Concurrent Task Scheduling and Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling in a Real Time Embedded System With Energy Harvesting
Energy harvesting is a promising technique to overcome the limit on energy availability and increase the lifespan of battery powered embedded systems. In this paper, the question of how one can achieve the prolonged lifespan1 of a real time embedded system with energy harvesting capability (RTES EH) is investigated. The RTES EH comprises a photovoltaic (PV) panel for energy harvesting, a supercapacitor for energy storage, and a real time sensor node as the embedded load device. A global controller performs simultaneous optimal operating point tracking for the PV panel, state of charge (SoC) management for the supercapacitor, and energy harvesting aware real time task scheduling with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) for the sensor node, while employing a precise solar irradiance prediction method. The controller employs a cascaded feedback control structure, where an outer supervisory control loop performs real time task scheduling with DVFS in the sensor node while maintaining the optimal supercapacitor SoC for improved system availability, and an inner control loop tracks the optimal operating point of the PV panel on the fly. Experimental results show that the proposed global controller lowers the task instance drop rate by up to 63% compared with the baseline controller within the same service time (i.e. from sunrise to sunset)
IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems