Human Capital and the Structural Integration of Polish Immigrants in Australia in the First, Second and Third Generations
ABSTRACT The Polish diaspora is one of the largest in the world. Australia's 2011 census identifies 48 611 born in Poland and 170 000 claiming Polish ancestry. Using the census, we assess the structural (socio economic) and spatial integration of the first (Poles who arrived in the post World War II period as largely displaced persons and refugees) second (their children) and third (grandchildren) generations, and compare the first generation with another cohort: the skilled first generation 'Solidarity' immigrants who arrived in the 1980s and early 1990s. Key OECD indicators of integration education attainment, proficiency in English, employment status and occupational progression, home ownership, naturalisation, return rates and patterns of residential distribution are examined. Results point to their successful integration, with high levels of labour market participation, earnings, and naturalisation, levels of spatial integration as exemplified in a Melbourne case study (where the highest proportions of those of Polish birth or ancestry reside) return migration and language retention, and levels of owner occupied housing (the 'middle class dream' higher than among Australians generally.