Operation Smallbridge: Chester Ronning, the Second Indochina War, and the Challenge to the United States in Asia
In 1966 Canadian diplomats and politicians sought to bring the United States and North Vietnam to the negotiating table. Canada9s secret search for peace, code-named Operation Smallbridge, was led by retired
 diplomat Chester Ronning, who twice traveled to North Vietnam. Although Ronning9s first mission convinced him that Hanoi was willing to discuss terms, U.S. escalation of the war continued. On his second
 mission, Ronning discovered that Washington9s rejection of Hanoi9s overture had hardened the official attitude in North Vietnam. Ronning may have exaggerated the breakthrough from his earlier visit, and
 his efforts may have unrealistically raised expectations for a settlement. Instead of bringing the adversaries closer together, Operation Smallbridge inadvertently made the Vietnam conflict and its belligerents
 more intractable and the prospects for a peaceful political solution more unlikely.
Opposing Negotiations: China and the Vietnam Peace Talks, 1965-1968
The Vietnam War was not just a conflict between the United States and North Vietnam. It also involved the allies of both countries. The interests, fears, and ambitions of those allies inevitably affected both the course of the war and the ability of the major contestants to achieve their objectives. This international dimension of the Vietnam conflict has only recently begun to receive attention.1 A number of studies have shed new light on the involvement of such countries as Australia, France, Sweden, the Soviet Union, and China in the war, as well as on their interactions with Washington and Hanoi.2 This essay examines the international dimension of the Vietnam War, in particular Beijing's attitude toward the Viet-
The Limits Of Coercive Diplomacy
Introduction: the limits of coercive diplomacy. Part 1 Coercive diplomacy: definition and characteristics theory and practice coercive diplomacy and ultimata - theory and practice in history. Part 2 The practice of coercive diplomacy - case studies: from deterrence to coercion to war - the road to Pearl Harbor the Laos crisis of 1961-1962 - coercive diplomacy for minimal objectives the Cuban missile crisis - peaceful resolution through coercive diplomacy US coercive pressure on North Vietnam, early 1965 the Reagan administration vs Nicaragua - the limits of "type C" coercive diplomacy coercive diplomacy and the crisis over Kuwait, 1990-1991. Part 3 Findings and conclusions.