The Jacobean Grand Tour: Early Stuart Travellers in Europe
Although the eighteenth century is traditionally seen as the age of the Grand Tour, it was in fact the continental travel of Jacobean noblemen which really constituted the beginning of the Tour as an institutionalized phenomenon. James I's peace treaty with Spain in 1604 rendered travel to Catholic Europe both safer and more respectable than it had been under the Tudors and opened up the continent to a new generation of aristocratic explorers, enquirers and adventurers. This book examines the political and cultural significance of the encounters that resulted, focusing in particular on two of England's greatest, and newly united, families: the Cecils and the Howards. It also considers the ways in which Protestants and Catholics experienced the aesthetic and intellectual stimulus of European travel and how the cultural experiences of the travellers formed the essential ingredients in what became the Grand Tour.
The grand tour and the Great Rebellion : Richard Lassels and "The Voyage of Italy" in the seventeenth century
CHANEY, Edward Title: The Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion: Richard Lassels and "The Voyage of Italy" in the Seventeenth Century Author: CHANEY, Edward Date: 1985 Publisher: Slatkine Citation: Geneve, Slatkine, 1985, Biblioteca del viaggio in Italia / Bibliotheque du voyage en Italie, 19 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1814/18594 ISBN: 88-7760-019-5 Abstract: Questo studio presenta una quantità di materiali biografici concernenti viaggiatori in Italia come Milton, Marvell, Harvey, Hobbes e molti altri meno conosciuti; ma è soprattutto importante per un'analisi dettagliata del fenomeno sociale e culturale del «Grand Tour», che conobbe un considerevole sviluppo dopo il 1630. E anche la prima volta che si studiano la condizione di Esiliato monarchico, in quanto fenomeno culturale isolato, e le conseguenze religiose, sociali e politiche che ne sono derivate. Oltre ai grandi archivi e alle grandi biblioteche, l'autore ha spogliato sistematicamente numerose fonti poco conosciute per mettere in luce una serie di dati inediti e molto interessanti sulla straordinaria esistenza dei cattolici e dei monarchici inglesi che furono «condannati al vagabondaggio» secondo le parole di uno di essi. La gran parte dei pittori, dei poeti, dei filosofi, dei musicisti, dei teologi inglesi passarono all'estero fra il 1640 e il 1660 un periodo della loro esistenza, accanto a politici monarchici che erano destinati a governare la Gran Bretagna dopo la restaurazione.
Italian Influence on the Development of Calvinist Scholasticism
THIS ARTICLE TRIES to show that the rise of Calvinist scholasticism, which was the most important development in Calvinist theology during the second half of the sixteenth century, stemmed largely from several converging Italian influences, particularly from the writings of Peter Martyr Vermigli and Jerome Zanchi. Here Calvinist theology refers not only to the personal thought of John Calvin but also to the teachings of the founders of the Reformed or Calvinist tradition as it spread out from Geneva and Switzerland to France, Germany, England, Scotland, Poland, and the Low Countries. In this context Calvin emerges as the brightest star in a galaxy of Reformed theologians which includes Heinrich Bullinger, Pierre Viret, Theodore Beza and Wolfgang Musculus as well as Martyr, Zanchi and others. These theologians were often more influential than Calvin himself at a given place or time or on a given point of doctrine. Bullinger, Martyr, and Martin Bucer were all more important for spreading Calvinist ideas to Edwardian England than was John Calvin. Early Elizabethan Protestantism looked more to Zurich than to Geneva, as did early Polish Calvinism. German Calvinism owed more to Heidelberg than to Geneva.' These leaders developed their theologies sometimes in mutual dependence, sometimes with surprising independence. By no means was their relation to Calvin simply that of disciple to master, for each gave a personal nuance to his style of Calvinism. Thus the sixteenth century Jesuit Cornelius Schulting states on the opening page of his five volume polemic against Calvin and Peter Martyr that Martyr was clearer and far more learned than Calvin.2 Recently John Bray has pointed out that research in seventeenth century Calvinism leads "to the conclusion that the impact of Calvin upon the Calvinistic movement has been greatly over-rated. It may well be that some of