Liability and Insurance in the Context of National Authorisation
The issue of liability is framed by the general framework developed at the international level by means of Article VII of the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention. The mechanism most often chosen by states to deal with any international space law issues in the context of their domestic legal systems is to draft a framework law, laying down the ground rules for the licensing process whilst merely indicating the substantive obligations to be included in specific licenses, or at best outlining them. As for the liability and insurance issues, this amounts usually to insertion in the national space law or act of a principled obligation to indemnify the state comprehensively if the latter would have to pay an international liability claim under the Liability Convention, but also to allowing for case-by-case deviations from that general rule without much detailed guidance on when such partial exemptions should be admissible. Keywords: international space law; liability convention; outer space treaty
International Satellite Law
International satellite law can best be described as that subset of international space law that addresses the operations of satellites in orbit around the Earth. Excluding, therefore, topics such as manned space flight, suborbital space operations, and any activities beyond Earth orbits, this means addressing the use of satellites for telecommunications purposes, for Earth observation and remote sensing, and for positioning, timing, and navigation.
 These three major sectors of space activities are, in addition to jointly being subject to the body of international space law, each subject to their specific dedicated legal regime—international satellite communications law, international satellite remote sensing law, and international satellite navigation law.
Electrothermal Measurements of Bridgewires Used in Electroexplosive Devices
The bridgewire of an electroexplosive device is evaluated for its thermal response to impulse energy and to square-wave power. Thermal time constant and basic electrothermal parameters can be measured from the response. These parameters are useful in the study and characterization of electroexplosive devices.