Developing an Intervention Bridging Program for At-Risk Students before the Traditional Pre-Freshman Summer Program
This paper reports the development and implementation of a multi-year program targeting a cohort of at-risk pre-freshmen. The program, called BOSS Camp (Business Opportunities for Success School), was designed to motivate, acculturate and encourage economically disadvantaged pre-freshman to attend college and become business majors. The process of developing, implementing and adapting the BOSS Camp program is described. Program participants report that participation in the Camp has markedly increased their self-confidence and increased intentions to attend college. ********** Pre-freshman summer bridge programs have been noted for some time to be instrumental in acculturating and orienting at-risk students to increase success and retention in universities (c.f., Rita and Bacote 2005). Typically, bridge programs are held the summer between their senior year in high school and their freshman year in college. The program will include academic as well as socialization skills necessary for success. Summer bridging programs report higher grades and retention rates for participants than at-risk students that do not participate. Tinto's (1975) Social Integration Theory and Bean's (1980) Student Attrition Model are most commonly cited as the theoretical basis for the development of these programs. In these models, positive experiences with the university and academic preparation prior to beginning the freshman year have positive influences on retention and attitudes. However, as effective as summer bridge programs are, they assist only at-risk students that are already accepted and enrolled in higher education. As Reed (1978) points out in his discussion of best practices guidelines, pre-freshman programs need to be established as far back over time as possible in order to imprint the expected behavior and anticipated academic challenges required to allow time for the preparation of academic skills. Additionally, Kahn and Nauta (2001) suggest that though confidence in one's academic ability is modified during the college experience, it is primarily formed prior to college and is an important predictor of persistence. In this paper we describe an ongoing bridging program that started in the 9th grade of the college freshman cohort class of 2007 of at-risk students in Mississippi. BOSS Camp BOSS Camp is one of several camps funded though a United States Department of Education Gear Up Grant in Mississippi. The Gear Up grant seeks to follow a high school student cohort which represents the 2007 incoming university freshman class. The grants used to cover the BOSS Camp costs are on a year to year competitively funded nature An overriding principle of the Gear Up program is to involve as many at-risk students as possible from economically disadvantaged counties over three years in a university immersion experience. BOSS Camp intentions incorporate the overall goal and include a concerted effort to provide at-risk students a taste of university life and exposure to skills that are needed to excel in the university environment as well as a chosen career (e.g., Durodoye and Bodley 1997; Green, McCord, and Westbrooks 2005). Based on the aforementioned literature regarding at-risk students, the camp was designed to 1) increase interest in attending college, 2) provide exposure to the university academic environment, 3) advise campers of the importance of preparing for college, and, 4) increase camper's self-confidence through interactions with multiple facets of the university environment. We sought to achieve these goals through a series of intertwined, academically oriented modules designed to present university and life experiences students would likely encounter during their college career. We present an overview of the conduct of these camps as a potential template for others. Year One The initial Request for Proposals (RFP) was announced in January of 2004 for camps to be held that summer. …