121086751
EXISTENCE AND STABILITY OF SOLITARY WAVES IN NON-LINEAR KLEIN–GORDON–MAXWELL EQUATIONS
We prove the existence and stability of non-topological solitons in a class of weakly coupled non-linear Klein–Gordon–Maxwell equations. These equations arise from coupling non-linear Klein–Gordon equations to Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism.
14984086
EFFECTIVE DYNAMICS FOR SOLITONS IN THE NONLINEAR KLEIN–GORDON–MAXWELL SYSTEM AND THE LORENTZ FORCE LAW
We consider the nonlinear Klein–Gordon–Maxwell system derived from the Lagrangian on four-dimensional Minkowski space-time, where ϕ is a complex scalar field and Fμν = ∂μ𝔸ν - ∂ν𝔸μ is the electromagnetic field. For appropriate nonlinear potentials , the system admits soliton solutions which are gauge invariant generalizations of the non-topological solitons introduced and studied by Lee and collaborators for pure complex scalar fields. In this article, we develop a rigorous dynamical perturbation theory for these solitons in the small e limit, where e is the electromagnetic coupling constant. The main theorems assert the long time stability of the solitons with respect to perturbation by an external electromagnetic field produced by the background current 𝕁B, and compute their effective dynamics to O(e). The effective dynamical equation is the equation of motion for a relativistic particle acted on by the Lorentz force law familiar from classical electrodynamics. The theorems are valid in a scaling regime in which the external electromagnetic fields are O(1), but vary slowly over space-time scales of , and δ = e1 - k for as e → 0. We work entirely in the energy norm, and the approximation is controlled in this norm for times of .
5019493
Single spin asymmetries of inclusive hadrons produced in electron scattering from a transversely polarized 3 He target
We report the first measurement of target single-spin asymmetries (AN) in the inclusive hadron production reaction, e + 3He↑→h+X, using a transversely polarized 3 He target. This experiment was conducted at Jefferson Lab in Hall A using a 5.9-GeV electron beam. Three types of hadrons (π±, K± and proton) were detected in the transverse hadron momentum range 0.54 < pT < 0.74 GeV/c. The range of xF for pions was -0.29 < xF< -0.23 and for kaons -0.25 < xF<-0.18. The observed asymmetry strongly depends on the type of hadron. A positive asymmetry is observed for π+ and K+. A negative asymmetry is observed for π–. The magnitudes of the asymmetries follow |Aπ –|<|Aπ +|<|AK +|. The K– and proton asymmetries are consistent with zero within the experimental uncertainties. The π+ and π– asymmetries measured for the 3He target and extracted for neutrons are opposite in sign with a small increase observed as a function of pT.