Variation of Shrinkage Strain within the Depth of Concrete Beams
The variation of shrinkage strain within beam depth was examined through four series of time-dependent laboratory experiments on unreinforced concrete beam specimens. Two types of beam specimens, horizontally cast and vertically cast, were tested; shrinkage variation was observed in the horizontally cast specimens. This indicated that the shrinkage variation within the beam depth was due to water bleeding and tamping during the placement of the fresh concrete. Shrinkage strains were measured within the beam depth by two types of strain gages, surface-attached and embedded. The shrinkage strain distribution within the beam depth showed a consistent tendency for the two types of gages. The test beams were cut into four sections after completion of the test, and the cutting planes were divided into four equal sub-areas to measure the aggregate concentration for each sub-area of the cutting plane. The aggregate concentration increased towards the bottom of the beam. The shrinkage strain distribution was estimated by Hobbs’ equation, which accounts for the change of aggregate volume concentration.
Numerical Evaluation of the Long-Term Behavior of Precast Continuous Bridge Decks
Continuous bridge decks constructed with precast girders undergo significant stress changes caused by the concrete delayed deformations because of creep and shrinkage. These effects must be taken into account in the design of new structures. The validation of the analysis procedures should ideally be carried out through the comparison between the calculations and the results observed in real structures. However, experimental results of the construction and long-term behavior of these structures are scarce. The construction of a major bridge in Portugal has provided the opportunity to monitor one such structure. This paper presents the monitoring campaign and the analysis strategy that was developed to assess the long-term variation of strains and stresses in precast continuous bridges. The numerical analysis was validated by comparison with the results observed in the real bridge. The consequences of carrying out simplified analyses based on limited information about the concrete properties and the construction sequence are also evaluated.
Subject index
Adoptive immunotherapy A1, A63, A63, A64, A64, A65, A66, A68, A69, A69, A70, A70, A71, A71, A72, A72, A73, A73, A74, A75, A76, A78, A79, A79, A7, A80, A80, A81, A81, A82, A84, A85, A86, A86, A88, A88, A89, A90, A90, A91, A92, A93, A93, A94, A95, A95, A96, A96, A97, A97, A98, A98, A99, A99, A102, A103, A104, A104, A166, A167, A169, A170, A174, A177, A179, A181, A182, A199, A204, A205, A21, A215, A220, A231, A231, A243, A251, A254, A25, A276, A287, A304, A307, A310, A315, A316, A316, A329, A331, A333, A357, A358, A369, A405, A441, A442, A458, A458, A459, A459, A461, A461, A463, A468, A468, A479, A492, A497, A497, A56, A58, A58, A59, A60, A60, A61, 1, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 13, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 173, 174, 175, 272, 273, 278, 280, 285, 290, 293, 297, 298, 324, 333, 335, 35, 353, 360, 379, 380, 400, 414, 418, 42, 454, 470, 493, 500, 504, 513, 515, 516, 542, 545, 549, 598, 599, 614, 675, 737, 739, 764, 765, 766, 767, 770, 771, 772, 780, 781, 801, 822, 830, 831, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98 Angiogenesis A108, A155, A171, A200, A201, A214, A228, A265, A305, A349, A350, A359, A410, A47, A48, A480, A483, A519, A5, 181, 257, 281, 327, 328, 351, 374, 435, 495, 583, 584, 602, 683, 76, 78, 802, 808, 873, 9 Antibody A7, A73, A81, A86, A91, A8, A99, A9, A104, A108, A108, A109, A109, A111, A115, A119, A126, A128, A130, A135, A138, A141, A144, A151, A153, A159, A160, A163, A164, A164, A171, A172, A175, A176, A2, A187, A193, A193, A195, A195, A198, A199, A20, A209, A212, A225, A229, A230, A23, A233, A233, A235, A239, A239, A240, A242, A244, A244, A245, A245, A246, A247, A247, A24, A250, A256, A260, A261, A266, A267, A268, A269, A273, A275, A286, A288, A292, A293, A296, A299, A300, A307, A3, A308, A31, A318, A324, A35, A334, A334, A336, A338, A339, A342, A343, A344, A344, A346, A346, A351, A351, A353, A356, A360, A361, A363, A368, A369, A370, A371, A372, A372, A373, A374, A376, A377, A378, A378, A379, A379, A380, A380, A388, A391, A399, A399, A41, A402, A410, A410, A411, A412, A414, A417, A418, A419, A419, A420, A422, A422, A423, A426, A427, A428, A428, A430, A431, A432, A434, A434, A435, A446, A454, A455, A459, A463, A465, A468, A468, A469, A474, A481, A483, A50, A486, A487, A491, A502, A502, A504, A507, A507, A508, A510, A511, A512, A512, A516, 12, 122, 133, 141, 151, 16, 167, 17, 174, 181, 182, 184, 185, 188, 195, 203, 210, 215, 218, 227, 231, 237, 243, 250, 253, 261, 262, 265, 267, 268, 281, 282, 287, 288, 3, 305, 313, 315, 317, 318, 323, 325, 34, 342, 348, 369, 377, 378, 38, 384, 385, 387, 393, 394, 395, 399, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 41, 412, 421, 428, 429, 438, 439, 442, 443, 450, 453, 469, 472, 476, 478, 480, 483, 486, 499, 5, 501, 51, 519, 531, 55, 550, 552, 557, 561, 562, 569, 571, 572, 573, 576, 578, 586, 587, 590, 594, 603, 605, 607, 612, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 621, 622, 626, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 647, 653, 665, 666, 67, 670, 683, 684, 686, 687, 690, 693, 696, 697, 698, 699, 702, 703, 704, 711, 713, 714, 715, 718, 721, 722, 725, 726, 727, 745, 757, 760, 766, 772, 776, 780, 781, 785, 793, 804, 808, 81, 812, 814, 820, 842, 843, 846, 851, 852, 853, 856, 858, 860, 861, 869 Antigen presenting cells A67, A79, A80, A92, A95, A96, A99, A99, A101, A102, A102, A108, A108, A111, A129, A139, A160, A166, A177, A178, A183, A191, A191, A213, A220, A221, A245, A254, A256, A262, A266, A275, A314, A322, A327, A328, A35, A335, A345, A359, A359, A360, A361, A364, A366, A368, A369, A371, A372, A403, A409, A411, A411, A418, A422, A433, A449, A48, A468, A471, A472, A4, A50, A495, A502, A506, A513, A514, A515, 108, 128, 130, 153, 157, 160, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 181, 182, 188, 217, 235, 263, 271, 290, 291, 299, 310, 311, 349, 360, 362, 404, 418, 421, 431, 438, 453, 510, 526, 538, 540, 55, 553, 575, 601, 602, 603, 605, 610, 611, 612, 615, 617, 618, 672, 682, 685, 686, 695, 703, 724, 748, 78, 780, 787, 790, 8, 81, 828, 842, 849, 862, 864, 868 Autoimmunity A8, A116, A15, A180, A181, A22, A380, A387, A394, A395, A402, A408, A502, A510, 16, 197, 27, 295, 296, 37, 637, 645, 657, 658, 671, 680, 843, 856