Multiply diffracted light in the Czerny-Turner spectrometer.
At certain small angles of the grating, any in-plane spectrometer will pass stray light that has been returned by the reflecting optics for a second diffraction. Paths of this source of stray light and its strueture have been calculated and confirmed experimentally.
Measurement of the LiD (A–X) transition moment from laser‐excited fluorescence and test of the R‐centroid approximation
Improved Dunham coefficients of the X 1Σ+ and A 1Σ+ states of LiD were derived, based on the observation of vibrational levels up to v″ = 26, corresponding to 96% of the ground state dissociation energy. From accurate intensity measurements over long fluorescence progressions, the electronic transition moment M was obtained as a function of the internuclear distance R. The dependence M(R) has an unusual S shape. The R‐centroid method was found to be valid even in this case.
Expected annual emergency miles per ambulance: an indicator for measuring availability of Emergency Medical Services resources.
CONTEXT
To ensure equitable access to prehospital care, as recommended by the Rural and Frontier Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Agenda for the Future, policymakers will need a uniform measure of EMS infrastructure.


PURPOSE AND METHODS
This paper proposes a county-level indicator of EMS resource availability that takes into consideration existing EMS resources (ambulances), population health and demographics, and geographic factors. The indicator, the EXpected annual emergency miles per AMBulance (EXAMB), provides a basis for comparing ambulance availability across counties within states. A method for calculating the EXAMB indicator is demonstrated using data from 5 states.


FINDINGS
The EXAMB indicator was negatively correlated with ambulance availability per 100,000 population in 4 of the 5 states in the study. The indicator was positively correlated with rurality in 3 states. In Mississippi, South Carolina, and Wyoming, whole-county health professional shortage areas had median EXAMB values 45%-81% higher than those of the non-health professional shortage areas counties.


CONCLUSIONS
Future research should explore the relationship of the EXAMB to EMS outcomes, with the ultimate goal of developing a nationally recognized indicator of "adequate" EMS resource availability.