Metodologie per la stima degli affitti figurativi ed impatto sulla distribuzione del reddito
In the relevant literature it is well established that imputed rents – a non-monetary income source for all households whose living accommodation is not rented at a market price - has to be accounted for in order to provide a more accurate and comparable measure of the total disposable household income. A more controversial issue is about the choice among distinct estimation approaches and how to operationalise them. This paper aims to analyse the impact of different estimation methods for imputed rents on the distribution of disposable income as well as on inequality measures, using data from EUSILC. Subjective rents – self-assessed values by the respondents - are compared with predicted values coming from econometric techniques, i.e. an hedonic regression model,being both methods coherent with the ‘rental equivalence value’ approach. Three main issues are assessed: i) pros and cons of each method; ii) if the tenure discount (the length of tenure), which turns to be a relevant factor in determining the observed values of the market rents, has to be taken into explicit account in predicting imputed rents; iii) how to prevent biases on model predictions eventually arising if a selection process between tenants at a market price and households living with different accommodation occurs.
Global Projections of Household Numbers Using Age Determined Ratios
A new method based upon age determined population ratios is described and used to estimate household population intensities (households per person). Using an additive and a bounded model household projections are given to 2050 for the world and to 2030 for seven fertility transition subgroups (cohorts) of the countries of the world. Based upon United Nations 2002 Revision data, from an estimated 1.56 billion households at 2000, household growth to 2030 is projected to be an additional 1.1 billion households, whether population increase is 1.3 billion persons under the United Nations low fertility variant or 2.7 billion persons under the high fertility variant. At that date over one third of all households are projected to be Chinese or Indian. By 2050 it is projected that there will be 3.3 billion households with a 95 per cent confidence interval on modelling error only of ± 0.5 billion. This compares with 3.2 billion in the Habitat: Global Report on Human Settlements 1996. The apparent similarity of total household growth under various scenarios conceals a wide range in the growth of household intensities across fertility transition cohorts. It is suggested that models, projections and error be reviewed biennially and that household and population projections be produced jointly.
Educating the Educators: Rethinking Subject Matter and Methods
gate? In addition to general requirements in their professional education such as psychological and social foundations and student teaching, what specifically do social studies teachers need to know and be able to do? What, in particular, do they need to study in the subject matters of the social sciences (defined here, for purposes of brevity, to include history and geography), and what should they learn about its effective direction to desired results, that is, method? Usually answers to the first question require reference to the liberal arts component of teacher education and the second to methods in the professional education component. As we shall see, this separation of subject matter and method in the education of social studies teachers, although conventional, poses problems.