owing to its complex anatomy , the shoulder is the most mobile joint in the human body .
it also has to be able to bear heavy loads , especially in athletes and those carrying out heavy manual work .
load resistance is ensured by dynamic and static stabilizers of the shoulder joint [ 13 ] .
a wide range of mobility is , however , hardly compatible with load resistance and the shoulder joint is the most frequently dislocated of all human joints .
the incidence of shoulder dislocation has been estimated at 11.2/100 000/year , affecting 2% of the general population . of all shoulder dislocations , 85% are post - traumatic anterior dislocations [ 1,46 ] .
a characteristic of the shoulder joint is a tendency towards repeated dislocations following an initial event .
patients with a history of shoulder dislocation at 20 years of age or earlier have a 66100% risk of repeat dislocation , with the figure falling to 1363% for the age range of 2139 years and 016% in those over 40 years of age .
the most characteristic intraarticular lesions seen on arthroscopy include the bankart lesion and a compression fracture of the humeral head .
open surgery was the gold standard in the operative treatment of shoulder instability for many years .
owing to the dynamic development of surgical techniques , arthroscopic methods have been enjoying increasing popularity .
the advantages of arthroscopic techniques include low invasiveness , minor tissue damage , good exposure of the joint , minor post - operative pain , and shorter times to resumption of daily activities
. however , even though arthroscopic procedures have been in use for a number of years and carry many advantages , the rate of recurrences and complications continues to be high [ 1624 ] . to analyze late outcomes of arthroscopic repair of bankart lesions in patients with post - traumatic anterior shoulder instability and non - engaging hill - sachs lesion with special regard to the incidence and causes of recurrences and complications
to analyze late outcomes of arthroscopic repair of bankart lesions in patients with post - traumatic anterior shoulder instability and non - engaging hill - sachs lesion with special regard to the incidence and causes of recurrences and complications .
this study presents the findings of a retrospective analysis of 92 patients ( 92 shoulders ) with anterior post - traumatic shoulder instability who were operated on at department vi of the regional trauma hospital in piekary slaskie between january 2002 and january 2007 .
the study group comprised of 18 ( 19.6% ) women and 74 ( 80.4% ) men .
the time between the initial dislocation and surgery was 0.54.8 years , mean 2.5 years .
a total of 84 ( 91.3% ) patients were right - handed and 8 ( 8.7% ) were left - handed .
the right shoulder was operated on in 81 ( 88% ) cases , the left shoulder in 11 ( 12% ) .
the basic characteristics of the study group are presented in table 1 . during the examination ,
a diagnosis of post - traumatic anterior instability of the shoulder joint was made in patients with a documented ( medical records , imaging studies ) history of at least two shoulder joint dislocations .
if a recurrence had been due to another high - energy trauma ( e.g. , during contact sport practice ) , it was regarded as a sequela of a new injury rather than a complication .
history taking involved detailed questions about the number of dislocations , date and circumstances of the initial dislocation , circumstances of subsequent dislocations , a sense of apprehension , past treatment and the degree of daily activity : practising sport and the type of occupation .
a physical examination included the apprehension test , anterior drawer test , posterior apprehension test , posterior drawer test and sulcus test in all patients .
all patients enrolled in the study underwent a ct scan in order to assess damage to bone tissue : bony bankart lesions , hill - sachs lesions and an mri scan to assess damage of soft tissues : rotator cuff tears , superior labral antero - posterior lesion ( slap lesion ) , humeral avulsion glenohumeral ligament ( hagl ) , rotator interval lesions .
all patients were operated on by the same surgeon under general anaesthesia in a lateral decubitus position .
the weight was chosen so as to afford the best possible visualization of the joint .
the type of bankart lesion was assessed , and any additional lesions , such as rotator cuff tears , superior labral antero - posterior lesion ( slap lesion ) , humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament ( hagl ) , rotator interval lesions , bony bankart lesions or engaging hill - sachs lesions , were identified .
the hill - sachs lesion was assessed according to the criteria presented by burkchard and de beer ( engaging / non - engaging ) .
the working cannula was always positioned in the anterior inferior portal using the inside - in technique .
after insertion of a cannula , the glenoid labrum and glenohumeral ligaments were separated from the glenoid and the antero - inferior bony part of the glenoid was scarified with a rasp .
the labroligamentous complex was always reconstructed with fastak 2.8 mm suture anchors ( fastak , arthrex , naples , florida ) .
two or three implants were used , depending on the extent of injury . in each patient , the most distant implant ( at 5:30 in the right shoulder , at 6:30 in the left shoulder )
was mounted first , followed by mounting an implant at 3:30 for the right shoulder and 8:30 for the left and , in patients who received 3 implants , at 2:30 and 9 : 30 respectively .
the dunkan loop knot was used in each case . a diagnosis of anterior post - traumatic shoulder instability based on : a history of 2 or more documented dislocations , a positive apprehension test and anterior drawer test on physical examination , no previous surgery , no bony lesions of the acetabulum as confirmed by a ct scan , presence of a bankart lesion confirmed by an mri scan and a non - engaging hill - sachs lesion with a definitive diagnosis ascertained intraoperatively .
posterior instability , multidirectional instability , voluntary instability diagnosed on history taking and confirmed by physical testing , glenoid fracture documented by a ct scan , previous surgery for shoulder instability , joint laxity , anatomic variants , neurological symptoms , additional problems : rotator cuff tears , superior labral antero - posterior lesion ( slap lesion ) , humeral avulsion glenohumeral ligament ( hagl ) , rotator interval lesions , bony bankart lesions , engaging hill - sachs lesions  diagnosed on the basis of history and physical examination , with a definitive diagnosis ascertained intraoperatively . after surgery , the joint was immobilized in adduction and internal rotation for 4 weeks . during this period of immobilization
, the patients were instructed to exercise their hand joints and the elbow joint 34 times daily for 10 minutes , making extension , flexion and rotatory movements .
gradual rehabilitation began in week 5 , with unloaded exercises , improving muscle strength via isometric exercises , and active exercises ( elevation and abduction without loading ) .
normal activity was resumed after 25 months , mean : 3.5 months , after the surgery . during a post - operative follow - up examination , performed after operation from 6 to 12.5 years , mean 8.2 .
, by members of our shoulder team , patients were asked if they had resumed activities such as sport or employment and if they experienced any pain .
any recurrences of dislocations and/or subluxations were recorded together with the degree of limitation of daily activity .
a physical examination involved the apprehension test , the anterior drawer test and range of motion assessment .
a precise analysis of treatment outcomes was afforded by comparing pre- and post - operative questionnaires according to the rowe scale and the university of california at los angeles rating system ( ucla ) .
the duration of surgery , length of hospital stay and the rate and types of recurrences and complications were also noted . the statistical analysis to confirm or reject
the presence of correlations between the patients medical conditions , their causes and surgical treatment outcomes expressed according to the ucla and rowe scales employed a number of statistical tests and methods .
pearson s linear correlation coefficients ( r ) were calculated for interval variables ( age , treatment outcomes , etc . ) .
multiple regression was also used to evaluate the effect of the test variables on the values of the dependent variables .
the t test was also used to evaluate significance of differences if a sample was large enough ( n>50 ) .
some results measured according to scales employing different values were unified before they were compared .
history taking involved detailed questions about the number of dislocations , date and circumstances of the initial dislocation , circumstances of subsequent dislocations , a sense of apprehension , past treatment and the degree of daily activity : practising sport and the type of occupation .
a physical examination included the apprehension test , anterior drawer test , posterior apprehension test , posterior drawer test and sulcus test in all patients .
all patients enrolled in the study underwent a ct scan in order to assess damage to bone tissue : bony bankart lesions , hill - sachs lesions and an mri scan to assess damage of soft tissues : rotator cuff tears , superior labral antero - posterior lesion ( slap lesion ) , humeral avulsion glenohumeral ligament ( hagl ) , rotator interval lesions .
all patients were operated on by the same surgeon under general anaesthesia in a lateral decubitus position .
the weight was chosen so as to afford the best possible visualization of the joint .
the type of bankart lesion was assessed , and any additional lesions , such as rotator cuff tears , superior labral antero - posterior lesion ( slap lesion ) , humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament ( hagl ) , rotator interval lesions , bony bankart lesions or engaging hill - sachs lesions , were identified .
the hill - sachs lesion was assessed according to the criteria presented by burkchard and de beer ( engaging / non - engaging ) .
the working cannula was always positioned in the anterior inferior portal using the inside - in technique .
after insertion of a cannula , the glenoid labrum and glenohumeral ligaments were separated from the glenoid and the antero - inferior bony part of the glenoid was scarified with a rasp .
the labroligamentous complex was always reconstructed with fastak 2.8 mm suture anchors ( fastak , arthrex , naples , florida ) .
two or three implants were used , depending on the extent of injury . in each patient , the most distant implant ( at 5:30 in the right shoulder , at 6:30 in the left shoulder ) was mounted first , followed by mounting an implant at 3:30 for the right shoulder and 8:30 for the left and , in patients who received 3 implants , at 2:30 and 9 : 30 respectively .
a diagnosis of anterior post - traumatic shoulder instability based on : a history of 2 or more documented dislocations , a positive apprehension test and anterior drawer test on physical examination , no previous surgery , no bony lesions of the acetabulum as confirmed by a ct scan , presence of a bankart lesion confirmed by an mri scan and a non - engaging hill - sachs lesion with a definitive diagnosis ascertained intraoperatively .
posterior instability , multidirectional instability , voluntary instability diagnosed on history taking and confirmed by physical testing , glenoid fracture documented by a ct scan , previous surgery for shoulder instability , joint laxity , anatomic variants , neurological symptoms , additional problems : rotator cuff tears , superior labral antero - posterior lesion ( slap lesion ) , humeral avulsion glenohumeral ligament ( hagl ) , rotator interval lesions , bony bankart lesions , engaging hill - sachs lesions  diagnosed on the basis of history and physical examination , with a definitive diagnosis ascertained intraoperatively .
after surgery , the joint was immobilized in adduction and internal rotation for 4 weeks . during this period of immobilization , the patients were instructed to exercise their hand joints and the elbow joint 34 times daily for 10 minutes , making extension , flexion and rotatory movements .
gradual rehabilitation began in week 5 , with unloaded exercises , improving muscle strength via isometric exercises , and active exercises ( elevation and abduction without loading ) .
normal activity was resumed after 25 months , mean : 3.5 months , after the surgery .
during a post - operative follow - up examination , performed after operation from 6 to 12.5 years , mean 8.2 .
, by members of our shoulder team , patients were asked if they had resumed activities such as sport or employment and if they experienced any pain .
any recurrences of dislocations and/or subluxations were recorded together with the degree of limitation of daily activity .
a physical examination involved the apprehension test , the anterior drawer test and range of motion assessment .
a precise analysis of treatment outcomes was afforded by comparing pre- and post - operative questionnaires according to the rowe scale and the university of california at los angeles rating system ( ucla ) .
the duration of surgery , length of hospital stay and the rate and types of recurrences and complications were also noted . the statistical analysis to confirm or reject the presence of correlations between the patients medical conditions , their causes and surgical treatment outcomes expressed according to
pearson s linear correlation coefficients ( r ) were calculated for interval variables ( age , treatment outcomes , etc . ) .
multiple regression was also used to evaluate the effect of the test variables on the values of the dependent variables .
the t test was also used to evaluate significance of differences if a sample was large enough ( n>50 ) .
some results measured according to scales employing different values were unified before they were compared .
all patients had sustained their initial dislocation as a result of an injury . in 56 ( 60.8% ) cases , these were sports injuries , and in 36 ( 39.2% ) , the causes were various types of high - energy injuries .
the number of dislocations per patient ranged from 2 to 30 ( figure 1 ) . in 49 ( 53.3% ) cases ,
all those patients received three implants . in 43 ( 46.7% ) cases , the zone of injury extended from 3 to 6 oclock and two implants were used .
based on the 4-level rowe scale , there were 71 ( 81.5% ) excellent results , 12 ( 12.6% ) good results , 5 ( 5.3% ) satisfactory results and 2 ( 2.1% ) poor results in the study group ( figure 2 ) .
the mean pre - operative rowe score was 41 ( range : 1580 ) , compared to a mean post - operative score of 90 ( range : 25100 ) .
that was a statistically significant improvement ( p=0.00 ) in treatment outcomes according to the rowe scale post - operatively .
pre - operative ucla scores were 1124 , mean 19.9 , compared to post - operative scores of 1235 , mean 33.5 , representing a statistically significant improvement in ucla scores post - surgery at p=0.00 .
the pre and post - operative rowe and ucla scores are presented in table 3 . for better visibility of the differences ,
rowe scores are grouped in 10-point intervals ( figure 3 ) and ucla scores are grouped in 5-point intervals ( figure 4 ) .
an analysis of correlations between the two scores pre and post - surgery revealed a significant ( p=0.001 ) correlation between pre - operative rowe scores and post - operative ucla and a significant correlation ( p=0.0001 ) between post - operative rowe scores and post - operative ucla ( table 4 ) .
no statistically significant correlation was found between age , sex , handedness , age at first dislocation and interval between the first dislocation and surgery and treatment outcomes according to either scale .
the outcomes of patients with a labral injury between 2 and 6 oclock , who received 3 implants , were also compared with those of patients with a labral injury between 3 and 6 oclock , who received 2 implants .
no statistically significant correlations were ascertained in the two groups between the rowe and ucla scores as outcome markers vs. extent of injury or number of implants .
post - surgery , 4 ( 4.3% ) patients had a positive apprehension test , and 2 ( 2.1% ) had a positive anterior drawer test .
the observed limitation of external rotation compared to the healthy limb was 025 , mean 6. the duration of hospital stay was from 2 to 5 days , mean 3 days .
the duration of the operation was 20110 minutes , mean 35 minutes . 87 ( 94.6% ) of the patients fully resumed their activities from the period before the initial dislocation , with 5 ( 5.4% ) reporting functional limitation of various severity . in 4 ( 4.3% ) patients , the limitation was due to fear of new dislocation and in 1 ( 1.1% ) it was due to a limited range of motion .
there were 9 ( 9.7% ) cases of recurrence in the study group in 6 male and 3 female patients .
the mean interval between surgery and re - dislocation was 2 years ( range : 0.52.5 years ) .
all cases were due to the patient suffering another high - energy injury . in 7 cases ,
re - dislocation occurred during intensive contact sport practice , including 3 re - dislocations during football practice , 1 during basketball practice , 2 during handball practice , and 1 during judo practice .
one re - dislocation occurred while the patient was practising a non - contact sport ( snowboarding ) and one was the result of an accident at work ( fall from a height ) .
of the patients with a recurrence , 6 required surgery , which was performed as an arthroscopic procedure in 4 patients and as an open procedure ( latarjet procedure ) in 2 .
three patients with re - dislocation were treated conservatively with 4 weeks of immobilization followed by rehabilitation . in the group of patients with recurrences ,
analysis of the causes of recurrences showed a statistically significant correlation between recurrences and the practising of contact sports ( p=0.0001 ) .
apart from the re - dislocations , one cause of a neurological complication ( axillary nerve praxia ) was noted ( 1.1% ) .
a number of surgical methods are used in the operative treatment of post - traumatic anterior shoulder instability . the main criterion underlying the choice of a particular technique is the predicted risk of subsequent dislocation following surgery .
the literature indicates that the risk of recurrence depends on age , sex , number of previous dislocations , everyday activity , the extent of fracture of the glenoid and the presence of a hill - sachs lesion . until quite recently
, open procedures were regarded as a gold standard in the treatment of shoulder instability , with proponents of open surgery arguing primarily that arthroscopic techniques were associated with a higher rate of recurrences .
the arthroscopic approach is now gaining in popularity and more and more authors are reporting good treatment outcomes that are not different from those obtained following open surgery [ 2931 ] . at the same time , the recurrence and complication rates continue to be high [ 1618 ] .
our study enrolled a selected group of patients as homogeneous as possible with regard to intraarticular lesions .
this made possible the exclusion of patients presenting lesions that could influence treatment outcomes . to this end , we only enrolled patients with the bankart lesion and the non - engaging hill sachs lesion .
all patients in our study presented the bankart lesion and 98% also presented the hill sachs lesion .
similar results were obtained by yiannakopoulos in an investigation of the incidence of intraarticular lesions in patients with post - traumatic anterior shoulder instability in a group of 104 patients , where the bankart lesion was found in 97% of the study group and the hill sachs lesion in 93% .
the inclusion criteria described above did not involve any limitations with regard to epidemiological data or the level of daily activity .
this made possible an evaluation of treatment outcomes in a group of patients with specific patterns of injury while also accounting for the effect on these outcomes of such variables as age , sex , number of previous dislocations or time from the first dislocation to surgery .
existing publications describe late outcomes of post - traumatic anterior shoulder instability , but there still is a scarcity of studies involving large homogeneous samples .
the present paper describes treatment outcomes in a group of 92 patients ( 92 shoulders ) followed up for a mean of 8.2 years .
an evaluation in terms of rowe scores yielded 71 ( 81.5% ) excellent , 12 ( 12.6% ) good , 5 ( 5.3% ) satisfactory and 2 ( 2.1% ) poor outcomes . the post - operative rowe scores ( mean : 90 , range : 25100 ) represented a statistically significant improvement .
our results were compatible with late outcomes presented by other authors : franceschi ( 8 years follow up ) reports rowe scores of 88 , kim ( 6.4 years follow up ) had rowe scores of 90 and castagna ( 10.9 years follow up ) reported a rowe score of 80 .
outcomes according to the ucla scores were also significantly better post - surgery with a range of 12 to 35 and a mean score of 33.5 .
these were also not different from those reported by other authors : ee 32.4 ( 2 years follow up ) or castagna 32 ( 10.9 years of follow up ) .
accordingly , an important aspect of the study was the evaluation of the percentage of patients who were able to resume the level of activity that they had enjoyed prior to the initial dislocation .
the patients in our study experienced 9 ( 9.7% ) recurrences , all of which were due to another high - energy trauma ( table 5 ) .
kim et al . reported a recurrence rate of 6% , including two recurrences related to an injury ; castagna recorded a recurrence rate of 23% , where 16% were not related to an injury and 7% were post - traumatic ; and franceschi reported a recurrence rate of 17% . of the patients with a recurrence in our study , 6 required repeat surgery , with 4 arthroscopic procedures and 2 open procedures ( latarjet procedure ) .
three patients did not need repeat surgery . of the patients who suffered re - dislocations , one experienced re - dislocations following conservative treatment , but he did not agree to have another surgery and his treatment outcome remains poor .
the remaining patients , 611 ( mean 9 ) years since surgery , have remained free of signs of instability and have resumed their previous activity levels .
an analysis of treatment outcomes accounting for the effect of epidemiological factors and daily activity on treatment outcomes failed to reveal a statistically significant correlation between age at first dislocation , sex , number of dislocations , time between first dislocation and surgery or the number of implants .
similar data have been obtained by : boileau et al . and ee et al . .
the finding of no correlation between age / sex and treatment outcomes is not consistent with other reports .
there was one case of axillary nerve praxia in our sample that was due to malpositioning of an implant ( figure 5 ) .
the female patient was re - operated and the implant was removed and a new one was placed at a different location . after the second operation , the symptoms resolved over 4 months .
the implant protruded above glenoid surface and over 2 years ( during which the patient did not report to the hospital ) destroyed the articular surface of the humeral head , which eventually led to extensive damage to the articular surface and deformity of the humeral head ( figure 6 ) .
the underlying cause , as in the patients described above , was malpositioning of the implant and also the fact that the patient worked as a security guard
. the patient is not being prepared for shoulder joint capoplasty and his treatment outcome , just like the outcome of the patient discussed above who did not agree to undergo another surgery , remains poor .
recapitulating this discussion , it should also be mentioned that many authors will still choose open surgical techniques for shoulder joint instability , basing their decisions mainly on data suggesting a lower incidence of post - operative recurrences .
however , the results obtained and presented in this paper contradict the validity of this approach to the treatment of shoulder joint instability .
it is our opinion , and it has been corroborated by data from other authors , that arthroscopic treatment using suture anchors is just as effective and is not associated with a higher incidence of recurrences , while its advantages include its low invasiveness and quick resumption of pre - surgery activity levels .
first , the study was retrospective and it was not randomized and there was no control group .
with rigorous criteria for qualifying patients for surgery , as described in this article , arthroscopic treatment of post - traumatic anterior shoulder instability produces good outcomes and low recurrences and complication rates irrespective of the number of previous dislocations , age , or sex .
 backgroundshoulder instability is an important clinical problem . 
 arthroscopic surgery is an established treatment modality in shoulder instability , but it continues to be associated with a high rate of recurrences and complications . the purpose of the study was to analyze late outcomes of arthroscopic repair of bankart lesions in patients with post - traumatic anterior shoulder instability and non - engaging hill - sachs lesion , with special focus on the incidence and causes of recurrences and complications.material/methodswe investigated 92 patients ( 92 shoulders ) who underwent surgery on account of post - traumatic anterior shoulder instability . 
 the duration of follow - up ranged from 6 to 12.5 years ( mean : 8.2 years ) . 
 all patients were operated on in the lateral decubitus position using fastak 2.8-mm suture anchors ( fastak , arthrex , naples , florida ) . 
 treatment outcomes were evaluated using the rowe and university of california at los angeles rating system ( ucla).resultsaccording to rowe scores , there were 71 ( 81.5% ) excellent , 12 ( 12.6% ) good , 5 ( 5.3% ) satisfactory , and 2 ( 2.1% ) poor results . 
 rowe scores improved in a statistically significant manner ( p=0.00 ) post - surgery , to a mean of 90 ( range : 25100 ) . 
 treatment outcomes measured as ucla scores improved in a statistically significant manner ( p=0.00 ) , reaching post - operative levels of 1235 ( mean : 33.5 ) . 
 there were 9 recurrences , 1 case of axillary nerve praxia , and 1 case of anchor loosening.conclusionswith rigorous criteria for qualifying patients for surgery , arthroscopic treatment of post - traumatic anterior shoulder instability produces good outcomes and low recurrence and complication rates irrespective of the number of previous dislocations , age , or sex . 