The history and development of the choice principle
“The History and Development of the Choice Principle” is split into different categories of Australian and New Zealand cases in relation to the choice principle: dividend stripping, tax loss grouping provisions, inflated deductions, and income splitting. It considers the official position of the Inland Revenue Department on the choice principle, and sets out arguments for and against the advantages of adopting the principle in New Zealand.
Does the Use of General Anti-Avoidance Rules to Combat Tax Avoidance Breach Principles of the Rule of Law?
As part of systems of tax law, general anti-avoidance rules frustrate transactions that contrive to avoid tax. Avoidance transactions adhere to the strict letter of the law while flouting or exploiting its policy. Statutory general anti-avoidance rules are found in many countries in Europe and in the British Commonwealth, apart from the United Kingdom itself, but judge-made substance-over-form rules in the United States and the United Kingdom sometimes have a similar effect. Much of the force of these rules comes from their imprecision, imprecision that, arguably, breaches the principles of the rule of law. The authors take a comparative approach that examines statutory general-anti-avoidance rules from a number of jurisdictions. They compare these rules with the principles of the rule of law as those principles are currently understood and they compare the typical form of a general anti avoidance rule with the forms of several rules of criminal law that notoriously breach the rule of law. They thus compare the operation of general anti-avoidance rules with (a) the requirements of the doctrine of the rule of law as adumbrated by Dicey, Rawls, Hayek, Raz, and, notably, Fuller and (b) with the general offence rules of the Nazi criminal code of the Free City of Danzig, with Article 386 of the Criminal Code of the Qing Dynasty of China, and with the crime of corruption of public morals, an offence in effect created by the United Kingdom House of Lords in 1962 in Shaw v Director of Public Prosecutions. Concluding that a general anti-avoidance rule breaches at least the principle of certainty of law the authors turn to a consideration of whether there is anything in the nature the activity of tax avoidance that might justify such a breach even though, for instance, the law treats serious criminals as entitled to the benefits of the rule of law. The authors advance the hypotheses that the activity of tax avoidance is of a nature that relies for its success on the formality of the law and relies in a sense on the rule of law itself. In effect, it corrupts the rule of law by exploiting it. If tax avoidance is in this manner an attack on the rule of law a legislature may be justified in responding by enacting a general anti-avoidance rule.
Woodrow Wilson: The Essential Political Writings
Chapter 1 Preface Chapter 2 Introduction to Wilson's Political Thought Part 3 Progress and the Organic State Chapter 4 The State (chapters 1, 2, 13, 16) Chapter 5 "Christ's Army" Chapter 6 "Christian Progress" Part 7 Political Liberty and the Scope and Ends of Government Chapter 8 "Socialism and Democracy" Chapter 9 "A Calendar of Great Americans" Chapter 10 "Address on Thomas Jefferson" Chapter 11 "The Authors and Signers of the Declaration of Independence" Chapter 12 The New Freedom (chapters 1, 2) Part 13 Institutional Reform Chapter 14 "Cabinet Government in the United States" Chapter 15 Congressional Government (chapter 2 & conclusion) Chapter 16 Constitutional Government in the United States (chapters 3, 8) Chapter 17 "Wanted - A Party" Part 18 Political and Administrative Leadership Chapter 19 "Leaders of Men" Chapter 20 "The Study of Administration" Part 21 Foreign Policy Chapter 22 "War Message to Congress" Chapter 23 "Fourteen Points" Part 24 Appendix A. Chronology of Wilson's Academic Work and Other Selected Events Part 25 Appendix B. Selected Bibliography