Estimation of overall heat transfer coefficient of cooling system in RF capacitive hyperthermia
The 
study presented in this article involves the estimation of the overall heat 
transfer coefficient of cooling system in RF capacitive hyperthermia 
treatment using inverse problem based on the conjugate gradient method to 
provide improved distribution of temperature. The temperature data computed 
numerically from the direct problem using the finite difference time domain 
method are used to simulate the temperature measurements. The effects of the 
errors and sensor positions upon the precision of the estimated results are 
also considered. The results show that a reasonable estimation of the unknown 
can be obtained. Finally, measurements in a tissue-equivalent phantom are 
employed to appraise the reliability of the presented method. The comparison of 
computed data with measurements shows a good agreement between numerical 
and experimental results.
Power loss in skin cooling pillows during RF hyperthermia.
A variety of methods is available for dissipating electromagnetic energy in human tissue to induce hyperthermia for the treatment of cancer (Hand & ter Haar, 1981). One method is capacitive coupling using shortwave frequencies: commonly 13.56 or 27.12 MHz. This method is suitable for heating large volumes at depth. However, because of the high current density near the electrodes, excessive heating of the surface tissues can occur. The problem is exacerbated by the presence of a thick layer of subcutaneous fat, since this has relatively low values of electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, and a relatively poor blood supply compared with the tissues of higher water content deeper in the body (Guy et al, 1974; Hahn et al, 1980; Hand & ter Haar, 1981). It is, therefore, standard practice to reduce this surface heating by positioning flexible pillows perfused with cooled deionised water or saline between the electrodes and the skin (Carnochan & Jones, 1982; van der Zee et al, 1982; Kato et al, 1983; ...
Barbarians, Gentlemen and Players : A Sociological Study of the Development of Rugby Football
Part I: Folk Antecedents and Transitional Forms of Football in the Public Schools 1. The folk antecedents of modern rugby and their decline 2. Football in the early 19th century public schools Part II: The Modernisation of Rugby Football 3. The preconditions for modernization: embourgeoisement and public school reform 4. The incipient modernization of rugby football 5. The 'civilising process' and the formation of the RFU. 6. The democratization of rugby football. 7. Professionalisation and the amateur response. 8. The split. 9. The class structure and the professionalisation of British sport. Part III: The Development of Rugby Football as a Modern Sport 10. The professionalisation of rugby league. 11. Rugby union as a modern sport: bureaucracy, gate-taking clubs and the swansong of amateurism. Conclusion: Sociological Reflections on the Crisis in Modern Sport