Forelimb myology and the evolutionary relationships of the aardvark, Orycteropus afer, and other small afrotheres
iii PREFACE .ivv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .v TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .1 The aardvark, Orycteropus afer 1 History of hypotheses of aardvark evolutionary relationships 2 Paleontological evidence for aardvark evolutionary relationships 8 Aardvark myology and use of myological data in phylogenetic analysis. 10 Summary of the dissertation 13 CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 Sample for dissection, and its rationale 15 Dissection technique 17 Anatomical description 17 Muscle maps 20 Photographs and illustrations 20 Anatomical literature and nomenclature 21 Phylogenetic framework 22 Phylogenetic analysis. 25 CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTIONS OF FORELIMB MYOLOGY 29 3. 1 Tubulidentata Orycteropodidae Orycteropus afer. 29 3.2A Afrosoricida Tenrecidae Potamogale velox. 89 3.2B Afrosoricida Tenrecidae Microgale dobsoni 136 3.2C Afrosoricida Chrysochloridae Calcochloris leucorhinus 165 3.3A Macroscelidea Macroscelididae Elephantulus brachyrhynchus 210 3.3B Macroscelidea Macroscelididae Petrodromus tetradactylus tordayi 242 viii 3.3C Macroscelidea Macroscelididae Rhynchocyon cirnei stuhlmanni 281 3.4A Hyracoidea Procaviidae Procavia capensis 317 3.4B Hyracoidea Procaviidae Heterohyrax brucei prittwitzi 354 3.5A Artiodactyla Tayassuidae Pecari tajacu 390 3.5B Artiodactyla Tragulidae Tragulus napu 422 CHAPTER 4 FEATURES OF FORELIMB MYOLOGY IN MAMMALS 458 0. CUTANEOUS MUSCULATURE. 459 A. TRAPEZIUS GROUP ACCESSORY NERVE and CERVICAL NERVES 460 Character 1. M. sternomastoideus 464 Character 2. M. cleidomastoideus 468 Character 3. M. clavotrapezius 472 Character 4. Components of m. brachiocephalicus 473 Character 5. M. acromiotrapezius origin 480 Character 6. M. acromiotrapezius insertion 480 Character 7. M. acromiotrapezius bifid 481 Character 8. M. spinotrapezius 487 Character 9. M. dorsocutaneus 491 Possibility of six components of the trapezius complex 494 B. RHOMBOID GROUP DORSAL SCAPULAR NERVE 495 Character 10. Rhomboideus capitis 495 Character 11. Rhomboideus cervicis 495 Character 12. Rhomboideus thoracis 496 Mm. rhomboideus and fossorial or aquatic adaptations 501 C. OMO GROUP CERVICAL NERVES, LONG THORACIC NERVE 503 Character 13. Number of portions of m. omotransversarius 503 M. omotransversarius and fossorial or aquatic adaptations 508 Character 14. M. omohyoideus 509 D. DELTOID GROUP AXILLARY NERVE 511 Character 15. M. acromiodeltoideus 511 Insertion of m. clavodeltoideus 517 Character 16. M. spinodeltoideus 518 Character 17. M. teres minor 520 Character 18. M. articularis humeri. 523 E. SUBSCAPULAR GROUP SUBSCAPULAR NERVE 525 Character 19. M. subscapularis 525 Character 20. M. teres major. 526 F. LATISSIMUS GROUP THORACODORSAL NERVE 529 Character 21. M. latissimus dorsi 529 G. PECTORALS GROUP PECTORAL NERVES 535 Character 22. M. panniculus carnosus 536 Character 23. M. pectoralis abdominalis 541 Character 24. M. subclavius 545 Character 25. M. sternoscapularis 545 ix H. BICEPS GROUP MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE 550 Character 26. M. coracobrachialis. 550 Character 27. M. biceps brachii 554 Functional implications of biceps attachment 559 Character 28. M. brachialis 560 Character 29. M. cubitalis 564 I. SPINATI GROUP SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE 566 Character 30. M. supraspinatus 566 J. TRICEPS GROUP RADIAL NERVE 567 Character 31. M. dorso epitrochlearis 567 Character 32. M. triceps brachii caput longum 573 Sesamoid in tendon of insertion of mm. triceps brachii 576 Character 33. M. anconeus 577 K. EXTENSOR GROUP RADIAL NERVE 581 Character 34. M. brachioradialis 581 Character 35. Mm. extensor carpi radialis longus et brevis 584 Character 36. M. extensor digitorum communis 587 Character 37. M. extensor carpi ulnaris