Local Fragmentation as Immigration Regulation
Immigration scholars have traditionally focused on the role of national borders and the significance of nation-state citizenship. At the same time, local government scholars have called attention to the significance of local boundaries, the consequence of municipal residency, and the influence of the two on the fragmentation of American society. This paper explores the interplay between these two mechanisms of spatial and community controls. Emphasizing their doctrinal and historic commonalities, this article suggests that the legal structure responsible for local fragmentation can be understood as second-order immigration regulation. It is a mechanism that allows for finer regulatory control than the crude boundary and membership regulations at the national level. It also serves as a means by which, in the absence of a national consensus, the competing interests surrounding immigration can still be negotiated and reconciled on the ground. Not only does this framework provide a conceptual bridge that unifies boundary and membership controls that, until now, have been perceived as disparate and unconnected areas of law, but it also raises important questions about policies at the heart of today’s immigration debates.
The Transformation of U.S. Immigration Federalism: A Critical Reading of Arizona v. United States
In the United States, the legal challenges to a recent spate of state and local laws aimed at regulating migration have revolved primarily around questions of immigration federalism. The primary argument of litigants challenging state and local ordinances such as Arizona’s S.B. 1070 or Hazelton, Pennsylvania’s ordinance concerning the employment and housing of unauthorized migrants has been a federal preemption argument. Simply put, the argument is that state and local immigration regulations are preempted by the comprehensive federal scheme regulating immigration. Defenders of the laws have taken the position—again relying on the jurisprudence that has evolved in the context of immigration federalism—that these laws and ordinances are not preempted because they exist in the interstices of and do not conflict with federal immigration regulation. Additional constitutional questions such as equal protection arguments or Fourth Amendment arguments have been raised as well, but those questions are being litigated in the shadows of the preemption arguments. Thus, the body of law concerning immigration federalism has been the primary tool used by courts thus far to resolve increasingly common questions about sub-federal immigration regulation.
The Determination of Physicochemical Characteristics of Biodiesel and Its Blending Oils
The viscosity,combustion heat,sulfur content,carbon residue,ash,flash point,moisture and cetane value of biodiesel and its blending oils with diesel were determined.The influence of temperature on the viscosity was studied,and the physicochemical characteristics of biodiesel and its blending oils were compared with diesel.The results indicated that biodiesel and its blending oils had some superior performances and good application prospect.