119602068
Phenomenological Lagrangians in quantum field theory
ConclusionsIn the foregoing sections we have shown how one can construct an effective interaction in a theory of quantized fields and we have considered some of its properties. Above all, it should be noted that the concept of an effective interaction arises naturally in field theory and, as follows from Section 2, an effective action can always be constructed from given Green's functions. This quantity gives an exhaustive characterization of the theory, i.e., it can be used to recover all the Green's functions [information about the two-point Green[s function is excluded from the functional S in Eq. (13)]. The effective action is not only a natural but, in a number of problems, a helpful concept. We have already mentioned how the functional S' defined by Eq. (14) is the most adequate quantity for the description of spontaneous symmetry breaking [2]. in accordance with Section 3 it is just this quantity (or rather, its limiting value) that characterizes the classical limit and the corresponding classical action (in the case of massless fields). Finally, it is the symmetry of the phenomenological action that is experimentally observable. This is especially important for so-called nonlinear realizations of symmetries that relate vertices with a different number of ends since, in this case, one does not, strictly speaking, know the relationships between the unrenormalized coupling constants (the symmetry of a quantizable Larrangian) and the renormalized coupling constants (the symmetry of the effective Lagrangian) because of the unrenormalizable nature of the interaction.
121712241
On non-local effects in strong interactions
Abstract The qualitative indications of non-locality in strong interactions are pointed out for two types of non-local theories.
14101091
On superselection rules for macroscopic objects
It is shown that for "ideal" macroscopic objects there are superselection rules forbidding superpositions of macroscopically distinguishable states of the objects. For real macroscopic bodies the notion of "weak" superselection rules is introduced. Some other aspects of the measurement problem are discussed.
119040808
Quantum mechanics and the cosmological constant
It is shown that in the model [3,4] of quantum mechanics besides probability amplitudes, the Planck constant and the Fock space, the cosmological constant also appear in the natural way. The Poisson brackets are generalized for the case of kinetics.
122065137
String-like excitations in QED
The evolution of string-like excitations of fields (exponential line integrals) in free QED and in QED with static sources is investigated. It is shown that these excitations are not stable. They break down into electromagnetic radiation and the Coulomb field. The results are compared with calculations in the lattice QED.
122556456
Quantization of the electromagnetic field
The question of a canonical quantization of the electromagnetic field as a system with two primary constraints is analyzed. Attention is focused on the following aspects of the problem: 1) the conditions on physical states; 2) the "old" and "new" Gupta formalisms; 3) the interpretation of the operators , ; 4) the vacuum in quantum electrodynamics. The starting point for the analysis is Dirac's quantization recipe for systems with constraints. It is shown that the Fermi formalism with a condition on the physical states is completely correct.
136742334
MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRICAL CHARGE DISTRIBUTION VARIATIONS ON FUSED SILICA
122762219
Investigation of effects associated with variation of electric charge on a fused silica test mass
Variation of electric charge on dielectric mirrors can produce excess noise in interferometric gravitational wave detectors. Charge located on the end face of a fused silica cylinder suspended as a torsion pendulum was measured using a multistrip capacitive probe. Two types of behaviour of this system were found in long-term measurements of the free decay pendulum amplitude and voltage from the probe. The first behaviour was characterized by the slow decrease of the pendulum amplitude corresponding to Q = (6–8) × 107 and the slow change of the averaged voltage from the probe corresponding to the charging of the test mass with a rate of the order of 104e/cm2 day. The second behaviour was characterized by the presence of jumps in the amplitude and the probe voltage in which these values changed several orders faster than in the first case. We did not find coincidences between these jumps and signals from plastic scintillators installed around the vacuum chamber to detect cosmic ray showers.