Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indonesian Sugar Apple ( Annona squamosa L . ) Extracted with Various Solvents Deva
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
The Production of Bioethanol from Custard Apple Peels (Annona Squamosa) Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Bioethanol can be produced through fermentation proc ess from the renewable sources for fuel and fuel additives. There is an increase in the need of bioe thanol; hence the bioethanol must be produced using cheap and eco-friendly raw materials. According to these charac teristics, fruit wastes can be considered as cheap a nd cost effective. In this study, the peels of the Annona squamosa (cus tard apple) were used as a raw material for the produ ction of bioethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the r esults were compared using different parameters like time, temperature, pH and amount of yeast. The results of this work show that the rate of ethanol production through the fermentation of custard apple wastes yields are ver y high at pH 6, temperature 40°C, 7th day, and 10g o f yeast and the yield obtained from the optimized parameters is 22. 8% (v/v). The results of this present study propose d that the wastes from the fruits that comprises fermentable sugar sh ould not be cast-off on our environment, rather it should be converted into a useful product like bioethanol that can assi t as an another energy source.
Source-sink Relationship for Translocation and Distribution of 14 C Carbohydrates in Pumpkin
The pattern of photoassimilate transfer and allocation from leaves to other organs of confectionery seed pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) was investigated in a greenhouse environment. Fully-developed leaves located at different nodes on the vine were labeled with 14 CO₂, and subsequent transfer of 14 4C carbohydrates into fruit, leaf, stem, and root was measured. The 14 CO₂ fixation and the amount of 14 C-labeled photosynthetic translocation into sink varied by leaf position, and the leaf born at the center between the first and second fruit-bearing nodes served as the strongest source. While the proportion of 14 C transferred from a leaf to other parts was similar, closer distance between the source and the sink tissues meant greater amount of translocated 14 C. The first fruit served as the strongest sink for 14 C translocation, followed by stem, leaf, the second fruit, and root tissues.