parvovirus b19 is a small , uncoated dna virus belonging to the family parvoviridae ( 1 ) .
parvovirus b19 associates with a wide range of clinical symptoms and their pattern is under effect of age and immune status of the host ( 4 ) .
most of b19 infections are asymptomatic or only associate with mild non - specific illness .
this virus can also be transmitted through blood transfusion and blood products ( 5 ) .
b19 infects humans widely and is almost endemic in all parts of the world ( 2 ) .
parvovirus b19 can also be transmitted through vertical transformation ( from mother to fetus ) ( 6 ) .
its prevalence in pregnancy is about 15% , but in epidemic situation it receives to 10% ( 78 ) .
its incidence in pregnancy is about 15% and it can cause complications in 3% of infected pregnant women ( 9 , 10 ) . the virus is transmitted through vertical transmission to the fetus and creates some complications to fetus including anemia , spontaneous abortion , hydrops fetalis , intrauterine fetal death and congenital anomalies ( 11 ) .
parvovirus infection of mothers is diagnosed using serologic or an immune assay enzyme b19 igm and b19 igg ( 12 ) .
b19 igg positive serologic evidence of previous infection with the virus that leads to lifelong immunity . in this study
, we tried to determine prevalence of serum parvovirus infection in pregnant women and its association with some of the parameters such as number of lived children , number of family members , number of commensalts and amount of hemoglobin .
the risk of adverse fetal outcome increases if maternal infection occurs during the first two trimesters of pregnancy but may also happen during the third trimester .
it is significant cause of fetal loss throughout pregnancy , but has a higher impact in the second half of pregnancy when spontaneous fetal loss from other causes is relatively rare ( 13 ) .
for example , the risk of infection in pregnant women with one child are 3 times more than nulliparous women , but this risk for women with three or more children are 7.5 times more .
the other risk factors are working in the school , care centers and other full stress jobs ( 1416 ) .
igg antibody levels elevated with the increase of age ( 17 , 18 ) at the age of 15 , about 50% of persons have detectable igg levels and its amount in older people , has increased to more than 90% ( 2 ) .
the importance of b19 investigation in pregnant women is due to vertical transmission of this virus .
the complications related to this virus are anemia , hydrops fetalis , fetal death , and unintended abortion ( 11 ) .
intrauterine growth retardation , myocarditis , pleural effusion , pericardial effusion and brain involvement of the fetus may occur following infection with the virus . although , parvovirus b19 is not related to congenital malformations ( 19 , 20 ) , in case of pregnant women infection , the prevalence of transmision to the fetus is 30% ( 21 ) .
acute parvovirus b19 ( b19v ) infection is a proven risk for pregnant women and their fetus ( 22 ) .
regarding to complications related to b19 virus infection during pregnancy and lack of study about its infection prevalence in ardabil county , this study was conducted with the aim of determination of the prevalence of parvovirus and igg in pregnant women in ardabil .
the numbers of samples were calculated 350 , based on statistical formula for sample size .
these numbers were divided into 39 prenatal care centers , according to population covered by each center .
5 ml of blood was taken from participant in care centers and was referred to the reference laboratory , immediately .
the serum of blood samples were isolated and were stored at 20 c , until analysis .
the questionnaire consisted of two parts : part i including mother s age , location , number of family members ( father , mother , sister , brother ) , number of children , number of commensalts , and in part ii information about blood test of pregnant women , were recorded . for measurement of igg antibodies in serum samples against b19 virus ,
the elisa kit euroimmune , ( germany ) was used as follows : 100 l of serum 1/201 diluted patients and 100 l of each of the standards were added to micro plate wells in which the viral antigen was coated .
the samples were incubated for 1 h at room temperature , then the wells were washed and 100 l goat , anti - human , anti - igg antibody binded to the peroxide was added to each sample and they kept at room temperature for one more hour .
then , after washing the wells , 100 l of substrate ( 3 , 3 , 5 , 5  tetra - methyl benzidine ) was added to each well and allowed to create color within 30 minutes at room temperature . subsequently , 100 l of fixing solution ( sulfuric acid ) was added to each well and a maximum light absorption of the double wavelengths of 450/630 nm were read using a plate reader .
the chi - square and t - test and descriptive methods were used for data analysis .
the significant levels of 0.05 were used for all statistical analysis . in order to consider the principles of medical ethics ,
in this study , of 350 pregnant women , 64.6% ( 226/350 ) were ardabil citizen and the rest were from rural area ( 124/350 ) .
the youngest participant was 15 years old and the oldest was 34 years ( average of 23 3.92 years ) .
overall , 242 ( 69.1% ) had positive serology b19 igg and 124 ( 30.9% ) were seronegative .
distributions of seroprevalence of parovirus b19 among pregnant women in residence location are shown in table 1 .
of 108 people that living in rural areas , 85 ( 68.5% ) were seropositive and 39 ( 31.5% ) were negative .
there was no significant relationship between residence location and prevalence of serum parvovirus b19 ( p=0.475 ) .
distribution of serology parvovirus b19 prevalence among pregnant women based on residence location the average age of participants with positive serology was 24.774.26 years , and the mean age of those with negative serology was 22.983.58 years .
result showed there was a significant correlation between age and the prevalence of parvovirus ( r=0.268 ) and the immunity against the virus was higher in older pregnant women ( table 2 ) .
distribution of serology parvovirus b19 prevalence among pregnant women according to age group the average number commensalts seropositive pregnant women was 3  1.74 and those with negative serology 2.83  1.16 that showed no significant relationship between the number of commensalts and prevalence of parvovirus ( p=0.377 ) .
the average family members of participants with positive serology was 6.86  2.4 and those with negative serology was 6.61  2.23 , which showed no significant relation between family size and prevalence of parvovirus ( p=0.369 ) ( table 3 ) .
relationship between the number of people breaking bread together , family size and the number of children living with an outbreak of parvovirus b19 the average number of lived children in participants those with positive serology was 0.57  0.655 and average number of lived children in those with negative serology was 0.51  0.634 which presented the relationship between family size and sero prevalence of parvovirus was insignificant ( p= 0.417 ) .
the average amount of hemoglobin in participants with positive serology was 12.51.12 ( p=0.177 ) and the average amount of hemoglobin in those with negative serology was 12.261.06 ( p=0.169 ) which showed no significant relationship between hemoglobin and serum parvovirus .
results of this study showed that the prevalence of b19 in pregnant women in ardabil was 69.1% .
( 2005 ) in shiraz showed that parvovirus infection providence was 69.01% ( 17 ) . in a cross - sectional study , sohrabi et al .
( 2007 ) reported that 55.7% of pregnant women referred to ahvaz imam khomeini hospital were b19 positive ( had specific igg of b19 ) .
according to their findings , more than 40% of pregnant women had not igg b19 and were at the risk of the virus infection and its fetus complications ( 23 ) . in a study conducted in nigeria by emiasegen et al .
( 2011 ) parvovirus infection prevalence among pregnant women attending to prenatal care clinics and its relation to occupation , number of children and transfusion history were studied .
they reported that 273 pregnant women were studied and 27.5% of them had igg antibody for b19 and the relationship between the numbers of living children , occupation and achieved transfusion history were significant ( 24 ) . in another study ,
elnifro ( 2009 ) found that its prevalence in libya was 69% ( 25 ) .
the other hand , khameneh ( 2014 ) reported that in orumiyeh prevalence of parvovirus was 75.6% ( 26 ) , that was further from the results of our study .
for example , sohrabi in a study in ahvaz showed that its incidence was 55.7% ( 19 ) ; abiodun ( 2013 ) reported 20% in nigeria ( 27 ) , and cohen ( 1995 ) declared 53% of pregnant women are immune to the virus ( 28 ) .
the difference between rural and urban areas in the prevalence of b19 virus was not significant .
of 226 people lived in urban area , 157 patients ( 69.5% ) were positive while 68.5% of people ( 85 of 108 ) lived in rural areas were positive in serology .
the significance of difference among mean age between positive serology and negative serology indicates that relationship between age and the prevalence of parvovirus .
therefore , its incidence was higher in older women . in the ziyaeyan ( 2005 ) and sohrabi ( 2007 ) studies , there was no significant correlation between age and the prevalence of parvovirus , that is contrast to our results ( 17,23 ) . in this study ,
the relations between seropositive incidences with number of children , number of family members , number of commensalts , and hemoglobin content were not significant .
( 2001 ) ( 29 ) . in a study from nigeria , emiasegen et al .
( 2011 ) showed that the number of children was related to the outbreak of parvovirus ( 24 ) that is not consistent with the results of our study .
comparison between the average number of sero - positive children and seronegatives revealed that the number of children did nt related to the prevalence of parvovirus that is in accordance with the shahraki et al .
the relation between the number of children and outbreak of parvovirus was significant ( 24 ) that is not consistent with our results .
the results of this study showed a high susceptibility of pregnant women to parvovirus b19 in ardabil region and immunity to the virus increases with age . in our study , a significant correlation was not found between the prevalence of parvovirus and the number of living children , number of family member , number of commensalts and hemoglobin content . considering that a high percentage of infected pregnant women with parvovirus b19 in the ardebil region , health education and screening for the virus , especially in pregnant women with anemia is recommended to prevent fetal complications .
 background and objectives : trans - placental transmission of parvovirus b19 during pregnancy can causes adverse outcomes . 
 regarding its importance in prenatal care , we decided to study prevalence of parvovirus b19 infection among pregnant woman in ardabil , iran.materials and methods : in a community based study with a cluster sampling , 350 pregnant women that attended in health care centers in ardabil were selected . 
 serum samples were collected and anti - b19 specific igg was detected using commercial enzyme - linked immunosorbent assays ( euroimmune elisa kit , germany ) . 
 furthermore , a questionnaire filled for all participants during samples collection.results:64.6% ( 226/350 ) of participants were ardabil citizen and the rest were from rural area ( 124/350 ) . 
 anti - b19-specific igg antibody was detected in 69.1% of pregnant women ( 242/350 ) . 
 participants ages ranged from 15 to 34 years with average of 23 years . according to our study , seroprevalence of igg antibodies had positive significant correlation with the participants age ( r=0.268 ) but there were no significant relations between b19 seropositivity and living area , family member , number of commensals , number of living children , and the amount of hemoglobin ( p>0.05).conclusion : approximately , one - third of the participants were at risk of primary b19 infection . therefore , health education of pregnant women and screening of infected pregnant women is recommended to prevent fetal complications . 