surgical goals and patient expectations of cataract surgery have evolved considerably over the past decade .
many patients now desire spectacle independence not only for distance but also for near and intermediate vision .
multifocal intraocular lenses ( iols)1 provide spectacle independence by producing two or more focal points for distance , intermediate , and near vision.24 however , multifocality can result in reduced image contrast and unwanted photic phenomenon in the form of halos and glare.1,3 diffractive multifocal iols provide better uncorrected near visual acuity , contrast sensitivity , and reading performance with less photic phenomenon than refractive multifocal iols,5,6 but they have still been associated with some reduction in visual quality.7 material and design developments have contributed to improved optics . for example , the correction of spherical aberration8,9 with aspheric diffractive multifocal iols has been shown to improve visual quality and outcomes.2,10,11 additionally , materials with low chromatic dispersion and a high abbe number can reduce chromatic aberration and improve contrast sensitivity.12 the tecnis multifocal iol is an aspheric diffractive multifocal iol that comes in either silicone ( three - piece [ zm900 ] ) or a low - dispersion high abbe number ( 55 ) hydrophobic acrylic ( one - piece [ zmb00 ] and three - piece [ zma00]).12 a full diffractive surface with steps of uniform height is present over the posterior surface of the optic , providing a + 4.0 d near and with equal distribution of light to distance and near regardless of pupil size,13 helping to provide good functional vision under varied lighting conditions.14 the tecnis multifocal iol has been demonstrated to yield high levels of spectacle independence , low residual refractive error , and good distance and near visual acuity , resulting in high levels of patient satisfaction.2,4,15 however , none of the published papers report visual acuity at intermediate with this lens .
this study was designed to evaluate monocular as well as binocular visual acuity at distance , intermediate , and near under photopic and mesopic lighting conditions in patients bilaterally implanted with this aspheric diffractive multifocal one - piece iol .
sixteen patients ( 13 females and three males ) with a mean age of 66.29.2 years ( range : 5081 years ) who had previously undergone bilateral phacoemulsification surgery with implantation of the tecnis multifocal one - piece iol ( zmb00 ; abbott medical optics , inc . , santa ana , ca , usa ) at empire eye and laser center , bakersfield , ca , usa , between june 2010 and june 2011 were examined prospectively for visual acuity assessment under different lighting conditions and were asked to report satisfaction based on a subjective questionnaire .
careful centration was done in all surgeries and manual limbal relaxing incisions were performed in eyes with astigmatism 0.75 d. eyes with significant ocular pathology , previous refractive surgery , or intraoperative adverse events were excluded .
the study was approved by the western institutional review board , olympia , wa , and written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to participation .
all patients were evaluated prospectively at least 3 months following surgery on the second eye . at the single study visit ,
monocular and binocular uncorrected and distance - corrected visual acuities were measured using the good - lite esv1500 self - calibrated illuminated cabinet for distance ( 20 ft/6 m ) , intermediate ( 2832 in/7080 cm ) , and near ( 1416 in/3540 cm ) under photopic ( 85 cd / m ) and mesopic ( 3 cd / m ) lighting conditions .
statistical analysis of the data was carried out using spss software ( v 17.0 ; spss inc . ,
variables were presented as mean  standard deviation and cumulative percentages of eyes with different levels of visual acuity .
visual acuity measurements performed under photopic and mesopic light conditions were assessed for normality using quantile  quantile plot and then compared using the paired t - test .
statistical analysis of the data was carried out using spss software ( v 17.0 ; spss inc . ,
variables were presented as mean  standard deviation and cumulative percentages of eyes with different levels of visual acuity .
visual acuity measurements performed under photopic and mesopic light conditions were assessed for normality using quantile  quantile plot and then compared using the paired t - test .
patients were examined at a mean follow - up of 9.43.8 months ( range : 4.716.2 months ) .
the mean residual manifest refraction spherical equivalent was 0.0040.289 d. mean values and cumulative percentages of photopic uncorrected distance visual acuity and corrected distance visual acuity , measured binocularly and monocularly , are presented in figure 1a and b and reveal better visual outcomes under photopic conditions .
likewise , the binocular and monocular intermediate ( figure 2a and b ) and near ( figure 3a and b ) visual acuities were observed to be significantly better under photopic conditions than mesopic .
( 12.5% ) or  very satisfied  ( 87.5% ) with their postoperative vision without using glasses or contact lenses ( figure 4 ) .
nearly all patients ( 93.8% ) reported that they  never  or  hardly ever  wore glasses ( figure 5 ) .
additionally , all patients reported that it was  much more  or  more  convenient to see without glasses while performing normal daily activities when compared with before surgery . while all patients reported that it was  very easy  or 
easy  to see far away without glasses ( figure 6 ) , 6.3% reported  difficulty  in reading small print in dim light without glasses , 6.3% reported  difficulty  in seeing at arm s length without glasses , and 12.5% reported  difficulty  in driving at night without glasses .
overall , 75% of patients reported that the distance at which it was comfortable to read was  perfect ,  whereas 25% of patients reported that the distance was  a little too close  ( figure 7 ) . furthermore
, 87.5% of patients did not notice any fluctuations in their vision ; the other 12.5% of patients said that they noticed fluctuations in vision only occasionally when reading small print in dim light or driving at night .
with respect to photic symptoms , 87.5% of patients reported no glare at night ; 6.3% reported  mildly bothersome  glare , and only 6.3% reported  very bothersome  glare ( figure 8) .
in addition , 68.8% of patients reported no halos around lights at night , 18.8% of patients reported halos to be 
present but not bothersome  or  mildly bothersome ,  and 12.5% had  moderately bothersome  or  very bothersome  halos ( figure 8) .
only 6.3% of patients experienced double images / ghosting , which was reported to be 
 a total of 93.8% patients stated that they would  definitely  or  most likely  choose to have the same lens implanted again ( figure 9 ) .
patients were examined at a mean follow - up of 9.43.8 months ( range : 4.716.2 months ) .
the mean residual manifest refraction spherical equivalent was 0.0040.289 d. mean values and cumulative percentages of photopic uncorrected distance visual acuity and corrected distance visual acuity , measured binocularly and monocularly , are presented in figure 1a and b and reveal better visual outcomes under photopic conditions .
likewise , the binocular and monocular intermediate ( figure 2a and b ) and near ( figure 3a and b ) visual acuities were observed to be significantly better under photopic conditions than mesopic .
all patients were overall  satisfied  ( 12.5% ) or  very satisfied  ( 87.5% ) with their postoperative vision without using glasses or contact lenses ( figure 4 ) .
nearly all patients ( 93.8% ) reported that they  never  or  hardly ever  wore glasses ( figure 5 ) .
additionally , all patients reported that it was  much more  or  more  convenient to see without glasses while performing normal daily activities when compared with before surgery . while all patients reported that it was  very easy  or 
easy  to see far away without glasses ( figure 6 ) , 6.3% reported  difficulty  in reading small print in dim light without glasses , 6.3% reported  difficulty  in seeing at arm s length without glasses , and 12.5% reported  difficulty  in driving at night without glasses .
overall , 75% of patients reported that the distance at which it was comfortable to read was  perfect ,  whereas 25% of patients reported that the distance was  a little too close  ( figure 7 ) . furthermore , 87.5% of patients did not notice any fluctuations in their vision ; the other 12.5% of patients said that they noticed fluctuations in vision only occasionally when reading small print in dim light or driving at night .
with respect to photic symptoms , 87.5% of patients reported no glare at night ; 6.3% reported  mildly bothersome  glare , and only 6.3% reported  very bothersome  glare ( figure 8) .
in addition , 68.8% of patients reported no halos around lights at night , 18.8% of patients reported halos to be 
present but not bothersome  or  mildly bothersome ,  and 12.5% had  moderately bothersome  or  very bothersome  halos ( figure 8) .
only 6.3% of patients experienced double images / ghosting , which was reported to be 
 a total of 93.8% patients stated that they would  definitely  or  most likely  choose to have the same lens implanted again ( figure 9 ) .
patients seeking multifocal iol implantation have high expectations for their vision at all distances and under all lighting conditions .
it is , therefore , important to assess the quality of vision at distant , intermediate , and near under different illumination settings monocularly as well as binocularly .
this study evaluated visual outcomes of patients bilaterally implanted with the tecnis multifocal one - piece iol ( model zmb00 ) and found excellent distance , intermediate , and near visual acuity outcomes yielding a high degree of spectacle independence and a low level of photic phenomena , resulting in high patient satisfaction . in general , all patients were satisfied with their vision without using glasses for seeing far away and most of the patients felt comfortable in performing activities such as reading small print in dim light , seeing at arm s length , and driving at night .
the visual acuity results of this study are comparable to or better than those reported in previous publications with tecnis multifocal iols ( zmb00 , zma00 , and zm900 ) and other presbyopia - correcting iols.1,2,1523 since most studies do not state whether visual acuity was measured under photopic or mesopic light conditions , visual acuities are assumed to be photopic unless otherwise specified .
mean binocular distance visual acuities ( figure 1a ) are either comparable to or better than those reported in previous studies with three - piece silicone ( zm900 ) , one - piece acrylic ( zmb00 ) , and three - piece acrylic ( zma00 ) versions of the tecnis multifocal iol.2,4,16,19,22 likewise , mean monocular distance visual acuities ( figure 1b ) are comparable to or better than those reported by previous authors.1,15,1723 a comparison of cumulative percentages of patients achieving visual acuity of 20/20 revealed that 87.5% of patients had uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/20 or better in this study ( figure 1a ) , compared with the corresponding values of 30% and 57.9% reported by ngo et al24 and packer et al,3 respectively , in patients with the three - piece silicone ( zm900 ) lens .
the corresponding value for corrected distance visual acuity ( 20/20 or better ) was 100% in this study , compared with the studies by ngo et al24 ( 43.3% ) and packer et al3 ( ~70% ) reported previously .
furthermore , comparison with other models of refractive and diffractive multifocal iols also revealed that the binocular distance visual acuity found in the current study is either equivalent or better.2528 the development of posterior capsular opacification may degrade optical quality with a diffractive iol and might be expected to disproportionately affect visual acuity with the study iol compared with other lenses .
however , posterior capsular opacification was not found to be significant in any eye in the current study .
the mean binocular photopic and mesopic near visual acuities in the current study are better than those reported in previous paper evaluating the one - piece acrylic tecnis multifocal iol ( zmb00).4 similarly , in comparison to the three - piece acrylic ( zma00 ; abbe number 55 ) and the three - piece silicone ( zm900 ) versions ( abbe number 42 ) , the near visual acuities reported here are either comparable or better.3,16,19,22,23 the near visual outcomes in this study are also similar to or better than those reported for other diffractive and refractive multifocal iols.2630 the improvement in distance and near visual outcomes found in the current study may be due to a number of factors . a change in lens material from silicone ( zm900 ) to a particular hydrophobic acrylic ( zma00 and zmb00 ) with significantly less intrinsic chromatic aberration and chromatic dispersion ( higher abbe number ) may be a contributor.12 additionally , the rings on the one - piece acrylic version ( zmb00 ) provide an enhanced diffractive profile that is designed to improve night vision symptoms .
differences in surgical technique , which included the correction of astigmatism in this study , as well as careful centration,31 may also have contributed .
finally , variability of testing conditions , particularly when comparing a multicenter study with a single center study , could account for some differences as well .
along with distance and near visual acuity , this study examined intermediate visual acuity under both photopic and mesopic light conditions and found comparable or better results than in previous studies with the tecnis multifocal iols and other diffractive and refractive multifocal iols.16,22,27,30 comparison of mean visual acuity data revealed that distance visual acuity outcomes were the best , followed by near and intermediate . while the distance visual acuities were ~0.51 line better than the near visual acuities , the near visual acuities were 11.5 lines better than the intermediate visual acuities .
furthermore , photopic visual acuities were 12 lines better than mesopic acuities at any distance .
finally , due to expected gains from binocular summation , binocular visual acuities were 0.51 line better than the monocular visual acuity.32 for evaluation of visual performance and patient satisfaction following presbyopic iol implantation , visual acuity data alone are not sufficient .
patient satisfaction , spectacle independence , ease of performing vision - dependent tasks , and problems with photic phenomena can all be further evaluated with patient - reported outcome ( pro ) questionnaires . as more specific functional visual outcome analyses are needed , pro devices are becoming an increasingly important tool in these assessments .
with respect to spectacle independence , the present study reports 81.3% of patients  never  wore glasses after surgery on a 5-point scale . in the us food and drug administration ( fda ) premarket approval study with the three - piece silicone iol ( zm900 ) ,
86.2% of patients  never  wore glasses ( one year ) after surgery on a 3-point scale.25 interestingly , if the data from the present study were pooled into a 3-point scale , 93.8% of patients would fall into a  never  or  hardly ever  wear glasses category .
either way , this study compares favorably to other studies with diffractive or refractive multifocal iols , which have reported spectacle independence for distance in the 80%100% range1,3,4,17,19,21,25 and for near in the 12%98% range.1,3,17,19,21,25 with respect to photic phenomenon , in the present study , one patient ( 6.3% ) reported  very bothersome  glare and two patients ( 12.5% ) had  moderately bothersome  or  very bothersome  halos around lights at night ( figure 8) .
corresponding values for  mildly bothersome  glare and halos were 6.25% and 12.5% , respectively .
in two other studies with the one - piece acrylic zmb00 , bautista et al15 reported combined photic effects as moderate in 1.4% and mild in 10% of subjects , and schmickler et al4 reported glare to be present in 8% of patients at night and in 4% during day .
schmickler et al4 did not report corresponding information on halos . when compared with the fda premarket approval study data with the three - piece silicone ( zm900 ) iol , severe night glare and halos
were reported to be as low as 2.4% and 5.4% , respectively , in nondirected responses and as high as 16.6% and 18.3% , respectively , in a prompted - choice questionnaire.25 as such , it seems that the current study demonstrates photic phenomenon comparable to previous reports.4,15,25 differences in patient - reported outcomes for photic phenomena may in part be due to differences in the method of questioning as well as the scoring strategy .
for example , bautista et al15 used a 4-point scale to assess glare or halos ( none , mild , moderate , and severe ) , this study used a 5-point scale ( not present , present but not bothersome , mildly bothersome , moderately bothersome , and very bothersome ) and the fda study used as high as a 7-point scale . other variables in pro construction , such as differences in wording and directed versus nondirected questioning , can affect the results .
thus , it would be beneficial to have validated pro questionnaires for future studies of presbyopia - correcting iols . in spite of the variation in the scope and content of different questions for the same variable in the pro surveys ,
however , the sex difference and small sample size may have affected the pro . future studies with larger sample size and equivalent distribution of males and females may validate the current study results
. nevertheless , the current study results are indicative of good patient satisfaction after tecnis multifocal iol implantation .
bilateral implantation of tecnis multifocal one - piece iols provided good distance , intermediate , and near visual acuity under photopic as well as mesopic lighting conditions .
high levels of spectacle independence with low levels of photic phenomenon were achieved , resulting in excellent patient satisfaction .
 purposethe aim of the study is to evaluate the visual acuity and patient satisfaction at varied distances under photopic and mesopic lighting conditions in patients bilaterally implanted with aspheric diffractive multifocal one - piece intraocular lenses.methodsin this retrospective  prospective study , 16 patients with a mean age of 66.29.2 years ( range : 5081 years ) who had undergone bilateral phacoemulsification surgery with implantation of a tecnis multifocal one - piece intraocular lens ( zmb00 ) were evaluated . 
 monocular and binocular uncorrected and distance - corrected visual acuities were measured at distance ( 20 ft ) , intermediate ( 7080 cm ) , and near ( 3540 cm ) under photopic ( 85 cd / m2 ) and mesopic ( 3 cd / m2 ) lighting conditions and were compared using the paired t - test . 
 all patients also completed a subjective questionnaire.resultsat a mean follow - up of 9.53.9 months , distance , near , and intermediate visual acuity improved significantly from preoperative acuity . under photopic and mesopic conditions , 93.8% and 62.5% of patients , respectively , 
 had binocular uncorrected intermediate visual acuity of 20/40 or better , and 62.5% and 31.3% of patients had binocular uncorrected near visual acuity of 20/20 or better . 
 all patients were satisfied with their overall vision without using glasses and/or contact lenses when compared with before surgery . 
 a total of 87.5% of patients reported no glare and 68.8% of patients reported no halos around lights at night.conclusiontecnis multifocal one - piece intraocular lenses provide good distance , intermediate , and near visual acuity under photopic as well as mesopic lighting conditions . 
 high levels of spectacle independence with low levels of photic phenomenon were achieved , resulting in excellent patient satisfaction . 