INFLUENCE OF DEGREE OF THICKNESS REDUCTION RATIO ON DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURE IN THE STEEL 1 . 5710
Intensity of structural changes during forging is usually determined in dependence on the forging ratio. Forging ratio at elongation is most often calculated with use of simple relations, which are based on the change of cross-section of the forged pieces. The intensity of structure development is influenced not only by the simple change of cross-sections, but also by relative length of the stroke, magnitude of deformation in individual passes, manner of edging, temperature, friction and shape of anvils. The paper gives an analysis of influence of the relative length of the stroke on the forging ratio.
FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OP INTERNAL VOID CLOSURE IN OPEN-DIE PRESS FORGING
Abstract In the manufacturing of heavy forgings, one of the most important aspects of the process is the consolidation of internal voids which result from the ingotmaking process. To insure a good quality finished product, these voids must be closed by proper choice of forging practices - including such factors as die geometry* amount of reduction, reduction speed, and workpiece temperature. This paper focuses on the first two of these factors and reports the results of a study on the effects of die width and reduction on the closing of a void. The deformation state in the cross-section of an ingot is predicted using a two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element code for large strain, large deformation analysis. Simulations of forging with no void present are reported and compared with results from plasticine experiments. The effects of die width and amount of reduction on the internal deformation state are examined. A single internal void is then modeled in the same geometry ingot as a smooth cavity a...
A coupled analysis of viscoplastic deformation and heat transfer—I: Theoretical considerations
Abstract A thermodynamic theory of deformation using internal variables is adapted to rigid viscoplastic materials, and the formulations for finite element discretization are given specifically for metal forming problems. A scheme of numerical integration of heat-balance equations that leads to the coupled analysis of deformation and heat transfer is presented.