Geoelectric Evaluation of Aquifer Potential and Vulnerability of Northern Paiko, Niger State, Nigeria
This study was carried out using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to evaluate the groundwater potential and the aquifer protective capacity of Northern Paiko. Sixty vertical electrical soundings were obtained across the study area using Schlumberger electrode configuration. Three to four geoelectric layers were delineated from the interpreted results. The stratigraphy of the subsurface shows: topsoil (62.8–3082 Ωm), weathered layer (15.2–80 368 Ωm), fractured layer (191–236 672 Ωm), and the fresh basement (79.9–308 865 Ωm). The weathered layer was delineated as the major aquiferous horizon. From the results, the resistivity, thickness, and longitudinal conductance maps were drawn. It was observed that groundwater potential is low in about 76.7% of the study area. This study has also shown that the aquifer protective capacity of most parts of the study area is poor (83.3%), thus rendering the aquifer vulnerable to contamination.
Investigation of groundwater potential of southern Paiko, northcentral Nigeria, using seismic refraction method
Groundwater potential of southern Paiko area, northcentral Nigeria, was investigated by employing seismic refraction survey method. The seismic field data were collected using 12-channel seistronix. The profiles were marked at intervals of 100 m and the profile lines traversed 1000 m. Total of 44 spreads were shot. Velocities of underlying layers were obtained from the plotted Time-distance (T–S) graphs and the depths to the refractor layers were computed. An overview of the lateral variation in the lithological changes of the subsurface earth materials in the area was observed. The depth of the overburden thickness (basement surface) varies from 10.05 to 18.17 m. The overburden velocities ranged between 796 and 3451 m/s and the consolidated layer velocities varied between 3065 and 9282 m/s. Seven shot points were delineated as aquifer potentials of the area having overburden thickness varying between 13.13 and 18.17 m with overburden velocities ranging from 881 to 2952 m/s.
Main tendencies of religious consciousness development in modern society
The article is devoted to the investigation of the tendencies of religious consciousness development in modern society. At the present stage of development religious consciousness, like any other social and psychological phenomenon, is undergoing significant changes. The development of religious consciousness at the present stage of society evolution leads to the development of common moral norms and requirements. There is a tendency to reduce human ties with the religious community as a translator of religious consciousness. It is possible to speak about the transformation of religious consciousness but not about its disappearance.