29930984
Interferometers and decoherence matrices
It is shown that the Lorentz group is the natural language for two-beam interferometers if there are no decoherence effects. This aspect of the interferometer can be translated into six-parameter representations of the Lorentz group, as in the case of polarization optics where there are two orthogonal components of one light beam. It is shown that there are groups of transformations which leave the coherency or density matrix invariant, and this symmetry property is formulated within the framework of Wigner's little groups. An additional mathematical apparatus is needed for the transition from a pure state to an impure state. Decoherence matrices are constructed for this process, and their properties are studied in detail. Experimental tests of this symmetry property are possible.
73571003
Time separation as a hidden variable to the Copenhagen school of quantum mechanics
The Bohr radius is a space‐like separation between the proton and electron in the hydrogen atom. According to the Copenhagen school of quantum mechanics, the proton is sitting in the absolute Lorentz frame. If this hydrogen atom is observed from a different Lorentz frame, there is a time‐like separation linearly mixed with the Bohr radius. Indeed, the time‐separation is one of the essential variables in high‐energy hadronic physics where the hadron is a bound state of the quarks, while thoroughly hidden in the present form of quantum mechanics. It will be concluded that this variable is hidden in Feynman’s rest of the universe. It is noted first that Feynman’s Lorentz‐invariant differential equation for the bound‐state quarks has a set of solutions which describe all essential features of hadronic physics. These solutions explicitly depend on the time separation between the quarks. This set also forms the mathematical basis for two‐mode squeezed states in quantum optics, where both photons are observable,...
1320799
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions in polarization optics.
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions are manifestations of the internal space-time symmetries of massive and massless particles, respectively. It is shown to be possible to produce combinations of optical filters which exhibit transformations corresponding to Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions. This is possible because the combined effects of rotation, phase-shift, and attenuation filters lead to transformation matrices of the six-parameter Lorentz group applicable to Jones vectors and Stokes parameters for polarized light waves. The symmetry transformations in special relativity lead to a set of experiments which can be performed in optics laboratories.
40702960
Covariant phase-space representation and overlapping distribution functions.
The Lorentz deformation property of the phase-space distribution function is studied for harmonic oscillators. The overlap effect of two distribution functions is discussed in detail. It is shown that the Lorentz deformation of the phase-space distribution is responsible for the polynomial cutoff behavior of the proton form factor in the harmonic-oscillator quark model.
668406
Quantization of electromagnetic fields in a circular cylindrical cavity
We present a quantization procedure for the electromagnetic field in a circular cylindrical cavity with perfectly conducting walls, which is based on the decomposition of the field. A new decomposition procedure is proposed; all vector mode functions satisfying the boundary conditions are obtained with the help of this decomposition. After expanding the quantized field in terms of the vector mode functions, it is possible to derive the Hamiltonian for this quantized system.
14939249
Coupled Harmonic Oscillators and Feynman's Rest of the Universe
According to Feynman, the universe consists of two parts - the system in which we are interested and the rest of the universe which our measurement process does not reach. Feynman then formulates the density matrix in terms of the observable world and the rest of the universe. It is shown that coupled harmonic oscillators can serve as an illustrative example for Feynman's ``rest of the universe.'' It is pointed out that this simple example has far-reaching consequences in many branches of physics, including statistical mechanics, measurement theory, information theory, thermo-field dynamics, quantum optics, and relativistic quantum mechanics. It is shown that our ignorance of the rest of the universe increases the uncertainty and entropy in the system in which we are interested.
8529859
Measurement of parity violation in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from 12C.
We have measured the parity-violating electroweak asymmetry in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ nuclei. Our result is ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathrm{expt}}$=0.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 ppm, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. With a beam polarization of 0.37, we compute the isoscalar vector hadronic coupling constant \ensuremath{\gamma}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} to be 0.136\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.032\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009. The standard model predicts \ensuremath{\gamma}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}=0.155 at the tree level, in agreement with our data.
41858666
Cosmological constraints on heavy unstable particles.
We present cosmological constraints for the heavy unstable particles. The main result is the lifetime versus mass plot of the heavy unstable particles M. These kinds of particles are predicted in many composite-fermion models. If the grand unification mass M/sub X/ is around 10/sup 15/ GeV, dimension-6 M-decaying operators are necessary to allow heavy composite particles above 10/sup 7.6/ GeV.
26549212
Fission of heavy nuclei induced by stopped antiprotons. II. Correlations between fission fragments.
Antiproton-induced fission has been investigated with a novel double-arm fission fragment spectrometer. The correlations in mass, energy, and velocity between two fragments were measured. The dependence of total kinetic energy, velocity, momentum of the fissioning nucleus, and momentum of the fission fragments on the mass loss was deduced and analyzed in the framework of the dynamical statistical model. This model takes into account all stages before, during and after {ital {bar p}}-induced fission (atomic cascade, intranuclear cascade, evaporation cascade, fission of the compound nucleus, evaporation from the fission fragments). The mass loss was used as a measure of the excitation energy to classify the fission events according to the corresponding excitation energies. Some discrepancies between the model calculation and the experiment show the important role of dissipative effects in the {ital {bar p}}-induced fission process. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
37465442
Fermion mass matrix and strong CP solution in SU(5).
A global U(1)/sub A/ symmetry is used to solve both the fermion-mass-hierarchy problem and the strong CP problem. A domain-wall-free invisible-axion model requires heavy fermions at the axion scale. The dominant contribution to the off-diagonal elements of the fermion mass matrix comes from the small vacuum expectation value of superheavy scalar doublets, which is guaranteed by the Peccei-Quinn symmetry.
3075702
New effective Feynman-like rules for the multi-Regge QCD asymptotics of inclusive multijet production.
New effective Feynman-like rules are defined for inclusive multijet cross sections in the multi-Regge regime. The solution of the Balitskii-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov (BFKL) equation is used as a starting point. The resulting rules involve conformal weight and rapidity as a momentum and a coordinate, respectively, and are translation invariant in the coordinates. We use the effective rules to calculate ultrahigh-energy asymptotics of inclusive multijet production. The dependence on the parton densities occurs only in the overall normalization of the asymptotic cross sections. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}