Radiotherapeutic physics. VII. An instrument for dosage estimation with fields of any size and shape.
In the preceding paper in this symposium the need was stressed for a system of dosage estimation with beamed radiations of more general application than those at present use, and in particular one that could be used for the routine estimation of dose with fields of irregular shape. Brief mention was made of a machine which could fulfil this function, and the purpose of the present paper is to describe more fully the construction and mode of operation of this device. The basic principle of the device is one which has been discussed by various workers—that the analysis of the way in which the dose of scattered radiation at given points on the central axis of a circular field varies with field diameter can be made the basis of the estimation of dose at any point of the volume irradiated by an irregularly shaped field. The essential procedure in this estimation has in the past been one of integration, graphical or otherwise, of a rather cumbersome nature and not well fitted for routine work. However, in the p...
An Approach to the Problem of Scattering of High Voltage Radiation in Non-homogeneous and Limited Media
A theoretical approach to the problem of scatter in a nonhomogeneous medium is made on the basis of iso-contribution curves, calculated for given conditions of radiation. Iso-contribution curves drawn round a given point are the curves along which equal elements of volume of the medium will scatter equal amounts of radiation to the given point. The basis of the calculation is that described by one of the authors in previous papers. The application of these curves to certain problems of air-spaces and bones within the medium is indicated. The approximate nature of the calculation involved in this treatment is stressed, but it is felt that the results may be of use as a guide in further experimental work. Another application of the iso-contribution conception is described which enables the depth dose at any point in a medium irradiated by an irregularly-shaped field to be determined with much less labour than has been necessary hitherto.
Code switching in Ahdaf Soueif's The Map of Love
This article examines the phenomenon of code switching in The Map of Love (1999) by the Egyptian—British writer Ahdaf Soueif. Though she chooses English as a medium for her creative expression, Soueif deploys Arabic in her narrative to represent different aspects of the linguistic and cultural norms of Egyptian society. The article's methodology is informed by Kachru's framework on contact literature and his categorization of the occurrence of literary code switching or bilingual creativity into different strategies that encompass cultural and linguistic processes. The results indicate the predominance in The Map of Love of the discourse strategies of employing lexical borrowing, culture-bound references and translational transfer. Finally, the article analyzes the functional motivation of code switching in the postcolonial context of the novel and how the use of certain creative strategies might enhance or diminish the narrative's effectiveness and readability.