From Social Insurance to Social Assistance
In attempting to establish a social security system that would function to smooth the transition from a planned to market economy, the government of China has, for most of the time in the past decades, focused its efforts on setting up social insurance programs in the urban areas. Along with the emergence of urban poverty since the mid 1990s, the emphasis of the government has shifted to means-tested social assistance programs as the major means to combat poverty and maintain social stability. However, with the absence of more equitable social and economic policies that can protect people against the many risks associated with a market economy, the role of social assistance is very limited.
《1932年的石碑山— 灯塔阴影里的生与死》 (‘Breaker Point in 1932: Life and Death in the Shadow of the Lighthouse’)
摘要：1932红军士兵占领了汕头附近的石碑山灯塔，并在撤退时“带走了”灯塔管理员奕伟士和逐侠诺等人，而之后二人又悄然死去。就1932年的标准来看，灯塔管理员被抓是一个微不足道的、不会引起多大注意的绑架事件，但它为我们提供了一个揭示发生在灯塔内部及其周围的种族、阶级和民族冲突的机会。本论文透过航标灯系统、它的员工以及它对于理解外国势力在中国活动的广泛性特征来探究海关管理部门的基础结构。在石碑山事件中，国籍、种族、阶级都是关键性的背景因素，这种结合是帝国和帝国在中国的非正式世界的本质性构造。就本案来说，存在于海关的正式地位与其所发挥的非正式作用之间、海关职员作为中国政府雇员的正式身分与他们在英国的或其他的共同体之间的紧张关系，使我们对英国势力在中国的复杂多样性获得了更多认识。这些人的故事和困境使我们放弃了那些简易的、二元论的定性分析方法，取而代之的是直接考察其时态、相互关联性和把不同地区网连起来的方式。 
 
关键词：石碑山灯塔 绑架 种族 阶级 民族冲突
The structure of electricity demand in the Brazilian household sector
Abstract The present structure of residential electricity demand is analysed by electricity consumption classes and end-uses. Nearly 70% of households consume less than 150 kWh/month and are responsible for 35% of total residential demand. Other determinants of electricity-use, such as income and place of residence, are also discussed. It is found that electricity demand is increasing faster than income as the country reaches appliances saturation in upper consumption levels. Water heating and refrigeration account for the major part of residential consumption. Residential conservation efforts have started introducing more efficient lighting equipment and refrigerators, but further work will have to be done to speed up the diffusion of efficient technology at costs that can be paid by consumers.