Research Progress on Environmental Exposure Levels and Environmental Fate of Veterinary Antibiotics
Veterinary antibiotics are widely used in livestock and poultry industry as therapeutic drugs and feed additives.Based on the usage comparison of four types of antibiotics such as tetracyclines,sulfonamides,quinolones,macrolides commonly used in veterinary medicine worldwide,the usage was ranked as China(Asia) United States(North America)South Korea(Asia) European countries(Denmark,England) Kenya(Africa) New Zealand(Oceania),and the proportion of antibiotics for different kinds of use varied in different countries. Contamination levels of four kinds of veterinary antibiotics in various environmental media were reviewed,and main factors on environmental exposure levels of veterinary antibiotics considering their environmental behavior in different exposure matrices were summarized. At present,veterinary antibiotic exposure researches mainly focuse on one single environmental media,and more attentions are needed on the intrinsic link between mechanism of the environment vertical exposed chain and actual measured data,for seeking an approach to reduce veterinary antibiotic environmental pollution.