Effect of heating on the suppression of tearing modes in tokamaks.
The suppression of (neoclassical) tearing modes is of great importance for the success of future fusion reactors like ITER. Electron cyclotron waves can suppress islands, both by driving noninductive current in the island region and by heating the island, causing a perturbation to the Ohmic plasma current. This Letter reports on experiments on the TEXTOR tokamak, investigating the effect of heating, which is usually neglected. The unique set of tools available on TEXTOR, notably the dynamic ergodic divertor to create islands with a fully known driving term, and the electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic to provide detailed 2D electron temperature information, enables a detailed study of the suppression process and a comparison with theory.
A Method for Pulse Shortening of High-Power Millimeter Waves Using Plasma Breakdown
We report an efficient pulse shortening technique of a high-power millimeter source using plasma breakdown. A W-band gyrotron with a frequency of 95 GHz and an output power of 30 kW was used for the demonstration. The pulse shortening technique was based on plasma breakdown phenomena that do not need any change in the high-power source and its modulator. The pulse shortening of a factor of 20 was demonstrated. This method may provide a simple and compact system for controlling the RF pulse length without modifying the main millimeter-wave system.
Arabia's Frontiers: The Story of Britain's Boundary Drawing in the Desert
List of maps Prologue Convention Abbreviations PART I GEOPOLITICAL SETTING Chapter 1. The Regional Powers: Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Britain Chapter 2. The Gulf PART 11 THE BLUE LINE Chapter 1. The 1913 Anglo-Ottoman Convention Chapter 2. The Violet Line PART III SUCCESSOR STATE Chapter 5. Britain's Relations with lbn Saud up to the End of World War 1 Chapter 6. Post-War Relations Chapter 7. Conflict with Yemen PART IV PRE-WORLD WAR 11 NEGOTIATIONS Chapter 8. Oil: The Casoc and Qatar Concession Boundaries Chapter 9. Negotiations Chapter 10. Aftermath: 1936-9 PART V A NEW CLAIM Chapter 11. Procrastination Chapter 12. The Oman Problem Chapter 13. Final Negotiations