correct positioning of the upper first molar ( u1 m ) on the arch and its proper relationship to the opposing arch is one of the foundations of successful orthodontic treatment .
the rotation of the u1 m can mean a greater need for space in the arch , due to its trapezoidal shape . as a result , failure in interarch engagement may occur .
it is reported that mesio - palatal rotation of the u1 m is present in about 95% of patients with angle class ii , division 1 malocclusion , and in 83% of them as a whole .
some authors reported the frequent need to correct the rotation of u1 m in order to obtain space in the arch and a correct intercuspal engagement .
in addition , mcdonald et al . observed that in patients with class ii , who used the headgear , there was great influence in rotation correction of the molars associated with distalization .
they found that on average , for each 3 mm of distal movement , there is a contribution of 1 mm regarding the correction in the rotation of the molar ( average equivalent to 10 ) .
given the importance of diagnosing and quantifying molar rotation , this study investigated the average rotation of the u1 m in patients with class i , ii and iii , showing patterns of facial profiles i ( dental class i and dental class ii ) , ii ( skeletal class ii ) and iii ( skeletal class iii ) .
this study was previously approved by the ethics committee on human research ( cep : 301916 - 09 , caae : 0128.0.214.000 - 09 ) .
this is an analytical observational study of photocopies of plaster models in order to evaluate the rotation of the u1 m in cases of class i , ii , and iii malocclusion , with facial patterns i ( dental class i and dental class ii ) , ii ( skeletal class ii ) or iii ( skeletal class iii ) . the sample was selected from the documentation collection of the dental press educational center ( cedp ) in maringa , pr , brazil .
we included 100 patients divided into 5 groups of 20 patients in each : ( 1 ) group class i , facial pattern i ; ( 2 ) group class ii , facial pattern i that was dental class ii , ( 3 ) group class ii , facial pattern ii that is skeletal class ii ; ( 4 ) group class iii , facial pattern iii ; and ( 5 ) a treated group class i , facial pattern i. the cases were selected consecutively until they reached 20 individuals for each group , according to the cedp file order for the years 20002005 respecting the following inclusion criteria : presence of the four first molars ; 1 upper molar in occlusion and in good condition ( cusps without excessive wear and without prosthetic reconstruction ) ; and absence of posterior cross bite .
the average age of patients in skeletal class ii group was 13 years and 2 months ; 8 of them were male and 13 female .
the group of dental class ii had an average age of 17.2 , with 14 males and 9 females .
class iii group had mean age of 15 years and 7 months , 10 of them were male and 10 female .
those in the class i group were 15 years old , and 18 of them were female and 7 male .
the patients who had been treated were 20 , and the sample was composed of 17 women and 3 men .
all selected patient 's upper impressions were photocopied ( xerox / konica minoltabiz hub 210 , norwalk , ct / united states ) , with the mesio - palatal cusps and distobuccal of first upper molars carefully marked with pencil graphite 0.5 mm . on the photocopies , measurements were taken for the angles formed by the intersection of lines going over the tips of the mesio - palatal and distobuccal cusps of each molar ( ricketts line ) with a straight line marked over the palatine raphe , as shown in figure 1 .
( a and c ) reference lines drawn on the photocopied model for the angles related to upper first right and left molars ; ( c ) median raphe line .
the marked regions illustrate the locations for reading both sides the angle between those two straight lines was measured with a protractor ( trident / desetec , itapui , sp / brazil ) , with 0.5 as assigned values for the intermediate readings .
the marks and measurements were done by a previously trained examinator . in order to assess the accuracy of the copies for this purpose
a 2 mm glass plate was placed on these models up on which the angle of interest was reproduced and measured .
the t - paired test revealed no statistically significant difference between measurements ( p < 0.05 ) .
the readings on the photocopies were repeated after an interval of 1 week to test the reproducibility and random error , using the intraclass correlation coefficient and dalberg 's formula , respectively .
the intraclass correlation test showed excellent reproducibility between the repeated measurements ( 0.91 ) and dalberg error was 0.45 .
the rotations of the upper right and left molars were not statistically different in any of the groups ( p < 0.05 ) , so the means of the left and right angles were used for comparisons between groups .
when comparing the groups [ table 1 ] , there was a different behavior observed for the molars .
individual values , means , and standard deviations of the molar angulation in each studied groups , compared by one - way analysis of variance the average angle between the ricketts line and the median raphe for the treated group was 67.46 ( sd = 2.98 ) ranging from a minimum of 63.25 to a maximum of 72.5 [ table 1 ] .
the rotation mean for the class i group was 71.23 ( sd = 3.83 ) ranging from a minimum of 64 up to 80 [ table 1 ] .
for the dental class ii group , it was 78.95 ( sd = 6.19 ) , ranging from a minimum of 68.5 to a maximum of 90 [ table 1 ] . for groups with skeletal discrepancies , skeletal cl ii and skeletal cl iii , respectively , had an average rotation of 74.45 ( sd 5.83 ) and 73.83 ( sd 7.05 ) .
considering that the above values 73 reflect rotation of the molars ( based on the treated group ) the percentages of the cases with molar rotation are presented by group in table 2 . absolute distribution and percentage of cases with molar rotation by groups
in 1972 andrews reported that in order to achieve the six keys for the normal occlusion there should be no dental rotation . in a routine treatment of any malocclusion
it can be advisable to correct the rotation of the u1 ms with a palatal bar , for example , before the alignment and leveling phase with a preadjusted fixed appliance .
a leveling wire positioned without prior correction of the molars can promote buccal inclination of the upper second molars and palatal movement of the upper second premolars causing premature contacts in addition to jiggling [ figure 2 ] .
schematic drawing of the unwanted effect of arch leveling with pre adjusted appliance , without previous correction of rotation of the molars considering that , with the correction of the rotation of the molars one can gain space in the arch , it can be said that especially in dental class ii ( division ii class ii ) using a palatal bar for example , may assist in space adjustment .
the incidence of mesio - palatal rotation for the u1 m in this study agrees with the results obtained by henry who had reported this finding in 83% of malocclusions , which is also supported by the study of lamons and holmes , who found a frequency of up to 95% of mesio - palatal rotation in class ii patients .
these results are very close to the data obtained in this study [ table 2 ] .
when rotation measurements were compared between the groups , there were statistically significant differences between them , highlighting the highest values for the dental class ii ( 78.95 ) ( p < 0.05 ) , followed by skeletal class ii ( 74.45 ) and skeletal class iii ( 73.83 ) with no statistical difference , and class i ( 71.23 ) and treated individuals ( 67.46 ) [ table 1 ] . however , if we consider the value of 73 as an acceptable value for the position of the first molar , the two groups with skeletal error ( skeletal ii and iii ) do nt have a clinically significant expression in behavior , both with regards to intensity as well as frequency of rotation [ tables 1 and 2 ] .
as for tolerance for some rotations of the molars , the literature also reports that ricketts reference line can be very strict for this evaluation .
dahlquist et al . observed that the molars can have ideal occlusion with this line going through the distal of the opposite canine , or even more , through the mesial of first premolars . in millimeters , on average , they observed 11 mm per distal from the cusp of the canines .
this value of 73 , as a limit of what is considered an acceptable normal , derives from the minimum value observed in the class i group treated .
this means that with a slight degree of rotation , it is possible to obtain normal occlusion . for this rotation parameter ,
a more significant and more frequent rotation was evident in the cases of class ii [ tables 1 and 2 ] .
nery and barbosa also found a higher prevalence of rotation of the molars ( 71.4% ) in patients with class ii division 1 malocclusion .
however , no details were given over the skeletal involvement of the studied class ii sample .
the results illustrate that the dental cl ii is the one with higher mesial rotation of the molar when compared to skeletal cl ii . the works which show only the relationship of the molars and do not distinguish the skeletal involvement of malocclusion , probably underestimated the rotation present in the cases of dental class ii only .
therefore , in the cases with dental class ii , one may consider a potential space gain in the mesial arch to the first superior molar when it is rotated in the mesio - buccal direction .
molar rotation represents an average situation of  of class ii , in other words around 2 mm . such a gain in space
it also seems reasonable to say that class ii with good facial profile ( pattern i sic capelozza filho ) may require further intervention on the rotation of the molars than those with skeletal involvement ( pattern ii ) . in this study the average behavior of the molars on both sides was similar , contrary to what was reported by friel and dahlquist et al . who found statistically significant difference between the right and left sides with regard to the rotation of the upper molars .
amin found that upper right molar presented more rotation than its contralateral in class i and ii , and more rotation in the upper left molar in class iii .
in fact , in some cases in the present study , there were not ably different rotations , however on average the position of the molars was similar on both sides .
these results corroborate the data of lamons and holmes and scanavini et al . who also found no statistical difference between the molars on the right and the left .
the symmetrical position of the teeth in the arch can facilitate correction and obtain a stable interarch occlusion .
studies have shown great variability in the morphology of the maxillary first molar , thus more studies are needed to identify whether there are greater chances of each specific facial pattern has a more prevalent morphology .
it was concluded that the dental class ii group had the highest mean mesio - palatal rotation of the u1 m ( 78.6 ) and more frequency , followed by the skeletal class ii group ( 74.95 ) , skeletal class iii group ( 73.83 ) , and the class i group ( 71.9 ) .
 objective : the aim of this study was to evaluate the mean rotation of the upper first molar ( u1st m ) in cast models from nontreated patients presenting : class i , skeletal class ii , dental class ii , and skeletal class iii , comparing with class i orthodontically treated patients.materials and methods : one hundred cast models were evaluated with five groups , composed of nontreated class i ( n = 20 ) , dental class ii ( n = 20 ) , skeletal class ii ( n = 20 ) , skeletal class iii ( n = 20 ) , and treated class i ( n = 20 ) . 
 measurements were taken from photocopies of the upper arches . the angle formed between a line crossing the mesiopalatal and the distal - buccalcusps of the u1st m and a line traced on mid palatal junction 
 were measured in all samples.results:one-way variance analysis showed that dental class ii group presented great mean rotation of the 1st molar ( x = 78.95 , sd = 6.19 ) ( p < 0.05 ) , and in 85% of the patients from this group this angle was higher than 73.conclusions:the skeletal class ii and skeletal class iii groups showed similar mean position of the 1st molar , presenting rotation in approximately 50% of the patients . 
 it can be concluded that upper molar rotation occurs mainly in dental class ii patients and shows higher mesial rotation angle . 