121499433
The field equations of a conformally invariant, scalar-tensor theory
A general, conformally invariant theory of the general relativistic, gravitational field coupled with a scalar field is considered. The field equations of the theory are derived from a variational action principle and also from the assumption of the geodesic motion of test particles. These are shown to be identical. The scalar field is assumed to be a long-range field with the view to establishing a cosmological theory. An upper bound for the background scalar field is estimated.
121340458
Some cosmological solutions of a scalar-tensor theory of gravitation
Some cosmological solutions of the scalar-tensor theory of gravitation are derived. The results differ from Friedmann and Brans-Dicke cosmologies, though not sufficiently to enable an immediate decision between these theories to be made. In the case of the solar system the new theory is a special case of theories discussed by Bergmann and Wagoner.
118556020
The mesotrons of eddington
SummarySome aspects of Eddington’s fundamental theory are reviewed. It is shown that an electrically neutral particle of rest mass close to that of π0-meson can be predicted using a quadruple phase reference frame. An attempt is made to calculate the lifetimes of the π-mesons using an extension of Eddington’s arguments.RiassuntoSi considerano alcuni aspetti della teoria fondamentale di Eddington. Si dimostra che si può prevedere una particella elettricamente neutra con massa a riposo prossima a quella del mesone π0 usando un sistema di riferimento della fase quadruplo. Si tenta di calcolare la vita dei mesoni π con un’estensione degli argomenti di Eddington.РеэюмеЗаново рассматриваются некоторые аспекты фундаментальной теории Эддингтона. Покаэывается, что может быть предскаэана масса покоя злектрически нейтральной частицы, блиэкая к массе π0 меэона, при испольэовании системы отсчета квадруплетной фаэы. Предпринимается попытка вычислить времена жиэни π меэонов, испольэуя обобшение аргументов Эддингтона.
123739614
Static, cylindrically symmetric solution of the generalized field equations
The problem of finding cylindrically symmetric static solutions of the Generalized Field Theory is completely solved. The electromagnetic fields are shown to vanish faster with the distance from the axis of symmetry than the corresponding curvature of the associated space-time. On the other hand, when the latter becomes at flat Minkowski manifold, the symmetric field is zero but the theory predicts exactly the Maxwellian electric and magnetic fields
116491269
Spherical symmetry in Rainich's theory
118513531
Instrumental methods for professional and amateur collaborations in planetary astronomy
Amateur contributions to professional publications have increased exponentially over the last decades in the field of planetary astronomy. Here we review the different domains of the field in which collaborations between professional and amateur astronomers are effective and regularly lead to scientific publications.We discuss the instruments, detectors, software and methodologies typically used by amateur astronomers to collect the scientific data in the different domains of interest. Amateur contributions to the monitoring of planets and interplanetary matter, characterization of asteroids and comets, as well as the determination of the physical properties of Kuiper Belt Objects and exoplanets are discussed.
18463726
Odin observations of water in molecular outflows and shocks
Aims: We investigate the ortho-water abundance in outflows and shocks in order to improve our knowledge of shock chemistry and of the physics behind molecular outflows. 
Methods: We used the Odin space observatory to observe the H2O(110-101) line. We obtain strip maps and single pointings of 13 outflows and two supernova remnants where we report detections for eight sources. We used RADEX to compute the beam averaged abundances of o-H2O relative to H2. In the case of non-detection, we derive upper limits on the abundance. 
Results: Observations of CO emission from the literature show that the volume density of H2 can vary to a large extent, a parameter that puts severe uncertainties on the derived abundances. Our analysis shows a wide range of abundances reflecting the degree to which shock chemistry affects the formation and destruction of water. We also compare our results with recent results from the SWAS team. 
Conclusions: Elevated abundances of ortho-water are found in several sources. The abundance reaches values as high as what would be expected from a theoretical C-type shock where all oxygen, not in the form of CO, is converted to water. However, the high abundances we derive could also be due to the low densities (derived from CO observations) that we assume. The water emission may in reality stem from high density regions much smaller than the Odin beam. We do not find any relationship between the abundance and the mass loss rate. On the other hand, there is a relation between the derived water abundance and the observed maximum outflow velocity. 
 
Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes) and Centre National d'Etude Spatiale (CNES). 
 
The Swedish ESO Submillimetre Telescope (SEST) located at La Silla, Chile was funded by the Swedish Research Council (VR) and the European Southern Observatory. It was decommissioned in 2003. Appendix B is only available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org
56156920
CHESS, Chemical Herschel surveys of star forming regions:Peering into the protostellar shock L1157-B1
The outflow driven by the low-mass class 0 protostar L1157 is the prototype of the so-called chemically active outflows. The bright bowshock B1 in the southern outflow lobe is a privileged testbed of magneto-hydrodynamical (MHD) shock models, for which dynamical and chemical processes are strongly interdependent. We present the first results of the unbiased spectral survey of the L1157-B1 bowshock, obtained in the framework of the key program "Chemical Herschel Surveys of Star Forming Regions" (CHESS). The main aim is to trace the warm and chemically enriched gas and to infer the excitation conditions in the shock region. The CO 5-4 and H2O lines have been detected at high-spectral resolution in the unbiased spectral survey of the HIFI-Band 1b spectral window (555-636 GHz), presented by Codella et al. in this volume. Complementary ground-based observations in the submm window help establish the origin of the emission detected in the main-beam of HIFI, and the physical conditions in the shock.}{Both lines exhibit broad wings, which extend to velocities much higher than reported up to now. We find that the molecular emission arises from two regions with distinct physical conditions: an extended, warm (100K), dense (3e5 cm-3) component at low-velocity, which dominates the water line flux in Band~1; a secondary component in a small region of B1 (a few arcsec) associated with high-velocity, hot (> 400 K) gas of moderate density ((1.0-3.0)e4 cm-3), which appears to dominate the flux of the water line at 179mu observed with PACS. The water abundance is enhanced by two orders of magnitude between the low- and the high-velocity component, from 8e-7 up to 8e-5. The properties of the high-velocity component agree well with the predictions of steady-state C-shock models.
119101179
The methanol lines and hot core of OMC2-FIR4, an intermediate-mass protostar, with Herschel/HIFI*
In contrast with numerous studies on the physical and chemical structure of low- and high-mass protostars, much less is known about their intermediate-mass counterparts, a class of objects that could help to elucidate the mechanisms of star formation on both ends of the mass range. We present the first results from a rich HIFI spectral dataset on an intermediate-mass protostar, OMC2-FIR4, obtained in the CHESS (Chemical HErschel Survey of Star forming regions) key programme. The more than 100 methanol lines detected between 554 and 961 GHz cover a range in upper level energy of 40 to 540 K. Our physical interpretation focusses on the hot core, but likely the cold envelope and shocked regions also play a role in reality, because an analysis of the line profiles suggests the presence of multiple emission components. An upper limit of 10^(-6) is placed on the methanol abundance in the hot core, using a population diagram, large-scale source model and other considerations. This value is consistent with abundances previously seen in low-mass hot cores. Furthermore, the highest energy lines at the highest frequencies display asymmetric profiles, which may arise from infall around the hot core.
7878763
Limits on the early afterglow phase of gamma-ray burst sources from TAROT-1
The Telescope a Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires (TAROT-1) has as prime objective the observation of the prompt and delayed emission of cosmic gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We have performed a search for optical emission from 6 GRBs detected by BATSE. The positioning error circle was fully covered within typically thirty minutes after the trigger. No detection of the early afterglow phase was made, and magnitude limits in the range of $ \\mathrm{m}_{\\mathrm{R}} = 13-15 $ were estimated using 20s exposures. These limits are compared to optical afterglow data obtained in later phases and the results are interpreted in terms of source distances. They correspond to a median redshift of z = 0.5. With HETE-2 and the planned instrument upgrade, TAROT-1 will be able to detect the early optical emission of GRBs up to a redshift of the order of 5.