The Civil War and the Refugee Crisis in Liberia
On the eve of the twenty-first century, one of the greatest challenges and troubling phenomena facing the world is an increasing number of refugees, of whom there are about 18 million. The refugee problem has recently assumed international significance due to exploding refugee population movements. The global refugee problem is a subject of international concern as it affects Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe, and North America. It is a particularly serious problem in Africa where the refugee population on the continent represents about 50 percent of the world's refugees, surpassing even the population of some individual African nations. In Sub-Saharan Africa, Mozambique, Angola, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Rwanda, and Liberia have generated the largest numbers of refugees.
The Emergence of Autocracy in Liberia: Tragedy and Challenge
consulted, and recommends that scholars rely more on oral evidence to correct their gender biases. All in all, apart from a few exceptions, such as Tabitha Kanogo, Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau (Athens, OH, 1987), it is true that most historians have given women short shrift or ignored them altogether in their analyses of the growth of Kenyan nationalism. The facts presented by Presley are absorbing and make an important contribution to our understanding of the Mau Mau rebellion. It is a pity that she was not able to widen the scope of her research in order to investigate the r6le of women in other Kikuyu districts, including Nyeri and Murang'a. Although the author briefly explains why she selected Kiambu as her research site, including the fact that its proximity to Nairobi 'facilitated the spread of the political ideas of the urban based' K.C.A. and K.A.U. (p. Io), the Kikuyu participation in the Mau Mau was inter-district or regional in nature, with the Central Province and the Rift Valley being the affected areas. There are a few errors which ought to be corrected if the book is reprinted or revised. Compulsory labour was not 'officially endorsed by Governor Sir Henry Conway in 1917' (p. 49). And it is not the case that 'the Emergency officially ended in 1956' (p. 136) that was when Dedan Kimathi, one of the movement's leaders, was captured, tried, convicted, and executed, and his death certainly marked the beginning of the end of the Mau Mau war. Sir Evelyn Baring left Kenya in 1959 and the Emergency was ended on I2 January I960. As for the statement that 'At least one Kikuyu woman organizer was the wife of a chief' (p. 168), this is too vague, and the relevant details ought surely to have been provided in an end-of-chapter note. That given as 85 on p. 65 makes no sense to a Kikuyu speaker, and ought to have been checked and corrected.
Complications of motility peg placement for porous hydroxyapatite orbital implants
Aim: To evaluate the complications associated with pegging of porous hydroxyapatite orbital implants. Methods: Complications associated with pegging were retrospectively reviewed from the charts of 100 of 133 patients with hydroxyapatite implantation from 1993 to 2000. Results: 48 (48%) of the 100 hydroxyapatite implanted patients who had undergone pegging were found to have problems with their pegs, including discharge (45.8%), peg falling out (20.8%), pyogenic granulomas (16.7%), popping peg (14.6%), hydroxyapatite visible around peg hole (8.3%), part of peg shaft visible (6.2%), peg drilled off centre (6.2%), peg drilled at an angle (4.2%), and excess movement of peg (4.2%). The standard peg fell out statistically more often than the peg and sleeve system (Yates's corrected χ2, p=0.038). There was a trend towards complications of the peg with use of a standard peg (versus sleeved peg) (p=0.226). Conclusions: There are several potential complications of pegging. Most complications are minor and can be managed successfully.