Basic services approach to urban development: Indian experience☆
In India a number of earlier efforts were made to improve basic services in urban areas, with the active involvem e n t of the p e o p l e and n o n governmental organizations (NGOs). But these were more in the nature of pilot projects. The Urban Basic Services (UBS) programme launched during 1985-90 in India, covering a number of small and medium towns in various parts of the country, is a unique experiment. Its uniqueness stems not only from its wider scale of operation but also from its basic themes of community participation, convergence and capacity building. The active involvement of the NGOs and its institutional support are other unique features of the programme. This paper traces the genesis of the basic services approach, the role of international bodies like UNICEF and the World Bank and analyses the UBS programme as it is being implemented in India.
POTENCIALIDADES TERRITORIALES Y ESTRATEGIAS DE DESARROLLO EN LAS ZONAS DE PLANIFICACIÓN SENPLADES5 Y 8, ECUADOR
Se realizo un diagnostico territorial con el objetivo de servir a los planificadores de gobiernos provinciales para elaborar sus estrategias de desarrollo sustentable. Se seleccionaron las zonas de planificacion SENPLADES 5 y 8 de Ecuador, correspondientes a las provincias de Guayas, Santa Elena, Los Rios y Bolivar y al distrito metropolitano de Guayaquil, y se analizaron sus potencialidades territoriales. Se consideraron 27 indicadores de variables ambientales y socio-economicas; los valores de repositorios nacionales, se mapearon y compararon con las otras zonas SENPLADES. Las zonas 5 y 8 lideran nacionalmente en un mayor numero de potencialidades, 7 de las 27, destacando, aptitud agricola, captacion de agua, energia termoelectrica, volumen de minerales, infraestructura de salud y educacion y kilometros de vias. Entre las cuatro provincias, Guayas sobresale al ser la primera en 22 de los 27 indicadores. Sin embargo, estas zonas obtienen los peores resultados nacionales para 4 indicadores, i.e. alcantarillado, indice integrado de servicios basicos y acceso a internet fijo. Doce de los indicadores estan relacionados con alguna meta del PNBV 2013-2017, pero el aporte de las zonas 5 y 8 en su consecucion es muy limitado, solo positivo en las metas 7.2 y 11.2, y para el Guayas en la 10.3. Entre las estrategias de desarrollo se proponen dar valor agregado a los productos agropecuarios, promover el ecoturismo y las energias renovables y, mejorar el alcantarillado y el acceso a internet fijo mediante la infraestructura educativa existente.
Large-Scale Simulation Models in Population and Development: What Use to Planners?
Large-scale simulation modeling is a highly visible arrival on the population and development scene-one that commands increasing resources year by year. In 1967 only a few modestsized "economic-demographic models" existed, and only one, the General Electric Company's TEMPO-I, was in wide use. By 1975 at least a dozen large models were in various stages of construction and operation; more were in the planning stage. Each of these models consists of a detailed, recursive computer program for the simulation of long-term development. The focus is on population, and the idea is to give developing country planners a means to test alternative policy choices and to deepen their insight into the future impact of present decisions. This paper examines the thinking behind the current economic-demographic models, and presents a critical assessment of their potential use to development planners. Although in its present form, systems-based and computer-intensive, large-scale simulation modeling in population and development has been in existence less than ten years, the origins go further back-at least to the 1958 Coale-Hoover model for evaluating the impact of a hypothetical fertility reduction in India.' That this model became the ancestor of so many computer-based analyses was somewhat unintentional: Coale and Hoover argued the case for fertility reduction verbally, through careful, nuanced analysis, in the main body of their book; the formal model is added almost as an afterthought in the back pages-in 1958, systems thinking did not dominate economic analysis. This early study spawned a number of similar formulations during the 1960s, these efforts gradually becoming less