High Glucose-Induced Podocyte Injury Involves Activation of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress
Background/Aims: The mechanisms by which high glucose (HG) results in podocyte damage remains unclear. We investigated the potential role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mTOR signaling in HG injured podocyte. Methods: In cultured mouse podocytes, cellular apoptosis was assessed using FITC-Annexin V and propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. Apoptosis-related proteins as well as the ER stress and the mTOR signals were evaluated using immunoblot assay. Results: Compared to normal glucose (NG) and osmotic mannitol (MN) control, the percentage of apoptotic cells was increased significantly in HG-treated podocytes. The levels of CHOP, Grp78, phospho-PERKThr982, and caspase-12 were increased significantly following HG treatment. The downstream effects of ER stress were obtained in HG-treated podocytes, showing upregulation of Bax, Bak and cytochrome c, and downregulation of Bcl-2. HG-induced increase of cytochrome c, Bax and active caspase-3 was prevented by both ER inhibitor sodium 4-phenylbultyrate (PBA) and CHOP siRNA (siCHOP). PBA and CHOP knockdown remarkably decreased HG-induced apoptosis. In addition, the levels of phospho-mTORSer2448 and phospho- p70S6kThr389 as well as phospho-AMPKα (a sensor of energy consumption) were increased significantly in HG-treated cells. Moreover, the Erk inhibitor U0126 prevented HG-induced mTOR activation. Increased phospho-AMPKα, CHOP and Grp78 as well as cellular apoptosis were prevented by mTOR inhibitor rapamycin in HG-treated podocytes. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that the activated mTOR by Erk1/2 results in energy consumption, which in turn leads to ER stress signaling and thus induces apoptosis in HG-treated podocytes.