Hybridization between Senecio smallii and S. tomentosus (Compositae) on the granitic flatrocks of the Southeastern United States
Senecio smallii andS. tomentosus occasionally hybridize on the granitic flatrocks of the Piedmont of the Southeastern United States. These hybrids are intersectional crosses between sectionsAurei andTomentosi. The parental species have different chromosome numbers withn = 22 inS. smallii andn = 23 inS. tomentosus. Meiosis in the hybrids is abnormal with 22ns and li or 2iis and 3is, and the percentage of stainable pollen is greatly reduced over that of the parents. The hybrid pollen grains are structurally abortive as demonstrated by the scanning electron microscope. Origin of the natural hybrids was documented by the production of artificial hybrids including F1’s, F2’s, and BC’s. Very few of the F2 seeds germinated, and all of the F2 seedlings later died, indicating hybrid breakdown. Seeds of the F1 and BC generations germinated well, and the seedlings were vigorous. Population samples indicate that there is some variation within the natural population systems; however, no evidence of introgression was detected. The isolating mechanisms and possible evolutionary effects of this natural hybridization are discussed.
Variation among the Aureoid Senecios of North America: A geohistorical interpretation
The Aureoid group ofSenecio (Asteraceae) includes 59 species, most of which occur in western temperate North America. They share a syndrome of traits and have notably imprecise species boundaries. They are separable into three imperfectly marked subgroups, the Aurei, Lobati, and Tomentosi, each of which centers about one or two widespread and variable species. The Aurei have Arcto-Tertiary affinities and are regarded as primitive. Subsequent evolutionary diversification produced the Tomentosi in the cool, dry regions of the northern Cordillera and the Lobati in the warmer cordilleran regions of the Great Basin and Southwestern deserts. Certain Eastern outliers are regarded as relicts of migrations eastward at the front of a receding glacier, whereas others are relicts of migrations during the Post-glacial Hypsithermal period. The apparent combination of a pliable cytological structure, obligate outbreeding, and good seed dispersal has given the Aureoid senecios an ability to hybridize and presumably to introgress easily, although direct evidence is scant. Continual climatic change and subsequent migrations of plants have produced repeated meetings and introgressions among related Aureoid species, which in turn maintain the notably blurred species boundaries of the group.ResúmenEl grupo Aureoídeo deSenecio (Asteraceae) incluye 59 especies, la mayoría de las cuales ocurren en zonas templadas del oeste de Norte América. Los márgenes de las especies son muy imprecisos y éstas comparten muchos caracteres comunes. Las especies son separabales en tres subgrupos imperfectamente marcados (Aurei, Lobati y Tomentosi), cada subgrupo teniendo como centro una o dos especies ampliamente distribuidas y variabales. El subgrupo Aurei tiene relaciones con especies del período Arcto-Terciário y se considera primitivo. La subsecuente diversificación evolutiva produjo los subgrupos Tomentosi en las regiones frias y áridas del norte de la Cordillera y el Lobati en las regiones mas cálidas del “Great Basin” y de los desiertos del suroeste. Algunas especies del este se consideran reliquias de migraciones hacia el este al frente de un glacial en retroceso, mientras que otras son reliquias de migraciones en el período Hipsotérmico Post-Glacial. La aparente combinación de una estructura citológica flexible, la prevención de autocruzamiento y una buena dispersión de las semillas ha dado a los senecios Aureoídeos la abilidad de hibridarze con facilidad; sin embargo, la evidencia es limitada. Cambios climáticos continuos y migraciones subsecuentes de plantas han resultado en encuentros continuous e introgresiones entre las especies Aureoídeas emparentadas; estos mantienen los márgenes imprecisos entre las especies.
Germination ecology of Central Asian Stipa spp: differences among species, seed provenances, and the importance of field studies
Stipa-species are wide-spread in Central Asia, but sexual reproduction in the dry steppes is rare. To facilitate conservation and restoration of these important rangelands, we studied germination characteristics of three common Mongolian Stipa-species under field- and lab conditions. Seeds of Stipa krylovii, Stipa gobica and Stipa glareosa were sown at the study site in Southern Mongolia over two consecutive years during which period tests were carried out to ascertain whether competition or herbivory are the main constraints of seedling establishment. In addition, we tested germination and seed viability in the laboratory under two different temperature regimes (20/10°C and 8/4°C), as well as the effect of cold-stratification. The lab experiments also included S. krylovii seeds originating from three climatically different provenances. None of the three Stipa-species seedlings emerged during the first 2 years of the field study. However, after an unusually intense rain event in the third year, 3% of S. krylovii, 0.6% of S. glareosa and 0.1% of S. gobica seeds germinated in the study plots. The factors ‘sowing-year’ and ‘vegetation’ significantly affected seedling emergence, whereas grazing had no effect at all. Under laboratory conditions a high percentage of viable seeds of S. gobica and S. glareosa germinated at both incubation temperatures, and cold-stratification had no effect on germination or viability. Germination of S. krylovii seeds required warmer temperatures and cold-stratification had a positive effect. Such evidence for dormancy was more pronounced in seeds from the moister, northern provenances. Germination of Stipa-species in the field is rare and only possible under exceptionally moist conditions. Conservation should thus concentrate on steppe conservation rather than on restoration. Where artificial reseeding is necessary, differences among species and also among different seed provenances should be taken into account.