Sustainable development of the Prefecture of Kephalonia
An optimisation methodology is applied on the islands of Kephalonia and Ithaca (Prefecture of Kephalonia) in Greece, where various Renewable Energy Sources (RES) can be found and could be exploited to satisfy part of their energy needs. These resources are examined and a case study is performed for Kephalonia that involves an application of specific mathematical tools that will lead to a set of energy solutions. Many scenarios of cases were examined where the requirements of certain end uses were increased and also cases where some of the renewable energy systems were not at the maximum of their potential.
An optimal renewable energy model for various end-uses
Renewable energy sources are likely to play a significant role in meeting the future energy requirement of a developing country like India. The effect of introducing renewable energy sources on the commercial energy scene may have to be analyzed carefully. In this paper, we present an Optimal Renewable Energy Model that minimizes the cost/efficiency ratio and determines the optimum allocation of different renewable energy sources for various end-uses. The potential of renewable energy sources, energy demand, reliability of renewable energy systems and their acceptance level will determine the pattern of renewable energy distribution and are used as constraints in the model. The model allocates the renewable energy distribution pattern for the year 2020–21 in India, which would be helpful for policy makers in commercializing the renewable energy sources to the greatest extent. The results indicate that solar energy systems can be utilized for lighting, pumping, heating and cooling to an extent of 6%, 16%, 2%, and 12% of total renewable energy demand in India, respectively. Similarly, the bio-energy systems can be utilized 9% of lighting, 18% of cooking, 1% of pumping, 17% of heating, and 14% of transportation of total renewable energy demand. It is also observed that wind energy can be utilized for pumping end-use to an extent of 4% of total renewable energy demand. The scenario for different potential limits is presented in this paper. A sensitivity analysis has been also carried out to validate the model.
New records of Grania (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae) in the Northeast Atlantic (from Tromsø to the Canary Islands), with descriptions of seven new species
Previous northeast Atlantic records of Grania have been mainly from Germany, southern Scandinavia, and the Atlantic shores of France, Spain and Ireland. They were referred to eight species, with one, G. atlantica, reported from the continental slope. We have examined various unpublished collections from sources spanning from the Canary Islands to the Norwegian Arctic. Apart from new information on morphology, taxonomy, and distribution of known species, we describe seven new taxa (G. canaria, G. fortunata, G. mauretanica, G. aquitana, G. vikinga, G. torosa, and G. papillinasus). The collection of G. papillinasus from 2630-2885 m represents a new depth record for Enchytraeidae. Twenty-five of the now 57 Grania species occur in the North Atlantic. The North Atlantic drift moderates sea temperatures along the northeast Atlantic coasts, probably facilitating the wide latitudinal range of some taxa, as well as actual dispersal within the region. A "chaetal index" (chaetal length : chaetal foot length) is proposed to differentiate L-shaped chaetae at the species level. Complex relationships within the "type 6 group" of Grania suggest that groupings established using certain combinations of penial, chaetal and spermathecal patterns may not be monophyletic. For a better phylogenetic resolution, additional morphological details of these and other characters are needed.