Configurational studies of complexes of tea catechins with caffeine and various cyclodextrins.
A suspension of an equimolecular amount of ENT-gallocatechin-3-O-gallate ( ENTGCg) and caffeine in water afforded two kinds of crystals, which were 1 : 2 and 2 : 2 complexes of ENTGCg and caffeine. The stereochemical structures and intermolecular interactions between ENTGCg and caffeine were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The crystal structure of ENTGCg was determined and compared with those of the 1 : 2 and 2 : 2 complexes. Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCg) formed a 1 : 1 complex with β-cyclodextrin (CD), in which the aromatic A ring and a part of the heterocyclic C ring were included from the wide secondary hydroxyl group side of the β-CD cavity in aqueous solution, while the B rings and 3-O-gallate groups (B' rings) were left outside the cavity. In contrast, ENTGCg formed a 1 : 2 complex with β-CD, in which the aromatic A and B rings of ENTGCg were included by two molecules of β-CD.
Health effects of tea and its catechins
Green tea in Japan.- Preventitive effects of tea against human diseases.- Age-related diseases and tea.- Infectious diseases and tea.- Antibacterial and antioxidative activity of tea.- How to make a good cup of green tea.- Food and industrial applications of tea catechins.- Concluding remarks.- References.- Author Index.- Subject Index.
Annual review article: Is it time to rethink the gender agenda in entrepreneurship research?
This article develops a critique of contemporary approaches to analysing the impact of gender upon entrepreneurial propensity and activity. Since the 1990s, increasing attention has been afforded to the influence of gender on women’s entrepreneurial behaviour; such analyses have highlighted an embedded masculinity within the entrepreneurial discourse which privileges men as normative entrepreneurial actors. While invaluable in revealing a prevailing masculine bias within entrepreneurship, this critique is bounded by positioning women as a proxy for the gendered subject. This is a potentially limiting analysis that does not fully recognise gender as a human property with myriad articulations enacted throughout entrepreneurial activity. To progress debate, we engage more deeply with the notion of gender as a multiplicity, exploring the implications of such for future studies of entrepreneurial activity.