Sentencing Facts: Travesties of Real-Offense Sentencing
I. REAL-OFFENSE SENTENCING, VARIANTS, AND ALTERNATIVES 526 A. Real-Offense Jurisdictions ......... 528 1. Williams v. New York 528 2. Prior acquittals 531 3. Pleas and dismissed charges 533 B. Conviction-Offense States 535 1. Conviction-offense practice. 536 2. Deviations from conviction-offense theory 538 3. Systemic impacts 540 II. THE ABSENCE OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS ....... 542 A. Real-Offense Sentencing in General . .. 542 B. The Constitution and Prior Acquittals . . 546 III. POLICY CHOICES 547 A. An Argumentfor Conviction-Offense Sentencing ........ 548 1. The affirmative case 548 2. Confronting the theoretical bases for real-offense sentencing 553 B. Future Evolution of Conviction-Offense Sentencing ..... . 565 1. Beginning theories of "conviction facts" and "sentencing facts" 565 2. A second rule of exclusion 568 3. Areas of grey 570 4. Process in conviction-offense systems 571 CONCLUSION 573