Propaganda e crítica social nas cronologias dos almanaques astrológicos durante a Guerra Civil inglesa no século XVII
This article is part of an extensive investigation carried out concerning the use of astrological almanacs during the English Civil War in the 17th century as a medium for propaganda and social criticism. During that conflict there were astrologers who were partisans of the Parliament, such as John Booker, and other who supported the King, such as George Wharton. This work analyses some of those publications, showing that the political commitment of the authors was noticeable in an explicit form (and sometimes in an indirect way) in those almanacs.
The Coming of War
THE English Civil War broke out untidily and haphazardly. No-one had wanted it and the nation as a whole faced up to it slowly and reluctantly, seeking to preserve itself from the bloodshed, miseries and burdens that fighting was bound to bring. The initial military campaign between September and December 1642 cut a swathe of plunder across the midlands; it left some confusion and disorder in its wake yet it was a passing wind. This essay is concerned with provincial reactions to the war in the period between that campaign and the breakdown of the Treaty of Oxford negotiations in April 1643. It is focused on the local struggles that spluttered through the first autumn and winter of the war before becoming entrenched in the following summer, struggles that brought the war home to Englishmen living in every corner of the land.1
Studies on the composition, quality and processing of triticale. Part II. Mineral composition of grain and flour.
Mineral composition of grain and flour in 14 promising triticale strains from India are reported. The mean values for whole grain, i.e. Ca (0.47 mg/g), P (2.70 mg/g), K 4.60 mg/g, Na (352 micrograms/g), Zn (41.6 micrograms/g), Cu (7.0 micrograms/g), Fe (73.4 micrograms/g) and Mn (33.6 micrograms/g) were obtained as compared to those of flour, i.e. Ca (0.27 mg/g), P (0.97 mg/g), K (1.64 mg/g), Na (231 micrograms/g), Zn (26 micrograms/g), Cu (4.0 micrograms/g) and Mn (10.5 micrograms/g), respectively. These values were found to be considerably higher than those of wheat. Highly significant positive correlations of ash with sodium and zinc in whole grain were observed. In the case of triticale flour, highly significant positive correlations of ash with manganese, phosphorus and potassium were obtained.