Degradation of structural ceramics by erosion
Materials wastage by solid-particle erosion can be severe and limit lifetimes. This paper will review the theoretical description of solid-particle erosion in brittle materials, which is well-developed for monolithic ceramics. The models can usually account for effects from the principal projectile properties: size, impact velocity, and impact angle. Materials parameters such as fracture toughness and hardness can be included. Steady-state erosion measurements on a wide variety of ceramics, ranging from Si single crystals to SiC-whisker-reinforced A12O3 are reviewed and compared to the models. It is believed thatR-curve behavior and/or particle fragmentation is responsible for discrepancies between the theory and experimental results for composite ceramics. Additionally, the theories make no attempt to describe threshold or incubation effects.
Solid-particle erosion of a geopolymer containing fly ash and blast-furnace slag
Abstract Solid-particle erosion studies were conducted on a geopolymer derived from fly ash and granulated blast-furnace slag. The erodent particles, 390 μm angular Al 2 O 3 , impacted at 30, 60, or 90° at a velocity of 50, 70, or 100 m/s. Steady-state erosion rates (ER) were obtained and the material-loss mechanisms were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The geopolymer responded to normal impact as a classically brittle material. Elastic–plastic indentation events led to formation of brittle lateral cracks that resulted in loss of material; erosion rate was proportional to erodent velocity to the 2.3 power. Impact at 60° produced similar results, with the erosion rates being in general slightly lower. Impact at 30° led to anomalously high erosion rates that were approximately independent of velocity. This response was attributed to presence of microcracks in the matrix and chipping of aggregates through propagation of radial cracks.
Clozapine derived 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4- and 1,5-benzodiazepines with D4 receptor selectivity: synthesis and biological testing.
Novel 4-arylpiperazin-1-yl-substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4- and 1H-1,5-benzodiazepines and their aza-analogues were synthesized as debenzoclozapine derivatives for evaluation as potential D4-ligands. While Ki values of some of the title compounds came within the range of clozapine, they showed an impressively greater selectivity over other dopamine receptor subtypes, especially D2. For the most promising compounds, intrinsic activity and binding properties to serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 were also determined.