RECIPROCITY AND HENRY C. CAREY’S TRAVERSES ON “THE ROAD TO PERFECT FREEDOM OF TRADE”
Free trade and protectionist doctrines have long had ambiguous relationships to bilateral trade deals, known throughout the nineteenth century as “reciprocity” arrangements. Henry C. Carey, “the Ajax of Protection” in the nineteenth-century United States, embodies the ambiguity from one side of the controversy. Carey’s early adulthood in the mid- to late 1820s was a time when the forerunners of the Whig Party pursued reciprocity at least partly as a means of fostering protection. In the 1830s, Carey, too, endorsed reciprocity—because he stood for free trade and believed reciprocity would promote it. In the 1840s and 1850s Carey changed his mind, decided that protection was the real “road to perfect freedom of trade,” and for that reason opposed reciprocity with Canada. In the 1870s he remained a protectionist but reconciled his doctrine with reciprocity. This article attempts to explain the changes in the disposition toward reciprocity of America’s foremost protectionist thinker from the Second Party System to the generation after the Civil War.
The American System and the Political Economy of Black Colonization.
This paper examines the neglected interrelationship between the American System school of economic thought and the controversial policy of black colonization abroad, as developed by Henry Clay and his political progeny. By examining Clay's version of colonization as an extension of his political economy, further light is shed upon the complex relationship between slavery and the antebellum American economy. Though best known for its role in the founding of Liberia, Clay's scheme of voluntarily resettling freedmen abroad also reflected his attempt to separate the American System from its early dependence upon slave-produced raw materials - a position he developed politically as well as on theoretical grounds with the assistance of economic pamphleteer Mathew Carey. The American System's interrelationship with the colonization movement is then traced to Clay's most notable political successor Abraham Lincoln. In doing so the study offers a corrective to the role of colonization in the American Civil War literature by re-situating the policy within Lincoln's Clay-infused political economy and treating it as a serious, if ultimately fruitless, extension of his own grappling with the problem of slavery.
Political Arithmetic:
Abstract“ THE present volume sets forth some of the A enquiries undertaken by the Department of Social Biology [of the London School of Economics and Political Science] during the Editor's tenure of office therein.... About half of the material is presented for the first time. Any profits arising from the sales will be devoted to the publication of other factual social studies.”Political Arithmetic:a Symposium of Population Studies. Edited by Lancelot Hogben. Pp. 531. (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1938.) 30s. net.