Electric Vehicle Navigation System Based on Power Consumption
Electric vehicles will become a popular mode of travel when petroleum prices increase and global warming intensifies. However, the short driving range of electric vehicles remains a challenge. To avoid battery depletion, navigation systems route electric vehicles to surrounding charging stations for battery exchange or recharge. Nonetheless, zero inventories and occupied sockets may result in variable charging time and longer travel time. Conventional navigation approaches have been unable to respond to variable charging time because these approaches do not consider the charging times and energy consumption of electric vehicles. Navigation systems can manage shared information, traffic, and battery life, and can improve the mileage per kilowatthour of electric vehicles. In this paper, an electric vehicle navigation system (EVNS) based on an autonomic computing architecture and a hierarchical architecture over vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is proposed. In addition to moving energy, the proposed EVNS considers air conditioner energy to predict the state of charge (SOC) because air conditioning is the most demanding auxiliary load in electric vehicles. Moreover, this paper proposes a time dependent routing algorithm that considers shared information. The results show that the proposed EVNS method results in 31.15% and 9.52% improvements in mileage compared with the shortest path first (SPF) method and the distributed method in Manhattan, New York City, NY, USA, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed EVNS method results in 32.39% and 20.67% improvements in mileage compared with the SPF method and the distributed method in Taipei, Taiwan, respectively.
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology