The 1961 Constitutional Referendum in Turkey
The 1961 referendum on the new constitution was the first referendum held in the history of the Turkish republic. However, no deeper analysis of this phenomenon has been conducted in the English-language academic literature. This paper undertakes that objective. The new constitution was drafted and adopted under anti-democratic conditions. The post-coup era was a missed opportunity for instituting a stronger democracy. The referendum was the last nationwide vote in which traditional actors played significant roles in determining voting behavior. The notables and major landowners of the under-developed provinces led the masses to vote in favor of the new constitution. Starting in 1965, politics in Turkey became ideology-centered and class-oriented, thus causing the influence of traditional actors to diminish. Although the campaign for votes to support the referendum dominated the political scene in 1961, the electorate showed its distance from the coup anyway.
Constructing Democracy in Southern Europe: A comparative analysis of Italy, Spain and Turkey
1. Introduction 2. Problems in State Building 3. Experiencing the Breakdown of Democracy 4. Pre-Transition Economic Structures and Economic Development 5. Constitution Building 6. The Representation of Social and Political Cleavages 7. The Functioning of Government: Executive and Parliament 8. The Resolution of Regional Conflict 9. The Professionalization of the Military 10. External Influences and Democratic Consolidation 11. Conclusion. Appendix: Research Design and Case Selection
Encouraging democracy : the international context of regime transition in southern Europe
International influences and democratic transition - problems of theory and practice in linkage politics, Geoffrey Pridham the international context of democratic transition - a comparative framework, Geoffrey Pridham international relations and democratic transition, Gerald Segal democracy by convergence and Southern Europe - a comparative politics perspective, Laurence Whitehead the international context of democratic transition in postwar Italy - a case of penetration, Robert Leonardi Portugal - a case study of international determinants of regime transition, Walter C.Opello state-international systems interaction and the Greek transition to democracy in the mid-1970s, Susannah Verney and Theodore Couloumbis Spain's transition - domestic and external linkages, Jonathan Story and Benny Pollack the international context of democratic transition in Turkey, Ali L.Karaosmanoglu US policy towards democratic transition in Southern Europe, Alfred Tovias transition to democracy and European integration - the role of interest groups in Southern Europe, Dusan Sidjanski the politics of the European Community, transnational networks and democratic transition in Southern Europe, Geoffrey Pridham.