( ( ( ( ( Gestalt psychologists ) , ) ( such ( as ( Wertheimer ( , ( Kohler ( , ( and Koffka ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) ( ( ( ( ( argued ( in ( ( favour ( of ( ( the role ) ( of ( insight ( , ( ( perception and ) reflection ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( in ( ( the ( learning process ) ) ( as opposed ) ) ) ) ) ) ( to ( association ( ( based primarily ) ( on ( past experience ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) ( such ( as ( that ( ( proposed ( by ( Thorndike ( , ( ( Skinner and ) Pavlov ) ) ) ) ) ( -LRB- ( ( ( ( ( Bower and ) Hilgard ) , ) 1981 ) -RRB- ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ Gestalt) (NNS psychologists)) (, ,) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (NNP Wertheimer) (, ,) (NNP Kohler) (, ,) (CC and) (NNP Koffka))) (, ,)) (VP (VBD argued) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NN favour)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN role)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN insight) (, ,) (NN perception) (CC and) (NN reflection))))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN learning) (NN process)) (ADJP (RB as) (VBN opposed)))))) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN association)) (VP (VBN based) (ADVP (RB primarily)) (PP (IN on) (NP (JJ past) (NN experience)))))) (, ,) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBN proposed) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNP Thorndike) (, ,) (NNP Skinner) (CC and) (NNP Pavlov))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP Bower) (CC and) (NNP Hilgard)) (, ,) (NP (CD 1981)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))))) (. .)))
Gestalt psychologists, such as Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka, argued in favour of the role of insight , perception and reflection in the learning process as opposed to association based primarily on past experience, such as that proposed by Thorndike, Skinner and Pavlov (Bower and Hilgard, 1981).
(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Insight) (NNP learning)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN based) (PP (IN on) (NP (JJ past) (NN experience) (CC and) (NN reasoning))))) (. .)))