Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indonesian Sugar Apple ( Annona squamosa L . ) Extracted with Various Solvents Deva
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
Antioxidant potential of fruit peel waste of two species of Annonaceae and detection of spathulenol and beta-Pimaric acid as major bioactive compounds by GC-MS.
Methanolic (M), hydroxymethanolic (AQ: M) and aqueous (AQ) fruit peel extract of Annona squamosa and Annona reticulata were investigated for their therapeutic potential. For this purpose, the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays were studied. Methanolic fruit peel extract of A. squamosa and A. reticulata showed highest total phenolic content (27.990.33 mgGAE/g dry material) and total flavonoid content (9.000.20 mgQE/g dry material), respectively. DPPH, ABTS and FRAP result indicated high antioxidant potential of fruit peel waste. This is the first report on GC-MS analysis of methanolic fruit peel extract of Annona and the results revealed the presence of three main therapeutically important bioactive compounds viz β-Pimaric acid, Spathulenol and 4H-Pyran-4-one in both the species with concentration of 24.32, 14.65 and 7.92%, respectively in A. squamosa and 18.58, 9.53 and 12.13%, respectively in A. reticulata. These compounds are reported to show antioxidant, antibacterial, antiproliferative, anticancerous, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Other compounds detected in these extract were n-Hexadecanoic acid (6.05%), nHeptacosane (6.0%), 1HNapthol[2,1-b]pyran-7-carboxylic acid, 3-ethenyldodecahydro-3,4a,7, 10atetramethyl -methyl ester (14.17%), 1,2-Benzenediol (8.33%) and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (ZZ)(7.83%). The present report indicates a strong possibility of effective utilization of fruit peel waste for extraction of active principles.
Analysis of a coaxial-to-waveguide adaptor including a discended probe and a tuning post
A field matching analysis of a coaxial-to-waveguide adaptor incorporating a disc-ended probe and a tuning post is presented. In this analysis, the tuning post is considered as a short-circuited second probe. A computer algorithm for calculating the input impedance of this structure is developed. This algorithm is used to investigate and improve the operation of a commercially available coaxial-to-waveguide adaptor. >