Arc-Flash Compliance Implementation at Industrial Processing Facilities
This paper highlights an assortment of case studies and explains how arc-flash hazards were identified, measured, and mitigated in various industrial processing facilities. Case studies reviewed include the following: (1) the completion of arc-flash studies and arc-flash remediation for a group of existing cement pyroprocessing plants in North America to achieve compliance with Electrical Workplace Standards National Fire Protection Association 70E-2012 and Canadian Standards Association Z462-2012 for a multisite cement manufacturer; (2) the implementation of an arc-flash analysis at an existing U.S.-based copper mine/copper concentrate facility; (3) the investigation of an arc-flash incident that occurred during energized work at a U.S. chemical processing facility; and (4) a “Safety by Design” installation for a new Greenfield coal preparation plant in Australia. This paper will examine the plans and processes reviewed and considered and the strategy deployed to manage/reduce arc-flash hazards and then discuss lessons learned in the implementation of new systems to improve electrical workplace safety.
Implementation of an arc flash reduction maintenance switch — A case study
This paper presents a case study of an event that occurred in an industrial facility that resulted in an outage without extensive damage and no harm to employees due to proper use of arc flash reduction products and a safety program. The case in point will illustrate a design of a power distribution system that was approached with safety in mind as well as the safety program that complimented the design resulting in a much less severe event. Arc flash reduction solutions and techniques will be discussed, especially those that were used in this example. The safety program implemented at this facility will also be reviewed to illustrate the proper recipe for safety. This case illustrates how even working de-energized can present opportunities for accidents to occur that should be addressed through proper use of installed safety equipment coupled with the successful implementation of a safety program.
Unidirectional hexagonal rare-earth disilicide nanowires on vicinal Si(100)-2×1
Rare-earth disilicide nanowires grown on vicinal Si(100) with a miscut of 2–2.5° toward the [110] azimuth at 600 °C were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and compared with those grown on flat Si(001). In contrast to rare-earth disilicide nanowires grown on flat Si(100) surfaces, the nanowires grow unidirectionally along the [01̄1] direction of the vicinal Si(100) surface. Rare-earth disilicide nanowires form bundles composed of single nanowire units on both flat and vicinal surfaces. Yet, on the vicinal surface, the bundle width is comparable to the width of the terrace. The average nanowire length on the vicinal substrate is longer than that on the flat substrate. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy shows that the rare-earth disilicide nanowires have metallic properties.