Bird species diversity in the padawan limestone area, sarawak.
Bird surveys were conducted in the Padawan Limestone Area for seven days at each of two study sites, Giam and Danu, from August to December 2008. The purpose of the study was to compare the area's bird species richness and abundance of bird species in other limestone areas and in other forest types. The study also compared the species richness and relative abundance of birds in undisturbed and disturbed areas at both study sites. Twenty mist nets were deployed for 12 hours daily. During this study period, direct observations of birds were also made. In all, 80 species from 34 families were recorded at both sites. At Giam, 120 birds were mist-netted. These birds represented 31 species from 16 families. The direct observations at Giam recorded 13 species from 11 families. In the undisturbed area, 21 species from 13 families were mist-netted, whereas in the disturbed area, 21 species from 10 families were mist-netted. In Danu, a total of 48 birds, representing 25 species from 12 families, were mist-netted. The observations at Danu recorded 34 species from 19 families. Twelve species from 7 families were mist-netted in the undisturbed area, whereas 18 species from 11 families were mist-netted in the disturbed area. Statistical analysis showed that the species diversity index differed significantly between undisturbed and disturbed areas.
Diversity and abundance of understorey Avifauna in secondary and primary forest at Kubah National Park, Sarawak
A study on diversity and abundance of avifauna at primary and secondary forest at Kubah National Park was conducted using mist nets during dry season (27_30 August) and wet season (18_21st December) of 2006. Total netting effort was 2880 net-hours. A total of 152 birds comprising 41 species were caught. Of 41 species caught, 24 were caught in primary forest and 31 species were caught in secondary forest. The bird species composition in the secondary forest ofKubah National Park was different from that in the primary forest. A total of 35 species were caught during dry season compared to 19 species in the wet season. There was significant difference in Shannon-Weiner indices between the two seasons. Through this study, several protected and endemic species were caught. Keyword: avifauna, primary forest, secondary forest, dry season, wet season ABSTRAK Satu kojian tenlang kepelbagaian dan kelimpahan spesis burung yang lerdapal di hulan primer dan hulan sekunder Taman Negara Kubah lelah diadakan dengan menggunakan jaring kabul pada musim kering (27-30 Ogos) dan pada musim hujan (18-21 Disember) lahun 2006. Sebanyak 2880 jam jaring lelah dipasang bagi kajian ini. Sebanyak 152 ekor burung daripada 41 spesis lelah dilangkap. Daripada 41 spesis ilu 24 lelah ditangkap di hulan primer manakala di hulan sekunder sebanyak 31 spesis lelah ditangkap. Terdapal perbezaan an/ara kedua-dua jenis hulan dari segi komposisi spesis burung. Sebanyak 35 spesis burung lelah dilangkap pada mllsim kering dan sebanyak 19 spesis lelah ditangkap sewaklu musin hujan. Indeks kepelbagaian Shannon­ Weiner ada/ah lebih linggi sewaklu musim kering berbanding dengan musim hujan. Melalui kajian ini juga lelah didapali beberapa spesis yang lerlindung dan spesis yang hanya didapali di Borneo. Kala kunci: burung, hulan primer, hulan sekunder, musim kering, musim hujan
SCIENCE AND EMPIRICISM IN PILE FOUNDATION DESIGN
Scientific approaches to pile design have advanced enormously in recent decades and yet, still, the most fundamental aspect of pile design—that of estimating the axial capacity—relies heavily upon ...