Binary stars as probes of dark substructures in dwarf galaxies
We use analytical and N-body methods to examine the survival of wide stellar binaries against repeated encounters with dark substructures orbiting in the dark matter haloes of dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs). Our models adopt cosmologically-motivated conditions wherein dSphs are dark-matter dominated systems that form hierarchically and orbit about a host galaxy. Our analytical estimates show that wide binaries are disrupted at a rate that is proportional to the local density of dark substructures averaged over the life-time of the binary population. The fact that external tides can efficiently strip dark substructures from the outskirts of dSphs implies that the present number and distribution of binaries is strongly coupled with the mass evolution of individual galaxies. Yet we show that for the range of dynamical masses and Galactocentric distances spanned by Milky Way dSphs, a truncation in the separation function at a_max <~ 0.1 pc is expected in all these galaxies. An exception may be the Sagittarius dSph, which has lost most of is dark matter envelope to tides and is close to full disruption. Our simulations indicate that at separations larger than a_max the perturbed binary distribution scales as dN/da \propto a^{-2.1} independently of the mass and density of substructures. These results may be used to determine whether the binary separation function found in dwarf galaxies is compatible with the scale-free hierarchical picture that envisions the existence of dark substructures in all galactic haloes. We show that the ACS camera on board of the Hubble telescope may be able to test this prediction in dSphs at heliocentric distances <100 kpc, even if the binary fraction amounts only 10% of the stellar population.