New Types of Orthonormal Electromagnetic Beams in Complex Media and Free Space
Abstract : Vector plane-wave superpositions defined by a given set of orthonormal scalar functions on a two- or three- dimensional manifold are treated. We present a technique for composing orthonormal electromagnetic beams in complex media and free space. New families of exact time-harmonic solutions of the homogeneous Maxwell equations in linear media (isotropic, chiral, anisotropic, and bianisotropic) and free space, which describe orthonormal electro magnetic beams, are obtained.
Plane-wave superpositions defined by orthonormal scalar functions on two- and three-dimensional manifolds
Vector plane-wave superpositions defined by a given set of orthonormal scalar functions on a two- or three-dimensional manifold-beam manifold-are treated. We present a technique for composing orthonormal beams and some other specific types of fields such as three-dimensional standing waves, moving and evolving whirls. It can be used for any linear fields, in particular, electromagnetic fields in complex media and elastic fields in crystals. For electromagnetic waves in an isotropic medium or free space, unique families of exact solutions of Maxwell's equations are obtained. The solutions are illustrated by calculating fields, energy densities, and energy fluxes of beams defined by the spherical harmonics. It is shown that the obtained results can be used for a transition from the plane-wave approximation to more accurate models of real incident beams in free-space techniques for characterizing complex media. A mathematical formalism convenient for the treatment of various beams defined by the spherical harmonics is presented.
Politics of Judicial Independence and Judicial Accountability in Czechia: Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law between Court Presidents and the Ministry of Justice
Judicial independence – Judicial accountability – Court presidents – Judicial politics – Separation of powers – Court administration – Judicial councils – Selection of judges – Czechia – Central Europe