Stimulation of Erythrocyte Cell Membrane Scrambling by Mitotane
Background: Mitotane (1,1-dichloro-2-[o-chlorophenyl]-2-[p-chlorophenyl]ethane), a cytostatic drug used for the treatment of adrenocortical carcinomas, is effective by triggering tumor cell apoptosis. In analogy to apoptosis of nucleated cells, eryptosis is the suicidal death of erythrocytes, which is typically paralleled by cell shrinkage and breakdown of cell membrane phosphatidylserine asymmetry with subsequent phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis may be triggered by increase of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The present study tested, whether treatment of human erythrocytes with mitotane is followed by eryptosis. Methods: [Ca2+]i was estimated from Fluo3 fluorescence, cell volume from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine exposure from annexin V binding, and hemolysis from hemoglobin release. Results: Exposure to mitotane (≥ 5 µg/ml ≈ 16 µM) significantly increased [Ca2+]i, increased annexin V binding and triggered hemolysis, but did not significantly modify forward scatter. The effect on annexin V binding was significantly blunted in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Within 30 min Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin (1 µM) decreased forward scatter, an effect virtually abolished in the presence of mitotane (15 µg/ml). Conclusions: Mitotane increases [Ca2+]i with subsequent phosphatidylserine translocation. By the same token mitotane inhibits Ca2+ induced cell shrinkage.