32905395
On the precipice of great things: the current state of UK nurse education.
The significant policy changes in UK health care over the past decade have led to a consequent shift in the delivery of nurse education to ensure the development and sustainability of a knowledgeable nursing workforce. One of the most recent, radical and important initiatives is Modernising Nursing Careers, which outlined four key priority areas for nursing, all of which have implications for nurse education. In light of this initiative, we explore the extent to which the modernisation of nursing careers is rhetoric or reality for UK nurse education - we are on the precipice of great change. To facilitate this, we move chronologically through the issues of recruitment and access; pre-registration preparation; and post-qualification education and careers. In discussing these issues, we demonstrate that more changes are needed to produce nurses who are flexible, visionary and prepared to take risks. We suggest that vision, leadership and strong realignment with health priorities are needed to bring nurse education to a point where nurses are truly prepared for the demands of a 21st century health service.
12400827
Peacock or Plum? Reflections on academic research career pathways.
UNLABELLED
PURPOSE OF THE PAPER: This paper critically deconstructs academic career pathways in research and explores possible future directions.


BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT
Development in NHS policy and practice has brought about something of a sea change in academic career pathways in nursing and midwifery. Whilst once there was a fairly prescribed route into nurse education and then research, contemporary factors no longer foster such traditional routes.


METHODS
In examining what a career pathway into academic nursing research may look like it may be useful first to delineate what are the basic assumptions that constitute 'achievement' within such a career. Once pinpointed it is possible to map out different pathways that illustrate the diversity with which this has occurred. This provides a useful mirror for examining what may or may not be useful for the future. This paper explores three areas of the nurse academic career pathway: introspectively to understand where we are at the moment, retrospectively by examining composite research careers in order to gain insight for the final prospective section, where we make recommendations for the future.


CONCLUSIONS
Nurses and midwives working in higher education require transparent and sustainable research strategies that facilitate clear research pathways in academia. The tensions between research and teaching are inevitable, but are manageable if workforce development uses individuals to their strengths and values diversity of contribution.
18213491
The smacking controversy: what advice should we be giving parents?
BACKGROUND
Even among countries that have ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child there is much disagreement about corporal punishment of children. Last year the Scottish Executive proposed a new law banning the smacking of children under the age of three, becoming the tenth European nation to do so. The proposal, currently abandoned whilst ostensibly still under debate, has raised a wave of controversy in child protection circles. In the nearest neighbouring country, England, a similar proposal was robustly rejected. PURPOSE OF THE PAPER: Given an increasing family and community focus in nursing, the implications of the debate for the profession cannot be ignored. What should we be telling 'ordinary' families about smacking? Thus this paper presents a positional statement on the smacking controversy and outlines some pointers for practice.


DISCUSSION
While for many the legislation proposed does not go far enough, others decry it as a breach of parental rights and, thus, the issue has become hugely controversial. Media opinion and various opposing campaigns dominate both public and professional spheres. Rights, responsibilities, examples from other countries, culture and gender are all used as fodder in the debate. Extreme examples are cited by both sides and used as grist for what are at times tenuous arguments. As there is even a division within child protection arenas, practising professionals may struggle to find a way through the maze of seemingly contradictory findings from research, policy and opinion.


CONCLUSIONS
A wide range of literature suggests that both public and professional opinion is divided on the use of smacking as a form of discipline of young children. Opinion is also divided on the ability of legislation to bring about change in social attitudes and behaviour. Health care professionals need to be in a position to recommend best practice and to do so consistently.
24733801
Salutogenesis as a framework for child protection: literature review.
AIM
The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of salutogenesis in work relating to child protection.


METHODS
A systematic review to explore the links between parenting, social factors and failure to thrive was carried out using 17 CD ROM and online databases using keywords in appropriate medical subject headings (MeSH terms) and Boolean operators refined for the studies. The salutogenic framework was then used as a way of clarifying what benefit particular research findings may have in identifying and using factors which can be associated with protection, safety and well being of children. Cross-referencing the evidence from the systematic review against Antonovsky's generalized resistance resources created a salutogenic matrix.


FINDINGS
Four factors in the systematic review were found crucially important: parent factors; parenting factors; child factors; and social factors. However, it is probable that these are useful within all child protection research and the evidence gathered in particular cases (here failure to thrive) could be plotted against each factor. Application of a salutogenic framework to the results was further illuminating and has utility for both systematic review methodology and other child protection explorations. The matrix created a warp and weft effect that identified gaps in current evidence and practice and was able to disentangle some of the complexities inherent within failure to thrive situations. By beginning to shed understanding on such processes, the concept of salutogenesis added further depth and rigour to the analysis.


CONCLUSIONS
The concept of salutogenesis is widely used in some areas of nursing practice and research, and can also be regarded as a theoretical tool that has potential in child care and protection research, development and practice. The paper also illustrates the importance of a sound theoretical framework in ensuring depth and rigour in analyses of literature review findings.
8674073
Children, health and gender: recognition in nursing research?
AIM
This paper examines the hitherto mostly unrecognised relationship between gender, health and children; its significance for nursing practice and how it has been considered in nursing research.


BACKGROUND
Holistic nursing practice with children requires adequate assessment and consideration of all potential influences on children's lives. Socioeconomic disparities have received widespread attention and gender inequalities in adult health have been studied in some depth. The links between gender, health and children, however, have received little consideration. The paper first considers this context in depth; it then applies the context to research in practice.


DESIGN
Systematic review.


METHODS
A systematic literature search was undertaken on four mainstream nursing research journals over 38 months up to February 2007. A total of 567 articles met the key word searches. Duplicates, opinion pieces and articles not focusing on children were removed. The remaining 23 nursing studies relevant to child health were examined for their gender sensitivity.


RESULTS
Full consideration of gender issues was found largely to be absent in nursing research on children. Eight studies gave specific consideration to gender relevance, where boys and girls may have responded differently to care. Only six studies specifically addressed gender sensitivity. Allowing children a voice, however, was a strength in these studies, with 18 reflecting children's views directly.


CONCLUSIONS
Major gaps still exist in research and theorisation relating to children, health and gender. These need to be acknowledged and investigated, particularly in relation to how they might impact on nursing care.


RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Nursing practice and research needs to account for all potential health issues, of which gender may often be important.
39760502
Commentary on Kong S and Bernstein K (2009) Childhood trauma as a predictor of eating psychopathology and its mediating variables in patients with eating disorders Journal of Clinical Nursing 18, 1897-1907.
32957442
Approach to sustainable primary health care service delivery for rural and remote South Australia.
We describe the operation of four University Teaching Practices established by the South Australian Centre for Rural and Remote Health (SACRRH) and the Adelaide University Department of General Practice. These practices were established in response to the acknowledged difficulty in recruiting and retaining GPs in rural South Australia. The practices are co-located with a hospital or accident and emergency service and community based nurses and allied health professionals. They provide integrated health care and multidisciplinary health care student placements in a learning environment where students experience rural multidisciplinary practice and country life. The study found that although the sites differed in significant ways, they all provided integrated care and effective placements for students. This style of health care delivery is flexible and broadly applicable. Sustainability is achieved through financially viability, attracting and retaining health care professionals and the development of electronic information systems, to support integrated practice.
28705885
Site on the RNA of an avian sarcoma virus at which primer is bound.
In vitro transcription of the avian tumor virus RNA by RNA-directed DNA polymerase is initiated on the unique cellular 4S RNA. Previous studies have shown that on the average there is one such RNA primer hydrogen bonded to each viral 35S RNA. The present study confirms that finding and demonstrates that, at least for the majority of 35S RNA molecules, the primer is bound at a site close to the 5'-terminus.
11817035
Restriction enzyme sites on the avian RNA tumor virus genome.
Full-size single-stranded DNA transcripts of the avian RNA tumor virus genome were isolated from the products of the endogenous reaction of detergent-disrupted avian sarcoma virus particles. These transcripts were converted with Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and 32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphates into labeled double-stranded DNA. The latter DNA was used to map the sites of action of seven restriction enzymes (Pvu I, Hpa I, Kpn I, Xba I, EcoRI, HindIII, and Xho I) on the genome of three strains of avian sarcoma virus (Prague B, Prague C, and Bratislava 77).
26989376
Synthesis and integration of avian sarcoma virus DNA.
In this paper, we have presented data regarding the integration of viral DNA and the persistence of unintegrated viral DNA. We know that integration occurs with specificity with respect to the viral genome, and yet it remains to be established which, if any, of the unintegrated DS DNA species-either the linear or the covalently closed circular forms-is the immediate precursor to the DNA that does become integrated. The results of the present studies indicate that the viral DNA species that are able to persist in an unintegrated state may be transcribed to yield new virions. Furthermore, these species may not be intermediates as far as the integration pathway, but may instead be terminal products of a synthesis reaction that has proceeded beyond the point where integration normally occurs. Varmus et al. (1977) have shown that integration occurs only into newly replicated cellular DNA. Therefore, we would speculate that integration may occur by an interaction between a replication fork of the host cell DNA and an earlier, non-double-strand form of viral DNA.
3459683
Quality improvements in resident mobility care: using person- and relationship-centered frameworks.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Research is needed to demonstrate the application of person- and relationship-centered care to nursing home practice. This article aimed to find a suitable person/relationship-centered framework to assist with mobility care practice improvements in nursing homes.


DESIGN AND METHOD
The authors discuss the task of mobility care, the nature of person- and relationship-centered care, and the significance of such approaches to mobility care. The Senses Framework (Nolan, Davies, Ryan, & Keady, 2008) is employed to develop mobility care practice improvement objectives.


RESULTS
The objectives are used to evaluate outcomes from 2 hypothetical scenarios to illustrate the possible value of the Senses Framework.


IMPLICATIONS
The Senses Framework facilitated development of objectives for mobility care practice improvement that considers the needs of all stakeholders.