Gas chromatographic determination of midazolam in low-volume plasma samples.
A gas chromatographic method for the sensitive determination of midazolam in plasma volumes as low as 40 microliters was developed, utilizing clinazolam as the internal standard. After liquid-liquid extraction at basic pH into 1-chlorobutane-dichloromethane (96:4) a 2- to 4-microliters portion of the reconstituted extract was injected under electronic pressure control onto a 12 m x 0.2 mm I.D. methyl silicone capillary column, and was exposed to a three-step temperature program from 120 to 310 degrees C, to separate the analytes from the plasma constituents. The compound of interest was identified and quantified by means of a mass-selective detector. The assay was linear from 10 to 500 ng/ml using 40 microliters of plasma (limit of quantification: 10 ng/ml) and was linear from 0.25 to 100 ng/ml using 500 microliters of plasma (limit of quantification: 0.25 ng/ml). The intra-day precision for the 40-microliters aliquots varied from 2.2 to 6.6%, the corresponding accuracy from -7.4 to -4.4%; the inter-day precision ranged from 5 to 7.2% and the corresponding accuracy from -7.2 to -5.1%.
Simultaneous Determination of Benzodiazepines and Ketamine from Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Beverages by GC-MS in Drug Facilitated Crimes
A GC-MS method with HP-5MS capillary column was developed for the simultaneous determination of underivatized flunitrazepam, clonazepam, alprazolam, diazepam and ketamine from drinks by extraction with chloroform: isopropanol 1:1 (v/v). All linearity ranges were between 50 and 1,000 μg mL−1 for all compounds both in beer and in peach juice. Limit of detection was between 1.3 and 34.2 μg mL−1, limit of quantification was between 3.9 and 103.8 μg mL−1, the range of recoveries was 73.0 and 112.6% for all drugs in both beverages. The reported method was sensitive, rapid, and suitable for the analysis of the spiked drinks as evidence of sexual assault and robbery phenomena.
Accumulation of midazolam after repeated dosage in patients receiving mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit.
3 observations: hommes de 68 ans et 56 ans, une fillette de 46 mois. Les doses repetees de midazolam sont suivies d'une sedation prolongee et d'une depression respiratoire necessitant une prolongation de la ventilation assistee. Les concentrations plasmatiques de midazolane restent elevees longtemps