Effect of Sequential Planting, Plant Replacement, and Planting Date on Marketable Yield of Bell Pepper, Capsicum annuum var. annuum L.
Earliest plantings of the bell pepper cv. Pip were on 16 May 1990 and 15 April 1991 at Lane, Okla. Additional plantings were at monthly intervals through July. Peppers were harvested weekly. Plants of the earliest plantings had marketable yields of approximately 21 Mg. ha-'. Marketable yields of later plantings were no higher than 8.6 Mg, ha-'. Combined marketable yields of sequential monthly lantings increased marketable yield to approximately 36 Mg.ha-(I a 1.7 fold increase over the earliest planting alone. W~th the earliest planting removed and peppers immediately replanted in June or July 1990 or May through July 1991, the marketable yield from subsequent plantings did not equal the marketable yield lost with the earliest planting maintained. Results showed sequential planting, with the earliest planting being no later than early May in the South Central United States, to be a viable method to increase marketable yield of bell pepper.
Sequential Planting for Single-Harvest Vegetables
ABSTRACT At Lane, Oklahoma, bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L., cv. ‘Pip’) was followed in sequence with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cv. ‘Calypso’), or processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L., cv. ‘Early Pear’), or bunch onion (Allium cepa [L.] Cepa group, cv. ‘Crystal Wax White’). Each crop was harvested once. Each sequence was begun monthly from mid-April to mid-July in each of two years, and with three fertilizer rates (recommended rate [1-fold], and 1.5- and 2-fold the recommended rate). For the earliest planting in both years, the time to first frost was long enough for a third crop. The fourth planting failed in both years. Tomato yields were below normal. The bell pepper and cucumber sequence had the highest yields for the first two planting dates. Increasing fertilizer rate reduced bell pepper yield, but had little effect on yield of crops planted in sequence with bell pepper. Further research is needed to determine how sequencing other crops will affect yield.
The Tsetse Problem on the Eastern Cattle Route in the Gold Coast
1. Primary fly-belts round Makongo consisted of three different vegetational communities: a Cynometra-Vitex association along the main length of the Makongo river, on a clay soil; a Ficus congensis association along the river close to the town, on a sandy soil; and Isoberlinia doka woodland on moist sandy soil north-west and south of Makongo. 2. Secondary fly-belts of less dense vegetation occur in the orchard bush savannah round Makongo, and these are not colonised until the commencement of the rainy season. 3. Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis both occurred in the riverside communities, and G. palpalis alone in the Isoberlinia woodland. 4. Along the river G. palpalis outnumbered G. tachinoides by 3:1 in the dry season. At the commencement of the rains G. tachinoides increased more quickly than G. palpalis , bringing their numbers very nearly equal, but at the end of the rains there was a decrease in G. tachinoides which restored the original proportion. 5. G. morsitans had been found at Makongo formerly but was not met with at the time of this investigation, its absence being due to the disappearance of the larger antelope from the neighbourhood. 6. Smaller game animals, small mammals and reptiles afforded an adequate food supply for tsetse in the fly-belts, and also passing herds of cattle, as well as natives from the village and travellers. 7. The distribution of G. palpalis within the fly-belts was markedly influenced by the proximity of a cattle road along which herds of cattle passed almost daily, and by village water-holes. 8. During the dry season the primary foci were always found to be the places of greatest relative humidity, and the fly does not tend to move out of these until the general atmospheric humidity has reached a certain fairly high degree. 9. In clearing the fly-belts the removal of all primary foci within a quarter of a mile of the town and of thick bush within 100 yards of water-holes was undertaken. The work lasted from the beginning of February to the end of March 1931. 10. The effect of clearing the Isoberlinia doka woodland was to banish G. palpalis completely, and it never returned to these clearings. 11. On clearing the riverside Ficus congensis fly-belt, G. tachinoides was practically eliminated for the first three months, but reappeared in the clearings in June when there was a general increase and up-stream migration of this fly. G. palpalis remained in this clearing in fluctuating numbers up to June, when observations were suspended. 12. 565 marked tsetse were liberated in the fly-belts immediately previous to clearing. Of G. palpalis 12·7% were recaptured in the clearings and 11% outside the clearings. Of G. tachinoides 5·5% were recaptured in the clearings and 6·8% outside.