( ( ( ( ( In ( yeast andanimals ) ) ( MAPKs ( are ( activated ( by ( ( ( various ( extracellular signals ) ) ( as ( well as ) ) ) ( growth factors ) ) ) ) ) ) ) and ) ( ( MAPK cascades ) ( are ( shown ( to ( function ( in ( ( signal ( transduction pathways ) ) ( caused ( by ( such ( environmental stimuli ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . )
(ROOT (S (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NN yeast) (NNS andanimals))) (NP (NNP MAPKs)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN activated) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (JJ various) (NN extracellular) (NNS signals)) (CONJP (RB as) (RB well) (IN as)) (NP (NN growth) (NNS factors))))))) (CC and) (S (NP (NNP MAPK) (NNS cascades)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN shown) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB function) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NN signal) (NN transduction) (NNS pathways)) (VP (VBN caused) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ such) (JJ environmental) (NNS stimuli)))))))))))) (. .)))
In yeast andanimals MAPKs are activated by various extracellular signals as well as growth factors and MAPK cascades are shown to function in signal transduction pathways caused by such environmental stimuli.
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Enzymatic) (NNS cascades)) (VP (VBP help) (VP (VB amplify) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS effects)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN extracellular) (NNS signals)))))) (. .)))