French marine policy in the 1970s and 1980s
Abstract France, hitherto more “continental”; than “maritime,”; increasingly developed its ocean activities in the 1970s and 1980s. This article describes the different sectors of its marine activities and evolvement of a different outlook concerning the sea. Important events such as the 1976 Proclamation and subsequent implementation of the French 200‐nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone, and 1981 formation of a new Socialist government in France after 23 years of uninterrupted “Gaullist”; rule, offered a unique opportunity to restructure marine policy. The new Ministry of the Sea was intended to integrate marine policy and cater to a developing ocean “constituency.”; It was eventually downgraded to a “Secretariat d'Etat,”; but its impact was undeniably important.
Productive efficiency and privatisation : an evaluation of Korean ports policy
Korea has experienced remarkable economic growth during the last four decades due to its trade-oriented development policy. Since the international trade of Korea is carried predominantly by sea transport, its ports play a pivotal role in national economic development. This impressive development in a short period of time has resulted in rapidly increasing seaborne cargoes. All the parties involved in port activities have made a significant effort to keep pace with the ever-growing export and import cargoes. Korean ports, however, still have a number of problems including insufficient port and terminal capacity, inefficient management and operation, and bureaucratic administration, all of which weaken the competitiveness of the country's products by adding heavy logistics costs. Th deal appropriately with these problems, the newly established public port authority, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, has launched a new port and terminal development plan to attract private capital into both existing and new facilities. As a consequence, this scheme has introduced new competition into the Korean port industry combined with some degree of privatisation. The motives for privatisation are complex and varied, but one key claim made is that the transformation of ownership from public to private improves economic efficiency. Economic theories and existing empirical studies, however, fail to establish clear-cut evidence supporting this claim. This phenomenon may reflect, to some extent, a paucity of performance indicators systematically applicable across enterprises and industries. It is essential, therefore, to have a systematic and pragmatic analytical framework to assess the process of privatisation and its results. With this context in mind, this thesis aims to critically review the characteristics of international port privatisation together with the economic theory of privatisation, to apply a new econometric technique for efficiency measurement to a port: the frontier model, and to assess the policy implications for the Korean government and port authority, paying particular reference to the privatisation strategy and its implementation within the nation's seaports and terminals. This research makes an original contribution to knowledge in three respects: firstly, port privatisation, in particular the Korean case has, for the first time, been scientifically investigated on the basis of the economic theory of privatisation; secondly, the industry was analysed through the application of a recently developed econometric efficiency measurement method based on the estimation of two frontier models (i.e. cross-sectional and panel models); and finally, the results of the research undoubtedly provide government, port authority and other interested parties with information and guidelines for implementing the policy of port privatisation. URI http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/446 Collections 01 Research Theses Main Collection Publisher University of Plymouth Commissioning body Faculty of Science and Technology Productive efficiency and privatisation: an evaluation of Korean ports policy 
Prevalence of lice on dairy cattle in England and the bordering counties of Wales
A postal questionnaire was used to collect information on the prevalence of lice on cattle on a random sample of dairy farms in England and the bordering counties of Wales. Replies were received from 1040 (52.8 per cent) of the 1970 farms which were mailed. Fifty per cent of farmers reported having ever seen or suspected lice in their herds and 29 per cent reported possible infestations in the winter of 1996/97. Visits were made to 24 farms in the south west of England during February 1998. Twelve of the farmers said that they had seen or suspected lice in their herd since October 1997, and that lice were more frequently observed on the adult cattle. However, examination revealed lice on 18 of the 24 farms, and adult cattle were the least likely group to be infested.