From Pan-Arabism to Saddam Hussein's cult of personality
This article explores the nationalist ideologies in Iraq from the end of the Ottoman era to the fall of the Ba'ath regime in 2003, with emphasis on how Iraq's past, especially ancient Mesopotamia, was used by various Iraqi regimes to promote their political agendas. The article particularly focuses on the developments of Pan-Arabism in Iraq and the formation of an Iraqi nationalist ideology under the Republic and the Ba'ath regime. It also considers the cult of personality that developed around Saddam Hussein by selecting elements from the ancient past and projecting a whimsical image of Saddam Hussein as the latest manifestation of a great line of Mesopotamian leader-heroes. The article explores how archaeology and archaeological discoveries fit into these broader social, cultural, political, and ideological developments.
Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology
Part I. Introduction: Archaeology in the Service of the State: Theoretical Considerations Philip L. Kohl and Clare Fawcett Part II. Western Europe: 1. Civilization, barbarism, and nationalism in European archaeology Bernard Wailes and Amy L. Zoll 2. Archaeology and nationalism in Spain Margarita Diaz-Andreu 3. Nationalism and Copper Age research in Portugal during the Salazar Regime (1932-1974) Katina T. Lillios 4. Archaeology in Nazi Germany: the legacy of Faustian bargain Bettina Arnold and Henning Hassman 5. Nazi and eco-feminist prehistories: ideology and empiricism in Indo-European archaeology David W. Anthony Part III. Eastern Europe and Eurasia: 6. Archaeology and ideology in Southeast Europe Timothy Kaiser 7. From internationalism to nationalism: forgotten pages of soviet archaeology in the 1930s and 1940s Victor A. Shnirelman 8. Postscript: Russian archaeology after the collapse of the USSR infrastructural crisis and the resurgence of old and new nationalism E. N. Chernykh 9. Nationalism, politics and the practice of archaeology in the Caucasus Philip L. Kohl and Gocha R. Tsetskhladze Part IV. East Asia: 10. Thirty years of Chinese archaeology (1949-1979) Enzheng Tong 11. The regionalist paradigm in Chinese archaeology Lothar von Falkenhausen 12. The politics of ethnicity in prehistoric Korea Sarah M. Nelson 13. Nationalism and postwar Japanese archaeology Clare Fawcett Part V. Commentary: 14. Promised lands and chosen peoples: the politics and poetics of archaeological narrative Neil Asher Silberman 15. Romanticism, nationalism and archaeology Bruce G. Trigger.
Socialization of schoolchildren in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Since its establishment in 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iran has attempted to bring about a cultural revolution, aimed at replacing the old value system with new norms, building an ideal society based on Islamic criteria, and creating a New Islamic Person. In fact, one of the most important slogans of the postrevolutionary period has been: " Our revolution is a revolution in values." Recognising the importance of the school in the process of character formation, the Iranian government has assigned the task of bringing about a revolution in values to the educational system.