Institutional racism embedded in policies or societal institutional practices Differential treatment Differential access to resources Interpersonal racism embedded in interpersonal interactions Differential treatment Differential access to resources Socioeconomic status Disadvantaged neighborhood
Results: Fifteen studies met criteria for review. The majority of the studies found a significant relationship between racial discrimination and low birth weight, preterm birth, and small for gestational age. Each of the studies that examined more proximal variables related to birth outcomes such as entry into prenatal care, employment opportunities, neighborhood characteristics, or inflammatorymarkers found significant associations between the specific variables examined and racial discrimination. Participants in qualitative studies discussed experiences of institutional racism with regard to several components of prenatal care including access and quality of care.