The Theoretical Construction of Leibniz's Monadology
Leibniz's Monadology is constructed by combining analysis with synthesis. With the help of ancient Greek atomic theory and on the basis of its inheritance and improvement, he thinks that the monad is the foundation of all things in the world. Expounding the specific meaning and characteristics of monad in his book "Monadology" Leibniz thought that God is a monad of monad. It is the existence of God that unites the disordered monad and makes the world a harmonious cosmic order. Therefore, God chose the best of all possible worlds for us, because our world must contain the greatest and most possible of the best, and use the principle of "pre established harmony" to explain the conditions of the existing world. He placed the whole philosophical system in the framework of monad theory and opened up another kind of philosophical thinking. Keywords Leibniz, Monad, Monadology, God, Pre Established Harmonious In the history of Western philosophy, the concept of monad can be traced back to the ancient Greek era Democritus' atomic theory that the tangible atom is the real entity. Until modern times,Leibniz originally put forward the concept of "monad" in order to solve the problem of continuous transition between entities in modern philosophy. Monad is put forward on the basis of the concept of atom, but they are not the same. Atom is a passive, non divisible, non independent material entity, while monad is a kind of entity which does not have extensive or quantitative specifications but only has a certain quality.Leibniz's concept of a single molecule is much broader than that of an atom, In Leibniz's view, the monad is the element of things, each monad has its own internal structure and the law of action, are completely different from other monads, but the whole universe constitutes a harmonious system between numerous monads. Therefore, the monad is a non material spiritual entity, which is the most basic unit of the universe. The world composed of the monad is a continuous sequence. I. THE CONNOTATION OF LEIBNIZ'S MONADOLOGY A. Definition of Monad According to Leibniz's philosophical theory, the entity of all things in the universe is not a single atom as Democritus said, nor is it the three entity of matter, spirit and God described by Descartes, a theorist, but a plurality of monads .He said, "monad, a Greek word means" one "or" simple. " Complex entities or substances are numerous, simple entities, life entities, soul entities, spiritual entities are simple. There are simple entities everywhere. It should be everywhere, because there is no simple entity without complex entities.[1] In Leibniz's view, the entity is positive, active, with its own vitality and energy. The monomorphic entity must exist, it is not extensive and passive, and does not rely on external forces to promote. Therefore, it is an objective existence. It is a simple entity without complex shape, and its quantity is huge. B. Characteristics of Monad Simplicity. Simplicity is the most basic characteristic of Leibniz's monad theory. Monads are spiritual things. They do not possess material entities and can also be regarded as "one" So Leibniz argues that a monad as a world entity must be something that can no longer be divided, the simplest thing. In addition, the monad "since there are complexes, there must be pure entities, because the complex is nothing more than a group or a bunch of simple things"[2] It can also be said that only with simple entities can it become everything. The so called "simplicity" means that there is no shape, no size, no extension of the pure entity must be spiritual entity, because only the spirit is the simplest entity, it has the "no part" characteristics. Therefore, the monads are purely spiritual entities. Variety. Leibniz believes that the number of monads is infinite. First of all, because there is no extension of the number of monads, so its number can not be expressed in terms of simple physical quantities. Secondly, this is also the intrinsic requirement of "compounding" in the complex. Since "compounding" means the aggregation of many simple substances, the number of monads can not be quantified. Thirdly, the monad has the property of physical particle, and the physical particle of the same object is infinite, then, the monad is infinite. Initiative. In Leibniz's view, to establish the cause of the movement of all things in the universe, it is necessary to go beyond the scope of sensible matter, and to recognize the dynamic nature of the entity that constitutes everything in an insensible world. Monads are spiritual, and only the spirit is dynamic, to avoid material changes, so the monads are dynamic. Initiative is the nature of the general entity. Leibniz's monad theory also has an important concept "force" he believes that the entity itself has a dynamic force, this force exists only in itself, each single is under its impetus to constantly move and change, and become the basic elements of things. Qualitative Differences. Leibniz thinks that every monad is different from any individual monad. Because there are no two identities in nature, it is impossible to find an intrinsic difference or a distinction based on an intrinsic trait.[3] Leibniz 2018 8th International Conference on Education, Management, Computer and Society (EMCS 2018) Copyright (c) (2018) Francis Academic Press, UK DOI: 10.25236/emcs.2018.141 569 emphasizes that the difference between things must be distinguished qualitatively, because the undifferentiated things can only be the same thing, there can not be exactly the same thing, different quality determines the existence of different monads. Therefore, there is no qualitative difference between monads. Self Motivation. Monad has no parts, it can not be further divided. But monad is developing continuously. Contrary to the fact that the atom must rely on its own external impetus, the evolution of the monad cannot come from external sources, but from internal causes. Therefore, the monad must be the cause of its own production, there is a certain degree of "self sufficiency" between them, it is itself the cause of their own movement. So Leibniz believes that the birth and death of the monad can not be produced or eliminated by natural means, only from God's creation or destruction.[4] Independence. Because monad has no part or extension, other monads can not enter its interior to cause any change. It can neither increase nor decrease, and do not interrelate with each other. No object can enter the monad from outside because it "has no window for something to go in." [5]Monads are closed and isolated. They can not have any influence or effect on all monads around them. Therefore, the isolation of monads also guarantees the value of monads. C. Classification of Monads The number of monads in the universe is infinite, and the countless monads are graded according to the degree of clarity of their perception. According to the clarity of the list, it can be divided into four different types: The first is the lowest monad, which is made up of some inanimate inorganic substances and plants. This kind of monad does not have any cognitive ability in itself, nor does it have clear and clear representation, nor does it have the function of memory and consciousness. But it has a weak micro perception of other things, also known as "naked monad" Such monads exist only in thought, and are abstract products. The second is the kind of monad with clear perception and memory, which can also be continuous, but not conscious or rational. They are made up of the soul of animals, though they are only perceptual souls, but they can be called real souls. The third is a monad composed of the human soul, which is more advanced than the previous two. It not only has clear perception and self consciousness, but also has the ability of perception and rational thinking, and can use concepts for reasoning, judgment and other thinking activities. This "spiritual monad" can also be called "spiritual soul" or "rational soul" by rational reflection to understand their own knowledge. The fourth is the highest order, that is, God.God's omniscience, omnipotence, and perfection determine that it is a monad, and that it possesses the most complete wisdom and ability, which is why it created other monads, and through God's relatively independent monad it is universally linked and interacted. God is the creator of monad, the aim of all monads, and the fountain of eternal truth.[6] II. PRE ESTABLISHED HARMONIOUS SYSTEM OF LEIBNIZ'S MONADOLOGY From the above discussion of the monads, we can see that there is no correlation between the monads, and they move and change in isolation according to their own will, completely independent of other monads. The world is made up of countless monads, and monad can be regarded as a mirror of the universe. In this way, these monads will intertwine chaotically and become the ultimate cause of all things in the world, and then our world will become disorderly and chaotic. In fact, however, this is not the case. The world we live in is so harmonious and orderly that it requires a premise for all monads to change and develop in unison. [7]Therefore, when Leibniz's monad theory develops to the critical moment, it inevitably leads to the appearance of God. In Leibniz's view, God is the highest form. God connects different forms in concept. It is God who makes the forms interdependent and coordinated. And all the monads were created by God, who cared and interfered with the change and development of the world from beginning to end, and arranged the trajectory of all the monads in advance. The change of each monad is the development of its own nature, and the other monads also play their respective roles, but the monads can develop in harmony and make it a continuous whole. The power to form this harmonious cosmic order is God, who creates and keeps the existing order in order. God is everything. The