Cu(InGa)Se/sub 2/ thin films by elemental co-evaporation/sputtering and large area module results
We report process optimization and understanding resulting in high quality Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ (CIGS) films and high efficiency devices/modules using a hybrid process for CIGS formation. In the hybrid process, the Cu is supplied by magnetron sputtering, and the In, Ga, and Se are supplied by linear thermal sources. The advantages of the hybrid process include: i) the ease and precision of Cu thickness control; and ii) flexibility to adjust the Ga depth profile. The investigation was conducted in a large-area, pilot-line system. Among others, important parameters were found to be the Cu/(In+Ga) ratio of the Cu/(InGa)/sub 2/Se/sub 3/ precursor, selenization temperature, and timing of the Ga and In fluxes. Cell efficiencies of over 13.0% and module efficiencies of 7.5% (26 W, 0.35 m/sup 2/) were achieved. The film properties were investigated by XRD, SEM, and AES.
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films grown with a Cu‐poor/rich/poor sequence: growth model and structural considerations
Thin films of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 are grown by a co‐evaporation process in which the In, Ga, and Se fluxes, as well as the substrate temperature, are constant and the only variable is the Cu flux. This Cu flux varies in three steps in such a way that the growing film evolves from Cu‐poor to Cu‐rich and then back to Cu‐poor. The film growth is monitored by the ‘end point detection’ method, and film thicknesses of the order of 2 μm are deposited in less than 20 min. Quality devices (efficiencies above 15%) are produced in our baseline processes for all of the other synthesis steps. The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 layers are studied from a (112) versus (220) (204) orientation and recrystallization point of view. Including the results from a previous study on the influence of the substrate temperature to the present X‐ray diffraction and scanning as well as tunneling electron microscopy data, a five‐stage growth model for the films is described. The specific features of these films are that they are weakly (220) (204) oriented and exhibit crevices in their top fractions. The growth model hypothesizes about the origins of these crevices and on how to avoid them. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Determination of Physicochemical Characteristics of Biodiesel and Its Blending Oils
The viscosity,combustion heat,sulfur content,carbon residue,ash,flash point,moisture and cetane value of biodiesel and its blending oils with diesel were determined.The influence of temperature on the viscosity was studied,and the physicochemical characteristics of biodiesel and its blending oils were compared with diesel.The results indicated that biodiesel and its blending oils had some superior performances and good application prospect.