Numerical Analysis of Geosynthetic-Encased Stone Columns under Laterally Loads
Out of all methods for ground improvement, stone column became more popular these days due to its simple construction and economic consideration. Installation of stone column especially in loose fine graded soil causes increasing in load bearing capacity and settlement reduction. Encased granular stone columns (EGCs) are commonly subjected to vertical load. However, they may also be subjected to significant amount of shear loading. In this study, three-dimensional finite element (FE) analyses were conducted to estimate the shear load capacity of EGCs in sandy soil. Two types of different cases, stone column and geosynthetic encased stone column were studied at different normal pressures varying from 15 kPa to 75 kPa. Also, the effect of diameter in two cases was considered. A close agreement between the experimental and numerical curves of shear stress horizontal displacement trend line is observed. The obtained result showed that, by increasing the normal pressure and diameter of stone column, higher shear strength is mobilized by soil; however, in the case of encased stone column, increasing the diameter had more dominated effect in mobilized shear strength. Keywords—Ordinary stone column, validation, encased stone column, laterally load.
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
Eco-fashion clothes offer considerable promise to reduce clothing waste associated with improving consumer profits and the health of the community. The aim of this paper is to explore the consumer purchase behaviour toward Eco-fashion clothes made of recycled materials. The clothing waste is increasing each year and there is a lack of landfill sites for disposing of them. This resulted in governments encourage industries markets to recycle more. However, it is necessary to support the clothing recycling technology program, and the achievement of those markets depends on consumer demand for these products. Hence, understanding consumer behaviour toward Eco-fashion clothes made of recycled materials can provide a basis to develop effective guidelines for disposal and purchase recycled clothes. This study applied the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) as the foundation of the consumer’s behaviour. A two-stage mixed-method approach was explored. Statistical analysis was commenced through direct logistic regression. The model was tested via structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Overall, findings reveal that the most significant factor on purchase intention of Eco-fashion clothes is the positive attitude which was followed by the perceived behavioural control and then subjective norms on the construct intention. Furthermore, there is a strong connection to sustainable disposal clothing behaviour and purchase behaviour toward Eco-fashion clothes. Hence, strengthening people attitude in order to purchase Eco-fashion clothes made of recycled contents as a sustainable trend is applicable to help reduction of clothing waste. This happens when people’s need is along with these clothes. The implications of this study can be examined from an educational and managerial perspective to form an effective strategy to encourage an increased rate in the disposal of clothing toward recycling and development policies to improve recycling technology programs. Therefore, it can lead to produce clothes made of recycled materials based on the consumer's needs and distribute them in the fashion market.
Chip scale packaging using chip-on-flex technology
An increasing number of electronic designers, fabricators and users see Chip Scale Packaging (CSP) as a way to obtain the benefits foreseen in multichip packaging and Chip-on-Board (COB) without the problems and limitations currently associated with each. The Chip-on-Flex (COF) multichip packaging technology has been demonstrated to be applicable to single chip packages that meet chip scale packaging goals. This paper looks at the Chip-on-Flex Chip Scale technology and addresses issues including the process, structure, assembly, yields and reliability.