A New Technique for the Direct Measurement of Y-Parameters at Microwave Frequencies
A technique has been developed which makes practical the direct measurement of active device two-port y-parameters at microwave frequencies. The instrumentation involved is a simple modification of a conventional s-parameter test set, and the measurement procedure is only slightly more complicated than in a conventional s parameter measurement.
Large Signal GaAs MESFET
Techniques for large signal GaAs MESFET oscillator ales.@ are described which do not require repeated large signal measurement. In tbe first techaiquej smalf signal S-parameter nmasuremerrts are used with a computer program to compute the packaged and mounted device eqniv- afent circuit. Large signal measurements are made to determine a mathe- matical relationship between ordy those parameters which vary rmder large signal conditions. These relationships are included in the computer pro- gram. Thew once the eqnivafent circuit has been computed from the small signal S-parameter measurements, those parameters varying under iarge signafa are incrementaffy aftered until iarge signal S parameters are obtained which comeapond to maximum oscillator output power. These vaiues are used to calcufate embedding element vafuea for six oscillator topoiogk. A coaxial cavity FET oscillator was bailt and tested using the large signal de&gn theory, aad it substantially verifkd the design tech- nique. The seeond design technique is baaed on the fact that S2, varied more than other S parameters under large signals. By making design calcula- tions based on S21 reduced to the point corresponding to maximum oscillator power, it was possible to get usable design information for an FET oscillator.
The denial of death and the out-of-the-body experience
The out-of-the-body experience is a phenomenon which continues to be reported and continues to be interpreted in many ways. It seems, however, that more attention is given to finding a spiritual base for this occurrence than a psychological understanding of it. This paper considers the psychological forces of denial as a suitable explanation for the OBE and suggests that these experiences may be understood as hallucinations caused by traumatic events rather than genuine previews of the afterlife. That is: “Do these people transcend their bodies and also time and space to acquire these experiences, or could it be that nothing has been transcended at all save the need to deny death and thus transcend its feared consequence, which is ‘not being’?”