37815893
Covariant phase-space representation for localized light waves.
1673726
Symmetries Shared by the Poincaré Group and the Poincaré Sphere
Henri Poincare formulated the mathematics of Lorentz transformations, known as the Poincare group. He also formulated the Poincare sphere for polarization optics. It is shown that these two mathematical instruments can be derived from the two-by-two representations of the Lorentz group. Wigner’s little groups for internal space-time symmetries are studied in detail. While the particle mass is a Lorentz-invariant quantity, it is shown to be possible to address its variations in terms of the decoherence mechanism in polarization optics.
668406
Quantization of electromagnetic fields in a circular cylindrical cavity
We present a quantization procedure for the electromagnetic field in a circular cylindrical cavity with perfectly conducting walls, which is based on the decomposition of the field. A new decomposition procedure is proposed; all vector mode functions satisfying the boundary conditions are obtained with the help of this decomposition. After expanding the quantized field in terms of the vector mode functions, it is possible to derive the Hamiltonian for this quantized system.
73571003
Time separation as a hidden variable to the Copenhagen school of quantum mechanics
The Bohr radius is a space‐like separation between the proton and electron in the hydrogen atom. According to the Copenhagen school of quantum mechanics, the proton is sitting in the absolute Lorentz frame. If this hydrogen atom is observed from a different Lorentz frame, there is a time‐like separation linearly mixed with the Bohr radius. Indeed, the time‐separation is one of the essential variables in high‐energy hadronic physics where the hadron is a bound state of the quarks, while thoroughly hidden in the present form of quantum mechanics. It will be concluded that this variable is hidden in Feynman’s rest of the universe. It is noted first that Feynman’s Lorentz‐invariant differential equation for the bound‐state quarks has a set of solutions which describe all essential features of hadronic physics. These solutions explicitly depend on the time separation between the quarks. This set also forms the mathematical basis for two‐mode squeezed states in quantum optics, where both photons are observable,...
14939249
Coupled Harmonic Oscillators and Feynman's Rest of the Universe
According to Feynman, the universe consists of two parts - the system in which we are interested and the rest of the universe which our measurement process does not reach. Feynman then formulates the density matrix in terms of the observable world and the rest of the universe. It is shown that coupled harmonic oscillators can serve as an illustrative example for Feynman's ``rest of the universe.'' It is pointed out that this simple example has far-reaching consequences in many branches of physics, including statistical mechanics, measurement theory, information theory, thermo-field dynamics, quantum optics, and relativistic quantum mechanics. It is shown that our ignorance of the rest of the universe increases the uncertainty and entropy in the system in which we are interested.
1320799
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions in polarization optics.
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions are manifestations of the internal space-time symmetries of massive and massless particles, respectively. It is shown to be possible to produce combinations of optical filters which exhibit transformations corresponding to Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions. This is possible because the combined effects of rotation, phase-shift, and attenuation filters lead to transformation matrices of the six-parameter Lorentz group applicable to Jones vectors and Stokes parameters for polarized light waves. The symmetry transformations in special relativity lead to a set of experiments which can be performed in optics laboratories.
45178947
Monojets from family unification.
Any model in which the neutrino mass matrix violates the Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani mechanism can give monojets. The Z can decay into one heavy and one light neutrino, with the heavier neutrino decaying into a jet. If the heavier neutrino is sufficiently light, this mechanism has not been ruled out by recent searches at PEP and PETRA for monojet signatures. Such monojets arise naturally in the SO(18) model of family unification. In this model we predict additional unusual events, which result from the purely leptonic decay of the heavier neutrino.
16050754
Cosmological constant and soft terms in supergravity.
Some of the soft supersymmetry breaking parameters in the hidden sector supergravity model depend on the expectation value of the hidden sector scalar potential, [l angle][ital V][sub [ital h]][r angle], whose tree level value is equal to the tree level cosmological constant. The current practice of calculating soft parameters assumes that [l angle][ital V][sub [ital h]][r angle]=0. Quantum correction to the cosmological constant can differ from the correction to [l angle][ital V][sub [ital h]][r angle] by an amount of order [ital m][sub 3/2][sup 2][ital M][sub Pl][sup 2]/8[pi]. This implies that, for the vanishing cosmological constant, the [l angle][ital V][sub [ital h]][r angle]-dependent parts of soft terms can be sizable, and hence the supergravity phenomenology should be accordingly modified.
40381102
Interaction of stopped antiprotons with copper.
A natural Cu target was irradiated with the antiproton beam from the Low Energy Antiproton Ring facility at CERN. The 105 MeV/[ital c] [ital [bar p]] beam was completely slowed down inside a thick target producing many radioactive products. Starting shortly after the irradiation and continuing for about one year, this residual activity was counted using off-line gamma-ray spectroscopy techniques. The yields of 40 radioactive reaction products were determined. The charge dispersion and complete mass yield distribution were deduced using a well-established fitting procedure. The shape of the mass yield and, in particular, the average number of removed nucleons, the dispersion of the mass distribution, and its logarithmic slope characterize the average energy deposited during the antiproton-nucleus interaction. We compare these quantities with similar data gathered for other projectiles interacting with natural Cu targets. These comparisons indicate that the average excitation energy of the system formed after the stopped antiproton annihilation is similar to the average excitation energy following 2-GeV proton interaction with Cu nuclei. The observed mass distribution is also compared with the intranuclear cascade calculations.
14237353
epsilon b constraints on the minimal SU(5) and SU(5) x U(1) supergravity models.
We have performed a systematic analysis to compute the one-loop electroweak corrections to the [ital Z][r arrow][ital b[bar b]] vertex in terms of [epsilon][sub [ital b]] and [ital R][sub [ital b]] in the context of the minimal SU(5) and no-scale SU(5)[times]U(1) supergravity models. With the measured top mass, [ital m][sub [ital t]]=174[plus minus]10[sub [minus]12][sup +13] GeV, recently announced by CDF, we use the latest CERN LEP data on [epsilon][sub [ital b]] and [ital R][sub [ital b]] [[equivalent to][Gamma]([ital Z][r arrow][ital b[bar b]])/[Gamma]([ital Z][r arrow]hadrons)] in order to constrain further the two models. We find that the present LEP data on [epsilon][sub [ital b]] and [ital R][sub [ital b]] constrain the two models rather severely. Especially the low-tan[beta] region is constrained more severely. tan[beta][approx lt]2.5 (4.0) is excluded by [epsilon][sub [ital b]] at 90% C.L. for [ital m][sub [ital t]][approx gt]170 [180] GeV in the minimal SU(5) [no-scale SU(5)[times]U(1)] supergravity. An even more stringent constraint comes from [ital R][sub [ital b]]. It excludes tan[beta][approx lt]4.0 at 90% C.L. for [ital m][sub [ital t]][approx gt]160 [170] GeV in the minimal SU(5) [no-scale SU(5)[times]U(1)] supergravity. We also find that the sign on [mu] in the two models can be determined from [epsilon][sub [italmore » b]] and [ital R][sub [ital b]] at 90% C.L.« less
16180271
Is a heavy quark axion necessarily a hadronic axion?
We show that heavy quark axion is not necessarily a hadronic axion, which manifests in the quark and lepton seesaw mechanism. We introduce a heavy $SU(2)$ singlet fermion for each known fermion in order to unify the axion scale and the seesaw scale. The light quarks and leptons gain their masses by the seesaw mechanism. Even though our axion model gives a kind of heavy quark axion, the axion has tree level lepton--axion coupling suppressed by $F_a$, contrary to a widely known belief that heavy quark axions are hadronic.