Initializing process on direct overwrite method using exchange-coupled quadilayer magneto-optical film
A direct overwrite mechanism of the exchange-coupled quadri-layered film using light intensity modulation has been investigation. The initializing process in the overwrite mechanism was studied. It was found that the writing layer had two different coercivities depending on the magnetization state of its adjacent layers. The coercivity of the writing layer in the initializing process was lower than that of the single layer. Thus, the overwrite recording was achieved with good recording characteristics. How this phenomenon plays a critical role in the initializing process was clarified. It was also found that this process occurred well above room temperature. >
A New Direct Overwrite Method by Light Intensity Modulation with Multi Layered Magneto-Optical Discs
We have found possibility of performing direct overwriting by light intensity modulation with only one conventional bias magnet using a new type of exchange-coupled double-layered film. The biggest characteristic of this film is existence of hysteresis of temperature distribution in the film for the light intensity and that makes overwriting possible.
Experimental energy barriers to anions transporting through nanofiltration membranes.
Environmentally relevant contaminants fluoride, chloride, nitrate, and nitrite face Arrhenius energy barriers during transport through nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The energy barriers were quantified using crossflow filtration experiments and were in the range of 7-17 kcal·mol(-1), according to ion type and membrane type (Filmtec NF90 and NF270). Fluoride faced a comparatively high energy barrier for both membranes. This can be explained by the strong hydration energy of fluoride rather than other ion properties such as bare ion radius, fully hydrated radius, Stokes radius, diffusion coefficient, or ion charge. The energy barrier for fluoride decreased with pressure, indicating an impact of directional force on energy barriers. The influence of temperature-induced pore radius variability and viscosity on energy barriers was considered. The novel link between energy barriers and ion properties emphasizes the importance of ion hydration and/or partial dehydration mechanisms in determining transport in NF.