35775070
Surveying the Agents of Galaxy Evolution in the Tidally Stripped, Low Metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud (SAGE-SMC). I. Overview
The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) provides a unique laboratory for the study of the lifecycle of dust given its low metallicity (~1/5 solar) and relative proximity (~60 kpc). This motivated the SAGE-SMC (Surveying the Agents of Galaxy Evolution in the Tidally Stripped, Low Metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud) Spitzer Legacy program with the specific goals of studying the amount and type of dust in the present interstellar medium, the sources of dust in the winds of evolved stars, and how much dust is consumed in star formation. This program mapped the full SMC (30 deg^2) including the body, wing, and tail in seven bands from 3.6 to 160 μm using IRAC and MIPS on the Spitzer Space Telescope. The data were reduced and mosaicked, and the point sources were measured using customized routines specific for large surveys. We have made the resulting mosaics and point-source catalogs available to the community. The infrared colors of the SMC are compared to those of other nearby galaxies and the 8 μm/24 μm ratio is somewhat lower than the average and the 70 μm/160 μm ratio is somewhat higher than the average. The global infrared spectral energy distribution (SED) shows that the SMC has approximately 1/3 the aromatic emission/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon abundance of most nearby galaxies. Infrared color-magnitude diagrams are given illustrating the distribution of different asymptotic giant branch stars and the locations of young stellar objects. Finally, the average SED of H II/star formation regions is compared to the equivalent Large Magellanic Cloud average H II/star formation region SED. These preliminary results will be expanded in detail in subsequent papers.
12656398
SPITZER ANALYSIS OF H II REGION COMPLEXES IN THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS: DETERMINING A SUITABLE MONOCHROMATIC OBSCURED STAR FORMATION INDICATOR
H II regions are the birth places of stars, and as such they provide the best measure of current star formation rates (SFRs) in galaxies. The close proximity of the Magellanic Clouds allows us to probe the nature of these star forming regions at small spatial scales. To study the H II regions, we compute the bolometric infrared flux, or total infrared (TIR), by integrating the flux from 8 to 500 ?m. The TIR provides a measure of the obscured star formation because the UV photons from hot young stars are absorbed by dust and re-emitted across the mid-to-far-infrared (IR) spectrum. We aim to determine the monochromatic IR band that most accurately traces the TIR and produces an accurate obscured SFR over large spatial scales. We present the spatial analysis, via aperture/annulus photometry, of 16 Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and 16 Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) H II region complexes using the Spitzer Space Telescope's IRAC (3.6, 4.5, 8 ?m) and MIPS (24, 70, 160 ?m) bands. Ultraviolet rocket data (1500 and 1900 ?) and SHASSA H? data are also included. All data are convolved to the MIPS 160 ?m resolution (40 arcsec full width at half-maximum), and apertures have a minimum radius of 35''. The IRAC, MIPS, UV, and H? spatial analysis are compared with the spatial analysis of the TIR. We find that nearly all of the LMC and SMC H II region spectral energy distributions (SEDs) peak around 70 ?m at all radii, from ~10 to ~400?pc from the central ionizing sources. As a result, we find the following: the sizes of H II regions as probed by 70 ?m are approximately equal to the sizes as probed by TIR (70?pc in radius); the radial profile of the 70 ?m flux, normalized by TIR, is constant at all radii (70 ?m ~ 0.45TIR); the 1? standard deviation of the 70 ?m fluxes, normalized by TIR, is a lower fraction of the mean (0.05-0.12 out to ~220?pc) than the normalized 8, 24, and 160 ?m normalized fluxes (0.12-0.52); and these results are the same for the LMC and the SMC. From these results, we argue that 70 ?m is the most suitable IR band to use as a monochromatic obscured star formation indicator because it most accurately reproduces the TIR of H II regions in the LMC and SMC and over large spatial scales. We also explore the general trends of the 8, 24, 70, and 160 ?m bands in the LMC and SMC H II region SEDs, radial surface brightness profiles, sizes, and normalized (by TIR) radial flux profiles. We derive an obscured SFR equation that is modified from the literature to use 70 ?m luminosity, SFR(M ? yr?1) = 9.7(0.7) ? 10?44 L 70(ergs s?1), which is applicable from 10 to 300?pc distance from the center of an H II region. We include an analysis of the spatial variations around H II regions between the obscured star formation indicators given by the IR and the unobscured star formation indicators given by UV and H?. We compute obscured and unobscured SFRs using equations from the literature and examine the spatial variations of the SFRs around H II regions.
29749856
SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF DUST ABUNDANCES ACROSS THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD
Using the data obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope as part of the Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution (SAGE) legacy survey, we have studied the variations of the dust composition and abundance across the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Such variations are expected, as the explosive events which have lead to the formation of the many H I shells observed should have affected the dust properties. Using a model and comparing with a reference spectral energy distribution from our Galaxy, we deduce the relative abundance variations of small dust grains across the LMC. We examined the infrared color ratios as well as the relative abundances of very small grains (VSGs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) relative to the big grain abundance. Results show that each dust component could have different origins or evolution in the interstellar medium (ISM). The VSG abundance traces the star formation activity and could result from shattering of larger grains, whereas the PAH abundance increases around molecular clouds as well as in the stellar bar, where they could have been injected into the ISM during mass loss from old stars.
8901792
LABOCA observations of giant molecular clouds in the southwest region of the Small Magellanic Cloud
Context. The amount of molecular gas is a key for understanding the future star formation in a galaxy. Because H2 is diffi cult to observe directly in dense and cold clouds, tracers like the CO molecule are used. However, at low metallicities especially, CO only traces the shielded interiors of the clouds. In this context , millimeter dust emission can be used as a tracer to unveil the total dense gas masses. However, the comparison of masses deduced from the continuum SIMBA 1.2 mm emission and virial masses (thought to trace the whole potential of the clouds) in a sample of giant molecular clouds in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) by Rubio et al. (2004) and Bot et al. (2007) showed a discrepancy between these two quantities that is in need of an explanation. Aims. This study aims at better assessing possible uncertainties on the dust emission observed in the sample of giant molecular clouds from the SMC. It focuses on the mass comparison in the densest parts of the giant molecular clouds where CO is detected in order to confirm the mass discrepancy observed. Methods. New observations of the south-west region of the SMC were obtained with the LABOCA camera on the APEX telescope. All the giant molecular clouds previously observed in CO are detected and their emission at 870� m is compared to ancillary data. The different contributions to the sub-millimeter emission are est imated, as well as dust properties (temperatures, emissivi ties), in order to deduce molecular cloud masses precisely. Results. The (sub-)millimeter emission observed in the giant molecular clouds in the south west region of the SMC is dominated by dust emission and masses are deduced for the part of each cloud where CO is detected and compared to the virial masses. The mass discrepancy between both methods is confirmed at 870� m with the LABOCA observations: the virial masses are on average 4 times smaller than the masses of dense gas deduced from dust emission, contrary to what is observed for equivalent clouds in our Galaxy. Conclusions. At present, the origin of this mass discrepancy in the SMC remains unkown. The direct interpretation of this effect is that the CO linewidth used to compute virial masses do not measure the full velocity distribution of the gas. Geometrical effects and uncertainties on the dust properties are also discussed.
10030510
DUST PRODUCTION AND MASS LOSS IN THE GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTER NGC 362
We investigate dust production and stellar mass loss in the Galactic globular cluster NGC 362. Due to its close proximity to the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), NGC 362 was imaged with the Infrared Array Camera and Multiband Imaging Photometer cameras onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope as part of the Surveying the Agents of Galaxy Evolution (SAGE-SMC) Spitzer Legacy program. We detect several cluster members near the tip of the red giant branch (RGB) that exhibit infrared excesses indicative of circumstellar dust and find that dust is not present in measurable quantities in stars below the tip of the RGB. We modeled the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the stars with the strongest IR excess and find a total cluster dust mass-loss rate of 3.0{sup +2.0}{sub -1.2} x 10{sup -9} M{sub sun} yr{sup -1}, corresponding to a gas mass-loss rate of 8.6{sup +5.6}{sub -3.4} x 10{sup -6} M{sub sun} yr{sup -1}, assuming [Fe/H] =-1.16. This mass loss is in addition to any dustless mass loss that is certainly occurring within the cluster. The two most extreme stars, variables V2 and V16, contribute up to 45% of the total cluster dust-traced mass loss. The SEDs of the more moderate stars indicate themore » presence of silicate dust, as expected for low-mass, low-metallicity stars. Surprisingly, the SED shapes of the stars with the strongest mass-loss rates appear to require the presence of amorphous carbon dust, possibly in combination with silicate dust, despite their oxygen-rich nature. These results corroborate our previous findings in omega Centauri.« less
119386557
Hadronic forward scattering : Predictions for the Large Hadron Collider and cosmic rays
Abstract The status of hadron–hadron interactions is reviewed, with emphasis on the forward and near-forward scattering regions. Using unitarity, the optical theorem is derived. Analyticity and crossing symmetry, along with integral dispersion relations, are used to connect particle–particle and antiparticle–particle total cross sections and ρ -values, e.g., σ pp , σ p ¯ p , ρ pp and ρ p ¯ p , where ρ is the ratio of the real to the imaginary portion of the forward scattering amplitude. Real analytic amplitudes are then introduced to exploit analyticity and crossing symmetry. Again, from analyticity, finite energy sum rules (FESRs) are introduced from which new analyticity constraints are derived. These new analyticity conditions exploit the many very accurate low-energy experimental cross sections, i.e., they constrain the values of the asymptotic cross sections and their derivatives at low energies just above the resonance regions, allowing us new insights into duality. A robust fitting technique—using a minimization of the Lorentzian squared followed by the “Sieve” algorithm—is introduced in order to ‘clean up’ large data samples that are contaminated by outliers, allowing us to make much better fits to hadron–hadron scattering data over very large regions of energy. Experimental evidence for factorization theorems for γ γ , γ p and nucleon–nucleon collisions is presented. The Froissart bound is discussed—what do we mean here by the saturation of the Froissart bound? Using our analyticity constraints, new methods of fitting high-energy hadronic data are introduced which result in much more precise estimates of the fit parameters, allowing accurate extrapolations to much higher energies. It's shown that the γ p , π ± p and nucleon–nucleon cross sections all go asymptotically as ln 2 s , saturating the bound, while conclusively ruling out ln s and s α ( α ∼ 0.08 ) behavior. Implications of this saturation for predictions of σ pp and ρ pp at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and for cosmic rays are given. We discuss present day cosmic ray measurements, what they measure and how they deduce p–air cross sections. Connections are made between very high-energy measurements of σ p – air prod —which have rather poor energy determination—and predictions of σ p – air prod obtained, using a Glauber model, from values of σ pp that are extrapolated from fits of accelerator data at very precisely known, albeit lower, energies.
124431569
Integrated proposal on first round experiments with the polarized beam facility
119244542
Applications of the leading-order Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi evolution equations to the combined HERA data on deep inelastic scattering
We recently derived explicit solutions of the leading-order Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi (DGLAP) equations for the Q{sup 2} evolution of the singlet structure function F{sub s}(x,Q{sup 2}) and the gluon distribution G(x,Q{sup 2}) using very efficient Laplace transform techniques. We apply our results here to a study of the HERA data on deep inelastic ep scattering as recently combined by the H1 and ZEUS groups. We use initial distributions F{sub 2}{sup {gamma}p}(x,Q{sub 0}{sup 2}) and G(x,Q{sub 0}{sup 2}) determined for x<0.1 by a global fit to the HERA data, and extended to x=1 using the shapes of those distributions determined in the CTEQ6L and MSTW2008LO analyses from fits to other data. Our final results are insensitive at small x to the details of the extension. We obtain the singlet quark distribution F{sub s}(x,Q{sub 0}{sup 2}) from F{sub 2}{sup {gamma}p}(x,Q{sub 0}{sup 2}) using small nonsinglet quark distributions taken from either the CTEQ6L or the MSTW2008LO analyses, evolve F{sub s} and G to arbitrary Q{sup 2}, and then convert the results to individual quark distributions. Finally, we show directly from a study of systematic trends in a comparison of the evolved F{sub 2}{sup {gamma}p}(x,Q{sup 2}) with the HERA data that the assumption of leading-order DGLAPmore » evolution is inconsistent with those data.« less
118704823
Forward hadronic scattering at 7 TeV: predictions for the LHC; an update
The LHC has run at 7 TeV (half-energy) for an extended period of time and large amounts of data have been collected. Five years ago, we made hadronic forward scattering predictions for the full energy (14 Tev) Large Hadron Collider; for details see the review article by M. Block [1]. Recently, we have had inquiries from LHC experimental groups for 7 TeV predictions. The purpose of this note is to gather together in one convenient location an update to the 2006 publication, in which we furnish comparisons between new 7 TeV and (already published) 14 TeV results, including errors in the 7 TeV predictions due to model uncertainties, as well as presenting new calculations for pp elastic scattering, dσ/dt, at 7 TeV. We have combined two separate models to make these predictions, the first being the analyticity-constrained analytic amplitude model of Block and Halzen [2] that saturates the Froissart bound [3] and the second being the “Aspen Model”, a revised version of the eikonal model of Block, Gregores, Halzen and Pancheri [5] that now incorporates analyticity constraints. We purposely keep explanations very brief; for complete details, see Ref. [1].
118613941
Ultrahigh energy neutrino scattering: an update
We update our estimates of charged and neutral current neutrino total cross sections on isoscalar nucleons at ultrahigh energies using a global (x, Q 2 ) fit, motivated by the Froissart bound [1], to the F2 (electron-proton) structure function utilizing the most recent analysis [2] of the complete ZEUS and H1 data sets from HERA I. Using the large Q 2 , small Bjorken-x limits of the “wee” parton model, we connect the ultrahigh energy neutrino cross sections directly to the large Q 2 , small x extrapolation of our new fit, which we assume saturates the Froissart bound [1]. We compare both to our previous work [3], which utilized only the smaller ZEUS [4] data set, as well as to recent results [5] of a calculation using the ZEUS-S based global perturbative QCD parton distributions using the combined HERA I results as input. Our new results substantiate our previous conclusions [3], again predicting significantly smaller cross sections than those predicted by extrapolating pQCD calculations to neutrino energies above 10 9 GeV.