Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indonesian Sugar Apple ( Annona squamosa L . ) Extracted with Various Solvents Deva
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
The biosynthesis of plant alkaloids and nitrogenous microbial metabolites.
Publisher Summary 
This chapter reviews the results of investigations into the biosynthesis of alkaloids as well as those of, the quite often related, microbial metabolites containing nitrogen. It covers the biosynthesis of pyrrolidine alkaloids, which include tropane and related alkaloids, nicotine, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, phenanthroindolizidine and related alkaloids. Piperidine alkaloids are a large group of alkaloids, whose structures contain a piperidine ring. They consist of alkaloids derived exclusively from acetate and alkaloids derived from lysine, such as simple piperidine bases, tetrahydroanabasine alkaloids, lythraceae alkaloids, lycopodium alkaloids, quinolizidine alkaloids, pipecolic acid and slaframine. Anthranilic acid is an intermediate on the biosynthetic pathway to tryptophan and it serves as a starting point for the elaboration of a number of metabolites of plant and microbial origin. Bases derived from the tryptophan pathway include gramine, dimethyltryptamine derivatives, indolmycin, pyrrolnitrin, sporidesmin, β-Carboline alkaloids, calycanthine and folicanthine, isoprenoid indole bases, such as echinulin and brevianamide, cyclopiazonic acid, ergot alkaloids and terpenoid indole alkaloids, phenoxazinones, damascenine, quinoline alkaloids, such as echinorine, pseudans, furoquinoline and related alkaloids, acridone alkaloids, graveoline, quinazoline alkaloids, rutaecarpine and evodiamine, benzodiazepine bases, benzoxazinones, phenazines, and shihunine. Many of the complex alkaloids, which have their origins in the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine arise by a combination of two units derived from these precursors.
LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTING OF SEED SPACING UNIFORMITY FOR SUGARBEET PLANTERS
Five planter configurations were evaluated for seed spacing uniformity at three field speeds using a seed 
location method in the field and a laboratory method involving an opto-electronic sensor system. Planter seed spacing 
uniformity was described using the Coefficient of Precision (CP3) measure. Results showed that CP3 measures 
determined using the laboratory test method were significantly different from those determined using the field test method. 
This indicated the laboratory test method cannot be used to predict planter seed spacing uniformity in the field. Seed 
spacing uniformity determined in laboratory tests was higher than, or equal to, seed spacing uniformity determined in 
field tests. This indicated the laboratory test method may be useful to screen out planters or planter units with poor 
uniformity of seed metering. Field testing of the planters that perform well in laboratory tests must be conducted to 
adequately determine the seed spacing uniformity of those planters in the field. Results from laboratory and field tests 
could be useful in determining areas for improvement of planters or planter units.