Last 1000 years of environmental history in Southern Bucovina, Romania; a high resolution multi-proxy lacustrine archive
Geo-ecological and landscape change studies at a local scale are scarce in Central-Eastern Europe and particularly 
in Romania. However, this focus is directly relevant to ecosystems and humans as both are dependent on local 
environmental changes. We perform a high-resolution, multi-proxy analysis of physical and geochemical sediment 
properties, coupled to plant macrofossil, pollen and charcoal analysis at Iezerul Sadovei Lake and present 
the first palaeoenvironmental reconstruction from Bucovina Mountains, the north-eastern Romania. The sedimentary 
record, spanning the last 950 years, is laminated throughout and reveals high intensity catchment responses 
to changes in hydrological conditions and human impact. Results show major landscape disturbances 
950 years ago and during the last 200 years. The enhanced catchment instability from the onset of sedimentation 
to 1400 CE was characterised by landsliding and subsequent erosion and related mainly to natural factors. However, 
the most recent (since c.1800 CE) environmental changes, i.e. deforestation, enhanced channel and slope 
erosion and lake in-filling are a consequence of direct human interventions. Changes in the composition and extent 
of forest cover were also driven by the combination of natural disturbances, climate variability and anthropogenic 
activities. From 1400 CE, and more clearly over the last 200 years, early successional and disturbed 
habitat taxa appeared to respond primarily to anthropogenic drivers, including forest management. The higher 
proportion of Abies alba (30%) and Fagus sylvatica (20%) in the local forest, and their dramatic decline, was recorded 
earlier (i.e., 1150 CE and 1400 CE respectively) than reported in other parts of the Romanian Carpathians. 
Using this palaeoenvironmental evidence as an analogue, projected climate changes, i.e., increased seasonal 
heavy precipitation and more frequent extreme events, superimposed on increasing human pressure are likely 
to lead to the destabilisation of the catchment through erosion and possible reactivation of landslides.