A paleotropical carbonate-dominated archive of carboniferous icehouse dynamics, Bird Spring Fm., Southern Great Basin, USA
Abstract Much of our far-field knowledge of glaciation and climate during the late Paleozoic ice age is built on decades of study of mixed carbonate–siliciclastic cyclothemic successions from paleotropical Euramerica. Far fewer carbonate-dominated successions have been studied despite their high sensitivity to changes in accommodation space and environmental conditions. Here we present a sequence stratigraphic framework for the carbonate-dominated Bird Spring Formation, southern Great Basin, U.S.A. and infer from it a relative sea-level history for the latest Mississippian through latest Pennsylvanian. Correlation of four successions across the paleo-platform documents changes in the lithofacies composition of meter-scale cycles, their cycle stacking patterns, and cycle bounding surfaces that record substantial variation in relative sea-level at several temporal scales during the Pennsylvanian. Ten genetic sequences bounded by intervals of restricted peritidal lithofacies, karst, terra rossa, rooted caliche and/or Protosols are recognized. Within sequences, 126 parasequences stack into parasequence sets that in turn define lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts. The stratigraphic cycle stacking patterns and across-platform architecture of systems tracts suggest a mid-Carboniferous lowstand in relative sea level followed by a middle Morrowan (middle Bashkirian) highstand as previously suggested (Bishop et al., 2010). Subsequent progradation of the platform occurred during a gradual long-term fall through the late Morrowan and Atokan (late Bashkirian–early Moscovian), upon which repeated higher frequency events were superimposed, culminating in widespread exposure across the platform proximal to the Atokan–Desmoinesian boundary. Long-term sea level increased into the mid-Desmoinesian (end-Moscovian) after which progradation (late Desmoinesian) and aggradation (Missourian–Virgilian) of shallow-water and peritidal carbonates occurred across the Bird Spring platform. The progradational-to-aggradational phase involved an abrupt shift from ramp to rimmed shelf geometry in the Missourian (Kasimovian) likely in response to progressively increasing sea level, dampened high-frequency sea level fluctuations and/or to regional faulting along the Bird Spring platform margin. Inferred magnitudes of short-term (105 yr) fluctuations superimposed on the longer-term rises and falls range from 20 to > 70 m during the early to mid-Pennsylvanian and are substantially reduced (≤ 20 m) during the late Pennsylvanian. The early to middle Pennsylvanian sea-level history inferred from the carbonate-dominated Bird Spring platform corresponds well with a recently published Pennsylvanian onlap–offlap history defined from the cyclothemic succession of the Donets Basin and with independent near-field reconstructions of glaciation during the Pennsylvanian.