Butterfat Losses in Buttermilk from Commercial Churnings
Abstract The effect of churning procedures on fat losses in the buttermilk at two creameries in south Alberta was studied. Seasonal fluctuations were found to exist. Losses ranged from 0.72% to 3.00% with averages of 1.11 and 1.57% at the two plants. The temperature of the buttermilk at time of draining was quite important, 59°F being the maximum permissible to prevent greatly increased losses. A churning time of 45 to 60 minutes appeared to give minimum fat losses although churning times below 45 minutes showed a greater tendency to high losses than did those in excess of 60 minutes. Overloading of the churn greatly increased fat losses.
Seasonal and regional variations in some chemical and physical properties of Alberta butterfat.
Refractive indexes, iodine and Reichert-Meissl values and softening points of butterfat from seven creameries situated in northern, central and southern parts of Alberta displayed distinct seasonal and regional variations over a 2-year period Except for the softening points no statistically significant difference was found when the variations of the 1952-53 data were compared with those of 1953-54. Both seasonal and regional fluctuations in the butterfat composition may be related in part to differing feeding practices High refractive indexes and iodine and Reichert-Meissl values were observed during the spring and summer and low values during autumn and winter, although Lethbridge butterfats were characterized by maximum Reichert-Meissl values in November The average monthly iodine values varied regionally The values of the butterfat from one point, however, did not follow this pattern Softening points were inversely correlated with iodine values (r = −0 37) and with Reichert-Meissl values (r = −0 58)
The Problem of Fertility
THE practical application of the science of the physiology of reproduction lies in two distinct fields, that of human medicine and that of animal husbandry. The bringing together of workers in these two fields to discuss recent research on the problems of fertility, the results of which are set forth in this book, should have important repercussions in the future, not only for applied, but also for pure science. It is evident from a study of the various chapters that a comparison of the reactions of different species throws considerable light on their different physiological balances and opens the way for advances in disentangling the mechanisms involved. Striking differences exist between species in respect to the methods whereby ovulation can be induced and in the biology of the spermatozoa. In this book recent research work on these subjects has been described in papers by different specialists, and the discussion which followed is reported.The Problem of Fertility Proceedings of the Conference on Fertility held under the auspices of the National Committee on Maternal Health. Edited by Earl T. Engle. Pp. viii + 254. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1946.) 21s. net.