( Often ( they ( also ( ( ( phosphorylate , ) ( leading ( to ( ( a ( phosphorylation cascade ) ) ( -LRB- ( ( which ( amplifies ( the signal ) ) ) -RRB- ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )
(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Often)) (NP (PRP they)) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBD phosphorylate) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG leading) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN phosphorylation) (NN cascade)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ amplifies) (NP (DT the) (NN signal))))) (-RRB- -RRB-))))))) (. .)))
Often they also phosphorylate, leading to a phosphorylation cascade (which amplifies the signal).
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Enzymatic) (NNS cascades)) (VP (VBP help) (VP (VB amplify) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS effects)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN extracellular) (NNS signals)))))) (. .)))