feat_summary_path: finished_summaries/gradesaver/The School for Scandal/section_0_part_0.txt
feat_book_id: The School for Scandal.act i.scene i-scene ii
feat_summary_id: act i
feat_summary: {"name": "Act I", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180409073536/http://www.gradesaver.com/the-school-for-scandal/study-guide/summary-act-i", "summary": "The play starts with two prologues that set up the themes of scandal, rumors, and public appearance. Act I begins by presenting Lady Sneerwell, a wealthy widow, and her servant, Snake, gossiping as they usually do. Lady Sneerwell gossips because, in her past, someone destroyed her reputation. Lady Sneerwell reveals to Snake why she is so involved in matters concerning Sir Peter Teazle, his ward Maria, and the young brothers Charles and Joseph Surface: Joseph loves Maria, but Maria loves Charles, whom Lady Sneerwell also loves. Lady Sneerwell and Joseph have been plotting to make Maria and Charles drift apart by putting out a rumor that Charles and Sir Peter's wife, Teazle, are having an affair. Lady Sneerwell will be sending Snake to execute this plot. After Lady Sneerwell finishes explaining, Joseph enters. Snake leaves, and Joseph then tells Lady Sneerwell that he suspects Snake of not being entirely faithful to them and their secret plan, because Snake has been in conversation with Rowley, who was his father's steward. Maria now enters, having tried to escape Sir Benjamin Backbite, another man vying for her love, and his uncle Crabtree. She complains that she did not want to stay with Backbite and his uncle because they were talking badly about others. Maria is followed by Mrs. Candour, and then by Sir Benjamin Backbite and his uncle Crabtree, who start gossiping that the Surface brothers' rich uncle will soon return to England from the East Indies. Crabtree also lauds Sir Benjamin's poetic sensibilities. They then start gossiping about Charles' financial situation, so Maria chooses to leave. Mrs. Candour follows her to try to help, and then Crabtree and Benjamin follow as well. Scene II begins with a soliloquy by Sir Peter about his wife's spending habits. Rowley arrives and the two talk about Maria, discussing how she rejected Joseph and seems to like Charles. Rowley defends Charles and then tells Sir Peter that Sir Oliver arrived from the East Indies. Sir Peter fears that Sir Oliver will make fun of him for getting married, but he is excited to see a friend whom he last saw sixteen years ago.", "analysis": "Beginning with a prologue was fairly commonplace at the time of Sheridan's writing. These prologues are used to directly address the audience and set up some of the themes or issues of the play. Sometimes, these prologues were not even written by the playwright, much like the forward of a book. In this play, the audience first sees a \"portrait\" written by the playwright, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, followed by a prologue written by a man named Mr. Garric. From the beginning of the play proper, characters' names are important for understanding characters' personalities and Sheridan's sense of humor and irony. In the first scene, Lady Sneerwell talks to Snake openly about their plot to spread a nasty, false rumor about Charles Surface and Lady Sneerwell's personal reasons for enjoying creating scandal. Lady Sneerwell's name combines her social status  with her major character trait of judging others . Snake's name is slightly more metaphorical, evoking ideas of sneakiness. This sneakiness is why Lady Sneerwell chooses him to do her bidding; ironically, it is also the character trait that allows Snake to reveal Lady Sneerwell's plot in the end. Lady Sneerwell's forwardness and honesty with Snake might be surprising in a Comedy of Manners. For example, she says directly, \"Wounded myself, in the early part of my life, by the envenomed tongue of slander, I confess I have since known no pleasure equal to the reducing others to the level of my own injured reputation\" . However, this honesty and self-awareness in the first scene allows the audience to contrast her manner in private with her behavior in the public sphere, where she constantly throws attention on others rather than drawing it to her own situation. Act I Scene I introduces many of the important characters and relationships of the play. When Maria is introduced, there is immediate contrast between her own manner and beliefs and those of the rest of the characters. In Maria's second line of the play, she explains why she fled from conversation with Benjamin Backbite, saying, \"his conversation is a perpetual libel on all his acquaintance\" , meaning that he, like Lady Sneerwell, is a gossip. Throughout the play, Maria is used as a symbol of innocence and purity. The love Joseph, Charles, and Benjamin all have for her could suggest either that society still sought morality in the midst of all the scandal and gossip that most people partook in, or that women specifically were expected to be seen as moral and pure. One of the major issue raised in Act I is the relation between mean gossip and wit. Maria suggests that she loses respect for wit when wit is used to hurt or spread gossip about another; in her words, when she \"see it in company with malice\" . However, Lady Sneerwell responds that the two concepts  are inextricably linked. Sheridan is perhaps challenging his audience, and especially viewers who are highly educated or writers themselves, to contemplate whether all wit must have a \"barb that makes it stick\" . If nothing else, as a writer of satire, Sheridan certainly had to confront the relation between wit and meanness personally."}
text: PROLOGUE WRITTEN BY MR. GARRICK
  
       A school for Scandal! tell me, I beseech you,
       Needs there a school this modish art to teach you?
       No need of lessons now, the knowing think;
       We might as well be taught to eat and drink.
       Caused by a dearth of scandal, should the vapours
       Distress our fair ones--let them read the papers;
       Their powerful mixtures such disorders hit;
       Crave what you will--there's quantum sufficit.
       "Lord!" cries my Lady Wormwood (who loves tattle,
       And puts much salt and pepper in her prattle),
       Just risen at noon, all night at cards when threshing
       Strong tea and scandal--"Bless me, how refreshing!
       Give me the papers, Lisp--how bold and free!  [Sips.]
       LAST NIGHT LORD L. [Sips] WAS CAUGHT WITH LADY D.
       For aching heads what charming sal volatile!  [Sips.]
       IF MRS. B. WILL STILL CONTINUE FLIRTING,
       WE HOPE SHE'LL draw, OR WE'LL undraw THE CURTAIN.
       Fine satire, poz--in public all abuse it,
       But, by ourselves [Sips], our praise we can't refuse it.
       Now, Lisp, read you--there, at that dash and star:"
       "Yes, ma'am--A CERTAIN LORD HAD BEST BEWARE,
       WHO LIVES NOT TWENTY MILES FROM GROSVENOR SQUARE;
       FOR, SHOULD HE LADY W. FIND WILLING,
       WORMWOOD IS BITTER"----"Oh! that's me! the villain!
       Throw it behind the fire, and never more
       Let that vile paper come within my door."
       Thus at our friends we laugh, who feel the dart;
       To reach our feelings, we ourselves must smart.
       Is our young bard so young, to think that he
       Can stop the full spring-tide of calumny?
       Knows he the world so little, and its trade?
       Alas! the devil's sooner raised than laid.
       So strong, so swift, the monster there's no gagging:
       Cut Scandal's head off, still the tongue is wagging.
       Proud of your smiles once lavishly bestow'd,
       Again our young Don Quixote takes the road;
       To show his gratitude he draws his pen,
       And seeks his hydra, Scandal, in his den.
       For your applause all perils he would through--
       He'll fight--that's write--a cavalliero true,
       Till every drop of blood--that's ink--is spilt for you.
  
  
  
  
  
  ACT I SCENE I.
  
  --LADY SNEERWELL'S House
  
  LADY SNEERWELL at her dressing table with LAPPET; MISS VERJUICE drinking
  chocolate
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. The Paragraphs you say were all inserted:
  
  VERJUICE. They were Madam--and as I copied them myself in a feigned Hand
  there can be no suspicion whence they came.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Did you circulate the Report of Lady Brittle's Intrigue
  with Captain Boastall?
  
  VERJUICE. Madam by this Time Lady Brittle is the Talk of half the
  Town--and I doubt not in a week the Men will toast her as a Demirep.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. What have you done as to the insinuation as to a certain
  Baronet's Lady and a certain Cook.
  
  VERJUICE. That is in as fine a Train as your Ladyship could wish. I told
  the story yesterday to my own maid with directions to communicate it
  directly to my Hairdresser. He I am informed has a Brother who courts a
  Milliners' Prentice in Pallmall whose mistress has a first cousin whose
  sister is Feme [Femme] de Chambre to Mrs. Clackit--so that in the
  common course of Things it must reach Mrs. Clackit's Ears within
  four-and-twenty hours and then you know the Business is as good as done.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Why truly Mrs. Clackit has a very pretty Talent--a great
  deal of industry--yet--yes--been tolerably successful in her way--To my
  knowledge she has been the cause of breaking off six matches[,] of three
  sons being disinherited and four Daughters being turned out of Doors.
  Of three several Elopements, as many close confinements--nine separate
  maintenances and two Divorces.--nay I have more than once traced her
  causing a Tete-a-Tete in the Town and Country Magazine--when the Parties
  perhaps had never seen each other's Faces before in the course of their
  Lives.
  
  VERJUICE. She certainly has Talents.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. But her manner is gross.
  
  VERJUICE. 'Tis very true. She generally designs well[,] has a free
  tongue and a bold invention--but her colouring is too dark and her
  outline often extravagant--She wants that delicacy of Tint--and
  mellowness of sneer--which distinguish your Ladyship's Scandal.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Ah you are Partial Verjuice.
  
  VERJUICE. Not in the least--everybody allows that Lady Sneerwell can do
  more with a word or a Look than many can with the most laboured Detail
  even when they happen to have a little truth on their side to support
  it.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Yes my dear Verjuice. I am no Hypocrite to deny the
  satisfaction I reap from the Success of my Efforts. Wounded myself, in
  the early part of my Life by the envenomed Tongue of Slander I confess
  I have since known no Pleasure equal to the reducing others to the Level
  of my own injured Reputation.
  
  VERJUICE. Nothing can be more natural--But my dear Lady Sneerwell There
  is one affair in which you have lately employed me, wherein, I confess I
  am at a Loss to guess your motives.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. I conceive you mean with respect to my neighbour, Sir
  Peter Teazle, and his Family--Lappet.--And has my conduct in this matter
  really appeared to you so mysterious?
  
       [Exit MAID.]
  
  VERJUICE. Entirely so.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. [VERJUICE.?] An old Batchelor as Sir Peter was[,] having
  taken a young wife from out of the Country--as Lady Teazle is--are
  certainly fair subjects for a little mischievous raillery--but here are
  two young men--to whom Sir Peter has acted as a kind of Guardian since
  their Father's death, the eldest possessing the most amiable Character
  and universally well spoken of[,] the youngest the most dissipated
  and extravagant young Fellow in the Kingdom, without Friends or
  caracter--the former one an avowed admirer of yours and apparently
  your Favourite[,] the latter attached to Maria Sir Peter's ward--and
  confessedly beloved by her. Now on the face of these circumstances it
  is utterly unaccountable to me why you a young Widow with no great
  jointure--should not close with the passion of a man of such character
  and expectations as Mr. Surface--and more so why you should be so
  uncommonly earnest to destroy the mutual Attachment subsisting between
  his Brother Charles and Maria.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Then at once to unravel this mistery--I must inform you
  that Love has no share whatever in the intercourse between Mr. Surface
  and me.
  
  VERJUICE. No!
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. His real attachment is to Maria or her Fortune--but
  finding in his Brother a favoured Rival, He has been obliged to mask his
  Pretensions--and profit by my Assistance.
  
  VERJUICE. Yet still I am more puzzled why you should interest yourself
  in his success.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Heavens! how dull you are! cannot you surmise the
  weakness which I hitherto, thro' shame have concealed even from
  you--must I confess that Charles--that Libertine, that extravagant, that
  Bankrupt in Fortune and Reputation--that He it is for whom I am thus
  anxious and malicious and to gain whom I would sacrifice--everything----
  
  VERJUICE. Now indeed--your conduct appears consistent and I no longer
  wonder at your enmity to Maria, but how came you and Surface so
  confidential?
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. For our mutual interest--but I have found out him a long
  time since[,] altho' He has contrived to deceive everybody beside--I
  know him to be artful selfish and malicious--while with Sir Peter, and
  indeed with all his acquaintance, He passes for a youthful Miracle of
  Prudence--good sense and Benevolence.
  
  VERJUICE. Yes yes--I know Sir Peter vows He has not his equal in
  England; and, above all, He praises him as a MAN OF SENTIMENT.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. True and with the assistance of his sentiments and
  hypocrisy he has brought Sir Peter entirely in his interests with
  respect to Maria and is now I believe attempting to flatter Lady Teazle
  into the same good opinion towards him--while poor Charles has no Friend
  in the House--though I fear he has a powerful one in Maria's Heart,
  against whom we must direct our schemes.
  
  SERVANT. Mr. Surface.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Shew him up. He generally calls about this Time. I don't
  wonder at People's giving him to me for a Lover.
  
       Enter SURFACE
  
  SURFACE. My dear Lady Sneerwell, how do you do to-day--your most
  obedient.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Miss Verjuice has just been arraigning me on our mutual
  attachment now; but I have informed her of our real views and the
  Purposes for which our Geniuses at present co-operate. You know
  how useful she has been to us--and believe me the confidence is not
  ill-placed.
  
  SURFACE. Madam, it is impossible for me to suspect that a Lady of Miss
  Verjuice's sensibility and discernment----
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Well--well--no compliments now--but tell me when you saw
  your mistress or what is more material to me your Brother.
  
  SURFACE. I have not seen either since I saw you--but I can inform you
  that they are at present at Variance--some of your stories have taken
  good effect on Maria.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Ah! my dear Verjuice the merit of this belongs to you.
  But do your Brother's Distresses encrease?
  
  SURFACE. Every hour. I am told He had another execution in his house
  yesterday--in short his Dissipation and extravagance exceed anything I
  have ever heard of.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Poor Charles!
  
  SURFACE. True Madam--notwithstanding his Vices one can't help feeling
  for him--ah poor Charles! I'm sure I wish it was in my Power to be of
  any essential Service to him--for the man who does not share in
  the Distresses of a Brother--even though merited by his own
  misconduct--deserves----
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. O Lud you are going to be moral, and forget that you are
  among Friends.
  
  SURFACE. Egad, that's true--I'll keep that sentiment till I see Sir
  Peter. However it is certainly a charity to rescue Maria from such a
  Libertine who--if He is to be reclaim'd, can be so only by a Person of
  your Ladyship's superior accomplishments and understanding.
  
  VERJUICE. 'Twould be a Hazardous experiment.
  
  SURFACE. But--Madam--let me caution you to place no more confidence in
  our Friend Snake the Libeller--I have lately detected him in frequent
  conference with old Rowland [Rowley] who was formerly my Father's
  Steward and has never been a friend of mine.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. I'm not disappointed in Snake, I never suspected the
  fellow to have virtue enough to be faithful even to his own Villany.
  
       Enter MARIA
  
  Maria my dear--how do you do--what's the matter?
  
  MARIA. O here is that disagreeable lover of mine, Sir Benjamin Backbite,
  has just call'd at my guardian's with his odious Uncle Crabtree--so I
  slipt out and ran hither to avoid them.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Is that all?
  
  VERJUICE. Lady Sneerwell--I'll go and write the Letter I mention'd to
  you.
  
  SURFACE. If my Brother Charles had been of the Party, madam, perhaps you
  would not have been so much alarmed.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Nay now--you are severe for I dare swear the Truth
  of the matter is Maria heard YOU were here--but my dear--what has Sir
  Benjamin done that you should avoid him so----
  
  MARIA. Oh He has done nothing--but his conversation is a perpetual Libel
  on all his Acquaintance.
  
  SURFACE. Aye and the worst of it is there is no advantage in not knowing
  Them, for He'll abuse a stranger just as soon as his best Friend--and
  Crabtree is as bad.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Nay but we should make allowance[--]Sir Benjamin is a
  wit and a poet.
  
  MARIA. For my Part--I own madam--wit loses its respect with me, when I
  see it in company with malice.--What do you think, Mr. Surface?
  
  SURFACE. Certainly, Madam, to smile at the jest which plants a Thorn on
  another's Breast is to become a principal in the mischief.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Pshaw--there's no possibility of being witty without a
  little [ill] nature--the malice of a good thing is the Barb that makes
  it stick.--What's your opinion, Mr. Surface?
  
  SURFACE. Certainly madam--that conversation where the Spirit of Raillery
  is suppressed will ever appear tedious and insipid--
  
  MARIA. Well I'll not debate how far Scandal may be allowable--but in a
  man I am sure it is always contemtable.--We have Pride, envy, Rivalship,
  and a Thousand motives to depreciate each other--but the male-slanderer
  must have the cowardice of a woman before He can traduce one.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. I wish my Cousin Verjuice hadn't left us--she should
  embrace you.
  
  SURFACE. Ah! she's an old maid and is privileged of course.
  
       Enter SERVANT
  
  Madam Mrs. Candour is below and if your Ladyship's at leisure will leave
  her carriage.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Beg her to walk in. Now, Maria[,] however here is a
  Character to your Taste, for tho' Mrs. Candour is a little talkative
  everybody allows her to be the best-natured and best sort of woman.
  
  MARIA. Yes with a very gross affectation of good Nature and
  Benevolence--she does more mischief than the Direct malice of old
  Crabtree.
  
  SURFACE. Efaith 'tis very true Lady Sneerwell--Whenever I hear the
  current running again the characters of my Friends, I never think them
  in such Danger as when Candour undertakes their Defence.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Hush here she is----
  
       Enter MRS. CANDOUR
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. My dear Lady Sneerwell how have you been this Century.
  I have never seen you tho' I have heard of you very often.--Mr.
  Surface--the World says scandalous things of you--but indeed it is
  no matter what the world says, for I think one hears nothing else but
  scandal.
  
  SURFACE. Just so, indeed, Ma'am.
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. Ah Maria Child--what[!] is the whole affair off between
  you and Charles? His extravagance; I presume--The Town talks of nothing
  else----
  
  MARIA. I am very sorry, Ma'am, the Town has so little to do.
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. True, true, Child; but there's no stopping people's
  Tongues. I own I was hurt to hear it--as I indeed was to learn from the
  same quarter that your guardian, Sir Peter[,] and Lady Teazle have not
  agreed lately so well as could be wish'd.
  
  MARIA. 'Tis strangely impertinent for people to busy themselves so.
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. Very true, Child; but what's to be done? People will
  talk--there's no preventing it.--why it was but yesterday I was told
  that Miss Gadabout had eloped with Sir Filagree Flirt. But, Lord! there
  is no minding what one hears; tho' to be sure I had this from very good
  authority.
  
  MARIA. Such reports are highly scandalous.
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. So they are Child--shameful! shameful! but the world is
  so censorious no character escapes. Lord, now! who would have suspected
  your friend, Miss Prim, of an indiscretion Yet such is the ill-nature
  of people, that they say her unkle stopped her last week just as she was
  stepping into a Postchaise with her Dancing-master.
  
  MARIA. I'll answer for't there are no grounds for the Report.
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. Oh, no foundation in the world I dare swear[;] no more
  probably than for the story circulated last month, of Mrs. Festino's
  affair with Colonel Cassino--tho' to be sure that matter was never
  rightly clear'd up.
  
  SURFACE. The license of invention some people take is monstrous indeed.
  
  MARIA. 'Tis so but in my opinion, those who report such things are
  equally culpable.
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. To be sure they are[;] Tale Bearers are as bad as the Tale
  makers--'tis an old observation and a very true one--but what's to be
  done as I said before--how will you prevent People from talking--to-day,
  Mrs. Clackitt assured me, Mr. and Mrs. Honeymoon were at last become
  mere man and wife--like [the rest of their] acquaintance--she likewise
  hinted that a certain widow in the next street had got rid of her Dropsy
  and recovered her shape in a most surprising manner--at the same [time]
  Miss Tattle, who was by affirm'd, that Lord Boffalo had discover'd his
  Lady at a house of no extraordinary Fame--and that Sir Harry Bouquet and
  Tom Saunter were to measure swords on a similar Provocation. But--Lord!
  do you think I would report these Things--No, no[!] Tale Bearers as I
  said before are just as bad as the talemakers.
  
  SURFACE. Ah! Mrs. Candour, if everybody had your Forbearance and good
  nature--
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. I confess Mr. Surface I cannot bear to hear People
  traduced behind their Backs[;] and when ugly circumstances come out
  against our acquaintances I own I always love to think the best--by the
  bye I hope 'tis not true that your Brother is absolutely ruin'd--
  
  SURFACE. I am afraid his circumstances are very bad indeed, Ma'am--
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. Ah! I heard so--but you must tell him to keep up his
  Spirits--everybody almost is in the same way--Lord Spindle, Sir Thomas
  Splint, Captain Quinze, and Mr. Nickit--all up, I hear, within this
  week; so, if Charles is undone, He'll find half his Acquaintance ruin'd
  too, and that, you know, is a consolation--
  
  SURFACE. Doubtless, Ma'am--a very great one.
  
       Enter SERVANT
  
  SERVANT. Mr. Crabtree and Sir Benjamin Backbite.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Soh! Maria, you see your lover pursues you--Positively
  you shan't escape.
  
       Enter CRABTREE and SIR BENJAMIN BACKBITE
  
  CRABTREE. Lady Sneerwell, I kiss your hand. Mrs. Candour I don't believe
  you are acquainted with my Nephew Sir Benjamin Backbite--Egad, Ma'am, He
  has a pretty wit--and is a pretty Poet too isn't He Lady Sneerwell?
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. O fie, Uncle!
  
  CRABTREE. Nay egad it's true--I back him at a Rebus or a Charade against
  the best Rhymer in the Kingdom--has your Ladyship heard the Epigram he
  wrote last week on Lady Frizzle's Feather catching Fire--Do Benjamin
  repeat it--or the Charade you made last Night extempore at Mrs.
  Drowzie's conversazione--Come now your first is the Name of a Fish, your
  second a great naval commander--and
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. Dear Uncle--now--prithee----
  
  CRABTREE. Efaith, Ma'am--'twould surprise you to hear how ready he is at
  all these Things.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. I wonder Sir Benjamin you never publish anything.
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. To say truth, Ma'am, 'tis very vulgar to Print and as my
  little Productions are mostly Satires and Lampoons I find they
  circulate more by giving copies in confidence to the Friends of the
  Parties--however I have some love-Elegies, which, when favoured with
  this lady's smile I mean to give to the Public.
  
  [Pointing to MARIA.]
  
  CRABTREE. 'Fore Heaven, ma'am, they'll immortalize you--you'll be handed
  down to Posterity, like Petrarch's Laura, or Waller's Sacharissa.
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. Yes Madam I think you will like them--when you shall see
  in a beautiful Quarto Page how a neat rivulet of Text shall meander
  thro' a meadow of margin--'fore Gad, they will be the most elegant
  Things of their kind--
  
  CRABTREE. But Ladies, have you heard the news?
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. What, Sir, do you mean the Report of----
  
  CRABTREE. No ma'am that's not it.--Miss Nicely is going to be married to
  her own Footman.
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. Impossible!
  
  CRABTREE. Ask Sir Benjamin.
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. 'Tis very true, Ma'am--everything is fixed and the wedding
  Livery bespoke.
  
  CRABTREE. Yes and they say there were pressing reasons for't.
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. It cannot be--and I wonder any one should believe such a
  story of so prudent a Lady as Miss Nicely.
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. O Lud! ma'am, that's the very reason 'twas believed at
  once. She has always been so cautious and so reserved, that everybody
  was sure there was some reason for it at bottom.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Yes a Tale of Scandal is as fatal to the Reputation of
  a prudent Lady of her stamp as a Fever is generally to those of the
  strongest Constitutions, but there is a sort of puny sickly Reputation,
  that is always ailing yet will outlive the robuster characters of a
  hundred Prudes.
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. True Madam there are Valetudinarians in Reputation as well
  as constitution--who being conscious of their weak Part, avoid the
  least breath of air, and supply their want of Stamina by care and
  circumspection--
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. Well but this may be all mistake--You know, Sir Benjamin
  very trifling circumstances often give rise to the most injurious Tales.
  
  CRABTREE. That they do I'll be sworn Ma'am--did you ever hear how
  Miss Shepherd came to lose her Lover and her Character last summer at
  Tunbridge--Sir Benjamin you remember it--
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. O to be sure the most whimsical circumstance--
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. How was it Pray--
  
  CRABTREE. Why one evening at Mrs. Ponto's Assembly--the conversation
  happened to turn on the difficulty of breeding Nova-Scotia Sheep in
  this country--says a young Lady in company[, "]I have known instances
  of it[--]for Miss Letitia Shepherd, a first cousin of mine, had a
  Nova-Scotia Sheep that produced her Twins.["--"]What!["] cries the old
  Dowager Lady Dundizzy (who you know is as deaf as a Post), ["]has Miss
  Letitia Shepherd had twins["]--This Mistake--as you may imagine, threw
  the whole company into a fit of Laughing--However 'twas the next morning
  everywhere reported and in a few Days believed by the whole Town, that
  Miss Letitia Shepherd had actually been brought to Bed of a fine Boy
  and Girl--and in less than a week there were People who could name the
  Father, and the Farm House where the Babies were put out to Nurse.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Strange indeed!
  
  CRABTREE. Matter of Fact, I assure you--O Lud! Mr. Surface pray is it
  true that your uncle Sir Oliver is coming home--
  
  SURFACE. Not that I know of indeed Sir.
  
  CRABTREE. He has been in the East Indies a long time--you can scarcely
  remember him--I believe--sad comfort on his arrival to hear how your
  Brother has gone on!
  
  SURFACE. Charles has been imprudent Sir to be sure[;] but I hope no Busy
  people have already prejudiced Sir Oliver against him--He may reform--
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. To be sure He may--for my Part I never believed him to be
  so utterly void of Principle as People say--and tho' he has lost all his
  Friends I am told nobody is better spoken of--by the Jews.
  
  CRABTREE. That's true egad nephew--if the Old Jewry was a Ward I believe
  Charles would be an alderman--no man more popular there, 'fore Gad I
  hear He pays as many annuities as the Irish Tontine and that whenever
  He's sick they have Prayers for the recovery of his Health in the
  synagogue--
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. Yet no man lives in greater Splendour:--they tell me when
  He entertains his Friends--He can sit down to dinner with a dozen of his
  own Securities, have a score Tradesmen waiting in the Anti-Chamber, and
  an officer behind every guest's Chair.
  
  SURFACE. This may be entertainment to you Gentlemen but you pay very
  little regard to the Feelings of a Brother.
  
  MARIA. Their malice is intolerable--Lady Sneerwell I must wish you a
  good morning--I'm not very well.
  
       [Exit MARIA.]
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. O dear she chang'd colour very much!
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Do Mrs. Candour follow her--she may want assistance.
  
  MRS. CANDOUR. That I will with all my soul ma'am.--Poor dear Girl--who
  knows--what her situation may be!
  
       [Exit MRS. CANDOUR.]
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. 'Twas nothing but that she could not bear to hear
  Charles reflected on notwithstanding their difference.
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. The young Lady's Penchant is obvious.
  
  CRABTREE. But Benjamin--you mustn't give up the Pursuit for that--follow
  her and put her into good humour--repeat her some of your verses--come,
  I'll assist you--
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. Mr. Surface I did not mean to hurt you--but depend on't
  your Brother is utterly undone--
  
       [Going.]
  
  CRABTREE. O Lud! aye--undone--as ever man was--can't raise a guinea.
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. And everything sold--I'm told--that was movable--
  
       [Going.]
  
  CRABTREE. I was at his house--not a thing left but some empty Bottles
  that were overlooked and the Family Pictures, which I believe are framed
  in the Wainscot.
  
       [Going.]
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. And I'm very sorry to hear also some bad stories against
  him.
  
       [Going.]
  
  CRABTREE. O He has done many mean things--that's certain!
  
  SIR BENJAMIN. But however as He is your Brother----
  
       [Going.]
  
  CRABTREE. We'll tell you all another opportunity.
  
       [Exeunt.]
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. Ha! ha! ha! 'tis very hard for them to leave a subject
  they have not quite run down.
  
  SURFACE. And I believe the Abuse was no more acceptable to your Ladyship
  than Maria.
  
  LADY SNEERWELL. I doubt her Affections are farther engaged than we
  imagin'd but the Family are to be here this Evening so you may as
  well dine where you are and we shall have an opportunity of observing
  farther--in the meantime, I'll go and plot Mischief and you shall study
  Sentiments.
  
       [Exeunt.]
  
  
  
  
  
  SCENE II.
  
  --SIR PETER'S House
  
       Enter SIR PETER
  
  SIR PETER. When an old Bachelor takes a young Wife--what is He to
  expect--'Tis now six months since Lady Teazle made me the happiest
  of men--and I have been the most miserable Dog ever since that ever
  committed wedlock. We tift a little going to church--and came to a
  Quarrel before the Bells had done ringing--I was more than once nearly
  chok'd with gall during the Honeymoon--and had lost all comfort in Life
  before my Friends had done wishing me Joy--yet I chose with caution--a
  girl bred wholly in the country--who never knew luxury beyond one silk
  gown--nor dissipation above the annual Gala of a Race-Ball--Yet she now
  plays her Part in all the extravagant Fopperies of the Fashion and the
  Town, with as ready a Grace as if she had never seen a Bush nor a
  grass Plot out of Grosvenor-Square! I am sneered at by my old
  acquaintance--paragraphed--in the news Papers--She dissipates my
  Fortune, and contradicts all my Humours--yet the worst of it is I doubt
  I love her or I should never bear all this. However I'll never be weak
  enough to own it.
  
       Enter ROWLEY
  
  ROWLEY. Sir Peter, your servant:--how is 't with you Sir--
  
  SIR PETER. Very bad--Master Rowley--very bad[.] I meet with nothing but
  crosses and vexations--
  
  ROWLEY. What can have happened to trouble you since yesterday?
  
  SIR PETER. A good--question to a married man--
  
  ROWLEY. Nay I'm sure your Lady Sir Peter can't be the cause of your
  uneasiness.
  
  SIR PETER. Why has anybody told you she was dead[?]
  
  ROWLEY. Come, come, Sir Peter, you love her, notwithstanding your
  tempers do not exactly agree.
  
  SIR PETER. But the Fault is entirely hers, Master Rowley--I am myself,
  the sweetest temper'd man alive, and hate a teasing temper; and so I
  tell her a hundred Times a day--
  
  ROWLEY. Indeed!
  
  SIR PETER. Aye and what is very extraordinary in all our disputes she
  is always in the wrong! But Lady Sneerwell, and the Set she meets at her
  House, encourage the perverseness of her Disposition--then to complete
  my vexations--Maria--my Ward--whom I ought to have the Power of a Father
  over, is determined to turn Rebel too and absolutely refuses the man
  whom I have long resolved on for her husband--meaning I suppose, to
  bestow herself on his profligate Brother.
  
  ROWLEY. You know Sir Peter I have always taken the Liberty to differ
  with you on the subject of these two young Gentlemen--I only wish you
  may not be deceived in your opinion of the elder. For Charles, my life
  on't! He will retrieve his errors yet--their worthy Father, once my
  honour'd master, was at his years nearly as wild a spark.
  
  SIR PETER. You are wrong, Master Rowley--on their Father's Death you
  know I acted as a kind of Guardian to them both--till their uncle Sir
  Oliver's Eastern Bounty gave them an early independence. Of course no
  person could have more opportunities of judging of their Hearts--and I
  was never mistaken in my life. Joseph is indeed a model for the young
  men of the Age--He is a man of Sentiment--and acts up to the Sentiments
  he professes--but for the other[,] take my word for't [if] he had any
  grain of Virtue by descent--he has dissipated it with the rest of his
  inheritance. Ah! my old Friend, Sir Oliver will be deeply mortified when
  he finds how Part of his Bounty has been misapplied.
  
  ROWLEY. I am sorry to find you so violent against the young man because
  this may be the most critical Period of his Fortune. I came hither with
  news that will surprise you.
  
  SIR PETER. What! let me hear--
  
  ROWLEY. Sir Oliver is arrived and at this moment in Town.
  
  SIR PETER. How!--you astonish me--I thought you did not expect him this
  month!--
  
  ROWLEY. I did not--but his Passage has been remarkably quick.
  
  SIR PETER. Egad I shall rejoice to see my old Friend--'Tis sixteen years
  since we met--We have had many a Day together--but does he still enjoin
  us not to inform his Nephews of his Arrival?
  
  ROWLEY. Most strictly--He means, before He makes it known to make some
  trial of their Dispositions and we have already planned something for
  the purpose.
  
  SIR PETER. Ah there needs no art to discover their merits--however he
  shall have his way--but pray does he know I am married!
  
  ROWLEY. Yes and will soon wish you joy.
  
  SIR PETER. You may tell him 'tis too late--ah Oliver will laugh at
  me--we used to rail at matrimony together--but He has been steady to his
  Text--well He must be at my house tho'--I'll instantly give orders for
  his Reception--but Master Rowley--don't drop a word that Lady Teazle and
  I ever disagree.
  
  ROWLEY. By no means.
  
  SIR PETER. For I should never be able to stand Noll's jokes; so I'd have
  him think that we are a very happy couple.
  
  ROWLEY. I understand you--but then you must be very careful not to
  differ while He's in the House with you.
  
  SIR PETER. Egad--and so we must--that's impossible. Ah! Master Rowley
  when an old Batchelor marries a young wife--He deserves--no the crime
  carries the Punishment along with it.
  
       [Exeunt.]
  
       END OF THE FIRST ACT
  
  
  
  
  
  
feat_summary_name: Act I
target: The play starts with two prologues that set up the themes of scandal, rumors, and public appearance. Act I begins by presenting Lady Sneerwell, a wealthy widow, and her servant, Snake, gossiping as they usually do. Lady Sneerwell gossips because, in her past, someone destroyed her reputation. Lady Sneerwell reveals to Snake why she is so involved in matters concerning Sir Peter Teazle, his ward Maria, and the young brothers Charles and Joseph Surface: Joseph loves Maria, but Maria loves Charles, whom Lady Sneerwell also loves. Lady Sneerwell and Joseph have been plotting to make Maria and Charles drift apart by putting out a rumor that Charles and Sir Peter's wife, Teazle, are having an affair. Lady Sneerwell will be sending Snake to execute this plot. After Lady Sneerwell finishes explaining, Joseph enters. Snake leaves, and Joseph then tells Lady Sneerwell that he suspects Snake of not being entirely faithful to them and their secret plan, because Snake has been in conversation with Rowley, who was his father's steward. Maria now enters, having tried to escape Sir Benjamin Backbite, another man vying for her love, and his uncle Crabtree. She complains that she did not want to stay with Backbite and his uncle because they were talking badly about others. Maria is followed by Mrs. Candour, and then by Sir Benjamin Backbite and his uncle Crabtree, who start gossiping that the Surface brothers' rich uncle will soon return to England from the East Indies. Crabtree also lauds Sir Benjamin's poetic sensibilities. They then start gossiping about Charles' financial situation, so Maria chooses to leave. Mrs. Candour follows her to try to help, and then Crabtree and Benjamin follow as well. Scene II begins with a soliloquy by Sir Peter about his wife's spending habits. Rowley arrives and the two talk about Maria, discussing how she rejected Joseph and seems to like Charles. Rowley defends Charles and then tells Sir Peter that Sir Oliver arrived from the East Indies. Sir Peter fears that Sir Oliver will make fun of him for getting married, but he is excited to see a friend whom he last saw sixteen years ago.
feat_summary_analysis: Beginning with a prologue was fairly commonplace at the time of Sheridan's writing. These prologues are used to directly address the audience and set up some of the themes or issues of the play. Sometimes, these prologues were not even written by the playwright, much like the forward of a book. In this play, the audience first sees a "portrait" written by the playwright, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, followed by a prologue written by a man named Mr. Garric. From the beginning of the play proper, characters' names are important for understanding characters' personalities and Sheridan's sense of humor and irony. In the first scene, Lady Sneerwell talks to Snake openly about their plot to spread a nasty, false rumor about Charles Surface and Lady Sneerwell's personal reasons for enjoying creating scandal. Lady Sneerwell's name combines her social status  with her major character trait of judging others . Snake's name is slightly more metaphorical, evoking ideas of sneakiness. This sneakiness is why Lady Sneerwell chooses him to do her bidding; ironically, it is also the character trait that allows Snake to reveal Lady Sneerwell's plot in the end. Lady Sneerwell's forwardness and honesty with Snake might be surprising in a Comedy of Manners. For example, she says directly, "Wounded myself, in the early part of my life, by the envenomed tongue of slander, I confess I have since known no pleasure equal to the reducing others to the level of my own injured reputation" . However, this honesty and self-awareness in the first scene allows the audience to contrast her manner in private with her behavior in the public sphere, where she constantly throws attention on others rather than drawing it to her own situation. Act I Scene I introduces many of the important characters and relationships of the play. When Maria is introduced, there is immediate contrast between her own manner and beliefs and those of the rest of the characters. In Maria's second line of the play, she explains why she fled from conversation with Benjamin Backbite, saying, "his conversation is a perpetual libel on all his acquaintance" , meaning that he, like Lady Sneerwell, is a gossip. Throughout the play, Maria is used as a symbol of innocence and purity. The love Joseph, Charles, and Benjamin all have for her could suggest either that society still sought morality in the midst of all the scandal and gossip that most people partook in, or that women specifically were expected to be seen as moral and pure. One of the major issue raised in Act I is the relation between mean gossip and wit. Maria suggests that she loses respect for wit when wit is used to hurt or spread gossip about another; in her words, when she "see it in company with malice" . However, Lady Sneerwell responds that the two concepts  are inextricably linked. Sheridan is perhaps challenging his audience, and especially viewers who are highly educated or writers themselves, to contemplate whether all wit must have a "barb that makes it stick" . If nothing else, as a writer of satire, Sheridan certainly had to confront the relation between wit and meanness personally.