5616752
A flux tube solar dynamo model based on the competing role of buoyancy and downflows
A magnetic flux tube can be considered both as a separate body and as a confined field. As a field, it is affected by both differential rotation (Ω-effect) and cyclonic convection (α-effect). As a body, the tube experiences not only a buoyant force, but also a dynamic pressure due to downflows above the tube. These two competing dynamic effects are incorporated into the α-Ω dynamo equations through the total magnetic turbulent diffusivity, leading to a flux tube dynamo operating in the convection zone. We analyze and solve the extended dynamo equations in the linear approximation by adopting the observed solar internal rotation and assuming a downflow effect derived from numerical simulations of a solar convection zone. The model reproduces the 22 yr cycle period; the extended butterfly diagram with the confinement of strong activity to low heliographic latitudes |Φ| ≤ 35°; the evidence that at low latitudes the radial field is in an approximately π phase lag compared to the toroidal field at the same latitude; the evidence that the poleward branch is in a π/2 phase lag with respect to the equatorward branch; and the evidence that most of the magnetic flux is present in an intermittent form, concentrated into strong flux tubes.
13961120
Space- and ground-based pulsation data of η bootis explained with stellar models including turbulence
The space telescope MOSTis now providing us with extremely accurate low-frequency p-mode oscillation data for the starBoo. We demonstrate in this paper that these data, when combined with ground-based measurements ofthehigh-frequencyp-modespectrum,canbereproducedwithstellarmodelsthatincludetheeffectsofturbulence in their outer layers.Withoutturbulence, thel ¼ 0modes ofour models deviatefromeithertheground-basedorthe space data by about 1.5-4 � Hz. This discrepancy can be completely removed by including turbulence in the models, and we can exactly match 12 out of 13 MOST frequencies that we identified as l ¼ 0 modes, in addition to 13 out of 21 ground-based frequencies within their observational 2 � tolerances. The better agreement between model frequencies and observed frequencies depends for the most part on the turbulent kinetic energy that was taken from a three-dimensional convection simulation for the Sun.
10120589
The nonhomologous nature of solar diameter variations
We show in this Letter that the changes of the solar diameter in response to variations of large-scale magnetic fields and turbulence are not homologous. For the best current model, the variation at the photospheric level is over 1000 times larger than the variation at a depth of 5 Mm, which is about the level at which f-mode solar oscillations determine diameter variations. This model is supported by observations that indicate larger diameter changes for high-degree f-modes than for low-degree f-modes, since the energy of the former is concentrated at shallower layers than the latter.
118681206
Solar Models with Revised Abundance
We present new solar models in which we use the latest low abundances and further include the effects of rotation, magnetic fields, and extra-mixing processes. We assume that the extra-element mixing can be treated as a diffusion process, with the diffusion coefficient depending mainly on the solar internal configuration of rotation and magnetic fields. We find that such models can well reproduce the observed solar rotation profile in the radiative region. Furthermore, the proposed models can match the seismic constraints better than the standard solar models, also when these include the latest abundances, but neglect the effects of rotation and magnetic fields.
14227222
Two-Dimensional Stellar Evolution Code Including Arbitrary Magnetic Fields. II. Precision Improvement and Inclusion of Turbulence and Rotation
In the second paper of this series we pursue two objectives. First, in order to make the code more sensitive to small effects, we remove many approximations made in Paper I. Second, we include turbulence and rotation in the two-dimensional framework. The stellar equilibrium is described by means of a set of five differential equations, with the introduction of a new dependent variable, namely the perturbation to the radial gravity, that is found when the nonradial effects are considered in the solution of the Poisson equation. Following the scheme of the first paper, we write the equations in such a way that the two-dimensional effects can be easily disentangled. The key concept introduced in this series is the equipotential surface. We use the underlying cause-effect relation to develop a recurrence relation to calculate the equipotential surface functions for uniform rotation, differential rotation, rotation-like toroidal magnetic fields, and turbulence. We also develop a more precise code to numerically solve the two-dimensional stellar structure and evolution equations based on the equipotential surface calculations. We have shown that with this formulation we can achieve the precision required by observations by appropriately selecting the convergence criterion. Several examples are presented to show that the method works well. Since we are interested in modeling the effects of a dynamo-type field on the detailed envelope structure and global properties of the Sun, the code has been optimized for short timescales phenomena (down to 1 yr). The time dependence of the code has so far been tested exclusively to address such problems.
117219942
Calculation of Solar P-mode Oscillation Frequency Splittings Based on a Two-dimensional Solar Model
We compute the p-mode oscillation frequencies and frequency splittings that arise in a two-dimensional model of the Sun that contains toroidal magnetic fields in its interior.
119085474
Evolution of magnetic fields around a Kerr black hole
The evolution of magnetic fields frozen to a perfectly conducting plasma fluid around a Kerr black hole is investigated. We focus on the plunging region between the black hole horizon and the marginally stable circular orbit in the equatorial plane, where the centrifugal force is unable to stably balance the gravitational force. Adopting the kinematic approximation where the dynamical effects of magnetic fields on the fluid motion are ignored, we exactly solve Maxwell's equations with the assumptions that the geodesic motion of the fluid is stationary and axisymmetric, the magnetic field has only radial and azimuthal components and depends only on time and radial coordinates. We show that the stationary state of the magnetic field in the plunging region is uniquely determined by the boundary conditions at the marginally stable circular orbit. If the magnetic field at the marginally stable circular orbit is in a stationary state, the magnetic field in the plunging region will quickly settle into a stationary state if it is not so initially, in a time determined by the dynamical time scale in the plunging region. The radial component of the magnetic field at the marginally stable circular orbit is more important than the toroidal component in determining the structure and evolution of the magnetic field in the plunging region. Even if at the marginally stable circular orbit the toroidal component is zero, in the plunging region a toroidal component is quickly generated from the radial component by the shear motion of the fluid. Finally, we discuss the dynamical effects of magnetic fields on the motion of the fluid in the plunging region. We show that the dynamical effects of magnetic fields are unimportant in the plunging region if they are negligible on the marginally stable circular orbit. This supports the ``no-torque inner boundary condition'' of thin disks, contrary to the claim in the recent literature.
119155218
A holographic p-wave superconductor model
A bstractWe study a holographic p-wave superconductor model in a four dimensional Einstein-Maxwell-complex vector field theory with a negative cosmological constant. The complex vector field is charged under the Maxwell field. We solve the full coupled equations of motion of the system and find black hole solutions with the vector hair. The vector hairy black hole solutions are dual to a thermal state with the U(1) symmetry as well as the spatial rotational symmetry broken spontaneously. Depending on two parameters, the mass and charge of the vector field, we find a rich phase structure: zeroth order, first order and second order phase transitions can happen in this model. We also find “retrograde condensation” in which the hairy black hole solution exists only for the temperatures above a critical value with the free energy much larger than the one of the black hole without the vector hair. We construct the phase diagram for this system in terms of the temperature and charge of the vector field.
9580491
Inferring the Inclination of a Black Hole Accretion Disk from Observations of its Polarized Continuum Radiation
Spin parameters of stellar-mass black holes in X-ray binaries are currently being estimated by fitting the X-ray continuum spectra of their accretion disk emission. For this method, it is necessary to know the inclination of the X-ray-producing inner region of the disk. Since the inner disk is expected to be oriented perpendicular to the spin axis of the hole, the usual practice is to assume that the black hole spin is aligned with the orbital angular momentum vector of the binary, and to estimate the inclination of the latter from ellipsoidal modulations in the light curve of the secondary star. We show that the inclination of the disk can be inferred directly if we have both spectral and polarization information on the disk radiation. The predicted degree of polarization varies from 0% to 5% as the disk inclination changes from face-on to edge-on. With current X-ray polarimetric techniques the polarization degree of a typical bright X-ray binary could be measured to an accuracy of 0.1% by observing the source for about 10 days. Such a measurement would constrain the disk inclination to within a degree or two and would significantly improve the reliability of black hole spin estimates. In addition, it would provide new information on the tilt between the black hole spin axis and the orbital rotation axis of the binary, which would constrain any velocity kicks experienced by stellar-mass black holes during their formation.
116062458
eta mesons in nuclear matter
The {eta}-nucleon ({eta}N) interactions are deduced from the heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory to the next-to-leading-order terms. Combining the relativistic mean-field theory for nucleon system, we have studied the in-medium properties of the {eta} meson. We find that all the elastic-scattering {eta}N interactions come from the next-to-leading-order terms. The {eta}N sigma term is found to be about 280 {+-} 130 MeV. The off-shell terms are also important to the in-medium properties of the {eta} meson. On application of the latest determination of the {eta}N scattering length, the ratio of the {eta}-meson effective mass to its vacuum value is near 0.84{+-}0.015, whereas the optical potential is about -(83{+-}5) MeV, at the normal nuclear density.
4997102
Vector condensate and AdS soliton instability induced by a magnetic field
A bstractWe continue to study the holographic p-wave superconductor model in the Einstein-Maxwell-complex vector field theory with a non-minimal coupling between the complex vector field and the Maxwell field. In this paper we work in the AdS soliton background which describes a conformal field theory in the confined phase and focus on the probe approximation. We find that an applied magnetic field can lead to the condensate of the vector field and the AdS soliton instability. As a result, a vortex lattice structure forms in the spatial directions perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. As a comparison, we also discuss the vector condensate in the Einstein-SU(2) Yang-Mills theory and find that in the setup of the present paper, the Einstein-Maxwell-complex vector field model is a generalization of the SU(2) model in the sense that the vector field has a general mass and gyromagnetic ratio.