La fabrique du « soldat-citoyen » à travers la conscription en Turquie
This paper examines how the disciplinary mechanisms of the Turkish army can produce a transformation in the habitus of the conscripts. As a total institution, the military institution integrates and normalizes the conscripts through rites, control of time, horizontal surveillance between conscripts, and corporal punishments. The paper argues that the effects of military service are, nonetheless, not homogenous. This is primarily because of differences in the initial social profile of the conscripts, which produce different resources. Thus it is possible to suggest a typology of the different adaptative strategies of the conscripts. Finally, the article argues that this socialization in the military is part of a larger process of the building of a national habitus in Turkey.
Les violations des droits de l'homme dans les prisons et l'armée turques au travers des arrêts de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme
La Turquie est-elle un Etat respectueux des droits de l'Homme, l'un des elements centraux constitutifs d'une democratie ? On a d'un cote des engagements internationaux qui laissent a penser que la Turquie est un Etat respectueux des droits de l'Homme, et de l'autre cote des realites qui agitent les critiques et le monde academique. Il est alors interessant de se pencher plus en details sur la question. Pour ce faire, il est pertinent d'etudier les relations de la Turquie avec la Convention Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme, au travers de l'organe juridique competent en la matiere : la Cour Europeenne des Droits de l'Homme. Il s'agit alors, au travers de ce memoire, de voir en quoi les condamnations de la Turquie par la CEDH sont des indicateurs des lacunes democratiques persistantes de cet Etat dans ces deux domaines symboliques d'expression de son autorite etatique ? Dans une premiere partie consacree au monde de la prison en Turquie, nous allons d'abord etudier les effets sur les droits de l'Homme des differentes operations de securite menees dans les prisons turques par des gendarmes et des militaires. La deuxieme partie de ce memoire traitera des violations commises dans le monde militaire.
The Invention of the Jewish People
'All modern nation states have a story of their origins, passed down through both official and popular culture, and yet few of these accounts have proved as divisive and influential as the Israeli national myth. The well-known tale of Jewish exile at the hands of the Romans during the first century AD, and the assertion of both cultural and racial continuity through to the Jewish people of the present day, resonates far beyond Israel's borders. Despite its use as a justification for Jewish settlement in Palestine and the project of a Greater Israel, there have been few scholarly investigations into the historical accuracy of the story as a whole. In this bold and ambitious new book, Shlomo Sand shows that the Israeli national myth has its origins in the nineteenth century, rather than in biblical times - when Jewish historians, like scholars in many other cultures, reconstituted an imagined people in order to model a future nation. Sand forensically dissects the official story - and demonstrates the construction of a nationalist myth and the collective mystification that this requires. A bestseller in Israel and France, Shlomo Sand's book has sparked a widespread and lively debate. Should the Jewish people regard themselves as genetically distinct and identifiable across the millennia - or should that doctrine now be left behind and if the myth of the Jewish state is dismantled, could this open a path toward a more inclusive Israeli state, content within its borders?'