5490143
A Probabilistic Earley Parser as a Psycholinguistic Model
In human sentence processing, cognitive load can be defined many ways. This report considers a definition of cognitive load in terms of the total probability of structural options that have been disconfirmed at some point in a sentence: the surprisal of word wi given its prefix wo...i-1 on a phrase-structural language model. These loads can be efficiently calculated using a probabilistic Earley parser (Stolcke, 1995) which is interpreted as generating predictions about reading time on a word-by-word basis. Under grammatical assumptions supported by corpus-frequency data, the operation of Stolcke's probabilistic Earley parser correctly predicts processing phenomena associated with garden path structural ambiguity and with the subject/object relative asymmetry.
5567072
Surprising Parser Actions and Reading Difficulty
An incremental dependency parser's probability model is entered as a predictor in a linear mixed-effects model of German readers' eye-fixation durations. This dependency-based predictor improves a baseline that takes into account word length, n-gram probability, and Cloze predictability that are typically applied in models of human reading. This improvement obtains even when the dependency parser explores a tiny fraction of its search space, as suggested by narrow-beam accounts of human sentence processing such as Garden Path theory.
431369
The Information-Processing Difficulty Of Incremental Parsing
When an incremental parser gets the next word, its expectations about upcoming grammatical structures can change. When a word greatly constrains these grammatical expectations, uncertainty is reduced. This elimination of possibilities constitutes information processing work. Formalizing this notion of information processing work yields a complexity metric that predicts human repetition accuracy scores across a systematic class of linguistic phenomena, the Accessibility Hierarchy of relativizable grammatical relations.
7472011
PCFGs with Syntactic and Prosodic Indicators of Speech Repairs
A grammatical method of combining two kinds of speech repair cues is presented. One cue, prosodic disjuncture, is detected by a decision tree-based ensemble classifier that uses acoustic cues to identify where normal prosody seems to be interrupted (Lickley, 1996). The other cue, syntactic parallelism, codifies the expectation that repairs continue a syntactic category that was left unfinished in the reparandum (Levelt, 1983). The two cues are combined in a Treebank PCFG whose states are split using a few simple tree transformations. Parsing performance on the Switchboard and Fisher corpora suggests that these two cues help to locate speech repairs in a synergistic way.
33691505
Guest Editorial: Secur(e/ity) Management: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Continuing political and military events, the accelerating frequency of cyber attacks on commercial and noncommercial enterprises, and revelations about management protocol and platform insecurities underscore the substantial risks associated with network, systems and application management. Through management systems, rogues can grab the keys to an enterprise’s IT kingdom. Security has become an essential feature—not an after-thought—for all IT aspects of an enterprise. Enterprises are increasingly at risk for cyber attack on mission critical resources as well as on the systems managing them. At stake are lost revenue, business continuity, competitive advantage, reputation with existing and prospective clients, and ultimately business survival. To complicate matters, enterprises are embracing business strategies to integrate their IT systems and resources with those of external partners. Assurance is needed that an enterprise will not be compromised by vulnerable management systems and components, internal or external. This special issue has been designed to capture the dual aspects of security and management, namely management of security and security for management.
14508115
Redacting Digital Information from Electronic Devices
Redaction is the process of removing privileged information from a document before it is presented to other parties. This paper discusses the major issues associated with the redaction of digital information from electronic devices. A novel technique involving a tokenized representation is presented as a solution to digital redaction in legal proceedings.
15214066
A genetic algorithm for fragment allocation in a distributed database system
In this paper we explore the distributed database allocation problem, which is intractable. We also discuss genetic algorithms attd how they have been used successfully to solve combinatorial problems. Our experimental results show the GA to be far superior to the greecly heuristic in obtaining optimal and near optimal fragment placements for the allocation problem with various data sets.
753928
Policy mediation for multi-enterprise environments
Existing software infrastructures and middleware provide uniform security services across heterogeneous information networks. However few, if any, tools exist that support access control policy management for and between large enterprise information networks. Insiders often exploit gaps in policies to mount devastating attacks. This paper presents a Policy Machine and Policy Mediation Architecture for coordinating diverse policies in large information networks. The language-based approach adopted by each of these technologies permits local and global access control policy validation with static analysis and other formal techniques. Together the Policy Machine and Policy Mediation Architecture comprise an effective system for closing policy gaps in multi-enterprise environments.