A Survey of the Status of School Physical Education in Public Primary Schools in Edo State
The purpose of this study is to examine the status of school P. E. Against this backdrop, four research questions were raised in the areas of scope of activities, sports facilities/equipment and sports personnel to establish benchmark for the study. A total of 486 sample sizes were selected proportionately from a population of 1215, being 40% of the total population. A checklist for surveying the status of school Physical Education programme was used. As a first step toward establishing benchmark, 30 primary schools were administered with prototype checklist. The benchmark were achieved by using normal distribution curve and the results obtained later converted to z– scores, and a scale of low, moderate, and high status derived. This was later used to describe the data obtained, having been analysed using simple percentage. The scope of Physical Education programme rated high status on team sports /games and track & field sports facilities equally rated high status. Sports equipment rated low status; finally sports personnel generally rated low status except OND/NCE which rated moderate status.
Advocacy for Benchmarking in the Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies Library, Lagos
The paper gave a general overview of benchmarking and its novel application to library practice with a view to achieve organizational change and improved performance. Based on literature, the paper took an analytic, descriptive and qualitative overview of benchmarking practices vis a vis services in law libraries generally and with a particular reference to the Apex Law Institute in Nigeria – Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (NIALS). The paper highlighted the rationale for the establishment of benchmarking viz; The position of the Institute’s library in the dissemination of legal information in Nigeria and the challenges of the 21st century library and law librarianship; subjects of benchmarking, process of benchmarking and the implications of the adoption of the benchmarking strategy. The paper concluded that library services in general and particularly in Nigerian special libraries are poor and below international best practices. The paper provided an insight into the expediency of the establishment of benchmarking procedure in NIALS library as a tool of improving library business performance.
Human reproduction: irrational but in most cases morally defensible
While I am inclined to agree that in most cases a choice to become pregnant and bring to birth a child is an irrational choice, unlike Professor Hayry,1 I believe that choosing to do so is far from being necessarily immoral. In fact I will argue that it is often these irrational (but morally defensible) choices which make human life the valuable commodity many of us believe it is.

Hayry argues that not only is the choice to have children always an irrational choice, but also it is necessarily an immoral choice. Thus, for Hayry “human reproduction is fundamentally immoral”.1 He claims it is important to point out to prospective parents that their urge to have children is irrational. From this, he argues, it follows that once this is accepted the use of advance technologies to assist conception should be reassessed, and furthermore, the irrationality and immorality of having children should become a legitimate part of guidance given to those expressing a wish to have children.

According to Hayry the reason it is irrational and immoral to choose to bring to birth a child is that “having a child can always realistically lead to the worse possible outcome, when the alternative is not having a child”.1 He argues that when people consider having children they are faced with the choice between deciding not to have children and thus harming or benefiting no-one (this, it is argued has a value of zero), or having children where this life may be good or bad, and thus the value of this choice can be …