Importance of the cervical capsular joint cartilage geometry on head and facet joint kinematics assessed in a Finite element neck model.
Finite element human neck models (NMs) aim to predict neck response and injury at the tissue level; however, contemporary models are most often assessed using global response such as head kinematics. Additionally, many NMs are developed from subject-specific imaging with limited soft tissue resolution in small structures such as the facet joints in the neck. Such details may be critical to enable NMs to predict tissue-level response. In the present study, the capsular joint cartilage (CJC) geometry in a contemporary NM was enhanced (M50-CJC) based on literature data. The M50-CJC was validated at the segment and full neck levels and assessed using relative facet joint kinematics (FJK), capsular ligament (CL) and intervertebral disc (IVD) strains, a relative vertebral rotation assessment (IV-NIC) and head kinematics in frontal and rear impact. The validation ratings at the segment level increased from 0.60 to 0.64, with improvements for modes of deformation associated with the facet joints, while no difference was noted at the head kinematic level. The improved CJC led to increased FJK rotation (188%) and IVD strain (152.2%,) attributed to the reduced facet joint gap. Further enhancements of the capsular joint representation or a link between the FJK and CL injury risk are recommended. Enhancements at the tissue level demonstrated a large effect on the IVD strain, but were not apparent in global metrics such as head kinematics. This study demonstrated that a biofidelic and detailed geometrical representation of the CJC contributes significantly to the predicted joint response, which is critical to investigate neck injury risk at the tissue level.