671264
Patterns of Multimodal Input Usage in Non-Visual Information Navigation
Multimodal input is known to be advantageous for graphical user interfaces, but its benefits for non-visual interaction are unknown. To explore this issue, an exploratory study was conducted with fourteen sighted subjects on a system that allows speech input and hand input on a touchpad. Findings include: (1) Users chose between these two input modalities based on the types of operations undertaken. Navigation operations were done primarily with touchpad input, while non-navigation instructions were carried out primarily using speech input. (2) Multimodal error correction was not prevalent. Repeating a failed operation until it succeeded and trying other methods in the same input modality were dominant error-correction strategies. (3) The modality learned first was not necessarily the primary modality used later, but a training order effect existed. These empirical results provide guidelines for designing non-visual multimodal input and create a comparison baseline for a subsequent study with blind users.
13960729
Multimodal user input patterns in a non-visual context
How will users choose between speech and hand inputs to perform tasks when they are given equivalent choices between both modalities in a non-visual interface? This exploratory study investigates this question. The study was conducted using AudioBrowser, a non-visual information access for the visually impaired. Findings include: (1) Users chose between input modalities based on the type of operations undertaken. Navigation operations primarily used hand input on the touchpad, while non-navigation instructions primarily used speech input. (2) Surprisingly, multimodal error correction was not prevalent. Repeating a failed operation until it succeeded and trying other methods in the same input modality were dominant error-correction strategies. (3) The modality learned first was not necessarily the primary modality used later, but a training order effect existed. These empirical results provide implications for designing non-visual multimodal input dialogues.
1385145
Simulation based deadlock analysis for system level designs
In the design of highly complex, heterogeneous, and concurrent systems, deadlock detection and resolution remains an important issue. In this paper, we systematically analyze the synchronization dependencies in concurrent systems modeled in the Metropolis design environment, where system functions, high level architectures and function-architecture mappings can be modeled and simulated. We propose a data structure called the dynamic synchronization dependency graph, which captures the runtime (blocking) dependencies. A loop-detection algorithm is then used to detect deadlocks and help designers quickly isolate and identify modeling errors that cause the deadlock problems. We demonstrate our approach through a real world design example, which is a complex functional model for video processing and a high level model of function-architecture mapping.
10962331
PCA-Based Face Recognition in Infrared Imagery: Baseline and Comparative Studies
Techniques for face recognition generally fall into global and local approaches, with the principal component analysis (PCA) being the most prominent global approach. We use the PCA algorithm to study the comparison and combination of infrared and typical visible-light images for face recognition. We examine the effects of lighting change, facial expression change and passage of time between the gallery image and probe image. Experimental results indicate that when there is substantial passage of time (greater than one week) between the gallery and probe images, recognition from typical visible-light images may outperform that from infrared images. Experimental results also indicate that the combination of the two generally outperforms either one alone. This is the only study that we know of to focus on the issue of how passage of time affects infrared face recognition.
38430290
3-NASH is PPAD-Complete
In this paper, we improve a recent result of Daskalakis, Goldberg and Papadimitriou on PPAD-completeness of 4-Nash, showing that 3-Nash is PPAD-complete.
10227949
Analysis of nonsmooth vector-valued functions associated with second-order cones
Abstract.Let be the Lorentz/second-order cone in . For any function f from to , one can define a corresponding function fsoc(x) on by applying f to the spectral values of the spectral decomposition of x∈ with respect to . We show that this vector-valued function inherits from f the properties of continuity, (local) Lipschitz continuity, directional differentiability, Fréchet differentiability, continuous differentiability, as well as (ρ-order) semismoothness. These results are useful for designing and analyzing smoothing methods and nonsmooth methods for solving second-order cone programs and complementarity problems.
15165209
A PCA-Based Vehicle Classification Framework
Due to its great practical importance, Intelligent Transportation System has been an active research area in recent years. In this paper, we present a framework that incorporates various aspects of an intelligent transportation system with its ultimate goal being vehicle classification. Given a traffic video sequence, the proposed system first proceeds to segment individual vehicles. Then the extracted vehicle objects are normalized so that all vehicles are aligned along the same direction and measured at the same scale. Following the preprocessing step, two classification algorithms - Eigenvehicle and PCA-SVM, are proposed and implemented to classify vehicle objects into trucks, passenger cars, vans, and pick-ups. These two methods exploit the distinguishing power of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) at different granularities with different learning mechanisms. Experiments are conducted to compare these two methods and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.