Safe engineering of CAR T cells for adoptive cell therapy of cancer using long term episomal gene transfer
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a new successful treatment for refractory B cell leukemia. Successful therapeutic outcome depends on long term expression of CAR transgene in T cells, which is achieved by delivering transgene using integrating gamma retrovirus (RV) or lentivirus (LV) However, uncontrolled RV/LV integration in host cell genomes has the potential risk of causing insertional mutagenesis. Herein, we describe a novel episomal long term cell engineering method using non integrating lentiviral (NILV) vector containing a scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) element, for either expression of transgenes or silencing of target genes. The insertional events of this vector into the genome of host cells are below detection level. CD19 CAR T cells engineered with a NILV S/MAR vector have similar levels of CAR expression as T cells engineered with an integrating LV vector, even after numerous rounds of cell division. NILV S/MAR engineered CD19 CAR T cells exhibited similar cytotoxic capacity upon CD19+ target cell recognition as LV engineered T cells and are as effective in controlling tumor growth in vivo. We propose that NILV S/MAR vectors are superior to current options as they enable long term transgene expression without the risk of insertional mutagenesis and genotoxicity.
EMBO molecular medicine