( ( ( An increase ) ( in ( ( the area ) ( of ( the ( outer leaflet ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( causes ( ( ( an ( outward curvature ) ) and ) ( ( the appearance ) ( of ( ( projections ( -LRB- ( spicules -RRB- ) ) ) ( over ( the ( cell surface ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT An) (NN increase)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN area)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ outer) (NN leaflet)))))) (VP (VBZ causes) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ outward) (NN curvature)) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN appearance)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NP (NNS projections)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNS spicules)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (PP (IN over) (NP (DT the) (NN cell) (NN surface)))))))) (. .)))
An increase in the area of the outer leaflet causes an outward curvature and the appearance of projections (spicules) over the cell surface.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ sharp) (NNS projections)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (JJ specialized) (NNS cells)) (VP (VBP grow))))) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN called) (NP (NNS spicules)))) (. .)))