Data Requirements and Handshake for Thf CERN Antiproton Transfer Operations from the AA and PS to Client Machines
The CERN Antiproton Accumulator(AA) fulfils its role as a p¿ source for all the diverse needs at CERN ranging from a few 109 p¿'s in a single bunch for the Low Energy Antiproton Ring(LEAR) every hour or so upto 1011 p¿'s in 3 bunches for the Super Proton Synchrotron(SPS) Collider operations every 24 hours. The geographically dispersed accelerators involve large distances and proper synchronisation is mandatory for successful transfer operations. While every transfer operation needs preparatory work on all the machines involved in the chain with and without verbal communication in-between operators and control centres, an essential element has been the data exchange over the computer network linking the various processors in the PS and SPS Collider complex. This paper attempts to show some of the specialised data requirements which arose for the p¿ transfer operations and the essential software linking of various processes in different computers leading to a complete transfer operation from the AA, via the transfer lines and PS, to the SPS Collider or LEAR. For the Collider runs, the pre- and post-countdown data synchronisation and interchange involves upto a dozen computers in the PS and SPS computer networks.
Pulse to Pulse Modulation of the CERN PS Complex
The CERN PS complex (CPS) comprises three accelerators in series: the 50 MeV Linac, the 800 MeV Booster (PSB) and the 28 GeV main synchrotron (PS). Since the beginning of May 1976 this complex has delivered beams to three main users: the 400 GeV SPS, the 30 GeV ISR and the 25 GeV PS experimental areas.
Influence of electric fields on friction electrification between metals and borosilicate glass
Abstract In a cylindrical geometry, electric fields were applied through the entire contact area between the sliding metal and the glass surface. The maximum electric charges developed on the metal were measured and plotted against the applied voltage producing the field. The metals were high-purity nickel and gold. The borosilicate glass was Pyrex, brand 7740. The experiments with nickel, which has a work function greater than that of the glass, were performed in 10 −7 mm Hg vacuum. The experiments with gold, with a work function smaller than that of glass, were carried out in air at atmospheric pressure. The results show that: 1. 1) There is both asymmetry and a reversed slope portion in the charge vs. voltage plot. 2. 2) For a certain range of reversing fields, the electric charge developed on the nickel is always negative and the charge on gold is always positive.