Performance - Evaluation of Lignite in a downdraft Gasifier
India is a developing country which lacks an adequate supply of electricity. For many of the interior regions of India, gasification is a good way to produce electricity with standalone gasifier. In many regions of India as well as in the world, a large reserve of lignite is available. Lignite could be a fuel for gasification system. This paper presents the result of the experimental investigations carried out using lignite to investigate the effect of fuel size variation on gas generation rate and performance parameter in terms of calorific value of producer gas and gasifier efficiency in downdraft gasifier. Based on the realization, while studying the effect of gas generation rate, the choice of particle size is playing an important role for flowability study and performance of gasifier. The present work investigates the effect of lignite size variation on temperature profile at different zones in gasifier. They were in the range of 16-19 mm, 19-22 mm, 22-25 mm particle sizes of lignite. For comparative studies, experiments were also carried out on uneven size wood and lignite. It was observed from three particle sizes of lignite that better calorific value (629 kcal/m 3 ) and efficiency of gasifier (46.092%)
Gasification and power generation characteristics of rice husk and rice husk pellet using a downdraft fixed-bed gasifier
Abstract In the present study, gasification of rice husk and rice husk pellet was performed in a bench-scale downdraft fixed-bed gasifier. Gasification was conducted in a temperature range of 600–850 °C, fuel feeding rate of 40–60 kg/h and gasification agent, air, feeding rate of 50–75 Nm 3 /h. From the results, synthetic gas heating value and cold gas efficiency of more than 1300 kcal/Nm 3 and 70% were achieved, respectively. The heating value of synthetic gas and cold gas efficiency from rice husk pellet gasification shows higher value than that of rice husk gasification. To make power generation, the CD800L reciprocating engine designed to basically use LPG fuel was conducted by supplying synthetic gas produced from rice husk pellet gasification. It was confirmed that stable power generation of 10 kW was achieved.
In-services and empty threats: The roles of organizational practices and workplace experiences in shaping U.S. educators' understandings of students' rights.
This paper applies theoretical frameworks from organizational sociology and sociolegal studies to examine factors associated with educators' conceptions of students' rights to due process in disciplinary actions. We analyze a unique representative data set of 402 teachers and 200 administrators in U.S. high schools to investigate how educators understand the rights to due process articulated in the Supreme Court case of Goss v. Lopez (1975). We then examine whether individual characteristics and participation in organizational processes are associated with educators' understandings of students' due process rights. Findings suggest that educators' understandings of students' entitlements to due process vary with educators' level of education, experience of school-related legal threats, and participation in district or diocese in-service training programs on students' rights. Results point to organizational climate as a key factor in shaping educators' rights conceptions and the role of law in American schools.