Maremoto de 1960, sacrificio humano y restablecimiento del equilibrio en el Wallmapu
The sacrifice of the mapuche boy Jose Painecur in the event of the 1960´s seaquake is analyzed related to the mapuche culture vision about the death and the own law exercise, in a context of interculturality and of colonization from the chilean occidental society. The perceptions of the press, the judicial system, social sciences, and the mapuche agents about the case of sacrifice, are presented in an multiple overview in order to show a distinction between the mapuche culture and the chilean occidental culture, especially in the principles of balance and reciprocity with nature, the origin of mapuche own law in it and the function of their own cultural agents in the political and spiritual fields. From this last version, the case is presented by the authors as a transcendental action of reestablishment of balance of the mapuche world.
ESTRATEGIAS, ARGUMENTOS, LÍMITES Y POTENCIALIDADES EN LA DEFENSA PENAL EN LA ARAUCANÍA MAPUCHE DE CHILE
espanolResumen: En el presente articulo se analiza el desarrollo de un caso de defensa penal realizado en La Araucania de Chile, en el que se condeno a un hombre mapuche por femicidio, el cual conto con la defensa especializada de la Defensoria Penal Mapuche el ano 2013. A traves del caso nos preguntamos en que consistio la defensa realizada, de que modo encaro la singularidad sociocultural, que marcos de referencia teorico-metodologicos y recursos juridicos incorporo en su argumentacion y que limites internos tuvo dicha practica en el orden del convencimiento juridico. El analisis considera las acciones de la defensa, la argumentacion y la asimilacion de categorias juridicas exculpatorias y categorias de comprension provenientes del universo cognitivo y medico mapuche. El valor de este caso radica en que, a traves de el, es posible reconocer una forma de defensa penal sociocultural y visualizar los limites y potenciales pedagogicos que esta tiene para una teoria y practica penal pluralista y transformadora en contextos multietnicos y multiculturales como el chileno actual. EnglishAbstract: This article analyzes the development of a criminal defense case that took place in Chile’s Araucania Region in 2013, and in which a Mapuche man was convicted of femicide. The man’s legal defense was provided by the specialized Mapuche Public Defender’s office. In this article we examine the legal defense provided to this man, the manner in which the specific socio-cultural conditions were taken into account, the theoretical and methodological frameworks and juridical resources considered in the defense’s arguments, and the internal limitations met by said arguments in terms of the judicial convic- tion. Our analysis covers the defense’s actions, the arguments presented by the defense, and the assimilation of exculpatory legal categories and of categories of understanding that are typical of the Mapuche cognitive and medical worldview. This case is especially interesting because it allows us to recognize a specific type of socio-cultural legal defense and to derive lessons that can inform a pluralistic and fair legal theory and practice in multi-ethnic and multi-cultural contexts such as the Chilean society today.
Geological, mineralogical and chemical characterization of Devonian kaolinite-bearing sediments for further applications in the ceramic (tiles) industry in La Paz, Bolivia
Clay minerals are widely distributed in Bolivia; among them, illitic clays are most common in the Altiplano where they are mined for use in the ceramic industry that has been growing in the last few years. In addition to illitic sediments, kaolinitic sediments have been recently discovered in sedimentary units in the Bolivian Altiplano. Residual ball clay occurrences in Devonian sedimentary units were studied as part of this work. Geological mapping and geophysical studies (ERT and GPR) were done for better understanding the origin of the deposits and were part of a preliminary study of the mineral potential to define the relationship with the host rock. Chemical and mineralogical techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma analyses were performed in samples from the studied area to verify the presence of kaolinite. Atterberg limits and behaviour of the raw material in ceramic specimens supported by chemical analyses show that this material is suitable for manufacturing tile ceramics. This study provides fundamental knowledge for deposit exploitation and future generation of an alternative source of employment for the inhabitants of Micaya.