Who Are These Guys? Non-Governmental Organizations in Humanitarian Relief Operations.
Abstract : The purpose of this paper it to provide an understanding of how to deal with nongovernmental organizations during a humanitarian relief operation. Examples and lessons are drawn from the following humanitarian relief operations: Provide Comfort in Northern Iraq in 1991 (helping the Kurds); Restore Hope in Somalia in 1992 and 1993; and Support Hope in Rwanda in 1994. I have described the players in humanitarian relief operations, described their interaction during the execution of relief operations, and provided some lessons learned for future relief and peacekeeping operations. An integral part of understanding of how the international relief community works is understanding the role of the various United Nations and United States agencies that coordinate relief efforts.
A New Model for Military/Nongovernmental Organization Relations in Post-Conflict Operations
Abstract : A plethora of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) has emerged to overwhelm the combatant command military planner. In post-conflict operations, with its emphasis on humanitarian relief missions, the military and responding agencies must direct appropriate resources to the primary critical relief functions that provide security, food/water relief, shelter of civilians, medical treatment, demining, restoration of infrastructure, return of displaced persons, and restoration of government and police functions. Balancing the NGOs' capabilities to perform these functions with NGOs' interests and goals, a new strategic model arises for military/NGO relationships. Essentially, the military/NGO interaction can be characterized in four possible manners: reliance, assistance , autonomous, or adversarial. Knowing these model relationships before a conflict enables the military planner to synchronize military resources, area coverage, and military/NGO actions better. The model development and agreement would occur at an annual week-long interagency conference under USAID lead in which NGOs, DoD, State Department, various contributing agencies, and combatant command representatives would establish roles and missions. They would also determine capability and scale for potential contingencies in various operational theaters. This directive model will serve the national strategy far better than the current reactive, ad hoc model in which military planners respond to on-the-ground operational and NGO situations.
Organic geochemical characteristics and depositional setting of Tertiary organic-rich sediments from onshore Penyu Basin , eastern Chenor , Pahang , Malaysia
Poor knowledge of the organic facies characteristics of the eastern Chenor Pahang has made it remain an untapped potential in the Penyu Basin. Therefore, detailed geochemical and petrographic characterization of the Tertiary organic facies of the eastern Chenor area of the Penyu Basin was carried out to characterized its organic matter (OM) source input. Towards achieving the goal, this study focuses on determination of organic matters richness, type and origin as related to their paleoenvironmental conditions of the carbonaceous mudstone and shale using organic petrography combined with organic and inorganic geochemistry. The sedimentary succession is characterized by fine to coarse grained sandstone occurring in association with carbonaceous mudstone and shale in a predominantly fining upward sequence within a lacustrine environment. These facies are generally enriched in organic matter as indicated by the TOC results, hydrocarbon yield (S2) and extractible organic matter (EOM), suggesting significant hydrocarbon generation potential for the area.