Quantum dots for quantum information processing
Electron spins confined in quantum dots (QDs) are among the leading contenders for implementing quantum information processing. In this Thesis we address two of the most significant technological challenges towards developing a scalable quantum information processor based on spins in quantum dots: (i) decoherence of the electronic spin qubit due to the surrounding nuclear spin bath, and (ii) long range spin spin coupling between remote qubits. To this end, we develop novel strategies that turn the unavoidable coupling to the solid state environment (in particular, nuclear spins and phonons) into a valuable asset rather than a liability. In the first part of this Thesis, we investigate electron transport through single and double QDs, with the aim of harnessing the (dissipative) coupling to the electronic degrees of freedom for the creation of coherence in both the transient and steady state behaviour of the ambient nuclear spins. First, we theoretically show that intriguing features of coherent many body physics can be observed in electron transport through a single QD. To this end, we first develop a master equation based formalism for electron transport in the Coulomb blockade regime assisted by hyperfine (HF) interaction with the nuclear spin ensemble in the QD. This general tool is then used to study the leakage current through a single QD in a transport setting. When starting from an initially uncorrelated, highly polarized state, the nuclear system experiences a strong correlation buildup, due to the collective nature of the coupling to the central electron spin. We demonstrate that this results in a sudden intensity burst in the electronic tunneling current emitted from the QD system, which exceeds the maximal current of a corresponding classical system by several orders of magnitude. This gives rise to the new paradigm of electronic superradiance. Second, building upon the insight that the nuclear spin dynamics are governed by collective interactions giving rise to coherent effects such as superradiance, we propose a scheme for the deterministic generation of steady state entanglement between the two nuclear spin ensembles in an electrically defined double quantum dot. Because of quantum interference in the collective coupling to the electronic degrees of freedom, the nuclear system is actively driven into a two mode squeezedlike target state. The entanglement buildup is accompanied by a self polarization of the nuclear spins towards large Overhauser field gradients. Moreover, the feedback between the electronic and nuclear dynamics is shown to lead to intriguing effects such as multistability and criticality in the steady state solutions. In the second part of this Thesis, our focus turns towards the realization of long range spin spin coupling between remote qubits. We propose a universal, on chip quantum transducer based on surface acoustic waves in piezo active materials. Because of the intrinsic piezoelectric (and/or magnetostrictive) properties of the material, our approach provides a universal platform capable of coherently linking a broad array of qubits, including quantum dots, trapped ions, nitrogen vacancy centers or superconducting qubits. The quantized modes of surface acoustic waves lie in the gigahertz range, can be strongly confined close to the surface in phononic cavities and guided in acoustic waveguides. We show that this type of surface acoustic excitations can be utilized efficiently as a quantum bus, serving as an on chip, mechanical cavity QED equivalent of microwave photons and enabling long range coupling of a wide range of qubits. In summary, this thesis provides contributions towards developing a scalable quantum information processor based on spins in quantum dots in two different aspects. The first part is dedicated to a deeper understanding of the nuclear spin dynamics in quantum dots. In the second part we put forward a novel sound based strategy to realize long range spin spin coupling between remote qubits. This completes a broad picture of spin based quantum information processing which integrates different perspectives, ranging from the single qubit level to a broader quantum network level.