Aqueous And Semi -Aqueous Alternatives For CFC-113 And Methyl Chloroform Cleaning Of Printed Circuit Board Assemblies
l ICOLP is the Industry Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection. ICOLP corporate member companies include AT&T, Boeing Company. We would like to thank the many individuals and companies that provided insight and information that helped produce this manual. ii iii Disclaimer The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Industry Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection (ICOLP), the ICOLP committee members, and the companies that employ the ICOLP committee members do not endorse the cleaning performance. worker safety, or environmental acceptability of any of the technical options discussed. Every cleaning operation requires consideration of worker safety and proper disposal of contaminants and waste products generated from the cleaning processes. Moreover, as work continues. including additional toxicity testing and evaluation under Section 612 (Safe Alternatives Policy) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and elsewhere, more information on the health, environmental. and safety effects of alternatives will become available for use in selecting among the alternatives discussed in this document. EPA and ICOLP, in furnishing or distributing this information, do not make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to its accuracy. completeness, or utility; nor does EPA and ICOLP assume any liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from the use of, or reliance upon, any information. material, or procedure contained herein, including but not limited to any claims regarding health, safety, environmental effects or fate, efficacy, or performance. made by the source of the information. Mention of any company or product in this document is for informational purposes only, and does not constitute a recommendation of any such company or product. either express or implied by EPA, ICOLP. ICOLP committee members, and the companies that employ the ICOLP committee members.
Technology developments for terpene cleaning of electronic assemblies
Following extensive process testing and machine development, a spray-cleaning facility utilizing the semiaqueous terpene hydrocarbon Bioact EC-7 was installed at AT&T's Merrimack Valley manufacturing location in North Andover, MA. This facility, which represents a viable alternative to chlorofluorocarbon cleaning, is used to remove rosin-based-solder paste residues after reflow soldering of surface-mount devices to printed circuit (PC) board assemblies. The authors describe technology developments and operating experience gained during the implementation of semiaqueous terpene hydrocarbon cleaning. The EC-7 spray development/production machine will be used for further technology improvements in semiaqueous cleaning. The provisions incorporated in this machine, including the nitrogen inerting system, will enable the machine to handle almost any semiaqueous or aqueous material that may be developed.<<ETX>>
Accumulation of Bone-Seeking Radionuclides in Liver Metastasis from Colon Carcinoma
Fifteen colon cancer patients with metastasis to the liver were examined by both liver and bone scans. Seven of these showed accumulation of bone seeking radionuclides in the liver at the site of a defect in the scan. Such accumulation was found in two diphosphonate, in one pyrophosphate and in six 18F scans. To our knowledge, this is the first series to report localization of 18F in intrahepatic metastasis from colon cancer. The precise mechanism for this non-skeletal accumulation is unknown.