56046915
The PLASMONX Project for advanced beam physics experiments
The Project PLASMONX is well progressing into its design phase and has entered as well its second phase of procurements for main components. The project foresees the installation at LNF of a Ti:Sa laser system (peak power > 170 TW), synchronized to the high brightness electron beam produced by the SPARC photo-injector. The advancement of the procurement of such a laser system is reported, as well as the construction plans of a new building at LNF to host a dedicated laboratory for high intensity photon beam experiments (High Intensity Laser Laboratory). Several experiments are foreseen using this complex facility, mainly in the high gradient plasma acceleration field and in the field of monochromatic ultra-fast X-ray pulse generation via Thomson back-scattering. Detailed numerical simulations have been carried out to study the generation of tightly focused electron bunches to collide with laser pulses in the Thomson source: results on the emitted spectra of X-rays are presented. CPA 100 TW-CLASS LASER SYSTEM While the SPARC Project is in its commissioning phase at LNF, where the first high brightness electron beams produced by the SPARC photo-innjector are under characterization [1], its long term upgrade, based on the project PLASMONX, has entered its acquisition phase, after completion of the design of the system [2]. The first phase, after approval by INFN, is aimed at building at LNF a 100 TW-class laser system as the core system of a High Intensity Laser Laboratory (HILL), and a final goal of constituting a national facility merging advanced technologies and expertises in high brightness electron beams and high intensity laser beams, as well as plasma wave formation, control and diagnostics. Under this respect, the collaboration between INFN and CNR-IPCF is considered to be strategic to the realization of the final phase of the facility, where synchronized electron and photon beams of ultra-high performances, in terms of brightness, intensity and brevity will be driven to interact in several fashions, in order to allow investigations of high gradient acceleration techniques and/or X-ray production via Thomson back-scattering in the spontaneous incoherent mode or, eventually, in the coherent collective mode. The proposed time schedule for this initiative is tightly correlated with the progress of the SPARC project: according to this schedule, final completion of the SPARC&PLASMONX facility is foreseen by the year 2009. The proposed laser system [3] must have unique performances in terms of power, pulse duration, flexibility and reliability: it will be installed inside the dedicated HILL building at LNF, located just outside the underground SPARC bunker. The laser system, based upon the C.P.A. technique, will deliver 100 TW, laser pulses at 10 Hz rep. rate. The 5 J laser pulses will be transported uncompressed from the HILL laboratory down into the SPARC bunker. The proposed system combines the reliability of established Ti:Sa technology with novel additional devices aimed at overcoming known issues typical of large Ti:Sa systems. One of these issues concerns the power contrast ratio, namely the ratio between the main CPA pulse and the socalled “pedestal”, a spurious precursor radiation arising from amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) by amplifiers. The block diagram of Figure 1 shows the main components of the system, including the devices necessary for ensuring the high quality of the final output. Proceedings of EPAC 2006, Edinburgh, Scotland WEPLS021 03 Linear Colliders, Lepton Accelerators and New Acceleration Techniques A13 New Acceleration Techniques 2439 The oscillator produces a 10 fs pulse that is stretched and pre-amplified by a two stage amplifier up to the 30 mJ level per pulse. Approximately half of this energy is extracted and compressed to provide a low energy beam for probing/diagnostic purposes. The remaining part of the pulse is further amplified to the 8 J level and finally compressed under vacuum. Besides the standard vacuum spatial filter necessary for beam cleaning, we plan to insert an adaptive optics before the vacuum compressor. This device will enable us to remove aberrations on the beam which may result in a poor performance of the compressor as well as poor quality of the focal spot after focusing. Concerning the control of the pulse duration, the system includes a Dazzler device which will enable correction of the spectral features of the pulse prior to stretching. These corrections are necessary in order to keep the final pulse-length well below the 100 fs level. In fact, we aim at reaching the 100 TW, contrast ratio < 10 -5 . We plan to conduct R&D on the OPCPA technique, that exploits the non-linear properties of some crystals for the amplification of optical pulses: we aim at an inherently low ASE system in which the ASE level is drastically reduced in the initial amplifier stages. In fact, it is estimated that with an OPCPA system in place, the final pulse length could be as short as 30 fs, thus leading to a peak power as high as 170 TW on target and a contrast ratio smaller than 10 -8 . Most of the proposed programme relies on the synchronisation of the laser system with the SPARC Linac and, in particular, with the photoinjector laser system. This can be done either using an electro-optics based approach or optically. In the first way the laser oscillator is synchronized with an external rf signal, by changing dynamically the oscillator cavity length: a jitter between the rf and the laser pulse of less than 1ps is typically achieved. The fully optical approach consists in synchronising the two laser systems. This can be done either by using the same oscillator for both lasers or by measuring the change in delay between the two laser pulses (i.e. using a single shot second order cross correlator) with a precision of tens of femtoseconds, and then adjust dynamically a delay line in one of the two laser system. X-RAY THOMSON SOURCE We studied the head-on collisions between the SPARC electron beam and the FLAME photon beam with the aim of producing mono-chromatic Thomson X-rays with energy tunable in the range 20-900 keV. We report here the result of the optimization study performed with startto-end simulations starting from the photocathode and producing the angular and frequency spectra of the emitted X-rays. Only the case of 20 eV photons is reported, which is of interest for a planned experiment of digital mammography using mono-chromatic X-rays. The main challenge regarding the electron beam generation is to focus down a high charge beam (1-2 nC) to focal spot sizes below 10 microns in the collision point, which in turns implies to accurately take under control emittance and energy spread of the beam itself [4]. This is necessary in order to reach high fluxes in the Xray beam, which scales like the inverse of the square of the spot size. 10 10 photons/sec is the goal of the mammography experiment, which means 10 9 photons per collision at the SPARC rep rate of 10 Hz (the FLAME laser has similar rep rate as well). Figure 1: Lay-out of the FLAME Laser System. WEPLS021 Proceedings of EPAC 2006, Edinburgh, Scotland 2440 03 Linear Colliders, Lepton Accelerators and New Acceleration Techniques A13 New Acceleration Techniques ASTRA simulations of the SPARC photo-injector operated to produce a 30 MeV electron beam to the collision point show that by properly correcting the correlated energy spread with the use of a 4-th harmonic cavity we can reach a longitudinal phase space distribution as shown in Figure 2, displaying a rms energy spread smaller than 2 . 10 -4 . Figure 2: Longitudinal phase space distribution at Linac exit. Figure 3: Beam emittance and envelope along z A careful emittance compensation performed through the injector leads to a sub-micron rms normalized transverse emittance at the final focus, as shown in Fig.3. The resulting rms focal spot size is 9 microns. This allows -4 -2 0 2 4 -80 -40 0 40 80
16425228
Measurement of the pressure dependence of air fluorescence emission induced by electrons
The fluorescence detection of ultra high energy (J10 18 eV) cosmic rays requires a detailed knowledge of the fluorescence light emission from nitrogen molecules, which are excited by the cosmic ray shower particles along their path in the atmosphere. We have made a precise measurement of the fluorescence light spectrum excited by MeV electrons in dry air. We measured the relative intensities of 34 fluorescence bands in the wavelength range from 284 to 429 nm with a high resolution spectrograph. The pressure dependence of the fluorescence spectrum was also measured from a few hPa up to atmospheric pressure. Relative intensities and collisional quenching reference pressures for bands due to transitions from a common upper level were found in agreement with theoretical expectations. The presence of argon in air was found to have a negligible effect on the fluorescence yield. We estimated that the systematic uncertainty on the cosmic ray shower energy due to the pressure dependence of the fluorescence spectrum is reduced to a level of 1% by the AIRFLY results presented in this paper.
122714679
Charge collection efficiency of an irradiated cryogenic double-p silicon detector
Abstract We present results on the measurement of the charge collection efficiency of a p + /n/p + silicon detector irradiated to 1×10 15  n/cm 2 , operated in the temperature range between 80 and 200 K. For comparison, measurements obtained with a standard silicon diode (p + /n/n + ), irradiated to the same fluence, are also presented. Both detectors show a dramatic increase of the CCE when operated at temperatures around 130 K. The double-p detector shows a higher CCE regardless of the applied bias and temperature, besides being symmetric with respect to the polarity of the bias voltage. At 130 K and 500 V applied bias the double-p detector shows a CCE of 80%, an unprecedented result for a silicon detector irradiated to such a high dose.
122796566
Cryogenic semiconductor high-intensity radiation monitors
Abstract This paper describes a novel technique to monitor high-intensity particle beams by means of a semiconductor detector. It consists of cooling a semiconductor detector down to cryogenic temperature to suppress the thermally generated leakage current and to precisely measure the integrated ionization signal. It will be shown that such a device provides very good linearity and a dynamic range wider than is possible with existing techniques. Moreover, thanks to the Lazarus effect, extreme radiation hardness can be achieved providing in turn absolute intensity measurements against precise calibration of the device at low beam flux.
54691127
A EUROPEAN PROPOSAL FOR THE COMPTON GAMMA-RAY SOURCE OF ELI-NP*
A European proposal is under preparation for the Compton gamma-ray Source of ELI-NP. In the Romanian pillar of ELI (the European Extreme Light Infrastructure) an advanced gamma-ray beam is foreseen, coupled to two 10 PW laser systems. The photons will be generated by Compton back-scattering in the collision between a high quality electron beam and a high power laser. A European collaboration formed by INFN, Univ. of Roma La Sapienza, Orsay-LAL of IN2P3, Univ. de Paris Sud XI and ASTeC at Daresbury, is preparing a TDR exploring the feasibility of a machine expected to achieve the Gamma-ray beam specifications: energy tunable between 1 and 20 MeV, narrow bandwidth (0.3%) and high spectral density, 10 4 photons/sec/eV. We will describe the lay-out of the 720 MeV RF Linac and the collision laser with the associated optical cavity, as well as the optimized beam dynamics to achieve maximum phase space density at the collision. The predicted gamma-ray spectra have been evaluated for the case at 360 MeV.
120071736
Radiation hardness of cryogenic silicon detectors
Abstract We shall review test results which show that silicon detectors can withstand at 130 K temperature a fluence of 2×10 15  cm –2 of 1 MeV neutrons, which is about 10 times higher than the fluence tolerated by the best detectors operated close to room temperature. The tests were carried out on simple pad devices and on microstrip detectors of different types. The devices were irradiated at room temperature using reactor neutrons, and in situ at low temperatures using high-energy protons and lead ions. No substantial difference was observed between samples irradiated at low temperature and those irradiated at room temperature, after beneficial annealing. The design of low-mass modules for low-temperature trackers is discussed briefly, together with the cooling circuits for small and large systems.
118438824
Four-quark hadrons: An updated review
The past decade witnessed a remarkable proliferation of exotic charmonium-like resonances discovered at accelerators. In particular, the recently observed charged states are clearly not interpretable as mesons. Notwithstanding the considerable advances on the experimental side, conflicting theoretical descriptions do not seem to provide a definitive picture about the nature of the so-called XYZ particles. We present here a comprehensive review about this intriguing topic, discussing both those experimental and theoretical aspects which we consider relevant to make further progress in the field. At this state of progress, XYZ phenomenology speaks in favor of the existence of compact four-quark particles (tetraquarks) and we believe that realizing this instructs us in the quest for a firm theoretical framework.