Cytokine modulation, oxidative stress and thymic dysfunctions: Role of age‐related changes in the experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection: Age‐related thymic dysfunctions and Trypanosoma cruzi infection
Abstract Aging is linked with a thymic oxidative damage and some infectious diseases such as Chagas’ disease may aggravate this process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of distinct cytokines as well as the antioxidant/oxidant status of the thymus and thymocytes populations during Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) infection. Young (5 weeks old) and aged (18 weeks old) male Wistar rats were inoculated with blood trypomastigotes forms of the Y strain of T. cruzi. On the 16th day after T. cruzi infection, increased concentrations of transforming growth factor &bgr; (TGF‐&bgr;), interleukin (IL)‐12, IL‐17 were detected in aged infected subjects as compared to young infected ones. Interestingly, a reduction in the production of tumor necrose factor (TNF)‐&agr; was observed in aged infected rats when compared to young infected subjects. Aged‐infected rats presented increased O2− levels, compared to young counterparts. Significant raise in the generation of O2− in aged infected animals, as compared to uninfected counterparts was observed. Up‐regulated expression of Nox2 in the thymus of young and aged infected animals was observed. An increased SOD2 expression was detected in the thymus of young animals infected with T. cruzi, when compared to uninfected young rats. Aged animals showed reduced thymus weight and the number of thymocytes. Decreased percentages of SPCD4+ and SPCD8+T cells were detected in aged and control groups when compared to young counterparts. In summary, this is the first data to directly examine the influence of aging on age‐related dysfunctions during the acute phase of experimental Chagas disease. Concerning to oxidative stress, it is clear from our analysis that aged infected rats suffer a more intense oxidative damage when compared to young and infected ones. Age and infection triggered a dynamic interplay of cytokines, oxidative stress and thymic dysfunctions which led to impaired response from aged and infected rats. Such findings may have significant functional relevance in therapeutic strategies in order to reestablish the thymic immunological function which occurs in aged and T. cruzi infected subjects.