Towards Automated Visual Inspection and Classification of Micro-Parts
The mechanical manufacturing of micro-parts is a challenging field of research. Because of high quality requirements and small tolerances, manufacturing processes have to be very stable and precise. In order to achieve high precision a suitable quality assurance concept is required. Only measured features can be used for statistical process control (SPC). Therefore, this paper presents a concept of an automated visual inspection and classification methods for micro-parts. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, high-resolution 3D-height maps with depth selectivity are obtained. The identification of surface imperfections is done with a set of conventional image processing techniques. Afterwards, these kinds of surface defects are classified by the use of classification methods like decision trees.
Using multi layer perceptron network to classify road cracks
In this paper a method for classifying cracks in asphalt road by using multi layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network is proposed. Training data are road images which are taken from road surface in 30 degree. The RGB images are first changed to gray scale and then binary images are produced by using proper threshold gray level. The structure of network has three layers as input, hidden and output. The network is trained to perform tasks such as pattern recognition. The training rule is categorized as back propagation method and learning method is supervised. After training the network, it classifies each image to longitudinal, transverse, blocks, Alligator and others.
The crystal structure of stilpnomelane. Part II. The full cell
Summary The structural formula of stilpnomelane averaged from 37 representative literature analyses and based on the determined structure is (Ca,Na,K)4(Ti0·1Al2·3Fe35·5Mn0·8Mg9·3)[Si63Al9](O,OH)216·nH2O. Ferrostilpnomelanes have up to 12 R 3+ cations in the octahedral sheet, ferristilpnomelanes commonly have between 24 and 30 R 3+ cations, rarely up to 37. The two groups can be distinguished by accurate X-ray powder diffraction, ferrostilpnomelanes having d 001 less and a greater than have ferristilpnomelanes. The unit cell is triclinic, a = b∼21·8 Å, γ = 120°, d 001∼12·2 Å, P . Hexagonal groups or ‘islands’ of 24 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra co-ordinate to the octahedral sheet, the centres of the ‘islands’ are displaced by 5a/12, 8b/12 on either side of the octahedral sheet as a result of warping of this sheet to permit articulation with the smaller tetrahedral sheet. The 24-tetrahedra ‘islands’ are linked laterally by 6-member rings of inverted tetrahedra, which in turn link at their apices to like rings connecting the next sheet of ‘islands’. Thus a single tetrahedral layer is 4 tetrahedra thick and has symmetry 6/m. The 6-member rings of tetrahedra act as hinges permitting up to 0·5 Å extension or contraction of the tetrahedral sheet to accommodate variations in the octahedral sheet dimensions with varying R 2+/R 3+ ratio.