46688174
Diffusion of Gases in Air and Its Affect on Oxygen Deficiency Hazard Abatement
Density differences between air and released gases of cryogenic systems have been used to either require special oxygen deficiency hazard (ODH) control measures, or as a means of abatement. For example, it is not uncommon to assume that helium spills will quickly collect at the ceiling of a building or enclosure and will efficiently exit at the nearest vertical penetration or vent. Oxygen concentration reduction was found to be detectable during a localized helium spill throughout the entire 6.3 km Tevatron tunnel. This prompted us to perform diffusion tests in air with common gases used at Fermilab. The tests showed that gases, more readily than expected, diffused through an air column in the direction opposing buoyancy. Test results for helium and sulfur hexafluoride are presented. A system of tests were performed to better understand how easily released gases would fully mix with air and whether they remained fully mixed. The test results have been applied to a new system at Fermilab for ODH abatement.
44121878
Numerical Model for Conduction-Cooled Current Lead Heat Loads
Current leads are utilized to deliver electrical power from a room temperature junction mounted on the vacuum vessel to a superconducting magnet located within the vacuum space of a cryostat. There are many types of current leads used at laboratories throughout the world; however, conduction-cooled current leads are often chosen for their simplicity and reliability. Conduction-cooled leads have the advantage of using common materials, have no superconducting/normal state transition, and have no boil-off vapor to collect. This paper presents a numerical model for conduction-cooled current lead heat loads. This model takes into account varying material and fluid thermal properties, varying thicknesses along the length of the lead, heat transfer in the circumferential and longitudinal directions, electrical power dissipation, and the effect of thermal intercepts. The model is validated by comparing the numerical model results to ideal cases where analytical equations are valid. In addition, the XFEL (X-Ray Free Electron Laser) prototype current leads are modeled and compared to the experimental results from testing at DESY's XFEL Magnet Test Stand (XMTS) and Cryomodule Test Bench (CMTB).
108754068
SRF cavity testing status and operating experience
The cryogenic system at the Meson Detector Building (MDB) has now supported over four years of testing of fully assembled SRF cavities. The Horizontal Test Stand (HTS) has tested single, fully dressed 1.3 GHz and 3.9 GHz cavities at 2 K as final qualification prior to their installation into accelerator-ready cryomodules. The MDB cryogenic system has been expanded to support an additional cavity test area, the Spoke Resonator Test (SRT) area, for 325 MHz single-spoke resonators. The SRT area currently supports 4.5 K operations for research and development of the spoke cavities with tuner and coupler. The test area addition required the design and installation of a new cryogenic transfer line extension to reach this second test area and to allow for independent operations of either cavity test system. The cryogenic performance and operational experiences of both cavity test areas, operating individually or simultaneously, will be discussed. The general reliability of operating the closed, subatmospheric he...
109984057
Fermilab SRF cryomodule operational experience
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory is constructing an Advanced Accelerator Research and Development facility at New Muon Lab. The cryogenic infrastructure in support of the initial phase of the facility consists of two Tevatron style standalone refrigerators, cryogenic distribution system as well as an ambient temperature pumping system to achieve 2 K operations with supporting purification systems. During this phase of the project a single Type III plus 1.3 GHz cryomodule was installed, cooled and tested. Design constraints of the cryomodule required that the cryomodule individual circuits be cooled at predetermined rates. These constraints required special design solutions to achieve. This paper describes the initial cooldown and operational experience of a 1.3 GHz cryomodule using the New Muon Lab cryogenic system.
119232009
Plate fin heat exchanger model with axial conduction and variable properites
Future superconduction radio frequency (SRF) cavities, as part of Project X at Fermilab,will be cooled to superfluid helium temperatures by a cryogenic distribution system supplying cold supercritical helium. To reduce vapor fraction during the final Joule Thomson (J-T) expansion into the superfluid helium cooling bath, counter-flow, plate-fin heat exchanger are an effective option. However, at liquid helium temperatures requires consideration of axial heat conduction along the direction of flow, in addition to variable fluid properties. Here we present a numberical model that includes the effects of axial guide design decisions on heat exhanger material choice and geometry. In addition, the J-T expansion process is modeled with the heat exchanger to analyze the effect of heat load and cryogenic supply parameters.
123674916
HEAVY IONS AND HIGHER PROTON CURRENTS PROPOSED FOR THE PRINCETON-- PENNSYLVANIA ACCELERATOR.
42216143
Fast supersymmetry phenomenology at the Large Hadron Collider using machine learning techniques
A pressing problem for supersymmetry (SUSY) phenomenologists is how to incorporate Large Hadron Collider search results into parameter fits designed to measure or constrain the SUSY parameters. Owing to the computational expense of fully simulating lots of points in a generic SUSY space to aid the calculation of the likelihoods, the limits published by experimental collaborations are frequently interpreted in slices of reduced parameter spaces. For example, both ATLAS and CMS have presented results in the Constrained Minimal Supersymmetric Model (CMSSM) by fixing two of four parameters, and generating a coarse grid in the remaining two. We demonstrate that by generating a grid in the full space of the CMSSM, one can interpolate between the output of an LHC detector simulation using machine learning techniques, thus obtaining a superfast likelihood calculator for LHC-based SUSY parameter fits. We further investigate how much training data is required to obtain usable results, finding that approximately 2000 points are required in the CMSSM to get likelihood predictions to an accuracy of a few per cent. The techniques presented here provide a general approach for adding LHC event rate data to SUSY fitting algorithms, and can easily be used to explore other candidate physics models.
124181456
Acceleration of Heavy Ions to Relativistic Energies and Their Use in Physics and Biomedicine
14135931
Three body kinematic endpoints in SUSY models with non-universal Higgs masses
We derive and present expressions for the kinematic endpoints that arise in the invariant mass distributions of visible decay products of cascade decays featuring a two body decay followed by a three body decay. This is an extension of a current technique that addresses chains of successive two body decays. We then apply these to a supergravity model with Non-Universal Higgs Masses (NUHM), having simulated a data set using the ATLFAST detector simulation. We find that, should such a model be chosen by nature, the endpoints will be visible in ATLAS data, and we discuss the problems associated with mass reconstruction in models with a similar phenomenology.
118494817
Mass Estimation without using MET in early LHC data
Many techniques exist to reconstruct New Physics masses from LHC data, though these tend to either require high luminosity O(100) fb^-1, or an accurate measurement of missing transverse energy (MET) which may not be available in the early running of the LHC. Since in popular models such as SUSY a fairly sharp, triangular dilepton invariant mass spectrum can emerge already at low luminosity O(1) fb^-1, a Decay Kinematics (DK) technique can be used on events near the dilepton mass endpoint to estimate squark, slepton, and neutralino masses without relying on MET. With the first 2 fb^-1 of 7 TeV LHC data SPS1a masses can thus be found to 20% or better accuracy, at least several times better than what has been taken to be achievable.