Aqueous And Semi -Aqueous Alternatives For CFC-113 And Methyl Chloroform Cleaning Of Printed Circuit Board Assemblies
l ICOLP is the Industry Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection. ICOLP corporate member companies include AT&T, Boeing Company. We would like to thank the many individuals and companies that provided insight and information that helped produce this manual. ii iii Disclaimer The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Industry Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection (ICOLP), the ICOLP committee members, and the companies that employ the ICOLP committee members do not endorse the cleaning performance. worker safety, or environmental acceptability of any of the technical options discussed. Every cleaning operation requires consideration of worker safety and proper disposal of contaminants and waste products generated from the cleaning processes. Moreover, as work continues. including additional toxicity testing and evaluation under Section 612 (Safe Alternatives Policy) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and elsewhere, more information on the health, environmental. and safety effects of alternatives will become available for use in selecting among the alternatives discussed in this document. EPA and ICOLP, in furnishing or distributing this information, do not make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to its accuracy. completeness, or utility; nor does EPA and ICOLP assume any liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from the use of, or reliance upon, any information. material, or procedure contained herein, including but not limited to any claims regarding health, safety, environmental effects or fate, efficacy, or performance. made by the source of the information. Mention of any company or product in this document is for informational purposes only, and does not constitute a recommendation of any such company or product. either express or implied by EPA, ICOLP. ICOLP committee members, and the companies that employ the ICOLP committee members.
A Study on Laboratory Treatment of Metalworking Wastewater Using Ultrafiltration Membrane System and Its Field Application
− Nowadays a large amount of wastewater containing metal working fluids and cleaning agents is generated during the cleaning process of parts working in various industries of automobile, machine and metal, and electronics etc. In this study, aqueous or semi-aqueous cleaning wastewater contaminated with soluble or nonsoluble oils was treated using ultrafiltration system. And the membrane permeability flux and performance of oil-water separation (or COD removal efficiency) of the ultrafiltration system employing PAN as its membrane material were measured at various operating conditions with change of membrane pore sizes and soil concentrations of wastewater and examined their suitability for wastewater treatment contaminated with soluble or insoluble oil. As a result, in case of wastewater contaminated with soluble oil and aqueous or semi-aqueous cleaning agent, the membrane permeability increased rapidly even though COD removal efficiency was almost constant as 90 or 95% as the membrane pore size increased from 10 kDa to 100 kDa. However, in case of the wastewater contaminated with nonsoluble oil and aqueous or semi-aqueous cleaning agent, as the membrane pore size increased from 10 kDa to 100 kDa and the soil concentration of wastewater increased, the membrane permeability was reduced rapidly while COD removal efficiency was almost constant. These phenomena explain that since To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jhbae@suwon.ac.kr
Rethinking Health: Healthy or Healthier than?
Theorists of health have, to this point, focused exclusively on trying to define a state—health—that an organism might be in. I argue that they have overlooked the possibility of a comparativist theory of health, which would begin by defining a relation—healthier than—that holds between two organisms or two possible states of the same organism. I show that a comparativist approach to health has a number of attractive features, and has important implications for philosophers of medicine, bioethicists, health economists, and policy makers. 1 Introduction 2 Comparative and Non-comparative Concepts 3 Traditional Theories of Health 4 An Argument for Comparativism: Intergenerational Assessments of Health 5 Another Reason to be a Comparativist: Functionalist Theories of Health 6 A Non-comparative Alternative? 7 An Objection to Comparativism? 8 Why this Matters: The Consequences of Comparativism 1 Introduction 2 Comparative and Non-comparative Concepts 3 Traditional Theories of Health 4 An Argument for Comparativism: Intergenerational Assessments of Health 5 Another Reason to be a Comparativist: Functionalist Theories of Health 6 A Non-comparative Alternative? 7 An Objection to Comparativism? 8 Why this Matters: The Consequences of Comparativism