Use of an unmanned aircraft system to quantify NO x emissions from a natural gas boiler.
Aerial emission sampling of four natural gas boiler stack plumes was conducted using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) equipped with a lightweight sensor-sampling system (the "Kolibri") for measurement of nitrogen oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Flights (n=22) ranged from 11 to 24min in duration at two different sites. The UAS was maneuvered into the plumes with the aid of real-time CO2 telemetry to the ground operators and, at one location, a second UAS equipped with an infrared-visible camera. Concentrations were collected and recorded at 1Hz. The maximum CO2, CO, NO, and NO2 concentrations in the plume measured were 10000, 7, 27, and 1.5 ppm, respectively. Comparison of the NO x emissions between the stack continuous emission monitoring systems and the UAS-Kolibri for three boiler sets showed an average of 5.6% and 3.5% relative difference for the run-weighted and carbon-weighted average emissions, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of the accuracy performance of UAS-based emission factors against a source of known strength.