Orthopedic History in Iran: Ancient, Contemporary and Modern Times.
Ancient Iran Signs of pierced skulls and healed broken bones have been found in the archaeological site of "Shahr e Sukhte" (the Burnt City) a large Bronze Age urban habitation located in Sistan and Baluchistan Province at the southeastern part of Iran, going back to over 4000 years ago. The treatment of patients in ancient Iran was mostly carried out by the spiritualist clergymen1. Abu Bakr Mohammad Zakaria Razi, Razes, (854 925) has described joint sprains, fractures, and bone anomalies in his "The Kitab al Hawi Fi Tebb" He was the first to use plaster casts for fracture immobilization. Later, Avicenna (980 1037) used tractions and splints for fracture management. He also used plaster casts, mummies and bitumen to support and protect fractures1. Rashid al Din Fazlullah Hamedani (1247 1318) the powerful vizier of Ghazan, established and endowed "Rab e Rashidi" the clinical teaching complex in Tabriz, where orthopedic training as well as the management of fractures was also carried out. However, the establishment was looted and destroyed after the execution of Rashid al Din Fazlullah. Thereafter, medicine was long declined in Iran, and there was no other place in the name of hospital where patients could be treated2.
The archives of bone and joint surgery