Depression is a risk factor for incident coronary heart disease in women: An 18 year longitudinal study.
BACKGROUND According to a recent position paper by the American Heart Association, it remains unclear whether depression is a risk factor for incident Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) We assessed whether a depressive disorder independently predicts 18 year incident CHD in women. METHOD A prospective longitudinal study of 860 women enrolled in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study (1993 2011) was conducted. Participants were derived from an age stratified, representative sample of women (20 94 years) randomly selected from electoral rolls in South Eastern Australia. The exposure was a diagnosis of a depressive disorder using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Outcomes data were collected from hospital medical records: (1) PRIMARY OUTCOME: a composite measure of cardiac death, non fatal Myocardial Infarction or coronary intervention. (2) Secondary outcome: any cardiac event (un/stable angina, cardiac event not otherwise defined) occurring over the study period. RESULTS Seven participants were excluded based on CHD history. Eighty three participants (9.6% recorded =1 cardiac event over the study period; 47 had a diagnosis that met criteria for inclusion in the primary analysis. Baseline depression predicted 18 year incidence, adjusting for (1) anxiety (adj. OR:2.39; 95% CIs:1.19 4.82) plus (2) typical risk factors (adj. OR:3.22; 95% CIs:1.45 6.93) plus (3) atypical risk factors (adj. OR:3.28; 95% CIs:1.36 7.90) This relationship held when including all cardiac events. No relationship was observed between depression and recurrent cardiac events. CONCLUSION The results of this study support the contention that depression is an independent risk factor for CHD incidence in women. Moreover, the strength of association between depression and CHD incidence was of a greater magnitude than any typical and atypical risk factor.
Journal of affective disorders