text: Photo Advertisement Continue reading the main story 
   
   Nine former professional hockey players have filed a lawsuit against the N.H.L. that says the league “intentionally created, fostered and promoted a culture of extreme violence.” 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   The suit, which was filed Wednesday in federal court in Manhattan, is the latest in a growing string of challenges to the N.H.L. Similar to suits brought by retired N.F.L. players, the complaint said that the N.H.L. failed to take adequate steps to warn the players of the dangers of the sport and deliberately promoted violence for profit. 
   
   The complaint is more graphic than other suits brought by former hockey players, highlighting the role of enforcers in the N.H.L. over many years and mentioning movies that celebrated fighting in hockey. 
   
   “Through the sophisticated use of extreme violence as a commodity, from which the N.H.L. has generated billions of dollars, the N.H.L. has subjected and continues to subject its players to the imminent risk of head trauma and, as a result, devastating and long-term negative health consequences,” the lawsuit said. 
   
   The plaintiffs in the suit are the former players Dan LaCouture, 36; Dan Keczmer, 45; Jack Carlson, 59; Richard Brennan, 41; Brad Maxwell, 56; Michael Peluso, 48; Tom Younghans, 61; Allan Rourke, 34; and Scott Bailey, 41. 
   
   Some of the players were brawlers, like Carlson, who racked up 1,111 penalty minutes in the N.H.L. and the World Hockey Association. 
   
   Peluso, who played in the N.H.L. from 1990 to 1998, led the league with 408 penalty minutes in 1991-92 and fought, according to the suit, 179 times in his nine-year career. In a 2011 interview with juniorhockey.com, Peluso said he was suffering concussion-related seizures and depression in retirement and complained about poor pension benefits and health insurance from the N.H.L. and the N.H.L. Players’ Association. 
   
   “There is no question in my mind that brain injuries and depression are linked,” Peluso told the website. “However, I find it has more to do with low self-esteem. Former skilled guys suffered head injuries, and they don’t appear to be suicidal.” 
   
   LaCouture, who retired in 2009, was involved in 52 fights. The lawsuit said he sustained a concussion at the hands of Robyn Regehr in 2004 and suffered from headaches, irritability, depression and other ailments. 
   
   Other players in the lawsuit were journeymen who rarely fought, like Rourke, who, according to hockeyfights.com, had 17 fights in his 14-year major junior and professional career. Keczmer never accumulated more than 75 minutes in penalties in a season during his 10-year professional career and, according to the suit, had one N.H.L. fight. 
   
   The case will be heard by Judge Shira A. Scheindlin of Federal District Court in Manhattan. 
   
   This is the latest lawsuit involving violence in the N.H.L. In May, the family of Derek Boogaard filed a wrongful-death lawsuit against the N.H.L., saying the league was responsible for the physical trauma and brain damage Boogaard sustained in six seasons as one of the league’s top enforcers. Boogaard died of an accidental overdose of prescription painkillers and alcohol in 2011. 
   
   Advertisement Continue reading the main story 
   
   Advertisement Continue reading the main story 
   
   In November, a group of players who were in the league in the 1970s, ’80s and ’90s filed a lawsuit in federal court in Washington, saying N.H.L. officials should have done more to address head injuries but instead celebrated a culture of speed and violence. 
   
   Photo 
   
   The civil suit of the former Colorado Avalanche player Steve Moore against Todd Bertuzzi and the Vancouver Canucks is scheduled to be heard in an Ontario court in September. Bertuzzi attacked Moore during a game in March 2004, breaking three of Moore’s neck vertebrae and ending his career. 
   
   Bill Daly, deputy commissioner of the N.H.L., said that this week’s suit did not appear to be substantively different from the one filed in November. 
   
   “In short, we are completely satisfied with our record on player safety, including as it relates to head injuries and brain trauma,” he said in a statement. “We do not believe the new complaint provides any valid basis for liability or damages as against the National Hockey League, and we intend to defend the case and others that may follow it vigorously.” 
   
   The N.H.L. set up a concussion study program in 1997, the first in North American major league sports, and has in recent years modified rules to address head trauma. But the lawsuit calls those moves “untimely and ineffective.” 
   
   Lawyers representing the players did not return calls for comment, though their complaint includes mentions of the Broad Street Bullies of the 1970s Philadelphia Flyers and movies like “The Last Gladiators” and “Mystery, Alaska.” (The complaint also mistakenly said that Gordie Howe, who is still alive, died in 2009.) 
   
   While the complaint seeks a jury trial, experts said the players would prefer to settle out of court, no doubt aware of the $765 million proposed settlement between the N.F.L. and retired football players. 
   
   The suits brought by thousands of retired N.F.L. players were filed in states over many months. They were eventually consolidated and heard in federal court in Philadelphia. That is a possible course of action for the N.H.L. cases, which so far involve only a few dozen players. 
   
   The two most recent complaints allege that the league was negligent in not doing more to warn players about concussions and committed fraud by hiding information it had about the dangers. 
   
   Proving those allegations, though, could be as difficult as it has been for the retired N.F.L. players. The N.H.L. players will have to provide evidence that the league hid information about the dangers of fighting. The players will also have to show that injuries they received in the N.H.L. led to their current ailments. 
   
   The plaintiffs “would like to have a settlement within the contours of what you’ve found in the attempted settlement with the N.F.L.,” said Mark Conrad, the director of the sports business program at Fordham University. “But I wouldn’t underestimate the league’s ability to fight this.” ||||| Nine former players filed a class action lawsuit against the NHL on Thursday, alleging that the league subjected players to "the imminent risk of head trauma" leading to long-term negative health consequences. 
   
   The lawsuit, filed in a U.S. District Court in New York, is the second filed against the National Hockey League in less than five months to claim the league did not do enough to prevent concussions. 
   
   The latest complaint alleges that, "the NHL has failed and continues to fail to warn its players of these risks and consequences of head trauma." 
   
   The suit also claims the NHL concealed material scientific and anecdotal information from players. 
   
   "The NHL has failed to institute policies and protocols that could have and will protect its players from suffering or exacerbating head trauma sustained during practice or in games," read the complaint. 
   
   Among the plaintiffs, Dan LaCouture, Jack Carlson, Mike Peluso and Tom Younghans spent their careers as enforcers and piled up more minutes in fighting penalties than points. 
   
   The other players named in the lawsuit were Dan Keczmer, Richard Brennan, Brad Maxwell, Allan Rourke and Scott Bailey. 
   
   "Through enclosed rink designs and lax rules for fighting, the NHL vectored a culture of extreme violence and packaged the spoils to adoring fans." continued the suit. 
   
   The NHL did not immediately respond to a request for comment. 
   
   A lawsuit filed last year that started with 10 plaintiffs but has since grown to over 200, said it was time for the NHL to elevate player safety over profit and tradition. 
   
   Concussions have been in the NHL spotlight for years. 
   
   Pittsburgh Penguins captain Sidney Crosby, the game's most popular player and face of the NHL, missed large chunks of two seasons as he slowly recovered from concussion symptoms. 
   
   Several other players, including former All-Stars Eric Lindros, Pat LaFontaine and Keith Primeau, were all forced to prematurely end their careers due to concussion issues. 
   
   In 2011, three former NHL enforcers, Derek Boogaard, Rick Rypien and Wade Belak died tragically raising concerns about a possible link between the deaths and the players' tough guy roles and concussions. 
   
   Last year the National Football League paid $765 million to settle a similar lawsuit brought by thousands of former players, many suffering from dementia and health problems. 
   
   (Reporting by Steve Keating in Toronto; Editing by Frank Pingue) ||||| In seeking unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, the players said in their complaint that the N.H.L. “knew or should have been aware” of the effects of head hits but “took no remedial action to prevent its players from unnecessary harm” until 1997, when the league created a program to research and study brain injuries. Even then, the suit said, “the N.H.L. took no action to reduce the number and severity of concussions among its players during that period and Plaintiffs relied on the N.H.L.’s silence to their detriment.” 
   
   Owens and other lawyers said in a statement, “The N.H.L. continues to glorify and empower players known as ‘enforcers’ — players with the singular intention of injuring the opposing team.” 
   
   Bill Daly, the N.H.L.’s deputy commissioner, said in a statement: “While the subject matter is very serious, we are completely satisfied with the responsible manner in which the league and the players association have managed player safety over time, including with respect to head injuries and concussions. We intend to defend the case vigorously and have no further comment at this time.” 
   
   Though hockey players have sustained concussions and other head injuries for generations, the N.H.L. faced less scrutiny about its policies than the N.F.L. The N.H.L. set up a concussion study program in 1997, the first in North American major league sports, and has in recent years modified rules in response to increased concern about head trauma. 
   
   In May, the family of Derek Boogaard filed a wrongful-death lawsuit against the N.H.L., saying the league was responsible for the physical trauma and brain damage Boogaard sustained in six seasons as one of the league’s top enforcers. Boogaard was found dead of an accidental overdose of prescription painkillers and alcohol in 2011. He was posthumously found to have chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or C.T.E., a brain disease thought to be caused by repeated blows to the head.
target: – The National Hockey League is being sued by nine of its own, who claim the league "intentionally created, fostered, and promoted a culture of extreme violence" with an eye on profit, the suit reads. Ex-players brought a similar suit against the NHL in November, but the New York Times describes this one as "more graphic." One plaintiff, Michael Peluso—who previously said he suffers from concussion-related seizures—was an enforcer who fought 179 times over nine years. The suit also claims the league stayed mum on the risks of head trauma and kept scientific evidence on that subject from players, Reuters reports. "The NHL has subjected and continues to subject its players to the imminent risk of head trauma and, as a result, devastating and long-term negative health consequences," the suit continues. It also notes recent head trauma-minded rule changes have been "untimely and ineffective." The NHL's deputy commissioner, however, says, "we are completely satisfied with our record on player safety, including as it relates to head injuries and brain trauma." Experts say the players likely want an out-of-court settlement.