( Turtles ( ( are ( enclosed ( in ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( shells consisting ) ( of ( dorsal carapace ) ) ) and ) ( ventral plastron ) ) . ) ( ( ( ( ( ( The shell ) ( is ( composed ( of ( two layers ) ) ) ) ) : ) ( ( an ( outer layer ) ) ( of keratin ) ) ) and ) ( ( an ( inner layer ) ) ( of one ) ) ) ) . ) ( ( The ( bony layer ) ) ( is ( ( a fusion ) ( of ( ( ribs , ) vertebrae ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) and ) ( many ( dermally ( ossifying elements ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )
(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Turtles)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN enclosed) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NP (NNS shells) (NNS consisting)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ dorsal) (NN carapace)))) (CC and) (NP (NP (NN ventral)) (VP (VBN plastron))) (. .) (NP (NP (NP (DT The) (NN shell)) (SBAR (S (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN composed) (PP (IN of) (NP (CD two) (NNS layers)))))))) (: :) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ outer) (NN layer)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN keratin)))) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ inner) (NN layer)) (PP (IN of) (NP (CD one))))) (. .) (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ bony) (NN layer)) (SBAR (S (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN fusion)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS ribs)) (, ,) (NP (NN vertebrae))))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (JJ many) (JJ dermally) (VBG ossifying) (NNS elements)))))) (. .)))
Turtles are enclosed in shells consisting of dorsal carapace and ventral plastron. The shell is composed of two layers: an outer layer of keratin and an inner layer of one. The bony layer is a fusion of ribs, vertebrae, and many dermally ossifying elements.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN pleura)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ surrounds) (NP (DT the) (NNS lungs)))))) (VP (VBZ consists) (PP (IN of) (NP (CD two) (NNS layers)))) (. .)))