orbital metastasis can be defined as a metastatic lesion that occurs in the space between the eyeball and bony orbital walls.1 the orbit is an unusual site for metastatic cancer .
it is believed to occur in approximately 2%3% of patients with systemic cancer.2,3 the incidence of orbital metastatic lesions varied from 1% to 13% of orbital tumors .
this incidence has been noticed to be increasing in recent years.4 most ophthalmologists and oncologists have had little experience with orbital metastasis .
few studies with considerable numbers of patients have reported the clinical and imaging characteristics of this rare condition in different geographic regions.511 in this paper , we report the features of orbital metastatic lesions among patients in the delta region of egypt over the last 15 years .
this was a retrospective study which included all patients who were histologically proven to have orbital metastatic lesions at tanta university eye hospital over the last 15 years ( 20002014 ) .
the study adhered to the principles of the declaration of helsinki and has been approved by tanta faculty of medicine ethical committee .
the medical records of these patients were reviewed for patients age , sex , history of cancer , primary tumor site , presenting symptoms , and clinical signs .
they were also reviewed for imaging criteria including tumor location and laterality , size , configuration , and bone changes .
the study included 37 patients who were diagnosed through incision biopsy and histologically proven to have orbital metastatic lesions .
the mean age ( mean  sd ) of adult patients in the study was 54.910.1 years , and the mean age of children was 4.65.4 years .
breast carcinoma represented 21.6% of cases ( eight patients ) , followed by hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ) , which represented 16.2% ( six patients ) .
these two types of metastatic lesions represented 26.7% and 20.0% of adult patients , respectively .
the next common primary tumor site was cutaneous malignant melanoma , which accounted for 13.5% of patients ( five cases ) , followed by bronchogenic carcinoma , prostatic carcinoma , and thyroid adenocarcinoma , each of which accounted for 8.1% of patients ( three cases of each type ) .
the most common primary tumor in pediatric patients was neuroblastoma , with three cases ( 42.9% of pediatric patients and 8.1% of study patients ) .
nine patients ( 24.3% ) were not known to be cancer patients , and the orbital lesion was the first presentation of the disease .
on the other hand , 87.5% of patients with breast carcinoma ( seven cases ) gave a history of their primary tumor ( table 1 ) . in 20 cases ( 54.1% )
the right orbit was involved , while the left orbit was involved in 15 cases ( 40.5% ) .
two cases had bilateral involvement ( 5.4% ) ; one of these was a breast carcinoma case while the other was a neuroblastoma case . the clinical features and presenting symptoms varied between proptosis and/or globe displacement in 29 patients ( 78.4% ) , diplopia and limited ocular motility in 13 patients ( 35.1% ) , inflammatory manifestations ( lid edema and conjunctival chemosis and injection ) in four patients ( 10.8% ) , ptosis in two cases ( 5.4% ) , visual loss in two cases ( 5.4% ) , and enophthalmos in one case ( 2.7% ) ( table 2 ) . the imaging studies ( computed tomography [ ct ] , magnetic resonance imaging [ mri ] , or both ) showed infiltrative lesions in 23 patients ( 62.2% ) , which were most commonly detected among breast carcinoma ( seven cases ) .
mass lesion was found in eight patients ( 21.6% ) . in four patients ( 10.8% ) ,
the lesion was detected as an isolated muscle thickening ; all of them were malignant melanoma . in two patients ( 5.4% )
bone changes were detected in 15 patients ( 40.5% ) . in eleven cases ( 73.3% ) ,
the osteoclastic lesions were found among all patients with hcc ( six cases ) . while in four cases ( 26.7% ) osteoblastic lesions were detected , three of which were found among patients with prostatic carcinoma ( figure 2 ) .
as regards lesion site , 54.1% ( 20 cases ) were extraconal , 18.9% ( seven cases ) were extra- and intraconal , and 10.8% ( four cases ) were intraconal . in six cases
the lesions were found as muscle thickening or bone lesions and could not be classified as intraconal or extraconal .
the first case of orbital metastasis was described by horner in 1864 , when he reported a case of a lung cancer metastasis to the orbit.4 since then multiple cases of orbital metastasis have been described in the literature .
a metastasis to the orbit is rare and occurs less frequently than a uveal metastasis.4,12 the reported incidence of orbital metastatic lesions has been increasing . a number of factors may account for this increase : the improved treatment has led to an increase in the median survival of cancer patients , which in turn has increased the chances for development of metastatic lesions in unusual sites such as the orbit ; advances in the diagnosis and application of serological and molecular diagnostic imaging techniques have led to the increased detection of such lesions ; and an increased volume of medical literature on orbital metastasis has increased the awareness of these lesions.6,13,14 the actual incidence of orbital metastasis is believed to be higher than that described in the literature .
patients who have small orbital lesions may remain asymptomatic , and general debility in patients with widespread disease may mask the orbital symptoms leading to a low rate of referral to ophthalmologists.4,15 several authors have reported their experience with orbital metastasis .
breast carcinoma has been reported as the commonest primary tumor site with variable incidences.511 this was also noticed in this study , in which orbital metastasis from breast carcinoma represented 21.6% of all patients and 26.7% of adult patients .
they reported prostate cancer as the second most common primary cancer ( 12% ) followed by lung cancer ( 8% ) and malignant melanoma ( 6% ) , which was also reported by other authors.5,7 henderson et al8 found bronchogenic carcinoma as the second most common tumor metastasizing to the orbit , while goldberg et al6 reported skin malignant melanoma as the second most common primary tumor . in a study done in australia ,
malignant melanoma was the second primary tumor ( 20% ) followed by prostatic carcinoma ( 13%),10 while in another study done in the people s republic of china , the most common primary cancer that metastasized to the orbit was nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( 30.3% ) , followed by lung cancer ( 8.7% ) , liver cancer ( 6.5% ) , and breast carcinoma was the fourth ( 4.35%).11 these variations may be related to the different geographic areas of these different studies .
the actual incidence of primary tumors metastasizing to the orbit is difficult to ascertain in a clinical series compared to autopsy series .
for example , patients with bronchogenic carcinoma are usually markedly affected by their disease by the time an orbital metastasis has occurred .
these patients can therefore be underrepresented in comparison with patients of breast cancer , who show a much slower disease course and may stay mobile and healthy enough to get an eye examination.16 in this study , hcc was found to be the second primary tumor site ( 16.2% ) followed by cutaneous malignant melanoma ( 13.5% ) .
this high incidence of orbital metastasis from hcc can be attributed to the rising incidence of hcc in egypt .
the incidence of hcc noticeably increased  from approximately 4.0% in 1993 to 7.3% in 2003.17 the rate of hcc in gharbiah ( the province in which the study reported here was done ) was found to be 3.5 times higher than that reported in the usa.18 it is known that chronic hepatitis c viral infection can lead to liver cirrhosis and hcc .
africa is reported to have the highest world health organization - estimated regional hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) prevalence ( 5.3% ) , and egypt has the highest prevalence of hcv in the world ( 17.5%).1921 diagnosis of orbital metastasis is a challenging task .
kuo et al noted that a cancer patient is a candidate for metastasis for the rest of their life.22 in 19%25% of cases , there may be no history of cancer , and thus the ophthalmologist may play a crucial role in the detection and staging of a previously unsuspected primary cancer.6,14 in this study , 24.3% were not known to be cancer patients .
one - third of these patients were found to have hcc , which represented 50% of the cases with hcc in the study .
even known cancer patients may not give a history of cancer for various reasons including denial , embarrassment , or forgetfulness .
cancer may also be omitted from the history because patients may not think it is relevant to their ocular condition.6 goldberg and rootman classified the features of orbital metastasis into four categories : infiltrative with prominent motility restriction and sometimes enophthalmos ; mass effect with proptosis and/or globe displacement ; inflammatory , in which pain , chemosis , and erythema are experienced ; and functional , in which there are cranial nerve findings that are out of proportion to the degree of orbital involvement .
they reported that the infiltrative lesion is most common although mixed presentations exist as well.6,23 we found that proptosis and/or globe displacement was the most common feature , found in 78.4% , followed by motility restriction , which was found in 35.1% .
ct may be more beneficial in patients with prostatic carcinoma which has a tendency to metastasize to bone with development of osteoblastic orbital lesions.4,14 osteoclastic lesions can be found in metastasis from hcc which varies from bone notching and thinning to bone erosion.24 orbital metastatic lesions can be extraconal or intraconal .
enlargement of one or more of the extraocular muscles may be found in patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma.4,25 the definitive diagnosis of an orbital metastasis requires tissue diagnosis .
fine needle aspiration biopsy has been advocated as a good diagnostic modality.26 there have , however , been reports of dissemination of tumor cells with the procedure , and there is a risk of globe injury , although the likelihood of these complications is low.6,26,27 incision biopsy of accessible lesion is a good diagnostic option , but in patients showing widespread metastatic disease and in who the diagnosis of cancer is established , an orbital biopsy may not be necessary and its inherent risks can be avoided as the diagnosis can be established on the basis of other findings.4
a high index of suspicion is required , as 24.3% did not have history of cancer in our study and orbital lesion was the first manifestation of the disease .
a high incidence of orbital metastasis from hcc was found , which , as far as we are aware , has not been reported by any previous study ; this can be explained on the basis of the increased incidence of hcc in the egyptian population .
 purposethe aim of the study was to review the demographic , clinical , and imaging features of egyptian patients with orbital metastases.methodsthe study was a retrospective study of patients with orbital metastatic lesions over the last 15 years.resultsthe study included 37 patients . 
 male patients represented 54.1% . 
 the primary tumor was breast carcinoma in 21.6% of patients , with hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ) in 16.2% and cutaneous malignant melanoma in 13.5% of patients . 
 bronchogenic carcinoma , prostatic carcinoma , and thyroid adenocarcinoma was the primary tumor in 8.1% of cases each . 
 the most common primary tumor in children was neuroblastoma ( 42.9% of pediatric patients ) . in 24.3% of patients , there was no history of cancer , and the orbital metastatic lesion was the first presentation of the disease . 
 proptosis and/or globe displacement was the presenting feature in 78.4% , followed by diplopia and limited ocular movements in 35.1% , inflammatory manifestations in 10.8% , and ptosis in 5.4% . in 54.1% 
 the lesion involved the right orbit and in 5.4% bilateral involvement was found . 
 orbital imaging showed infiltrative lesion in 62.2% , mass lesion in 21.6% , isolated muscle thickening in 10.8% , and bone metastasis in 5.4% . 
 all cases of hcc showed osteoclastic changes , and all cases of prostatic carcinoma were osteoblastic lesions.conclusionorbital metastasis from hcc represented a higher incidence when compared to previous studies , probably due to the increased incidence of hcc found in the egyptian population . 
 orbital metastasis can display a variety of clinical and imaging features , and a high index of suspicion is required , as 24.3% showed negative history of cancer . 