Notes on the Measurement of Values
Historians frequently use values to explain behavior. Since their studies focus on the behavior, they have neglected to measure values and change in values. The current practices of historians of values will not yield conclusions usable in the history of behavior.
What ought to be and what was: Women's sexuality in the nineteenth century.
As EVERY SCHOOLGIRL KNOWS, the nineteenth century was afraid of sex, particularly when it manifested itself in women. Captain Marryat, in his travels in the United States, told of some American women so refined that they objected to the word "leg," preferring instead the more decorous "limb." Marryat also reported seeing this delicacy carried to extremes in a girls' school where a school mistress, in the interest of protecting the modesty of her charges, had dressed all four "limbs" of the piano "in modest little trousers with frills at the bottom of them!"'1 Women's alleged lack of passion was epitomized, too, in the story of the English mother who was asked by her daughter before her marriage how she ought to behave on her wedding night. "Lie still and think of the Empire," the mother advised. This view of Victorian attitudes toward sexuality is captured in more than stories. Steven Marcus, writing about the attitudes of English Victorians toward sexuality, and Nathan Hale, Jr., summarizing the attitudes of Americans on the same subject, both quote at length from Dr. William Acton's Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs) which went through several editions in England and the United States during the middle years of the nineteenth century.2 Acton's book was undoubtedly one of the most widely quoted sexual-advice books in the English-speaking world. The book summed up the medical literature on women's sexuality by saying that "the majority of women (happily for them) are not very much troubled with sexual feelings of any kind. What men are habitually, women are only ex-
Religious Organizational Change: An Analysis Based on the TM Movement
Literature in the sociology of religion and general sociology is reviewed to identify patterns and influences on religious organizational change. A battery of methodological techniques including participant observation, unstructured interviewing, and content analysis are employed to assess changes in the TM movement organization. During the Spiritual Mystical period (1959-65), the movement attracted a few salvation oriented persons with a variant of Hinduism. The Counter