A cost analysis of encapsulated spray-dried milk fat.
Anhydrous butter oil or cream was encapsulated in all-purpose flour, modified cornstarch, or sucrose and then spray-dried. We estimated the processing cost for a plant designed to produce 57,000 kg/d (125,000 lbs/ d) of encapsulated milk fat powder. Powder with a 50% milk fat content could be produced for about $0.23/kg plus the cost of the butter oil or cream, the encapsulant selected, and the other ingredients. Spray-drying of milk fat improved ease of handling and reduced storage costs.
Manufacture and Properties of Milk Powders
The first recoded reference to the manufacture of milk powder as a method for preserving milk was by Marco Polo, who observed the use of milk powder by Mongol soldiers in the 13th Century (Hall and Hedrick, 1975). The earliest modern commercial concentrated dairy products were air-dried concentrated milk tablets, developed in 1809, and vacuum-concentrated sweetened and unsweetened condensed milks, produced by Gail Borden in 1856. The second half of the 19th Century saw the production of solidified high-total solids milk products (Caric and Kalab, 1987). Roller drying was introduced around 1902 and rapidly became the predominant method for producing dried dairy products, such as infant formulae.
An introduction to dramatherapy
What Is Dramatherapy? Theory into Practice Preparing for Dramatherapy Beginning a Dramatherapy Session Applying Dramatherapy The Heart of Dramatherapy Dramatherapy and 'Mental Illness' Dramatherapy and Other Forms of Disorder of Mind Other Client Groups and Dramatherapy