this in the high speed tracing. SELECTION OF PATIENTS We investigated 13 patients with radiologically reported bladder neck obstruction, 2 gifts with distal urethral stenosis, and 8 patients with vesicoureteral reflux. As "controls," we studied 9 patients who had infected urine and symptoms of bladder neck obstruction but no radiological evidence of obstruction. We also investigated 3 boys with congenital meatal stenosis associated with coronal hypospadias and one with acquired rneatal stenosis. Three patients with posterior urethral valves and 3 with traumatic urethral stricture had full bladder function studies. We felt it important to include pressure and flow studies on patients with known, accepted, mechanical outflow obstructions. At the beginning of this study our radiologists diagnosed bladder neck