Investigation on Sheet Metal Incremental Formed Parts I World
Incremental forming is a complex forming process with continuously local cumulative deformation taking place during its process, and springback that forming quality affected by would occur. The springback evaluation method based on forming error compensation also was proposed, which it can be defined as the difference between theory and the actual amount of compensation along the measured direction. According to forming error compensation evaluation method, experiments was designed and implemented. And from the results that obtained it can be show, the magnitude of springback average (δE) of formed parts was very small, and the forming precision could be significantly improved by adopting compensation method. Based on double tensile stress state in the main deformation area, a hypothesis that there is little springback be arisen by bending behavior on the formed parts that was proposed. Keywords—Sheet metal, incremental forming, springback, forming error compensation, geometric accuracy
Influence of some relevant process parameters on the dimensional accuracy in incremental forming: a numerical and experimental investigation
Abstract As known, incremental forming is a flexible and innovative sheet metal forming process which allows complex shape shells forming without the need for any die. For these reasons, incremental forming is nowadays suggested for rapid prototyping and customised products. The present paper is focused on material formability in incremental forming and, in particular, on the evaluation and compensation of elastic springback. The latter significantly modifies the imposed shape. For this purpose, a deeper assessment of the process was developed following three different approaches. First of all, a wide experimental investigation on the influence of some relevant process parameters was developed. At the same time, an explicit FEM analysis of incremental forming process was carried out in order to verify its effectiveness and, as a consequence, its ability to be used as a design tool. Furthermore, the obtained parts were analysed by a reverse engineering technique and the measured geometry was numerically compared with the desired one, with the aim to quantify the geometrical discrepancies. In this way, an integrated numerical/experimental procedure is proposed in order to limit the shape defects between the obtained geometry and the desired one.
A functional comparison of human Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes active in natural cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Natural (or “spontaneous”) cytotoxicity against the K-562 myeloid cell line and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against sensitized Chang liver cells were monitored simultaneously in a 4 hr 51 Cr release assay, using the same preparations of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes as effector cells. Both types of cytotoxic activity were expressed by lymphocytes bearing receptors for sheep erythrocytes and for the Fc portion of IgG. Up to 80% of the total natural killer (NK) cell and K cell (ADCC) activities were recovered in E-rosette pellets separated under optimal conditions. Since the ability to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes is primarily a marker for human T cells, it seems likely that both NK and K cells are in the T cell lineage. Further, both NK and K cell cytolytic activities were severely depressed after brief exposure of lymphocyte suspensions or rosette pellets to ammonium chloride solutions. Both activities returned to normal values after 24-hr incubation at 24°C. Such sensitivity of human lymphocytes to ammonium chloride solutions may explain why other investigators have failed to observe NK or ADCC activity by E-RFC. When lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors were adsorbed onto plastic surfaces coated with a monolayer of immobilized antigen-antibody complexes made up of TNP and rabbit anti-TNP serum, both NK and ADCC activities were simultaneously depleted. Such depletion was completely blocked when Staphylococcal protein A, which binds selectively to the Fc portion of IgG, was incubated on the antigen-antibody monolayers before adding the lymphocytes. This confirmed that both NK and ADCC activities were mediated by effector lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors. When protein A at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 µg/ml was added to the 51 Cr release assays, ADCC was significantly inhibited, presumably due to binding of protein A to available Fc sites of the sensitizing antibody. However, protein A had no effect on NK reactivity at any of the concentrations tested. When lymphocytes were treated for 30 min at 37°C with purified trypsin or α-chymotrypsin at concentrations from 0.01 to 10 mg/ml, NK activity was significantly inhibited whereas ADCC was unaffected. Other enzymes depressed (pronase, subtilisin) had no effect except at high concentrations (lipase), or stimulated (neuraminidase) both NK and K cell activity similarly, and therefore failed to distinguish between the effector cell types. Thus, our data indicate that effector cells in NK and ADCC are in overlapping, if not identical, subpopulations of Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes of probable T cell lineage. The cytolytic mechanisms in NK and ADCC appear to be distinct, since we have been unable to find evidence for an “arming” antibody involved in this NK system.