Definition and Importance of Glass Ceiling Syndrome
concept, it defines an invisible barrier. The glass ceiling is also explained as a promotion that a woman working in a managerial position cannot receive because of the reasons she couldn't exactly name as soon as she waits for a major promotion (Orucu et al. 2007: 118) The glass ceiling metaphor is used as hidden barriers that prevent women from reaching the upper positions. In the glass ceiling writing, the factors that explain the glass ceiling and determine the factors are investigated. These include institutional barriers, expectations and attitudes of male managers, lack of self confidence and family responsibilities of women. Although there are studies on the aforementioned factors, much of the research on the glass ceiling so far addresses the dynamics of organizational culture, which prevent women's career achievements, the exclusion and selection mechanisms (Annelies et al. 2002: 315 316) The concepts similar to glass ceiling perception are as follows (www.academia.edu, 2017) a) Reverse Glass Ceiling: Women in the sector mainly refers to men to make a career. For example, the health or education sector is women oriented. At the root of this situation is the belief in the gender of professions in society. b) Concrete Ceiling: While white collar women are exposed to the glass ceiling, other collar women face more severe obstacles. It expresses the barriers to racist approach. c) Second Glass Ceiling: Although the first block for women has been exceeded, it means that they have encountered a second obstacle. d) Glass Cabinet: is defined as keeping homosexual persons away from some businesses or sectors. Media is an open example. e) Glass Stairs: It tells the rapid progress of men in the sectors where women are predominant. In this case again there is an injustice, mostly torpedo occur in the fields. The concept of inverted glass ceiling is similar. f) Glass Maze: Trying to find the way out by using power. Explain the difficulty of the obstacles encountered in business life. g) Adhesive Floor: Female individuals working in lower levels of public institutions generally do not receive promotions and are generally low in wages. Adhesive soil refers to this. h) Adhesive Stairs: It expresses the effort and difficulty of increasing the company and sector steps. This is the opposite of the glass staircase. Glass Ceiling Syndrome "Flea Story' In describing the glass ceiling syndrome, the anonymized flea story, which is often used to make the understanding more clear, is simply stated as follows: The metal floor under the fan is heated and the affected fleas begin to jump after a while, but the glass hits the ceiling and falls back. This continues in the same way. Fleas have difficulty in understanding what prevents them, but they cannot perceive it as a glass ceiling. Fleas faced this barrier many times have now experienced a glass ceiling with a height of 30 cm and learned more than 30 cm jump. After observing the same height hopping of fleas, the glass ceiling is removed from the fan and the floor is reheated, but the fleas still continue to jump 30 cm although there is no ceiling barrier. Because their experience has turned into learned helplessness, and even though it is not an obstacle, it does not jump more even though it is not in the mind. Although the external obstacle has been eliminated, the internal hurdle for them is still underway mis (Anonymous) Factors that Lead to Glass Ceiling Syndrome The basis of the glass ceiling is gender based obstacles (Lockwood, 2004: 3) Glass ceilings, in origin, are used in large companies to deprive women of opportunities to achieve top management. But the glass ceiling is not only in organizational life; It is observed in the public sector, political life, education and academic community, and even in religious institutions. However, the glass ceiling can be seen not only at the top of the organizational pyramid, but at other administrative levels (Draulans, 2003: 67) Factors leading to glass ceiling syndrome are grouped under 3 headings; individual factors, organizational factors and social factors (Dreher, 2003: 542) Obstacles arising from individual factors such as multiple roles "and women's personal preferences and perceptions; organizational barriers organizational culture and policies and informal communication networks established among men, not accessible by women; and social barriers were listed as the lack of professional distinction stereotypes and mentoring function, women's inability to reach mentors (Mizrahi and Ara, 2010) Obstacles from Individual Factors: Factors that will be an obstacle in the individual career of women are as follows (Orucu, et al. 2007: 119) To not directly question the factors in the society, Not being able to share the privilege of asiyla being a single female individual, in management, Having conflicts and conflicts concerning both the work and the family, Not being able to advance and improve his her career; Surrender to the system, not having the belief that it can change, Not wanting to rise, Being afraid of taking responsibility for his her career progress, Lack of self confidence, lack of some kind of confidence, Not being sure of exactly what he wants, Do not know where it is due to social prejudices, stay with questionable questions about it. The lack of self confidence among individual obstacles, such as lack of knowing what they want, indecision, selfalteration and development, changing or developing conditions or lack of belief or opportunity, lack of career goals, and negative attitudes that the system will change, constitute the obstacles that women put on their own Gulbay, 2012: 72) As a result of multiple roles of women; The fact that the woman has many roles as both a mother and her partner and as an employee and as an employee constitutes an obstacle Paper ID: ART20193621 10.21275/ART20193621 952 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)