T Electrical Motor Drive Technologies for Green Electric Vehicle A Review
The environmental concerns, thermal comfort, Energy security and economic problems are motivating aspects for improvement of research on decreasing energy consumption and the associated greenhouse gas emissions in every section of the world's economy, so that's why the choice of the correct electric traction drive is essential phase while planning and design with intention to have good performance optimization, as the application of electric vehicle demands wide speed range, high power density, and low cost of machine. Since the recent trends and interest by manufacturers, engineers and researchers in rare earth free machines application due to unstable cost of rare earth metal and fault tolerant issues, shows the major breakthrough in switched reluctance machine technology. This paper presents the review of cost effective and performance based study of switched Reluctance machine drive technologies in addition to induction and permanent magnet machines used for electric vehicle applications with respect to target set by US department of energy (DoE) for freedom Car 2020 and will be linked to the guidance of new technologies for electric motors, which can play pivotal role in the selection of suitable EV machine. The research and analysis prove that, SRM could be the best alternative and can be preferred due to wide speed range operation capability and low cost with minimum losses in EV application. ISSN (e) 2520 7393 ISSN (P) 2521 5027 Received on 27April, 2017 Revised on 26 May, 2017 www.estirj.com A.ALI SHAH et.al: ELECTRICAL MOTOR DRIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN ELECTRIC VEHICLE: A REVIEW Copyright (c)2017 ESTIRJ VOL.1, NO.2 (1 10) 2 2. Electric Vehicle Development The EV was well thought out among the first vehicle and earlier of internal combustion engine (ICE) It ruled the vehicle registering with 3:1 relating to petrol vehicles in the early 1920s to 1930s and believed best of the land automobile performance record in initial 1900s. It was considered as a most important transportation means and commonly used in the public for resident transportation better from horse carriages [6, 7] The control system from simple non rechargeable to modern state of art and the development of EV can certainly be classified into three stages: Early Starting years, Midterm years and present. 3. Early Stage of Development The electric machine propelled taking after Michael Faraday's invented work in 1821. The principal commutator current electric engine skilful of wheel rotation was made by the British researcher William Sturgeon in 1832. The essential electric train was made in 1837 by the scientific expert Robert Davidson, and was run by non rechargeable batteries. Davidson later designed a bigger train which was shown at the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841. The primary utilization principle line was on a 4 mile (6.4 km) extend of the Baltimore Belt Line in the USA in 1895. The time to time advancement of EV is shown in Fig. 2 [5] Figure.2. Development of EV [4] Electric cable cars or trolley autos were first tentatively fitted in St Petersburg, Russia, in 1880. The principal deliberate electric cable car benefit, the Gross Lichterfelde Tramway, went into administration in Lichterfelde, a suburb of Berlin, Germany, and was framed by Siemens and Halske AG, in May 1881. The underlying electric parkway tramway in Britain, the Blackpool Tramway, was discharged on 29 September 1885. By the begin of the First World War cable cars were utilized as a part of different urban areas all through the world. The trolleybus goes back to 29 April 1882, when Dr. Ernst Werner ran his transport in a Berlin suburb. In 1901 the world's first explorer conveying trolleybus worked at Bielathal, close Dresden, in Germany. In Britain, trolleybuses were first put into administration in Leeds and Bradford in 1911, [9] The development of fuel vehicle could be mass created at a sensible cost. With this large scale manufacturing vehicle turned out to be all the more rapidly accessible to the overall population and continue to enhance the standard of life. By considering both the execution and cost perspective gas vehicle assumed control as the pioneer and outperform electric vehicle. The change in the infrastructure and request of between city travels required a more extended travel remove that was never ever ready to exploit by the electric vehicle. The absence of charge infrastructure advancement, appropriate and dependable transmission of power and constrained travel separately. The electric vehicle not suited for the request and the desire of the consumer and lost the edge to consistent fuel vehicle. The significant reason for restricted and no legitimate electric framework augment credibly the renunciation. 2.1. Midterm Development (1930s 1980s) In 1935 the ignition engine assumed control over the place as in the individual transportation the generation and improvement of Electric Vehicle stopped. Political affectability amid the 1970s the need for vitality autonomy was made by OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) In that period harder fuel productive standard for the business was reintroduced by the Government of the United States a board enthusiasm for an electric vehicle. Amid the early emergency of vitality in the 1970s driven the postal administration of United States put in a substantial request as a test armada of 350 electric vehicles. It was being considered as a most elevated hub of midterm improvement. 2.2. Modern Development The Modern electric vehicle improvement was ruled by EV1 who delivered by GM (General Motors) for Armada application. This program was supported by the accompanying Bureau of vitality, Ford advancement EV Ranger pickup truck. Honda had an EV accessible and it was given by Toyota Rav4 EV and in addition during the late 1990s and mid 2000s. The current electric vehicles have appeared in Table 1. Table. 1 Recent EV list Model Maker Max Distance EV1 GM 100 miles Ranger Ford 75 miles Rav4 Toyota 100 miles Car Honda 100 miles Tragically as a result of confounded governmental issues, instruction, monetary and innovation that incorporated the vehicle generation security concerns and cost issues, this short surge of electric vehicle accessibility did not understand the business creation. EV1, Ranger, Rav4 and Honda EV were aiming for the main armada test. Furthermore, at last, every one of the vehicles was ceased, wrecked and reused, however just the modest bunch of EV were made due under the hands of electric vehicles devotees. 2.3. Modern HEV Development American cross breed electric vehicle, Escape SUV HEV (Sports utility vehicle or suburban utility vehicle) which opened the new period of competition in US among HEVs. A.ALI SHAH et.al: ELECTRICAL MOTOR DRIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN ELECTRIC VEHICLE: A REVIEW Copyright (c)2017 ESTIRJ VOL.1, NO.2 (1 10) 3 By The time of 2008, the offers of hybrid electric vehicles were over 2.5% for aggregate deal volume [5] The short time later era of HEV from Toyota, Honda, and Ford have brought into 2009 with further upgrade along latest innovation with enhanced fuel proficiency. Toyota is a clear pioneer in the HEV field base on volume and scope of models with it. "Cooperative Energy Drive System" basically called Hybrid Synergy Drive HSD. In fact it is a brand name of Toyota for hybrid auto drive prepare innovation. The HSD innovation creates a full mixture vehicle which enables the auto to keep running on the electric motor just, as a contrast with most other brand hybrids which can't, and are considered as a mild hybrid. Figure.3. The power transport process of EV [8] 2.4. Future Development As the cost of fuel is expanding quickly, joined with ecological concern, people, in general, restores the interest for social commitment. EV and AFV (Alternative fuel vehicle) rapidly grown well known once more. After the declaration of Chevy Volt module idea couple of years back and full electric vehicle from Nissan, another round of EV improvement has limited into unique hardware maker's cycle arrange in the up and coming years. By contrasting with past EV advancement, there are a couple variables that will guarantee the start to be effective later on [5] The vehicle administrators are the immediate target clients of creating an electric vehicle. The power transport procedure of EV is depicted in Fig.3 [10] Starting innovation and natural adopter will the essential pioneers and clients. They are quick to encourage and can impact the achievement. Additionally different instruction projects and electric vehicle genius change general comprehension of fuel productive vehicles and their benefits. Wholehearted acknowledgment of electric vehicle is high in the coming years. Collaboration in charging station and framework advancement has expanded consideration at various levels. A few plans of action are being investigated. The business and government are guaranteed that last technique will reach before the mass dispatch of the electric vehicle. 3. Energy in Driving Car The schematic arrangement of EV and its internal structure is shown in Figure.4 [9] and the energies affecting on road car is shown in Figure. 6. When car runs on the road its weight and size really does the matter speeding up then slowing down using the brakes; Air resistance;