An economic history of the Middle East and North Africa
Abbreviations and Symbols viii Preface xi I Challenge and Response, 1800-1980 1 Impact II Expansion of Foreign Trade 17 III Development of Transport 44 IV The Influx of Foreign Capital 62 V Migration and Minorities 77 Response VI Population, Level of Living, and Social Development 93 VII Agricultural Expansion 118 VIII Deindustrialization and Reindustrialization 150 IX Institutions and Policy, Money and Prices, Savings and Investment 170 X Petroleum: Transformation or Exposion? 194 XI The Balance Sheet 210 Statistical Appendix 229 Notes 239 Selected Bibliography 265 Subject Index 299 Index of Principal Names and Places 301