Studying travelling ionospheric disturbances from near-vertical ionosphere sounding with high temporal resolution
In this study, we analyze the near-vertical ionospheric sounding data obtained with a multipurpose digital chirp ionosonde. The ionosonde was recording ionograms once each minute. We analyzed the results of processing the datasets over three observational years from 2010 to 2012. Obtaining ionograms with a high temporal resolution allowed us to trace the dynamics and evolution of additional traces referred to as “cusps”, and also to combine ionograms with such traces into sequences. The percentage of ionograms containing cusps proved to be more than 10% of the overall number of ionograms. Thus, during daytime, the rate surpasses 30%, whereas, during nighttime, such ionograms are practically absent. The typical cusp lifetime proved to be 4-15 min, therefore, disturbed ionograms are much more rarely detected with standard vertical sounding ionosondes. The presence of such traces unambiguously evidences significant electron density horizontal gradients caused by travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) with scales up to 50 km.
Travelling Disturbances in the Ionosphere
MEASUREMENTS of the horizontal velocity of travelling disturbances in the F2 region of the ionosphere have been made in this department over the past three years, using the method described by Munro1. Constant-frequency pulse transmitters were set up at the base station in the Physics Department of the University of Western Australia, and at two other stations situated respectively 15 miles east and 25 miles south-east. The two remote stations were triggered, after a short adjustable delay, by the ground wave from the University transmitter. Three sets of echoes were obtained at the base station, one reflected vertically from overhead and the other two at oblique incidence from the mid-points between the remote stations and the base. They were recorded on the one film by the conventional techniques. The frequency used was 5.8 Mc./s. and the pulses were 100 µsec. long with a pulse repetition frequency of 40 c.p.s.
The unfolded universe of elementary particles. A geometric explanation of the standard model structure
We propose a geometric explanation of the standard model of Glashow, Weinberg and Salam for the known elementary particles. Our model is a generic Quantum Field Theory in dimension four, obtained by developing along a Lorentz sub-manifold the lagrangian of Einstein and Dirac in dimension twelve. The main mechanism which gives birth to the standard model is a certain gauge fixing of triality, which permits to identify the multiplicity of fermions, as seen from the four dimensional world, with the eight unseen dimensions of the generating universe. In this way we get the known tables of particles, explaining the series of fermions and the gauge bosons. We suggest that the Higgs field dynamics could appear through a bosonization of the right handed neutrino and correspond to a displacement in the unseen dimensions. We also propose hypotheses for dark matter, and perhaps dark energy. Then we suggest predictions to go beyond the standard model.