Relations Between Standard Model Parameters from $T^{'}$ Flavor Symmetry
Spontaneously broken flavor symmetry involving the binary tetrahedral group $T^{'}$ relates parameters in the standard model. In one example the CP violating Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata phase $\delta_{PMNS}$ and atmospheric mixing angle $\theta_{23}$ of neutrinos are related to the Cabibbo mixing angle $\Theta_C$ for quarks. A second formula relates a ratio of neutrino mass eigenvalues to the Cabibbo angle.
T ′ predictions of PMNS and CKM angles
Abstract Generalizing a previous model to accommodate the third quark family and CP violation, we present a T ′ model which predicts tribimaximal neutrino (PMNS) mixings while the central predictions for quark mixings are | V t d / V t s | = 0.245 and | V u b / V c b | = 0.237 with a predicted CP violating KM phase δ KM = 65.8 ° . All these are acceptably close to experiment, including the KM phase for which the allowed values are 63 ° δ KM 72 ° , and depend only on use of symmetry T ′ × Z 2 to define the model and no additional parameters.
Evaluation of buckling load and dynamic performance of steel shear wall retrofitted with strips made of shape memory alloy
One of the most imperfections of the steel shear wall is out of plane displacements that cause severe damage in both structural and non-structural elements. In this paper, the effects of shape-memory alloys on steel shear walls are investigated. First, a numerical analysis using the finite element method in ABAQUS software has been carried out according to an experimental test. The results of the numerical analysis have been verified with experimental results. Next, shape-memory alloy fibers have been added vertically and horizontally to various parts of the steel shear wall. The results show that retrofitting with the shape-memory alloy reduces the out-of-plane displacement of the steel shear wall under both cyclic and seismic loadings. Besides, the buckling load in the steel shear wall increases when it is retrofitted with the shape-memory alloy. Also, the total out-of-plane movement (accumulated absolute displacements) of the steel shear wall and non-structural damage are controlled by the characteristic of a shape-memory alloy material called “super-elastic”.