Antenatal and postnatal risk factors of obesity in children age 2-5 years old in Yogyakarta District, Indonesia
Obesity and overweight have become a health issue throughout the world, with a dramatic increase in prevalence each year. An obese child is thought to be adorable, but parents are not aware of the health risk it holds. Preventive measures by decreasing the risk factors for obesity are more effective than treating the problem. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors of obesity in antenatal and postnatal period in children in Yogyakarta District. This was an observational study with a case control design. Criteria of obesity were defined according to WHO 2006 growth chart. Subjects were children age 2 to 5 years old that were enrolled in playgroups in the Yogyakarta Distric with a targeted sample size of 41 children. Parents of children that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were given questionnaires to fill out. The results were analyzed using bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Thirty four obese children and 34 non obese children (as control) were explored for the obesity risk factors. Prematurity/gestational age (OR=16; 95%CI=3.27-78.28; p=0.001), passive smoking (OR=5.50; 95%CI=1.90-15.96; p=0.001), low birth weight (OR=7.27; 95%CI=1.45-36.47; p=0.008), eating more than 3 times daily (OR=2.19; 95%CI=1.66-2.89; p=0.007), meals that are high in lipid (OR=4.18; 95%CI=1.45-12.02; p=0.007) were shown to be risk factors for obesity in children. Factors such as picky eaters (OR=0.16; 95%CI=1.45-12.02; p=0.002), early introduction to solid food (OR=0.29; 95%CI=0.10-0.79; p=0.01), exercise (OR=0.25; 95%CI=0.06-0.32; p=0.04), and watching TV or playing video game under 2 hours daily (OR=0.30; 95%CI=0.09- 0.95; p=0.04) were identified as protective factors against obesity. By using the multivariate analysis, there were only 2 risk factors for obesity i.e. eating more than 3 times daily and prematurity/gestational age and there were only 2 protective factors i.e. exercise and introduction to solid food that remained statistically significant as independent factors influencing obesity in children aged 2 to 5 years old in the Yogyakarta District. Keywords: obesity - children age 2 to 5 years old - antenatal - postnatal - risk factors