46225869
An analysis of the role of tRNA species as primers for the transcription into DNA of RNA tumor virus genomes.
11606238
Hepatitis delta virus.
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a sub-viral agent that is dependent for its life cycle on hepatitis B virus (HBV). The help it obtains from HBV is limited to the sharing of envelope proteins. These proteins are needed to facilitate the assembly of the HDV genome into new virus particles, and in turn, to allow the attachment and entry of HDV into new host cells. In other respects, the replication of the small single-stranded circular RNA genome of HDV is independent of HBV. HDV genome replication produces two forms of a RNA-binding protein known as the long and small delta antigens (Ag). All other proteins needed for HDV genome replication, especially the RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity, are provided by the host cell. This mini-review article is a mixture of personal perspective and speculations about the future of HDV research. It starts with a brief overview of HDV and its replication, notes some of the major unresolved questions, and directs the interested reader to more detailed reviews.
12985098
A note on the incorporation of amino acids by hamster embryo cells in monolayer culture.
28296194
Retrovirus Genome Replication: Priming Specificities of Plus-Strand DNA Synthesis
SUMMARY The retroviral reverse transcriptase is a multifunctional protein. Not only does it contain both RNA- and DNA-directed DNA synthesis activities but also it contains an endonuclease activity necessary for the integration of viral RNA and a RNase H. This latter activity can reduce to oligoribonucleotides viral RNA that has been reverse transcribed into minus-strand DNA. However, during avian retrovirus genome replication it does this in a highly specific manner so as to generate a specific 12-base primer for plus-strand DNA synthesis. Even though many other oligoribonucleotides are also made there is an efficient selection of the specific primer followed by its efficient utilization in plus-strand DNA synthesis, and subsequent removal. We have used a reconstructed system to gain an understanding of the factors that contribute towards these observed specificities.
27724235
Avian RNA tumor virus DNA before and after integration into the host genome.
33501684
Tumor virus ribonucleic acid directed deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis: nucleotide sequence at the 5' terminus of nascent deoxyribonucleic acid.
37270274
Evidence for a genetic etiology of early-onset delinquency.
Age at onset of antisocial behavior discriminates persistent and transitory offenders. The authors proposed that early-onset delinquency has an underlying genetic influence that manifests in problems related to inhibition, whereas late-onset delinquency is more environmentally mediated. To test these notions, they selected 36 early starters, 86 late starters, and 25 nondelinquent controls from a large sample of 11-year-old twins and compared them on several measures related to inhibition and a peer group measure. As expected, early starters had more psychological, behavioral, and emotional problems related to inhibition than late starters and controls. A longitudinal analysis indicated an increase an antisocial behavior among peers of late starters shortly before their delinquency onset. Family history data and a twin analysis provided evidence of greater genetic influence on early-onset than late-onset delinquency.
18174120
Inference for magnitudes and delays of responses in the FIAC data using BRAINSTAT/FMRISTAT.
We used straightforward linear mixed effects models as described in Worsley et al. together with recent advances in smoothing to control the degrees of freedom, and random field theory based on discrete local maxima. This has been implemented in BRAINSTAT, a Python version of FMRISTAT. Our main novelty is voxel-wise inference for both magnitude and delay (latency) of the hemodynamic response. Our analysis appears to be more sensitive than that of Dehaene-Lambertz et al. Our main findings are greater magnitude (1.08% +/- 0.17%) and delay (0.153 +/- 0.035 s) for different sentences compared to same sentences, together with a smaller but still significantly greater magnitude for different speaker compared to same speaker (0.47% +/- 0.08%).
19711359
Clues to function in gene deserts.
Recent work by Ivan Ovcharenko and colleagues has shed new light on the functional importance of gene deserts. They demonstrate that sequence conservation levels separate gene deserts into stable (more conserved) and variable classes. Both classes exhibit characteristics suggestive of function. The stable deserts in particular show features suggesting a role in the complex regulation of core vertebrate genes.
35383077
SmartShape™ technology. Modifying the shape of the beef cuberoll and the consumer response to shaped scotch fillet steaks.
SmartShape™ is a novel meat processing technology that uses air pressure to compress and elongate whole cold-boned primals and packages them to retain form. A two stage study was conducted. The first stage established the ability of the SmartShape™ treated beef cube roll (m. longissimus lumborum) to retain shape in a commercial setting. Twelve hours chilling time following treatment was found to be adequate for steaks to retain their shape for up to 24h after slicing. Steak shape and size did not change substantially until after cooking, when the steaks looked less formed. In the second stage a survey was conducted of 421 consumers to clarify the response to the shaping of a subset of raw and cooked scotch fillet steaks. There was no difference in preference for shaped or control steaks. A secondary survey found that informed consumers were more amenable to the SmartShape™ scotch fillet steaks presented here, but would not pay a premium for them.
32905395
On the precipice of great things: the current state of UK nurse education.
The significant policy changes in UK health care over the past decade have led to a consequent shift in the delivery of nurse education to ensure the development and sustainability of a knowledgeable nursing workforce. One of the most recent, radical and important initiatives is Modernising Nursing Careers, which outlined four key priority areas for nursing, all of which have implications for nurse education. In light of this initiative, we explore the extent to which the modernisation of nursing careers is rhetoric or reality for UK nurse education - we are on the precipice of great change. To facilitate this, we move chronologically through the issues of recruitment and access; pre-registration preparation; and post-qualification education and careers. In discussing these issues, we demonstrate that more changes are needed to produce nurses who are flexible, visionary and prepared to take risks. We suggest that vision, leadership and strong realignment with health priorities are needed to bring nurse education to a point where nurses are truly prepared for the demands of a 21st century health service.