The Effect of OBA in Paper and IlluminationLevel on Perceptibility of Printed Colors
A research was conducted to study the perceptibility of color difference of color pairs, caused by OBA differences in paper substrates, and its relationship with quantitative measurement metrics. Based on the psychometric experiments conducted, the results show the utilization of the visual difference index (VDI), from 0 (no difference) to 3 (noticeable difference), to rate 27 color pairs with each pair prepared by the same colorants but different OBA amount in the substrates. The findings indicate that (a) printed colors are affected by the presence of OBA from no difference to noticeable difference, (b) ∆E00 has a stronger linear correlation with visual color difference than ∆E*ab does, (c) there is no significant association between illumination levels and visual color difference. This research introduces the metric, OBA, per ISO 15397 (2013), as the CIE-b* difference in color pairs under M1 and M2 conditions. It also defines ∆OBA as the OBA difference between any color pairs, including substrates. The results show that there is linear correlation (1) between visual difference and ∆E00 which describes the color difference, and (2) between visual difference and ∆OBA which describes the criticalness of M1 lighting to realize the color match.
M1 Simulation by Varying Printing and Proofing Substrates
ICC color management can match color, pixel by pixel, from the source color space to the destination color space. The degree of color match is limited by the repeatability of the device and color management constraints between the source and destination. This research outlines a method whereby printing and proofing can be simulated visually and quantitatively. Major findings indicate that (1) the simulation error at the device level is about 1 ∆E00 at the 95th percentile of the sample distribution; (2) the error at the color management workflow level, except special causes, is about 2 ∆E00 at the 95th percentile of the sample distribution; (3) gamut clipping, due to CIE-b* difference or CIE-L* difference, is a special cause that contributes to proof-to-print mismatch. Avoiding gamut clipping by choosing the proofing substrate close to the white points of the printing paper, but with more “head room,” is a key finding in this study. In addition, we need no fewer than two proofing stocks to choose from. This is because the OBA difference between a proof and a print is an indication of the criticalness of the M1 lighting, i.e., the match becomes more metameric when the OBA difference is high.
A STUDY ON ORGANIZED RETAILING AND ITS CHALLENGES AND RETAIL CUSTOMER SERVICES
India is becoming most favored retail destination in the world. Today retail sector contributing 10% to countryâ€™s GDP. Indian retail industry is ranked among the ten largest retail markets in the world. The change of attitudes of Indian consumers and the emergence of organized retail formats have transformed the face of retailing in India. Organized retailing offers huge potential for future growth of retailing in India. This paper provides information about the growth of retailing in India. And also focuses on the challenges faced by organized retail sector in India. It also emphasize on major players of retailers in India and customer services provided by the retailers. This paper also deals with various retail formats and the opportunities for the growth of retail industry in India and also provides some suggestions to overcome the challenges.