wandering spleen , also known as ectopic spleen , is an uncommon clinical entity characterized by hypermobility of the spleen due to laxity or absence of the normal ligaments that attach the spleen to the left upper quadrant .
this allows the spleen to essentially drop to the lower abdomen by the force of gravity attached only to its abnormally elongated vascular pedicle .
common complications of a wandering spleen include torsion of its pedicle , compression of another organ by the spleen or the pedicle , and susceptibility of the spleen to trauma .
symptoms are most commonly attributed to complications related to irreducible torsion which produces venous congestion , arterial infraction , strangulation and rupture of the spleen .
treatment of choice is splenopexy for an uncomplicated or complicated but viable wandering spleen and splenectomy for a non - viable spleen .
herein , we present a case of a patient with progressive torsion of a pelvic spleen causing recurrent abdominal pain and eventually spleen strangulation and rupture .
a 46-year - old male was admitted to the emergency department complaining of constant left lower quadrant abdominal pain of increasing severity for the last 6 days . direct questioning revealed a history of mild , intermittent lower abdominal pain for the past 65 days .
the patient was febrile ( 38.8  c ) , had tachycardia ( 118  beats / min ) and blood pressure of 90/50  mmhg .
physical examination revealed abdominal distention , predominantly in the hypogastric region due to a tender mass causing dullness on percussion suprapubicly .
pelvic mass or pelvic peritonitis arised from a variety of causes were included in the differential diagnosis .
abdominal x - rays revealed increased pelvic radio - opaqueness , few dilated loops of small intestine , and displacement of the splenic flexure in the normal spleen position .
emergency ct revealed absence of the spleen in its normal position , a homogeneous pelvic mass with no contrast enhancement pushing aside the sigmoid colon , free blood in the peritoneal cavity around the mass , and a normal urinary tract .
the absence of the spleen in its normal position and the non - enhancement of the pelvic mass made the diagnosis of an ectopic strangulated spleen undeniable .
the spleen was enlarged ( 23  cm    18  cm    12  cm ) , located inside the pelvis , attached to an abnormally elongated torted pedicle ( 19  cm ) , and adhered to the greater omentum and intestine ( none of splenic ligaments were present ) ( fig .
the spleen was strangulated due to the 760 clockwise twists of its pedicle ( fig .
2 ) , and ruptured at its lower pole ( 2  cm in depth , not evolving a trabecular vessel grade ii laceration ) .
3 ) ; however , the organ continued to appear non - viable and total splenectomy was performed .
thorough investigation revealed no evidence of accessory spleens in the left upper quadrant , the bowel mesentery , the greater omentum and the pelvis . during exploration
histology revealed acute thrombotic changes in arteries and veins of the splenic hilum , with diffuse hemorrhagic and ischemic infarcts of the spleen .
the postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the fifth postoperative day without any complication .
wandering spleen is a rarely diagnosed clinical entity . according to our knowledge less than 500 cases of patients with recurrent abdominal pain or abdominal emergency caused by a wandering spleen
moreover , splenectomy for treatment of a wandering spleen account for less than 0.25% of splenectomies in reported series .
wandering spleen is 7 times more common in females than males after age 10 and 2.5 times more common in males than females under the age of 1 year .
the most common age of presentation is childhood especially under 1 year of age followed by the third decade of life , and is more frequently seen in females of reproductive age . wandering spleen occurs because of either extreme laxity or absence of the normal ligaments that attach the spleen to its fixed position in the left upper quadrant .
three of these ligaments are virtually always present ( except in the condition of the wandering spleen ) , and two may be present to variable extents .
the three ligaments , that are constantly present , are the splenogastric ligament , the splenorenal ligament and the splenocolic ligament .
the two ligaments , that are variably present , are the splenoomental and the splenophrenic ligament .
absence or laxity of the above mentioned ligaments allows the spleen to essentially drop to the lower abdomen in either the right or the left lower quadrant by the force of gravity attached by its elongated vascular pedicle .
it occurs most probably as a result of congenital anomalies in the development of the dorsal mesogastrium and the absence or malformation of the normal splenic suspensory ligaments .
conditions associated with wandering spleen include enlargement or absence of a kidney , splenomegaly and previous pregnancy .
splenomegaly and pregnancy are thought to contribute to the laxity of the supporting structure by direct effect of gravity and estrogen respectively .
symptoms may remain limited or absent for long periods of time , but complications related to torsion , compression of another organ by the spleen or its pedicle and susceptibility of the spleen to trauma are quite common .
initially , irreducible torsion produces venous congestion as a result of which the spleen becomes edematous and enlarged . eventually , progressive torsion results in infraction of the arterial supply , acute ischemia , strangulation , necrosis and rupture of the congested and gangrenous spleen .
more frequently , patients are admitted due to a non specific chronic pelvic pain related to splenomegaly or pressure on adjacent organs .
the most common physical finding is a palpable lower abdominal mass representing the abnormally enlarged torted spleen .
laboratory tests are usually nonspecific , but may occasionally reveal evidence of hypersplenism or functional asplenia .
ultrasonography , nuclear scintigraphy , ct and mri can prove useful in revealing the nature of a pelvic mass of unknown entity and confirm the diagnosis of an ectopic spleen .
operative management is the treatment of choice in uncomplicated and complicated cases because conservative treatment of an asymptomatic wandering spleen is associated with a complication rate of 65% .
the wandering spleen is ideally for laparoscopic splenectomy because it is generally free from attachments and other organs .
the treatment for a wandering spleen as an incidental finding at laparotomy or if the torsion can be corrected and the spleen appears to be viable is splenopexy .
splenopexy has been successful in preventing complications of wandering spleen while preserving the splenic function .
they applied open or laparoscopic techniques with or without using a mesh and peritoneal flaps .
as the torsion involves the vascular pedicle , partial splenectomy or splenic implantation of the totally strangulated spleen is usually unattainable .
however , partial infraction of a wandering spleen necessitating partial splenectomy and splenopexy or splenectomy and splenic implantation has been reported in the literature .
the present report was referred to a patient with progressive torsion of a pelvic spleen causing recurrent abdominal pain and eventually spleen strangulation and rupture . the patient exhibited a period of vague intermittent lower abdominal pain lasted 65 days followed by a period of constant left lower quadrant pain of increasing severity lasted 6 days .
on the first 65 days , vague pain was attributed to progressive torsion which resulted in venous congestion and enlargement of the spleen . on the last 6 days ,
exacerbation of pain was attributed to irreducible torsion , infraction of the arterial supply , acute ischemia , strangulation , necrosis and rupture of the congested and gangrenous spleen .
although the presence of the ectopic spleen could be easily identifiable on serial physical examinations since childhood , it was diagnosed in adulthood due to manifestation of complications .
written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images .
konstantinos boulas , salpigktidis i and barettas n equally contributed to the writing of this paper .
konstantinos blouhos , anestis hatzigeorgiadis and konstantinos boulas performed the operation.key learning pointsthe presence of an ectopic spleen can be easily identified on serial physical examinations since childhood.however it is commonly misdiagnosed until the manifestation of complications in adulthood . the
presence of an ectopic spleen can be easily identified on serial physical examinations since childhood.however it is commonly misdiagnosed until the manifestation of complications in adulthood .
the presence of an ectopic spleen can be easily identified on serial physical examinations since childhood .
 introductionectopic spleen is an uncommon clinical entity as splenectomy for treatment of ectopic spleens accounts for less than 0.25% of splenectomies . 
 the most common age of presentation is childhood especially under 1 year of age followed by the third decade of life.presentation of casethe present report refers to a patient with torsion of a pelvic spleen treated with splenectomy . 
 the patient exhibited a period of vague intermittent lower abdominal pain lasted 65 days followed by a period of constant left lower quadrant pain of increasing severity lasted 6 days . 
 on the first 65 days , vague pain was attributed to progressive torsion of the spleen which resulted in venous congestion . on the last 6 days , 
 exacerbation of pain was attributed to irreducible torsion , infraction of the arterial supply , acute ischemia , strangulation and rupture of the gangrenous spleen . 
 diagnosis was made by ct which revealed absence of the spleen in its normal position , a homogeneous pelvic mass with no contrast enhancement , free blood in the peritoneal cavity , and confirmed by laparotomy.discussionclinical manifestations of ectopic spleen vary from asymptomatic to abdominal emergency . 
 symptoms are most commonly attributed to complications related to torsion . 
 operative management , including splenopexy or splenectomy , is the treatment of choice in uncomplicated and complicated cases because conservative treatment of an asymptomatic ectopic spleen is associated with a complication rate of 65%.conclusionalthough an ectopic spleen can be easily identified on clinical examination , it is commonly misdiagnosed until the manifestation of complications in adulthood . 