Determination of the solid angle and response function of a hemispherical spectrograph with injection lens for Auger electrons emitted from long lived projectile states.
We present SIMION 8.1 Monte Carlo type simulations of the response function and detection solid angle for long lived Auger states (lifetime τ ∼ 10(-9) - 10(-5) s) recorded by a hemispherical spectrograph with injection lens and position sensitive detector used for high resolution Auger spectroscopy of ion beams. Also included in these simulations for the first time are kinematic effects particular to Auger emission from fast moving projectile ions such as line broadening and solid angle limitations allowing for a more accurate and realistic line shape modeling. Our results are found to be in excellent agreement with measured electron line shapes of both long lived 1s2s2p(4)P and prompt Auger projectile states formed by electron capture in collisions of 25.3 MeV F(7+) with H2 and 12.0 MeV C(4+) with Ne recorded at 0° to the beam direction. These results are important for the accurate evaluation of the 1s2s2p (4)P/(2)P ratio of K-Auger cross sections whose observed non-statistical production by electron capture into He-like ions, recently a field of interesting interpretations, awaits further resolution.
Evidence for the non-statistical population of the 1s2s2p 4P metastable state by electron capture in 4 MeV collisions of B3+(1s2s 3S) with H2 targets
Abstract We have revisited previously published data involving collisions of mixed 4 MeV B 3 + ( 1 s 2 1 S , 1 s 2 s 3 S ) with H2 targets (Benis et al., 2002) in search of evidence for the non-statistical production of the 1 s 2 s 2 p 4 P long-lived metastable state by single electron capture. Using our recently published method for the accurate determination of the effective solid angle of Auger decaying metastable projectile states in combination with knowledge of the 1 s 2 s 3 S metastable beam fraction allowed us to determine the ratio R = 4 P / 2 P of 1 s 2 s 2 p quartet to doublet production cross sections both formed by electron capture. Our present determination of R = 2.8 ± 0.5 , clearly departs from the expected value of R = 2 based on statistical spin recoupling arguments and thus provides evidence for the active presence of additional population mechanisms in a new collision system.
Water Quality Aspects of Irrigation and Drainage: Past History and Future Challenges for Civil Engineers
This paper presents a brief history of irrigation and drainage related to ASCE activities on its Jubilee. This paper discusses legislation and policies that affect irrigation and drainage practices, water quality constituents of increasing concern in irrigation and drainage practices, and presents a prognosis on the future of declining freshwater resources available for irrigated agriculture and growing water quality problems in irrigation and drainage. Civil engineers in ASCE’s Irrigation and Drainage Division have compiled an 80-year history of highly meritorious service and accomplishments. In the next millennium, civil engineers will face a formidable challenge in managing and protecting the precious freshwater resources in the U.S.