SPODOPTERA EXIGUA : MATING DISRUPTION, MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE CONCENTRATION OF PHEROMONE, AND USE OF SPECIALIST RECEPTOR CELL RESPONSES FOR COMPARISON TO FEMALE PHEROMONE EMISSION
Field experiments were conducted to evaluate Shin-Etsu Yoto-con-S® ‘rope’ pheromone dispensers applied at different site densities in cotton to determine effficacy in disrupting sexual communication and mating of beet armyworm moths, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner); obtain atmospheric measurements of the disruptant pheromone components in and away from treated areas; and relate this information to estimates of the concentration of pheromone in the near vicinity of a calling virgin female moth. The number of pheromone-dispensing sites/ha ranged from 25 with 20 ropes/site up to a total of 247 sites with 2 ropes each. A total of 112 g pheromone of a 70:30 blend of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1- ol acetate (ZETA) and(Z)-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9–14:OH) was applied/ ha. As few as 25 sites/ha effectively disrupted sexual communication by 91%, as measured by reductions of moth captures in traps baited with pheromone lures, and mating by beet armyworm females by 94% for at least 10 weeks post-treatment. The results compared favorably to an earlier large-scale field experiment in which beet armyworm larval populations were reduced 95% using 500 pheromone-dispensing sites/ha (two ropes/site) and 160 g total pheromone/ha. The airborne concentration of ZETA and Z9–14:OH measured within the pheromone-treated plots that disrupted mating was 1.5 × 1013 M and 1.2 × 1013 M, respectively. The airborne concentration of ZETA and Z9–14:OH in the vicinity of a female was estimated (by excision and electrophysiological methods) to range between 2.1 × 1011 M and 2.4 × 1012 M, respectively, in a 1.6 km / h (1 mph) wind speed. Thus, the average ZETA concentration in the treated plots was about 140 times less than that expected from a single female; the average Z9–14:OH in the treated plots was about 20 times less. The data support an argument that disruption of mating by beet armyworm resulted from an imbalance in sensory input because mating was almost completely disrupted in all of the plots for at least 10 weeks with a mixture of ZETA:Z9–14:OH that differed significantly with that from excised female sex pheromone glands. Estimates of these parameters provide a benchmark for the requisite pheromone concentration in the atmosphere to achieve a high level of mating disruption for beet armyworm and possibly other insect pest species.