Illustration by Peter Crowther

Christopher Monroe spends his life poking at atoms with light. He arranges them into rings and chains and then massages them with lasers to explore their properties and make basic quantum computers. Last year, he decided to try something seemingly impossible: to create a time crystal.

The name sounds like a prop from Doctor Who, but it has roots in actual physics. Time crystals are hypothetical structures that pulse without requiring any energy — like a ticking clock that never needs winding. The pattern repeats in time in much the same way that the atoms of a crystal repeat in space. The idea was so challenging that when Nobel prizewinning physicist Frank Wilczek proposed the provocative concept1 in 2012, other researchers quickly proved there was no way to create time crystals.

But there was a loophole — and researchers in a separate branch of physics found a way to exploit the gap. Monroe, a physicist at the University of Maryland in College Park, and his team used chains of atoms they had constructed for other purposes to make a version of a time crystal2 (see 'How to create a time crystal'). “I would say it sort of fell in our laps,” says Monroe.

And a group led by researchers at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, independently fashioned time crystals out of 'dirty' diamonds3. Both versions, which are published this week in Nature, are considered time crystals, but not how Wilczek originally imagined. “It's less weird than the first idea, but it's still fricking weird,” says Norman Yao, a physicist at the University of California, Berkeley, and an author on both papers.

They are also the first examples of a remarkable type of matter — a collection of quantum particles that constantly changes, and never reaches a steady state. These systems draw stability from random interactions that would normally disrupt other kinds of matter. “This is a new kind of order, one that was previously thought impossible. That's extremely exciting,” says Vedika Khemani, part of the Harvard team and previously part of the group that originally theorized the existence of the new kind of state. Experimental physicists are already plotting how to exploit the traits of these strange systems in quantum computers and super-sensitive magnetic sensors.

Nik Spencer/Nature

Break time

Wilczek dreamt up time crystals as a way to break the rules. The laws of physics are symmetrical in that they apply equally to all points in space and time. Yet many systems violate that symmetry. In a magnet, atomic spins line up rather than pointing in all directions. In a mineral crystal, atoms occupy set positions in space, and the crystal does not look the same if it is shifted slightly. When a transformation causes properties to change, physicists call that symmetry-breaking, and it is everywhere in nature — at the root of magnetism, superconductivity and even the Higgs mechanism that gives all particles mass.

In 2012, Wilczek, now at Stockholm University, wondered why symmetry never broke spontaneously in time and whether it would be possible to create something in which it did. He called it a time crystal. Experimentalists imagined a quantum version of this entity as perhaps a ring of atoms that would rotate endlessly, cycling and returning to its initial configuration. Its properties would be endlessly synchronized in time, just as atom positions are correlated in a crystal. The system would be in its lowest energy state, but its movement would require no external force. It would, in essence, be a perpetual-motion machine, although not one that produces usable energy.

“From a first glance at the idea, one would say this has to be wrong,” says Yao. Almost by definition, a system in its lowest energy state does not vary in time. If it did, that would mean it had excess energy to lose, says Yao, and the rotation would soon halt. “But Frank convinced the community that the problem was more subtle than maybe it seemed to be,” he says. Perpetual motion was not without precedent in the quantum world: in theory, superconductors conduct electricity forever (although the flow is uniform, so they show no variation in time).

“This is a new kind of order, one that was previously thought impossible.”

These conflicting issues swam around the head of Haruki Watanabe as he stepped out of the first oral exam for his PhD at Berkeley. He had been presenting work on symmetry breaking in space, and his supervisor asked him about the wider implications of Wilczek's time crystal. “I couldn't answer the question in that exam, but it interested me,” says Watanabe, who doubted such an entity was even feasible. “I wondered, 'how can I convince people that it's not possible?'”

Together with physicist Masaki Oshikawa at the University of Tokyo, Watanabe began trying to prove his intuitive answer in a mathematically rigorous way. By phrasing the problem in terms of correlations in space and time between distant parts of the system, the pair derived a theorem in 2015 showing that time crystals were impossible to create for any system in its lowest-energy state4. The researchers also verified that time crystals were impossible for any system in equilibrium — one that has reached a steady state of any energy.

To the physics community, the case was clear cut. “That seemed to be a no-go,” says Monroe. But the proof left a loophole. It did not rule out time crystals in systems that have not yet settled into a steady state and are out of equilibrium. Around the world, theorists began thinking about ways to create alternative versions of time crystals.

Particle soup

When the breakthrough came, it arrived from an unlikely corner of physics, where researchers weren't thinking about time crystals at all.

Shivaji Sondhi, a theoretical physicist at Princeton University, New Jersey, and his colleagues were looking at what happened when certain isolated quantum systems, made of soups of interacting particles, are repeatedly given a kick. Textbook physics says that the systems should heat up and descend into chaos. But in 2015, Sondhi's team predicted that under certain conditions, they would instead club together to form a phase of matter that doesn't exist in equilibrium — a system of particles that would show subtle correlations never seen before — and that would repeat a pattern in time5.

That proposal caught the attention of Chetan Nayak, one of Wilczek's former students, now at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and at Microsoft's nearby Station Q. Nayak and his colleagues soon realized that this strange form of out-of-equilibrium matter would also be a type of time crystal6. But not Wilczek's kind: it would not be in its lowest energy state, and it would require a regular kick to pulse. But it would gain a steady rhythm that doesn't match that of the instigating kick, and that means it would break time symmetry.

“It's like playing with a jump rope, and somehow our arm goes around twice but the rope only goes around once,” says Yao. This is a weaker kind of symmetry breaking than Wilczek imagined: in his, the rope would oscillate all by itself.

When Monroe heard about this proposed system, he initially didn't understand it. “The more I read about it, the more intrigued I became,” he says.

Georg Kucsko

Last year, he set about trying to form his atoms into a time crystal. The recipe was incredibly complex, but just three ingredients were essential: a force repeatedly disturbing the particles, a way to make the atoms interact with each other and an element of random disorder. The combination of these, Monroe says, ensures that particles are limited in how much energy they can absorb, allowing them to maintain a steady, ordered state.

In his experiment, this meant repeatedly firing alternating lasers at a chain of ten ytterbium ions: the first laser flips their spins and the second makes the spins interact with each other in random ways. That combination caused the atomic spins to oscillate, but at twice the period they were being flipped. More than that, the researchers found that even if they started to flip the system in an imperfect way, such as by slightly changing the frequency of the kicks, the oscillation remained the same. “The system still locked at a very stable frequency,” says Monroe. Spatial crystals are similarly resistant to any attempt to nudge their atoms from their set spacing, he says. “This time crystal has the same thing.”

At Harvard, physicist Mikhail Lukin tried to do something similar, but in a very different system — a 3D chunk of diamond. The mineral was riddled with around 1 million defects, each harbouring a spin. And the diamond's impurities provided a natural disorder. When Lukin and his team used microwave pulses to flip the spins, they saw the system respond at a fraction of the frequency with which it was being disturbed.

“This is an intriguing development, but to some extent it's an abuse of the term”

Physicists agree that the two systems spontaneously break a kind of time symmetry and therefore mathematically fulfil the time-crystal criteria. But there is some debate about whether to call them time crystals. “This is an intriguing development, but to some extent it's an abuse of the term,” says Oshikawa.

Yao says that the new systems are time crystals, but that the definition needs to be narrowed to avoid including phenomena that are already well understood and not nearly so interesting for quantum physicists.

But Monroe and Lukin's creations are exciting for different reasons, too, says Yao. They seem to be the first, and perhaps simplest, examples of a host of new phases that exist in relatively unexplored out-of-equilibrium states, he says. They could also have several practical applications. One could be quantum simulation systems that work at high temperatures. Physicists often use entangled quantum particles at nanokelvin temperatures, close to absolute zero, to simulate complex behaviours of materials that cannot be modelled on a classical computer. Time crystals represent a stable quantum system that exists way above these temperatures — in the case of Lukin's diamond, at room temperature — potentially opening the door to quantum simulations without cryogenics.

Time crystals could also find use in super-precise sensors, says Lukin. His lab already uses diamond defects to detect tiny changes in temperature and magnetic fields. But the approach has limits,because if too many defects are packed in a small space, their interactions destroy their fragile quantum states. In a time crystal, however, the interactions serve to stabilize, rather than disrupt, so Lukin could harness millions of defects together to produce a strong signal — one that is able to efficiently probe living cells and atom-thick materials.

The same principle of stability from interactions could apply more widely in quantum computing, says Yao. Quantum computers show huge promise, but have long struggled with the opposing challenges of protecting the fragile quantum bits that perform calculations, yet keeping them accessible for encoding and reading out information. “You can ask yourself in the future whether one could find phases where interactions stabilize these quantum bits,” says Yao.

The story of time crystals is a beautiful example of how progress often happens when different strands of thought come together, says Roderich Moessner, director of the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden, Germany. And it may be, he says, that this particular recipe proves to be just one of many ways to cook up a time crystal.</s>Scientists have recently succeeded in creating a mysterious state of matter known as a time crystal. This exotic state of matter seems to suspend the laws of thermodynamics indefinitely.

Editor's Note: This article was updated on March 9 at 11:20 a.m. E.T.

A bizarre new state of matter known as a time crystal seems to suspend the laws of thermodynamics almost indefinitely, two new experiments suggest.

The time crystal is essentially a collection of atoms or ions that are far apart but still interacting with each other. This form of matter keeps "ticking" indefinitely at a certain frequency, without heating up or creating entropy, the natural state of disorder that always increases in the universe. Time crystals work because of quantum effects, or the bizarre rules describing the menagerie of tiny subatomic particles.

The newly created matter joins a host of other exotic states of matter, such as superconductors, quantum-spin liquids and superfluids.

"We have found a new phase of matter," said study co-author Soonwon Choi, a theoretical physics graduate student at Harvard University. "It's something moving in time while still stable." [The 18 Biggest Unsolved Mysteries in Physics]

While the newfound state of matter is fascinating in itself, it could also pave the way for quantum computers that don't lose information, Choi said.

Time crystal

Physicist Frank Wilczek first proposed the idea of a time crystal in the journal Physical Review Letters in 2012. In that study, he suggested a form of matter that spontaneously breaks "time invariance," a fundamental symmetry in time. The concept of time invariance dictatesthat doing something now would produce the same result as doing the same thing, for example, 1 minute in the future (all other conditions being equal).

In Wilczek's conception, however, the quantum interactions among particles, such as ions or subatomic particles, could create a state of matter that oscillates repeatedly in time, just as a crystal has a structure that repeats in space. That means that if the matter oscillated with a period of 2 minutes, doing something with that matter now would produce different results than doing the same thing 1 minute from now. [Photos: Exotic Time Crystals Created in the Lab]

To understand what this means, imagine two people holding a jump rope and swinging it for a third person doing the jumping. In ordinary states of matter, if the rope makes a circle every second, the person must jump every second. But in a time crystal, it is as if the jumper lifts his or her feet every other time the rope hits the ground, and yet somehow keeps time and does not get entangled in the rope, said study co-author Norman Yao, a physicist at the University of California, Berkeley, who earlier this year developed a theoretical framework for testing time crystals.

More recently, follow-up work that built on Wilczek's idea showed that time crystals could not exist in thermal equilibrium. (A fundamental principle of thermodynamics is that two objects in contact will eventually wind up at the same temperature at the steady state, or thermal equilibrium, of the system.) But soon after, researchers showed that time crystals could exist in dynamic states, when systems are changing quickly and haven't yet reached thermal equilibrium.

Earlier this year, Yao, with Andrew Potter, a physicist at the University of Texas at Austin, and colleagues, developed a theoretical paper that identified key signatures of a time crystal. That paper predicted what would happen when a such a crystal melts into a more humdrum state of matter, and laid out an experimental way to prove the existence of time crystals. Independently, Choi and colleagues developed their own idea for a method of demonstrating the existence of time crystals, and then set out to create such a crystal in the lab.

Suspending thermodynamics

In a pair of studies published today (March 8) in the journal Nature, the researchers showed that time crystals can exist in very different systems.

Here, the setup for creating a time crystal using a diamond filled with nitrogen vacancy defects. These defects act like tiny spins that can be manipulated with laser light to create a time crystal. (Image credit: Georg Kucsko)

Choi and his colleagues based at Harvard University used a diamond filled with 1 million nitrogen vacancy color centers; these are spots in the diamond's carbon crystal lattice where nitrogen atoms have replaced the carbon atoms. Because nitrogen is smaller than carbon, this replacement leaves an empty space in the lattice, and the nitrogen and the empty space can act together as if they are tiny particles with spins. (The vacancies are called color centers because the nitrogen atoms produce color in the diamonds ; in this instance, the diamonds are so full of these defects that they appear black.)

Using lasers and microwave radiation, the team then periodically pulsed these nitrogen vacancies, which then oscillated with a frequency that was half of the frequency of the radiation aimed at them (called the driving frequency).

In a second experiment based at the University of Maryland, Potter, Yao and colleagues trapped 14 ions of ytterbium using laser beams and then manipulated the ions' spins using tightly focused laser beams. Again, the material acted like a time crystal, oscillating at half the driving frequency. For the duration of the experiment, the material did not heat up, despite a lot of energy being pumped into the system, said Potter. That's a sign that the laws of thermodynamics didn't come into play during the duration of the experiment, he added.

For instance, the Harvard group used a system that may not be a perfect time crystal, Potter said. The system didn't heat up much, but it did slowly generate heat.

"They're looking a this charmed existence that will slowly die if they let it run long enough," Potter told Live Science.

By contrast, the University of Maryland experiment could conceivably persist indefinitely, though it used a much smaller number of atoms that stretches the definition of what constitutes a state of matter, Potter said.

But the new findings show that the time crystal does not need to be perfectly isolated from heat and entropy to exhibit its repeating-in-time properties, Yao said. This means it may be surprisingly easy to generate these exotic states of matter, he said.

The truly fascinating thing about these experiments is that they have the potential to suspend the laws of physics indefinitely, Potter said. Like a cup of hot coffee that never reaches room temperature, "extra energy just stays in place and the system never equilibrates to one temperature," Potter said.

However, it's important to note that these time crystals don't "break" the fundamental laws of thermodynamics per se; they just put them off as long as the experiment is running, Potter said.

"Thermodynamics is only ever supposed to describe the long-term behavior once you reach this thermal steady state, so it never describes short-term dynamics before you reach thermal equilibrium," Potter said.

By keeping the system in a dynamic state, then, the new experiments simply hold the matter in a regime in which thermodynamics ordinarily wouldn't apply, he added.

Editor's Note: This article was updated to note that follow-up work showing time crystals could not exist in thermal equilibrium was based on Frank Wilczek's idea, not that of Norman Yao.

Originally published on Live Science.</s>Heading off to overnight camp is an exciting experience for first-time campers. It's a chance to leave behind their ordinary routine and go on an adventure, learning cool skills, making new friends and gaining a sense of courage and independence. However, it can also be intimidating to think about leaving home and staying with strangers in a new environment. Whether your camper is headed to wilderness camp, sport camp, theater camp or some other overnight experience, a bit of preparation will greatly improve the experience for your child ... and you.

Your best preparation tactic for creating an amazing experience is to generate a lot of excitement in the days leading up to camp. Check out the camp website with your child, look through the brochures and talk about which activities they'll want to try out. Ask them what they can't wait to do and what they think they will learn from camp. This will build enthusiasm that will carry them when they're worried about making new friends or wondering if they'll get homesick.

Homesickness is probably the biggest concern (for parents, as well) when it comes to overnight camp. Preventing or minimizing it lies in preparation. Talk with your child ahead of time about how to cope when he or she is feeling sad or longing for home. Pack a few "emergency" letters or a beloved toy to help them feel a connection to home during tough moments. Encourage them to write you when they're feeling down, even if they never actually send the letter.

Proper packing will also go a long way toward making your camper's experience a good one. Don't skimp on the camp's recommended packing list. You may think that requiring 12 pairs of underwear is excessive, but rest assured, they aren't in cahoots with Hanes to drive up sales of knickers. They've likely experienced every underwear fiasco imaginable and determined that 12 is the best-case scenario for preventing such mishaps. In short, follow the list.

One last note on preparing your child for overnight camp. While there's no doubt you've done your due diligence in selecting an accredited camp with excellent counselors and great fellow campers, it's still a good idea to have a refresher talk on body safety before your child leaves. This way, they'll feel confident about saying no to anything that makes them feel uncomfortable.

But what about you? Are you ready for your child to spend a week away? Believe it or not, you're actually going to miss them, no matter how grateful you are to read a book uninterrupted, or use the bathroom in peace. And just like your child, you need to prepare for camp, too.

First, be ready to let go. The urge to over-parent can be strong, but it's important to remember that one of the many purposes of an overnight camp is to help kids foster a sense of independence and learn how to navigate friendships, conflict and decision-making when you're not around.

When you do communicate, keep it lighthearted — don't spend entire letters or phone calls asking them if they remembered their inhaler on each hike or applied their eczema cream every night. They're going to be fine without your nagging.

If you have an entirely empty house once your camper has left, make plans to get out and have a little fun. Are you partnered up? Remember those days before the two of you became parental units? Use this unfettered time to rekindle the romance that often gets pushed aside by refereeing squabbles or chauffeuring small humans to activities. Have a date night. Hell, have several date nights or even a weekend away.

If you're a single parent, let your friends know you can finally say "yes!" to a night out. Be sure to savor the lack of curfew and the extra spending money not used on sitters. Whatever you do with the time, don't feel guilty about enjoying it. Your child is having a great time and you should, too.

For those who will still have a kid or two traipsing about, this is a chance to spend some quality one-on-one time with whomever is left behind. Take your housebound child out to an event that focuses on their unique interests, a movie that only they would love or even something as simple as dinner at their favorite restaurant. Just make sure you don't do anything too awesome. Nobody wants to come home and find out the whole family went to Disney World without them, no matter how great canoeing and archery was.

Summer camp can be great for the whole family, especially if everyone knows what to expect. Preparing your first-time camper for the experience will ensure they have a lot of fun while learning to be independent. Preparing yourself will help you make the most of the downtime at home, which means less time spent worrying. And when everyone is back under the same roof, you'll have new stories and experiences to share — and next year to look forward to.</s>Technology is pushing the HR industry into unchartered territory and a time of unparalleled change – that’s the claim from one tech expert who says it’s an incredibly interesting time to be in HR.

“I’ve worked in and around HR for a long time and it’s the most dynamic and exciting time that I’ve ever seen,” says Adam Hale, CEO of HR software firm Fairsail. “I would love to be an HRD or CPO now because they’ve got this mandate for change.”

UK-based Hale has held senior tech positions at a number of professional service providers over the past 20 years – he says the changes currently underway are akin to those the industry experienced during its shift from personnel to HR.

“We’re now seeing the same kind of magnitude and size of change from an HR function to a people function as we saw from personnel to HR and it’s way more than a name change,” says Hale. “We really see some fundamental differences in organisations that have a people function and are much more organised around their people.”

According to Hale, one of the most significant changes happening in genuinely people-focused organisations is a widespread automation of HR functions, replaced instead by people science.

“We’re going to see massive automation of many HR operations because a lot of it honestly is manual, it involves reconciliation and double keying and things done in HR that could have been done self-service,” says Hale.

“However, that doesn’t mean there’s going to be nothing to do,” he continues. “Up until now, information on people has been limited to gut-feelings, conjecture and spread sheets but people science is going to start replacing that.”

Similar to how organisations rely on data science to understand their customers, Hale says leading employers are looking to people science for meaningful insight into their workforce.

“A people scientist is really systems-driven and data-driven,” says Hale. “They’re there to form hypotheses about how the business could run better and we’re just seeing a start to that whole people science revolution.”

The revolution, Hale says, is going to be huge.

“Bluntly, I think it will be unthinkable for a progressive organisation not to have a people science function in five years,” he says. “People are your most valuable asset and if you know nothing about them, that just does not work.”

The insights open to HR professionals are almost limited and Hale says within the next few years employers should expect to see artificial intelligence (AI) creeping into people science.

“For example, organisations can expect systems that will tell you who your greatest flight risks are over the next year and what you should do about it,” he says.

“It’s that real proactive heads up information that will tell you trends about anything – mobility, tenure, gender, skills, development, success – things that you didn’t know were happening, you will be able to course correct and make changes.”

For employers that fail to embrace new technology and a adopt people science, Hale has a stark warning – “If you don’t have that level of insight, honestly I think your company is going to die.”

What HR can learn from family-run firms</s>MOVIEPLANS: Ron Harris is close to getting started on his plan for an Airlie Beach cinema and planetarium.

ONCE inside Airlie's planetarium cinema an audience could be forgiven for thinking they are in a space ship.

The dome will be only eight metres in diameter and will seat 30 people, and people will have to see it to believe it.

The 360-degree cinematic experience will take viewers on an adventure through space via visually powerful documentaries

Ron Harris has a dream to build the dome, and three 3D/2D cinemas seating 36 people.

Mr Harris said he hoped the cinema would be set up before Easter, but unforeseen circumstances caused a delay.

"We expect to sign the lease soon; we have been held up because (neighbouring) Salt (restaurant) burnt out and the first wall where we would have cinema one is burned,” he said.

"From the time we sign the lease, which would be done by the third week of March, we should be open in four months by July or August.”

Mr Harris has met with engineer Gary Goddard and walked him through his cinema project.

He said there were a range of factors to be considered to get everything up to standard.

"Because we are doing

that we must provide for disabled people so the stairs are being upgraded to become legal and there

will also be a lift coming

up for people with wheelchairs and walking frames,” Mr Harris said.

When complete the cinema will offer a range of films including new release, old and educational films.

Each cinema will have the latest NEC digital laser cinema projectors, and high- quality DTS sound, with 32 speakers in each cinema.

The planetarium will have four NEC digital laser projectors, and a high quality 5.1 sound system, and show a wide range of 360-degree films.</s>In the pilot of ABC’s “Time After Time,” a young H.G. Wells (Freddie Stroma) uses his time machine to travel to present-day New York City, where he finds himself, dressed in a 19th-century-style three-piece suit, in the middle of Times Square while in pursuit of Jack the Ripper (Josh Bowman).

This being New York, the show’s star says he attracted no more attention while filming than the other costumed characters in Times Square.

“What’s funny is that people didn’t really notice too much. I looked a little like a hipster,” Stroma, 30, tells The Post. “Wearing a glued-on mustache and chops, I thought, ‘I look ridiculous,’ and then I started looking around and noticing other men with similar facial hair and I thought, ‘OK, maybe not.’”

In “Time After Time” (Episode 3 airs Sunday at 9 p.m.), the period suit and hair don’t last long as Wells and Jack (real name Dr. John Stevenson) engage in a cat-and-mouse game. The moralistic Wells wants Stevenson to return to 1893 London to serve justice for murdering a prostitute. The doctor, however, finds he’s quite content to keep killing in a future that is plagued with war, violence and political divisiveness.

While their characters were friends before Jack’s killing spree made them enemies, Stroma (“UnReal”) was surprised to discover that he and Bowman, 29, (“Revenge”) — who both grew up in England — also have a shared past.

“Apparently when I was nine years old, we went to the same school [St. John’s Beaumont in Berkshire],” he says. “He was one year below me, in my brother’s year. He recognized my real name [Sjöström], because it’s a confusing Swedish name. It’s funny that we’re playing two people who don’t really know each other but once upon a time, we were friends.”

The drama’s serial killer plot line is lightened by comedic moments, as when Wells is befuddled by modern technology, such as iPhones and electric razors. Along the way, he also meets and begins to fall for a pretty assistant museum curator, Jane (Genesis Rodriguez), which will complicate his pursuit of justice in the first season.

“There’s definitely the arc of trying to [make] Jack the Ripper pay for what he’s done. We also have a love story, which makes it difficult for H.G. to even want to go back, even though he has to,” says Stroma, who is married to his “UnReal” co-star Johanna Braddy. “And then we have some other people who know about the time machine, which then ties us in to some of [Wells’] novels, specifically ‘The Island of Doctor Moreau.’

“We’ll have some moments where Jack the Ripper and I have a common enemy and we might have to put some differences aside,” he adds.

Time-travel shows have proved an especially prevalent genre this season, though unlike entries such as NBC’s “Timeless” and Fox’s “Making History,” “Time After Time” won’t jump through the decades every episode. As to why TV suddenly has time-warp fever, Stroma is stumped.

“I honestly don’t know [why],” he says. “To me, it’s a fun platform for that escapism where you can say ‘what if’ of other characters — what they would think of our society, what we would think of theirs.”</s>I began this journey of running back in September after a difficult summer of self-reflection. I realized how little time I dedicate to myself, how often I make excuses and how much this needed to change! I now run 4-5 days a week and I am very often asked, How do you make time for running as a full-time mom?

I’m not just a mom of two girls, I’m also a full-time blogger, and I also run a very small online shop making hand stamped leather goods, so prioritizing seems to come naturally. Do I succeed every time? I do not, however; it gets a little easier every time. Some things definitely fall by the wayside, sometimes laundry doesn’t get done, or an email doesn’t get returned. Slowly but surely, I’m starting to realize that I cannot do it at all and I need to be ok with letting go! I simply cannot do everything!

With an 8-year-old and a two-year-old, mornings are a complete circus but 3 days a week, after wrangling two monkeys I make my way out the door with both kids in tow, drop off the oldest at school and then head over to Empire Field to run the track with the littlest in my Thule Jogging stroller. I make a decision those 3 mornings to start my day off a little bit later but much more energized. With InTraining clinic on Monday evenings, this allows me to get a hold of my week in a positive way! I end my week with a free run Saturday mornings, no jogging stroller, no timer just the open road and me!

I hit the track with a project in mind and I run it out! I think it through and for some reason; I find my solutions seem to come to me easier! Every morning I make the choice to put a small part of myself first because I know that my children, my husband, my businesses and myself personally will be all the better for it!

The Sun Run is allowing me to show my girls that hard work and dedication pays off. After 15 years of smoking and neglecting myself, I’ve committed to finishing the 10k and having my two girls alongside my husband at the end cheering me on! See you there!</s>Spring snow or savoring summer: Each day is a surprise

The return of daylight is one of my favorite parts of March. The warmer days are nice, for sure, but the sunshine that lasts well after the workday is such a welcome relief. It’s as if that lightness is cajoling us outside to play. And it’s a welcome feeling.

March is the perfect middle ground, when snow lovers can indulge in great spring skiing, and those itching for summery weather can venture outside without bundling up in ridiculously thick layers. One day can deliver a fresh dump of clean snow, while another can blow in a spring chinook, melting everything in sight. The unpredictable nature of this month alone is reason enough to perk up and notice everything around us.

 This in-between season is also the ideal time to cook up a coming adventure or embark upon a daylong outing that takes advantage of the longer daylight.

 This month, our columnists share some of those middle-season suggestions. From backcountry adventure races (see Sarah Zerkel’s 61 Degrees North column, Page 29) to heli- and cat-skiing treks (See our White Pages column, on Page 12, or a roundup of heli-skiing outfits on Page 6), March is spot-on for a more hospitable, manageable winter outing, no matter the skill level.

 If warm summer days are more to your liking, use these days to plan. Mike Halko’s Running Wild column (Page 28) suggests a way to commemorate each of your running races with a patchwork quilt that makes use of the ubiquitous race T-shirts earned after each endeavor. Likewise, Chris Batin shares a summer trout-fishing destination worth putting on your calendar right now (See Page 26). And, finally, Laura Emerson, our Off the Grid writer whose tale of her remote cabin life never ceases to entertain, offers suggestions for that spring snow that will please the palate. She’s on Page 22.

The lingering snow has its less-than-appealing side, too.

 In late January, our newest columnist and a household name in Alaska – Holly Brooks – embarked on a ski trek to British Columbia with a group of friends. She had looked forward to the trip for months, and all went smoothly.

 Until the last day. Brooks, in a touching tribute, remembers the life of Amy Downing, a lifelong Alaskan and adventurer who was caught up in an avalanche on the very last day of skiing. Despite her expertise, and carrying everything she needed to be prepared for such an event, the power of the snow was too much. For Brooks and her friends, this is a reminder to treasure every moment outdoors and never take these experiences for granted. She shares her memories of Amy on Page 18.

 Debra McGhan, our Safety Matters columnist, has a similar story to tell, of a young woman who died too soon, less than a year ago. Her column reminds us of the importance of “Avoiding the Terrain Trap.” Her story, on Page 24, is worth reading to keep those tips in mind.</s>Getting a perfect night’s sleep every night is impossible. But if you’re sleeping pretty well and still wake up finding yourself out of sorts and tired most days of the week, there may be underlying problems.

There is a difference between typical sleepiness and the bone-weariness that is fatigue.

“Everyone can feel simply exhausted on occasion from too much work and too little downtime, but true fatigue is pretty much constant,” explains sleep expert Dr. Ilene Rosen, president-elect of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM.) “With fatigue, people don’t have energy and sleep doesn’t make them feel better.” On the other hand, sleepiness is usually resolved after a good snooze.

The good news is that “. . . doctors have gotten very savvy about sleep health can get to the bottom of conditions that may be causing sleep problems,” she says. Even better: treating an underlying condition can generally result in feeling more refreshed after sleep.

There are many potential medical issues that could be causing fatigue and can include diseases like cancer or undiagnosed heart disease. The bottom line: see your doctor if you have concerns.

Here are just a few of the problems that could be causing you to feel so darn exhausted.

This disorder makes it tough for blood to move oxygen throughout your body. The most common type is iron-deficiency anemia. Iron helps transport oxygen. Some people who have iron-deficiency anemia develop restless legs syndrome (RLS), a disorder that causes a strong and uncomfortable urge to move the legs while at rest. That inability to get comfortable results in fractured, disrupted sleep.

Fatigue is a common symptom of diabetes, but the reasons behind the fatigue may be due to numerous issues related to the disease. Although those with diabetes are more prone to infections and anemia, both of which can cause fatigue, fluctuating blood sugar levels are also to blame.

“Obesity and lack of exercise can make people tired, but obesity and lack of exercise can also lead to diabetes and fatigue,” says Rosen, who also serves as program director of the University of Pennsylvania Sleep Fellowship program. “That fatigue is one of the reasons people may first see a doctor and get tested.”

The thyroid gland, which is located in your neck, helps your body control its energy use. If the gland is underactive (hypothyroidism), you feel sluggish and exhausted, says Dr. Raj Dasgupta, a specialist in pulmonary and sleep medicine at the University of Southern California and AASM fellow.

“The risk for hypothyroidism increases with age, so some women, for example, might think their exhaustion might be due to the menopause when in fact it’s a thyroid issue,” says Dasgupta.

Many people snore. But when snoring is linked to breaks in breathing, sleep apnea is the most likely cause. The most common symptom is chronic fatigue. Obesity is a risk factor, as is smoking, heredity, and excessive alcohol use, among others. Left untreated, sleep apnea can cause some serious issues including heart disease, premature death, and accidents. “It’s such a common problem and it’s so important for people to be evaluated,’ says Dasgupta. “Treatment can improve symptoms.”

Although it seems like a no-brainer that pain reduces your chances of a good night’s sleep, researchers are still trying to better understand the link. One of the big culprits is arthritis. About half of people with osteoarthritis have problems falling or staying asleep, according to the Arthritis Foundation. Fibromyalgia is another sleep zapper, and of its most common symptoms is chronic fatigue, along with body aches.

“People with fibromyalgia simply don’t get deep, restorative sleep, and it seems that without that kind of sleep pain tolerance is worse” says Dasgupta. In fact, in one study researchers deprived a group of healthy women of deep or slow-wave sleep, for three days. The results: poor pain tolerance and higher levels of discomfort and fatigue, according to the National Sleep Foundation.

Here’s the rub. Depression — a persistent feeling of sadness, anxiety and disinterest — may cause sleep problems. But sleep problems also contribute to depression. Some folks may first develop sleep issues before an onset of depression. For others, depression occurs first.

In any scenario, lack of sleep just adds to the problems. For those with depression, insomnia, unrefreshing sleep, and daytime sleepiness are common. But, some studies show that the risk of developing depression is highest among those with insomnia and difficulties staying asleep, according to the National Sleep Foundation.

“Essentially anything that affects your breathing and oxygen can affect your sleep,” says Rosen. For example, people with asthma can cough and wheeze at night and have fractured sleep. Those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are more likely to develop insomnia, nightmares and daytime sleepiness, according to the Lung Institute.

Even a simple cold, the flu, or sinus problems can affect the quality of your sleep, leaving you exhausted.

Certain classes of medications can also disrupt sleep.

“Some can cause daytime drowsiness others can keep a person up at night, but in many cases alternatives can be prescribed or people can take certain drugs at a different time,” says Dr. Kingman Strohl, program director of the Sleep Medicine Center at University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center.

The list of drugs that can cause sleep problems is long, but some of the most notable offenders include:
• Certain selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors used to treat depression and anxiety

7. But maybe you just need more sleep

Let’s get real. If you feel just so sleepy all the time, there’s a good chance “. . . you’re just not getting enough sleep,” says Strohl, professor of medicine at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. “People don’t place a big priority or enough value on sleep and then they wonder why they are tired.” Adults are supposed to get about seven to nine hours every night, but more than one-third of people say they barely get seven, according to the National Sleep Foundation.

RELATED: Here's how much sleep you really need each night

If you don’t place a priority on sleep, you can run into some big trouble like obesity, dementia, or poor job performance, among others.

So try to keep regular sleep hours (even on weekends), toss your tech from your bedroom, skip the late night dinners and alcoholic drinks right before bedtime, and get your exercise during the day. Those lifestyle changes alone may be enough to help you get a better night’s sleep.</s>tell me how long the train’s been gone

the american negro has the great advantage of having never believed the collection of myths to which white americans cling: that their ancestors were all freedom-loving heroes, that they were born in the greatest country the world has ever seen, or that americans are invincible in battle and wise in peace, that americans have always dealt honorably with mexicans and indians and all other neighbors or inferiors, that american men are the world’s most direct and virile, that american women are pure. negroes know far more about white americans than that; it can almost be said, in fact, that they know about white americans what parents—or, anyway, mothers—know about their children, and that they very often regard white americans that way. and perhaps this attitude, held in spite of what they know and have endured, helps to explain why negroes, on the whole, and until lately, have allowed themselves to feel so little hatred. the tendency has really been, insofar as this was possible, to dismiss white people as the slightly mad victims of their own brainwashing.―james baldwin, the fire next time

truth be told—train never left the station! it’s stuck, spinning its wheels digging deeper and deeper into the muck and mire of empire. . . .

any self-respecting afrikan born in america with a bit of real knowledge of their people’s history, and the way that history was twisted to erase genocide and body snatching from the public’s collective memory, in this nation’s quest for a founding myth, will give you the 4-1-1 on that.

that’s right, train never left: in 1865 after the civil war, afrikans owned 0.05% of the nation’s wealth; a quite remarkable feat given that only 247,000 of the more than 4.4-million afrikans had been nominally free, and in a position to accumulate any wealth. but in 1990, 135 years after emancipation, afrikans’ share of america’s total wealth had grown to a less than staggering 1%.1

the white supremacist fringe would have you believe that lack of growth is because afrikan people are genetically and cognitively inferior to whites. but even a cursory reading of that 135 years reveals the undeniable truth of this grim history of economic exploitation, legal bait and switch, and political chicanery designed to dull commonsense and divide we the people.2 it’s a history of bloody lies, murderous intentions, and the inevitable consequences that followed. in 2017, we’re living in and with the aftermath.

truth is, rich white men ordered and ordained the genocide of indigenous americans, and the theft and economic exploitation of millions of afrikans and their children bred to be capitalism’s mules in service to the stolen land. landowning white men’s inhuemane means of wealth accumulation became a sacred addiction to the greed that turned an economy into a culture of expropriation, racial oppression, patriarchy, self-serving violence, and a sheep-to-slaughter mentality. these elite founding fathers and the merchants who serviced their enslaved holdings passed on their ill-gotten-gain from this enterprise, from one generation to the next, accumulating interest, wealth, plausible denial, poverty and spiritual impoverishment.

the vast majority of white americans are residual beneficiaries of this largesse. and while neither they nor their immediate ancestors may have participated in the rape and theft, or directly benefited from the distribution of the spoils, it’s inescapable that their economic and social advance is a direct result of their white skin privilege and afrikan oppression. nothing more!

today, the republicans who’ve seized power in washington and the great majority of state capitals are playing their trump card, making sure to create enuf tension, and generate enuf fear and misdirection among whitefolk to keep them off balance, thinking only about how to support or bring down the president’s nationalist, antihueman agenda. trump has navigated institutional america firmly onto the shores of the supremacist fringe of white nationalism. and despite his rhetoric of inclusivity and cooperation across the aisle, his make america great again euphemism is meant to keep the niggers in their place.

the politics of skin and fear are being dealt by the power elite3 to create a wall of psychological 3 ill-will and distrust between average working class whites, therefore, rendering them incapable of reasoning in their own class interests, as represented in latent cooperation and political alignment with afrikan people and other people of color.

they reckon that white people’s mental well being rests squarely on the fact that their whiteness is a tangible, exploitable resource they can cash in to escape the condition of enslavement they see the dark-skinned others succumbing to and suffering. where there is cooperation across race, it is based on narrow self interest, within the pail of capitalist supremacy that has white privilege as it’s root and low-hanging branches. it is simple reform, not revolutionary change — and the american experiment needs more reform like a bad tooth needs sugar.

there will be wars and the rumors of wars4

atho there is evidence of improved relations across the colorline,5 21st century america has not escaped plantation economy or politics. in this regard, hear brother malcolm’s prophetic voice:

i believe that there will ultimately be a clash between those who want freedom, justice, and equality for everyone and those who want to continue the systems of exploitation. . . it is incorrect to classify the revolt of the negro as simply a racial conflict of black against white, or as a purely american problem. rather, we are today seeing a global rebellion of the oppressed against the oppressor, the exploited against the exploiter.6

it is neither error nor act of chance that brother malcolm was assasinated when he was, calling up the afrikan intelligence of a people to see themselves as whole and not disparate sects of white nationalist states. it is no coincidence that martin king was assassinated just as he had begun to internationalize his message of poor people’s rights.

the clash to come will be on the grounds of economic inequality and the heavyhandedness of the police state. while the corporate media and elected middlemen of the elite —passing as a government of the people— keep the conversation about fear and race matters in the headlines, the bottomline is where the ultimate friction point lies.

afrikan people are oppressed because they don’t have the collective force of their income or purchasing power — not because they are varying shades of black. emphasis on race —skin color— is an emotional distraction that keeps afrikan people and the masses blinded to their condition of wage slavery and penury. afrikan people are 12-14 percent of the population, owning only 1% of the total wealth, and but 5% of businesses. that leaves us open to the charge of comparative inferiority.

let there be no confusion concerning the state of afrikan people’s oppression or the way that condition is construed by the ruling class and their government managers to cover their crimes. our position and condition are a direct result of our enslavement and forced labor over centuries, and its constructed aftermath. we are not inferior but sufferers, having suffered the ravages of white nationalism all these years hanging on to the hope that one day we, too, would be free and equal partners in this western economic enterprise.

nevertheless, we must accept that our fealty to those masters who’ve held our bodies and minds in bondage speaks to our complicity in their crimes. no one in america will liberate us for us, we must do that for ourselves.

we are learning to see clearly, to look impassionately, and to resurrect truth from the body of our experience. we cannot escape our part in this madness, but we should never internalize the american drama as our own. it is not. it is an historical anomaly to which we have been normalized by torture and time. it is not a condition that will last forever. we will not always be others’ footstool!

with republican hegemony raging thru the land, donald trump in the white house as head of the capitalist world empire, and right wing religious fanatic mike pence and his cohort twisting his nipples in the wings, ready to step into trump’s shoes when impeachment is imminent and resignation the only course to short circuit the process, brother malcolm’s prediction of conflict is particularly resonant and prescient.

but, you say, aren’t immigrants america’s new niggers, particularly those from mexico and the seven muslim nations trump has banned? isn’t the president reaching out to blackpeople? hasn’t he proposed support for historically black colleges and universities, and doesn’t he want to put a cop on every corner in our chocolate cities, as a way to make the streets safe again? inotherwords, isn’t donald trump’s presidency supporting the advance of afrikan people as viable participants in the white supremacist experiment?

it may seem so on its face, but afrikan people should be super cautious, and spiritually conscious to take no solace from this latest round of racebaiting, xenophobic, white nationalist jingoism, and diversity double-speak. each immigrant group singled out by trump enters communities in america whose share of the total wealth, and business ownership is greater than that of afrikan people. in the final analysis they contribute more to donald trump’s america than do afrikan people. and, yet, they are being rejected! does that not raise red flags everywhere?

afrikan peoples’ value to the national economy is consumption. this year alone afrikan people are expected to have $1.1-trillion in purchasing power. and these dollars are not harnessed to the benefit of afrikan people. instead, our money is spent creating jobs and wealth for others and their communities.7 that condition isn’t carved in stone. we can re-member it!

people of afrikan descent will recover from the post traumatic slave syndrome deficit we face as8 subjects of the western world, when we give up the illusion of fitting seamlessly into the delusion of white supremacist democracy, and rediscover our identity as an afrikan people centered in family and its extension. as such, collectively, our intent finds and grows the family center, re-membering afrika and its diaspora. this new republican administration provides afrikan people an optimum political target around which to coalesce toward unification. the enemy hasn’t been this clear since pre-brown vs. board-1954 america.

donald trump is the newest sheriff in town; the great white hope installed to put the natives in their place. already, he’s raised the rightwing plaint to law and order,9 loudly proclaiming the targeting of cities with large afrikan populations for federal get tough on crime interventions. and altho trump’s call to turn the cops loose on people of color may seem new to some, as the online mag salon has reported, the president’s take on cop capers goes way back.

when i was young, i sat in a diner with my father and witnessed two young bullies cursing and threatening a very frightened waitress. two cops rushed in, lifted up the thugs and threw them out the door, warning them never to cause trouble again. i miss the feeling of security new york’s finest once gave to the citizens of this city. let our politicians give back our police department’s power to keep us safe. unshackle them from the constant chant of “police brutality” which every petty criminal hurls immediately at an officer who has just risked his or her life to save another’s. we must cease our continuous pandering to the criminal population of this city. give new york back to the citizens who have earned the right to be new yorkers.10

earn the right to be new yorkers!?! there should be no doubt about who donald trump’s new yorkers are; or to whom he refers as the criminal population. afrikan people are squarely in the 21st century bullseye of the police state. so whatever better we think may have achieved under democrat rule during the last eight years, evidence points to a substantial roll back under way with this new republican regime, guided by the lite of all administrations back to nixon, reagan and bakke. america always has been a scary place for afrikan people, but now some would argue that we’re on the verge of becoming casualties of a trump house of horrors.

but to believe and get stuck in that train of thot is to give the power of your mind to the institutional cancer of capitalism — that ephemeral force that creates and facilitates the circulation of the myth of afrikan peoples’ dysfunction and inferiority.

paraphrasing dr. john henrik clarke, the people who would be called afrikans had built 11 civilizations long before those who would become the european climbed from caves of ignorance on the backs of the black people of the nile valley civilizations.

to that end, we channel the incomparable nina simone, who said, life is in the feeling:

life is short. people are not easy to know. they’re not easy to know, so if you don’t tell them how you feel, you’re not going to get anywhere, i feel.

we, too, feel nina, and we know that what we feel is more accurate than our thinking! and what we realize in the praxis, since the turbulent ‘60s, is that we the people have more in common with one another than we have that separates and divides us. today, that realization is on the move. today, it’s called intersectionality, as people with different causes and policy interests find themselves on the same protest lines in support of one another’s issues. during the ‘60s, black community politics surged on the river of black nationalism. we understood the psychological and practical impact of doing it our selves, for our selves.

whitefolk took their lead from us, understanding that their work was to bring their people to consciousness by working in their own communities. and on that basis cooperation and alliance were/and still are possible.

today’s intersectionality seems an advance along those lines that shows a degree of maturity in the resistance movement that could portend an openness to understanding and supporting afrikan people’s most logical and direct call for liberation — reparations as a first step to aligning our family interests. intersectional coalescence around this issue will change all lives, because it will reorient the national conversation about america’s economic and political well being. it will set a real basis for morality and ethics in a state where all people’s voices are heard, and count. however, if cross-cultural work can’t begin based on this understanding, then there really is no basis for for afrikan people to consider revolutionary alignment. to eschew this point of intersection easily identifies a bent toward reformation rather than revolution, in that the outcome of resistance would simply feedback into the capitalist hegemonic loop.

imagine a revolutionary paradigm of a constitutional convention to which afrikan people were fully participating in determining how their lives and the lives of their fellow citizens would be governed. recognizing that the wealth of the west is built on the broken bones and dead bodies of millions of indigenous americans and enslaved afrikans, certainly would give a new governing document meaning and legitimacy it has never possessed.

with donald trump in the white house, conscious afrikan people can’t afford to allow this moment to pass without inserting into the national conversation for change, our call for reparations and community renewal thru a people’s constitutional convention. unseating the current administration and challenging the wealth of the 400 billionaires who’ve replaced the landowning white men who founded america and wrote the laws we the struggling poor are governed by — from the afrikan’s perspective, that is not the intersectionalist challenge. unseating the capitalist world order is what must be done. and certainly that begins at home, but must begin with the internationalist understanding that the capitalist order must be brought to heel.

as afrikans it is not enuf to just be concerned with canceling the trump presidency. we must cripple and restructure the world economic order. that’s the focus, the point in history at which the crisis in race, immigration, environment and hueman health, housing, gender, hueman rights, and all other issues converge. this is the groundbreaking truth of intersectionality. and if it is not this, it has no viability for afrikan people. malcolm and king both understood toward the end of their lives of resistance, that our struggle is an international and collective, and that anything outside that paradigm is bogus reform.

europe’s colonization of afrikan people was accompanied by its colonization of other people of color. and in the process, the conquerors colonized information about themselves, these subjugated people, and the world. we still live in the world they created and passed on to their sons and daughters.

about this world the academics and professional activists theorize, fitting practical models to their ideological formulations. they are putting in their work to understand the dragon that must be defanged. the politicians are adjusting their platforms and tweaking their rhetoric to make their political parties seem relevant. still others —the progressive commonfolk— are running on emotion thru the streets mad as hell that a donald trump could be elected to lead their country. all these visible streams lead to reform. but reform will not solve the afrikans’ problem — white supremacist economic praxis, capitalism.

i am the afrikan stolen from the land i was born to. i have no country. i am not tied to or invested in the well-being, parties or privileges of america. i am invested in my collective afrikan self — my collective identity and individual huemanity. from the preeminent value of my afrikan body and the ancestral genes that give it form, i’m invested in the history of moments— and this very moment—that give it meaning.

huemanity is a universal yet singular praxis. it is international, intentionally without borders or national boundaries. on these premises i stand demanding reparations. and this demand backed by the buying power of afrikan people has the potential to bring all huemankind to the negotiating table, with an intent to bring huemankind into alignment with natural law — all people are created equal, with none more equal than others. all people live in relationship to all that has been created from the matrix of earth, sea and heaven, and to this trinity we owe our fidelity, exercising the intention that all should share in this planet’s wealth.

while the lords of davos meet to determine how the world’s economy should be grown, 12 governed, and distributed, it is insane for afikan people to sit on the sidelines waiting for the generosity of the 1% to save us from them. the chemistry of the times requires afrikan people to wake the fuck up! in america alone we possess purchasing power equal to the 15th largest nation in the world. we govern the continent of afrika, still the source of the world’s richest mineral deposits, altho we don’t control our countries’ economies. and the afrikan diaspora, especially in south america is large enough to wreak havoc on any government that would openly oppress it’s ranks. we must stop talking yang, and start talking family security, economics, cooperation, and development.

but this power can only be exercised with the open-armed embrace of one another as afrikan people. the collective will of afrika, when realized, is a force that cannot be denied, but the masters of the west and their arab allies are certain the destruction they’ve wrought on the afrikan body-mind during the last 1300 years is sufficient to keep us divided and at one another’s throats, in perpetuity, about a democracy that never has existed.

personally i’m in favour of democracy, which means that the central institutions in the society have to be under popular control. now, under capitalism we can’t have democracy by definition. capitalism is a system in which the central institutions of society are in principle under autocratic control. thus a corporation or an industry is, if we were to think of it in political terms, fascist; that is, it has tight control at the top and strict obedience has to be established at every level — there’s a little bargaining, a little give and take, but the line of authority is perfectly straightforward. just as i’m opposed to political fascism, i’m opposed to economic fascism. i think that until major institutions of society are under the popular control of participants and communities, it’s pointless to talk about democracy.

noam chomsky’s take on democracy is clear, as should be our own.

we must come to our senses and effectively treat the post-traumatic slave syndrome we suffer from — we should make no further sacrifice without atonement. cooperating and pledging allegiance to the west’s well being is at our own expense. that is the ultimate sacrifice. the relationship between the rich and the poor must come into balance, and we must be the force that drives the intent for this momentum, a fundamental redistribution of wealth. by this means we mite prevent chaos, anarchy, and the death of millions more. this moral and ethical stance should be the position of a unified people who realize their common identity and history. this would be a democracy i can understand and work toward.

1dr. claud anderson, the more things change, the more they stay the same: racial inequality and the moment of lock-in: http://law.usc.edu/assets/docs/roithmayr.pdf

3the power elite is a 1956 book by sociologist c. wright mills, in which mills calls attention to the interwoven interests of the 3 leaders of the military, corporate, and political elements of society and suggests that the ordinary citizen is a relatively powerless subject of manipulation by those entities

4matthew 24:6: and ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars: see that ye be not troubled: for all these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet.

5the term color line was originally used as a reference to the racial segregation that existed in the united states after the abolition of slavery. an article by frederick douglass titled the color line was published in the north american review in 1881. the phrase gained fame after w.e.b dubois repeated use of it in his book the souls of black folk.

72016 nielsen report: black buying power has reached tipping point, but how will black america leverage it to create wealth? http://atlantablackstar.com/2016/02/04/2016-nielsen-report-black-buying-power-reached-tipping-point-will-blackamerica-leverage-create-wealth/

9flamm (2005) documents how conservatives constructed a persuasive message that argued that the civil rights movement had contributed to racial unrest and johnson’s great society had rewarded rather than punished the perpetrators of violence. conservatives demanded that the national government should promote respect for law and order and contempt for those who violated it, regardless of cause. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/law_and_order_(politics)

12usa today: what is davos? 5 things to know about the world economic forum, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/ 2017/01/16/what-is-davos/96390850/
Physicists synthesize space-time crystals for the first time.