Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to thrombomodulin.
Thrombomodulin (TM) is an endothelial cell surface molecule, capable of specific binding for thrombin. The thrombin/TM complex promotes activation of plasma anticoagulant protein C (PC) and negatively regulates blood coagulation. Along with anticoagulant function, TM has been shown to have additional physiological functions such as regulation of fibrinolysis, cell adhesion, tumor growth, and embryonic development. The extracellular region of TM contains a lectin domain and six epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, which are required for the various functions. To analyze the functions, we established a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive to each functional domain. We obtained MAbs that react to the lectin domain or the front half of EGF domains from the first to the third using the antigen of a transfected cell line expressing full-length TM. We also obtained MAbs that reacted to the bottom half of the EGF domain from the fourth to the sixth using the antigen of a transfected cell line expressing truncated form of TM lacking the lectin domain and the EGF domains from the first to the third. All obtained MAbs could be used for Western blotting. Endothelial cell function for PC activation can be mimicked by transfected cells positive for TM and the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR). Effects of the established MAbs on thrombin-dependent PC activation on the transfected cells were examined. Strong inhibition was demonstrated by three MAbs, which reacted to the fourth or fifth EGF domain, but not by MAbs to the other domains. The fourth EGF domain is known as the interaction site for PC, and the fifth domain is known to be required for thrombin binding. The sixth EGF domain also has been shown to be required for thrombin binding. An MAb against the domain strongly inhibited thrombin-binding. However, the MAb demonstrated little effect on thrombin dependent PC activation. The contradictory results demonstrated with the MAb to the sixth EGF domain suggest an unknown molecular mechanism for PC activation on the cell surface. A panel of MAbs reactive to each domain could be useful for analyzing the multifunctional molecule thrombomodulin.