Smart City, Slow City And Smart Slow City as Development Models of Modern Cities
A b s t r a k t Celem badan byla charakterystyka dwoch koncepcji rozwoju wspolczesnych miast, tj. smart city i slow city, oraz ukazanie mozliwosci ich laczenia w zaproponowanym modelu miasta slow city czerpiacym z zalozen smart city, ktory okreslono jako smart slow city. Wnioskowanie oparto glownie na przeprowadzonych studiach literaturowych (z wykorzystaniem metody analizy i krytyki pismiennictwa) ktore pozwolily syntetycznie zaprezentowac cechy dwoch przedmiotowych modeli rozwoju, bedacych podstawa do wykonania autorskiej charakterystyki modelu miasta, laczacego te dwa podejscia. Modele rozwoju miast porownano na podstawie nastepujacych cech: genezy idei rozwoju miasta, tempa zmian i zwiazanego z nim modelu zycia, glownego czynnika rozwoju miasta, glownego celu zmian, glownych aktorow, obszarow aktywnosci, specjalizacji, skali osrodkow miejskich, wizerunku miasta, poziomu polityki rozwoju, znaczenia wspolpracy, uwarunkowan lub ograniczen realizacji koncepcji rozwoju miasta. Taka proba laczenia przez wspolczesne miasta mozliwosci, jakie daja obie koncepcje rozwoju (smart city i slow city) moze sie przyczynic do kreowania przez nie wizerunku nowoczesnego miasta, tzw. smart slow city, ktore jako czlonek sieci miast Cittaslow stawiajacej na pierwszym miejscu jakosc zycia mieszkancow wykorzystuje nowoczesne rozwiazania technologiczne. Introduction Modern cities are constantly facing the dilemma of choosing the right development model which would allow them to accomplish such positive effects as: increased efficiency in utilising urban resources, increased quality of city capital, improvement of residents' level of life, development of entrepreneurship, as well as growing investment attractiveness and the city's competitiveness on local, regional or even global scales. Adopting a proper city development model which takes into account its size, specific nature, and the environment in which it functions may also result in the fact that urban resilience will grow, i.e. the city will deal better with problems of an internal character, such as the society's ageing, social exclusion, outflow of young people, drop in economic activity, increased unemployment and urban degradation, as well as improved resistance to internal disruptions such as growing competition and global crises (DROBNIAK 2015, p. 119 143) The objective of the undertaken studies was characteristics of two development concepts of modern cities, i.e. smart city and slow city, as well as showing the possibilities of uniting them in the proposed slow city model, drawing upon the assumptions of smart city, which was called the modern slow city or the smart slow city by the authors of this article. Conclusions mainly rely on the performed studies of reference literature, which allowed for a synthetic presentation of the features of the two discussed development models which form the basis for independent characteristics of the city model combining these two approaches. E. Farelnik, A. Stanowicka 360 Smart City as a City Development Concept A smart city may be defined as an area of high capacity for learning and innovation, creative, with research and development institutions, higher education, infrastructure and communication technologies, as well as a high level of management efficiency (KOMNINOS 2002, p. 1, following: STAWASZ et al. 2012, p. 98) It is worth paying attention to the fact that the smart city uses the premises of the knowledge based cities, which primarily focus on education, development of intellectual capital, lifelong learning, creativity, and preserving a high level of innovation, as well as the model of digital cities, whose development is based on advanced communication and IT technologies, and cities characterised by care for natural environment resources and use of renewable energy sources the so called eco cities (STAWASZ et al. 2012, p. 99) Smart cities are therefore distinguished by a specific approach to solving social and environmental problems, and their efficient and participatory manner of city management. The reference literature most frequently lists six dimensions making up the smart city concept (cf. e.g. STAWASZ et al. 2012, p. 100, Smart Cities Ranking of. 2007, p. 10 12) These are the following areas: smart economy: which means that cities should be characterised by high productivity, an innovative climate and labour market flexibility; smart mobility: thanks to the ICT sector, the city is a network of connections with high speed, uniting all city resources; smart environment: the city develops in line with the principles of sustainable development, uses alternative energy sources and minimises emissions of pollution to the natural environment; smart people: the initiators of changes in cities are their residents, who are the greatest value of each city, and who, with relevant technical assistance, may implement activities aimed at eliminating negative environmental effects and improving the quality of life; smart living: the city provides its residents with access to technical and social infrastructure and to the necessary public services, has an appropriate cultural and entertainment offer, and a safe and natural environment of good quality; smart governance: relying on solid cooperation of the city authorities with various entities functioning in the city, and use of modern technologies. A smart city is a city that has accomplished good and long lasting effects in the economy, human potential, management, mobility, environment and quality of life, built on the combination of smart solutions encompassing subsidies and the activities of independent and conscious residents (TOMASmart City, Slow City and Smart Slow City. 361 SZEWSKA, GLINSKA 2015, p. 384) It may be stated that cities can be called smart if the quality of life improvement is accomplished thanks to the involvement of high quality human and social capital, modern transport and ICT infrastructure, and if the city management process relies on the participatory model and principles of sustainable development. A city is smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance (CARAGLIU et al. 2011, p. 65 82) Smart cities are all urban settlements that make a conscious effort to capitalize on the new Information and Communications Technology (ICT) landscape in strategic way, seeking to achieve prosperity, effectiveness and competitiveness on multiple socio economic levels (ANGELIDOU 2014, p. 3) Smart cities initiatives try to improve urban performance by using data, information and information technology (IT) to provide more efficient services to citizens, to monitor and optimize existing infrastructure, to increase collaboration among different economic actors, and to encourage innovative business models in both the private and public sectors (MARSAL LLACUNA et al. 2014, p. 611 622) The most common characteristics of smart cities are: a city's networked infrastructure that enables political efficiency and social and cultural development; an emphasis on business led urban development and creative activities for the promotion of urban growth; social inclusion of various urban residents and social capital in urban development and the natural environment as a strategic component for the future (ALBINO 2015, p. 13) A smart city is a model, that can be used by large and smaller cities (FAZLAGIC 2015, p. 1 11) Slow City as a City Development Concept The slow city model is an alternative approach to the traditionally understood economic development of a city, based on building its competitiveness in a globalising world. In this approach, special attention is paid to the strategies of local economic development, which are meant to offer increased vitality, justice, equal development opportunities, and sustainability of the local community. The introduction of slow city principles is conducive to the improved quality of life in the city, which becomes a more friendly place to live in (MIERZEJEWSKA 2009, p. 208) The Cittaslow movement was born in 1999 from the idea of Paolo Saturnini, mayor of Greve di Chianti in Italy and mayors of other small cities, Bra, Orvieto, Positano, and the Slow Food Association; together, they established E. Farelnik, A. Stanowicka 362 the Cittaslow Association the International Network of Cities Where Living is Good. To date, this idea has found its followers in 225 member cities in 30 countries around the world (data from June 2016) (Cittaslow International Network 2016) The idea of the international Cittaslow movement is to promote a culture of good and harmonious living in smaller cities, being an alternative to big city rush and progressing globalisation. Cities associated in the network aim for sustainable development, i.e. a conscious urban policy ensuring proper relations between economic growth, care for the natural environment, and improvement in the quality of residents' life. The most important objectives of the Cittaslow movement include: the sustainable development of towns making use of local resources, improvement in the quality of residents' life by the establishment of proper urban infrastructure and leisure and recreation venues, environmental protection and promotion of pro environmental stances among residents, care for historical city areas, renovation of monuments and aesthetic appearance, promotion of local products, local handicraft and cuisine, eliminating architectural barriers that make the mobility of people with disabilities difficult, drawing upon the accomplishments of modernity and new technologies in a scope which may be used for the implementation of the objectives of cities "where living is good" streamlining the work of local administration and adjusting the work of ins