The Employment Act of 1946: some history notes
of the 1930s, Congress passed the Employment Act of 1946. Its sponsors believed that earlier failures to deal with massive worldwide unemployment had contributed significantly to the rise of National Socialism, which eventually culminated in World War II. This belief urged the act’s sponsors to find a solution to the problem that had caused “such a great melting away of prosperity in such a short period of time.”’
The link between the current international monetary non-system, financialization and the Washington consensus
The main purpose of the present work is to build a bridge between three concepts: the current international monetary system, financialization and the Washington consensus. Under this approach, the current international monetary non-system (that replaced the Bretton Woods system) imposed by Nixon in 1971 led to the oil shocks that in turn intensified the inflationary pressures of the rest of the decade. The bold resolution to end inflation in 1979 via high interest rates brought about a process of financialization that was cause and consequence of trade and financial liberalization. Interest rates eventually went back to levels comparable to those prevailing before the Volcker shock, which brought about a decline in firms’ demand for credit that obliged banks to seek for other clients, i.e. the rest of the world and households. The ideas embedded in the Washington consensus contributed to the development of this financialization/liberalization process, and these gained strength as the previous regime (characterized by low unemployment rates and high inflation) was being replaced by the current regime paradoxically called the ‘Great Moderation’. The process of financialization can be explained by the analysis of the capital structure of U.S. firms.
Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1920's and 1930's: A Re-examination Based on Postwar Experience
A NNUAL data on the labor force were not collected by the United States government before 1940. The decennial censuses prior to 1940 did include labor force enumerations, although the definitional basis of these figures was the "gainful worker" concept rather than the labor force concept which underlies census data beginning in 1940.' Stanley Lebergott (1964) has undertaken the most careful and exhaustive adjustments of the gainful worker figures to make them consistent with the labor force concept and with the sampling procedures used by the Census Bureau in its Current Population Surveys which began in 1940. He has also constructed an annual labor force series for the 1900-1939 period which is consistent with his adjusted decennial census figures. One shortcoming of these annual labor force estimates is that they do not fully reflect the influence of economic variables on labor force participation. His procedure was basically to (1) obtain detailed labor force participation rates by age, sex, and in some cases, nativity, for decennial census years, (2 ) interpolate these rates linearly between census years, and (3) apply the interpolated rates to population data for the intercensoral years. As one might expect, the resulting labor force series displays virtually no cyclical variation, since annual changes in labor market conditions are not taken into account. Thus, Lebergott's annual estimates are not of the same character as the annual (or monthly) estimates prepared by the Census Bureau after 1940,2 and unemployment rates derived from them are not truly comparable with the official series for the post1940 years. Empirical studies of post-World War II data indicate that the size of the labor force in the short run depends in part on the degree of tightness in the job market.3 The search for