Critiques of Marcos's Philippines
DEMOCRACY IN THE PHILIPPINES. Diosdado Macapagal. (Cusipag, Ontario, 1976) $A4.00 soft cover. PHILIPPINES: THE SILENCED DEMOCRACY. Raul S. Manglapus. (Orbis, N.Y., 1976) $A7.50 hard cover. THE CONJUGAL DICTATORSHIP OF FERDINAND AND IMELDA MARCOS. Primitivo Mijares. (Union Square, San Francisco, 1976) $A10.00 hard cover.
Philippine Authoritarianism: Framework for Peripheral "Development"
IF FILIPINOS were Frenchmen, they would probably number their political regimes and would have marked the overthrow of the Second Republic of the Philippines' sometime between the 2ist and the 23rd of September I972, when President Marcos executed his coup and began building the "New Society" that he and his technocratic advisors had long been planning.2 But like Frenchmen (during the Vichy regime, for example), many would have resisted giving the name "Third Republic" to the New Society. They-and outsiders trying to understand what has happened-sense that an era has passed, yet persist in viewing the existing regime as an aberration that will go away without a profound impact on Philippine public institutions.3 This view that the New Society is merely a temporary transition typically rests on the belief that Marcos alone is responsible for it and that martial law and the changes imposed since I972 can best be understood by seeing Marcos as a power-mad individual determined not to surrender the presidential office,4 or as head of interlocked clans driven by greed to become the new "oligarchs" of the Philippines.5 It
Numerical and experimental investigation on air distributor design of fluidized bed reactor of sawdust pyrolysis
Abstract An improved biomass conversion in a lab-scale fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is achieved by optimizing the air distributor orifice size and number. Two approaches for introducing air were numerically and experimentally examined. These included perforated plate and downward orifice sparger. 3 mm and 5 mm orifice diameters, and 7, 9 and 13 holes were simulated at flow velocities of 2, 4, 6, and 8 times the minimum fluidization velocity, Umf. The simulation results revealed that increasing the orifice number has a positive effect on gas holdup, particularly for the perforated plate, which showed a uniform distribution of bubbles. The sparger configuration produced larger bubbles sizes, which could lead to better recirculation of solid flux, while stagnant particle zones were observed at the lower section of both distributors. A pyrolysis unit is also inserted at the top of freeboard of the FBR. For perforated plate with 6Umf, the pyrolysis process achieved thermal and cold gas efficiencies of 82.91% and 52.03%, respectively, while combustible gases with 41.6%mol CO, 8.7%mol CH 4 and 2.17%mol HC, were obtained. For sparger pipe and 6U mf _sp, 35.33 ppm NOx and 111 ppm SO 2 were measured in flue gas from combustion process at bed region.