Comparing the effects of goal types in a walking session with healthy adults: Preliminary evidence for open goals in physical activity
Abstract Objectives Goal setting is one of the most common strategies used to increase physical activity. Current practice is often based on specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time bound (SMART) goals. However, theory and research suggests that this approach may be problematic. Open goals (e.g. "see how well you can do" have emerged as a possible alternative, but are yet to be tested experimentally in physically active tasks. In a walking based session, this study aimed to experimentally compare the effects of open, SMART and do your best goals with a control condition on distance walked and psychological variables related to engagement. Design Repeated measures design (mixed model) Method Participants (N 78; Mage 55.88) were randomly assigned to one of four goal conditions: an open, SMART, or do your best goal, or a control condition "walk at your normal pace" before completing a baseline and two manipulated attempts of a 6 min walking test. Results Open, SMART, and do your best goals achieved greater distance walked, and higher ratings of perceived exertion, than the control across both experimental attempts. Open and SMART goals led to greater enjoyment of the session. However, SMART goals led to higher pressure/tension, while open goals led to higher perceptions of performance and higher interest in repeating the session. Conclusions These findings provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of setting open goals in physical activity, and suggest that they may be more psychologically adaptive to pursue than SMART or do your best goals. Implications are discussed, and recommendations are made for future goal setting research in physical activity.