Structure and transport properties in un-doped and acceptor-doped gadolinium tungstates
Abstract Nominal Gd 6 WO 12 , Gd 5.94 Ca 0.06 WO 12 − δ , Gd 5.7 Ca 0.3 WO 12 − δ and Gd 5.7 WO 12 − δ were synthesized by solid state reaction and wet chemistry methods. The structure and morphology of the materials were analyzed by XRD, SEM and TEM and the electrical conductivity was measured as a function of temperature in reducing and oxidizing atmospheres under wet and dry conditions. The total conductivity is essentially independent of composition above 700 °C. Below 700 °C, the conductivity of Ca-doped samples is higher than that of Gd 6 WO 12 and Gd 5.7 WO 12 − δ and increases with increasing doping concentration. The conductivity below 700 °C is also higher under wet compared to dry conditions and, moreover, the H–D isotope effect on the conductivity is significant. Based on this, and on conductivity characterization as a function of p O 2 and p H 2 O , it was concluded that the materials are mixed ionic and electronic conductors where electrons and holes dominate at high temperatures and intermediate temperatures under sufficiently reducing and oxidizing conditions, respectively. Protons are the predominating ionic charge carriers below approximately 700 °C. The hydrogen flux through Gd 5.7 Ca 0.3 WO 12 − δ was measured as a function of temperature under wet and dry sweep gas conditions, as well as with varying p H 2 on the feed side, confirming the picture outlined by the conductivity measurements. A defect chemical model has been derived to which the conductivity data were fitted yielding thermodynamic and transport parameters describing the functional characteristics of the materials.