Participatory Sensing Meets Opportunistic Sharing: Automatic Phone to Phone Communication in Vehicles
This paper explores direct phone to phone communication (via WiFi interface) among vehicles to support participatory sensing applications. Sensing data usually contains location, speed, and fuel consumption of the car, and has a long time delay between collected and transferred to the server. Direct communication among phones aboard is important in reducing data transfer delay time and sharing participatory sensing information in an inexpensive manner. We design a practical and optimized communication mechanism for direct phone to phone data transfer among phones aboard that strategically enables phone to phone and/or phone to WiFiAP communications by optimally toggling the phones between the normal client and the hotspot modes. We take advantage of the WiFi hotspot functionality on smartphones, and hence require neither involvement of participants nor changes to existing wireless infrastructure and protocols. An analytical model is established to optimize toggling between client and hotspot modes for optimal system efficiency. We fully implement this system on off the shelf Google Galaxy Nexus and Nexus S phones. Through a 35 vehicle two month deployment study, as well as simulation experiments using the real world T drive 9,211 taxicab dataset, we show that our solution significantly reduces data transfer delay time and maintains over 80 percent system efficiency under varying system parameters.
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing