1551177
The dynamical stability of W Ursae Majoris-type systems
Theoretical study indicates that a contact binary system would merge into a rapidly rotating single star due to tidal instability when the spin angular momentum of the system is more than a third of its orbital angular momentum. Assuming that W Ursae Majoris (W UMa) contact binary systems rigorously comply with the Roche geometry and the dynamical stability limit is at a contact degree of about 70 per cent, we obtain that W UMa systems might suffer Darwin's instability when their mass ratios are in a region of about 0.076-0.078 and merge into the fast-rotating stars. This suggests that the W UMa systems with mass ratio q <= 0.076 cannot be observed. Meanwhile, we find that the observed W UMa systems with a mass ratio of about 0.077, corresponding to a contact degree of about 86 per cent would suffer tidal instability and merge into the single fast-rotating stars. This suggests that the dynamical stability limit for the observed W UMa systems is higher than the theoretical value, implying that the observed systems have probably suffered the loss of angular momentum due to gravitational wave radiation (GR) or magnetic stellar wind (MSW).
15936992
Integrated spectral energy distributions and absorption-feature indices of single stellar populations
Using evolutionary population synthesis, we present integrated spectral energy distributions and absorption-line indices defined by the Lick Observatory image dissector scanner (referred to as Lick/IDS) system, for an extensive set of instantaneous burst single stellar populations (SSPs). The ages of the SSPs are in the range 1 Gyrless than or equal totauless than or equal to19 Gyr and the metallicities are in the range -2.3less than or equal to[Fe/H]less than or equal to+0.2. Our models use the rapid single stellar evolution algorithm of Hurley, Pols and Tout for the stellar evolutionary tracks, the empirical and semi-empirical calibrated BaSeL-2.0 model of Lejeune, Cuisinier and Buser for the library of stellar spectra and the empirical fitting functions of Worthey, Faber, Gonzalez and Burstein for the Lick/IDS spectral absorption-feature indices. Applying our synthetic Lick/IDS absorption-line indices to the merit function, we obtain the age and the metallicity of the central region of M32, which can be well explained by an instantaneous SSP with an age of similar to6.5 Gyr and a metallicity similar to solar. Applying the derived age and the metallicity from the merit function to a number of index-index diagrams, we find that the plots of H-beta-Fe5015 and H-beta-Fe5782 are the best index-index diagrams from which we can directly obtain reasonable age and metallicity.
117833563
A Library of Lick/IDS Indices for Binary Stellar Populations
Using EPS we present 13 refined Lick/IDS absorption-line indices for an extensive set of instantaneous-burst binary stellar populations (BSPs) at high resolution (0.3 \AA) of various age and metallicity (1-15Gyr, 0.004-0.03), and 38 indices at intermediate resolution (3 \AA). These indices are obtained by two methods: (1) obtain them by using the empirical fitting functions (FFs method); (2) measure them directly from the synthetic spectra (DC method). Together with our previous paper a database of Lick/IDS spectral absorption-line indices for BSPs at high and intermediate resolutions is provided. This set of indices includes 21 indices of Worthey et al., four Balmer indices defined by Worthey & Ottaviani and 13 indices with the new passband definitions of Trager et al. The full set of synthetic indices and the integrated pseudo-continuum are listed in the Appendix, which is only available online or from our website (this http URL com/), or on request from the first author. Moreover, the ISEDs can be obtained from our website. 
We compare the synthetic Lick/IDS indices obtained by FFs method and those by DC method, and find that the discrepancies are significant: Ca4455 (index 6), Fe4668 (8), Mg_b (13), Fe5709 (17), NaD (19), TiO_1 (20) and TiO_2 (21, except for Z=0.02) in the W94 system, Ca4455^T (6^T), C_2 4668^T (8^T), NaD^T (19^T), TiO_1^T (20^T) and TiO_2^T (21^T, except for Z=0.02) in the T98 system obtained by DC method are less (bluer) than the corresponding ones obtained by FFs method for all metallicities. Ca4227 (index 3), Fe5782 (18),Ca4227^T (3^T) and Fe5782^T (18^T) are greater at Z=0.03 and become to be bluer at Z=0.004, Fe5709^T (17^T) index is less at Z=0.03 and becomes to be redder at Z=0.004 than the corresponding ones obtained by FFs method.
197491146
Structure and evolution of low-mass W UMa type systems -- II. with angular momentum loss
14270541
Structure and evolution of low-mass W UMa-type systems
The structure and evolution of low-mass W UMa-type contact binaries are discussed by employing Eggleton's stellar evolution code. Assuming that these systems completely satisfy Roche geometry for contact binaries with every kind of mass ratio (0.02-1.0) we calculate the relative radii (R-1.2/A, where R-1.2 are the radii of both stars and A is the orbital separation) of both components of contact binaries with different contact depths between inner and outer Roche lobes. We obtain a radius grid of contact binaries and can ensure the surfaces of two components lying on an equipotential surface by interpolation using this radius grid when we follow the evolution of the contact binaries. There are serious uncertainties concerning mainly the transfer of energy in these systems, i.e. it is unclear how and where the energy is transferred. We assume that the energy transfer takes place in different regions of the common envelope to investigate the effects of the region of energy transfer on the structure and evolution of contact binaries. We find that the region of energy transfer has a significant influence on the structure and evolution of contact binaries, and conclude that the energy transfer may occur in the outermost layers of the common convective envelope for W-type systems, and that this transfer takes place in the deeper layers of the common envelope for A-type systems. Meanwhile, if we assume that the energy transfer takes place in the outermost layers for our model with low total mass, and find that our model steadily evolves towards a system with a smaller mass ratio and a deeper envelope, suggesting that some A-type W UMa systems with low total mass could be considered as the later evolutionary stages of W-subtype systems, and that the surface temperature of the secondary exceeds that of the primary during the time when the primary expands rapidly, or the secondary contracts rapidly, suggesting that W-subtype systems may be caused by expansion of the primary, or by the contraction of the secondary.
118856665
The binary merger channel for the progenitor of the fastest rotating O-type star VFTS 102
VFTS 102 has a projected rotational velocity (>500 km s(-1)) and would appear to be the fastest rotating O-type star. We show that its high rotational velocity could be understood within the framework of the binary merger. In the binary merger channel, the progenitor binary of VFTS 102 would evolve into contact while two components are still on the main sequence, and then merge into a rapidly rotating single star. Employing Eggleton's stellar evolution code, we performed binary stellar evolution calculations and mapped out the initial parameters of the progenitor of VFTS 102 in the orbital period-mass ratio (P-q) plane. We found that the progenitor binary of VFTS 102 with initial mass ratio q(0) less than or similar to 0.7 should have an initial orbital period shorter than 3.76-4.25 d, while above this mass ratio it should have an initial orbital period shorter than 1.44-1.55 d. The progenitor of VFTS 102 would evolve into contact during the rapid mass transfer phase or during the subsequent slow mass transfer phase, and might ultimately merge into a rapidly rotating massive star. In addition, we performed Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the binary merger channel. We estimated the fraction of binaries that would merge into single stars and the fraction of single stars that might be produced from the binary merger channel. It is found that about 8.7 per cent of binaries would evolve into contact and merge into rapidly rotating single stars, and about 17.1 per cent of single stars might be produced from the binary merger channel and should have similar properties to VFTS 102. This suggests that the binary merger channel might be one of the main channels for the formation of rapidly rotating massive stars like VFTS 102.
11692409
Electromagnetic energy for a charged Kerr black hole in a uniform magnetic field
With the Komar mass formula we calculate the electromagnetic energy for a charged Kerr black hole in a uniform magnetic field. We find that the total electromagnetic energy takes the minimum when the Kerr black hole possesses a nonzero net charge $Q=2\ensuremath{\xi}{B}_{0}{J}_{H}$ where ${B}_{0}$ is the strength of the magnetic field, ${J}_{H}$ is the angular momentum of the black hole, and $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is a dimensionless parameter determined by the spin of the black hole. However, the Wald state with ${Q=2B}_{0}{J}_{H}$ does not minimize the electromagnetic energy.
15632846
Energetics of a Black Hole-Accretion Disk System with Magnetic Connection: Limit of Low Accretion Rate
We consider the energetics of a black hole-accretion disk system with magnetic connection: a Keplerian disk is connected to a Kerr black hole by a large-scale magnetic field. We assume that 1) the magnetic field is locked to the inner boundary of the disk and corotates with it, and 2) the accretion rate is low, but the accretion from the disk can still provide a sufficient amount of cold plasma particles in the transition region so that the magnetohydrodynamics approximation is valid. By finding solutions that smoothly pass the fast critical point near the equatorial plane, we find that a system with a fast rotating black hole and that with a slow rotating black hole behave very differently. For ab lack hole with a>a cr ≡ 0.3594 M ,w hereM is the mass and a is the specific angular momentum of the black hole, the spinning energy of the black hole is efficiently extracted and transported to the disk, thus increasing the radiation efficiency of the disk by orders of magnitude. For a black hole with 0 ≤ a<a cr, the inner region of the disk is disrupted by the magnetic field and the inner boundary moves out to a radius where the angular velocity of the disk is equal to the spinning angular velocity of the black hole. As a result, the disk may have an extremely low radiation efficiency if 0 ≤ a/M � 1.
15336878
Hot subdwarfs from the stable Roche lobe overflow channel
Context. Hot subdwarfs are core-helium-burning stars with extremely thin envelopes. We discuss the formation and evolution of hot subdwarfs formed through the stable Roche lobe overflow (RLOF) channel of intermediate-mass binaries, although their formation channels are various. Aims. In this study, we concentrate on the formation and evolution of hot subdwarfs binaries through the stable RLOF channel of intermediate-mass binaries. We aim at setting out the properties of hot subdwarfs and their progenitors, so that we can understand the formation and evolution of hot subdwarfs. Methods. Employing Eggleton's stellar evolution code, we have computed conservative and nonconservative population I binary evolution sequences. The initial mass of the primary ranges from 2.2 to 6.3 M(circle dot), spaced by approximately 0.1 in log M, the initial mass ratio q(i) = M(1)/M(2) is between 1.1 and 4.5, and the Roche lobe overflow begins at the main sequence, the Hertzsprung gap and the first giant branch. In nonconservative binary evolution, we assume that 50 percent of the mass lost from the primary leaves the system, carrying away the specific angular momentum of the primary, and the remaining mass is accreted on to the secondary during the RLOF. Also, we have studied the distributions of the mass and orbital periods of hot subdwarfs using the population synthesis approach. Results. We have obtained the ranges of the initial parameters of progenitor binaries and the properties of hot subdwarfs through the stable RLOF channel of intermediate-mass binaries, e. g. mass, envelope mass and age of hot subdwarfs. We have found that hot subdwarfs could be formed through stable Roche lobe overflow at the main sequence and Hertzsprung gap. We have also found that some subdwarf B or OB stars have anomalously high mass (similar to 1 M(circle dot)) with a thick envelope (similar to 0.07 M(circle dot)-similar to 0.16) in our models. By comparing our theoretical results with observations on the hot subdwarfs in open clusters, we suggest that more hot subdwarfs in binary systems might be found in open clusters in the future.
121335136
Design and field measurement of the BEPC-II interaction region dual-aperture quadrupoles
With the Beijing Electron Positron Collider upgrade project (BEPC-II), two dual-aperture septum-style quadrupole magnets are used in the interaction region for the final focusing of the electron and positron beams. The BEPC-II lattice design calls for the same high quality integral quadrupole field and large good field region in both apertures for each magnet. Two-dimensional contour optimization and pole-end chamfer iteration are used to minimize the systematic harmonic errors. Unexpected non-systematic errors induced by the unsymmetrical structure and the manufacturing errors are compensated with the pole-end shimming. Magnet measurements with rotating coils are performed to guide and confirm the magnet design. This paper discusses the design consideration, optimizing procedure and measurement results of these dual-aperture magnets.
13168124
DETECTION OF A TERTIARY BROWN DWARF COMPANION IN THE sdB-TYPE ECLIPSING BINARY HS 0705+6700
HS 0705+6700 is a short-period (P = 2.3 hr), close binary containing a hot sdB-type primary and a fully convective secondary. We have monitored this eclipsing binary for more than two years and as a result, 32 times of light minimum were obtained. Based on our new eclipse times together with these compiled from the literature, it is discovered that the observed-calculated curve of HS 0705+6700 shows a cyclic variation with a period of 7.15 years and a semiamplitude of 92.4 s. The periodic change was analyzed for the light-travel time effect that may be due to the presence of a tertiary companion. The mass of the third body is determined to be M3 sin i' = 0.0377(+/- 0.0043) M(circle dot) when a total mass of 0.617 M(circle dot) for HS 0705+6700 is adopted. For orbital inclinations i' >= 32.degrees 8, the mass of the tertiary component would be below the stable hydrogen-burning limit of M(3) similar to 0.072M(circle dot), and thus it would be a brown dwarf. The third body is orbiting the sdB-type binary at a distance shorter than 3.6 AU. HS 0705+6700 was formed through the evolution of a common envelope after the primary becomes a red giant. The detection of a substellar companion in HS 0705+6700 system at this distance from the binary could give some constraints on stellar evolution in such systems and the interactions between red giants and their companions.