Chitosan-Tripoly Phosphate (CS-TPP) Synthesis Through Cross-linking Process: the Effect of Concentration Towards Membrane Mechanical Characteristic and Urea Permeation
Crosslinking reactions are required to modify the functional groups on chitosan and to increase the number of active groups of chitosan. In this study crosslinking reaction of tripolyphospate (TPP) groups on chitosan was conducted in order to produce membrane which functions as candidate of hemodialysis membrane. The mole ratio between chitosan and NaTPP was varied to obtain the best composition of modified materials. Study of TPP concentration effect towards membrane characteristics was conducte durea permeation ability. The resulting membrane was then characterized including tests of thickness, water uptake, tensile strength and membrane hydrophilicity. The results showed that the best composition of membrane occurred in the addition of 0.691 g of NaTPP proved byin creasing water uptake (150%), its highest mechanical strength and releasing the percentage of urea permeation by 44%.
Analysis of Fe in Sediment Material using a Modified Tessier Technique for Detection of Fe-Anthropogenic and Fe-Naturals
Monitoring of environmental pollution can be carried out in the leaching process to determine the quality of sediment. This study modified the Tessier method leaching process using an optimized microwave. This study reported the effect of radiation contact time and microwave power in the microwave Tessier method based on their level of accuracy and precision to the analysis of Fe in sediment. After optimizing the microwave Tessier method, we continued using this optimization to determine pollution status using the Contamination Factor (CF) values. The results showed the time of contact of the radiation and microwave power gave an influence in the optimized Tessier analysis of Fe in sediment. The optimized conditions were in the fraction 1 (power radiation: 10%; time: 2 minutes), fraction 2 (power radiation: 30%; time: 3 minutes), fraction 3 (power radiation: 50%; time: 2 minutes), fraction 4 (power radiation: 50%; time: 3 minutes). The microwave Tessier method produced the recovery percentage of 94.11%. Fe concentration in sediments showed in the non-resistant fraction had a range between 537.6 mg/kg - 575.9 mg/kg, whereas Fe concentrations in the resistant fraction ranged from 3161.6 mg/kg - 10067.2 mg/kg. The results of CF values were obtained at 1.933-1.961, indicating the moderate contamination status in the Gulf of Prigi.
Chitosan and Its Applications: A Review of Literature
In this study, we have reviewed the Chitosan, Chitosan properties and its applications. It is similar to cellulose, in which the C-2 hydroxyl groups are replaced by acetamido residue. Chitosan is polysaccharide easily available in nature from the shells and other sea crustaceans. It can be derivetiesed in number of forms. Hence, it has wide application in near about all pharmaceutical, pharmacological and commercial sectors. Chitosan has received considerable attention as a possible pharmaceutical excipient in recent decades, due to its good biocompatibility and low toxicity properties in both conventional excipient applications as well as in novel applications. Pharmacological study of Chitosan polymer includes all effects on micro organisms and stimulates human health to prevent diseased conditions and improve the health. Chitosan has commercial importance by using it in social fields like agriculture, in water treatment, in waste treatment, in food and beverage industries etc.