text: Image copyright Reuters Image caption A North Korean soldier on the bank of the Yalu River (2014) 
   
   A former soldier says life as a woman in the world's fourth-largest army was so tough that most soon stopped menstruating. And rape, she says, was a fact of life for many of those she served with. 
   
   For almost 10 years Lee So Yeon slept on the bottom bunk bed, in a room she shared with more than two dozen women. Every woman was given a small set of drawers in which to store their uniforms. On top of those drawers each kept two framed photographs. One was of North Korea's founder Kim Il-sung. The second was of his now deceased heir, Kim Jong-il. 
   
   It was more than a decade ago that she left, but she retains vivid memories of the smell of the concrete barracks. 
   
   "We sweat quite a bit. 
   
   "The mattress we sleep on, it's made of the rice hull. So all the body odour seeps into the mattress. It's not made of cotton. Because it's rice hull, all the odour from sweat and other smells are there. It's not pleasant." 
   
   One of the reasons for this was the state of the washing facilities. 
   
   "As a woman, one of the toughest things is that we can't shower properly," says Lee So Yeon. 
   
   "Because there is no hot water. They connect a hose to the mountain stream and have water directly from the hose. 
   
   "We would get frogs and snakes through the hose." 
   
   Image copyright Shutterstock 
   
   The daughter of a university professor, So Yeon, now 41, grew up in the north of the country. Many male members of her family had been soldiers, and when famine devastated the country in the 1990s she volunteered - motivated by the thought of a guaranteed meal each day. Thousands of other young women did the same. 
   
   "The famine resulted in a particularly vulnerable time for women in North Korea," says Jieun Baek, author of North Korea's Hidden Revolution. "More women had to enter the labour force and more were subject to mistreatment, particularly harassment and sexual violence." 
   
   Trusting defectors 
   
   Juliette Morillot and Jieun Baek say Lee So Yeon's testimony accords with other accounts they have heard, but warn that defectors have to be treated with caution. 
   
   "There is such a high demand for knowledge from North Korea," says Baek. "It almost incentivises people to tell exaggerated tales to the media, especially if that comes with nice pay cheque. A lot of defectors who don't want to be in the media are very critical of 'career defectors'. It's worth keeping this in mind." 
   
   Information from official North Korean sources, on the other hand, is liable to be pure propaganda. 
   
   Lee So Yeon was not paid for her interview with the BBC. 
   
   To begin with, buoyed by a sense of patriotism and collective endeavour, the 17-year-old Lee So Yeon enjoyed her life in the army. She was impressed with her allocated hairdryer, although infrequent electricity meant she had little use for it. 
   
   Daily routines for men and women were roughly the same. Women tended to have slightly shorter physical training regimes - but they were also required to perform daily chores such as cleaning, and cooking that male soldiers were exempted from. 
   
   "North Korea is a traditional male-dominated society and traditional gender roles remain," says Juliette Morillot, author of North Korea in 100 questions, published in French. "Women are still seen ttukong unjeongsu, which literally translates as 'cooking pot lid drivers', and means that they should 'stay in the kitchen where they belong'." 
   
   Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption The hardships of life as a female soldier in the North Korean army, as recalled by recruit Lee So Yeon 
   
   The hard training and dwindling food rations took their toll on the bodies of Lee So Yeon and her fellow recruits. 
   
   "After six months to a year of service, we wouldn't menstruate any more because of malnutrition and the stressful environment," she says. 
   
   "The female soldiers were saying that they are glad that they are not having periods. They were saying that they were glad because the situation is so bad if they were having periods too that would have been worse." 
   
   Who defects? 
   
   Roughly 70% of North Korean defectors are female - a fact some link to higher levels of unemployment among women 
   
   More than half are in their 20s or 30s, in part because it is easier for younger people to swim rivers and weather an arduous journey 
   
   So Yeon says that the army failed to make provision for menstruation, during her time in the military, and that she and other female colleagues often had no choice but to reuse sanitary pads. 
   
   "Women to this day still use the traditional white cotton pads," says Juliette Morillot. "They have to be washed every night when out of men's sight, so women get up early and wash them." 
   
   And having just returned from a field visit where she spoke to several female soldiers, Morillot confirms that they often do miss their periods. 
   
   "One of the girls I spoke with, who was 20, told me she trained so much that she had skipped her periods for two years," she says. 
   
   Image copyright Sipa Press/REX/Shutterstock 
   
   Though Lee So Yeon joined the army voluntarily, in 2015 it was announced that all women in North Korea must do seven years' military service from the age of 18. 
   
   At the same time North Korea's government took the unusual step of saying it would distribute a premium female sanitary brand called Daedong in most female units. 
   
   "This may have been a way to atone for conditions of the past," says Jieun Baek. "That statement may have been to overcorrect for this well-known phenomenon that conditions for women used to be bad. It may have been a way to boost morale and get more women to think, 'Wow, we will be taken care of.'" 
   
   A premium cosmetic brand Pyongyang Products was also recently distributed to several female aviation units, following a call by Kim Jong-un in 2016 for North Korean beauty products to compete with global brands like Lancome, Chanel and Christian Dior. 
   
   Despite this, female soldiers stationed in the countryside don't always have access to private toilets, with some telling Morillot they often have to relieve themselves in front of men, making them feel especially vulnerable. 
   
   Military service in North Korea 
   
   North Korean women must serve a minimum of seven years in the military, and men are required to serve 10 - this is the longest mandatory service in the world 
   
   It's estimated that about 40% of women aged between 18 and 25 are in uniform - a number that is expected to grow, as military service became compulsory for women only two years ago 
   
   The government says about 15% of the country's budget is spent on the military, but think tanks say the figure could be up to 40% 
   
   Gifted students with special skills - for example in sports and music - may be excused military service 
   
   Sexual harassment, say both Baek and Morillot, is rife. 
   
   Morillot says that when she broached the subject of rape in the army with serving female soldiers, "most women said it happens to others". None said they had experienced it personally. 
   
   Lee So Yeon also says that she was not raped during her time in the army between 1992 and 2001, but that many of her comrades were. 
   
   "The company commander would stay in his room at the unit after hours and rape the female soldiers under his command. This would happen over and over without an end." 
   
   North Korea's military says that it takes sexual abuse seriously, with a jail sentence of up to seven years for men found guilty of rape. 
   
   "But most of the time nobody is willing to testify. So men often go unpunished," says Juliette Morillot. 
   
   Image copyright Reuters 
   
   She adds that silence about sexual abuse in the army is rooted in the "patriarchal attitudes of North Korean society" - the same attitudes that ensure that women in the army do most of the chores. 
   
   Women from poor backgrounds recruited into construction brigades, and housed in informal small barracks or huts, are especially insecure, she says. 
   
   "Domestic violence is still widely accepted, and not reported, so it is the same in the army. But I should really stress the fact that you have the same kind of culture (of harassment) in the South Korean army." 
   
   Lee So Yeon, who served as a sergeant in a signals unit close to the South Korean border, finally left the army at the age of 28. She was relieved to have the chance to spend more time with her family, but also felt she wasn't equipped for life outside the military and struggled financially. 
   
   It was in 2008 that she decided to escape to South Korea. 
   
   At the first attempt she was caught at the border with China and sent to a prison camp for a year. 
   
   On her second attempt, shortly after leaving prison, she swam the Tumen river and crossed into China. There, at the border, she had a rendezvous with a broker, who arranged for her to move through China to South Korea. 
   
   Listen to BBC Outlook A Woman Inside North Korea's Army ||||| NATIONAL 
   
   (연합) 
   
   Female soldiers in North Korea are subjected to rape and severe human rights violations while authorities turn a blind eye, a North Korean defector revealed.New Korea Women’s Union representative Lee So-yeon, 41, recently held a conference in Seoul for the event of International Women’s Day and testified to the appalling women’s rights in the North, saying that sexual abuse is endemic and “there is no concept of dignity for women.”Lee, a former soldier of the North Korean regime, said in the conference that raping low-ranking female soldiers is a frequent occurrence in the North Korean military.“Out of 120 soldiers in my unit, there were only 20 men, but they were all high-ranking officers. I was in the 1st squad, but a couple of squad leaders in the 2nd squad raped every single one of the low-ranking female soldiers,” Lee testified.Others attending the event also testified to the appalling state of women‘s rights in the North.Especially due to the dire economic situation, more and more North Korea women are slipping through the Chinese border for work, with also more being caught and facing severe consequences.Once captured in the North, the women are sent to prison camps, where sexual assault and rape are believed to be widespread. And for those who return pregnant, forced abortions have become state policy.“The Chinese consider them to be illegal immigrants and repatriate them to North Korea where they are imprisoned for having crossed the border without the permission of the authorities,” David Hawk, author of “The Hidden Gulag” (2012) told the United Press International in 2015.“That‘s a nonpolitical offense that’s being criminalized. Thousands of women are in penitentiaries for crossing into China,” Hawk said.One defector, Kim Eun-mi, who worked as a railway attendant, said in the conference, “women crew members often fell victim to sexual assault and rape, which was common in trains carrying soldiers, especially in the evening when lights were turned off.”Kim also mentioned that she worked under a squalid condition where female crew had to “reuse sanitary pads that were already solidified (with blood).”Choi Su-hyang, a former nurse in the North Korean Army, left the country for the South in 2014. She pointed out that 30 to 40 percent of the North‘s military personnel are women, who are often raped and assaulted by superior officers.Adding to the sexual assault, she added, most military soldiers, both males and females, suffer from malnutrition, and are at high risk of contracting diseases like hepatitis and tuberculosis.The women’s human rights group on that day lashed out at the North Korean regime, saying the abnormal state should stop infringing on women’s rights.By Bak Se-hwan (sh@heraldcorp.com)
target: – Lee So Yeon volunteered to join the North Korea army in 1992, lured in part, she says, by the promise of a daily meal. While cautioning that stories of defectors like Lee have to be taken with a grain of salt, the BBC presents an interview with the now 41-year-old about a military experience that she describes as brutal on the body. Lee says she was 17 when she enlisted, and she was initially energized by the experience. That quickly gave way. "After six months to a year of service, we wouldn't menstruate anymore because of malnutrition and the stressful environment," she says. The training was tough—essentially equivalent to what the men underwent, just slightly shorter—and they had to do domestic chores that the men didn't. Conditions were far from comfortable, she says: The women slept on mattresses made of rice hull that soaked up their body odor as they slept and sweated, making for an unpleasant smell. Showers were icy cold and compliments of a hose that pulled water from a mountain stream: "We would get frogs and snakes through the hose." She says rape was common (a statement she gave more detail about in this 2016 interview with the Korea Herald), though it's not something she experienced, and that access to sanitary pads for those who needed them was extremely limited. Lee got out in 2001 and successfully fled to South Korea about eight years later. The BBC notes that military service became compulsory for women in 2015; they must now serve from ages 18 to 25. (The most recent defector has regained consciousness in the hospital.)