Women participation in higher education of India: the enrolment scenario
The role of education in development of the economy is well established. Since independence, the contribution of investments made by the government in higher education has been substantial however post 1980s there has been a decline in the same. Access, equity, women participation and empowerment have been an issue of deliberations all around the world. Higher education provided to women would mean independence in decision making and economic independence. It would develop capabilities to discharge duties and responsibilities in the fields of social, economic, political and cultural arenas. The objective of the study is to highlight the trend of women enrolment in different faculties of higher education and understand its contribution towards women empowerment. This study is based on secondary data available from Census of India, Selected Educational Statistics, UGC annual reports and research articles. The limitations to the study are inadequacy of the data and variance in the data available from different sources. At the end, conclusions and suggestions are presented.
Women’s Enrollments in STEM in Higher Education: Cross-National Trends, 1970–2010
This paper describes cross-national trends in women’s share of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) enrollments in higher education for roughly 70 countries between 1970 and 2010. We answer two questions: 1) what is the overall global trend regarding women’s entry into these fields of study? And, 2) are certain STEM fields more accessible to women than other fields? We find that the overall trend is one of increased access, and this finding holds across different regions. Although women’s share has increased in both fields of study, women have less access to engineering than natural science. These findings are discussed within the broader context of global changes in the status of women. This discussion is grounded in macro-sociological theories that situate national changes within the influential “world society.” Lastly, we distinguish between the gains of women in science and the persisting issues of women and science.
Analysis of the Ionospheric Effect for Time Offsets per GPS Code Measurements
This paper shows the analysis results of time offsets using P1, P2 and P3 code in GPS time transfer. The r2cggtts program has been used in GNSS Time Transfer and use the P3 ionosphere free combination of P1 and P2 code measurements. We modified the r2cggtts program in order to calculate and write all kinds of time offsets P3 as well as P1 and P2. The result of the modified r2cggtts program shows that time offsets using P1 and P2 are of wide distribution comparing to time offsets using P3. In order to Figure out the error factors for wide distributions of P1 and P2, we analyze and present the relation between the elevation angle and time offsets in this paper.