Polyunsaturated fats, membrane lipids and animal longevity
Fatty acids are essential for life because they are essential components of cellular membranes. Lower animals can synthesize all four classes of fatty acids from non-lipid sources, but both omega-6 and omega-3 cannot be synthesized de novo by ‘higher’ animals and are therefore essential components of their diet. The relationship between normal variation in diet fatty acid composition and membrane fatty acid composition is little investigated. Studies in the rat show that, with respect to the general classes of fatty acids (saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) membrane fatty acid composition is homeostatically regulated despite diet variation. This is not the case for fatty acid composition of storage lipids, which responds to diet variation. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are important determinants of physical and chemical properties of membranes. They are the substrates for lipid peroxidation and it is possible to calculate a peroxidation index (PI) for a particular membrane composition. Membrane PI appears to be homeostatically regulated with respect to diet PI. Membrane fatty acid composition varies among species and membrane PI is inversely correlated to longevity in mammals, birds, bivalve molluscs, honeybees and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.