74708114
The transfusion medicine tutor: the use of expert-systems technology to teach students and provide support to practitioners in antibody identification
The studies presented here provide data regarding the effectiveness of the expert-system-based Transfusion Medicine Tutor (TMT) when used by medical technology students and medical technologists in performing an important problem-solving task, the identification alloantibodies in a patient's blood for the purpose of finding compatible blood for transfusion. TMT monitors for slips and mistakes during the evaluation of patient cases, and provides suggestions to the student or technologist when a potential concern is detected. Use of that system was found to reduce errors in final answers on various multiple antibody cases by 30%-62% by practicing medical technologists. Similarly, use of a modified version of the system for teaching was found to enhance learning by 87--93%.
59784824
A cognitive systems engineering approach to the design of decision support systems
38655618
EP-X: A Knowledge-Based System to Aid in Searches of the Environmental Pollution Literature
7962345
Online Library Catalog Systems: An Analysis of User Errors
Abstract A study of 30 first-time users of LCS, the online library catalog system at the Ohio State University, was conducted. Subjects were provided with the online and offline help available to users of this system and were asked to conduct four standard searches (author, title, subject, etc.). While conducting the online searches, the subjects were asked to “think aloud”. A detailed analysis of errors and associated verbal protocols provided insights into the design features and mental processes contributing to the commission of errors. Of particular significance are: (1) the profound influence that incorrect mental representations have on the viewing and interpretation of online and offline help and instructions; and (2) the snowballing effects of a misconception as a user tries to seek and interpret additional information in attempts to recover from an error.
14822422
Knowledge-based search tactics for an intelligent intermediary system
Research on the nature of knowledge-based systems for bibliographic information retrieval is summarized. Knowledge-based search tactics are then considered in terms of their role in the functioning of a semantically based search system for bibliographic information retrieval, EP-X. This system uses such tactics to actively assist users in defining or refining their topics of interest. It does so by applying these tactics to a knowledge base describing topics in a particular domain and to a database describing the contents of individual documents in terms of these topics. This paper, then, focuses on the two central concepts behind EP-X: semantically based search and knowledge-based search tactics.
29630397
Coping with the Complexities of Multiple-Solution Problems: A Case Study
A model is proposed to account for the expertise of a skilled immunohematologist in solving multiple-solution problems. These problems, which he must deal with daily, are concerned with ensuring the safe transfusion of blood into patients. This model suggests that he copes with this difficult class of problems by: (1) Using patterns in the data to simplify the problem, hypothesizing the number of primitive solutions necessary to account for the test results and, when possibles, decomposing the problem into a set of less complex, single-solution problems. Such decompositions then enable more powerful reasoning processes; (2) making use of a mixture of data-driven and hypothesis-driven processes in order to reduce the chances that heuristic (and therefore error-prone) methods and cognitive biases will lead away from critical data; (3) Relying on a mixture of confirmatory and rule-out processes to provide converging evidence, thus reducing the changes of error; (4) uncovering his own errors through the use of “error models” that identify the conditions where one of his processes is likely to make an error (similar to the use of student models by expert tutors to diagnose mistakes made by students).
58774786
Challenges in Indexing Electronic Text and Images
209401863
ELSA: An Electronic Library Search Assistant (Demo).
117003092
VISUALIZING TURBULENT MIXING OF GASES AND PARTICLES
A physical model and interactive computer graphics techniques have been developed for the visualization of the basic physical process of stochastic dispersion and mixing from steady-state CFD calculations. The mixing of massless particles and inertial particles is visualized by transforming the vector field from a traditionally Eulerian reference frame into a Lagrangian reference frame. Groups of particles are traced through the vector field for the mean path as well as their statistical dispersion about the mean position by using added scalar information about the root mean square value of the vector field and its Lagrangian time scale. In this way, clouds of particles in a turbulent environment are traced, not just mean paths. In combustion simulations of many industrial processes, good mixing is required to achieve a sufficient degree of combustion efficiency. The ability to visualize this multiphase mixing can not only help identify poor mixing but also explain the mechanism for poor mixing. The information gained from the visualization can be used to improve the overall combustion efficiency in utility boilers or propulsion devices. We have used this technique to visualize steady-state simulations of the combustion performance in several furnace designs.