Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indonesian Sugar Apple ( Annona squamosa L . ) Extracted with Various Solvents Deva
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Annona squamosa Linn Bark
This study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa Linn bark. DPPH, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, Superoxide radical scavenging activity, were carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa Linn bark. The sample possesses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging activity (P<0.001). Sample of 10 µg/ml inhibited the production of Superoxide anion radical by 82.11% showing strong superoxide radical scavenging activity. The reducing power activity of Annona squamosa (sample) and ascorbic acid increases absorbance with increasing concentration dependent manner. Ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa Linn bark has been found to be high antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging activity against various antioxidant systems In vitro. Keyword: Annona squamosa, DPPH, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and Superoxide anion radical.
Preliminary micronutrients foliar diagnostic norms for litchi (Litchi chinensis sonn) using DRIS
Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) was used as an alternative approach for foliar diagnosis of micronutrients. DRIS norms are generally better than the diagnosis made by sufficiency range method, with the advantage, that DRIS reflects nutrient balance. and identifies the order in which the nutrients are likely to become limiting. The results show that DRIS norms can be used irrespective of variety and position of leaf sampled from the floral or non-floral panicles. According to DRIS approach, the inadequacy level for Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn are 14, 10, 190 and 20 mg kg−1 leaf tissues, respectively.