Screen printed metal contacts to Si solar cells — Formation and synergistic improvements
Silicon solar cell technology has advanced by improvements to all aspects of cell design including metallization. Improvements to metal contacts have been synergistic with other cell improvements such as passivation, lightly doped emitters, and boron doped emitters. This paper briefly recounts the history of c-Si PV metallization technology and its synergy with other cell technologies. It concludes with a perspective on various metal contact mechanisms.
State-of-the-art industrial crystalline silicon solar cells
Abstract The very dynamic growth of the photovoltaic (PV) market over the past decades is mainly based on fabrication of crystalline Si solar cells in industrial mass production. In this contribution, the fabrication process as currently used for most of the industrially produced solar cells is described and discussed. Emphasis is laid on the development and optimization of different processing steps being part of the so-called industrial standard process based on p-type crystalline Si and a firing through SiN x :H process using screen-printing metallization technology. Although excellent review articles on industrial processing of crystalline Si solar cells already exist, a more complete overview is provided, with latest developments added. Over the past 10–20 years the standard industrial solar cell process followed in general an evolutionary route, allowing for higher conversion efficiency and lower costs per generated Watt peak, reducing levelized costs of electricity for PV.
Suitability and water quality criteria of an open drainage municipal sewage water at Coimbatore, used for irrigation.
Sanganur canal is the major open drainage system which has intricate linkage with storm water supply, domestic sewage and industrial effluent disposal. Water samples from various stations were collected and analysed for physicochemical parameters to assess the water quality of the Sanganur canal system. The study revealed that physicochemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, DO, BOD, COD exceeded the permissible limit, clearly indicating the need of proper treatment of waste water before discharge into the Noyyal river.