Development of a non-invasive thermometric system for fluids in pipes
In this paper a non-invasive thermometric system for the measurement of the temperature of fluids in pipes based on the dual heat flux method is presented. The proposed solution is a possible alternative to the employment of thermowells in industrial applications. The proposed sensing system, is based on the dual heat flux method, a technique used in biomedical field. The applicability of such a measurement system in the field of interest is studied taking into account its component performance and how they influence the overall system behavior. A prototype system exploiting RTD sensors with measurement accuracy lower than 1°C has been designed, obtaining performances comparable to the thermowell ones. To reach such an accuracy a dedicated front-end electronics has been developed.
Differences between measured pipe wall surface temperatures and internal fluid temperatures
Abstract This report sets forth a case study to clarify the accuracy of a measurement technique commonly used in industry to estimate the temperature of a flowing fluid. That technique utilizes a temperature measurement on the outside surface of the pipe in which the fluid is flowing and assumes that that value is the temperature of the fluid. The goal of the work reported here is to quantify the possible differences between the measured pipe wall temperature and the temperature of the flowing fluid. Numerical simulation was the method employed to determine this information. The end result of this work is a simple algebraic formula that enables the difference between the temperatures of the pipe fluid and at the measurement point to be evaluated. A worked-out example was included to demonstrate how the algebraic formula is to be used.
Role of the coronoid process in varus osteoarticular stability of the elbow.
The role of the coronoid process in varus osteoarticular stability of the elbow was investigated in 10 cadaveric elbows. Testing was performed at multiple flexion angles after incremental removal of the coronoid. At each flexion angle, removal of more than 50% of the coronoid produced a statistically significant decrease in the load resisting varus displacement compared with all lesser resection levels (P < .003). There was a trend for decreasing load after removal of 50% of the coronoid. The mean decrease in load across all flexion angles was 10.1%, 50.4%, and 75.4% after removal of 50%, 75%, and 100% of the coronoid, respectively. Resistance to varus displacement tended to decrease more as a percent of control at lower flexion angles than at higher flexion angles after removal of more than 50% of the coronoid. The coronoid process was found to be a key varus stabilizer in the elbow and may contribute more to elbow stability in extension than in flexion.