The Demography and Epidemiology of Human Health and Aging
Commons by 232 votes to 81. None of this provides any clue to how many unmarried cohabitees existed at this time or suggests that they were anything like as numerous as at the end of the century, but it is not surprising that such public acknowledgement of their existence has aroused the interest of historians. Probert traces this uncertain history, treating secondary sources with varying degrees of accuracy, through to the undoubted spread of open cohabitation following the cultural and legal changes of the late 1960s and 1970s. She shares, apparently unconsciously since she does not cite key works, what is now the common view among historians in this field, that the ‘permissive sixties’ did not spring unexpectedly from, or in reaction against, the supposedly repressive 1950s, but were the outcome of a longer, gradual process of change from at least the 1930s. Probert is convinced that this change was accompanied by a newly widespread belief that established cohabitees had the same legal rights as married people, signified by use of the term ‘common law marriage’. It is perhaps natural for a lawyer to assume that most people do not have much awareness of their legal status until they discover the limitations of their own, when they may experience severe shock. Probert offers no clear evidence that those who referred to ‘common law marriage’ held this belief, indeed the term was promoted by campaigners for such equality precisely because it did not exist. Such ambitions were encouraged by the fact that, as Probert says, tracing the process to 2010, the law gradually gave more recognition to heterosexual unmarried couples, though less than that granted to gay civil partners since 2004. She concludes: ‘My intention has been to set the historical record straight. Whatever one’s personal views, myths and misunderstandings are no basis for a coherent discussion of what the law has been and how it should develop.’ Quite so. # 2013 PAT THANE Institute for Contemporary British History Kings College London pat.thane@kcl.ac.uk http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2013.788320
Trend of ill-defined causes of death in Egypt (2000-2013) in comparison to selected Eastern Mediterranean Countries
Trend of ill-defined causes of death in Egypt (2000-2013) in comparison to selected Eastern Mediterranean Countries
Pharmacokinetics of amikacin and chloramphenicol in the aqueous humor of rabbits
Composite data describing ocular pharmacokinetics are unreliable because of intersubject variation. To address this problem, an animal model was developed in which multiple aqueous samples from single subjects were obtained. Following direct anterior chamber or intravenous administration of amikacin or chloramphenicol, pharmacokinetic analysis of drug concentrations in the serum and anterior chamber was performed by using a nonlinear least-squares regression program. The number of anterior chamber paracenteses performed did not alter the beta elimination rates or percent penetration into the anterior chamber. The aqueous humor and peripheral-compartment terminal slopes were identical. These data indicate that complete ocular concentration-time curves can be obtained without altering antibiotic pharmacokinetics. Following direct injection into the anterior chamber, the elimination rates for both antibiotics followed a one-compartment model, whereas those following intravenous administration best fit an open, first-order, two-compartment model. Following intravenous administration, the anterior chamber elimination rate constants for both drugs were equal to that of the serum and significantly longer than that following direct injection. The elimination rates of both drugs following direct injection were similar. Systemic administration resulted in drug levels in aqueous humor that persisted longer than those following direct injection. Chloramphenicol, a lipophilic compound, gave higher mean concentrations in aqueous humor than did amikacin. Our model provides a new approach which rigorously examines ocular pharmacokinetics and provides data which suggest that for selected compounds the parenteral route of administration is preferable.