Are paleoclimate estimates biased by foliar physiognomic responses to increased atmospheric CO2
Abstract Physiognomic analysis of fossil angiosperm leaves has provided an important quantitative database of Tertiary terrestrial paleoclimate. However, atmospheric CO 2 level, a critical control on plant growth, may have been higher in the Tertiary. It is thus crucial to investigate whether elevated CO 2 affects leaf physiognomy. In this study, leaves were collected from white oak ( Quercus alba L.) seedlings grown in open-top growth chambers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The only physiognomic change noted is an increase in length to width ratio with increasing CO 2 . In the literature, leaf size has been observed to increase, decrease or remain unchanged for woody C 3 species grown in elevated CO 2 . Typically, one sees more variation due to microsite or phenotype than due to CO 2 level. By applying these observed physiognomic trends to two fossil floras, it is argued that estimates of mean annual temperature and growing season precipitation may be biased on the order of 1°C and 20 cm, respectively. These are relatively small effects, as the values are similar to the standard errors of the regression models used to estimate paleoclimate. The lack of data, the variability of response to CO 2 associated with microsite and phenotype, and the question of whether observed short-term trends with elevated CO 2 are sustained make it impossible to propose a correction factor. Adequate sample size and sampling of several sites are the best way to attempt to compensate for CO 2 effects on a given fossil flora until response to CO 2 is better understood.