111125409
LHC COLLIMATION EFFICIENCY DURING COMMISSIONING
The design of the LHC collimation system requires understanding and maximizing the ultimate performance with all collimators. However, for the commissioning of the LHC it is important to analyze the collimation efficiency with certain subsets of collimators, with increased collimator gaps and relaxed set-up tolerances. Special studies on halo tracking and energy deposition have been performed in order to address this question. The expected cleaning performance and intensity limits are discussed for various collimation scenarios which might be used during commissioning of the LHC.
2156470
Performance reach of the "phase 1" LHC collimation system
State-of-the-art tracking tools have been developed for detailed LHC collimation and beam loss studies. This includes full chromatic treatment of both beam lines and error models. This paper reviews the main results on the performance reach of the multi-stage LHC collimation system that is being installed in the LHC. Limitations on the allowed proton loss rates and the stored intensity can be derived from the comparison of local losses with estimated quench limits for the superconducting magnets. The origins of the cleaning-related performance limitations are presented and possible improvements are discussed.
2759886
Construction and Performance of a Micro-Pattern Stereo Detector with Two Gas Electron Multipliers
Abstract The construction of a micro-pattern gas detector of dimensions 40×10 cm 2 is described. Two gas electron multiplier foils (GEM) provide the internal amplification stages. A two-layer readout structure was used, manufactured using the same technology as the GEM foils. The strips of each layer cross at an effective crossing angle of 6.7° and have a 406 μm pitch. The performance of the detector has been evaluated in a muon beam at CERN using a silicon telescope as reference system. The position resolutions of two orthogonal coordinates are measured to be 50 μm and 1 mm , respectively. The muon detection efficiency for two-dimensional space points reaches 96%.
2362172
LHC collimation system hardware commissioning
The stored energy and intensity of the LHC beam exceed the damage level of the machine and the quench level of the magnets by far. Therefore a robust and reliable collimation system is required which prevents the quenching of the magnets during regular operation and protects the accelerator components from damage in the event of beam loss. To assure that the installed collimators will protect the machine and permit the required performance of the collider, an appropriate hardware commissioning has to be implemented. In this contribution we describe the procedures for the hardware commissioning of the LHC collimation system. These procedures will establish the required precision and reliability of collimator movements and settings before the start of beam operation.
27473327
Transverse impendance of LHC collimators
The transverse impedance in the LHC is expected to be dominated by the numerous collimators, most of which are made of Fibre-Reinforced-Carbon to withstand the impacts of high intensity proton beams in case of failures, and which will be moved very close to the beam, with full gaps of few millimetres, in order to protect surrounding super-conducting equipments. We present an estimate of the transverse resistive-wall impedance of the LHC collimators, the total impedance in the LHC at injection and top energy, the induced coupled-bunch growth rates and tune shifts, and finally the result of the comparison of the theoretical predictions with measurements performed in 2004 and 2006 on a prototype collimator installed in the SPS.
55572949
CRITICAL HALO LOSS LOCATIONS IN THE LHC
Results of simulations with all movable elements of the LHC collimation system [1] are discussed for various operation modes. Compared to previous results, the placing of additional collimators reduced the beam losses by a factor 10 in the ideal machine case, i.e. nominal collimators settings for both 450 GeV and 7 TeV beam energies. First results for Beam 2 are also reviewed. The sensitivity of the system to free orbit oscillations is addressed. These results show that it is sufficient to use a limited number of beam loss monitors (BLMs) for the setup and optimization of the LHC Collimation System.
119418846
Boxing with neutrino oscillations
We develop a characterization of neutrino oscillations based on the coefficients of the oscillating terms. These coefficients are individually observable; although they are quartic in the elements of the unitary mixing matrix, they are independent of the conventions chosen for the angle and phase parametrization of the mixing matrix. We call these reparametrization-invariant observables {open_quotes}boxes{close_quotes} because of their geometric relation to the mixing matrix, and because of their association with the Feynman box diagram that describes oscillations in field theory. The real parts of the boxes are the coefficients for the {ital CP}- or {ital T}-even oscillation modes, while the imaginary parts are the coefficients for the {ital CP}- or {ital T}-odd oscillation modes. Oscillation probabilities are linear in the boxes, so measurements can straightforwardly determine values for the boxes (which can then be manipulated to yield magnitudes of mixing matrix elements). We examine the effects of unitarity on the boxes and discuss the reduction of the number of boxes to a minimum basis set. For the three-generation case, we explicitly construct the basis. Using the box algebra, we show that {ital CP} violation may be inferred from measurements of neutrino flavor mixing even when the oscillatory factors have averaged.more » The framework presented here will facilitate general analyses of neutrino oscillations among n{ge}3 flavors. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
118842478
Can relic neutrinos be observed
Within the framework of big-bang cosmology and the standard electroweak model, it appears that the only possibly detectable interaction of relic neutrinos is their annihilation with cosmic ray neutrinos on the Z resonance. However, measurement will require the existence of a large density of z approx. > 5 red-shifted sources with intense neutrino emission in the energy region 10/sup 21/eV/sup 2//m/sub nu/.
14054232
An evaluation of the exposure in nadir observation of the JEM-EUSO mission
We evaluate the exposure during nadir observations with JEM-EUSO, the Extreme Universe Space Observatory, on-board the Japanese Experiment Module of the International Space Station. Designed as a mission to explore the extreme energy Universe from space, JEM-EUSO will monitor the Earth's nighttime atmosphere to record the ultraviolet light from tracks generated by extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays. In the present work, we discuss the particularities of space-based observation and we compute the annual exposure in nadir observation. The results are based on studies of the expected trigger aperture and observational duty cycle, as well as, on the investigations of the effects of clouds and different types of background light. We show that the annual exposure is about one order of magnitude higher than those of the presently operating ground-based observatories.
119095759
Searching for Dark Matter at the LHC with a Mono-Z
We investigate a mono-Z process as a potential dark matter search strategy at the LHC. In this channel a single Z boson recoils against missing transverse momentum, attributed to dark matter particles, $\chi$, which escape the detector. This search strategy is related, and complementary to, monojet and monophoton searches. For illustrative purposes we consider the process $q\bar{q} -> \chi\chi Z$ in a toy dark matter model, where the Z boson is emitted from either the initial state quarks, or from the internal propagator. Among the signatures of this process will be a pair of muons with high pT that reconstruct to the invariant mass of the Z, and large amounts of missing transverse energy. Being a purely electroweak signal, QCD and other Standard Model backgrounds are relatively easily removed with modest selection cuts. We compare the signal to Standard Model backgrounds and demonstrate that, even for conservative cuts, there exist regions of parameter space where the signal may be clearly visible above background in future LHC data, allowing either new discovery potential or the possibility of supplementing information about the dark sector beyond that available from other observable channels.
119332898
Neutrino Decay as an Explanation of Atmospheric Neutrino Observations
We show that the observed zenith angle dependence of the atmospheric neutrinos can be accounted for by neutrino decay. Furthermore, it is possible to account for all neutrino anomalies with just three flavors. A decay model for Majorana neutrinos appears consistent with big-bang nucleosynthesis and supernova constraints. The decay model is testable in the near future. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}