Multifragmentation threshold in 93 Nb + nat Mg collisions at 30 MeV/nucleon
We analyzed the $^{93}Nb$ on $^{nat}Mg$ reaction at $30$ MeV/nucleon in the aim of disentangling binary sequential decay and multifragmentation decay close to the energy threshold, i.e. $\simeq 3$ MeV/nucleon. Using the backtracing technique applied to the statistical models GEMINI and SMM we reconstruct simulated charge, mass and excitation energy distributions and compare them to the experimental ones. We show that data are better described by SMM than by GEMINI in agreement with the fact that multifragmentation is responsible for fragment production at excitation energies around $3$ MeV/nucleon.
Emission of complex fragments from highly excited systems produced in 93 Nb+ 9 Be and 27 Al reactions at {E}/{A} = 25.4 and 30.3 MeV
Abstract Complex fragments with atomic numbers intermediate between that of the target and projectile have been detected in the reverse-kinematics reactions of 93 Nb plus 9 Be and 27 Al at bombarding energies of E A = 25.4 and 30.3 MeV. Experimental results from inclusive and coincidence measurements are presented and are used to characterize these fragments as the statistical, binary-decay products of highly excited compound nuclei formed in fusion-like reactions.
A sustainable development indicator for NGOs and international organisations
The article offers an easy-to-use indicator for measuring whether NGOs, international organisations and government policies and projects meet the criteria for sustainable development that have been established by the Rio Declaration in 1992 and that are recognised by experts in the field. Use of this indicator reveals that most of the major actors in the field of development are actually failing to promote sustainable development and points to the specific areas where they need to improve in order to fulfil sustainability criteria. We also offer a sample test of the indicator using UNICEF as a case study.