The effectiveness of low-emissivity coating on a polymer film
This work describes the effectiveness of low-emissivity (low-E) coating on the polymer film with TiO2/ZnO:Ga/Ag/ZnO:Ga/TiO2 structure and the results of heat monitoring. The characteristics of the coating which determine the reduction of heat loss by the low-E coating are given. Also the results of efficiency calculations for low-E coating are presented, such as resistance to heat transfer, heat savings when installing low-E coating on the polymer film, etc. The heat monitoring is carried out to determine the effectiveness of low-E coating. The results of heat monitoring illustrate the effectiveness of low-E coating.
The base layer effect on the d.c. conductivity and structure of direct current magnetron sputtered thin films of silver
Abstract Many low-emissivity solar-control optical coatings on glass consist of a repeating dielectric–silver–dielectric thin film period. We have investigated the effect of structure of the dielectric base layer on the conductivity, structure, and thermal stability of contiguous silver films up to 500 A thick. All individual layers were deposited by d.c.-magnetron cathode sputtering. Specifically, a detailed comparison of thin films of amorphous zinc stannate with crystalline zinc oxide showed that the latter improves the conductivity of 50–100 A and thicker silver layers. X-Ray diffraction analysis showed that zinc oxide with a preferred basal plane orientation results in the preferred growth of the Ag(111) planes parallel to the float glass substrate. Transmission electron microscopy results support the above observation. The transmission electron microscopy results also indicate that the silver–dielectric interface is of similar quality in both cases, thus eliminating the role of the interface as a major cause of the above difference. Our data on the structure and electrical properties of heat-treated samples suggest that the preferential growth of the silver layer results in its higher thermal stability.
Implementation of Tourism Satellite Account: Assessing the Contribution of Tourism to the Croatian Economy
Compiling the indicators of tourism consumption and the output of tourism industries, Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) provides a framework for internationally harmonized measurements of direct macroeconomic contribution of tourism. Ivandic and Marusic provide a detailed methodological approach for the transfer of TSA theoretical concepts to the assessment of tourism economic contribution on the case of the Croatia. Giving that the TSA compilation is still characterized by a surprisingly wide range of ‘styles’ used, the chapter contributes to a better understanding of the issues related to measurement of direct tourism impacts. It also gives a set of baseline criteria for resource allocation within tourism policy and the further evaluation of its effectiveness.