Thermogenesis, vocalization, and temperature preference of 1-day-old chicken hatchlings after cold-exposure in late embryogenesis
In a thermal gradient the preferred ambient temperature (Ta pref) of chicken hatchlings is a few degrees lower than thermoneutrality. To investigate whether a correlation may exist between Ta pref and the autonomic thermogenic capacity or not we studied a group of hatchlings (N = 15) exposed to cold at end-incubation, a procedure known to increase their postnatal thermogenesis. Chicken embryos were exposed to cold (34.5 °C instead of 38 °C) at days 18–20 of incubation. By comparison to Controls (N = 15), they hatched a few hours later, with similar body weight, body temperature, vocalization (number of sounds produced per unit time), and oxygen consumption ($$\dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$V˙O2, measured in a respirometer by an open-flow methodology). When exposed to slow cooling these hatchlings had a higher lower critical temperature (LCT) of thermoneutrality and higher $$\dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$V˙O2, and slightly higher vocalization than Controls. In a thermal gradient, Ta pref averaged 34.3 ± 0.3 °C, or 1 °C higher than in Controls (33.4 ± 0.3 °C; P < 0.05), in proportion with their higher LCT (38 ± 0.1 °C instead of 36.7 ± 0.3 °C; P < 0.001), so that the Ta pref − LCT difference (−3.6 ± 0.3 °C) was similar to Controls (−3.3 ± 0.3 °C). In conclusion, in chicken hatchlings Ta pref was lower than LCT irrespective of the magnitude of their thermogenic response. It was estimated that, at Ta pref, $$\dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$V˙O2 was ~20 % higher than at thermoneutrality. Such metabolic increase could carry some physiological advantage and the choice of Ta pref may reflect the hatchling’s needs to maintain $$\dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$V˙O2 slightly elevated.