Endocrinopathies in adolescents with thalassaemia major receiving oral iron chelation therapy
Background: Endocrinopathies are common in patients with thalassaemia major (TM) despite parenteral iron chelation therapy with deferoxamine. There are only a few studies on the efficacy of oral deferiprone in preventing endocrine dysfunction. Aim: To determine the growth and endocrine complications in children with TM receiving oral iron chelation with deferiprone. Methods: All adolescents with TM receiving regular blood transfusion and deferiprone were evaluated prospectively for growth and pubertal status over a 1 year period. Tests for endocrine function included oral glucose tolerance test, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone and thyroid profile and, in those with delayed/arrested puberty, sex steroids and gonadotropins. Clonidine stimulated growth hormone (GH) was measured in patients with height 3 SD. Results: 89 patients [51 males, 38 females, mean (SD) age 13*6 (2*5) years] were evaluated. Mean (SD) pre transfusion haemoglobin was 9*2 (1*1) g/dl and the mean (SD) age of starting deferiprone was 5*1 (2*4) years. Mean (SD) ferritin was 9159 (3312) pmol/L (normal <2247) 49 (55% subjects were of short stature and 25 (27% had a height Z score 3. GH testing was performed in 19 patients, of whom 17 had peak GH values <10 mg/L. Delayed puberty and/or hypogonadism was present in 54*1% patients at or beyond the age of normal puberty. Impaired glucose tolerance/diabetes mellitus, hypoparathyroidism and primary hypothyroidism (subclinical) were present in 13*0% 10*1% and 8*9% respectively. Overall, 44 (49*4% adolescents had at least one endocrinopathy. Conclusion: Adolescents with TM on oral iron chelation therapy with deferiprone experienced a high prevalence of growth faltering and endocrinopathies which was comparable to that previously reported with deferoxamine. A combination of deferoxamine and deferiprone may be necessary to prevent growth and endocrine problems.
Paediatrics and international child health