Triterpenes from the leaves ofBetula ermanii
SummaryFrom the unsaponifiable fraction of an ethereal extract of the leaves ofBetula ermanii a new triterpene of the dammarane series — 20,24-epoxydammarane-3β,6α,25-trol (II) — and its 6-O-acetyl derivative (I) have been isolated.
13C NMR Study of ginseng sapogenins and their related dammarane type triterpenes
Abstract In connection with structure studies on dammarane type triterpenes and their glycosides, assignments of 13 C NMR signals of fifteen 20-hydroxy-dammarane derivatives including Ginseng sapogenins have been achieved by the aid of shift reagents and deuterated compounds. It has been found that the differences of the 17 C, 21 C and 22 C chemical shifts between pairs of C-20 epimers are remarkable especially in the case of 12β-hydroxy derivatives, being significant for the study of the C-20 stereochemistry.
Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention: A Thematic Study
"Following the publication of the first ICOMOS–IAU Thematic Study (“TS1”) in 2010, the IAU requested its Working Group on Astronomy and World Heritage to develop particular case studies in greater detail, so as to explore further and clarify some of the key issues highlighted in TS1 that can arise in the particular case of astronomical heritage sites. In doing so, it would further encourage and aid State Parties in the development of nominations. In collaboration with ICOMOS, nine “extended case studies” were duly prepared for discussion at a workshop held at Mount Cook, New Zealand, in June 2012 and presented at the IAU General Assembly in August of that year. 
 
A particularly complex issue is the recognition and protection of dark skies. Dark sky areas cannot in themselves be considered as potential World Heritage Sites, but a thematic chapter by Michel Cotte considers a range of ways in which dark sky values can be interrelated with broader cultural or natural values of a place and thereby contribute to its overall cultural or natural value and potential OUV. Other issues explored in TS2 include the need to balance archaeoastronomical considerations in the context of broader archaeological and cultural values; the potential for serial nominations, for example among groups of monuments whose astronomical significance is only evident from the group as a whole; and management issues such as preserving the integrity of astronomical sightlines through the landscape. 
 
The case studies included in TS2 include seven-stone antas (prehistoric dolmens) in Portugal and Spain, the thirteen towers of Chankillo in Peru, the astronomical timing of irrigation in Oman, Pic du Midi de Bigorre Observatory in France, Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, and Aoraki–Mackenzie International Dark Sky Reserve in New Zealand. A case study on Stonehenge, already a World Heritage Site, focuses on preserving the integrity of the solstitial sightlines." 
 
Source: UNESCO portal to the heritage of astronomy