Elizabeth Bishop's "Brazil, January 1, 1502" and Max Jacob's "Etablissement d'une communaute au Bresil": A Study of Transformative Interpretation and Influence
The A. establishes the relation between Max Jacob's brillant poem on Brazil and Elisabeth Bishop's more politically positive response to it, convincingly arguing a greater political thrust to Bishop's poetry than is generally perceived.
New York
Revised data for assets and liabilities and number of all banks in New York, as of June 30 or the nearest available date, in the period 1896-1955 are shown in Table 1; for all commercial banks, in Table la; for national banks, in Table 2; for State commercial banks, in Table 3; and for mutual savings banks, in Table 4. Because of the incomplete coverage in reported data for unincorporated banks in the State, a separate balance sheet was compiled for these banks (Table 3a); Table 3 includes data for these and other State commercial banks. A general description of the compilation of all-bank figures for the United States as a whole is given in Part I of this volume, the United States Summary. This summary includes the definition of "bank" as used in this study and a description of the balance-sheet items, the classification of banks, and the principal methods used in compiling the figures. The figures for national banks in New York were obtained from abstracts and annual reports of the Comptroller of the Currency with relatively minor adjustments; a description of these figures is included in the United States Summary. Compilation of figures for other classes of banks presented a number of problems and considerations not encountered in compiling the balance sheet for national banks. The following sections describe these problems and the methods used in deriving the revised series. In the description the banks are classified in three groups: (1) State com-
A quantitative measure of nitrifying bacterial growth.
Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3-) in a nitrification reaction. Methods to quantitatively separate the growth rate of these important bacterial populations from that of the dominant heterotrophic bacteria are important to our understanding of the nitrification process. The changing concentration of ammonia is often used as an indirect measure of nitrification but ammonification processes generate ammonia and confound this approach while heterotrophs remove nitrate via denitrification. Molecular probe methods can tell us what proportion of the microbial community is nitrifying bacteria but not their growth rate. The technique proposed here was able to quantify the growth rate of the nitrifying bacterial populations amidst complex ecological processes. The method incubates [methyl-3H] thymidine with water samples in the presence and absence of an inhibitor of nitrification-thiourea. The radioactively labeled DNA in the growing bacteria was extracted. The rate of incorporation of the label into the dividing bacterial DNA was used to determine bacterial growth rate. Total bacterial community growth rates in full-scale and pilot-scale fixed-film nitrifying reactors and an activated sludge reactor were 2.1 x 10(8), 4.1 x 10(8) and 0.4 x 10(8)cell ml(-1)d(-1), respectively; the growth rate of autotrophic-nitrifying bacteria was 0.7 x 10(8), 2.6 x 10(8) and 0.01 x 10(8)cell ml(-1)d(-1), respectively. Autotrophic-nitrifying bacteria contributed 30% and 60% of the total bacterial community growth rate in the nitrifying reactors whereas only 2% was observed in the activated sludge reactor that was not designed to nitrify. The rates of ammonia loss from the nitrifying reactors corresponded to the rate of growth of the nitrifying bacteria. This method has the potential to more often identify factors that enhance or limit nitrifying processes in both engineered and natural aquatic environments.