Prevalence of rabies in various species in yemen and risk factors contributing to the spread of the disease.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to describe for the first time the prevalence of the passively-reported rabies virus among different domestic and wild animals submitted to the Central Veterinary Laboratory from various areas in Yemen, and to study prevalence proportion ratios (PPR) that contributed to the spread of rabies among animals, and its transmission to humans.


METHODS
A brain sample was obtained from each of the 180 animals and tested for rabies virus by a direct fluorescent antibody test.


RESULTS
Out of the total number of animals involved in attacks on humans, 63.3 % were positive for rabies. Of these, dogs were the main animal involved in attacks with a percentage of 92%, of which 62.7% were positive for rabies. Of animals involved in attacks, 70.6% were males of which 60.6% were positive, and 29.4% were females of which 69.8% were positive. Males comprised 68.9% of the total human individuals attacked, of whom 62.9% were attacked by rabies-positive animals. The significant risk factors that contributed to the spread of rabies in general included the presence of poultry carcasses and other waste in the vicinity of the attacks (PPR = 9.5) with a percentage of 84.8%, followed by the time of year, in particular school vacations (PPR = 3.8) with a percentage of 78%.


CONCLUSION
Rabies is endemic in Yemen with a very high rabies-positive rate for animals involved in attacks, particularly for stray male dogs. Male children were most often involved in attacks by rabies-positive animals. The presence of food waste (particularly poultry carcasses) and school vacation periods were found to correlate significantly with increased risk for human exposure to rabies.
A Systematic Review of epidemiology of Rabies in Arab countries
Background: Rabies is an often neglected yet quite deadly infectious disease. Present in almost 150 countries around the world, with most of the deaths reported in Asia and Africa, it is clear that the disease is a serious, pressing issue worldwide. Underreporting, lack of surveillance and political neglect are the main issues that exacerbate the problem of rabies in many countries around the world. 
Method: This systematic review, based on the literature published until June 2019, aims to assess the overall epidemiological situation of rabies, among both humans and animals in Arab countries. The literature search was done using PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar and other local journals. A total of 11 studies were included. 
Results: Results showed that rabies was highly prevalent in Arab countries. However, very few studies which examined the prevalence of rabies are available or have been published in recent years. Dogs were the main reservoir in most of the Arab countries studied, except Oman, where most of the rabies cases occurred in foxes. Most of the human rabies cases were reported in children younger than 15 years of age. 
Conclusion: Whereas some developed countries have eliminated rabies, it still constitutes a major problem in most of the Arab world. Most of the human and animal rabies can be prevented by vaccination and public health education on rabies. There is a need for further and more extensive research in Arab countries on the epidemiology of rabies, as the data available is outdated and insufficient.
Instrumentation and Automated Photometric Titration Procedure for Total Acidity Determination in Red Wine Employing a Multicommuted Flow System
An automated procedure for photometric titration of red wine and associated instrumentation is described. The procedure was based on the flow-batch approach implemented employing multicommutation. The photometric detection was carried out using a homemade LED-based photometer. The mixing device, LED, and photodetector were attached to the titration chamber in order to form a compact and small-sized unit. The flow system comprised an automatic injector and three-way solenoid valves, which were controlled by a microcomputer through an electronic interface card. The software, written in Quick BASIC 4.5, was designed with abilities to accomplish all steps of the titration procedure including data acquisition and real-time processing to decide about the course of titration in the following step and so forth, until the titration endpoint was reached. The usefulness of the proposed titration system was demonstrated by analyzing red wine samples. When results were compared with those obtained using the AOAC reference method, no significant difference was observed at the 95% confidence level. A relative standard deviation of ca  2% (n=9 ) was obtained when processing a typical red wine sample containing 7.3 gl -1 total acidity expressed as tartaric acid.