6264457
Iron and Nickel Line Diagnostics for the Galactic Center Diffuse Emission
We have observed the diffuse X-ray emission from the Galactic center (GC) using the X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XIS) on Suzaku. The high-energy resolution and the low-background orbit provide excellent spectra of the GC diffuse X-rays (GCDX). The XIS found many emission lines in the GCDX near the energy of K-shell transitions of iron and nickel. The most pronounced features are Fe I Kat 6.4 keV and K-shell absorption edge at 7.1 keV, which are from neutral and/or low ionization states of iron, and the K-shell lines at 6.7 keV and 6.9 keV from He-like (Fe XXV K�) and hydrogenic (Fe XXVI Ly�) ions of iron. In addition, Klines from neutral or low ionization nickel (Ni I K�) and He-like nickel (Ni XXVII K�), and Fe I K�, Fe XXV K�, Fe XXVI Ly�, Fe XXV K and Fe XXVI Ly are detected for the first time. The line center energies and widths of Fe XXV Kand Fe XXVI Lyfavor a collisional excitation (CE) plasma for the origin of the GCDX. The electron temperature determined from the line flux ratio of Fe XXV-K�/ Fe XXV-Kis similar to the ionization temperature determined from that of Fe XXV-K�/FeXXVI-Ly�. Thus it would appear that the GCDX plasma is close to ionization equilibrium. The 6.7 keV flux and temperature distribution to the galactic longitude is smooth and monotonic, in contrast to the integrated point source flux distribution. These facts support the hypothesis that the GCDX is truly diffuse emission rather than the integration of the outputs of a large number of unresolved point sources. In addition, our results demonstrate that the chemical composition of Fe in the interstellar gas near the GC is constrained to be about 3.5 times solar.
19609772
Monte Carlo Simulator and Ancillary Response Generator of Suzaku XRT/XIS System for Spatially Extended Source Analysis
We have developed a framework for the Monte-Carlo simulation of the X-Ray Telescopes (XRT) and the X-ray Imaging Spectrometers (XIS) onboard Suzaku, mainly for the scientific analysis of spatially and spectroscopically complex celestial sources. A photon-by-photon instrumental simulator is built on the ANL platform, which has been successfully used in ASCA data analysis. The simulator has a modular structure, in which the XRT simulation is based on a ray-tracing library, while the XIS simulation utilizes a spectral "Redistribution Matrix File" (RMF), generated separately by other tools. Instrumental characteristics and calibration results, e.g., XRT geometry, reflectivity, mutual alignments, thermal shield transmission, build-up of the contamination on the XIS optical blocking filters (OBF), are incorporated as completely as possible. Most of this information is available in the form of the FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) files in the standard calibration database (CALDB). This simulator can also be utilized to generate an "Ancillary Response File" (ARF), which describes the XRT response and the amount of OBF contamination. The ARF is dependent on the spatial distribution of the celestial target and the photon accumulation region on the detector, as well as observing conditions such as the observation date and satellite attitude. We describe principles of the simulator and the ARF generator, and demonstrate their performance in comparison with in-flight data.
15839314
X-Ray Spectroscopy of SN 1006 with Suzaku
We report on observations of SN 1006 with the X-ray Imaging Spectrometers (XIS) on board Suzaku. We firmly detected K-shell emission from Fe, for the first time, and find that the Fe ionization state is quite low. The broad band spectrum extracted from the southeast of the remnant is well fitted with a model consisting of three optically thin thermal non-equilibrium ionization plasmas and a power-law component. Two of the thermal models are highly overabundant in heavy elements and, hence, are likely due to ejecta. These components have different ionization parameters: $n_et \sim 1.4\times 10^{10}$ cm$^{-3}$ s and $n_et \sim 7.7\times 10^8$ cm$^{-3}$ s and it is the later one that produces the Fe-K emission. This suggests that Fe has been heated by the reverse shock more recently than the other elements, consistent with a picture where the ejecta are stratified by composition with Fe in the interior. On the other hand, the third thermal component is assumed to be solar abundance, and we associate it with emission from the interstellar medium (ISM). The electron temperature and ionization parameter are $kT_e \sim $0.5 keV and $n_et \sim 5.8\times 10^9$ cm$^{-3}$ s. The electron temperature is lower than that expected from the shock velocity which suggests a lack of collisionless electron heating at the forward shock. The extremely low ionization parameter and extreme non-equilibrium state are due to the low density of the ambient medium.
118498255
SUZAKU OBSERVATIONS OF THE TYPE 2 QSO IN THE CENTRAL GALAXY OF THE PHOENIX CLUSTER
We report the Suzaku/XIS and HXD and Chandra/ACIS-I results on the X-ray spectra of the Phoenix cluster at the redshift z = 0.596. The spectrum of the intracluster medium (ICM) is well reproduced with the emissions from low-temperature (~3.0 keV and ~0.76 solar) and high-temperature (~11 keV and ~0.33 solar) plasmas; the former is localized at the cluster core, while the latter distributes over the cluster. In addition to these ICM emissions, a strongly absorbed power-law component is found, which is due to an active galactic nucleus (AGN) in the cluster center. The absorption column density and unobscured luminosity of the AGN are ~3.2 × 1023 cm–2 and ~4.7 × 1045 erg s–1 (2-10 keV), respectively. Furthermore, a neutral iron (Fe I) K-shell line is discovered for the first time with the equivalent width (EW) of ~150 eV at the rest frame. The column density and the EW of the Fe I line are exceptionally large for such a high-luminosity AGN, and hence the AGN is classified as a type 2 quasi-stellar object (QSO). We speculate that a significant fraction of the ICM cooled gas would be consumed to maintain the torus and to activate the type 2 QSO. The Phoenix cluster has a massive starburst in the central galaxy, indicating that suppression in the cooling flow is less effective. This may be because the onset of the latest AGN feedback has occurred recently and has not yet been effective. Alternatively, the AGN feedback is predominantly in radiative mode, not in kinetic mode, and the torus may work as a shield to reduce its effect.
118367993
POSSIBLE CHARGE-EXCHANGE X-RAY EMISSION IN THE CYGNUS LOOP DETECTED WITH SUZAKU
X-ray spectroscopic measurements of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant indicate that metal abundances throughout most of the remnant's rim are depleted to ~0.2 times the solar value. However, recent X-ray studies have revealed in some narrow regions along the outermost rim anomalously enhanced abundances (up to ~1 solar). The reason for these anomalous abundances is not understood. Here, we examine X-ray spectra in annular sectors covering nearly the entire rim of the Cygnus Loop using Suzaku (21 pointings) and XMM-Newton (1 pointing). We find that spectra in the enhanced abundance regions commonly show a strong emission feature at ~0.7?keV. This feature is likely a complex of He-like O K(? + ? + ), although other possibilities cannot be fully excluded. The intensity of this emission relative to He-like O K? appears to be too high to be explained as thermal emission. This fact, as well as the spatial concentration of the anomalous abundances in the outermost rim, leads us to propose an origin from charge-exchange processes between neutrals and H-like O. We show that the presence of charge-exchange emission could lead to the inference of apparently enhanced metal abundances using pure thermal emission models. Accounting for charge-exchange emission, the actual abundances could be uniformly low throughout the rim. The overall abundance depletion remains an open question.
13583595
New CTI Correction Method for Spaced-Row Charge Injection of the Suzaku X-Ray Imaging Spectrometer
The charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) of the X-ray CCDs on board the Suzaku satellite (X-ray Imaging Spectrometers; XIS) has increased since the launch due to radiation damage, and the energy resolution has been degraded. To improve the CTI, we have applied a spaced-row charge injection (SCI) technique to the XIS in orbit; by injecting charges into CCD rows periodically, the CTI is actively decreased. The CTI in the SCI mode depends on the distance between a signal charge and a preceding injected row, and the pulse height shows periodic positional variations. Using in-flight data of onboard calibration sources and of the strong iron line from the Perseus cluster of galaxies, we studied the variation in detail. We developed a new method to correct the variation. By applying the new method, the energy resolution (FWHM) at 5.9 keV at March 2008 is ~155 eV for the front-illuminated CCDs and ~175 eV for the back-illuminated CCD.
119354461
Infrared features of unquenched finite temperature lattice Landau gauge QCD
The color diagonal and color antisymmetric ghost propagators slightly above T{sub c} of N{sub f}=2 MILC 24{sup 3}x12 lattices are measured and compared with zero-temperature unquenched N{sub f}=2+1 MILC{sub c} 20{sup 3}x64 and MILC{sub f} 28{sup 3}x96 lattices and zero-temperature quenched 56{sup 4} {beta}=6.4 and 6.45 lattices. The expectation value of the color antisymmetric ghost propagator {phi}{sup c}(q) is zero, but its Binder cumulant, which is consistent with that of N{sub c}{sup 2}-1 dimensional Gaussian distribution below T{sub c}, decreases above T{sub c}. Although the color diagonal ghost propagator is temperature independent, the l{sup 1} norm of the color antisymmetric ghost propagator is temperature dependent. The expectation value of the ghost condensate observed at zero-temperature unquenched configuration is consistent with 0 in T>T{sub c}. We also measure transverse, magnetic, and electric gluon propagator and extract gluon screening masses. The running coupling measured from the product of the gluon dressing function and the ghost dressing function are almost temperature independent, but the effect of A{sup 2} condensate observed at zero temperature is consistent with 0 in T>T{sub c}. The transverse gluon dressing function at low temperature has a peak in the infrared at low temperature, but it becomes flatter at highmore » temperature. The magnetic gluon propagator at high momentum depends on the temperature. These data imply that the magnetic gluon propagator and the color antisymmetric ghost propagator are affected by the presence of dynamical quarks, and there are strong nonperturbative effects through the temperature-dependent color antisymmetric ghost propagator.« less
119569923
Instanton counting on blowup. II. K-theoretic partition
function
AbstractWe study Nekrasov's deformed partition function $Z(\varepsilon_1,\varepsilon_2,\vec{a};\mathfrak q,\boldsymbol\beta)$ of 5-dimensional supersymmetric
Yang-Mills theory compactified on a circle. Mathematically it is the
generating function of the characters of the coordinate rings of the moduli
spaces of instantons on $\mathbb R^4$. We show that it satisfies a system of
functional equations, called blowup equations, whose solution is unique.
As applications, we prove (a) $F(\varepsilon_1,\varepsilon_2,\vec{a};\mathfrak q,\boldsymbol\beta) = \varepsilon_1\varepsilon_2 \log Z(\varepsilon_1,\varepsilon_2,\vec{a};\mathfrak q,\boldsymbol\beta)$ is regular at $\varepsilon_1 = \varepsilon_2 = 0$ (a part of Nekrasov's conjecture), and (b) the genus $1$ parts, which are first several Taylor coefficients of $F(\varepsilon_1,\varepsilon_2,\vec{a};\mathfrak q,\boldsymbol\beta)$, are written explicitly in terms of $\tau = d^2 F(0,0,\vec{a};\mathfrak q,\boldsymbol\beta)/da^2$ in rank $2$ case.
120689000
Singular Lagrangian and the Dirac-Faddeev Method Existence Theorem of Constraints in 'Standard Form'
115158728
Noncommutative supertori in two dimensions
First we consider the deformations of superspaces with = (1, 1) and = (2, 2) supersymmetries in two dimensions. Among these the construction of noncommutative supertorus with odd spin structure is possible only in the case of = (2, 2) supersymmetry broken down to = (1, 1). However, for the even spin structures the construction of noncommutative supertorus is possible for both = (1, 1) and = (2, 2) cases. The spin structures are realized by implementing the translational properties along the cycles of commutative supertorus in the operator version: Odd spin structure is realized by the translation in the fermionic direction in the same manner as in the construction of noncommutative torus, and even spin structures are realized with appropriate versions of the spin angular momentum operator.
118709116
Horizon function in Landau gauge QCD revisited -- Free boundary case from viewpoint of network QCD --
In Gribov-Zwanziger scenario of color confinement, Zwanziger proposed two types of horizon function in lattice Landau gauge, the first one and the second one of which foundation was discussed in detail. The second type horizon function is focussed on in the present study. Its derivation and the horizon condition are briefly reviewed along the line of Zwanziger, and it is also reviewed that this horizon condition and Kugo-Ojima color confinement criterion coincide in the continuum limit. In case of free boundary condition in contrast to periodic boundary condition, it was shown that the horizon condition holds for each gauge fixed configuration in Landau gauge. It is clarified that this fact can be derived from some identity relation which holds on an arbitrary network of links in Landau gauge. Thus the origin of the pointwise validity of horizon condition is highlighted.