33501684
Tumor virus ribonucleic acid directed deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis: nucleotide sequence at the 5' terminus of nascent deoxyribonucleic acid.
24939123
In vitro transcription of mouse mammary tumor virus RNA into DNA.
The in vitro transcription of the B-type mouse mammary tumor virus RNA into DNA is similar to that obtained with certain C-type viruses: synthesis can be initiated on an RNA primer molecule approximately the size of a tRNA, and a unique linkage (rA-dC) exists between this primer and the DNA product.
5444612
Reassociation of 4 S and 5 S RNA's with the genome of avian sarcoma virus.
Abstract A tryptophan tRNA derived from the host cell serves as primer for the initiation of DNA synthesis by the reverse transcript ase of avian sarcoma virus (ASV). We have characterized the binding of primer to the viral genome by studying the reassociation of low molecular weight RNA's with high molecular weight subunits of ASV-RNA. Primer can be annealed to a limited number (two to four) of sites on the viral genome to reconstitute a template fully active with reverse transcriptase. The annealing is specific and accurate; none of the other 4 S RNA's found in ASV will reassociate with viral genome under any of the conditions tested, and the reconstructed complex denatures with the same T m as the native complex between primer and viral genome. These results further substantiate our previous conclusion that the primer in ASV is a single species of tRNA, although the normal host cell may contain other 4 S RNA's which could also serve as primer if they were included in the viral genome during assembly. Chicken ribosomal 5 S RNA also reanneals to the ASV genome, presumably by binding to the sites originally occupied by 5 S RNA in viral 70 S RNA.
33909578
The polypeptides of influenza virus. 1. Cytoplasmic synthesis and nuclear accumulation.
34640544
DNA intermediates of avian RNA tumor viruses.
27724235
Avian RNA tumor virus DNA before and after integration into the host genome.
6962773
Heritability of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Stroop Color-Word Test performance in normal individuals: implications for the search for endophenotypes.
A surge in the search for endophenotypes for psychiatric disorders has occurred in the past several years. An important criterion of an endophenotype is that it is heritable. Two of the most widely used executive cognitive functioning measures are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Stroop Color-Word Test. Each has been considered as a possible endophenotype. However, research on the heritability of each of these measures is sparse, and in the case of the WCST, mixed. As part of a pilot twin study examining cognitive functioning and personality in adults, the WCST and the Stroop were administered to 80 monozygotic and 29 dizygotic twin pairs screened for absence of neurological disease and head injury. Results replicated and extended previous findings for moderate heritability of Stroop performance. However, the WCST showed little evidence of genetic influence, suggesting that it might not meet one of the criteria for an endophenotype.
5420801
Predicting child abuse and neglect: ethical, theoretical and methodological challenges.
AIMS
This paper explores the ethical, theoretical and methodological implications of predictive testing in studies of child abuse, neglect and harm.


BACKGROUND
The use of screening instruments to make predictions about children who may later be abused, neglected or at risk of exclusion is promoted in research and policy. The recent UK Action Plan on Social Exclusion suggests that health visitors and community midwives should be trained to use these tools in practice.


METHOD
Position paper.


CONCLUSIONS
The accuracy of screening instruments to identify children who will be abused or neglected has not been established. Even if the theoretical and methodological challenges of predictive instruments could be overcome, the ethical implications of their use are very difficult for nurses and midwives.


RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Nurses, midwives and health visitors require high levels of awareness of risk factors in working with children and families. We have a responsibility to reach professional judgements about risks of harm for individuals. This is best performed through improving skills in working with parents and carers to identify those factors which may impede their ability to offer safe developmental care to their children.
46164621
The rhetoric vs. the reality in child care and protection: ideology and practice in working with fathers.
Within child care and protection, practitioners can be paralysed by a fundamental gap between the rhetoric and the reality in engaging fathers in their children's care. In an earlier paper we argued that there is a lack of an effective framework to guide practice with fathers in child care and protection work. We examined how health visitors and social workers could begin to assess how fathers could be categorized as either (or both) a risk or an asset to the child. Based on a review of the literature we now explore the limitations of current models of practice and trace the theoretical strands that influence them, drawing from the legal framework, attachment theory and models for anti-oppressive practice. We then highlight messages for practice with fathers for health care professionals involved in child protection. The working context for this paper is Scotland, although we believe that the ideas may be extrapolated to other geographical areas.
19711359
Clues to function in gene deserts.
Recent work by Ivan Ovcharenko and colleagues has shed new light on the functional importance of gene deserts. They demonstrate that sequence conservation levels separate gene deserts into stable (more conserved) and variable classes. Both classes exhibit characteristics suggestive of function. The stable deserts in particular show features suggesting a role in the complex regulation of core vertebrate genes.
20214634
Preparation of free-standing films from kafirin protein microparticles: mechanism of formation and functional properties.
A method of preparing free-standing films using kafirin microparticles made by phase separation from acetic acid is described. Film preparation involved the suspension of the microparticles in acetic acid solution containing plasticizer. On evaporation of the acetic acid, a complete, smooth, flexible, transparent film was formed. A minimum concentration of acid was required to form a cohesive film relative to the concentration of kafirin. This was approximately 10.8:1, percent acetic acid to percent kafirin. Film formation appears to be by controlled aggregation of kafirin microparticles, followed by dissolution of the microparticles in acetic acid and drying into a cohesive film. The functional properties of microparticle films were generally superior to films cast directly from a solution of kafirin, at the same protein content. Kafirin microparticle films were very thin (<15 microm), relatively strong but not very extensible, with better water barrier properties and lower protein digestibility than conventionally cast kafirin films.