[Health pattern of elderly according to age group who living alone in an urban area].
PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify the differences of health patterns; health-related characteristics, health behaviors, health problems, and self-care levels of elderly, living alone in an urban area according to age group.


METHOD
The study design was a descriptive survey and the subjects were 1,800 elderly consisting of 937 young old, 704 middle old, and 159 old old. Data was collected from May to July 2003 using the structured questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi(2)-test, Fisher's exact probability test, ANOVA and Scheffe test using SPSS/PC.


RESULT
The health related characteristics which involved body mass index, mental status, use of assistant devices, perceived health, concern of health, and social support were different among the groups and more aggravated by aging. Health behaviors and health problems were also significantly aggravated in the old old group. The self-care levels measured by ADL, physical activity, and self-care ability scores were also significantly decreased in the old old group.


CONCLUSION
For the level of health status, health behaviors and self-care ability were significantly decreased by aging, health care services for the elderly should be planned considering the difference in the health pattern by age group.
A Study on the Health Status, ADL, Depression and Life Satisfaction by Gender and Stage of Exercise Change among the Rural Elderly
Purpose:Thisstudywasconductedtofindperceivedhealthstatus,ADL,depression,andlifesatisfactionamongthe rural elderly and to explore differences according to gender and the stage of exercise change. Methods:This is an exploratory survey study. The subjects were 365 elders consisting of 140 men (38.4%) and 225 women (61.6%) in arural areainKorea. Datawerecollected fromDecember, 2006 toJanuary, 2007using astructuredquestionnaire. ThedatawereanalyzedbyPearson'scorrelation,t-test,ANOVA,andScheffe'stestusingtheSPSS/WIN10.0.Results: Themeanscoresof perceivedhealthstatusandADLwereloweranddepressionwashigher inwomenthaninmen. Therewere statistically significant differences inperceivedhealth statusaccordingto the stageof exercisechange. Alsothere weresignificant differencesin the scores of ADL, depression, andlifesatisfaction accordingtothestage ofexercisechange.Conclusion:Thetailoredexerciseseemstodecreasedepressionwhilepromotingphysicalhealth statusandlifesatisfactionamongtheruralelderly.Wesuggestconsideringtheclient'sintentionandmotivationwhen developing exercise programs.
Commentary: Scholarship as a Way of Life—Character and Virtue in the Age of Big Humanities
From the Renaissance to the nineteenth century, most European scholars considered moral cultivation as the primary purpose of the humanities. The humanities were human not just because they concerned the products of the human mind but also because they transformed scholars and students into better human beings. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the rise of Big Humanities questioned this moral purpose. However, Big Humanities also reemphasized the importance of epistemic virtues for scholarship. The language of epistemic virtues helped scholars create new communities of learning and scholarship. Within these communities, the language of virtues established common standards of collaboration and granted scholars a sense of purpose. Many of these scholars also continued to associate epistemic virtues with moral virtues.