A Century of Egyptian Women's Demands: The Four Waves of the Egyptian Feminist Movement
Abstract Purpose This chapter offers a critical outline of the Egyptian feminist movement. It traces the forms of feminist activism and the demands raised by Egyptian feminists throughout the twentieth century and into the new millennium. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the tools of feminist theory and women's history in charting a critical outline of the Egyptian women's movement and feminist activism throughout a century of Egyptian history. The study attempts to identify the main features of the movement in terms of the demands raised by women and the challenges and achievements involved within the socio political national and international contexts. Findings The Egyptian feminist movement is divided here into four waves, highlighting the intersections between feminist demands and national demands, as well as Egyptian women's struggle for their rights. The first wave is seen as focusing on women's right to public education and political representation. The second wave is marked by women's achievement of constitutional and legal rights in the context of state feminism. The third wave is characterised by feminist activism in the context of civil society organising. The fourth wave has extended its struggle into the realm of women's bodies and sexuality. Research implications/limitations The study limits itself to forms of women's agency and feminist activism in the public sphere. Originality/value This chapter is an original attempt at outlining the Egyptian women's movement based on the demands raised and challenges faced. The chapter also suggests the existence of a sense of continuity in the Egyptian women's movement.