55312556
Performance test of a micro-pattern stereo detector with two gas electron multipliers
Abstract We report on the performance of a large micro-pattern detector with two gas electron multiplier foils and a two-layer readout structure at ground potential. The two readout layers each have a 406 μm pitch and cross at an effective angle of 6.7°. This structure allows for two orthogonal coordinates to be determined. Using a muon beam at CERN together with a silicon tracking system, the position resolutions of the two coordinates are measured to be 50 μm and 1 mm respectively (1 standard deviation). The muon detection efficiency for the two-dimensional space points reaches 96%. The detector was found to be well operational over a wide range in the settings of the different electrical fields.
107656092
Results of the studies on energy deposition in IR6 superconducting magnets from continuous beam loss on the TCDQ system
SummaryA single sided mobile graphite diluter block TCDQ, in combination with a two-sidedsecondary collimator TCS and an iron shield TCDQM, will be installed in front of thesuperconducting quadrupole Q4 magnets in IR6, in order to protect it and other downstreamLHC machine elements from destruction in the event of a beam dump that is not synchronisedwith the abort gap. The TCDQ will be positioned close to the beam, and will intercept theparticles from the secondary halo during low beam lifetime. Previous studies [1-4] haveshown that the energy deposited in the Q4 magnet coils can be close to or above the quenchlimit. In this note the results of the latest FLUKA energy deposition simulations for Beam 2are described, including an upgrade possibility for the TCDQ system with an additionalshielding device. The results are discussed in the context of the expected performance levelsfor the different phases of LHC operation. 1. Introduction The LHC beam dumping system includes a single sided mobile diluter block TCDQ [5],consisting of two blocks namely TCDQA and TCDQB, in combination with a secondarycollimator TCS and an iron shield TCDQM [6], installed in front of the superconductingquadrupole Q4 magnet in IR6, in order to protect it and other LHC machine elements fromdestruction in the event of a beam dump that is not synchronised with the abort gap [7]. TheTCDQ element should protect the LHC from damage from swept bunches under all conditions,in particular the arc aperture at 450 GeV, the low-beta triplet aperture and the tungsten tertiarycollimators at 7 TeV. The TCDQ must also prevent quenches of Q4, arising from spuriousparticles in the abort gap during a normal beam dump, and from particles lost from the beamhalo during regular operation.The two-jawed TCS collimator is located immediately after the TCDQ to precisely definethe horizontal beam position and to achieve higher precision collimation of secondary haloparticles from both sides. The TCS will receive a potentially high load from the secondary haloin the event of low beam lifetime. The nominal settings of the TCDQ and TCS are assumed tobe 8 and 7 s
2759886
Construction and Performance of a Micro-Pattern Stereo Detector with Two Gas Electron Multipliers
Abstract The construction of a micro-pattern gas detector of dimensions 40×10 cm 2 is described. Two gas electron multiplier foils (GEM) provide the internal amplification stages. A two-layer readout structure was used, manufactured using the same technology as the GEM foils. The strips of each layer cross at an effective crossing angle of 6.7° and have a 406 μm pitch. The performance of the detector has been evaluated in a muon beam at CERN using a silicon telescope as reference system. The position resolutions of two orthogonal coordinates are measured to be 50 μm and 1 mm , respectively. The muon detection efficiency for two-dimensional space points reaches 96%.
2362172
LHC collimation system hardware commissioning
The stored energy and intensity of the LHC beam exceed the damage level of the machine and the quench level of the magnets by far. Therefore a robust and reliable collimation system is required which prevents the quenching of the magnets during regular operation and protects the accelerator components from damage in the event of beam loss. To assure that the installed collimators will protect the machine and permit the required performance of the collider, an appropriate hardware commissioning has to be implemented. In this contribution we describe the procedures for the hardware commissioning of the LHC collimation system. These procedures will establish the required precision and reliability of collimator movements and settings before the start of beam operation.
55454565
THE FINAL COLLIMATION SYSTEM FOR THE LHC
The LHC collimation system has been re-designed over in order to address the unprecedented challenges that are faced with the 360 MJ beams at 7 TeV. The layout of the LHC has now been frozen and a final approach for collimation and cleaning has been adopted. In total 132 pure collimator locations have been reserved in the two LHC rings and can be installed in a phased approach. Up to 88 collimators of five different types will be available for initial beam operation. The system has been fully optimized for avoiding beam-induced quenches of superconducting magnets and for sufficient survival of beamline components against radioactive dose. The phased approach for LHC collimation is described, the various collimators and their functionalities are explained, and the expected system performance is summarized. Large Hadron Collider Project
27473327
Transverse impendance of LHC collimators
The transverse impedance in the LHC is expected to be dominated by the numerous collimators, most of which are made of Fibre-Reinforced-Carbon to withstand the impacts of high intensity proton beams in case of failures, and which will be moved very close to the beam, with full gaps of few millimetres, in order to protect surrounding super-conducting equipments. We present an estimate of the transverse resistive-wall impedance of the LHC collimators, the total impedance in the LHC at injection and top energy, the induced coupled-bunch growth rates and tune shifts, and finally the result of the comparison of the theoretical predictions with measurements performed in 2004 and 2006 on a prototype collimator installed in the SPS.
11289024
Through neutrino eyes.
The article discusses the uses of particles of elementary matter called neutrinos in astronomy. The article mentions the creation of the branch of science called neutrino astronomy following Nobel-prize winning detection of neutrinos emanating from the sun and a supernova by scientists Ray Davis and Masatoshi Koshiba, respectively. Scientific aspects of neutrinos are described including their ability to pass through matter and their invisibility. Neutrinos also are noted for existing in 3 so-called flavors, the electron-neutrino, the muon-neutrino, and the tau-neutrino. The use of neutrinos in astronomical observations is discussed. INSET: Fecundity of Sterile Neutrinos.
13908
NEUTRINO DECAY AND ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINOS
Abstract We reconsider neutrino decay as an explanation for atmospheric neutrino observations. We show that if the mass-difference relevant to the two mixed states νμ and ντ is very small ( −4 eV 2 ) , then a very good fit to the observations can be obtained with decay of a component of νμ to a sterile neutrino and a Majoron. We discuss how the K2K and MINOS long-baseline experiments can distinguish the decay and oscillation scenarios.
15588683
GENERALIZED NEUTRINO MIXING FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC ANOMALY
Abstract We determine the neutrino mixing and mass parameters that are allowed by the Super-Kamiokande atmospheric neutrino data in a three-neutrino model with one mass-squared difference contributing to the oscillations. We find that although ν μ → ν τ oscillations are favored, ν μ → ν e oscillations with amplitude as large as 0.18 are allowed even after accounting for the limit from the CHOOZ reactor experiment. The range of allowed parameters permit observable ν μ ↔ ν e and ν e → ν τ oscillations in future long-baseline experiments.
119113030
Searching for the Layered Structure of Space at the LHC
Alignment of the main energy fluxes along a straight line in a target plane has been observed in families of cosmic ray particles detected in the Pamir mountains. The fraction of events with alignment is statistically significant for families with superhigh energies and large numbers of hadrons. This can be interpreted as evidence for coplanar hard scattering of secondary hadrons produced in the early stages of the atmospheric cascade development. This phenomenon can be described within the recently proposed 'crystal world,' with latticized and anisotropic spatial dimensions. Planar events are expected to dominate particle collisions at a hard-scattering energy exceeding the scale {Lambda}{sub 3} at which space transitions from 3D{r_equilibrium}2D. We study specific collider signatures that will test this hypothesis. We show that the energy spectrum of Drell-Yan (DY) scattering is significantly modified in this framework. At the LHC, two jet and three jet events are necessarily planar, but four jet events can test the hypothesis. Accordingly, we study in a model-independent way the 5{sigma} discovery reach of the ATLAS and CMS experiments for identifying four jets coplanarities. For the extreme scenario in which all pp {yields} 4 jet scattering processes become coplanar above {Lambda}{sub 3}, we show that withmore » an integrated luminosity of 10(100) fb{sup -1} the LHC experiments have the potential to discover correlations between jets if {Lambda}{sub 3} {approx}< 1.25(1.6) TeV.« less
6745718
Shortcuts in extra dimensions and neutrino physics
We discuss the possibility of sterile neutrinos taking shortcuts in extra dimensions, and the consequences for neutrino oscillations. This effect influences the active‐sterile neutrino mixing and provides a possibility to accommodate the LSND evidence for neutrino oscillations together with bounds from accelerator and reactor experiments. We briefly comment on causality in such schemes.