Definition, diagnosis, therapy: A civil-military critique
For more than two generations, civil–military relations has been an arena with very little autonomous theoretical development – if by theory we mean explanation based on tests of hypotheses. Since formative concepts were offered by Samuel Huntington, Morris Janowitz, and Samuel Finer, configurative descriptions and historical summaries have prevailed. While the role of “threat” has been examined, wider issues of national security competence have been explored, and some ideas such as that of a “civil army” have been introduced, we can count on the fingers of one hand the number of scholars who have written about civil–military relations qua theory. Yet, if we define conservaDefense & Security Analysis Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 157–170, 2002
Revising the Framework of Civilian Control
In the absence of a systematic and universally accepted approach to civil–military relations (CMR) and the concept of civilian control, the objective of this chapter is to elaborate an “ideal-type” and expanded model of civilian and public control. It consists of a synthetisation of evidence, inferred from international norms and conventions that are based on specific best practices. The OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico–Military Aspects of Security serves as a normative benchmark. The expanded framework of civilian control serves as a reference for the ensuing empirical part. The chapter closes with a general overview of societal actors engaged in public control and some remarks on the persistence of existing deficiencies of democratic civilian control on the international level.
Lupin alkaloids from teratogenic and nonteratogenic lupins. II. Identification of the major alkaloids by tandem gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in plants producing crooked calf disease.
The major alkaloids of lupin plants producing crooked calf disease were identified by tandem gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and infrared analysis. The gas chromatography peak invariably present in teratogenic plants proved to be anagyrine. A minor but irregular contaminant of the peak was α-isolupanine. Other alkaloids present but apparently not associated with crooked calf disease were lupanine and two others that were probably epimethoxylupanine and 5,6-dehydrolupanine.