Structural and defect chemistry guidelines for Sr(V,Nb)O3-based SOFC anode materials.
Structural and defect chemistry guidelines were used for Nb-substituted SrVO3-δ materials, designed to meet SOFC anode requirements, with emphasis on redox tolerance, thermochemical compatibility with other SOFC materials, electrical conductivity and adjustable changes in oxygen stoichiometry for their prospective impact on electrocatalytic performance. SrV1-xNbxO3-δ (x = 0-0.30) ceramics were prepared by solid-state synthesis and sintered at 1773 K in a reducing atmosphere. XRD and SEM/EDS showed that under these conditions a single-phase cubic perovskite structure appears up to x ≈ 0.25. Electrical conductivity is metallic-like and nearly p(O2)-independent. Although substitution by niobium decreases the conductivity, which still exceeds 100 S cm(-1) for x ≤ 0.20 at temperatures below 1273 K, it also expands the stability domain of the cubic perovskite phase and suppresses partly high thermochemical expansion characteristic of parent SrVO3-δ. The upper p(O2) limit of phase stability was found to shift from ∼2 × 10(-15) atm for the undoped material to ∼2 × 10(-12) atm for x = 0.30, whereas the average thermal expansion coefficient at 773-1223 K decreased from 22.7 × 10(-6) to 13.3 × 10(-6) K(-1). SrV1-xNbxO3-δ perovskites undergo oxidative decomposition in air, which causes dimensional and microstructural changes. However, sluggish kinetics of oxidation under inert gas conditions results in nearly reversible behavior in relatively short-term redox cycles between reducing and inert atmospheres. Subtle structural changes and a close correlation with point defect chemistry clarify these sluggish changes and provide guidelines to retain the metastability.
Compromising Between Phase Stability and Electrical Performance: SrVO3 -SrTiO3 Solid Solutions as Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Components.
The applicability of perovskite-type SrVO3-δ in high-temperature electrochemical energy conversion technology is hampered by the limited stability domain of the perovskite phase. The aim of the present work was to find a compromise between the phase stability and electrical performance by designing solid solutions in the SrVO3 -SrTiO3 system. Increasing titanium content in SrV1-y Tiy O3-δ (y=0-0.9) perovskites is demonstrated to result in a gradual shift of the upper-p(O2 ) phase stability boundary toward oxidizing conditions: from ≈10-15  bar at 900 °C for undoped SrVO3-δ to ≈10-11 -10-5  bar for y=0.3-0.5. Although the improvement in the phase stability is accompanied by a decrease in electrical conductivity, the conductivities of SrV0.7 Ti0.3 O3-δ and SrV0.5 Ti0.5 O3-δ at 900 °C remain as high as 80 and 20 S cm-1 , respectively, and is essentially independent of p(O2 ) within the phase-stability domain. Combined XRD, thermogravimetric analysis, and electrical studies revealed very sluggish kinetics of oxidation of SrV0.5 Ti0.5 O3-δ ceramics under inert gas conditions and a nearly reversible behavior after exposure to an inert atmosphere at elevated temperatures. Substitution by titanium in the SrV1-y Tiy O3-δ system results also in a decrease of oxygen deficiency in perovskite lattice and a favorable suppression of thermochemical expansion. Variations of oxygen nonstoichiometry and electrical properties in the SrV1-y Tiy O3-δ series are discussed in combination with the simulated defect chemistry of solid solutions.
Research on Control and Planning of Soft-Wing UAV for Haze Removal
The existence of fog and haze has caused great pollution to the environment. The research of removing haze is a hot topic in recent years. In this paper, a special haze removal algorithm based on Soft- Wing UAVis proposed. In this algorithm, two track control strategies are designed based on the Soft-Wing UAV model transfer function. A SIMULINK platform based mathematical model of Soft-Wing UAV is built to testified effectiveness of the two track control strategies. An autonomous ergodic-planning algorithm with greedy strategy and foldback algorithm for Soft-Wing UAV is designed. Within the algorithm, the haze regional has been modelled, the cost matrix is constructed, and the planning and ergodic strategy is proposed. Finally, the experimental results validates the reliability of the algorithm in the application of haze removal with the proposed evaluation Index.