The contributions of biogeomorphology to the emerging field of geobiology
Biogeomorphology has developed into a well-established research field over the past 15 years, with studies examining a range of two-way interrelations between organisms and geomorphology in a variety of terrestrial and marine environments. This paper starts by defining the core biogeomorphological processes—bioerosion, bioprotection and bioconstruction. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of bioconstructional forms; providing a clear definition, examples of bioconstructions, and, crucially, examining important interactions between bioconstruction and bioerosion. Three key areas where biogeomorphological research can directly contribute to the emerging field of geobiology are identified: (1) the use of biogeomorphological approaches, combined with palaeoecological investigations and predictive modelling, in the growing field of carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation; (2) providing geomorphological expertise to support the emerging field of astrobiology and (3) the potential contributions of biogeomorphology to the blossoming field of bio-geoengineering. Some key research directions and challenges for future biogeomorphological research include: exploring how biogeomorphological studies can contribute to and benefit from collaborations with other fields of geobiology, and assisting in the development of a useful, effective interdisciplinary toolbox of methods to improve quantification of geobiological processes. Importantly, suggestions are made for potentially fruitful collaborations with geomicrobiologists, geochemists and palaeoecologists.