Triterpenoid glycosides from Stauntonia chinensis
A new bidesmoside triterpenoid saponin, named stauntoside C1 (1), along with three known saponins (2–4) was isolated from Stauntonia chinensis DC. (Lardizabalaceae). Their structures were established by means of spectral and chemical methods as 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (1), scabiosaponin E (2), sieboldianoside B (3), and kizutasaponin K12 (4).
Optimized high performance liquid chromatography tandem chemiluminescent detector applied to assess the antioxidative activity of Caulis Stauntoniae assisted by chemometrics
Caulis Stauntoniae is a folk herb used as an analgesic in southern China. Previous studies have reported that the triterpenoid saponins present in this herb have analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. In an attempt to further elucidate the antioxidative mechanism of Caulis Stauntoniae, high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled with chemiluminescent detection was performed to analyse Caulis Stauntoniae extracts. Caffeic acid esters and bisepoxylignan glycoside in Caulis Stauntoniae were found to be bioactive as antioxidants. Regarding the methodology, it has been frequently reported that serious baseline drift of the chemiluminescent signal occurred as the amount of organic phase in the mobile phase was increased and it was not possible to use chemiluminescence detection for further analysis. In our study, aiming to solve this problem, satisfactory performance of the analysis has been achieved by optimization of conditions and introduction of a blank run.
Atiyah's Introduction to the Law of Contract
1. Introduction 2. Definition and Classification PART I: FORMATION OF CONTRACTS 3. Offer and Acceptance 4. Beyond Offer and Acceptance: Formalities, Intent to Create Legal Relations, and Consideration PART II: THE CONTENT OF THE CONTRACT 5. Express Terms 6. Implied Terms 7. The Force and Scope of Contractual Obligations: Standards of Care, Mistake, Frustration, Breach, and Notice 8. Unenforceable Contracts and Terms PART III: EXCUSES FOR NON-PERFORMANCE 9. The Duty to Disclose Material Facts 10. Misrepresentation 11. Duress and Undue Influence 12. Unfair Contracts PART IV: ENFORCING THE CONTRACT 13. Third Party Rights 14. Remedies For Breach of Contract