Synthesis of Poly Hydrazide from Canola Oil and Use as Flow Improver for Crude Oil
In this work, poly hydrazide (PH) is designed and prepared from vegetable oil, hydrazine hydrate and dichloroethane. Nitrogen atoms are fixed in the main chain of the polymers to modify the polarity. The effectiveness of the PHs on four crude oil was tested as pour point depressants as well as paraffin inhibiters. The results showed that the highest pour point reduction depression was achieved as 10.6degC. The paraffin crystal morphology studies were conducted on simulated crude oil to elucidate the mechanism of pour point reduction. Introduction Petroleum containing n paraffin waxes tends to be separated from the oil in low temperature. The waxes generally crystallize as an interlocking network of fine sheets, thereby entrapping the remaining fuel in cage like structures. The lowest temperature at which crude oil can still flow is generally known as the pour point. Crude oil contains a wide range of hydrocarbon components with extremely differing physical properties, in which the flow properties play the most important role in its production, storage, transport and refining [1, 2] Especially under deep water or in cold weather, crude oil production will encounter severe operational problems, in which the main one is a wax blockage with serious economical consequences due to possible obstruction of flow pipes or production lines [3, 4] Waxes are mixtures of hydrocarbons constituted of linear/normal chains, comprising mainly from 20 to 40 carbon atoms, in addition to alkanes with branched and cyclic chains[5,6] The lowest temperature at which crude oil can still flow is generally known as the pour point. Therefore, it is very important to minimize the adverse effects of wax on the flow properties of crude oil[7] Several options are available in practice, which include blending with lighter oil, stream heating, mechanical scraping and use of chemical additives [8] Among these methods, pretreatment of the crude oil with flow improver (FI) pour point depressants (PPD) and paraffin inhibitors (PI) are the most acceptable due to their convenience and economy [6,9,10] FIs can modify the size and shape of paraffin crystals and inhibit the formation of large crystal lattices [11] They typically have a wax like paraffinic part inclining to co crystallize with paraffin and a polar part limiting the degree of co crystallization [9,12] Polyethylene derivatives with these characteristic structures are the most popular flow improvers and pour point depressants, such as homo and copolymers of alpha olefins, ethylene vinyl acetate, alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, alkyl esters of styrene, maleic anhydride and alkyl fumarate vinyl acetate [6, 9,10,12] Although these polymers display perfect performance for many crud oil samples from global, flow improvers are very selective, in other word, no additives are sufficiently effective for every crude oil [13] besides, the long molecular chain, large molecular weight and high thermo stability is a serious problem in oil refines process [14,15] In this work, we will report the design, preparation and evaluation of new flow improver (poly hydrazide, PH) beginning with vegetable oil and hydrazine hydrate (as shown in Scheme 1) and the performance as crude oil pour point depressants and paraffin modifier were investigated. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Material Engineering and Application (ICMEA 2016) Copyright (c) 2016, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY NC license (http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by nc/4.0/ 281 Advances in Engineering Research, volume 103