bacterial activity has proved to be the main causative factor for placement and replacement of restorations . it was confirmed histologically that fermentative organisms remained viable under non - antispetic restorations for as long as 139 days and that only a portion of the tooth is sterile after termination of routine cavity preparation .
furthermore , bacteria present in the smear layer can multiply , allowing their toxins and degradation products to diffuse to the pulp resulting in irritation and inflammation .
bacterial penetration along the interface or nanoleakage is another concern , which was found to cause recurrence of caries . as infection beneath the restoration
is considered a great threat to the pulp , the concept of toileting of the cavity is gaining wider acceptance with a variety of commercially available dentin disinfectants launched into the market .
these dentin disinfectants are ( amongst others ) chlorhexidine ( chx ) , benzalkonium chloride , iodine / copper sulfate , sodium hypochlorite ( naocl ) and/or antibiotic based .
the ideal dentin disinfectant should combine the possession of a potent antimicrobial action and should not interfere with the bonding of the subsequently applied adhesive system .
furthermore , it should enhance the durability of the bond through the inhibition of the matrix derived enzyme ( matrix - metalloprotease ) .
the dental literature shows the association of dentin disinfectant application and bonding of subsequent applied adhesive system to be a controversial issue .
brackett et al . , and campos et al . , in their study have reported that the application of the dentin disinfectant did nt affect the initial bond strength , however it promoted the stability of the bond after 6 months service in vivo in bracket 's et al .
thus , the selection of the disinfectant compatible with the bonding system is of great importance as any positive benefits would be negated if the antimicrobial action deteriorated the bonding efficacy . on the search on the most appropriate disinfectant to be applied prior to both etch - and - rinse and self - etch adhesive systems , this study was carried out to clarify the behavior of each of these antibacterial agents on the micro - shear bond strength ( -sbs ) of both etch - and - rinse and self - etch adhesive systems .
the null hypothesis examined first ; there is no differences in the -sbs between both etch - and - rinse and self - etch adhesives , second : there is no difference in the -sbs between control and differently disinfected dentin surfaces with both etch - and - rinse and self - etch adhesive systems .
this study evaluated the effect of four contemporary dentin disinfectants ; 5.25% naocl based ; 2% chx based ( consepsis , chx ) , 0.1% benzalkonium chloride based ( tubulicid red , tr ) and 3% doxycycline based ( biopure , mtad ) on the -sbs of both etch - and - rinse ( adper single bond 2 ) and self - etch ( clearfil s bond ) adhesive systems .
materials used , composition , manufacturer and lot number one hundred sound human molars recently extracted and stored in physiologic saline at 4c for no more than 2 weeks , were used in the present study .
after removal of the root portion , the molars , excluding the buccal surface , were embedded in self - curing acrylic resin ( rapid repair , degudent gmbh , hanau , germany ) by using a specially fabricated cuboidal teflon mold ( 3 cm  2 cm  1.3 cm ) .
the buccal surfaces of the embedded molars were ground on a water cooled mechanical grinder ( tf250 , jeanwirtz , dsseldorf , germany ) by using 180-grit abrasive paper to obtain flat superficial dentin surfaces with a clinically relevant smear layer .
the specimens were randomly assigned to five groups according to the disinfectant used : group i : no disinfectant ( control ) the disinfectants were applied for 60 s then rinsed .
each group was further divided into two subgroups according to the adhesive system employed . in the first sub - group ; the etch - and - rinse adhesive system , adper single bond 2 , was used .
the specimens were etched for 15 s with the phosphoric acid etchant followed by rinsing for 10 s then blotting excess water using a mini - sponge . immediately after blotting , two consecutive coats of the bonding system was attempted for 15 s with gentle agitation using a fully saturated application followed by gentle air thinning for 5 s to evaporate the solvent . in the second sub - group ; the self - etching adhesive system , clearfil s bond , was applied according to manufacturer 's instructions which were the generous application of the bonding system for 20 s followed by drying with high pressure air flow for approximately 5 s. irises were cut from tygon tubing ( r-3603 , norton performance plastic co. , cleveland , usa ) with an internal diameter of 0.8 mm and a height of 0.5 mm .
light curing of the bonding resin was attempted for 10 s using elipar ii light curing unit ( 3 m espe , st .
resin composite , clearfil apx ; shade a2 , was packed into the cylinder lumen and a plastic matrix strip was placed over the resin composite and gently pressed flat and light - cured for 40 s. using a blade , the tygon tubes were removed after one hour storage at room temperature .
this resulted in small cylinders of resin , approximately 0.8 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm in height bonded to the surface .
after storage in distilled water for 24 h their -sbss were measured using a universal testing machine ( lloyd instruments ltd .
a wire of 0.2 mm diameter was looped around the resin composite cylinder , making contact through half its circumference and was gently held flush against the resin - dentin interface .
the resin - dentin interface , the wire loop and the center of the load - cell were aligned as straight as possible to ensure the correct application of the shear force .
shear force was applied to each specimen at a cross - head speed of 0.5 mm / min until failure occurred .
the two measured bond strength values obtained from each specimen were averaged to obtain one reading from each specimen ( n = 10 ) .
regression model with two - way analysis of variance ( anova ) was used to test the significance for the effect of bonding system and disinfectant and their interactions .
tukey 's post - hoc test was used for pair - wise comparison between the means when anova test is significant .
statistical analysis was carried out using the spss 14.0 software ( statistical package for scientific studies inc .
after measuring the bond strength , each specimen was examined visually using a binocular stereomicroscope ( nilson smz-10-japan ) at  25 magnification to determine its mode of fracture .
failure modes were classified as adhesive : where the fracture site was located between the adhesive and the dentin , or mixed : where the fracture site included both adhesive failure at the interface and cohesive failure within the resin composite .
this study evaluated the effect of four contemporary dentin disinfectants ; 5.25% naocl based ; 2% chx based ( consepsis , chx ) , 0.1% benzalkonium chloride based ( tubulicid red , tr ) and 3% doxycycline based ( biopure , mtad ) on the -sbs of both etch - and - rinse ( adper single bond 2 ) and self - etch ( clearfil s bond ) adhesive systems .
one hundred sound human molars recently extracted and stored in physiologic saline at 4c for no more than 2 weeks , were used in the present study .
after removal of the root portion , the molars , excluding the buccal surface , were embedded in self - curing acrylic resin ( rapid repair , degudent gmbh , hanau , germany ) by using a specially fabricated cuboidal teflon mold ( 3 cm  2 cm  1.3 cm ) .
the buccal surfaces of the embedded molars were ground on a water cooled mechanical grinder ( tf250 , jeanwirtz , dsseldorf , germany ) by using 180-grit abrasive paper to obtain flat superficial dentin surfaces with a clinically relevant smear layer . the specimens were randomly assigned to five groups according to the disinfectant used : group i : no disinfectant ( control ) the disinfectants were applied for 60 s then rinsed .
each group was further divided into two subgroups according to the adhesive system employed . in the first sub - group ; the etch - and - rinse adhesive system , adper single bond 2 , was used .
the specimens were etched for 15 s with the phosphoric acid etchant followed by rinsing for 10 s then blotting excess water using a mini - sponge . immediately after blotting , two consecutive coats of the bonding system was attempted for 15 s with gentle agitation using a fully saturated application followed by gentle air thinning for 5 s to evaporate the solvent . in the second sub - group ; the self - etching adhesive system , clearfil s bond , was applied according to manufacturer 's instructions which were the generous application of the bonding system for 20 s followed by drying with high pressure air flow for approximately 5 s. irises were cut from tygon tubing ( r-3603 , norton performance plastic co. , cleveland , usa ) with an internal diameter of 0.8 mm and a height of 0.5 mm .
light curing of the bonding resin was attempted for 10 s using elipar ii light curing unit ( 3 m espe , st .
resin composite , clearfil apx ; shade a2 , was packed into the cylinder lumen and a plastic matrix strip was placed over the resin composite and gently pressed flat and light - cured for 40 s. using a blade , the tygon tubes were removed after one hour storage at room temperature .
this resulted in small cylinders of resin , approximately 0.8 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm in height bonded to the surface .
after storage in distilled water for 24 h their -sbss were measured using a universal testing machine ( lloyd instruments ltd .
a wire of 0.2 mm diameter was looped around the resin composite cylinder , making contact through half its circumference and was gently held flush against the resin - dentin interface .
the resin - dentin interface , the wire loop and the center of the load - cell were aligned as straight as possible to ensure the correct application of the shear force .
shear force was applied to each specimen at a cross - head speed of 0.5 mm / min until failure occurred .
the two measured bond strength values obtained from each specimen were averaged to obtain one reading from each specimen ( n = 10 ) .
regression model with two - way analysis of variance ( anova ) was used to test the significance for the effect of bonding system and disinfectant and their interactions .
tukey 's post - hoc test was used for pair - wise comparison between the means when anova test is significant .
statistical analysis was carried out using the spss 14.0 software ( statistical package for scientific studies inc .
after measuring the bond strength , each specimen was examined visually using a binocular stereomicroscope ( nilson smz-10-japan ) at  25 magnification to determine its mode of fracture .
failure modes were classified as adhesive : where the fracture site was located between the adhesive and the dentin , or mixed : where the fracture site included both adhesive failure at the interface and cohesive failure within the resin composite .
the mean -sbs values and their respective standard deviations for the different groups are presented in tables 3 .
results revealed that the bonding system had a statistically significant effect on the mean values whereas the disinfectant had no statistical significant effect on the mean .
the interaction between the two variables had an effect on the mean values [ table 2 ] .
regression analysis for the different variables mean and standard deviations of micro - shear strength values in mpa of all tested groups in general , use of disinfectants increased the bond strength when clearfil s bond was used compared with the control specimens .
naocl prior to the use of clearfil s bond recorded the highest mean bond strength followed by the tr , chx and mtad .
this is contrary to the use of disinfectants with adper single bond 2 which led to the decrease of the bond [ table 3 ] .
chx and mtad in conjunction with adper single bond 2 recorded values that were lower than the control specimens bonded with adper single bond 2 only . tr and
the percentages of the fracture modes observed with all tested groups are presented in table 4 .
the predominant mode of failure with adper single bond 2 adhesive system groups was adhesive .
the clearfil s bond adhesive system groups showed mixed mode of failure , with the higher percentage with naocl .
in the present study assessment the effect of application of four different disinfecting agents on bond strength of an etch - and - rinse and self - etch adhesive systems was carried out using -sbs testing .
micro - shear test generates less stress or damage during preparation of specimens compared to the micro - tensile alternative . in addition , this simple test allows conservation of teeth with regional and depth profiling of a variety of substrates . the results of this in vitro study support the rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the -sbs between the self - etch and etch and rinse adhesives when bonded to superficial dentin pretreated with various dentin disinfectants and extend to support the second null hypothesis that the bond strength is not affected by the use of disinfectants .
the self - etching , clearfil s bond , showed no statistically significant difference compared to the etch - and - rinse , adper single bond 2 , in the control group and significantly higher bond strength in all the rest groups .
furthermore higher percentage of mixed mode of failure was depicted in clearfil s bond groups .
clearfil s bond is a mild self- etch adhesive with a ph  2.7 , thus the hybrid layer is comprised of partially naked collagen fibrils , allowing the remaining hydroxyapatite crystals to act as good candidates for additional intermolecular interaction with the 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate ( mdp ) monomer creating a chemical bond , allowing for the two - fold bonding mechanism ; micromechanical and chemical bonding .
thus deduction in the bonding efficacy resulting from the reduction in the micromechanical interlocking capacity was compensated with the chemical bonding capability .
in addition , the calcium salt created by the phosphate monomer is highly insoluble , allowing more stable and intense molecular adhesion , according to the adhesion - decalcification concept .
accordingly , the superior bonding performance of functional monomers might be reflected in their actual capacity for adhesive bonding to dentin .
naocl is one of the most commonly used cavity disinfectant in clinical practice , not only to its well - known antibacterial action , but also to its wettability property .
naocl surface pretreatment enhanced the bond strength of self - etch adhesive clearfil s bond .
this findings correlates with the results of fawzy et al . , who reported that pretreatment the dentin surface with naocl significantly increased the bond strength of the self - etching adhesive , adhes .
this could be attributed to the non - specific proteolytic capability of naocl which can remove the organic components effectively at room temperature .
since the smear layer composition is similar to the originating tissue ( 50 volume % mineral and 30 volume % collagen ) , the application of the naocl over the smear layer covered dentin would eliminate its collagen phase resulting in reduction in the smear layer compactness .
this property enhanced the bonding of the self - etching adhesive examined as it might have increased the diffusively of the acidic monomers , through water - filled channels between particles of smear layer enlarging them to reach and interact with the underlying dentin surface . as it is reported by several authors
that the minimal aggressiveness of this ultra - mild self - etching adhesive makes it extremely sensitive in penetrating smear layers of different thickness and compactness . from a crystallographic view point , eliminating the organic component makes the dentin surface richer in hydroxyapatite crystals thus enhancing the chemical bonding component of this adhesive system .
. , and santos et al . , who reported that naocl negatively affected the bond strength of clearfil se bond , the difference in the methodology , dentin substrate and bonding material generation could be the reason for dissimilar results .
on the other hand , the use of naocl reduced the bond strength to the adper single bond 2 which could be due to the sensitivity of such adhesive system to the oxidizing effect of naocl .
the results are again in contrary with ercan et al . , who found that naocl did not affect sbs of the etch and rinse adhesive , prime and bond nt .
benzalkonium chloride is a nitrogenous cationic surface - acting agent containing a quaternary ammonium group .
it has three main uses ; an antimicrobial agent , as a cationic surfactant and a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor .
the results of the present study revealed that the use of tr enhanced the -sbs of the self - etch adhesive , clearfil s , compared with the control group , yet it did not reach that obtained by naocl . this could be attributed to its compositional constituent of edta , which might have led to the partial removal of the smear layer , which could have enhanced the interaction of the applied self - etch adhesive system with underlying dentin substrate . in contrary
, it negated the bonding of etch - and - rinse adhesive , as its compositional constituent of benzalkonium chloride and sodium fluoride might have been incorporated in the remaining part of smear layer increasing it resistance to phosphoric acid etching , thus hindering the permeation of adper single bond 2 monomers .
, whom found that tr negated the sbs of self - etching adhesive , clearfil se bond , whereas did not affect the bonding of the etch - and - rinse adhesive , prime and bond nt .
the results of the present study revealed that chx pretreatment enhanced the bonding performance of the self - etch adhesive examined .
this finding is in line with study by pilo et al . , who reported that pretreating the dentin surface with chx improved the bond strength of self - etch adhesive systems .
several theories can be hypothesized to explain the mode of action of chx ; first ; the changes encountered in the smear layer .
scanning electron microscope examination by meiers and kresin showed that chx modified the appearance of the smear layer by removal of the loose smear debris .
this could have enhanced the penetration of the acidic monomers of the self - etch adhesive .
second ; the strong positive ionic charge that ready binds to phosphate groups of dentin surfaces could have increased the surface energy of dentin , thus increasing dentin - wetting ability of primers .
third ; this could be attributed to the possible stabilizing effect exerted on the smear layer turning it from a semi - permeable , loosely bound layer to a firmly bond layer , thus minimizing the convective and evaporative water fluxes from the underlying dentin , thus enhancing the bonding capacity of the self - etch adhesive . on the other hand , using chx before acid etching negated the bonding of the etch - and - rinse alternative .
this is in agreement with grgan et al . , who found that application of chx before acid etching significantly reduced the bond strength .
as any possible positive effect from its charge or composition would be negated by the etching and rinsing step . furthermore that possible stabilizing effect which is considered pros for the self - etch adhesive is considered a con for the etch - and - rinse alternative , as the smear layer became resistant to the phosphoric acid etching . however , this result is in contrary with soares et al . , and brackett et al . whom reported that using chx with etch - and - rinse adhesives either enhance or not affect the bonding mechanism .
this contrary could be due to the difference in the protocol of applications , as in their studies chx was applied after the etching step .
mtad is a doxycycline based disinfectant , it has a potent antimicrobial and a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory action .
it contains both the doxycycline and citric acid , that remove the smear layer and demineralize the under lying dentin by a synergistic effect .
the acidic doxycycline liberates calcium and phosphate ions , while the citric acid binds the calcium ions .
although the removal of the smear layer enhanced the bonding of the clearfil s bond compared to the control group , it showed significantly lower bond strengths compared with naocl group .
this could be attributed to its mild demineralization effect allowing less calcium ions to be available for chemical bonding .
however , the use of mtad negatively affected the bonding of the etch - and - rinse adhesive , as its mild etching effect followed by the phosphoric acid etching may have led to increase the depth of demineralization which was not compatible with the depth of resin monomer infiltration .
this result is in agreement with stanislawczuk et al . , who found that 2% doxycycline jeopardize the bond strength and quality of hybrid layer of the etch - and - rinse adhesive systems , prime and bond nt and adper single bond 2 .
under the limitation of this in vitro study it can be concluded that : 
 the self - etching adhesive , clearfil s bond , provide prompt bonding to dentin treated with different disinfectants compared with , adper single bond 2 , the etch - and - rinse adhesive alternative.the use of the tested dentin disinfectants before the acid etching step negated the bonding performance of the tested etch - and - rinse adhesive . 
  the self - etching adhesive , clearfil s bond , provide prompt bonding to dentin treated with different disinfectants compared with , adper single bond 2 , the etch - and - rinse adhesive alternative . the use of the tested dentin disinfectants before the acid etching step negated the bonding performance of the tested etch - and - rinse adhesive .
 objectives : this study was carried out to examine the effect of application of four different disinfecting agents on the micro - shear bond strength ( -sbs ) of an etch - and - rinse and self - etch adhesive systems.materials and methods : one hundred flat dentin surfaces of human molars were produced by wet grinding the buccal surfaces . 
 specimens were randomly assigned to five groups according to the disinfectant used : group i : control ( no disinfectant ) ; group ii : 5.25% sodium hypochlorite based ; group iii : 2% chlorhexidine based ( consepsis ) , group iv : 0.1% benzalkoniumchloride based ( tubulicid red ) and group v : 3% doxycycline based ( biopure , mtad ) . 
 specimens were bonded using either adper single bond 2 or clearfil s3 bond , which were employed according to the manufacturer 's instructions . 
 resin composite microcylinders were bonded using tygon tubes for -sbs testing . 
 the modes of failure were noted after visual examination using a binocular stereomicroscope at 25 magnification . 
 failures were classified as adhesive , or mixed . 
 -sbs results were analyzed using two - way anova followed by tukey 's post - hoc test.results:dentin disinfectants tested significantly negated the bonding of adper single bond 2 and the groups were ranked ; group i > group v = group iv > group ii = group iii , meanwhile they enhanced significantly the -sbs values upon using clearfil s3 bond and were ranked ; group ii > group iii = group iv = group v > group i. most failures were adhesive with the adper single bond adhesive system . 
 mixed modes of failure were evident with clearfil s3 bond.conclusions:the disinfectants tested should not be used with adper single bond 2 when applied before the etching step , however they could be used safely prior to bonding with clearfil s3 bond . 