Lactones 41.† Synthesis and Microbial Hydroxylation of Unsaturated Terpenoid Lactones with p-Menthane Ring Systems
Racemic [(±)-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-7-oxa-cis-bicyclo[4.3.0]non-4-en-8-one] and optically active δ,ε-unsaturated lactones [(-)-(1R,6R)-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]non-4-en-8-one and (+)-(1S,6S)-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]non-4-en-8-one)] with the p-menthane system were obtained and their odoriferous properties were evaluated. Biotransformations of the racemic lactone with three fungal strains: Absidia cylindrospora AM336, Absidia glauca AM177 and Syncephalastrum racemosum AM105, were carried out. Microbial transformations afforded hydroxylactones with the hydroxy group in the allylic position.
Lactones. 21. Synthesis and odoriferous properties of lactones with the p-menthane system.
Starting from (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-pulegone, enantiomeric pairs of esters and lactones with the p-menthane system were obtained. The Claisen rearrangement of allylic alcohols and iodolactonization of gamma,delta-unsaturated acids were the key steps of syntheses presented. The structures of compounds were determined by both spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. Some of the synthesized compounds are characterized by interesting odoriferous properties.
Experimental study of water fluxes in a residential area: 2. Road infiltration, runoff and evaporation
Lack of accurate data has led some hydrologists and city planners to assume that urban infiltration is zero and runoff is 100% of the rainfall. These assumptions lead to an over estimation of road runoff volume and an underestimation of direct recharge to groundwater, which is already rising under some UK cities. This study investigates infiltration and runoff processes and quantifies the percentage of rainfall that contributes to storm drainage, and that which infiltrates through different types of road surface. Access tubes were installed for measuring soil water content using a neutron probe in three car parks, a road and a grass site at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford. Storm drainage was recorded at the exit of the Thamesmead Estate in Crowmarsh Gifford, just before the drain joins the River Thames at Wallingford. Rainfall and water table depth were also recorded. Weekly measurements of soil moisture content indicated that the top 40 cm layer is not influenced by water‐table fluctuations and, therefore, positive changes in soil moisture could be attributed to infiltration of rainfall through the surface. Depending on the nature of the surface, subsurface layers, level of traffic, etc., between 6 and 9% of rainfall was found to infiltrate through the road surfaces studied. The storm drainage generated by road runoff revealed a flow pattern similar to that of the receiving watercourse (River Thames) and increased with the increase of infiltration and soil water content below the road surface. The ratio of runoff to rainfall was 0·7, 0·9 and 0·5 for annual, winter (October–March) and summer (April–September) respectively. As the results of the infiltration indicated that 6 to 9% of annual rainfall infiltrates through the road surface, this means that evaporation represents, 21–24% of annual rainfall, with more evaporation taking place during summer than winter. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.