synchronous multiple primary lung cancers are reported rarely and account for about 8% ( 0.2% to 20% ) of all lung cancers [ 1 , 2 ] .
patients with two or more lung tumours always require thorough diagnostics and an individually planned treatment procedure due to the nature of nodular lesions in the lung .
two primary lung cancers are rarely reported , but triple primary lung cancers are almost unheard of , and there has been just a single report from england describing a patient with this condition ( 2011 ) .
the authors successfully treated the patient surgically ( right upper lobectomy ) , and post - operative histopathological examination revealed squamous cell carcinoma , adenocarcinoma , and adenomatous hyperplasia .
the 74-year - old patient with multiple primary lung cancers within the left lung was admitted to the thoracic , general and oncology surgical clinic in 2013 . on interview ,
the patient reported fatigue and about 8 kg loss of body weight within 6 months .
the patient did not report any other ailments , but had been suffering from hypertension and copd , and reported smoking for 60 years , 20 cigarettes per day .
the patient underwent bronchoscopy , but it did not confirm any pathology suggesting a neoplastic process in the bronchial tree .
the first lesion , 41  21 mm in size , was located in segments 1 and 2 , and the second lesion , 31  19 mm in size , was found in segment 3 of the left lung ( figs . 1 a , b ) .
tomographic imaging revealed lesions suspicious for cancer , group 5 lymph nodes up to 13 mm , and left hilum up to 12 mm .
an image from the abdominal ultrasound scan revealed no significant abnormalities , apart from a left kidney cyst , 28  19 mm in size .
the patient was referred for fdg - pet scanning ( positron emission tomography with f fluorodeoxyglucose ( fdg ) ) and for determination of the standard uptake value ( suv ) , providing indirect diagnosis of pulmonary and other neoplastic tumours . in the upper lobe of the left lung investigations revealed a metabolically active tumour between segments 1 and 2 , with a maximum diameter of 42 mm and suvmax fdg = 12.5 .
the second metabolically active tumour was detected in segment 3 of the left lung and had a maximum diameter of 21 mm with suvmax fdg = 25.6 ( figs .
similar to findings from computed tomography , metabolically active lymph nodes were detected with suvmax fdg = 6.6 .
no abnormalities associated with elevated fdg metabolism were found in other scanned parts of the body .
fine - needle aspiration ( fna ) biopsy indicated non - small cell lung cancer .
the patient underwent left upper lobectomy plus lymphadenectomy under general anaesthesia and single - lung ventilation .
intraoperative findings confirmed the presence of the previously described lesions within the upper lobe of the left lung , and small lymph node groups 5 , 6 , 10 and 11 l , which were resected .
on the second and third day after surgery , drains were gradually removed from the pleural cavity and full lung expansion was achieved . on the fourth day after the surgery
the patient was discharged and currently remains under the care of the thoracic surgery outpatient clinic affiliated with the hospital .
histopathological findings confirmed a tumour 30  20  20 mm in size in segment 3 , with the histopathological structure of keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma g2 , and with immunohistochemical profiles of p63 ( + ) and ttf1 (  ) .
the second nodular lesion , 45  35  20 mm in size , was described by histopathologists as two lung cancers .
the first part of it ( 90% ) consisted of neuroendocrine carcinoma g2 cells , with the immunohistochemical profile cd56 ( + ) , ck7 (  ) , chromogranin (  ) , and synaptophysin (  ) .
the second part of the described nodular lesion ( 10% ) consisted of acinar adenocarcinoma g2 cells , with the immunohistochemical profile p63 (  ) and ttf1 ( + ) . in total , 12 lymph nodes were resected ; of these , in 5 , 6 and 11 l groups no metastases were found , and one out of two resected lymph nodes from group 10 l was found to be metastatic .
all the three identified lesions were synchronous primary lung cancers . computed tomography scan  nodular lesions in the left lung positron emission tomography scan 
the synchronous occurrence of two primary lung cancers in the same lung was described for the first time by beyreuther in 1924 . in the literature
there is a single case report , dated 2011 , describing the occurrence of triple synchronous primary lung cancers , i.e. squamous cell carcinoma , adenocarcinoma , and adenomatous hyperplasia .
the researchers estimated that two primary lung cancers in the same lobe were diagnosed in 15% of all analysed patients ( n = 175 ) .
the precise diagnosis of nodular lesions in lungs is crucial for the choice of further treatment method .
procedures used in patients with multiple metastatic lung cancers differ from those used in patients with multiple primary lung cancers .
positron emission tomography ( pet ) and computed tomography ( ct ) are very helpful diagnostic techniques for the preoperative assessment of patients .
these techniques allow for the determination of the number , type and location of tumours within the body .
multiple lung cancers are usually metastatic , but their status can be confirmed by pet / ct scans [ 6 , 7 ] .
treatment options for patients with multiple and multifocal lung cancers remain controversial . in the described case examination results provided us with information on multiple metabolically active tumours within the same lung lobe .
nevertheless , the final confirmation of the lesion type is still provided by histopathological examination .
studies evaluating the survival of patients after procedural treatment for multiple lung cancers demonstrated much better outcomes in patients treated surgically for two synchronous primary lung cancers in the same lobe compared to patients with cancer at stage iiib or iv .
the patient was classified as having stage t3n1m0 lung cancer ( stage iiia ) according to the latest , 7 edition of the tnm classification .
 we present the case of a 74-year - old patient with three synchronous primary lung cancers within the same lung lobe . 
 computed tomography and positron emission tomography investigations revealed two suspicious nodular lesions in the upper lobe of the left lung . 
 fine - needle aspiration biopsy confirmed that one of the lesions was non - small cell lung cancer . 
 the patient was qualified for surgical treatment , and left upper lobectomy plus lymphadenectomy was performed . 
 histopathological examination confirmed the presence of three primary cancers in the left lung : keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma , neuroendocrine carcinoma , and acinar adenocarcinoma , localized within the same lung lobe . 
 the patient was classified as having stage t3n1m0 lung cancer ( stage iiia ) according to the latest , 7th edition of the tnm classification . 