Compositional Study of Indian Five Rupee Coin by EDXRF Technique
Energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence technique has been used to study five rupee indian coins of years 1992,1993,1994,1999,2009,2010,2011 and 2012 for their material/ elemental compositions. EDX-720 spectrometer provided with X-ray tube and Si(Li) detector having energy resolution 165 eV at 5.9KeV Mn K X-ray. Different metal compositions like Cupro-Nickel, NickelBrass and Ferritic Stainless-Steel (FSS) with traces of Mn, Cr, S, Si, Cl have been found in present investigation. Modern coins are found with amendment in composition that replaces Cupro-Nickel, Nickel-Brass. Variation in weights of coins have been observed from 9 to 6 gm.
Calibration and detection limits of homemade ED-XRF system in the analysis of silver-copper alloys
Abstract Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) compact system was used to analyze silver-copper alloys. The X-ray tube developed at the National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) in Otwock, Poland, was used as an X-ray source and Amptek SDD spectrometer as a detector. The ESPI Metal® reference Ag-Cu alloys were used as calibration samples, allowing for estimation of a limit of detection, a limit of quantification and a minimum detectable limit. The elemental content were determined by using the fundamental parameter method (FP). The experimental data concerning the limitations for Ag and Cu detection showed that the X-ray system developed at the NCBJ with transmission type compact X-ray tube with silver anode operating up to 50 kV/30 µA and Amptek SDD spectrometer is an effective tool for chemical composition analysis of historical coins and can be successfully applied in archaeometry in situ. To demonstrate it two silver-copper Polish coins from 19th and early 20th centuries were examined. The elemental content was determined by using FP method, “silver peak area to copper peak area ratio (par) vs. silver concentration to copper concentration ratio (ccr)” calibration method, and Casting approximation. The obtained results showed the system designed at the NCBJ gave comparable values for determining the concentration when using the FP method and the empirical approaches.
Constructing gender and locality in late medieval England : the lives of Anglo-Saxon and British female saints in the South English Legendaries
..........................................................................................2 Acknowledgements.............................................................................5 Introduction....................................................................................8 1. Female Saints in the SELS 2. The SEL Manuscripts of Monastic Women’s Lives 3. Narratives of Medieval Monastic Women Chapter 1 Saint Frideswide of Oxford and Topoi of Virginity........................42