Vorticity flux through the Yucatan Channel and Loop Current variability in the Gulf of Mexico
[1] Recent observations (the CANEK Program [Candela et al., 2002]) suggest that potential vorticity (PV) flux anomaly (VFA) at Yucatan Channel may serve as a useful indicator of Loop Current variability, including Loop Current extension, retraction, and eddy shedding. Intuitively, anticyclonic VFA extends the Loop Current into the Gulf of Mexico and cyclonic VFA causes retraction or even shedding. However, this intuition is inconsistent with PV conservation. The problem is reexamined here by careful analyses of the relation between VFA and Loop Current variability using (1) the results of a 15-year numerical simulation of shedding specified with simple forcing, and (2) CANEK and satellite observations. Both model and observations indicate that Loop Current eddy shedding or retraction tends to occur shortly (1� 2 months) after the influx of VFA at Yucatan has turned anticyclonic, and that these events are sometimes preceded by a more prolonged period of influx of cyclonic VFA. These findings suggest that contrary to intuition, influx of cyclonic VFA tends to extend the Loop Current into the Gulf, thus making the Loop Current more susceptible to retract or shed an eddy, and influx of anticyclonic VFA may then ‘‘trigger’’ retraction or eddy shedding. However, the Loop Current’s behaviors are much more complex than can be prescribed by these simple rules. A much longer observational data set, coupled with more refined model experiments and sophisticated analyses, is required to further quantify the phenomenon. INDEX TERMS: 4520 Oceanography: Physical: Eddies and mesoscale processes; 4255 Oceanography: General: Numerical modeling; 4576 Oceanography: Physical: Western boundary currents; 4243 Oceanography: General: Marginal and semienclosed seas; KEYWORDS: vorticity flux, Loop Current, Yucatan Channel Citation: Oey, L.-Y. (2004), Vorticity flux through the Yucatan Channel and Loop Current variability in the Gulf of Mexico, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C10004, doi:10.1029/2004JC002400.
On the World Ocean Circulation. Volume 1. Some Global Features / North Atlantic Circulation.
Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research, Grant Nos. N00014-89-J-1039 
and N00014-95-1-0356, and the Clark Foundation.
The Tsetse Problem on the Eastern Cattle Route in the Gold Coast
1. Primary fly-belts round Makongo consisted of three different vegetational communities: a Cynometra-Vitex association along the main length of the Makongo river, on a clay soil; a Ficus congensis association along the river close to the town, on a sandy soil; and Isoberlinia doka woodland on moist sandy soil north-west and south of Makongo. 2. Secondary fly-belts of less dense vegetation occur in the orchard bush savannah round Makongo, and these are not colonised until the commencement of the rainy season. 3. Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis both occurred in the riverside communities, and G. palpalis alone in the Isoberlinia woodland. 4. Along the river G. palpalis outnumbered G. tachinoides by 3:1 in the dry season. At the commencement of the rains G. tachinoides increased more quickly than G. palpalis , bringing their numbers very nearly equal, but at the end of the rains there was a decrease in G. tachinoides which restored the original proportion. 5. G. morsitans had been found at Makongo formerly but was not met with at the time of this investigation, its absence being due to the disappearance of the larger antelope from the neighbourhood. 6. Smaller game animals, small mammals and reptiles afforded an adequate food supply for tsetse in the fly-belts, and also passing herds of cattle, as well as natives from the village and travellers. 7. The distribution of G. palpalis within the fly-belts was markedly influenced by the proximity of a cattle road along which herds of cattle passed almost daily, and by village water-holes. 8. During the dry season the primary foci were always found to be the places of greatest relative humidity, and the fly does not tend to move out of these until the general atmospheric humidity has reached a certain fairly high degree. 9. In clearing the fly-belts the removal of all primary foci within a quarter of a mile of the town and of thick bush within 100 yards of water-holes was undertaken. The work lasted from the beginning of February to the end of March 1931. 10. The effect of clearing the Isoberlinia doka woodland was to banish G. palpalis completely, and it never returned to these clearings. 11. On clearing the riverside Ficus congensis fly-belt, G. tachinoides was practically eliminated for the first three months, but reappeared in the clearings in June when there was a general increase and up-stream migration of this fly. G. palpalis remained in this clearing in fluctuating numbers up to June, when observations were suspended. 12. 565 marked tsetse were liberated in the fly-belts immediately previous to clearing. Of G. palpalis 12·7% were recaptured in the clearings and 11% outside the clearings. Of G. tachinoides 5·5% were recaptured in the clearings and 6·8% outside.