Low social status impairs hypoxia tolerance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
In the present study, chronic behavioural stress resulting from low social status affected the physiological responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to a subsequent acute stressor, exposure to hypoxia. Rainbow trout were confined in fork-length matched pairs for 48–72 h, and social rank was assigned based on behaviour. Dominant and subordinate fish were then exposed individually to graded hypoxia (final water PO2, PwO2 = 40 Torr). Catecholamine mobilization profiles differed between dominant and subordinate fish. Whereas dominant fish exhibited generally low circulating catecholamine levels until a distinct threshold for release was reached (PwO2 = 51.5 Torr corresponding to arterial PO2, PaO2 = 24.1 Torr), plasma catecholamine concentrations in subordinate fish were more variable and identification of a distinct threshold for release was problematic. Among fish that mobilized catecholamines (i.e. circulating catecholamines rose above the 95% confidence interval around the baseline value), however, the circulating levels achieved in subordinate fish were significantly higher (459.9 ± 142.2 nmol L−1, mean ± SEM, N = 12) than those in dominant fish (130.9 ± 37.9 nmol L−1, N = 12). The differences in catecholamine mobilization occurred despite similar P50 values in dominant (22.0 ± 1.5 Torr, N = 6) and subordinate (22.1 ± 2.2 Torr, N = 8) fish, and higher PaO2 values in subordinate fish under severely hypoxic conditions (i.e. PwO2 < 60 Torr). The higher PaO2 values of subordinate fish likely reflected the greater ventilatory rates and amplitudes exhibited by these fish during severe hypoxia. At the most severe level of hypoxia, subordinate fish were unable to defend arterial blood O2 content, which fell to approximately half (0.60 ± 0.13 mL O2 g−1 haemoglobin, N = 9) that of dominant fish (1.08 ± 0.09 mL O2 g−1 haemoglobin, N = 9). Collectively, these data indicate that chronic social stress impacts the ability of trout to respond to the additional, acute stress of hypoxia.