Marine Sponge/H3PO4: As a Naturally Occurring Chiral Catalyst for Solvent-free Fischer-Indole Synthesis
Background A new and efficient method have been developed for the synthesis of different indole derivatives from various ketones, having at least one hydrogen atom attached to each of their α-carbon atoms, and hydrazines in solvent-free conditions, using marine sponge/H3PO4 as a naturally occurring chiral catalyst. Objectives This study recommended the use of marine sponge/H3PO4 as a naturally occurring chiral catalyst for preparation of phenylhydrazones from ketones having one α-hydrogen and subsequent cyclisation of the products to indoles. Materials and Methods The reaction was carried out by mixing the phenylhydrazine, ketone, and marine sponge/H3PO4 powder in mortar and pestle; the mixture was ground at room temperature in an appropriate time until TLC show the completion of the reaction. The product extracted by CH2Cl2 and evaporation of solvent yields the products. Results In this research work, several indoles are synthesized using phenylhydrazine and aliphatic or aromatic ketone as starting materials, in the presence of marine sponge/H3PO4 powder as a natural catalyst under solvent-free condition. Conclusions We found marine sponge/H3PO4 to be an effective catalyst for indolisation of phenylhydrazones from ketones having α-hydrogens in solvent-free conditions.
An insight into the advanced synthetic recipes to access ubiquitous indole heterocycles
Abstract Indoles are amongst the most essential class of heteroaromatics in organic chemistry, being commonly found in biologically active natural products. Indole and its derivatives have become significant compounds because of their wide variety of applications in medicine, synthetic chemistry, coordination chemistry, as well as in the field of industrial chemistry. The synthesis of foresaid compounds is therefore necessary and numerous methods for their synthesis that make use of advanced catalytic approaches have been developed in recent years. The main spotlight of this review includes, to the best of our acquaintance, a comprehensive exposure to assess indole heterocycles by conventional methods and also ingraining special advanced techniques.
HPLC determination of chlorhexidine gluconate and p-chloroaniline in topical ointment.
A novel fast isocratic reversed-phase HPLC method for simultaneous determination of chlorhexidine and its degradation product p-chloroaniline was developed. Zorbax SB Phenyl column (75 mm x 4.6 mm, 3.5 microm) was used for the separation. Mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and buffer solution of 0.08 M sodium phosphate monobasic containing 5 ml of triethylamine (0.5%) and adjust with 85% phosphoric acid to pH 3.0 in ratio 35:65 (v/v) pumped isocratically at flow rate 0.6 ml min(-1) was used. UV detection was performed at 239 nm, the total analysis time was about 10 min. The method is suitable for practical routine analysis of topical ointment in the quality control laboratory.