Percepciones y realidades de la violencia en la televisión
The article presents the interviewees perception of violence shown on television and its relation to violence see in the real world from a theoretic posing and the dicovery of available information on usage, communications means, and violence, from the multicentered research project ACTIVA held in eight metropolitan cities in Latin America and Spain. The results show that cities considered as less violent perceive more violence on television, and there is a general perception of more than a half of those interviewed that television show more violence than it actually happens in the real life. Descriptors: Television/Violence/Public/Empirical research
The Study of Urban Violence: Some Implications of Laboratory Studies of Frustration and Aggression
AUTHOR’S NOTE: This is a slightly revised version of a paper delivered at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September, 1967. The research reported in this paper has been sponsored by grants GS 1228 and GS 1737 from the National Science Foundation. N The frustration-aggression hypothesis is the easiest and by far the most popular explanation of social violence whether political turmoil, the hot summers of riot and disorder, or robberies and juvenile delinquency. We are all familiar with this formulation, and there is no need to spell out once again the great number of economic, social, and psychological frustrations that have been indicted as the source of aggression and domestic instability. Espoused in the social world primarily by political and economic liberals, this notion contends that the cause of civil tranquility is best served by eliminating barriers to the satisfaction of human needs and wants. Indeed, in the version that has attracted the greatest attention, the
Extinction-induced aggression.
Pigeons were conditioned to peck a response key under a procedure that alternated periods of food reinforcement with periods of extinction. The pigeons attacked a nearby pigeon at the onset of extinction. Some also attacked a stuffed model of a pigeon. The duration of attack was an inverse function of the time since the last food reinforcement and a direct function of the number of reinforcements. The pigeons attacked after the last food delivery whether or not the conditioned pecking response was required and whether or not the extinction period was signaled. The food had to be eaten; the mere sight and sound of food being delivered did not produce attack. Prior satiation reduced attack. The phenomenon was not attributable to a past history of competition between pigeons since socially deprived pigeons also attacked. Superstitious reinforcement of attack was not found to be a factor. The results indicated that the transition from food reinforcement to extinction was an aversive event that produced aggression.