( ( For ( substances ( to ( move ( against ( their ( concentration gradient ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( ( the cell ) ( ( must ( ( spend energy ) ( in ( active transport ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )
(ROOT (S (PP (IN For) (NP (NNS substances) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB move) (PP (IN against) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN concentration) (NN gradient)))))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN cell)) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB spend) (NP (NN energy)) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ active) (NN transport))))) (. .)))
For substances to move against their concentration gradient, the cell must spend energy in active transport.
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Primary) (JJ active) (NN transport)) (VP (VBZ involves) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN forcing)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (NN substance)))) (PP (IN into) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN cell)) (PP (IN against) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN concentration) (NN gradient)))))) (. .)))