ZINC-MICROELEMENT OF REFERENCE IN APPLE NUTRITION
This paper aims to present the risk of being exposed apple trees to zinc deficiency, within an bifactorial experience with fertilizers. Mobile Zn content in soil, on one hand and total zinc content in plant material (leaves) on the other hand, as mobile phosphates content in soil, represents agrochemical indices for assessing the probability of zinc deficiency. These indices determined during two years of experimentation, can be quantified in two synthetic indicators IRPM mobile phosphates reaction index in soil, used for chernozems, that express and explain the influence of pH and available phosphorus content (P-AL ppm) on Zn mobility in soil and its availability to plants; and ICZn zinc deficiency index, which takes into consideration the value of mobile Zn content in soil, being more significant in order to predict the probability of zinc deficiency appearance. Folowing the fertilization of experimental variants, we analyzed the data obtained during two consecutive years of experience, and noticed that available phosphorus content in soil increased gradually, while mobile Zn, although increasing quantity, it lies within suboptimal limits. Together these values and soil pH, which has the tendency to rise up to 8.00, the two indices calculated ICZn and IRPM, clearly indicates that the probability of deficiency in zinc appearance is medium to large, ICZn take values between 1.39 and 3.13, while IRPM take values between 0.117 and 0.232.
Zinc deficiency up-regulates expression of high-affinity phosphate transporter genes in both phosphate-sufficient and -deficient barley roots.
Phosphate (P) is taken up by plants through high-affinity P transporter proteins embedded in the plasma membrane of certain cell types in plant roots. Expression of the genes that encode these transporters responds to the P status of the plants, and their transcription is normally tightly controlled. However, this tight control of P uptake is lost under Zn deficiency, leading to very high accumulation of P in plants. We examined the effect of plant Zn status on the expression of the genes encoding the HVPT1 and HVPT2 high-affinity P transporters in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Weeah) roots. The results show that the expression of these genes is intimately linked to the Zn status of the plants. Zn deficiency induced the expression of genes encoding these P transporters in plants grown in either P-sufficient or -deficient conditions. Moreover, the role of Zn in the regulation of these genes is specific in that it cannot be replaced by manganese (a divalent cation similar to Zn). It appears that Zn plays a specific role in the signal transduction pathway responsible for the regulation of genes encoding high-affinity P transporters in plant roots. The significance of Zn involvement in the regulation of genes involved in P uptake is discussed.
Understanding the broader implications of strategic evidence disclosure in police interviews with suspects
Police around the world present evidence to suspects at different points during the interview. Some psychologists suggest that police should strategically delay disclosing evidence and test the truthfulness of a suspect’s account by comparing it with the evidence. Moreover, psychologists suggest interviewers who plan strategic evidence disclosure might be less guilt-presumptive about the suspect because they must consider alternative explanations of the evidence as part of their planning. In contrast, many lawyers argue that police should not strategically disclose evidence as it undermines a suspect’s fair trial rights and prevents lawyers from advising suspects effectively before the interview. 
 
To address these conflicting perspectives from the domains of psychology and law, this thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach and considers strategic evidence disclosure within the broader legal context of a suspect’s custodial detention. First, a field study of police disclosure briefings with lawyers, lawyer-client consultations, and police interviews, and a survey of lawyers highlights how lawyers rely upon the police’s evidence to advise suspects in custody. When police strategically disclose evidence, lawyers cannot provide informed legal advice and tend to advise suspects to not answer police questions. Second, three experiments and a mini meta-analysis show that generating alternative evidential explanations for criminal cases, as interviewers planning strategic evidence disclosure might do, has a very small effect, or plausibly no effect, on people’s beliefs about the suspect’s guilt. Finally, a mock crime experiment shows that, even two months after a crime, truthful suspects’ accounts fit evidence that was strategically withheld more than deceptive suspects’ accounts did. Independent laypeople from a follow-up experiment could distinguish between these truthful and deceptive accounts. Together, these findings suggest that strategic evidence disclosure could help deception detection even months after a crime, but it also impinges upon suspects’ legal rights and is unlikely to make interviewers less guilt-presumptive.