Perceptions of Educational Opportunities in Small Schools in Rural Australia and Canada
Abstract Australia and Canada are large countries with small populations relative to their size, in which a not inconsiderable number of citizens live beyond major centres of population. In both resource-based economies, the provision of quality education in rural schools is an important part of the national social and economic infrastructure. This article draws attention to post-compulsory educational opportunities, firstly as an issue for rural students in Australia, and, based on Australian research, its relevance for Canadian young people. Secondly, attention is directed to the realities of rural schools for urban university students and ways that the schools and a university teacher education program can be linked through past and current students of the faculty. Rural students considering urban education and urban teachers considering rural schools are both engaged in building new realities based on perceptions of non-local worlds.
Principals in remote New South Wales, Australia: The work lives of central school principals in the context of devolution reforms of the New South Wales Department of Education and Training, and social and economic changes in remote Australia
This thesis investigated the work lives of principals of central schools situated in remote inland areas of the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. This research considered how the situational contexts of central school leadership in remote NSW have affected the work lives of principals of central schools in remote NSW. These contexts included the education policy context of devolution of government school systems, the community context of remoteness and low socio-economic status (SES) and the specific school context of leading a small school and leading both secondary and primary departments. 
Research literature such as Ballet and Kelchtermans (2008), Gronn and Rawlings-Sanaei (2003) and Southwell (2008) on the factor of the education policies of devolution in the work lives of principals described characteristics which match the attributes of work intensification including longer hours of work, more tasks to be completed in a day, and diversification of skills. However, current literature has much less data about the particular contexts of the work lives of principals living in, and working with the issues of, remote and low SES communities. There is even less data about the implications for principals attempting to provide secondary education in such communities. 
This research study used a mixed methods design beginning with a survey questionnaire of all principals of central schools in NSW. Nearly half of the survey respondents then participated in a longitudinal program of interviews conducted in the schools of the principals. The rapport with principals developed by the researcher as an „insider‟ facilitated the collection of rich data on the work lives of the principals. Many of the issues raised had not been fully researched in broader studies. 
The study confirmed the research of Starr and White (2008) and Hatton (1995, 1996), who reported “massive intensification” in the work lives of principals in remote Australian schools. In addition, the study provided a more nuanced understanding of the work intensification of these principals as it reported on the many aspects and consequences of the personal, family, social and professional isolation of principals in remote schools as they responded to issues related to high welfare needs of students and of the community in general.. Principals were threatened with violence and, in several cases, were required to respond to high levels of child sexual abuse in their communities. Participant principals in this study were professionally isolated and faced limited career prospects. The data in this study provided a greater understanding with respect to the issue of low numbers of applications for the principalship, particularly in remote areas. 
Much of the literature on school leadership is generic in nature with considerable reliance on theories of leadership and management which have been developed in non-school contexts. This study suggested that there needs to be more research on the variety of educational and social contexts in which principals work in order to provide a more nuanced understanding of the work lives of principals of remote, low SES schools and the high stakes in the career prospects of these principals. For policy makers, a removal or amelioration of the disincentives in remote school principalship identified in this study would appear to be more urgent and more effective than the current policy of provision of incentives to work in such schools.
The data privacy / national security balancing paradigm as applied in the USA and Europe: Achieving an acceptable balance
...................................................................................................................... iii Summary ..................................................................................................................... ix Overall Introduction.................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One ................................................................................................................. 7 The Privacy/National Security Balance from a European Perspective .................. 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7 Section I: The Council of Europe ............................................................................ 13 1.0 The Basis for the Data Privacy/National Security Balance .......................... 13 2.0 The Influence of the ECHR on National Legal Systems .............................. 14 3.0 The Jurisprudence of the ECtHR and the Data Privacy/National Security Balance ................................................................................................................. 27 4.0 Shortcomings in the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR The Application of the Margin of Appreciation ........................................................................................ 43 Section II: The European Union .............................................................................. 67 1.0 The European Union and Human Rights Protection in the Context of the data privacy/national security balance ......................................................................... 73 2.0 The Growing Involvement of the EU in Human Rights Protection, particularly in data protection and the circumstances influencing this. ............... 77 3.0 Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC and the Alteration of the Data Privacy/National Security Balance ....................................................................... 79 4.0 Features of Directive 2006/24/EC ................................................................ 81 5.0 Responses to Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC .................................... 82 6.0 Institutional Responses to Directive 2006/24/EC......................................... 94 7.0 Judgment of the CJEU (Grand Chamber) on the Validity of Directive 2006/24/EC......................................................................................................... 103 8.0 The Ruling of the CJEU ............................................................................. 105 9.0 Significance of the Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger Judgment and its Context ............................................................................................................... 109 10.0 Consequences of the Digital Rights Ireland Judgment for Data Privacy/National Security in Europe .................................................................. 114 11.0 Judgments of the CJEU in the Google Spain and Schrems Cases .............. 122 12.0 Developments following the Invalidation of the Safe Harbour Agreement 131 13.0 Impact of the CJEU decisions in the Digital Rights Ireland, Google Spain, and Schrems cases on the data privacy/national security balance ...................... 135 14.0 The Alternative Data Privacy/National Security Balance: Circumventing vi Data Privacy Protections in the EU: The Mass Surveillance of Personal Data by Spy Agencies in some EU Member States ..........................................................135 15.0 Two Parallel Systems of Surveillance .........................................................146 16.0 The Council of Europe Versus The European Union: Which Regime Provides Greater Protection For Data Privacy Rights? .......................................148 17.0 Contrasting the European and U.S. positions on the Balancing of Data Privacy Rights against National Security Interests .............................................153 18.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................156 Chapter Two .............................................................................................................165 The Privacy/Security Balance in the U.S. pre-9/11 ................................................165 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................165 2.0 U.S. Understandings of the Right to Privacy and Particularly Data Privacy .............................................................................................................................168 3.0 Major Interferences with data privacy for national security reasons pre-9/11 in the context of the data privacy/national security balance, with emphasis on the background and role of the NSA. ........................................................................179 4.0 Major Scandals Relating to Data Retention: Privacy Rights Illegally Infringed by the Executive and its Agencies .......................................................186 5.0 Church Committee Report and the Balance Between National Security and Personal Liberties Pre-9/11 .................................................................................191 6.0 Judicial Oversight of Surveillance in the name of National Security: Implications for the Data Privacy/National Security Balance. ............................194 7.0 FISA: Adjusting the Data Privacy/National Security Balance? Restricting the Interpretation of Personal Data in the Context of Intelligence Surveillance by the Executive Branch in the name of National Security ...........................................197 8.0 Balancing Rights which are Qualitatively Different: Philosophical Issues Underlying the Data Privacy/National Security Balancing Paradigm ................209 9.0 Two Data Privacy/National Security Balancing Systems Pre-9/11:The Influence of NSA Surveillance Activity. The Legal and the Actual Balances....220 10.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................224 Chapter Three ...........................................................................................................229 The Privacy/Security Balance in the U.S. Post-9/11 ..............................................229 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................229 2.0 Background ...................................................................................................230 3.0 The Administration's Defence of Its Surveillance Policies and a Scholarly Response .............................................................................................................244 4.0 Ideological Context of the Patriot Act ...........................................................252 5.0 Provisions of the Patriot Act .........................................................................253