Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon
This paper presents the first comprehensive assessment of historical (1990 2010) global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including consistent and harmonized calculation of mass based size distribution (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) The estimates were 10 developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where sourceand region specific technology characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a number of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, trash burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total estimate. Spatially, emissions were calculated for 170 source regions (as well as international shipping) presented for 25 global regions, and allocated to 0.5 o x 15 0.5 o longitude latitude grids. No independent estimates of emissions from forest fires and savannah burning are provided and neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads emissions are included. We estimate that global emissions of PM have not changed significantly between 1990 and 2010, showing a strong decoupling from the global increase in energy consumption and consequently, CO2 emissions but there are significantly different regional trends, with a particularly strong increase in East Asia and Africa and a strong decline in Europe, North 20 America and Pacific. This in turn resulted in important changes in the spatial pattern of PM burden, e.g. European, North American, and Pacific contributions to global emissions dropped from nearly 30% in 1990 to well below 15% in 2010, while Asia's contribution grew from just over 50% to nearly 2/3 of the global total in 2010. For all considered PM species, Asian sources represented over 60% of the global anthropogenic total, and residential combustion was the most important sector contributing about 60% for BC and OC, 45% for PM2.5 and less than 40% for PM10 where large combustion sources and 25 industrial processes are equally important. Global anthropogenic emissions of BC were estimated at about 6.6 and 7.2 Tg in 2000 and 2010, respectively, and represent about 15% of PM2.5 but for some sources reach nearly 50% i.e. transport sector. Our global BC numbers are higher than previously published owing primarily to inclusion of new sources. This PM estimate fills the gap in emission data and emission source characterization required in air quality and climate modelling studies and health impact assessments at a regional and global level, as it includes both carbonaceous and non30 carbonaceous constituents of primary particulate matter emissions. The developed emission data set has been used in several Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. doi:10.5194/acp 2016 880, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Published: 20 October 2016 c (c) Author(s) 2016. CC BY 3.0 License.