Human trafficking: a comparative analysis of why countries with similar characteristics have different situations
................................................................................................................ii AKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATION....................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................xi
White slavery, public health, and the socialist position on legalized prostitution in Argentina, 1913-1936.
In January 1875, the Buenos Aires municipal council legalized female sexual commerce within authorized bordellos. A decade of rapid urbanization and population growth, characterized by a high proportion of unmarried males, had created problems of social control and public health that had to be addressed by city authorities. Assisted in their task by doctors specializing in public health who were aware of European legislation on the issue, councilmen enacted a law purportedly intended to improve public health. Instead, the desire to create revenues from exorbitant license fees meant that municipally regulated prostitution served principally to keep prostitutes off the streets and enlarge city coffers. It was not until 1888 that the Dispensario de Salubridad (or Prostitutes' Registry) was established along with the Sifilicomio (the venereal disease hospital) to periodically examine and treat women in licensed houses of prostitution.1 Municipal attitudes toward prostitutes paralleled official views of other working-class women. During the same years, less successful measures were enacted to register and monitor wet-nurses, female domestic servants, hotel employees, and waitresses. By the early twentieth century, local authorities were discouraging the employment of females as cafe waitresses by charging their employers high license fees and forcing the women to register as prostitutes. The common goal of these laws was to control independent, lower-class females at the same time that unsupervised women workers were being removed from the urban workplace.2
Ceramic microwave antennas for mobile applications
Due to their medium to high permittivity values, ceramic microwave materials are attractive as building blocks for miniaturised antenna solutions. Further advantages are low dielectric losses and an excellent temperature stability of standard ceramic materials. Yet, the permittivity of the ceramic material also has a strong influence on the radiation efficiency and bandwidth of the antenna. This implies that in the design process a suitable compromise has to be found between the degree of miniaturisation on the one hand and the antenna efficiency and bandwidth on the other. We describe two approaches towards efficient miniaturised ceramic microwave antennas: the dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with partial metallisation and the shorting post patch antenna. We focus on design steps taken to ensure both a high degree of miniaturisation and high values of the radiation efficiency, the choice of the ceramic material and the experimental performance of the antennas.