( ( For example ) ( , ( ( ( the clade ) ( including snakes ) ) ( ( is ( ( diagnosed ( by ( ( the disappearance ) ( of ( ( ( all limbs ) , ) ( an ( advanced characteristic ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( compared ( to ( ( the ( ( primitive ( -LRB- ( ( for ( the ( clade Tetrapoda ) ) ) -RRB- ) ) ) characteristic ) ) ( of ( having ( ( all ( four limbs ) ) expressed ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )
(ROOT (S (PP (IN For) (NP (NN example))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN clade)) (PP (VBG including) (NP (NNS snakes)))) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN diagnosed) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN disappearance)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT all) (NNS limbs)) (, ,) (NP (DT an) (JJ advanced) (NN characteristic)))))) (PP (VBN compared) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (ADJP (JJ primitive)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT the) (JJ clade) (NN Tetrapoda))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (NN characteristic)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG having) (VP (ADVP (RB all) (NP (CD four) (NNS limbs))) (VBN expressed)))))))))) (. .)))
For example, the clade including snakes is diagnosed by the disappearance of all limbs, an advanced characteristic compared to the primitive (for the clade Tetrapoda) characteristic of having all four limbs expressed.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT All) (NNS mammals)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (CD four) (NNS limbs))) (. .)))