To Fight Soviet Agents in the Fatherland: Anti-Communism in Ayacucho's APRA, 1945-48
This article considers the anti-Communist words and actions of Ayacucho Peru’s APRA party during the 1945-1948 presidency of Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero. Anti-Communism – understood here as opposition to the Peruvian Communist Party, its ideology, and its members – gave Apristas purpose, relevance and definition during the earliest moments of the global Cold War. By tracing the local motivations, practices and consequences of Aprista anti-Communism, a picture of sharp political animosity characterized by pointed rhetoric and steady, if low-level, political violence emerges.
Yellows against Reds: Campesino Anticommunism in 1960s Ayacucho, Peru
Peasant activists affiliated with the Confederación Campesina del Perú (CCP) seized the Pomacocha hacienda in Ayacucho in 1961. The invasion triggered over a decade of serious conflict between those peasants who supported local CCP activists and those who opposed them. The campesinos who challenged Pomacocha’s CCP activists did so using the rhetoric of anticommunism, and they were in turn derided as “yellows,” or conservatives. Peasant anticommunism stemmed from conflicts over money, religion, participation, and especially political rivalries, as the staunchest anticommunist peasants in the community belonged to the rival APRA party. The Pomacocha case shows that landowning elites, the church, government officials, and the military had no monopoly on the Cold War rhetoric of anticommunism; peasants likewise mobilized counterrevolutionary discourses to further their own interests. Ultimately, anticommunism allowed campesinos to pierce through the political neglect that characterized indigenous peasants’ relationships with the twentieth-century Peruvian state.Activistas campesinos vinculados a la Confederación Campesina del Perú (CCP) tomaron la hacienda ayacuchana Pomacocha en 1961, lo cuál desató un grave conflicto entre los comuneros apoyando a los activistas locales de la CCP y quienes estaban en contra de ellos. Los campesinos opuestos a los activistas de la CCP utilizaban la retórica anticomunista, a lo que sus vecinos respondieron acusándolos de ser “amarillos” (conservadores). El anticomunismo de los campesinos provenía de conflictos económicos, disputas sobre religión y la participación política, y las rivalidades políticas, debido al hecho que los campesinos anticomunistas más acérrimos eran miembros del partido Aprista. El caso pomacochano demuestra que además de las élites, la iglesia, el gobierno, y el ejército, los campesinos también vocalizaban discursos contrarrevolucionarios para avanzar sus propios intereses y para contrarrestar el abandono político que caracterizaba sus relaciones políticas con el estado peruano durante el siglo XX.
Environmental education in Latin American and the Caribbean: the challenges and limitations of conducting a systematic review of evaluation and research
Abstract This systematic review extends the boundary of prior reviews in the environmental education (EE) field by analyzing publications focused on Latin America and the Caribbean (LATAM). We examined peer-reviewed literature and dissertations/theses in four languages (English, French, Spanish and Portuguese) published between January 2000 and February 2018 to examine outcomes of EE interventions occurring in both formal and nonformal settings among LATAM youth up to age 18 years. Our findings reflect recurring critiques of EE, such as the field’s limited empirical research and a bias toward measuring knowledge gain. Our findings also highlight themes specific to LATAM, related to issue-based EE programs, EE versus Education for Sustainable Development, barriers to EE implementation and potential challenges posed by bias, privilege and power in LATAM-based EE research. Access to potentially appropriate publications was limited by weaknesses in search databases. Only a small selection of LATAM countries is represented in publications that met the search criteria, limiting our capacity to draw stronger conclusions about the region as a whole.