Biological Anaerobic – Aerobic Treatment Of Dairy Wastewater In Poland
In 2014, farms across the EU-28 produced approximately 164.8 million tones of milk, of which 159.6 million tones (or 96.8 %) were cows’ milk. Cows’ milk production on farms was the highest in Bretagne (France), Southern and Eastern Ireland and Lombardia (Italy) and Masovia (Poland) (8,3%). Milk processing produces wastewater. In Poland 1 m 3 of processed milk accounts for 3.2 m 3 of wastewater. In 2013 the production of dairy products in Poland generated 26.5 hm 3 of sewage: 14.7 hm 3 of which was treated (9.3 hm 3 biologically and 5.4 hm 3 with increased nutrient removal). The dairy wastewater is primarily generated from the cleaning and washing operations. Its main contaminants are: high BOD and COD concentrations, and it contains fats, nutrients, lactose, as well as detergents and sanitizing agents. Biological treatment is the basic method used for wastewater from food processing. Dairy wastewater in Poland is treated using aerobic biological methods: circulated pond, activated sludge process, sequencing batch reactor, Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor and anaerobic reactors. The two steps anaerobic-aerobic reactors are used in two cases in Poland.
Treatment of dairy wastewater with a membrane bioreactor
Among the food industries, the dairy industry is considered to be the most polluting one because of the large volume of wastewater generated and its high organic load. In this study, an aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used for the treatment of wastewater from a large dairy industry and two hydraulic retention times (HRT), 6 and 8 hours, were evaluated. For both HRTs removal efficiencies of organic matter of 99% were obtained. Despite high permeate flux (27.5 L/h.m²), the system operated fairly stablely. The molecular weight distribution of feed, permeate and mixed liquor showed that only the low molecular weight fraction is efficiently degraded by biomass and that the membrane has an essential role in producing a permeate of excellent quality.
Instrumentation and Automated Photometric Titration Procedure for Total Acidity Determination in Red Wine Employing a Multicommuted Flow System
An automated procedure for photometric titration of red wine and associated instrumentation is described. The procedure was based on the flow-batch approach implemented employing multicommutation. The photometric detection was carried out using a homemade LED-based photometer. The mixing device, LED, and photodetector were attached to the titration chamber in order to form a compact and small-sized unit. The flow system comprised an automatic injector and three-way solenoid valves, which were controlled by a microcomputer through an electronic interface card. The software, written in Quick BASIC 4.5, was designed with abilities to accomplish all steps of the titration procedure including data acquisition and real-time processing to decide about the course of titration in the following step and so forth, until the titration endpoint was reached. The usefulness of the proposed titration system was demonstrated by analyzing red wine samples. When results were compared with those obtained using the AOAC reference method, no significant difference was observed at the 95% confidence level. A relative standard deviation of ca  2% (n=9 ) was obtained when processing a typical red wine sample containing 7.3 gl -1 total acidity expressed as tartaric acid.