currently , glaucoma is defined as a disturbance of the structural or functional integrity of the optic nerve that causes characteristic atrophic changes in the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer ( rnfl ) associated with visual field changes with or without increase in intraocular pressure ( iop).1 as this injury is largely irreversible , early detection of glaucomatous damage is visually important .
examination of optic nerve head and rnfl is necessary in both diagnosis and follow - up of glaucoma.2 changes in the optic disc and rnfl often precede the appearance of visual field defect with standard automated perimetry ( sap ) . unfortunately , rnfl defect can be difficult to identify during clinical examination as this is a subjective method needing clear optical media , highly efficient red free filter , and advanced defect.3,4 therefore , objective investigations of measuring these structures facilitate ophthalmologists to reach to definite diagnosis . optical coherence tomography ( oct )
is a noninvasive imaging modality that uses low - coherence light to obtain a high - resolution cross - section of anterior and posterior segments of the eye and quantitative assessments of different layers.5 short wave  automated perimetry ( swap ) is more sensitive to early glaucoma than standard perimetry.6 with swap , a large goldmann size v blue target is projected against a bright yellow background .
the background reduces the sensitivities of the green and red cones , thus isolating the short wavelength - sensitive blue cones and their associated small , bistratified retinal ganglion cells.6 the purposes of the study are to assess the role and diagnostic ability of oct and swap to distinguish between normal , glaucoma suspects , and surely diagnosed glaucomatous eye .
this consecutive prospective study was conducted on patients attending the outpatient s clinic of menoufia university hospital and banha teaching hospital by the same operator during the period from january 2013 to october 2015 .
a total of 70 subjects ( 140 eyes ) were included in the study and divided into three groups : group a , 10 healthy volunteers ( 20 eyes ) ; group b , 30 patients ( 60 eyes ) with glaucoma suspect ; and group c , 30 patients ( 60 eyes ) with already diagnosed glaucomatous eyes .
the selection criteria were as follows : best - corrected visual acuity at least 6/12 , with spherical refractive error between + 2d and 2d and astigmatism
the exclusion criteria were as follows : patients with any type of retinal pathology , history of retinal or refractive laser procedures , history of retinal surgery , patients with secondary glaucoma , history of diabetes , significant media opacity ( as cataract ) , or pachymetry > 480 m or < 540 m were excluded .
patients with unreliable visual fields defined as false - negative > 33% , false - positive > 33% , and fixation errors > 20% were also excluded .
all patients had a full ophthalmic examination including visual acuity , refraction , goldman applanation tonometry , gonioscopy , pachymetry , dilated fundus examination , standard automated visual field examination , swap using humphrey field analyzer ( carl zeiss meditec , inc ) , and finally nerve fiber layer thickness measurement by oct ( carl zeiss meditec , inc ) .
all of them had iop less than 21 mmhg , with absence of glaucomatous optic neuropathy ( gon ) with normal visual field indices .
glaucoma suspects either had ( normal tension , normal visual fields with glaucomatous optic neuropathy ) or ( normal visual fields , absent glaucomatous optic neuropathy and high iop higher than 21 mmhg ) .
glaucomatous eyes show gon associated with characteristic visual field changes in the corresponding hemi field .
glaucomatous eyes were subdivided according to the deviation of sap ( hodapp s classification)7 into three subgroups .
early was defined by visual field loss with an md < 6 db , moderate glaucoma with md between 6 and 12 db , and severe glaucoma with md worse than 12 db . the oct cirrus ( carl zeiss meditec , inc , dublin , ca , usa ) employs a low - coherence interferometer to assess peripapillary tissue thickness .
a good quality image was defined as an image with signal - to - noise ratio less than 50 db . by using inbuilt rnfl thickness average analysis ,
mean rnfl thickness can be measured.8 a functional disc map was made by dividing the optic nerve head into 12 equal radial sectors , each one of them for 30. three different parameters were performed for rnfl thickness : 
 the average thickness of rnfl for the entire circumference of the optic disc.rnfl thickness in each sector ( clock hours).the thickness at each quadrant ( 90 ) , namely , superior ( 46135 ) , nasal ( 136225 ) , inferior ( 226315 ) , and temporal ( 31645 ) .
the thickness at each quadrant ( 90 ) , namely , superior ( 46135 ) , nasal ( 136225 ) , inferior ( 226315 ) , and temporal ( 31645 ) .
swap is a modification of sap using humphrey field analyzer 745i ( zeiss humphrey systems , dublin , ca , usa ) .
it utilizes a 440 nm 1.8 target at 200 milliseconds duration on a 100 candelas / m yellow background to selectively test the short wave length - sensitive cones and their connection .
first field done to any patient was discarded , whether white / white ( w / w ) or swap .
testing was done in more than one session to prevent the effects of patient s fatigue .
no more than two fields were done on one single visit , and no more than one swap testing was done per day .
all visual fields that were used for analysis satisfied the following reliability criteria : fixation losses < 25% and false - positive and false - negative responses < 20% . for each reliable field , mean deviation ( md ) and pattern standard deviation ( psd )
results were collected , tabulated , and statistically analyzed using the ibm personal computer and statistical package for the social sciences ( spss , chicago , il , usa ) version 16 . in the statistical comparison between the different groups ,
the significance of difference was tested using one of the following tests : 
 student s t - test and mann  whitney test : used to compare mean of two groups of quantitative data of parametric and nonparametric , respectively.analysis of variance test ( f value ) : used to compare mean of more than two groups of quantitative data .
intergroup comparison of categorical data was performed by using chi - square test ( -value ) and fisher s exact test ( fet).correlation coefficient : to find relationships between variables .
a p - value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant ( s ) , while a value > 0.05 was statistically insignificant .
a p - value < 0.01 was considered highly significant in all analyses . student s t - test and mann  whitney test : used to compare mean of two groups of quantitative data of parametric and nonparametric , respectively .
analysis of variance test ( f value ) : used to compare mean of more than two groups of quantitative data .
intergroup comparison of categorical data was performed by using chi - square test ( -value ) and fisher s exact test ( fet ) .
a p - value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant ( s ) , while a value > 0.05 was statistically insignificant .
the selection criteria were as follows : best - corrected visual acuity at least 6/12 , with spherical refractive error between + 2d and 2d and astigmatism
the exclusion criteria were as follows : patients with any type of retinal pathology , history of retinal or refractive laser procedures , history of retinal surgery , patients with secondary glaucoma , history of diabetes , significant media opacity ( as cataract ) , or pachymetry > 480 m or < 540 m were excluded .
patients with unreliable visual fields defined as false - negative > 33% , false - positive > 33% , and fixation errors > 20% were also excluded .
all patients had a full ophthalmic examination including visual acuity , refraction , goldman applanation tonometry , gonioscopy , pachymetry , dilated fundus examination , standard automated visual field examination , swap using humphrey field analyzer ( carl zeiss meditec , inc ) , and finally nerve fiber layer thickness measurement by oct ( carl zeiss meditec , inc ) .
all of them had iop less than 21 mmhg , with absence of glaucomatous optic neuropathy ( gon ) with normal visual field indices .
glaucoma suspects either had ( normal tension , normal visual fields with glaucomatous optic neuropathy ) or ( normal visual fields , absent glaucomatous optic neuropathy and high iop higher than 21 mmhg ) .
glaucomatous eyes show gon associated with characteristic visual field changes in the corresponding hemi field .
glaucomatous eyes were subdivided according to the deviation of sap ( hodapp s classification)7 into three subgroups .
early was defined by visual field loss with an md < 6 db , moderate glaucoma with md between 6 and 12 db , and severe glaucoma with md worse than 12 db .
the oct cirrus ( carl zeiss meditec , inc , dublin , ca , usa ) employs a low - coherence interferometer to assess peripapillary tissue thickness .
a good quality image was defined as an image with signal - to - noise ratio less than 50 db . by using inbuilt rnfl thickness average analysis ,
mean rnfl thickness can be measured.8 a functional disc map was made by dividing the optic nerve head into 12 equal radial sectors , each one of them for 30. three different parameters were performed for rnfl thickness : 
 the average thickness of rnfl for the entire circumference of the optic disc.rnfl thickness in each sector ( clock hours).the thickness at each quadrant ( 90 ) , namely , superior ( 46135 ) , nasal ( 136225 ) , inferior ( 226315 ) , and temporal ( 31645 ) .
the thickness at each quadrant ( 90 ) , namely , superior ( 46135 ) , nasal ( 136225 ) , inferior ( 226315 ) , and temporal ( 31645 ) .
swap is a modification of sap using humphrey field analyzer 745i ( zeiss humphrey systems , dublin , ca , usa ) .
it utilizes a 440 nm 1.8 target at 200 milliseconds duration on a 100 candelas / m yellow background to selectively test the short wave length - sensitive cones and their connection .
first field done to any patient was discarded , whether white / white ( w / w ) or swap .
testing was done in more than one session to prevent the effects of patient s fatigue .
no more than two fields were done on one single visit , and no more than one swap testing was done per day .
all visual fields that were used for analysis satisfied the following reliability criteria : fixation losses < 25% and false - positive and false - negative responses < 20% . for each reliable field , mean deviation ( md ) and pattern standard deviation ( psd ) were recorded .
results were collected , tabulated , and statistically analyzed using the ibm personal computer and statistical package for the social sciences ( spss , chicago , il , usa ) version 16 . in the statistical comparison between the different groups ,
the significance of difference was tested using one of the following tests : 
 student s t - test and mann  whitney test : used to compare mean of two groups of quantitative data of parametric and nonparametric , respectively.analysis of variance test ( f value ) : used to compare mean of more than two groups of quantitative data .
intergroup comparison of categorical data was performed by using chi - square test ( -value ) and fisher s exact test ( fet).correlation coefficient : to find relationships between variables .
a p - value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant ( s ) , while a value > 0.05 was statistically insignificant .
student s t - test and mann  whitney test : used to compare mean of two groups of quantitative data of parametric and nonparametric , respectively .
analysis of variance test ( f value ) : used to compare mean of more than two groups of quantitative data .
intergroup comparison of categorical data was performed by using chi - square test ( -value ) and fisher s exact test ( fet ) .
a p - value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant ( s ) , while a value > 0.05 was statistically insignificant .
regarding age and sex there were no statistically significant differences between the groups , but female sex was found to be a significant factor .
rnfl thickness values in all parameters ( average and quadrants ) measured by oct are listed in table 2 .
rnfl thickness in the nasal and temporal quadrants was significantly thinner than in superior and inferior quadrants , demonstrating the so - called double - hump pattern .
md and psd of sap and swap are listed in table 3 . in the glaucoma
suspect group , rnfl thickness measured by oct was outside normal limits in at least 1 hour in 7 eyes .
twenty - one eyes ( 35% ) were following is nt rule while the other 39 eyes were against ( 65% ) .
forty - three eyes of 60 ( 71.7% ) had iop equal to or higher than 21 mmhg at least in two different times with no gon .
twenty - one eyes of 43 ( 35% ) had glaucomatous field changes in swap ( generalized depressed , paracenteral scotomas , arcuate scotomas , nasal step , temporal wedge , and altitudinal defect ) .
these 17 eyes ( 28.3% ) had glaucomatous field changes in swap ( generalized depressed , paracenteral scotomas , arcuate scotomas , nasal step , temporal wedge , and altitudinal defect ) .
thirty - eight eyes ( 63.3% ) in this group had glaucomatous field changes in swap ( generalized depressed , paracenteral scotomas , arcuate scotomas , nasal step , temporal wedge , and altitudinal defect ) . in glaucoma group ,
rnfl thickness measured by oct was outside normal limits in at least 1 hour in 9 eyes .
forty - three eyes ( 71.7% ) did not comply with the is nt rule , while 17 eyes ( 28.3% ) did .
all the 60 eyes had glaucomatous field changes in sap ( generalized depressed , paracenteral scotomas , arcuate scotomas , nasal step , temporal wedge , and altitudinal defect ) .
fifty - two eyes of 60 ( 86.7% ) had corresponding oct findings ( rnfl thickness defect ) , while 8 eyes ( 13.3% ) did not have this corresponding oct findings .
all of the 52 eyes showed similar but more advanced and denser glaucomatous field changes in swap correlated to these finding in sap .
average rnfl thickness showed a stronger correlation ( highly statistically significant p=0.001 ) with swap md ( 0.387 ) than that was found between average rnfl thickness and psd ( 0.111 ) of swap ( p=0.009 ) .
inferior quadrant thickness showed a highly significant statistically correlation with md ( 0.563 ) and psd ( 0.185 ; p=0.001 ) .
superior quadrant thickness showed a highly statistically significant correlation with swap ( md 0.19 ; p=0.001 ) , while there was no significant correlation with psd ( p=0.094 ) .
table 4 shows that the strongest correlation in this group was found between rnfl inferior quadrant thickness and swap md ( 0.563 ) , which was found to be highly statistically significant p=0.001 .
average rnfl thickness showed a stronger correlation ( highly statistically significant p=0.001 ) with swap md ( 0.171 ) than that was found between average rnfl thickness and psd ( 0.145 ) of swap ( p=0.007 ) .
inferior and superior quadrants thickness showed a highly statistically significant correlation with md ( 0.252 and 0.173 ; p=0.001 ) and psd ( 0.416 and 0.134 ; p=0.001 and 0.004 ) .
nasal quadrant thickness showed a highly statistically significant correlation with swap ( md 0.113 ; p=0.003 ) .
table 5 shows that the strongest correlation in this group was found between rnfl inferior quadrant thickness and swap psd ( 0.416 ) , and this was p=0.001 , highly statistically significant .
average rnfl thickness showed a stronger correlation ( highly statistically significant p=0.001 ) with swap md ( 0.387 ) than that was found between average rnfl thickness and psd ( 0.111 ) of swap ( p=0.009 ) .
inferior quadrant thickness showed a highly significant statistically correlation with md ( 0.563 ) and psd ( 0.185 ; p=0.001 ) .
superior quadrant thickness showed a highly statistically significant correlation with swap ( md 0.19 ; p=0.001 ) , while there was no significant correlation with psd ( p=0.094 ) .
table 4 shows that the strongest correlation in this group was found between rnfl inferior quadrant thickness and swap md ( 0.563 ) , which was found to be highly statistically significant p=0.001 .
average rnfl thickness showed a stronger correlation ( highly statistically significant p=0.001 ) with swap md ( 0.171 ) than that was found between average rnfl thickness and psd ( 0.145 ) of swap ( p=0.007 ) .
inferior and superior quadrants thickness showed a highly statistically significant correlation with md ( 0.252 and 0.173 ; p=0.001 ) and psd ( 0.416 and 0.134 ; p=0.001 and 0.004 ) .
nasal quadrant thickness showed a highly statistically significant correlation with swap ( md 0.113 ; p=0.003 ) .
table 5 shows that the strongest correlation in this group was found between rnfl inferior quadrant thickness and swap psd ( 0.416 ) , and this was p=0.001 , highly statistically significant .
primary open - angle glaucoma is currently incurable , but glaucoma subspecialists agree that early diagnosis and treatment are essential for controlling the disease and reducing vision loss .
the diagnosis of glaucoma requires a multifaceted analysis of patients history and clinical findings , including assessments of visual function and imaging studies.9 oct is considered as an objective investigative tool that provides quantitative information about rnfl thickness .
in addition , there are no effects of refractive error or corneal birefringence on oct information.10 in our study , there was significant difference in rnfl thickness among control group , glaucoma , and glaucoma suspected .
previous studies have shown that rnfl thickness measured by oct is a good tool for differentiating glaucomatous from normal eyes.11 chen et al12 showed that average rnfl thickness was the best parameter for differentiating glaucoma from normal eyes .
sibota and sony11 found that average rnfl thickness followed by inferior rnfl thickness had the highest power to discriminate between glaucomatous and normal eyes.11 in recent studies , chen & huang showed that inferior rnfl was the best parameter for differentiation.12 results in our study showed that oct and short - wavelength perimetry were well correlated .
there was a statistically significant correlation between md , psd , and both average rnfl thickness ( 0.622 and 0.334 ; p=0.001 and 0.009 ) and inferior quadrant among the glaucoma group ( 0.75 and 0.431 ; p=0.001 ) . however , superior rnfl thickness significantly correlated only with md ( 0.436 ; p=0.001 ) .
we also found that among the glaucoma suspect group there was a statistically significant correlation between md , psd as visual field indices , and inferior quadrant ( 0.502 and 0.645 ; p=0.001 ) , followed by average rnfl thickness ( 0.413 and 0.381 ; p=0.001 and 0.003 ) , and finally with superior quadrant ( 0.417 and 0.366 ; p=0.001 and 0.004 ) .
however , nasal rnfl thickness significantly correlated only with md ( 0.377 ; p=0.003 ) .
vishva and glen13 showed that structure  function relationship was enhanced with rnfl thickness as the correlation r between rnfl thickness and visual field indices ranged from 5% nasal to 25% inferotemporal and was relatively stronger than other neuroretinal rim measurement and was not significantly different from that with bruch s membrane opening - based horizontal rim width .
in addition , sibota et al11 found a correlation between visual field parameters ( md and psd ) and the average rnfl thickness .
there was a significant positive correlation with md and a significant negative correlation with psd .
the same holds good for yalvac and altunsay,14 who found a significant correlation between global indices of visual field md , psd , and rnfl thickness .
he also showed a less significant correlation between md and rnfl thickness . in this study
, we found that md measured by swap is lower than that measured by sap , and psd measured by swap is higher than that measured by sap .
we also found that 38 eyes ( 63.3% ) in the glaucoma suspect group that had glaucomatous field changes in swap ( generalized depressed , paracentral scotomas , arcuate scotomas , nasal step , temporal wedge , and altitudinal defect ) were free by sap .
later , five eyes showed glaucoma based on the results of a repeatable visual field defect by swap ; of these , four were classified as high risk and one as medium risk .
both rnfl thickness measured by oct and swap indices are good discrimination tools between glaucomatous , glaucoma suspect , and normal eyes .
there is superior ability of swap over sap in detecting glaucomatous changes in glaucoma suspect group .
 objectiveto assess the role and diagnostic effectiveness of optical coherence tomography ( oct ) and short wave  automated perimetry ( swap ) to distinguish between normal , glaucoma suspects , and surely diagnosed glaucomatous eye.backgroundchanges in the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer ( rnfl ) often precede the appearance of visual field defect with standard automated perimetry . 
 unfortunately , rnfl defect can be difficult to identify during clinical examination . 
 early detection of glaucoma is still controversial , whether by oct , swap , or frequency - doubling technology perimetry.patients and methodsin this randomized controlled , consecutive , prospective study , a total 70 subjects ( 140 eyes ) were included in the study , divided into three groups : group a , 10 healthy volunteers ( 20 eyes ) ; group b , 30 patients ( 60 eyes ) with glaucoma suspect ; and group c , 30 patients ( 60 eyes ) with already diagnosed glaucomatous eyes.resultsaverage rnfl thickness was 759.0 in the glaucoma group , 9915.5 in the control group , and 9412 in glaucoma suspect . 
 the inferior quadrant was the early parameter affected . 
 there was significant correlation between visual field parameters and rnfl thickness in both glaucoma and glaucoma suspect groups.conclusionboth rnfl thickness measured by oct and swap indices are good discrimination tools between glaucomatous , glaucoma suspect , and normal eyes . 
 oct parameters tend to be more sensitive than swap parameters . 