Surface topographic study of chalcogenide thin films of GexSb(As)₄₀-xS₅₀Te₁₀ glasses.
The surface topography and fractal properties of GexSb(As)40-xS50Te10 (x=10, 20, 27 at.%) films, evaporated onto glass substrates, have been studied by atomic force microscopic imaging at different scales. The surface of the chalcogenide films is smooth (<5 nm roughness), isotropic and having some particular differences in texture. All films are self-similar with Mean Fractal Dimension in the range of 2.25-2.63. The films with GexSb40-xS50Te10 composition are more uniform in terms of surface morphology (grains structure) than those with GexAs40-xS50Te10 composition for which the film surface exhibits a superimposed structure of large particles at x=10 and 20 at.%.
Compositional dependence of the optical properties of new quaternary chalcogenide glasses of Ge-Sb-(S,Te) system
Abstract New quaternary telluride glassy materials with composition of Ge x Sb 40− x S 50 Te 10 and Ge x Sb 40− x S 55 Te 5 ( x  = 10, 20, and 27) have been synthesized and their optical properties have been studied by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry in the range of 400–820 nm. The optical constants, i.e. the refractive index, extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient, and the optical band gap energy are determined and their compositional dependence is considered. These parameters are characteristics for amorphous structure of the synthesized glasses, revealed from the neutron diffraction measurements.
Athenian Democracy at War
Classical Athens perfected direct democracy. The plays of this ancient Greek state are still staged today. These achievements are rightly revered. Less well known is the other side of this success story. Democratic Athens completely transformed warfare and became a superpower. The Athenian armed forces were unmatched in size and professionalism. This book explores the major reasons behind this military success. It shows how democracy helped the Athenians to be better soldiers. For the first time David M. Pritchard studies, together, all four branches of the armed forces. He focuses on the background of those who fought Athens' wars and on what they thought about doing so. His book reveals the common practices that Athens used right across the armed forces and shows how Athens' pro-war culture had a big impact on civilian life. The book puts the study of Athenian democracy at war on an entirely new footing.