Abundance, morphology and chemical composition of microplastics in sand and sediments from a protected coastal area: The Mar Menor lagoon (SE Spain).
This paper presents the abundance and ubiquitous presence of microplastics in a protected coastal zone located in the southeast of Spain: The Mar Menor lagoon, an important tourist destination in this region. Seventeen sampling sites, corresponding to both intertidal and backshore points, were collected during winter 2017 and 2018, being situated in different protected areas according to international, European and Spanish environmental policies. The main objectives of the study were to examine microplastics in both protected and non-protected areas, and to test the importance of local activities on their presence. Northwest samples reported higher average microplastic concentrations than samples collected in the southeastern part of the coastal lagoon, likely due to the extensive use of sludge from wastewater treatment plants besides the fragmentation of low density polyethylene from plastic greenhouses, being microplastic films also higher for northwest than for southeast samples. Moreover, large inter-site differences observed in microplastic concentrations also demonstrated that local activities, mainly tourism and fishery, may play an important role as microplastic sources. The extensive amount of 17 different polymer types identified in this paper, much higher than most reported in similar studies, together with the variety of colors of microplastics most of them in a fragmented form (59.4%) and mainly detected in urban beaches, should be related to the geographical situation of this coastal lagoon, together with enormous environmental passives accumulated over the past 50 years. Only polyvinyl ester resins proved to be statistically higher in non-protected than in protected zones, probably related to their use in manufacturing boat hulls, although sources and pathways for microplastics are always difficult to assess. Measures to avoid microplastic pollution should be taken through educational programs, with also a clear commitment from plastic producers and transformers.