The DPRK Energy Sector: Current Status and Future Engagement Options
This report discusses the history, current status, and potential future of the DPRK energy sector. The authors, drawing on the Nautilus Institute's decades of work on North Korea, describes the history of the DPRK energy sector, in particular changes in the sector since 1990. The study then looks at the current status and supply and demand balance of North Korea's energy sector noting the vulnerabilities and critical needs of that sector. The report also explores options for the rehabilitation of the DPRK energy sector that could be used in negotiations with North Korea as part of a 'roadmap' to denuclearization and legitimate energy needs if negotiations are not successful and the DPRK either collapses (due to an internal coup, succession crisis, or war) or continues to stagnate. The report concludes by identifying the robust strategies that are important in both engagement and non-engagement (collapse or stagnation) scenarios.
The DPRK Power Sector: Data & Interconnection Options
This report provides an overview of the present status of the DPRK power sector that includes newly analyzed data and future prospects of electricity supply and demand in North Korea as well as establishes several basic inter-Korean energy cooperation plans. South Korean policies to improve this difficult situation should be implemented to overcome the DPRK electricity shortage. However, because of the strong political backlash caused by the North Korean attacks on the Cheonan corvette and Yeonpyeong Island in 2010, all cooperation, including energy cooperation between the two Koreas, has stopped. Nevertheless, a basic plan to solve the DPRK energy crisis should be continuously discussed and established by the ROK, considering the total potential costs of reunification and the peace and stability of the Korean peninsula. Therefore this report also considers possible changes in inter-Korean relations as a result of electric power system interactions and is intended to be a starting point for the establishment of necessary plans for the interconnection of the power systems of the two Koreas and the fulfillment of longstanding grand plans for a Unified Korean Power System (UKPS).
Police and Political Violence in the 1960s and 1970s: Germany and Italy in a Comparative Perspective
Notwithstanding the significant differences between the German and Italian police models (federal and civil vs. centralised and militarised), in both countries the confrontation with the protest movements of the 1960s and 1970s had a profound impact on police conceptions and public order strategies. Police forces in some German federal states (West Berlin) followed a hard line until the late 1960s, while in others (Munich, Hamburg) reforms to the Weimar-centred police intervention tactics took place beginning in the early to mid-1960s. In Italy, traditional police conceptions and strategies remained largely unchanged and re-emerged in 1968. Here, a movement from within the police led to the demilitarisation and unionisation of the state police in 1981. In both countries, fighting left-wing terrorism in the 1970s stimulated technical modernisation and enhanced the centralisation of the police. In critical response to police tactics, in the late 1970s Germany police matters were increasingly perceived as a concern not only of the state but of civil society—even if policing remained a highly contested terrain. In Italy, such matters largely remained state concerns in which only politicians and internal security specialists were entitled to intervene.