Ethnicity and political crisis in Côte d'lvoire
The fundamental problems contributing to continuing conflict in Côte d'lvoire include the country's lack of an indigenous central culture and a failure to develop a shared national Ivorian identity.
Encyclopedia of religion
Encyclopedia of religion / , Encyclopedia of religion / , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
FRENCH DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO AFRICA: TOWARDS A NEW AGENDA?
THE FALL OF THE Berlin Wall in 1989 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union have transformed world politics and led Western countries to re-evaluate their foreign and economic policies towards the Third World. Against this background, it is hardly surprising that analysts have looked for changes in French African relations.2 What is more surprising is that an important aspect of those relations, namely the recent evolution of France's substantial aid programme to sub-Saharan Africa, has attracted relatively little attention.3 The discussion in this article aims to fill this gap by examining: the French aid agenda during the cold war; its relative continuity since 1989; reasons for this lack of change; and some likely future developments. In this survey, the term 'aid' will be taken to refer to public transfers of concessional resources with development as its main purpose.4 Particular attention will be paid to French bilateral development assistance (or cooperation) to sub-Saharan Africa since this provides the best guide to donors' motives.5 Some consideration will also be given to military aid but other forms of assistance multilateral, emergency and food will