Distribution and some biological features of skate Bathyraja parmifera (Rajidae, Rajiformes) in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan
In the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan, skate Bathyraja parmifera in catches of the bottom trawl occurs at depths of 40 to 830 m at the near-bottom temperature of 0.4–4.9°C. Throughout the year, the skate performs migrations within the continental slope and, in the feeding period, inhabits mainly the depth range of 300 to 500 m. Maximal average density of aggregations of B. parmifera is observed in waters of northern Primorye; minimal average density is observed in Peter the Great Bay and on the Yamato Bank. In catches, skates with a length of 17–130 cm and a weight of 0.5–18.8 kg are recorded; however, fish with a length of 80–115 cm dominate. Individuals with a length of up to 40 cm feed mainly on amphipods, and larger immature and adult individuals feed on decapods, cephalopods, and fish. The value of the daily ration of B. parmifera with its growth decreases from 2.4 to 0.9% of the body weight. Specific ecological features of B. parmifera are a cause of its considerable underfishing by the bottom trawl; therefore, the total resource of this species in the considered region may be at the level of maximal estimates obtained during surveys and comprise no less than 20000 t.
Spatial distribution, size composition, feeding habits, and dynamics of abundance of Alaska skate Bathyraja parmifera in the North Pacific
The results of long-term studies on the spatial and vertical distribution, dynamics of abundance, size composition, and feeding habits of the Alaska skate Bathyraja parmifera in the northern Pacific Ocean are presented. The species is most abundant at depths of 200 to 700 m; in a cold season of the year, the species migrates to larger depths for overwintering, and its feeding occur at smaller depths in the warm season. Specimens of the length 17 to 131 cm with prevalence of skates of 40 to 100 cm long were recorded in catches. The difference between males and females in body weight and length was not considerable. The condition (plumpness) of skates increased from April to October and decreased from November. Females dominate among skates of the length to 30 cm, in the size group from 30 to 90 cm the ratio of males to females is almost 1: 1, and males dominate among larger individuals. The dynamics of the abundance of Alaska skate is different in different regions: catches of skates constantly increased in the Bering Sea during the surveyed period; in the Kuril and Kamchatka waters of the Pacific Ocean and in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, the decrease in catches in the 1990s was succeeded by the increase in the abundance of skates; in waters of Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska, the increase in catches until the beginning of the 2000s was succeeded by their stabilization and a slight decrease in the abundance in recent years.
ARRESTS AMONG HOMELESS AND RUNAWAY YOUTHS: THE EFFECTS OF RACE AND GENDER
ABSTRACT This study examined the contributions of race and gender to the likelihood of a first post-run arrest for a more serious and less serious offense in a sample of homeless and runaway youths from four Midwestern states. Event history analysis was used to test the hypothesis that race and gender would interact so that the likelihood of a first post-run arrest for a more serious and less serious offense would be highest for non-white males and non-white females, respectively. Potentially confounding factors—deviant subsistence strategies, substance use, gang involvement and membership, prior arrests, age, prior physical abuse, age on own, and spending time on the street—were controlled in the analyses. The hypotheses regarding the interaction of race and gender were not supported by the data. Non-whites were more likely than whites, and males were more likely than females, to be arrested for a more serious offense, and white females were more likely than non-white females to be arrested for a less serious offense.