Virtues and Vices In Early Texts on Pastoral Care
The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 can undoubtedly be counted among the formative events in medieval history.1 Pope Innocent III successfully reinforced the pastoral responsibility of the clergy towards all the faithful and fundamentally redefined the relation between the Church and the Christian individual. All Christians were required to make a full confession of all their sins and to take part in Holy Communion at least once a year.2 Priests had to be qualified to fulfill their duties by preaching, hearing confession, imposing penance and by educating their flock both morally and theologically in the confessional interrogation. An important side effect of this new rule was the rise of a great number of different new genres of pastoral texts, leading to a true discursive explosion with deep impact on the literate culture of the later Middle Ages. These new genres include confessionals, catechetical handbooks, preaching aids, collections of exempla , mirrors of princes and laymen and many others.3 The mendicant orders who received their
A history of pastoral care
Part 1 The biblical foundations: the Old Testament, J.W. Rogerson the New Testament, David Graham. Part 2 The early Christian world: the fathers and the early councils, G.R. Evans pastoral care and the monks - "whose feet do you wash?", Benedicta Ward penitentials and pastoral care, Thomas O'Loughlin. Part 3 The Middle Ages: pastoral care - the fourth lateran council of 1215, Norman Tanner a ministry of preachers and confessors - the pastoral impact of the friars, Michael Robson the charitable and medical activities of the hospitallers and templars, Malcolm Barber "since the pestilence time" - pastoral care in the later Middle Ages, William J. Dohar catechesis in East and West, Lambros Kamperidis. Part 4 the early modern period: the Reformation crisis in pastoral care, David Cornick the ministry to outsiders - the Jesuits, John O'Malley the family and pastoral care, Ralph Houlbrook George Herbert and the country parson, Philip Sheidrake pastoral care in England - Perkins, Baxter and Burnet, David Cornick the 19th-century Anglican Franciscans, Peta Dunstan the growth of the soul in Charles Kingsley, G.R. Evans post-Enlightenment pastoral care - into the 20th century, David Cornick. Part 5 The modern world: pastoral care at the end of the 20th century, Ian Bunting Justice - pastoral care and the ecclesiastical law, Rupert Bursell sects and new religious movements, Martyn Percy the pastoral care of people of other faiths, Christopher Lamb.
Thorium in monazite sand; separation and determination by precipitation from homogeneous solution
A new method is described which consists of three steps: (1) decomposition of the monazite sand with perchloric acid; (2) separation of thorium and the rare earths by hydrolysis of methyl-oxalate in acid solution; and (3) separation of thorium from the rare earths by hydrolysis of urea in the presence of formic acid. The authors consider the method to be accurate and rapid.