Family Photographs in Communist Albania: State Photography and the Private Sphere
The aim of this paper is to present the first results of an on-going research project on the social uses of photography in communist Albania. If we are interested in official and propaganda photography, we would like to focus here on a less known aspect of photography in Albania, family photography. Social sciences have long been interested in the relationship between family and photography and it is established that photography tells a lot about family forms and kinship relations. Family albums are narratives; they tell the story of the family and produce an image of the family. We would like to question this image in the context of communist Albania, in which both photography and family were subject to political representations and practices.
Aux origines des usages sociaux de la photographie
Autour de 1900 la photographie s’est diffusee a un public d’usagers nombreux. Les descriptions de ce phenomene en ont trop souvent separe deux composantes, accusant ainsi la difference d’approche entre l’histoire de l’art et l’histoire des images : d’une part, l’avenement d’un art photographique pictorialiste ; d’autre part, la diffusion des usages prives de la photographie. Or, la pratique photographique s’est deployee dans un espace social relativement homogene, ou interagissaient les petits amateurs et l’elite artistique. Cette interaction a notamment produit des debats sur l’utilite sociale de cette activite nouvelle, debats qu’il est important d’aborder pour depasser le clivage entre ces deux approches. En etudiant d’abord les structures de cet espace social et le rejet par les « petits clubs » des photographies d’Edward Steichen, en analysant ensuite la traduction de ce phenomene social dans l’argument pedagogique d’Alfred Lichtwark, alors directeur de la Kunsthalle de Hambourg, en soulignant enfin l’influence reciproque des folkloristes et des photographes amateurs, ce texte examine les pratiques sociales qui conduisirent a considerer la photographie, au moment de sa diffusion a un large public, comme un moyen d’agir sur le monde social.
New records of Grania (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae) in the Northeast Atlantic (from Tromsø to the Canary Islands), with descriptions of seven new species
Previous northeast Atlantic records of Grania have been mainly from Germany, southern Scandinavia, and the Atlantic shores of France, Spain and Ireland. They were referred to eight species, with one, G. atlantica, reported from the continental slope. We have examined various unpublished collections from sources spanning from the Canary Islands to the Norwegian Arctic. Apart from new information on morphology, taxonomy, and distribution of known species, we describe seven new taxa (G. canaria, G. fortunata, G. mauretanica, G. aquitana, G. vikinga, G. torosa, and G. papillinasus). The collection of G. papillinasus from 2630-2885 m represents a new depth record for Enchytraeidae. Twenty-five of the now 57 Grania species occur in the North Atlantic. The North Atlantic drift moderates sea temperatures along the northeast Atlantic coasts, probably facilitating the wide latitudinal range of some taxa, as well as actual dispersal within the region. A "chaetal index" (chaetal length : chaetal foot length) is proposed to differentiate L-shaped chaetae at the species level. Complex relationships within the "type 6 group" of Grania suggest that groupings established using certain combinations of penial, chaetal and spermathecal patterns may not be monophyletic. For a better phylogenetic resolution, additional morphological details of these and other characters are needed.