Analyzing mechanisms regulating diversity in rangelands through comparative studies: a case in the southwestern Pyrennees
The preservation of the floristic diversity of natural ecosystems and the maintenance of extensive livestock grazing are two of the major priorities of European Union agricultural and environmental policies. Temperate natural and seminatural grasslands are among the most threatened ecosystems in Europe. In order to establish the most appropriate management practices that prevent degradation and maintain the richness of these ecosystems, detailed analyses of the mechanisms that regulate biodiversity of the communities are particularly necessary. In this study we make a comparative analysis of the species richness and the diversity of the main rangeland communities in a widespread, heterogeneous area located in the Western Spanish Pyrennees. The nature and the contribution of perennials and annuals to the diversity patterns encountered are studied and related to the mechanisms suggested to regulate diversity in each case. Higher diversity values were reported in more environmentally stressed, xeric and moist communities. High spatial and temporal heterogeneity and low rates of competitive displacement related to the scarcity of basic resources are among the factors suggested to regulate the diversity of these communities. In areas where environmental factors are more favorable, such as perennial-dominated mesic rangelands, the enhancement of the diversity seemed more dependent on biotic disturbances, such as herbivory, that decreased the cover of perennials and favored the recruitment of short-lived species. Dispersal processes related to traditional nomadic grazing allow a flow of species from one rangeland to another but also enhance the establishment of species coming from lowland habitats. Most of the annuals enhancing the diversity of the mesic community were ruderals. The consideration of ruderals as exotics or as species belonging to this grazing ecosystem poses an interesting, controversial topic related to the ecological quality of the diversity estimated for these communities.