Cost Studies on Box Type Community Compost Plant for South Delhi Municipal Corporation (SDMC) New Delhi
Solid waste has been created since the start of human progress. Individual creates and throws away huge quantity of solid substances consistently because of quick increment in generation and utilization. In South Delhi Municipal Corporation (SDMC) there has been huge increment in the creation of urban solid waste. Be that as it may, there is an enormous potential for decreasing cost in the methods of disposing MSW. Distinctive waste management techniques can possibly decrease the amount of MSW disposed in landfill. In present study field characterization of MSW for 40 locations/ areas as a representative of the selected 40 wards in SDMC has been done. A feasibility analysis has been done on a community based box type compost plant of 2 ton /day capacity and plant has been design and proposed to treat generated solid waste for studied areas of SDMC. It has been computed, if total municipal solid waste is treated in community based decentralized plants then total compost produces about 126 tons for all 40 selected locations. Further it generates revenue of about Rs. 123412 in total for all studied wards. It has been also calculated, if required compost plants have been installed in each ward then one time collection not more than INR 62.00/person is required to install all required number of compost plants in each ward. To operate these compost plants, monthly contribution of about INR 10.00/ person is required. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques Volume 4 Issue 2, Mar Apr 2018 ISSN: 2395 1303 http:/www.ijetjournal.org Page 534 Landfill is a conventional and one of the overwhelming ways to dispose solid waste in all over the world (Laner et al. 2012) Solid waste landfills are significant source of wide range of pollutants and are of environmental concern (Eggen et al. 2010) Uncontrolled dumping of the MSW is associated with adverse environmental impacts. In India, studies reveal, around 85% to 90% of MSW is disposed of informally in an open land and landfills, making issue to human wellbeing and overall environment (Katre et al. 2012) In spite of vigorous efforts to reduce, recycle and reuse of the solid waste, about 80% of the waste disposed of is in the landfill (Khandelwal, 2007) The two main environmental problems as a result of landfills are emissions into atmosphere as landfill gas emissions (LFG) and infiltration of leachate in to ground water. Economic development, urbanization and improved living standards in cities enhance the amount and complexity of solid waste (Yeaadla et al. 2003) SWM is not a disconnected phenomenon that can be effectively compartmentalized and solved with innovative technology or engineering. It is specially an urban issue that is firmly related, directly or indirectly, to various issues such as urban way of life, resource consumption patterns, occupations and salary levels, and other financial and social issues (Takele, 2004) 1.2 Objectives of the Study Study is focusing on an integrated research on following lines: Studies on existing solid waste management practices, collection of secondary data and field study Studies on decentralized waste management strategies recommendation 2.0 DECENTRALIZED SWM COMPOSTING Decentralization relates to the procedure of devolution of assets and decision making powers through arranged intervention at the local level decided on the basis of a geographical limit. Decentralized Solid Waste Management as a procedure, aims at supplying provisions to a large number of problems and issues given such that activities are able to satisfactorily harness the accountability, association and transparency. Parkinson et al. (2003) suggested that decentralized systems with decentralized approaches are more compatible than centralized systems. More generally, decentralization is also viewed as a method of capacitating the role of local government and democracy as an effective ways of suggesting environmental and human wellbeing (Fragano et al. 2001) Decentralized eco sanitation system is a promising and maintainable mode in contrast to the century old centralized conventional sanitation framework (Bernard et al. 2012) The decentralized management system includes treatment of urine, codigestion of faeces food waste and treatment of horticultural waste organic fraction of municipal solid waste by ways of composting (Bernard et al. 2012) A decentralized initiative has many indirect benefits. The localized collection and processing of wastes, saves the long transportation distances of wastes towards dumping sites. It reduces the expenditure on imported fossil fuels, traffic congestions, air contamination and road maintenance costs. It also decreases the contamination of ground water through the seepage of leachate (Kokate et al. 2014) Decentralized solid waste management system is found to be an effective method, which can be implemented to treat the solid waste generated in the city and onsite application of special cultured micro organisms to compost the food and vegetable waste would benefit the community (Gokul et al. 2015) Taking care of decentralized solid waste handling at community level which involves composting as one of the ways reduces the amount of waste brought to the final dumpsite and saves methane discharges from organic waste (Kusumowati et al. 2011) In view International Journal of Engineering and Techniques Volume 4 Issue 2, Mar Apr 2018 ISSN: 2395 1303 http:/www.ijetjournal.org Page 535 of the prevailing situations, it is high time that the waste management authorities should consider decentralized waste processing centers to manage the waste effectively (Pavan, 2014) On site composting facilities could have been considered as a viable means to deal with organic fraction of wastes in the small communities. On site composting facilities allow composting of the generated solid wastes in the surrounding area and then use the output compost within the specific area. The operation and maintenance of the small scale systems are easy with low cost. A number of studies have been done on decentralized framework for solid waste management. Hareesh et al. (2015) proposed a decentralized system which saves the cost of transportation and suggested utilizing the same for the construction of decentralized compost plant. Sandhya (2015) highlighted the application of a decentralized social engineering approach in municipal solid waste management system that has been practicing successfully across the Alappuzha municipality for the last few years. Wang et al. (2011) proposed an idea of communities as renewable resource recovery centres to build a sustainable urban waste management way for the next decade and beyond. It will facilitate an alternate option to sustainable urban waste management not only for Singapore but also many cities around the globe. Gokul et al. (2015) designed a sustainable decentralized solid waste composting system to meet the future challenges. Storey (2013) managed solid waste in a decentralized manner relying on simple technology, reducing operational and maintenance cost and aimed at source separation of waste to produce good quality compost. Bernard et al. (2012) developed a decentralized source separation design model to estimate the input and output in terms of materials and energy. Tellnes (2010) evaluated the potential for handling the wastes at ward level, thereby reducing the amount of waste to be transported to central treatment and disposal. If this waste is used for energy and nutrient recovery, the decentralization could also become commercially viable. Below table 1 showing different decentralized compost plant in India by citizen initiatives; Table 1: Citizen Initiative for waste composting in Indian cities (Zurbrugg et al. 2002) Location Composting technique Diamond Garden Residents Forum, Mumbai Box system Sandu Lane ALM Chembur, Mumbai Box system Scientific Handling of Waste Society (SHOW) Bangalore Box system Sindh Colony, Pune Low windrows EXNOR Ramanathan, Chennai Box system Shyam Nagar Slum Mumbai Compost pit Pammal, Chennai Worm composting in boxes Kalyana Nagar Residence Association, Bangalore Box system Residents Initiative for a Save Environment (RISE) Bangalore Box system Pammal, Chennai Vermi composting Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai Pit composting International Journal of Engineering and Techniques Volume 4 Issue 2, Mar Apr 2018 ISSN: 2395 1303 http:/www.ijetjournal.org Page 536 Orchid Eocotel, Mumbai Vermi composting Tata Power Colony, Mumbai Pit composting 2.1 Decentralized Model Advantages About 60% to 70% of the wastes in SDMC wards are in organic nature and biodegradable. By introducing composting, wards can eliminate increasing problem of waste. By deviating up to 80 of the waste from the landfill disposal to compost plants, which further diminishes the amount of waste that goes to the landfill and lessen disposal costs for the concern authority. Composting also decreases methane emissions, thereby contributes to mitigating green house gas and climate change. In developing nations, big centralized and highly automated composting plants have generally failed to generate competitive compost. These plants have generally been stopped due to higher side operational and maintenance costs. Decentralized composting is carefully separated organic fraction of household wastes in manageable quantities at ward levels and processed same for composting process. In this system low capital cost and skills are required. Comparatively it has less maintenance costs and it uses locally available materials. It may generate employment opportunities for the poor individuals living in urban area. In this case quality of compost is good because waste fractions are separated efficiently comparatively and risks of contamination are reduced. On a small scale decentralized composting allows up to 3 tons of organic waste to be treated every day. 2.2 Box Compost