Development and evaluation of an open online course in sport psychology using self determination theory principles
The provision of free, open, and online content is a relatively new phenomenon through which education providers are exploring innovative new business models to bring their content to a global audience. Learning materials that are openly licensed and readily accessible have the potential to transform educational delivery and present learning and psychological growth opportunities for all. However, there is little consensus as to how best design and deliver open online courses, where barriers to access are low and dropout rates are high. With its strong focus on autonomy and high quality motivation, self determination theory (Deci Ryan, 2000) provides an ideal frame of reference to approach the design and development of open online courses. The present research describes the design and evaluation of an open online course titled Elite Sport Performance: Psychological Perspectives, being the first of its type in the world. Three related studies were conducted, each building on the next: Study 1 provides an evaluation of a first iteration of the course run in 2013, which was deemed unsuccessful. The course was evaluated mainly using web analytic criteria and provided useful insights to support a completely new iteration of the course. Study 2 articulates a redesign of Elite Sport Performance: Psychological Perspectives that addressed supporting the three basic psychological needs of self determination theory: autonomy, competence and relatedness, with a view to fostering intrinsic motivation to engage learners and optimise learning outcomes. A step by step approach using best practice techniques is provided. Study 3 presents an empirical evaluation of Elite Sport Performance: Psychological Perspectives that was released to a global audience in late 2015 with 1007 registrations from 73 countries. The final study includes engagement data derived from web analytics, self determination theory metrics (e.g. satisfaction of basic psychological needs) and qualitative feedback from participants. Additionally, data are presented around continuance intention and reasons for non engagement to better contextualise motivational dynamics in an open online course environment. In general terms, when taken together, the second iteration of the course was successful and supported the design approach taken. The implications of the findings of the present research suggest that designing for open online courses is a unique context in which the needs of the learner need to be carefully considered. A set of recommendations to enhance the design of open online courses such as Elite Sport Performance: Psychological Perspectives are provided. Suggestions for further research, particularly surrounding the potential benefits to well being and eudaimonic flourishing offered by open online courses are speculated.