The relationship between china and Siberia/Russian Far East: Economic cooperation and security conflicts
This paper analyzes the current relationship between China and Siberia/Russian Far East from the economic and political‐security perspectives. The relationship between China and Siberia/Russian Far East is that of cooperation and conflict. China gains natural resources and energy from Siberia/Russian Far East, while Siberia/Russian Far East secures consumer goods, food and labor to fill its shortage from China. The two regions are in an economically complementary relationship. However, they show differences in their interests in issues such as the Tuman River Development Project. If their economic cooperation could be called the “bright” side of their relationship, there exists the “dark” side of their relationship, which is the border dispute. The paper argues that as a way to reduce conflict and increase cooperation in Northeast Asia, a multilateral security/economic organization, tentatively called the “Organization for Security and Cooperation in Northeast Asia,” should soon be established.
The Russian Far East's Economic Integration with Northeast Asia: Problems and Prospects
T ^ HE END OF THE COLD WAR and the normalization of relations between Russia and China were perceived as opening up new opportunities for the Russian Far East's integration into the Northeast Asian region. Some analysts anticipated that a revival of economic, touristic and other links between the Russian Far East and three of its neighbours,Japan, China and South Korea, would mitigate tensions in their relations and help establish a solid foundation for bilateral and multilateral regional interaction. It was hoped that growing foreign economic ties would have positive security effects on the Russian Far East raising its level of economic development and reducing its dependence on the military and defence industry. Russian analysts anticipated that their country's increasing economic ties with Northeast Asia would maintain its presence and influence at a time of a decline in its military power. These expectations have been largely disappointed. Trade, investment and other links between the Russian Far East and its neighbours have grown, but not as much as originally anticipated. This paper explores the incentives for and obstacles to the Russian Far East's economic integration with Northeast Asia. It analyzes the reasons for its limited success and the security and economic implications. It argues that Russia's incomplete reform and failure to create an attractive trade and investment climate is one of the main barriers to the Russian Far East's economic integration with the Northeast Asian region.
The Recovery of Cu, Co, Zn, and Mn from a Complex Oxide Ore Using an Enhanced Reduction Leaching
The processing of Cu, Co, and Zn at the Boleo project in Mexico involves two-stage (oxidation–reduction) leaching to extract a total of 85–88% Cu in 4 h. The first stage is an oxidation leaching using sulphuric acid (120 kg/tonne ore) at an Eh of 900 mV for 2 h. Then, the reduction stage takes place in 2 h with SO2 gas sparging for Mn and Co extraction at an Eh of 350–370 mV. The final extraction rates of metal values are 92% of Mn, 80% of Co, and 60% of Co, respectively, after 4 h of leaching at 70 °C. However, the same metal recoveries were obtained within 2 h using an equal amount of sulphuric acid and the addition of 25 kg of SO2 per tonne of ore in a single stage leaching in this research. In this case, the Fe extracted from the ore as Fe2+/Fe3+ is believed to have acted as an electrochemical couple contiguously leaching the Cu sulphide and Mn oxides, which also increased the Cu recovery as the Cu mineralised mostly intergrowths in these mineral structure matrices. A significant improvement was made in which the leaching time was halved to 2 h compared to 4 h in the previous plant design and current operation, involving the two-stage oxidation–reduction leaching.