Thermo-mechanical design of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector grids for Radio Frequency Ion Source and SINGAP Accelerator
This paper focuses on the thermo-mechanical design of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector plasma, extraction and acceleration grids, considering the Radio Frequency option for the negative ion source and the SINGAP option for the accelerator. The SINGle Aperture -SINgle GAP (SINGAP) accelerator for ITER NBI foresees four grids for the extraction and acceleration of negative ions, instead of the seven grids of the Multi Aperture Multi Grid (MAMuG) reference configuration. The Radio Frequency ion source is a promising alternative to the Arc Driven one, showing very good performances in recent experiments at IPP Garching (D) and having the advantage of reduced maintenance requirements. A specific plasma grid was designed for RF source considering lower heat loads and different operational requirements. In particular the thermo-hydraulic and thermo-mechanical design aims at having all over the plasma grid a precisely controlled temperature to enhance the negative ions yield inside the caesium seeded source. Analytical and numerical (FE) thermo-mechanical analyses were also carried out for the extraction and acceleration grids. Structural verifications were accomplished according to the ITER Structural Design Criteria for In-Vessel Components. Design optimizations were performed in order to limit the misalignment of the grids within the tolerance specified by beam optics requirements (0.4 mm of maximum misalignment between corresponding apertures axes). The optimum cooling parameters under different operational scenarios were identified. The paper describes the design status of the grid system for the RF ion source and discusses in detail the numerical work carried out for thermo-mechanical and fluid dynamic behaviour.
Design of neutral beam system for ITER-FEAT
Abstract The neutral beam (NB) system in ITER-FEAT provides heating and current drive (H&CD) by two NB injectors, each delivering 16.7 MW of D 0 beam to the plasma at 1 MeV. The NB system retains the basic concept of the ITER 1998 design, but there are certain modifications that will be described: the beam transmission is improved by a four beam channel design of the neutralizer and the RID. Also the layout of the NB injector integrated in ITER allows both on- and off-axis current drive. The improved performance of the NB system is discussed from the system efficiency and the current drive capability points of view.
Thermal stability of reconstituted collagen fibrils. Shrinkage characteristics upon in vitro maturation
Thermal stability measured as area shrinkage without tension during heating was determined for membranes of collagen fibrils reconstituted from solutions of highly purified rat skin collagens. Shrinkage in per cent of area at 25 degrees C and shrinkage temperature were quantitated in a standardized way and determined as a function of in vitro maturation time for 11 to 104 days after aggregation for the collagen membranes. Similar to reports on intact rat skin, shrinkage temperature remained constant and shrinkage per cent declined with a rate decreasing with time during maturation. Solubility in water at 80 degrees C for 2 hours was 95-96% and remained unchanged for the maturation time (about 2 months) studied. The decreased shrinkage reflecting a lower degree of collapse is ascribed to an increasing thermal stability of the membranes during maturation. Development of heat-stable bonds in the reconstituted collagen fibrils is taken up to be amenable to this increased stability. Similarity in changes of shrinkage characteristics during in vivo and in vitro maturation indicates that maturation changes in reconstituted collagen fibrils reflect those occurring in intact collagen during in vivo aging.