Measurement of Perceived Parental Success Standards in Sport and Relations with Athletes' Self Esteem, Performance Anxiety, and Achievement Goal Orientation: Comparing Parental and Coach Influences
The Perceived Parent Success Standards Scale (PPSSS) adapted from the Perception of Success Questionnaire constructed by Roberts et al. (1998) to measure athletes' achievement goal orientation, provides a measure of athletes' perceptions of mastery and ego oriented parental success criteria, a central component of parental motivational climate. This study focused on 543 young athletes (ages 9 16) on 82 teams in recreational basketball leagues. The PPSSS exhibited strong factorial validity, construct validity, and orthogonality between ego and mastery factors that allow for different combinations of these factors to be tested. We also compared the impact of the motivational climates created by coaches and success standards conveyed by parents on postseason athlete outcome measures of anxiety, self esteem, and achievement goal orientation. Correlational and multilevel regression analyses revealed that both coach and parent variables were significantly related to the athlete variables. However, mediational analyses indicated that parental success standards mediated relations between coach initiated climate and all of the outcome variables, reflecting the power of parental socialization processes. We discuss potential reasons for the greater parental influence shown in this and a previous study, and we suggest directions for further research as well as possible interventions that can help both coaches and parents create a more positive athletic environment for young athletes.