Genesis and internal architecture of the Middle to Upper Devonian Gwirat Al Hyssan reef-mound (Western Sahara)
Abstract On the southern flanks of the Tindouf Basin (Western Sahara) reefal complexes of various sizes were developed, mostly of Givetian age but possibly reaching into the early Frasnian. Surrounding sedimentary rocks were dominantly sandstones, siltstones and marls. The larger reef complexes in the northeastern part of Western Sahara show three reef cycles within the Givetian and lowermost Frasnian, interrupted by marly sedimentation. Farther to the west, more isolated reef structures in open shelf settings occur often showing smaller dimensions. The present study focuses on one of these western reefal build-ups. Besides large-scale reefs dominated by stromatoporoids (NE), several smaller bioherms have been investigated, such as the Gwirat Al Hyssan reef-mound near Smara. Initial reef growth was of late Givetian age as indicated by corals (e.g. Heliolites ). The main reef builders were the corals Alveolites , Thamnopora , Aulopora , Frechastraea , Phillipsastrea , and, to a lesser degree, Heliolites, Scoliopora, and Roemerolites . Stromatoporoids also contributed, but were less frequent. Chaetetids (e.g. Rhaphidopora ) acted as pioneer stabilizers on bare sediment surfaces. Preservation in life position was frequently observed in both groups of organisms. Crinoids are not rare, but only present as debris. In distinct areas of the reef (depressions) concentrations of brachiopods and small solitary corals occur. The reef-mound has a present elevation of 17 m and measures about 370 m in diameter. Vertical as well as horizontal zonation could be recognized in detail. The initial reef growth started on a submarine shoal of siliciclastic sediments, containing various trace fossils and sedimentary structures such as cross-bedding and wave ripples; interference ripples suggest generation in very shallow water. The initial reef-building organisms were encrusting chaetetids, followed by platy Frechastraea colonies; thamnoporids were also present. The overlying reef limestones consist of different corals and, to a minor degree, stromatoporoids. The latter are sparsely distributed vertically as well as horizontally, depending on their position within the reef. Growth forms are more robust (bulbous) towards higher hydrodynamic conditions at the southern reef front. Reef growth is interrupted by debris limestones of thamnoporid and crinoid bioclasts, intercalated with detrital platy stromatoporoids. Generally, the debris was not transported over long distances, as demonstrated by the presence of relatively large fragments. This ‘debris phase’ (early Frasnian) is overlain by the last documented stage in reef development represented by medium- to thin-bedded coral-rich limestones. The onset of the carbonate production of the Gwirat Al Hyssan reef-mound is maybe related to the global transgressive Givetian–Frasnian Boundary Event.