PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SHAKER MEASUREMENTS FOR MODAL TESTING
Shaker testing is commonly used as a method for measuring forced input in experimental modal analysis. The setup of conventional shakers, stingers and transducers is often the source of test difficulties and avoidable measurement errors. This paper reviews the basic design of shakers as beneficial to modal testing, and the common problems associated with setup issues and resulting measurement errors. These include shaker selection, shaker alignment, stinger selection, connections, reciprocity assumptions and other common mishaps and misunderstandings.
SHAKER/STINGER EFFECTS ON MEASURED FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTIONS
Shaker testing is utilized in the development of many experimental modal tests. The setup of the shaker, stinger and transducers can cause difficulties that are often misunderstood. Many times incorrect measurements are obtained and the test engineer may not realize that the measurements are not appropriate. This paper overviews some of the common problems that are typically encountered. Measurements are made on several structures to better understand some of the common problems observed. These include shaker alignment, stinger arrangement, reciprocity, impedance head difficulties and many other common issues that must be clearly understood in order to make the best possible overall measurements.
Development of Science and Technology in the Iranian Electric Power Industry: Challenges and Future Progress
This chapter examines four key segments of the electric power industry in Iran: generation, transportation, distribution and consumption. It reviews the method, development, and evolution of electric power generation in the country. Specifically, the chapter reviews the structure of the electric industry, the main players, institutions, standards as well as laws, human resources, technology, the export and import markets, and engineering management of the industry in the country. Finally, the challenges facing the industry will be identified and policy suggestions to remedy the problems will be provided.