children s cough is a daily concern for most of pediatricians . in the majority of cases ,
cough is self - limiting , but its persistence could become annoying and could impair both quality of life and social activities.1 the management of both acute and chronic cough requires a systematic and comprehensive approach . nevertheless , according to the american food and drug administration , inappropriate prescription and use of antitussive drugs in children
are being reduced when compared to those of other pharmaceutical classes.2 in the last few years , several protocols oriented to the improved identification of the causes of cough and to cough resolution were validated.3 despite the significant benefits from their application , prescribing attitudes do not always reflect the presence of a correct diagnostic evaluation of cough .
several studies have described the prescription attitudes in children suffering from respiratory problems in the usa and europe.46 the results showed a wide disagreement between guidelines recommendations and present prescriptions . in the usa , the most prescribed drugs to children aged up to 11 years were old antibiotics ( amoxicillin and azithromycin ) , with cough , asthma , and allergy being the most frequent respiratory conditions for which patients received prescriptions.6 frequent mistakes were also observed in dosing and in the route of administration of drugs.2 the use of antibiotics for acute cough is still high across the world79 and represents a primary concern about the development of antibiotic resistance.10,11 however , treatment represents only part of the economic burden due to cough.12,13 the identification of the cause of cough is crucial in order to determine the right treatment .
although several tests can be done for investigating chronic cough and defining the correct approach to speed up diagnosis and treatment , misuse of some tests ( i.e. , spirometry , chest radiography , head  neck computed tomography , allergic tests ) may increase costs and delay both the diagnosis and the approach to the appropriate therapy.1,14,15 moreover , pediatric evaluations can be compromised by parental perceptions : parents often exaggerate symptoms and/or require prescription of specific drugs , such as antibiotics , commonly regarded as the only effective therapeutic option.16,17 therefore , we conducted a survey on a representative sample of italian pediatricians in order to investigate their approach and prescription attitudes toward acute and chronic cough .
the survey was planned and carried out by italian association for cough study ( aist ) and national centre for respiratory pharmacoeconomics and pharmacoepidemiology , in cooperation with the italian national observatory on health of childhood and adolescence ( paidoss , which is a scientific society of pediatricians with the mission to promote childhood and adolescence health ) .
a specific questionnaire was designed in order to investigate both the perceptions and the behaviors of pediatricians toward cough in their young patients ( supplementary material ) .
the first eight questions were aimed to investigate the prevalence and the type of cough and to collect some information on pediatricians medical activity .
the second part of the questionnaire included the last ten questions that were aimed to investigate the pediatricians approach to cough , such as their etiological definition , diagnostic attitude , and prescription habits . a cover letter providing background information and the aim of the study preceded the request to participating in the survey .
the questionnaire was directly distributed to all the paidoss members ( 300 pediatricians from 15 italian regions ) at the registration of the paidoss national meeting , capri , italy , 2014 , and collected at the end of the meeting , when they asked for their certificate of attendance . as four questions about cough causes
were open ended , we first pooled causes and treatments in order to avoid duplicate items during analysis . in order to check possible regional differences in the cultural approach to cough ,
italian regions were divided into three geographical areas : northern ( emilia romagna , friuli venezia giulia , lombardia , piemonte , veneto ) , central ( lazio , marche , sardegna , toscana , umbria ) , and southern ( abruzzo , calabria , campania , puglia , sicilia ) .
the return of the questionnaire was considered as evidence of informed consent . means , standard deviation , minimum , maximum , and interquartile range ( iqr ) were used in order to describe scalar data , while absolute and relative frequencies were used in order to describe discrete data .
as far as discrete data were concerned , the pearson s chi - square test was applied in order to test the overall relationship between variables , while the hierarchical log - linear model was used to compare the observed versus the expected value of each single frequency .
the type of cough ( dry or productive ) was compared between acute and chronic cough by means of the mcnemar test since paired data were involved .
data were managed and analyzed by means of the ibm spss statistics ( version 23 ; ibm , co. , armonk , ny , usa ) package , and two - tailed p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant .
means , standard deviation , minimum , maximum , and interquartile range ( iqr ) were used in order to describe scalar data , while absolute and relative frequencies were used in order to describe discrete data .
as far as discrete data were concerned , the pearson s chi - square test was applied in order to test the overall relationship between variables , while the hierarchical log - linear model was used to compare the observed versus the expected value of each single frequency .
the type of cough ( dry or productive ) was compared between acute and chronic cough by means of the mcnemar test since paired data were involved .
data were managed and analyzed by means of the ibm spss statistics ( version 23 ; ibm , co. , armonk , ny , usa ) package , and two - tailed p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant .
approximately one - half of respondents ( 48.0% ; n=144 ) were located in southern italy , while 22.0% ( n=66 ) were from the central region and 30.0% ( n=90 ) from the northern region .
their average seniority in the public health care service was 21.68.5 years ( iqr : 1828 years ; range : 140 years ) .
the potential overall number of children referring to the 300 pediatricians surveyed was > 282,000 ( range of age 314 years ) , with a mean of 954170 patients / pediatrician ( iqr : 8501,000 patients ; range : 6001,900 patients ) .
seniority and number of assisted children were significantly different among the three italian areas ( p=0.027 and p<0.001 , respectively ) .
even if no correlation was found between seniority and the survey responses , in northern regions , there was a lower seniority ( 18.810.8 years vs 22.88.1 years and 22.96.5 years in central and southern regions , respectively ) and a significantly greater number of assisted children ( 1,031167 vs 938207 and 912136 in central and southern regions , respectively ) .
the vast majority of pediatricians ( n=298 ; 99.3% of respondents ) reported that in winter , cough represents a true huge problem , frequently leading patients to seek for a visit .
however , 194 pediatricians ( 64.7% ) registered a high prevalence of visits for cough also in summer and spring .
most of the pediatricians ( n=247 ; 82.3% ) made more than one visit for cough to the same patient during the year .
the frequency of visits to the same patient was not significantly different among the three italian areas ( p=0.095 , p=0.087 , and p=0.126 , respectively ) , independent of seasons .
acute cough was described as more frequently dry than productive ( n=217 , 72.3% , vs n=83 , 27.7% ) , while chronic cough was more frequently productive than dry ( n=176 , 58.7% , vs n=124 , 41.3% ) .
specific investigations were not frequently requested in patients with acute cough ; actually , they were usually requested by only 43 pediatricians ( 14.3% ) .
the most common tests were chest radiography ( n=26 , 60.5% of the total number of tests ) and allergologic tests ( n=35 , 81.4% ) , but only eight physicians ( 18.6% ) required spirometry . in
children with chronic cough , 73.5% of pediatricians ( n=219 out of 298 available responses ) usually prescribed additional tests , and the most common investigations were allergologic tests ( n=183 , 83.6% ) , chest radiography ( n=127 , 58.0% ) , sweat test ( n=103 , 47.0% ) , spirometry ( n=73 , 33.3% ) , ph - metry test ( n=24 , 11.0% ) , and head  neck computed tomography ( n=10 , 4.7% ) . moreover , out of 293 available responses , allergologists and otorhinolaryngologists were the most common specialists to whom patients were addressed for a consultation ( n=213 , 72.7% , and n=182 , 62.1% , respectively ) .
pneumologists and gastroenterologists were consulted only by 33.1% ( n=97 ) and 17.7% ( n=52 ) of the cases , respectively .
however , there were some geographical differences in requests for consultations of otorhinolaryngologists ( p=0.030 ) , pneumologists ( p=0.001 ) , and gastroenterologists ( p=0.006 ; table 1 ) .
in particular , pneumologists were significantly less frequently consulted in the southern area ( p<0.001 ; 22.2% vs 43.7% and 43.5% in southern vs northern and central italy , respectively ) , whereas gastroenterologists were significantly more frequently consulted in the southern compared to the northern and the central regions ( p=0.002 ; 25.0% vs 11.5% and 9.7% in southern vs northern and central regions , respectively ) .
a significantly lower frequency of otorhinolaryngologist consultations was also found in northern italy ( 50.6% ; p=0.012 ) in comparison to that in central and southern italy ( 66.1% and 67.4% , respectively ) .
the most presumed causes of acute cough were infectious diseases , particularly airway viral infections ( n=134 , 44.7% ) , upper respiratory tract infections ( urtis ; n=92 , 30.7% ) , and lower respiratory tract infections ( lrtis ; n=22 , 7.3% ; table 2 ) .
in particular , viral infections were more frequently indicated as the main cause of acute cough in the southern areas ( 72/144 , 50.0% ; p=0.012 ) and less frequently in central regions ( 22/66 , 33.3% ; p=0.016 ) .
urtis were more frequently diagnosed in southern ( 49/144 , 34.0% ; p=0.034 ) than in northern regions ( 19/90 , 21.1% ; p=0.048 ) , while the frequency of lrtis as the main cause of acute cough did not show any significant difference across italian areas .
allergic disorders ( including asthma and rhinitis ) were suggested in 14.7% of cases of acute cough ( n=44 ) and were significantly more frequent in northern regions ( 21/90 , 23.3% , p=0.039 ) .
causes of acute cough among the italian areas proved significant ( overall pearson s chi - square test p<0.013 ) .
regarding chronic cough ( table 3 ) , asthma and allergic rhinitis were supposed to be present in the majority of children ( n=160 , 53.3% ) , followed by urtis ( n=62 , 20.7% ) .
viral ( n=12 , 4.0% ) and bacterial infections ( n=9 , 3.0% ) were only episodically indicated as the main cause of chronic cough .
lrtis ( n=33 , 11.0% ) and gastroesophageal reflux ( n=16 , 5.3% ) were not regarded as frequent causes of chronic cough in children .
we did not find any significant difference in causes of chronic cough among the italian areas ( overall pearson s chi - square test = not significant [ ns ] ) apart from a significantly higher frequency of viral infections in central italy ( n=8/66 , 12.1% ; p=0.002 ) . aerosol therapy ( such as bronchodilators and/or steroids , in the vast majority of cases ) proved as the most preferred route for drug administration ( n=79 , 26.3% of respondents ) .
oral corticosteroids were prescribed by 30 pediatricians ( 10.0% ) , and only 24 pediatricians ( 8.0% ) gave no treatment for acute cough ( table 4 ) .
the practice of not treating patients was significantly lower in northern regions ( 2/90 , 2.2% ; p=0.016 ) and significantly higher in central regions ( 10/66 , 15.2% ; p=0.004 ) .
the use of aerosol therapy and oral corticosteroids did not show any significant difference across the italian areas , while symptomatic treatments ( antitussive and mucoactive drugs ) were more frequent in southern regions ( 33/144 , 22.9% ; p=0.048 ) .
antibiotics were less prescribed in southern regions ( 20/144 , 13.9% ; p=0.001 ) , but more recommended in central regions ( 25/66 , 37.9% ; p=0.005 ) , while the use of homeopathic and herbal remedies was higher in northern regions ( 22/90 , 24.4% ; p=0.017 ) , but lower in southern regions ( 16/144 , 11.1% ; p=0.029 ) .
significant differences in cough treatment were found according to the presumed causes of acute cough ( p<0.001 ) . in allergic rhinitis / asthma ( n=44 ) , aerosol therapy ( n=18 , 40.9% ; p=0.005 ) and antibiotics ( n=18 , 40.9% ; p=0.006 ) were the most prescribed drugs . in viral infections
( n=134 ) , symptomatics ( n=33 , 24.6% ; p=0.012 ) and no treatment at all ( n=20 , 14.9% ; p=0.046 ) were most recommended , while oral corticosteroids were less recommended ( n=10 , 7.5% ; p=0.007 ) . on the other hand , the most prescribed drugs in urtis and lrtis were symptomatics ( 20/92 , 21.7% ; p=0.011 ) and antibiotics ( 12/22 , 54.5% ; p=0.010 ) , respectively . aerosol therapy and antibiotics
aerosol therapy was widely used across the italian areas , without any significant difference from each other .
aerosol was frequently prescribed when allergic rhinitis and asthma were presumed ( 98/160 , 61.3% ; p<0.001 ) .
systemic corticosteroids were rarely used , and their prescription did not show any significant geographical difference and etiological distribution .
the use of symptomatics ( antitussives and mucolytics ) proved homogeneously distributed across italian areas , for all causes of cough .
the prescription of antibiotics proved scattered across the different regions , and antibiotics were more frequently prescribed when urtis ( 42/62 , 67.7% ; p=0.036 ) and lrtis ( 24/33 , 72.7% ; p=0.024 ) were presumed .
as in the case of acute cough , the use of homeopathic and herbal remedies in chronic cough was significantly higher in northern regions ( 8/90 , 8.9% , p=0.010 ) , independent of the causes . finally , gastroprotectants ( such as antacids and/or proton pump inhibitors ) were equally used among italian areas , particularly when the presence of gastroesophageal reflux was strongly presumed ( 10/16 , 62.5% ; p<0.001 ) .
both in acute and in chronic cough , the most prescribed classes of antibiotics were penicillins ( amoxicillin ; amoxicillin / clavulanate ) in 54% , macrolides ( clarithromycin ; azithromycin ) in 25% , and cephalosporins in 19% of cases .
the vast majority of pediatricians ( n=298 ; 99.3% of respondents ) reported that in winter , cough represents a true huge problem , frequently leading patients to seek for a visit .
however , 194 pediatricians ( 64.7% ) registered a high prevalence of visits for cough also in summer and spring .
most of the pediatricians ( n=247 ; 82.3% ) made more than one visit for cough to the same patient during the year .
the frequency of visits to the same patient was not significantly different among the three italian areas ( p=0.095 , p=0.087 , and p=0.126 , respectively ) , independent of seasons .
acute cough was described as more frequently dry than productive ( n=217 , 72.3% , vs n=83 , 27.7% ) , while chronic cough was more frequently productive than dry ( n=176 , 58.7% , vs n=124 , 41.3% ) .
specific investigations were not frequently requested in patients with acute cough ; actually , they were usually requested by only 43 pediatricians ( 14.3% ) .
the most common tests were chest radiography ( n=26 , 60.5% of the total number of tests ) and allergologic tests ( n=35 , 81.4% ) , but only eight physicians ( 18.6% ) required spirometry . in
children with chronic cough , 73.5% of pediatricians ( n=219 out of 298 available responses ) usually prescribed additional tests , and the most common investigations were allergologic tests ( n=183 , 83.6% ) , chest radiography ( n=127 , 58.0% ) , sweat test ( n=103 , 47.0% ) , spirometry ( n=73 , 33.3% ) , ph - metry test ( n=24 , 11.0% ) , and head  neck computed tomography ( n=10 , 4.7% ) . moreover , out of 293 available responses , allergologists and otorhinolaryngologists were the most common specialists to whom patients were addressed for a consultation ( n=213 , 72.7% , and n=182 , 62.1% , respectively ) . pneumologists and gastroenterologists were consulted only by 33.1% ( n=97 ) and 17.7% ( n=52 ) of the cases , respectively .
however , there were some geographical differences in requests for consultations of otorhinolaryngologists ( p=0.030 ) , pneumologists ( p=0.001 ) , and gastroenterologists ( p=0.006 ; table 1 ) .
in particular , pneumologists were significantly less frequently consulted in the southern area ( p<0.001 ; 22.2% vs 43.7% and 43.5% in southern vs northern and central italy , respectively ) , whereas gastroenterologists were significantly more frequently consulted in the southern compared to the northern and the central regions ( p=0.002 ; 25.0% vs 11.5% and 9.7% in southern vs northern and central regions , respectively ) . a significantly lower frequency of otorhinolaryngologist consultations was also found in northern italy ( 50.6% ; p=0.012 ) in comparison to that in central and southern italy ( 66.1% and 67.4% , respectively )
the most presumed causes of acute cough were infectious diseases , particularly airway viral infections ( n=134 , 44.7% ) , upper respiratory tract infections ( urtis ; n=92 , 30.7% ) , and lower respiratory tract infections ( lrtis ; n=22 , 7.3% ; table 2 ) . in particular , viral infections were more frequently indicated as the main cause of acute cough in the southern areas ( 72/144 , 50.0% ; p=0.012 ) and less frequently in central regions ( 22/66 , 33.3% ; p=0.016 ) .
urtis were more frequently diagnosed in southern ( 49/144 , 34.0% ; p=0.034 ) than in northern regions ( 19/90 , 21.1% ; p=0.048 ) , while the frequency of lrtis as the main cause of acute cough did not show any significant difference across italian areas .
allergic disorders ( including asthma and rhinitis ) were suggested in 14.7% of cases of acute cough ( n=44 ) and were significantly more frequent in northern regions ( 21/90 , 23.3% , p=0.039 ) .
causes of acute cough among the italian areas proved significant ( overall pearson s chi - square test p<0.013 ) . regarding chronic cough ( table 3 ) ,
asthma and allergic rhinitis were supposed to be present in the majority of children ( n=160 , 53.3% ) , followed by urtis ( n=62 , 20.7% ) .
viral ( n=12 , 4.0% ) and bacterial infections ( n=9 , 3.0% ) were only episodically indicated as the main cause of chronic cough .
lrtis ( n=33 , 11.0% ) and gastroesophageal reflux ( n=16 , 5.3% ) were not regarded as frequent causes of chronic cough in children .
we did not find any significant difference in causes of chronic cough among the italian areas ( overall pearson s chi - square test = not significant [ ns ] ) apart from a significantly higher frequency of viral infections in central italy ( n=8/66 , 12.1% ; p=0.002 ) .
aerosol therapy ( such as bronchodilators and/or steroids , in the vast majority of cases ) proved as the most preferred route for drug administration ( n=79 , 26.3% of respondents ) .
oral corticosteroids were prescribed by 30 pediatricians ( 10.0% ) , and only 24 pediatricians ( 8.0% ) gave no treatment for acute cough ( table 4 ) .
the practice of not treating patients was significantly lower in northern regions ( 2/90 , 2.2% ; p=0.016 ) and significantly higher in central regions ( 10/66 , 15.2% ; p=0.004 ) .
the use of aerosol therapy and oral corticosteroids did not show any significant difference across the italian areas , while symptomatic treatments ( antitussive and mucoactive drugs ) were more frequent in southern regions ( 33/144 , 22.9% ; p=0.048 ) .
antibiotics were less prescribed in southern regions ( 20/144 , 13.9% ; p=0.001 ) , but more recommended in central regions ( 25/66 , 37.9% ; p=0.005 ) , while the use of homeopathic and herbal remedies was higher in northern regions ( 22/90 , 24.4% ; p=0.017 ) , but lower in southern regions ( 16/144 , 11.1% ; p=0.029 ) .
significant differences in cough treatment were found according to the presumed causes of acute cough ( p<0.001 ) . in allergic rhinitis / asthma ( n=44 ) , aerosol therapy ( n=18 , 40.9% ; p=0.005 ) and antibiotics ( n=18 , 40.9% ; p=0.006 ) were the most prescribed drugs . in viral infections ( n=134 ) , symptomatics ( n=33 , 24.6% ; p=0.012 ) and no treatment at all ( n=20 , 14.9% ; p=0.046 ) were most recommended , while oral corticosteroids were less recommended ( n=10 , 7.5% ; p=0.007 ) . on the other hand , the most prescribed drugs in urtis and lrtis were symptomatics ( 20/92 , 21.7% ; p=0.011 ) and antibiotics ( 12/22 , 54.5% ; p=0.010 ) , respectively .
aerosol therapy and antibiotics were the most used medications also in chronic cough ( table 5 ) .
aerosol therapy was widely used across the italian areas , without any significant difference from each other .
aerosol was frequently prescribed when allergic rhinitis and asthma were presumed ( 98/160 , 61.3% ; p<0.001 ) .
systemic corticosteroids were rarely used , and their prescription did not show any significant geographical difference and etiological distribution .
the use of symptomatics ( antitussives and mucolytics ) proved homogeneously distributed across italian areas , for all causes of cough .
the prescription of antibiotics proved scattered across the different regions , and antibiotics were more frequently prescribed when urtis ( 42/62 , 67.7% ; p=0.036 ) and lrtis ( 24/33 , 72.7% ; p=0.024 ) were presumed .
as in the case of acute cough , the use of homeopathic and herbal remedies in chronic cough was significantly higher in northern regions ( 8/90 , 8.9% , p=0.010 ) , independent of the causes .
finally , gastroprotectants ( such as antacids and/or proton pump inhibitors ) were equally used among italian areas , particularly when the presence of gastroesophageal reflux was strongly presumed ( 10/16 , 62.5% ; p<0.001 ) . both in acute and in chronic cough , the most prescribed classes of antibiotics were penicillins ( amoxicillin ; amoxicillin / clavulanate ) in 54% , macrolides ( clarithromycin ; azithromycin ) in 25% , and cephalosporins in 19% of cases .
aerosol therapy ( such as bronchodilators and/or steroids , in the vast majority of cases ) proved as the most preferred route for drug administration ( n=79 , 26.3% of respondents ) .
oral corticosteroids were prescribed by 30 pediatricians ( 10.0% ) , and only 24 pediatricians ( 8.0% ) gave no treatment for acute cough ( table 4 ) .
the practice of not treating patients was significantly lower in northern regions ( 2/90 , 2.2% ; p=0.016 ) and significantly higher in central regions ( 10/66 , 15.2% ; p=0.004 ) .
the use of aerosol therapy and oral corticosteroids did not show any significant difference across the italian areas , while symptomatic treatments ( antitussive and mucoactive drugs ) were more frequent in southern regions ( 33/144 , 22.9% ; p=0.048 ) .
antibiotics were less prescribed in southern regions ( 20/144 , 13.9% ; p=0.001 ) , but more recommended in central regions ( 25/66 , 37.9% ; p=0.005 ) , while the use of homeopathic and herbal remedies was higher in northern regions ( 22/90 , 24.4% ; p=0.017 ) , but lower in southern regions ( 16/144 , 11.1% ; p=0.029 ) .
significant differences in cough treatment were found according to the presumed causes of acute cough ( p<0.001 ) . in allergic rhinitis / asthma ( n=44 ) , aerosol therapy ( n=18 , 40.9% ; p=0.005 ) and antibiotics ( n=18 , 40.9% ; p=0.006 ) were the most prescribed drugs . in viral infections ( n=134 ) , symptomatics ( n=33 , 24.6% ; p=0.012 ) and no treatment at all ( n=20 , 14.9% ; p=0.046 ) were most recommended , while oral corticosteroids were less recommended ( n=10 , 7.5% ; p=0.007 ) . on the other hand , the most prescribed drugs in urtis and lrtis were symptomatics ( 20/92 , 21.7% ; p=0.011 ) and antibiotics ( 12/22 , 54.5% ; p=0.010 ) , respectively .
aerosol therapy and antibiotics were the most used medications also in chronic cough ( table 5 ) .
aerosol therapy was widely used across the italian areas , without any significant difference from each other .
aerosol was frequently prescribed when allergic rhinitis and asthma were presumed ( 98/160 , 61.3% ; p<0.001 ) .
systemic corticosteroids were rarely used , and their prescription did not show any significant geographical difference and etiological distribution .
the use of symptomatics ( antitussives and mucolytics ) proved homogeneously distributed across italian areas , for all causes of cough .
the prescription of antibiotics proved scattered across the different regions , and antibiotics were more frequently prescribed when urtis ( 42/62 , 67.7% ; p=0.036 ) and lrtis ( 24/33 , 72.7% ; p=0.024 ) were presumed .
as in the case of acute cough , the use of homeopathic and herbal remedies in chronic cough was significantly higher in northern regions ( 8/90 , 8.9% , p=0.010 ) , independent of the causes . finally , gastroprotectants ( such as antacids and/or proton pump inhibitors ) were equally used among italian areas , particularly when the presence of gastroesophageal reflux was strongly presumed ( 10/16 , 62.5% ; p<0.001 ) .
both in acute and in chronic cough , the most prescribed classes of antibiotics were penicillins ( amoxicillin ; amoxicillin / clavulanate ) in 54% , macrolides ( clarithromycin ; azithromycin ) in 25% , and cephalosporins in 19% of cases .
the present survey provided interesting data , both in terms of the number of pediatricians surveyed ( n=300 ) and of the geographical representativeness of the sample ( 15 italian regions , covering ~300,000 children ) .
interesting insights and numerous confirmations emerged concerning the attitudes of pediatricians toward diagnosis and treatment of cough .
first , cough prevalence was reported without any clear seasonality . although cough has been generally regarded as a  winter illness  due to low temperatures , present data tend to confirm the evidence from the literature that suggests that cough has an impact on the pediatricians activity throughout the year , due to allergy , smog , and gastric reflux.1820 actually , even if > 99% of the pediatricians surveyed regard cough as a winter trouble , 65% of them affirmed that cough is also highly prevailing in spring and summer .
in addition , pediatricians also described acute cough as more frequently dry , while chronic cough as more frequently productive .
this attitude is in accordance with international guidelines2123 since only 14% of pediatricians believe that an active intervention in this sense is needed .
the attitude proved different in order to clarify the etiology of chronic cough , and approximately three - fourth of respondents claimed to ask for some investigations .
a very high demand for allergological investigations was documented ( 84% ) , with a substantial discrepancy between the suspicion of allergies and the request for pulmonary function tests ( 33% ) ; this is in contrast with the international guidelines that do suggest spirometry in children aged > 5 years in these cases.21,22,24 pediatricians indicated urti and viral infections as the main causes of acute cough ( 31% and 45% , respectively ) , and their belief is in agreement with the current literature.25 the analysis within the different geographical areas showed some differences in allergic diseases and asthma , which are presumed to be more prevalent in northern regions in the present survey .
this evidence is in contrast with a previous survey that was carried out by focusing families and children.26 the most suspected causes of chronic cough were asthma , postnasal drip syndrome , and bronchitis , as reported in the literatures.21,22,24,27,28 a recent review by chang et al28 suggested an overestimation of asthma as the primary cause of chronic cough in children , compared to bronchitis .
allergic disease was the most frequently suggested cause of chronic cough in children ( 53% ) , and this proved supported by the high demand for consultations : 73% seek the opinion of allergologists , 62% of otolaryngologists , and only 33% of pulmonologists .
data from the present survey have some arguable aspects . while in acute , uncomplicated cough due to upper airway infections , the guidelines suggest to refrain from any treatment,21,22 in the present survey , only 8% of pediatricians prescribed no medications for acute cough , followed by symptomatic treatments prescribed very often . even if antibiotics are recommended if a loose cough persists for > 4 weeks after an urti because it might suggest the occurrence of bacterial bronchitis , antibiotic treatment in acute pediatric cough still proves overused .
although the recognized lack of efficacy for this therapeutic strategy , neither in common cold nor in viral infections,2931 the rates of prescription proved very high in the present survey .
there was an excessive use of antibiotics in acute cough , particularly in allergic rhinitis / asthma ( 41% ) and urtis ( 17% ) .
moreover , despite the recent evidence that symptomatic treatments , such as either mucoactive or antitussive drugs , according to the type of cough , are more effective than antibiotics in acute cough,32,33 the antibiotic prescription still confirms widespread and likely led by patient / parent suggestions , as already verified in the primary care setting.34 aerosol therapy confirms as the most prescribed treatment for cough , but the nebulized drugs used are frequently corticosteroids and bronchodilators , both in acute and chronic cough , regardless of the cough etiology .
however , it should be noted that the aerosol therapy and the bronchodilator use in particular do not improve the recovery from cough due to urtis in non - asthmatic children.35,36 we would finally highlight that the use of mucoactive and antitussive drugs was scarce compared to homeopathic and herbal remedies .
safer  for children,31,37 even if recent data have suggested that mucoactives and antitussives may have a role in reducing acute cough in children as an alternative to antibiotics prescription , which is largely ineffective when cough is due to viral infections.32,33 the present survey has some limitations .
first , the question about the causes of cough can lead to some misinterpretations , because respondents mainly indicated a general etiology for cough rather than a specific disease .
for instance , several pediatricians reported allergy as a general cause of cough , while a more detailed definition of the allergy - related diseases , such as asthma , rhinitis , and eosinophilic bronchitis , would have allowed a more precise cough etiology.3141 moreover , open questions about the causes of cough introduced some problems in discriminating a wide range of acute urtis , such as sinusitis , pharyngitis , laryngitis , tracheitis , and bronchitis . in order to indicate urtis of possible viral etiology , urtis with unspecified etiology and viral infections
data of the present survey tend to confirm that cough is a very common and multifaceted problem in children and that it is prevailing throughout all the year .
the great majority of pediatricians tend to prescribe drugs in acute cough regardless of cough guidelines . in the management of chronic cough
, they search for a possible etiology , but frequently they are not perfectly oriented . on the other hand , the extremely high requests for allergologic tests do not match with the clinical suspicion for asthma . regarding cough s treatment , there is a strong need of promoting much more rational strategies for antimicrobial use .
actually , both the incomplete diagnostic procedures and the incorrect therapeutic approach ( particularly the antibiotic misuse ) can substantially affect the burden of cough .
cough is a symptom which is common to several diseases , and which represents the most frequent reason for a pediatric consultation , due to the anxiety and discomfort induced .
some clinical investigations are needed in order to precise the origin of cough , particularly when it is persisting for long periods , and causes significant limitations in patient s daily - life activities .
the present questionnaire is aimed to investigate anonymously the diagnostic and therapeutic behavior of pediatricians in the presence of cough .
thank you for your valuable cooperation . note : this is an english translation of the original version of this questionnaire , which was presented in italian .
cough is a symptom which is common to several diseases , and which represents the most frequent reason for a pediatric consultation , due to the anxiety and discomfort induced .
some clinical investigations are needed in order to precise the origin of cough , particularly when it is persisting for long periods , and causes significant limitations in patient s daily - life activities .
the present questionnaire is aimed to investigate anonymously the diagnostic and therapeutic behavior of pediatricians in the presence of cough .
thank you for your valuable cooperation . note : this is an english translation of the original version of this questionnaire , which was presented in italian .
 contextchildren s cough is a daily concern for most pediatricians . 
 the management of both acute and chronic cough requires a systematic and comprehensive approach . despite the approved protocols for management , the pediatric assessment of cough and the corresponding prescribing attitude 
 frequently do not fit these protocols , which can be affected by parental suggestions  
 sometimes substantially.objectivethe objective of this study was to investigate both the perception and the behavior of a representative sample of italian pediatricians toward cough in real life.methodsa specific questionnaire consisting of 18 questions was prepared . 
 the questionnaire was completed by 300 pediatricians ( all members of paidoss : italian national observatory on health of childhood and adolescence ) who represented ~300,000 children.resultsa vast majority of children have cough throughout the year ( 99.3% of respondents have cough during autumn / winter and 64.7% in spring / summer ) . 
 allergic disease is the most frequent suspected cause of chronic cough in children ( 53% ) , and this is supported by the high demand for consultations : 73% seek the opinion of allergologists , 62% of otorhinolaryngologists and only 33% of pulmonologists . 
 the majority of pediatricians ( 92% ) reported that they prescribe therapy in acute cough regardless of cough guidelines . 
 moreover , the survey pointed out the abuse of aerosol therapy ( 26% in acute cough and 38% in chronic cough ) and of antibiotics prescription ( 22% in acute cough and 42% in chronic cough).conclusionour survey suggests that some italian pediatricians therapeutic attitudes should be substantially improved in order to achieve better management of cough in children and to minimize the burden of cough . 