A REVIEW PAPER ON DATA MINING CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION OF LUNG CANCER
Cancer is the most important cause of death for both men and women. The early detection of cancer can be helpful in curing the disease completely. So the requirement of techniques to detect the occurrence of cancer nodule in early stage is increasing. A disease that is commonly misdiagnosed is lung cancer. Earlier diagnosis of Lung Cancer saves enormous lives, failing which may lead to other severe problems causing sudden fatal end. Knowledge discovery and data mining have found numerous applications in business and scientific domain. Valuable knowledge can be discovered from application of data mining techniques in healthcare system. In this study, we briefly examine the potential use of classification based data mining techniques such as BFO, SVM, LDA and Neural Network to massive volume of healthcare data. The healthcare industry collects huge amounts of healthcare data which, unfortunately, are not "mined" to discover hidden information. Using generic lung cancer symptoms such as age, sex, Wheezing, Shortness of breath, Pain in shoulder, chest, arm, it can predict the likelihood of patients getting a lung cancer disease. In this paper we present an overview of the current research being carried out using the data mining techniques to enhance the lung cancer. Aim of the paper is to propose a model for early detection and correct diagnosis of the disease which will help the doctor in saving the life of the patient. Keywords Data Mining, classification, KDD, Data Mining methods. 1. Data Mining There are several applications for Machine Learning (ML) the most significant of which is data mining. Data Mining (The analysis step of the knowledge discovery in data base) a powerful new technology improved and so fast grown. It is a technology used with great potential to help business and companies focus on the most important information of the data that they have to collect to find out their customer's behaviors .Intelligent methods are applied in order to extracting data pattern, by many stages like" data selection, cleaning data integration, transformation and pattern extraction" Many methods are used for extraction data like" Classification, Regression, Clustering, Rule generation, Discovering, association Rule etc. each has its own and different algorithms to attempt to fit a model to the data. The field of data mining developed as a means of extracting information and knowledge from databases to discover patterns or concepts that are not evident. 2. KDD Data mining (DM) also known as 'knowledge discovery in databases" (KDD) is the process of discovering meaningful patterns in huge databases .The terms Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) and Data Mining are often used interchangeably. KDD is the process of turning the low level data into high level knowledge. Hence, KDD refers to the nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown and potentially International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 11 Nov 2016 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 (c) 2016, IRJET Impact Factor value: 4.45 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 1335 useful information from data in databases. While data mining and KDD are often treated as equivalent words but in real data mining is an important step in the KDD process. The following fig. 1 shows data mining as a step in an iterative knowledge discovery process. Figure 1: The KDD Process Stores data: Where data are stored in any data repository. Data integration: Multiple or heterogeneous data sources are integrated into a single unit. Data selection: Data retrieve from the database as needed for the KDD method. Data transformation: It is a process of data normalization where data are transformed and joined together into a form that is appropriate for mining process. Sub stages of this data transformation are, Data cleaning: It handles noisy, erroneous and irrelevant data. Improve data: Improve quality of data by adding new information, missing values to available data. Generalizing data: Applying operations on data in order to prepare for a machine learning approach. Data mining: This is a very important step in mining process. Here intelligent methods are applied in order to extracts data patterns. Pattern evaluation: This process is to identify the truly interesting patterns that are presented in knowledgebase. Knowledge presentation: It is final reporting of KDD process. Where visualization and knowledge representation techniques are used to represent the mined knowledge to the user. 3. DATA MINING CLASSIFICATION METHODS The data mining consists of various methods. Different methods serve different purposes, each method offering its own advantages and disadvantages. However, most data mining methods commonly used for this review are of classification category as the applied prediction techniques assign patients to either a "benign" group that is noncancerous or a "malignant" group that is cancerous and generate rules for the same. Hence, the Lung cancer diagnostic problems are basically in the scope of the widely discussed classification problems. In data mining, classification is one of the most important tasks. It maps the data in to predefined targets. It is a supervised learning as targets are predefined. The aim of the classification is to build a classifier based on some cases with some attributes to describe the objects or one attribute to describe the group of the objects. Then, the classifier is used to predict the group attributes of new cases from the domain based on the values of other attributes. The commonly used methods for data mining classification tasks can be classified into the following groups [4] 3.1. Support Vector Machine (SVM) Support vector machine (SVM) is an algorithm that attempts to find a linear separator (hyper plane) between the data points of two classes in multidimensional space. SVMs are well suited to dealing with interactions among features and redundant features. 3.2. Bacterial Foraging Optimization The bacterial foraging optimization algorithm proposed by Passion is an optimization technique which derives its idea from foraging behavior of Bacteria E. coli. The E. coli bacteria grow at a very fast rate if given suitable condition and sufficient food to grow. The E.coli bacteria moves very fast into International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 11 Nov 2016 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 (c) 2016, IRJET Impact Factor value: 4.45 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 1336 nutrient areas and tries to go away from noxious substances. The motions of bacteria are known as taxes. In Foraging theory, the objective is to search for and obtain nutrients in a fashion that energy intake per unit time (E/T) is minimized. An E.coli bacterium has 8 10 flagella placed randomly on its body with a speed of 100 200 rps. Its movement and behavior is characterized by the spinning flagella which acts as a Biological motor and helps bacteria to swim. The bacterial foraging process consists mainly of four sequential mechanisms, namely chemotaxis, swarming, reproduction and elimination dispersal 3.3 Neural Networks Neural networks (NN) are those systems modeled based on the human brain working. As the human brain consists of millions of neurons that are interconnected by synapses, a neural network is a set of connected input/output units in which each connection has a weight associated with it. The network learns in the learning phase by adjusting the weights so as to be able to predict the correct class label of the input 4. Data Mining Classification Techniques for lung Cancer detection Yongqian Qiang, YouminGuo, Xue Li, Qiuping Wang, Hao Chen, &Duwu Cuic [1] conducted clinical and imaging diagnostic rules of peripheral lung cancer by data mining technique, and to explore new ideas in the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer, and to obtain early stage technology and knowledge support of computer aided detecting (CAD) The data were imported into the database after the standardization of the clinical and CT findings attributes were identified. The diagnosis rules for peripheral lung cancer with three data mining technology is same as clinical diagnostic rules, and these rules also can be used to build the knowledge base of expert system. The demonstrated the potential values of data mining technology in clinical imaging diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Cheng Mei Chen and Chien Yeh Hsu [2] established a survival prediction model for liver cancer using data mining technology. They collected the data from the cancer patient's registration database of a medical center in Northern Taiwan between the years 2004 and 2008. A total of 227 patients were newly diagnosed with liver cancer during this time. They extracted nine variables pertaining to liver cancer survival were analyzed using ttest and chi square test through literature survey and expert consultation. Six variables showed significant. Artificial neural network (ANN) and classification and regression tree (CART) were adopted as prediction models. Dai and Xu [3] proposed dimension reduction method with respect to fuzzy gain ratio based on fuzzy rough set theory. Three data sets for real world tumors in gene expression were used. The paper proved the efficiency of their model with classification accuracy. Thangaraju P, Karthikeyan T, Barkavi G [4] conducted smoking is the biggest risk factor of lung cancer. The more years and larger number of cigarettes smoked the greater the risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of someone diagnosed with lung cancer is 65 to 70 years old, but people who are younger can develop lung cancer. Young adults who have never smoked also can develop lung cancer. Jennifer et.al [5] proposed a system that utilizes gene expression data from oligonucleotide microarrays to predict the presence or absence of lung cancer, pr