The Effect of Early Feeding and Feed Additives on Lymphoid Organs Intestinal Microbiology and Meat Peroxidation of Broiler
Early feeding of newly hatched chicks may improve immunity system and intestinal development. This trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of immediate access to nutritional supplement post hatch and feed additives on lymphoid organs, meat stability and gut microbiology of broiler chicks under commercial condition. A total of 1200 male chicks were allotted according to two group in hatchery: Fed groups received early feeding (Vitagel) during transport until 24 hours post hatch and deprived groups were restricted within transport box for 24 hours post hatch without Vitagel. In farm, the birds divided into negative control (basal diet) and positive control (Availmycin as antibiotic; Bacillus subtillis as probiotic, and Bioherbal as medicinal plants. When broiler chicks were fed immediately post hatch decreased detrimental bacteria (Clostrodium Spp and E.Coli) (P<0.05).The friendly bacteria (Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria) were not changed (P<0.05) Feed additives showed significantly reduced (p<0.001) detrimental bacteria and increased friendly bacteria (p<0.05) The interactive effect between early feeding supplement and feed additives affected intestinal microbiology (P<0.01) through increasing friendly bacteria and reducing detrimental bacteria. At market age, Immediate access to feed increased meat peroxidation (MAD) of broiler chicks in fresh samples (at one day of chilling 18 c) and stored sample (at 30day of chilling 18 c (P<0.05) while feed additives had the similar effect. Interactive effects was observed for meat stability (P<0.05) In conclusion, early feeding by Vitagel may be suitable for broiler chicks that exposure to nutritional and hatchery stresses. [Yahya Sabah Abdulameer, Mehrdad Modirsanei, Mohammad Mehdi Kiaei, Behzad Mansoori, Mohsen. The Effect of Early Feeding and Feed Additives on Lymphoid Organs, Intestinal Microbiology and Meat Peroxidation of Broiler. Life Sci J 2016;13(7):30 40] ISSN: 1097 8135 (Print) ISSN: 2372 613X (Online) http:/www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj130716.04. Key word: Initial period, nutritional supplement, Broiler meat Stability 1.Introduction The newly hatched chicks may be more acceptances to pathogens and oxidative factors because their immune system is still immature in early period of life. Delay in collection chicks from hatchery trays can culminate immunity and oxidative stress of the newly hatched chicks. Furthermore, it is believed that high yield breed, although advantage to industry, have put more problems on the growing bird, resulting in histological and biochemical conversion of the muscle tissue that are presumed to impair some biochemical traits (Petracci Cavani, 2012) Therefore the experiments which help the broiler to resist the pathogenic bacteria are desirable and beneficial to increase meat productivity and quality of meat. The studies that explain a role of delayed access to feed on body resistant of pathogens and reduced of pathogenic bacteria are limited. Previous experiments had an opinions about delayed access to feed on losing body weight, decrease development of immune organs and irregular morphology in small intestine (Uni Ferket, 2004; Yadav et al. 2010) and how early access to feed post hatch had a rapid development of cell activity that were increased skeletal growth and development of lymphoid organ and immune response (Dibner Knight, 1999; Bhanja et al. 2010) However because of unfixed nutritional requirements for neonatal chick spread of hatching time and ability of neonatal chicks to adapt quickly on exogenous feed without hen were pushed to experience of early feeding within transport boxes for attenuating stressors after hatching of broiler chickens. There are tended about using of microbial for producing some enzymes that are regarded as robust anti stress and release bioactive peptides from diverse protein to prevent of oxidative stress (Correa et al. 2011; Pan et al. 2011) Feed additives have been shown to stimulate mucosal immunity manipulation of gut function and enhanced microbial ecosystem (Gudev, et al. 2004; Life Science Journal 2016;13(7) http:/www.lifesciencesite.com 31 Mathivanan et al. 2007; Rahimi et al. 2011) of young or stressed broiler chicks. Also at present, there is a high tendency to use early feeding post hatch or feed additives like probiotic and herbal plants which contain several compounds that have antioxidant activity and considered as a simple method for improvement of oxidative stability. In addition, there are very little studies available on the effects of delayed feeding or immediate access to feed post hatch on meat stability. The efficacy of nutritional supplement (Vitagel) or feed additives in early period of life on intestinal microbiology and meat perioxdation was determined in this trial. 2.Materials and Methods The study was carried out at the University of Tehran, Animal housing unit. The study was conducted according to Tehran Home Office regulations under the Home Office project license Project No. 7509010/6/8) Experimental design: A total of 1200 broiler chickens (male) were divided into eight treatment randomly in the hatchery. The half of these treatments were given vitagel(r) that were inserted within transport boxes 10 grams/bird for 24 hours (early feeding group (EF) whereas the other treatments were restricted in transport boxes for 24 hours post hatching (delayed feeding group (DF) after 24 hours The chicks were weighed and reared in floor pens with 1.2 x 3 m in dimensions, under standard management practices and environmental condition for 40 days. Dietary treatments were as follow: 1 5) Basal diet (as controls) 2 6) Basal diet+10 mg kg Avilamycin (AB) 3 7) basal diet+20 mg kg Galipro (a commercial probiotic including Bacillus subtilis 4x10 cfu/g) (PRO) and 4 8) Basal diet+2 gr kg 1 BioHerbal (a commercial herbal mixture supplement, Pars Imen Darou Co. Tehran, Iran)(HM) The birds were fed on a starter diet (22.0 g Kg CP, 12.13 MJ ME Kg from day 1 14, a grower diet (20.5 g /Kg CP, 12.55 MJ ME/ Kg) from day 15 28, and a finisher diet (18.0 g/Kg CP, 12.76 MJ ME/ Kg) from day 29 40, respectively (Table 1, Calculated basis) Nutrients in the diets were formulated using NRC 1994. Feed and water were provided ad libitum and a continuous lighting schedule were used throughout the experimental period. Data Collection:Lymphoid organs: On day 40 of experimental, two birds from replicate were slaughtered by cervical dislocation and the abdominal cavity was opened, the lymphoid organs (intestine, Bursa of Fabricius and spleen) were separated and weighed then weight (g/kg body weight) relative to body weight were determined. Small intestines of selected birds were cleaned from mesenteric tissues, and their lengths measured with non stretchable thread and scale. Methodology of Bacteria enumeration At the end of the experiment (day 25) 10 birds from each treatments with weight of treatment mean 5% were selected and killed by cervical dislocation. Samples of ileum were obtained from the slaughtered birds Laboratory microbiological techniques using selective agar media were used for analysis. Ileum samples were homogenized in buffered peptone water and serial of decimal dilution were prepared (10 to 10 used) Selective agar media were used for numeration of target bacterial groups. Selective media were: plate count agar (Merk Company, Germany) De Man Rogosa Agar (MRC) (Biolife Company, Italia) MacConkey Agar (Merk Company, Germany) and SPS Agar (Darmstadt, Germany) were used for total bacteria count; Lacto bacillus; Bifido bacterium; Coliform and Clostridium Spp respectively. Anaerobic milieu in the anaerobic jar for Bifidiobacterium and Clostridium Spp for 48 hours. in addition, microbial populations for total bacteria and coliform were counted after aerobic incubation at 37 C for 24 hours and Lactobacillus after aerobic incubation at 37C for 48 hours. Results were expressed as log10 colony forming units per gram of ileum (log cfu/g) Oxidative stability of thigh meat from broiler chickens At 40 days of age two broilers from each replicate pen, 10 birds per treatment were killed by cervical dislocation. After 24 hours of chilling (4C) carcasses were trimmed for thigh meat by removing bones, and connective tissue. The left thigh from the respective treatments were sliced longitudinally into two equal parts, equating to 20 thigh muscle samples per treatment. Each sample was weighed, five grams from each fillet was sampled, wrapped in tinfoil, vacuum sealed and stored at 18 C for testing lipid oxidation on day one (fresh sample) and day 30, respectively. Lipid oxidation was determined as the thiobarbituric acid assay (TBARs) TBARs value is common method for measuring Malondialdehyde (MDA) (MDA is major degradation product of lipid hydroperoxidase) by using the method described by Nikos et al. (1994) The percentage of lipid oxidation was calculated by following equation: (absorbance of control absorbance of sample) absorbance of control x 100} Thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) were expressed as micrograms of malonaldehyde (MDA) per gram of meat after stored at 18C for lipid oxidation studies On day one (fresh sample) and 30, respectively. Life Science Journal 2016;13(7) http:/www.lifesciencesite.com 32 Table 1: Formulation of the diet and estimated composition of experimental basal diets Starter Grower Finisher (1 14 d) (15 28 d) (29 40 d) Ingredients (g Kg as fed basis) Corn 537.2 572.1 640.0 Soybean Meal 393.0 360.0 290.0 Vegetable Oil 25.0 28.0 30.4 Calcium Di phosphate 19.0 16.5 15.5 Calcium Carbonate 12.5 11.0 11.5