text: In 1925, a Florida coroner ruled, vaguely, that Curry died from a "wound on the forehead: skull crushed from an unknown cause." 
   
   Records show that his remains were shipped home by freight and, after a funeral at St. Bridget parish in East Falls, buried without a headstone, stacked upon his great-grandparents' graves. 
   
   And there, presumably, his body had lain, undisturbed for generations. 
   
   Since the shuttering of the school two years ago, forensic anthropologists and archaeologists from the University of South Florida have been probing and digging up the cemetery by the school, accounting for victims. 
   
   Now, the inquiry had taken them to Philadelphia. 
   
   Once the nation's largest boys' school, and later known as Arthur G. Dozier School for Boys, the institution in Marianna was closed after a 2009 newspaper investigation revealed a century of abuse and failed reform. 
   
   The articles in the St. Petersburg Times spurred investigations by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement and the U.S. Department of Justice. 
   
   Hundreds of men stepped forward to share their horrors. 
   
   They told of beatings, torture, disappearances. A former staff member told of "boy hunts" in which guards chased runaways with guns. 
   
   The men told of burials in the makeshift cemetery, which, the newspaper articles noted, was marked only by crooked rows of pipe crosses. 
   
   That's when South Florida professor Erin Kimmerle got involved. A renowned forensic anthropologist, Kimmerle led the United Nations effort to exhume mass graves in the former Yugoslavia, and worked with the Smithsonian Institution to return American Indian remains to their tribes. 
   
   Using ground-penetrating radar, Kimmerle's team discovered 55 graves in the woods - nearly double the number the state had identified. 
   
   As DNA analysis continues to identify remains in Florida, finally allowing proper burials for families, Kimmerle turned her attention to Curry, whose death was not mentioned in Florida's 2009 investigative report. 
   
   "He seems to be sort of lost to time," she said. 
   
   Boys fled almost daily from the school, Kimmerle said. Curry was one of 10 who were found dead after running away. Some, like Curry, were killed by blunt-force trauma. Others died from exposure to the elements, or were found shot or run down by cars. 
   
   No one, she said, was ever brought to justice in any of the deaths. 
   
   Locals, she said, sometimes joined in the hunts and were paid with meat from the school's farm or other goods produced at the school. But mostly, her research shows, the bounties were paid in cash. 
   
   Records do not detail what drove Curry south. He had lived on Torresdale Avenue with his grandmother after his parents died when he was about 7. According to Inquirer archives, his father, Thomas, shot his mother, Alma, during a quarrel at their home on New Year's Day 1916, then shot himself. Two days later the father died. 
   
   In Florida, the boy was sentenced for delinquency by a Dade County judge, the records show, "until further notice by court." 
   
   From surviving records, Curry was either 15 or 17 in December 1925. 
   
   Kimmerle believes he likely followed the railroad tracks west, leading to the bridge. 
   
   Once the backhoe had dug about six feet down, the team used a rod to sense the top of the crate that Curry's coffin had been buried inside. 
   
   Kimmerle and her graduate assistant, Liotta Noche-Dowdy, then used hand trowels, and small brushes and spoons - which Kimmerle pulled from an Alice in Wonderland pencil case she brought into the hole. 
   
   Slowly, they brushed away the damp clay as if cleaning a dirty canvas, and the top of the crate began to emerge. 
   
   Cpl. Thomas McAndrew of the state police Criminal Investigation Assessment Unit looked on. In the months before the dig, McAndrew had sketched out a family tree for Curry, using census records to find relatives of Curry's in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, who offered what they could about the family history but knew little about Thomas. 
   
   Together, McAndrew and Cpl. Robert Levan tracked down the location of the boy's grave. A death certificate found at Old Cathedral contradicted the Florida coroner's report. It said Curry had been hit by a train. 
   
   Philadelphia Assistant District Attorney Brendan O'Malley noted that detail in a petition filed in Common Pleas Court this summer, requesting the excavation and a skeletal autopsy. 
   
   At first Tuesday, the work seemed promising. The crate was partly collapsed, but was intact. If the bones were well-preserved, Kimmerle might be able to discern a cause of death - whether it was accidental or inflicted, whether there were defensive wounds or signs of past abuse. 
   
   On the lid of the casket, Kimmerle discovered thumbscrews similar to ones she found in the Florida graves. She found a small metal cross and a tattered black decorative bow - remnants, she assumed, of a wreath. 
   
   They kept digging. 
   
   But what they found inside the casket was just more wood. 
   
   No bones, no outline of a skeleton in the dirt, no teeth nor hair, no evidence that a body had ever been buried in the coffin. 
   
   What they hit next was the nameplate for the next casket. It belonged to Thomas Curry's great-grandmother. And with that, the digging stopped. 
   
   The silence became shock as they came to realize what this likely meant: Someone had shipped a coffin to Philadelphia weighted down with wood and not the remains of a possible victim of crime. 
   
   Theories were offered by the team gathered at the cemetery. 
   
   The school was known to bury boys quickly - so why would they send evidence of a crime? Perhaps Curry's remains were among those found in the school cemetery. 
   
   Records show the school shipped other dead boys back to their families. Were those coffins empty too? 
   
   "But what about the funeral?" asked O'Malley, the prosecutor. 
   
   Maybe, Kimmerle said, holding the thumbscrews, the ribbon and the cross, the casket was never opened at the service. 
   
   Although it is unlikely, she said, she cannot be certain that the body was not removed after it arrived in Philadelphia. 
   
   Robert Whomsley, the archdiocesan liaison for Catholic cemeteries, had no answers. 
   
   "We are all shaking our heads," he said. 
   
   In her research of the school, Kimmerle said she had never encountered an empty coffin. Instead of the autopsy, the team visited St. Bridget's Parish in search of more records. They found none. 
   
   She's hoping DNA from Curry's relatives help determine if the boy's remains were buried with the others in Florida. 
   
   "It is sad and disappointing," she said while standing by the grave, which had been refilled. "Rather to be able to shed light, it just raises so many more questions." 
   
   mnewall@phillynews.com 
   
   215-854-2759 @MikeNewall ||||| Story highlights Anthropologists, authorities exhumed casket of Thomas Curry in Philadelphia this week 
   
   Exhumation part of probe into deaths, disappearances at Florida's infamous Dozier School 
   
   Curry's casket had no human remains; authorities now searching for body at Dozier 
   
   Ex-students allege beatings, sexual abuse, disappearances; ex-guards deny abuse occurred 
   
   For almost 90 years, the casket lay beneath the earth, Thomas Curry's family believing the teen who died too young rested in peace there, in an unmarked plot with his great-grandparents. 
   
   Curry was a charge of Marianna, Florida's Arthur G. Dozier School for Boys, a now infamous juvenile detention facility that closed in 2011 for budgetary reasons, capping a chilling, 111-year legacy of brutality. 
   
   From 1900 to 1952, according to a court document, 100 boys died there, but only about half were buried on the reform institution's grounds. Others were shipped home to their families. 
   
   Curry, 17, became part of that tally in 1925 when he died "under suspicious circumstances while escaping Dozier twenty-nine days after arriving," says the court order permitting his exhumation this week. 
   
   The coroner at the time ruled Curry's manner of death was unknown. The ledger entry at the Dozier school said he was "killed on RR Bridge Chattahoochee, Fla." Another document at Old Cathedral Cemetery in Philadelphia says he was "killed by train." No one from Dozier ever reported his death to the state. 
   
   9 photos: Florida graves mystery 9 photos: Florida graves mystery Florida graves mystery – After their investigation at a former Florida boys school led them to a grave in Philadelphia, anthropologist Erin Kimmerle and Cpl. Tom McAndrew of the Pennsylvania State Police unearth a casket filled with wood. It was supposed to contain the remains of Thomas Curry. According to state and school records, nearly 100 children died while at the Dozier School for Boys, which closed in 2011. Hide Caption 1 of 9 9 photos: Florida graves mystery Florida graves mystery – Anthropologists begin digging to unearth what they believe are the remains of dozens of children buried on the grounds of a former reform school in Marianna, Florida. Hide Caption 2 of 9 9 photos: Florida graves mystery Florida graves mystery – On August 6, Florida Gov. Rick Scott and his Cabinet voted to allow the University of South Florida forensics team to excavate and examine the bodies. Hide Caption 3 of 9 9 photos: Florida graves mystery Search for answers at gravesite near school – In 2012, forensic scientists sifted through 100-year-old paperwork to determine who is buried in this makeshift cemetery on the grounds of a former Florida reform school for boys. Hide Caption 4 of 9 9 photos: Florida graves mystery Search for answers at gravesite near school – Dr. Erin Kimmerle is part of the scientific investigation team looking into who is buried at the grave site. She says it is a humanitarian effort to identify and remember those who died. Hide Caption 5 of 9 9 photos: Florida graves mystery Search for answers at gravesite near school – Robert Straley says he endured 10 months of abuse at the reform school. A 2008-09 state investigation into similar allegations found no wrongdoing. Hide Caption 6 of 9 9 photos: Florida graves mystery Search for answers at gravesite near school – Ovell Smith Krell says her brother Owen died in 1940 under mysterious circumstances at the reform school. When she and her family went to find out what happened, the school said he was already buried. In August, Kimmerle's team found his body. Krell was elated and told CNN that the discovery allowed her to keep a decades-old vow to her parents that she would bring Owen home. Hide Caption 7 of 9 9 photos: Florida graves mystery Search for answers at gravesite near school – Forensic anthropologists -- who once worked for the U.N. in the former Yugoslavia searching for mass graves -- used ground penetrating radar to find out how many remains were buried in a small makeshift cemetery built on the grounds of the former reform school for boys near Tallahassee, Florida. Hide Caption 8 of 9 9 photos: Florida graves mystery Search for answers at gravesite near school – Metal pipe crosses mark the graves. Hide Caption 9 of 9 
   
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   He was returned in a casket to his family, who, in turn, buried him in Philadelphia. Or so the family thought. 
   
   It wasn't until a state investigation beginning in 2008 that Curry's death certificate was found at Dozier. It said he died of a crushed skull from an "unknown cause." 
   
   And it wasn't until Tuesday, when University of South Florida anthropologists who have been working to unearth and identify remains on the former campus visited Philadelphia with Pennsylvania authorities, that the family learned Curry wasn't in the casket -- no bones, no clothing, no sign of him at all. 
   
   "Wood. Layers of pieces of wood," said anthropologist Erin Kimmerle, explaining what she and her team found in the casket. "It was completely filled with wooden planks." 
   
   At first, the team thought they had the wrong grave, but then they found Curry's great-grandparents beneath the wood-filled casket. 
   
   'Decades of efforts to deceive' 
   
   Kimmerle was still incredulous Wednesday, as was Cpl. Tom McAndrew of the Pennsylvania State Police, who along with Philadelphia Assistant District Attorney Brendan O'Malley, was instrumental in clearing the path for Kimmerle's team to exhume Curry's remains, she said, 
   
   "It was a little bit of a shock. It was certainly anticlimactic," McAndrew said. "Something was shipped up from Florida, and it was buried, and someone believed it was Thomas Curry." 
   
   Does he think, as a law enforcement officer, that the finding is indicative of school officials' intent to deceive Curry's family nine decades ago? 
   
   "Absolutely," he said, but it's not surprising when you consider that the investigation into the Dozier school has uncovered "decades and decades of efforts to deceive, coverups, and not just by one but by many people." 
   
   McAndrew has been in contact with two of Curry's distant cousins, and while they weren't familiar with Curry or his death before Kimmerle's team began investigating, they've done what they could to advance the investigation, the police corporal said. 
   
   They've provided names from their family tree and handwritten notes from their mother. One of the cousins, Eileen Witmier, who is 61 and is the granddaughter of Curry's mom's sister, provided DNA to identify Curry -- had he been found. 
   
   "Their interest lies in justice being served," McAndrew said of the cousins. 
   
   Asked where his own interest lies, McAndrew gave a similar answer, but also noted that Kimmerle has been an invaluable ally to law enforcement. 
   
   Quid pro quo among professionals 
   
   The ex-chief anthropologist for the U.N. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Kimmerle has conducted "isotope testing" in her lab to help McAndrew with homicide cases in Pennsylvania. 
   
   For one particularly high-profile case -- a pregnant teen found dismembered in suitcases in 1976 -- Kimmerle's team analyzed the woman's hair and teeth. Via isotope testing, Kimmerle was able to determine where the woman lived based on the water she consumed while alive. 
   
   Though police have yet to solve the case, they now know she was born in Europe and immigrated to the Southeastern United States at age 12, McAndrew said. 
   
   "When she turned to me for assistance, obviously I would've done anything for her," McAndrew said of Kimmerle. 
   
   Kimmerle had hoped, of course, that Curry's remains would unravel some of the mystery surrounding his death. 
   
   "We went into it trying to answer questions," she said. "What we have is more questions than answers." 
   
   But the investigation continues. Now armed with Witmier's DNA, Kimmerle's team can return to Marianna, about 65 miles west of Tallahassee, and attempt to match the sample to one of the dozens of bodies that have already been dug up on the 1,400-acre former campus. 
   
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   Though many of the boys died so long ago, it's important to find their family members, Kimmerle believes, if only because of the uncertainties surrounding their deaths and the controversy enveloping the supposed school where they died. 
   
   A dubious legacy 
   
   That bodies lay there was never a secret -- 31 rusty, white crosses marked the resting places of victims who died from a dormitory fire, influenza, pneumonia and other causes -- but Kimmerle's team has found a total of 55 bodies there so far. 
   
   Her team also has found records indicating that 22 boys who died at the school are unaccounted for. Already, Kimmerle and her colleagues have identified three sets of remains. One of those bodies was George Owen Smith, whose sister Ovell Krell, 85, told CNN in August she was elated that the seven-decade mystery surrounding her brother's death was finally solved. 
   
   Though ex-students provided detailed accounts of vicious beatings, sexual abuse and disappearances, guards and administrators who are still alive have denied the beatings occurred. 
   
   The state investigation in 2008 and 2009 said there was insufficient evidence of abuse at Dozier, but dozens of men, many of them now senior citizens, have come forward with stories. A support group for ex-students, dubbed The White House Boys, takes its moniker from the structure where boys say they were beaten with a leather strap attached to a wooden handle. 
   
   They were whipped until their underwear was embedded in their buttocks, The White House Boys say. Some were beaten unconscious. Crying or screaming out would earn you extra lashes, they say. 
   
   So while this week's exhumation didn't answer any of the myriad questions surrounding Dozier and its missing and dead boys, it was still an important part of the ongoing investigation, researchers and police said. 
   
   "It definitely had to be done," McAndrew said. "We had to at least open the grave if this investigation down in Florida is going to be resolved." 
   
   Remains of 2 more boys identified at shuttered Florida reformatory
target: – Anthropologists who have been working to locate and identify the remains of the boys who died at a notorious Florida reform school traveled to Philadelphia this week, hoping to get answers in the death of yet another student. But when they exhumed Thomas Curry's casket Tuesday, they found that instead of a body, it held only planks of wood, CNN reports. Curry escaped 29 days after arriving at Arthur G. Dozier School for Boys in 1925. The school's ledger describes him as being killed on a railroad bridge; a death certificate found in 2008 revealed the teen's skull was "crushed from an unknown cause." His body was supposedly returned to his family, and they buried what they thought was Thomas in the same Philadelphia plot where his great-grandparents lay. Thomas, believed to be either 15 or 17, was one of the 100 boys who died at the Marianna school between 1900 and 1952; about half were buried on the grounds, but the rest were—at least supposedly—returned to their families. "Something was shipped up from Florida, and it was buried, and someone believed it was Thomas Curry," the Pennsylvania State Police officer who helped get the casket exhumed tells the Philadelphia Inquirer, adding that he "absolutely" sees the casket as another of the school's "efforts to deceive, coverups." Says the lead anthropologist on the case, "What we have is more questions than answers." A cousin provided DNA to help identify Thomas, so the team will now attempt to match it to one of the bodies dug up on the former campus—whose former occupants told stories of sexual abuse, being locked in sweat boxes or hog-tied, and, writes the Inquirer, "hunted down when they ran."