Investigating the Impact of Carbon Tax to Power Generation in Java-Bali System by Applying Optimization Technique
Java-Bali power system dominates the national installed capacity and will contribute to about 76% of the national CO2 emissions from the electricity sector in the future. Thus, minimizing CO2 emission from the Java-Bali system can help Indonesia to reduce the national CO2 emissions level. We apply optimization approach to investigate this problem by including carbon tax into the cost function. We analyzed data based on electricity generating system in 2008. In general the optimization showed that diesel and gas turbine is not needed in the power plant system. Further, the simulation showed that if Indonesia adopted carbon tax by US$56/ton CO2 - USD 86/tCO2; it will lead to three major changing. First, carbon tax will increase the cost of power plant or equivalently increase tax revenue to about 2.1% of GDP in a year. Second, combine cycle has important role to offset decreasing output in steam power plant. Finally, by implementing carbon tax, daily CO2 can decrease by 77,586 ton per day. By applying sensitivity analysis, we also found a structural break in marginal cost when carbon tax is higher than US$ 50/tCO2. There are some weaknesses from this study such as not use strong assumption for availability factor and generating costs. This study proposed that government needs to optimize utilization of combine cycle power plan to offset steam power and implement carbon tax above US$ 50/ ton CO2, to reduce CO2 emissions significantly.
Electric Sector Models
Analysis of investment decisions in the electric sector is a subject with a long history of scholarship, with a rich literature, and extensive applications in practice. Many complex mathematical models are used by electric utilities for planning purposes, some of which, such as the WASP model, have found application in a number of developing countries.1 But given the existence of a number of excellent literature reviews, such as that of Anderson (1972), we shall not attempt to provide any detailed review here. Rather, the emphasis will be on an elaboration of the fundamental concepts involved, and an exposition of modelling approaches that lend themselves to integration with other energy sectors, or to integration with energy system-wide and economy-wide models. Thus, while many of the finer points of reliability analysis, and transmission line planning, are not taken up in any great detail here, we pay a great deal of attention to the interaction between investment requirements in the electric sector to investment flows throughout the economy — a subject taken up in some detail in Chapter 10.2 In this chapter, then, we develop the fundamental concepts; the linearization of load duration curves, formulation of the investment decision as a mathematical programming problem, the complications arising from the addition of a spatial dimension, and some environmental considerations.
The Open Mobile Alliance: Delivering Service Enablers for Next-Generation Applications
Apractical overview of OMA specifications and how they enable mobile multimedia services & much more ! The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) is an industry forum, which develops open specifications to help in the creation of applications and services to be deployed over converged networks. The alliance is the leading industry forum for generating market-driven specifications for interoperable mobile service enablers that facilitate global user adoptions of mobile multimedia services. Members include traditional wireless industry segments, such as mobile operators mobile operators (e.g. AT&T, China Mobile, Orange, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile, Telefonica, Vodafone), equipment and mobile systems manufacturers (e.g. Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, Philips, Samsung, Siemens, Sony-Ericsson), and Information Technology vendors (e.g. BEA Systems, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle Corporation, Sun Microsystems and NEC). Since its formation in 2002, the OMA has made significant progress in areas such as push-to-talk over cellular, device management, presence and group management, and messaging. The Open Mobile Alliance: Provides a comprehensive overview of the service enablers published by the OMA, tying together all the different piece parts developed by the individual working groups Offers a thorough introduction to the OMA Service Environments (OSE) and the specification process for enabling technologies. Discusses enablers for services such as gaming, IMS, Parlay, mobile broadcast and web services. Contains contributions from all stakeholders in the mobile application value chain. The Open Mobile Alliance Alliance is an invaluable resource for OMA members, product managers, network architects and planners, standards managers, standards engineers and IT professionals. Advanced Students and lecturers on mobile application development and standardization courses will also find this book of interest."The success of OMA is due to its individual members' contributions, and this book is testament to their hard work. The individual members' efforts and the authors of this book are to be congratulated on their magnificent achievements." Mark Cataldo, Senior Advisor, Orange SA, OMA Technical Plenary Chairman