119359448
Binary breakup: Onset of multifragmentation and vaporization in Ca-Ca collisions
The incomplete fusion, onset of multifragmentation and vaporization is studied in Ca-Ca collisions at bombarding energies between $20\char21{}1000A\mathrm{MeV}$ and at impact parameters between $b=0$ and ${b}_{\mathrm{max}}.$ The simulations of Ca-Ca are performed using the quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) model. We find incomplete fusion events at $E/A=20\char21{}30\mathrm{MeV}.$ With an increase in the bombarding energy, the multiplicity of fragments first increases to a maximum value and then decreases for central and semi-central collisions. This peak in the multiplicity of fragments shifts towards higher energies for light mass fragments compared to intermediate mass fragments. The peak in the fragment production can be related to a critical point where onset of the fragmentation starts. The light mass fragment production at a given incident energy does not show any rise and fall in the multiplicity with a change in the impact parameter. The IMF production at higher energies $(g~150A$ MeV), however, has a clear rise and fall in their multiplicity.
118406564
Effect of the symmetry energy on nuclear stopping and its relation to the production of light charged fragments
We present a complete systematics (excitation function, impact parameter, system size, isospin asymmetry, and equations of state dependences) of global stopping and fragment production for heavy-ion reactions in the energy range between 50 and 1000 MeV/nucleon in the presence of symmetry energy and an isospin-dependent cross section. It is observed that the degree of stopping depends weakly on the symmetry energy and strongly on the isospin-dependent cross section. However, the symmetry energy and isospin-dependent cross section has an effect of the order of more than 10% on the emission of light charged particles (LCP's). It means that nuclear stopping and LCP's can be used as a tool to get the information of an isospin-dependent cross section. Interestingly, the LCP's emission in the presence of symmetry energy is found to be highly correlated with the global stopping.
116891254
Production of light and intermediate mass fragments using various clusterization algorithms
For the present analysis we simulate the reaction 129Xe 54+197Au79 at E=50 MeV/nucleon respectively[3]. This reaction is simulated at different impact parameters using hard equation of state. The stored phase space is then analyzed by using MST, MSTP and MSTB algorithms. MSTB and MSTP identifies the free nucleons as early as possible. In the two cases, a check in the form of binding energy and momentum cut helps to identify the fragments quite early. The normal MST takes quite a long time to identify the stable fragments which are residual of excited fragments.
119288476
Influence of charge asymmetry and isospin dependent cross-section on nuclear stopping
Using the isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics model, we study the effect of charge asymmetry and isospin dependent cross-section on nuclear stopping and multiplicity of free nucleons and LMF’s. Simulations were carried out for the reactions 124 Xm + 124 Xm, where m varies from 47 to 59 and for 40 Yn+ 40 Yn, where n varies from 14 to 23. Our study shows that nuclear stopping as well as the production of LMF’s depend strongly on the isospin of the cross-section.
118085314
Rapidity distribution dependence of the transition energy in heavy-ion collisions
For the present analysis, simulations are carried out for thousand of events for the reaction of 79Au197 + 79Au197 at semi-central geometry using a hard equation of state. The whole of the analysis is performed for light charged particles (LCP's). The transition from in-plane to out-of-plane is observed only when the mid-rapidity region is included in the rapidity bin otherwise no transition is observed. The transition energy is found to be strongly dependent on the size of the rapidity bin. The transition energy is parameterized with a straight line interpolation.
117335698
Effect of isospin dependent cross-section on nuclear stopping
Nuclear stopping in heavy ion collisions (HIC) has been studied by means of rapidity distribution and asymmetry of nucleon momentum distribution. It is an important quantity in determining the outcome of a reaction. Fen Fu {\it et al.,} \cite{2} calculate both the radial flow and the degree of nuclear stopping in Pb + Pb and Ni + Ni at 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 GeV/neucleon. They found that the expansion velocity as well as the degree of nuclear stopping are higher in the heavier system at all energies.
14488849
Inflaton decay in de Sitter spacetime
We study the decay of scalar fields, in particular the inflaton, into lighter scalars in a de Sitter spacetime background. After providing a practical definition of the rate, we focus on the case of an inflaton interacting with a massless scalar field either minimally or conformally coupled to the curvature. The evolution equation for the expectation value of the inflaton is obtained to one loop order in perturbation theory and the decay rate is recognized from the solution. We find the remarkable result that this decay rate displays an equilibrium Bose-enhancement factor with an effective temperature given by the Hawking temperature H/2{pi}, where H is the Hubble constant. This contribution is interpreted as the {open_quotes}stimulated emission{close_quotes} of bosons in a thermal bath at the Hawking temperature. In the context of new inflation scenarios, we show that inflaton decay into conformally coupled massless fields slows down the rolling of the expectation value. Decay into Goldstone bosons is also studied. Contact with stochastic inflation is established by deriving the Langevin equation for the coarse-grained expectation value of the inflaton field to one-loop order in this model. We find that the noise is Gaussian and correlated (colored) and its correlations are related tomore » the dissipative ({open_quotes}decay{close_quotes}) kernel via a generalized fluctuation-dissipation relation. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
119575325
Viscous Fluid Cosmology in Bianchi Type-I Space-Time
The paper presents a spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-I cosmological model consisting of a dissipative fluid. The field equations are solved explicitly by using a law of variation for mean Hubble parameter, which is related to average scale factor and yields a constant value for deceleration parameter. We find that the constant value of deceleration parameter describes the different phases of the evolution of universe. A barotropic equation of state (p=γρ) together with a linear relation between shear viscosity and expansion scalar, is assumed. It is found that the viscosity plays a key role in the process of the isotropization of the universe. The presence of viscous term does not change the fundamental nature of initial singularity. The thermodynamical properties of the solutions are studied and the entropy distribution is also given explicitly.
116887728
Sensitivity of elliptical flow in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions
The detailed analysis of excitation function of elliptical flow by taking into account the nature of equation of state, nucleon-nucleon cross sections as well as momentum dependent interactions is performed within Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD)model. All the observables are found to sensitive towards the elliptical flow. The transition energy is found to be decrease with increase in the size of the fragment in the presence of static equation of state as well as with large cross sections, while, trend gets opposite when momentum dependent interactions are included. At last, the experimental data is verified with static hard equation of state in the presence of large cross sections.
121681055
Inhomogeneous and intrinsic damping of giant dipole resonance in hot rotating nuclei with A ~ 150
High-energy gamma rays in the range of ~4–28 MeV were measured in the reaction 28Si+124Sn at E(28Si) ~ 185 MeV in coincidence with low-energy gamma ray multiplicities and evaporation residues. The centroid energy and width of the giant dipole resonance were extracted for various multiplicity windows from the statistical model analysis. These extracted widths, along with those from an earlier measurement at E(28Si) ~ 149 MeV, show a discrepancy with the results of a calculation under the thermal shape fluctuation model which describes the inhomogeneous damping of the resonance. An empirical form of the temperature and angular momentum dependence of the width, describing the data at both the beam energies, has been derived. The present results suggest that the contributions from both the inhomogeneous damping and the intrinsic collisional damping processes should be included.
120764089
Bianchi Type-I Space-Time with Variable Cosmological Constant
A spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-I perfect fluid model is considered with variable cosmological constant. Einstein’s field equations are solved by using a law of variation for mean Hubble’s parameter, which is related to average scale factor and that yields a constant value of deceleration parameter. An exact and singular Bianchi-I model is presented, where the cosmological constant remains positive and decreases with the cosmic time. It is found that the solutions are consistent with the recent observations of type Ia supernovae. A detailed study of physical and kinematical properties of the model is carried out.