PV System Design for Off Grid Applications
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has the versatility and flexibility for developing off grid electricity system for different regions, especially in remote rural areas. While conventionally straight forward designs were used to set up off grid PV based system in many areas for wide range of applications, it is now possible to adapt a smart design approach for the off grid solar PV hybrid system. A range of off grid system configurations are possible, depending upon load requirements and their electrical properties as well as on site specific available energy resources. The overall goal of the off gird system design should be such that it should provide maximum efficiency, reliability and flexibility at an affordable price. In this chapter, three basic PV systems, i.e. stand alone, grid connected and hybrid systems, are briefly described. These systems consider different load profiles and available solar radiations. A systematic approach has then been presented regarding sizing and designing of these systems. Guidelines for selection of PV components and system sizing are provided. Battery energy storage is the important component in the off grid solar PV system. Due to load and PV output variations, battery energy storage is going to have frequent charging and discharging. So the type of battery used in a PV system is not the same as in an automobile application. Detailed guidelines for selection of battery are therefore also provided. At present, most of the world wide PV systems are operating at maximum power points and not contributing effectively towards the energy management in the network. Unless properly managed and controlled, large scale deployment of PV generators in off grid system may create problems such as voltage fluctuations, frequency deviations, power quality problems in the network, changes in fault currents and protections settings, and congestion in the network. A possible solution to these problems is the concept of active generator. The active generator will be very flexible and able to manage the power delivery as in a conventional generator system. This active generator includes the PV array with combination of energy storage technologies with proper power conditioning devices. The PV array output is weather dependent, and therefore the PV power output predictability is important for operational planning of the off grid system. Many manufacturers of PV system power condition devices are designing and developing new type of inverters, which can work for delivering the power from PV system in coordination with energy storage batteries as conventional power plant.