human listeriosis is a relatively rare but serious zoonotic disease , with high morbidity , hospitalization and mortality in vulnerable populations . among all zoonotic diseases under eu surveillance ,
listeriosis caused the most severe human disease , with 93.6% of cases hospitalized and 134 fatal cases ( fatality rate 12.7% in 20102011).1 the relevance of this contamination is underlined by the updated compliance guideline recently released by the food safety and inspection service of the us department of agriculture , which  provides specific recommendations that official establishments producing postlethality exposed readytoeat meat and poultry products may follow to meet the requirements of 9 cfr part 430 , the listeria 
 rule.2 
 
 listeria spp . have the ability to grow in cool damp environments where other pathogens may not grow , and are capable of surviving freezing temperatures .
for these reasons , readytoeat products that are consumed without cooking are of particular concern for listeria monocytogenes contamination.3 
  significant support in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms may derive from food packaging , which not only acts as a barrier against moisture , water vapor , gases and solutes but may also serve as a carrier of active substances such as antimicrobials in active packaging.4 active packaging is defined as a mode of packaging in which package , product and environment interact to prolong shelflife or to enhance safety and/or quality of the food product.5 
  recent research toward the development of new and ecofriendly preservation methodologies is stimulated by the increasing demand for natural , disposable , biodegradable and/or recyclable food packaging materials.4 in this context , paper is a simple but promising lowdensity material . in view of its properties ( cost , acceptance , sustainability )
, paper may be regarded as an excellent material for controlled release of antimicrobials in active packaging , also taking into account that papermakers are capable of providing products with a broad range of mechanical , physical and chemical properties .
coatings such as waxes or polymeric materials can also be used to improve the otherwise poor barrier properties of paper.6 
  as regards natural antimicrobials , bacteriocins represent an attractive solution owing to their selective mode of action against foodborne and/or spoilage bacteria.7 , 8 sakacina , produced by lactobacillus sakei , belongs to the class iia bacteriocins .
sakacina is a listeriatargeting peptide of 41 amino acid residues with one disulfide bridge and a calculated molar mass of 4308 da.9 in previous works , we investigated the production profile of sakacina in a lowcost medium formulation and the molecular mechanism of the antilisterial activity.10 , 11 sakacina is able to kill listeria cells by making their membranes permeable , and possesses also a slow hydrolytic action toward listeria cell walls , suggesting that it can break specific bonds in the peptoglycan structure.12 
  the present study was aimed at obtaining an active packaging material by applying a sakacina coating on the surface of polyethylene ( pe)coated paper sheets , used for primary food packaging of thincut veal meat .
beef carpaccio was taken as an example of a readyto eatfood product , as it is considered a highrisk food because of the possibility of contamination with pathogenic bacteria , including listeria coming from the animal reservoir , and the minimal processing it undergoes.13 
  in the present research , an enriched sakacina preparation obtained from a cellfree supernatant of an l. sakei culture was coated onto the pe side of the aforementioned paper .
active package was assessed by performing an in vitro antimicrobial test against listeria innocua , a surrogate strain commonly used in the laboratory to give a margin of safety to researchers and prevent unnecessary exposure to pathogens.14 finally , a shortterm preliminary storage trial was carried out on actual carpaccio slices .

 lactobacillus sakei dsmz 6333 was used as the sakacina producer and l. innocua dsmz 20649 as the indicator strain ( deutsche sammlung von mikroorganismen und zellkulturen gmbh , braunschweig , germany ) .
lactobacillus sakei was maintained on mrs broth ( scharlau chemie , barcelona , spain ) and l. innocua on tsb ( tryptic soy broth ; difco , darmstadt , germany ) .
strains were stored as frozen stocks at 80 c in appropriate liquid medium in the presence of 0.5 g ml glycerol .
sakacina production by l. sakei was performed in a culture medium containing ( g l ) bacto peptone ( 10 ) , meat peptone ( 8) , yeast autolysate ( 4 ) , glucose ( 10 ) and caco3 ( 3 ) in deionized water .
all ingredients were purchased from costantino ( type fm , fermentation media , torino , italy ) .
trials were carried out in 2 l flasks , each containing 1.4 l of culture medium and inoculated with 70 ml of preculture .
cultures were incubated in stationary conditions at 30 c for 20 h , corresponding to maximum bacteriocin concentration.12 bacteriocin production was expressed as arbitrary units ( au ml ) , measured by agar diffusion assays using l. innocua as the indicator organism.10 
  a foodgrade freezedried preparation of sakacina was obtained from the culture broth of l. sakei after centrifugation at 10 000  g for 35 min at 4 c .
the supernatant ( culture filtrate , cf ) was diafiltered in a 200 ml amicon cell ( millipore , billerica , ma , usa ) fitted with an ultracel pl3 membrane with molecular weight cutoff ( mwco ) 3000 da ( millipore ) , by concentration to 40 ml and dilution to the original volume with milliq water .
the final concentrate ( 40 ml ) was frozen at 20 c for 4 h and freezedried at 25 c and 1.33 pa for 48 h in an alpha 24 ld plus lyophilizer ( christ , osterode am harz , germany ) connected to a savant vp 190 vacuum pump ( savant instruments inc . ,
farmingdale , ny , usa ) . trials were carried out incorporating the enriched sakacina in a gelatinbased coating solution , whose composition is reported in table 1 . to prepare the coating , gelatin was first dissolved in water at 60 c , then glycerol and enriched sakacina were added while stirring at room temperature .
sheets ( a4 , 210 mm  297 mm , 75 g m ) of a commercial pecoated paper ( burgo group , altavilla vicentina , italy ) were used for the application of the coating solution onto the pe side . an automatic film applicator ( sh1137 , sheen instruments , west molesey , uk ) equipped with a 50 m wire bar coater was used at a controlled speed of 110 mm s. coated sheets
sheets coated with gelatin / glycerol solution without sakacina were also prepared as negative controls .
mass composition of coating solution an aliquot ( 300 l ) of overnight listeria culture in tsb was added to 30 ml of soft tsa ( tsb with 8 g l agar ) in a petri dish and left at room temperature until solidification .
wells ( 8 mm diameter ) were made on the plate and aliquots ( 150 l ) of sakacina ( either cf or enriched sakacina ) were poured inside .
bacteriocin activity ( au ) was quantified as the reciprocal of the highest dilution that exhibited a clear zone of inhibition.11 
  in the case of coated paper sheets ( both active and negative control ) , antimicrobial activity was evidenced qualitatively using the plate overlay assay . samples ( 1 cm2 ) were placed on the surface of listeria tsa plates prepared as described above .
solid cultures were then incubated overnight at 37 c , and antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the formation of a clear halo of listeria growth inhibition around the sample .
readytoeat thincut veal meat ( meant for consumption as raw food within 24 h , known in italy as 
samples were aseptically cut into sections ( 5 cm  10 cm , 78 g ) and inoculated with an appropriate dilution of l. innocua overnight culture to obtain a microbial load of approximately 103 cells cm .
after inoculation , samples were kept at room temperature for 30 min to allow for cell attachment .
inoculated slices were covered ( top and bottom ) with sections of sakacina active paper sheets and transferred onto glass trays that were manually wrapped in pvc film under aerobic conditions ( fig .
a negative control set of trials was also performed employing paper sheets coated with gelatin in the absence of sakacina . on days 0 and 2
, individual meat slices were transferred aseptically into a stomacher bag ( vwr blender bag , milano , italy ) containing 6372 ml of sterile peptone water ( 10 g l bacteriological peptone ; costantino ) and blended in a stomacher ( star blender lb 400 , vwr , milano , italy ) at high speed for 3 min .
tenfold dilution series of the obtained suspension were made in the same sterile peptone water and used for l. innocua determination and total aerobic plate count .
selective l. innocua determination was performed employing the aloa culture medium ( agar listeria ottaviani agosti added with enrichment and selective supplements ; biolife , milan , italy ) .
plates were surface inoculated and incubated at 37 c for 2448 h. total aerobic plate count was performed on nutrient agar ( scharlau chemie ) plates incubated at 30 c for 48 h. experiments were replicated twice .
counts were reported as log colonyforming units ( cfu ) g meat , and means and standard deviations were calculated .
thincut meat slices intentionally inoculated with listeria innocua and stored in contact with sakacina active paper ( left , + ) and negative control ( right ,  ) . enriched sakacina was characterized by novex nupage sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( sdspage ) ( life technologies , carlsbad , ca , usa ) .
a 1 mg portion of the freezedried preparation was dissolved in 1 ml of denaturing buffer ( 0.125 mol l tris hcl , ph 6.8 , 500 g l glycerol , 17 g l sds , 0.1 g l bromophenol blue , 10 ml l 2mercaptoethanol ) diluted twofold with water . after treatment at 100 c for 10 min ,
an appropriate volume of the solution was used for nupage sdspage on nupage novex 412% bis  tris protein gel , run at a constant 200 v. gels were stained with simply blue safe stain .
novex nupage sdspage was used also to quantify the amount of enriched sakacina incorporated into the coating .
a paper sample of 1 cm was cut , directly placed into 0.2 ml of denaturing buffer ( diluted twofold with water ) and heated at 100 c for 10 min .
after centrifugation at 10 000  g for 2 min , an aliquot of the clarified suspension was used for nupage sdspage .
the intensity of individual bands was compared with the intensity of bands obtained with known amounts of the original enriched sakacina preparation.15 
  obtained data were submitted to twoway analysis of variance .
kramer test was used for comparison of means , with significance assigned at p < 0.05 .

 lactobacillus sakei dsmz 6333 was used as the sakacina producer and l. innocua dsmz 20649 as the indicator strain ( deutsche sammlung von mikroorganismen und zellkulturen gmbh , braunschweig , germany ) .
lactobacillus sakei was maintained on mrs broth ( scharlau chemie , barcelona , spain ) and l. innocua on tsb ( tryptic soy broth ; difco , darmstadt , germany ) .
strains were stored as frozen stocks at 80 c in appropriate liquid medium in the presence of 0.5 g ml glycerol .
sakacina production by l. sakei was performed in a culture medium containing ( g l ) bacto peptone ( 10 ) , meat peptone ( 8) , yeast autolysate ( 4 ) , glucose ( 10 ) and caco3 ( 3 ) in deionized water .
all ingredients were purchased from costantino ( type fm , fermentation media , torino , italy ) .
trials were carried out in 2 l flasks , each containing 1.4 l of culture medium and inoculated with 70 ml of preculture .
cultures were incubated in stationary conditions at 30 c for 20 h , corresponding to maximum bacteriocin concentration.12 bacteriocin production was expressed as arbitrary units ( au ml ) , measured by agar diffusion assays using l. innocua as the indicator organism.10 

a foodgrade freezedried preparation of sakacina was obtained from the culture broth of l. sakei after centrifugation at 10 000  g for 35 min at 4 c .
the supernatant ( culture filtrate , cf ) was diafiltered in a 200 ml amicon cell ( millipore , billerica , ma , usa ) fitted with an ultracel pl3 membrane with molecular weight cutoff ( mwco ) 3000 da ( millipore ) , by concentration to 40 ml and dilution to the original volume with milliq water .
the final concentrate ( 40 ml ) was frozen at 20 c for 4 h and freezedried at 25 c and 1.33 pa for 48 h in an alpha 24 ld plus lyophilizer ( christ , osterode am harz , germany ) connected to a savant vp 190 vacuum pump ( savant instruments inc . ,
trials were carried out incorporating the enriched sakacina in a gelatinbased coating solution , whose composition is reported in table 1 . to prepare the coating , gelatin was first dissolved in water at 60 c , then glycerol and enriched sakacina
sheets ( a4 , 210 mm  297 mm , 75 g m ) of a commercial pecoated paper ( burgo group , altavilla vicentina , italy ) were used for the application of the coating solution onto the pe side . an automatic film applicator ( sh1137 , sheen instruments , west molesey , uk ) equipped with a 50 m wire bar coater was used at a controlled speed of 110 mm s. coated sheets
sheets coated with gelatin / glycerol solution without sakacina were also prepared as negative controls .
an aliquot ( 300 l ) of overnight listeria culture in tsb was added to 30 ml of soft tsa ( tsb with 8 g l agar ) in a petri dish and left at room temperature until solidification .
wells ( 8 mm diameter ) were made on the plate and aliquots ( 150 l ) of sakacina ( either cf or enriched sakacina ) were poured inside .
bacteriocin activity ( au ) was quantified as the reciprocal of the highest dilution that exhibited a clear zone of inhibition.11 
  in the case of coated paper sheets ( both active and negative control ) , antimicrobial activity was evidenced qualitatively using the plate overlay assay . samples ( 1 cm2 ) were placed on the surface of listeria tsa plates prepared as described above .
solid cultures were then incubated overnight at 37 c , and antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the formation of a clear halo of listeria growth inhibition around the sample .
readytoeat thincut veal meat ( meant for consumption as raw food within 24 h , known in italy as 
samples were aseptically cut into sections ( 5 cm  10 cm , 78 g ) and inoculated with an appropriate dilution of l. innocua overnight culture to obtain a microbial load of approximately 103 cells cm .
after inoculation , samples were kept at room temperature for 30 min to allow for cell attachment .
inoculated slices were covered ( top and bottom ) with sections of sakacina active paper sheets and transferred onto glass trays that were manually wrapped in pvc film under aerobic conditions ( fig .
a negative control set of trials was also performed employing paper sheets coated with gelatin in the absence of sakacina . on days 0 and 2
, individual meat slices were transferred aseptically into a stomacher bag ( vwr blender bag , milano , italy ) containing 6372 ml of sterile peptone water ( 10 g l bacteriological peptone ; costantino ) and blended in a stomacher ( star blender lb 400 , vwr , milano , italy ) at high speed for 3 min .
tenfold dilution series of the obtained suspension were made in the same sterile peptone water and used for l. innocua determination and total aerobic plate count .
selective l. innocua determination was performed employing the aloa culture medium ( agar listeria ottaviani agosti added with enrichment and selective supplements ; biolife , milan , italy ) .
plates were surface inoculated and incubated at 37 c for 2448 h. total aerobic plate count was performed on nutrient agar ( scharlau chemie ) plates incubated at 30 c for 48 h. experiments were replicated twice .
counts were reported as log colonyforming units ( cfu ) g meat , and means and standard deviations were calculated .
thincut meat slices intentionally inoculated with listeria innocua and stored in contact with sakacina active paper ( left , + ) and negative control ( right ,  ) .
enriched sakacina was characterized by novex nupage sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( sdspage ) ( life technologies , carlsbad , ca , usa ) .
a 1 mg portion of the freezedried preparation was dissolved in 1 ml of denaturing buffer ( 0.125 mol l tris hcl , ph 6.8 , 500 g l glycerol , 17 g l sds , 0.1 g l bromophenol blue , 10 ml l 2mercaptoethanol ) diluted twofold with water . after treatment at 100 c for 10 min ,
an appropriate volume of the solution was used for nupage sdspage on nupage novex 412% bis  tris protein gel , run at a constant 200 v. gels were stained with simply blue safe stain .
novex nupage sdspage was used also to quantify the amount of enriched sakacina incorporated into the coating .
a paper sample of 1 cm was cut , directly placed into 0.2 ml of denaturing buffer ( diluted twofold with water ) and heated at 100 c for 10 min .
after centrifugation at 10 000  g for 2 min , an aliquot of the clarified suspension was used for nupage sdspage . the intensity of individual bands was compared with the intensity of bands obtained with known amounts of the original enriched sakacina preparation.15 

kramer test was used for comparison of means , with significance assigned at p < 0.05 .
sakacina production by l. sakei reached the maximum level at 20 h incubation , corresponding to the highest cell population ( 109 cfu ml ) , as reported by trinetta et al . 

11 the culture filtrate ( cf ) obtained after centrifugation showed an antimicrobial titer of 107 au ml .
cf was ultrafiltered and diafiltered in order to concentrate the preparation and to remove lowmolecularweight compounds such as salts , small peptides , sugars , etc .
the mass yield of freezedried enriched sakacina was approximately 3 g from 200 ml of cf .
2 , where a marked band at 3.5 kda could be identified with sakacina.12 no other noticeable proteins are evident .
however , other peptides retained during the ultrafiltration step may be present , as suggested by the weak smear over the 3.5 kda band .
nupage sdspage analysis of enriched sakacina preparation : lane s , freezedried enriched sakacina preparation ( 20 g ) ; lane m , molecular mass markers .
the antimicrobial titer of enriched sakacina was about 1.4 au mg , as determined by agar well diffusion assay employing l. innocua as the indicator strain .
thus , on an activity basis , the overall yield of the enrichment process was 19.6% .
antimicrobial activity of the sakacina solutions used for paper coating and of sakacina active paper was demonstrated by a clear zone of growth inhibition on listeria tsa plates ( fig .
no activity against the indicator strain was noticed in negative controls , demonstrating that neither the paper itself nor the gelatin coating had antimicrobial activity in the absence of sakacina .
antimicrobial activity against listeria innocua of ( 1 ) sakacina / gelatin solution used for paper coating , ( 2 ) active paper ( coated with sakacina ) and ( 3 ) negative control paper ( coated with gelatin , in the absence of sakacina ) .
the listeria population and total aerobic count ( tac ) were determined in samples of 
carpaccio ( thin meat slices meant for consumption as raw meat within 24 h after purchasing ) purposely contaminated with l. innocua ( 3.46 log cfu g ) and then stored at 4 c for 48 h ( table 2 ) .
a surrogate is a bacterium that has physiological characteristics nearly identical to a pathogenic bacterium of interest , and is used to give a margin of safety to researchers and prevent unnecessary exposure to pathogens.14 
 
 listeria population and total aerobic count in samples of thincut veal slices as such or inoculated with listeria innocua and then stored for 48 h at 4  1 c in active paper sheets coated with sakacina ( active package ) or paper sheets without sakacina coating ( negative control ) means in the same column with different letters are significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) . after 48 h , the listeria population of carpaccio slices stored in contact with the active paper sheets was found to be lower than that used for the initial inoculum ( from 3.46 to 3.05 log cfu g ) . on the contrary , in negative controls ( carpaccio slices stored in contact with paper coated with gelatin in the absence of sakacina ) , the listeria population increased by about 1 log unit ( from 3.46 to 4.46 log cfu g ) .
meat slices stored in presence of sakacina active paper sheets also evidenced a slight decrease in aerobic populations ( 0.3 log unit ) after 48 h storage at refrigerated temperature . on the contrary , slices packed without sakacina coating evidenced a 0.35 log unit increase with respect to the initial value .
these experiments demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of the sakacina active paper sheets and their effectiveness against l. innocua in storage trials .
sdspage was used to characterize the presence of enriched sakacina on the active paper ( fig .
4 , lanes 1 and 2 ) as well as its release from the coating in storage trials ( fig .
, proteins present in the coating were completely extracted from the paper by solubilization under denaturing conditions ( i.e. upon heating at 100 c in sdspage denaturing buffer ) .
nupage sdspage analysis of active paper and negative control : proteins extracted from active paper ( with sakacina ) and negative control ( without sakacina ) before ( lanes 1 and 2 respectively ) and 48 h after ( lanes 3 and 4 respectively ) being placed in contact with food .
protein extracted from the negative control ( paper sheets without sakacina ) showed a broad distribution of proteins of medium  high molecular weight that can be assigned to the gelatin used for the preparation of the coating ( fig .
no proteins are visible around 3.5 kda , i.e. in the sakacina region . as clearly shown in fig . 4 ( lane 1 ) , a band corresponding to sakacina is evident , in addition to the gelatin bands , in samples from the paper coated with sakacina .
the intensity of this band was compared with the intensity of bands obtained with known amounts of the enriched sakacina preparation,15 allowing us to estimate the concentration of sakacina in coated paper sheets at 0.63 mg cm .
this estimated concentration is in good agreement with the amount of enriched sakacina used for the preparation of the coating and with the volume of the coating solution spread on the paper sheets . as for sakacina release in storage trials with food , active packaging containing nonvolatile antimicrobial agents
is assumed to work through contact with wet food.15 the contact between food and packaging lead to the migration of the active compound from the packaging to the food surface and vice versa .
the release of sakacina was studied through sdspage by extracting proteins from paper that had been in contact with meat slices . in both samples ( negative control and active paper , lanes 3 and 4 in fig .
the absence of both sakacina and gelatin in paper that had been in contact with food is indirect evidence that the antimicrobial agent must be transferred , together with gelatin , onto the food . in this contest ,
bioactive content was triggered by the swelling of gelatin upon taking up water from the wet food .
otherwise , in the sdspage traces of the above samples , new distinct bands are visible . these bands could be attributed to soluble meat proteins dissolved in the liquid phase and migrated from food to the paper .
sakacina production by l. sakei reached the maximum level at 20 h incubation , corresponding to the highest cell population ( 109 cfu ml ) , as reported by trinetta et al . 

11 the culture filtrate ( cf ) obtained after centrifugation showed an antimicrobial titer of 107 au ml .
cf was ultrafiltered and diafiltered in order to concentrate the preparation and to remove lowmolecularweight compounds such as salts , small peptides , sugars , etc .
the mass yield of freezedried enriched sakacina was approximately 3 g from 200 ml of cf .
2 , where a marked band at 3.5 kda could be identified with sakacina.12 no other noticeable proteins are evident .
however , other peptides retained during the ultrafiltration step may be present , as suggested by the weak smear over the 3.5 kda band .
nupage sdspage analysis of enriched sakacina preparation : lane s , freezedried enriched sakacina preparation ( 20 g ) ; lane m , molecular mass markers .
the antimicrobial titer of enriched sakacina was about 1.4 au mg , as determined by agar well diffusion assay employing l. innocua as the indicator strain .
thus , on an activity basis , the overall yield of the enrichment process was 19.6% .
antimicrobial activity of the sakacina solutions used for paper coating and of sakacina active paper was demonstrated by a clear zone of growth inhibition on listeria tsa plates ( fig .
no activity against the indicator strain was noticed in negative controls , demonstrating that neither the paper itself nor the gelatin coating had antimicrobial activity in the absence of sakacina .
antimicrobial activity against listeria innocua of ( 1 ) sakacina / gelatin solution used for paper coating , ( 2 ) active paper ( coated with sakacina ) and ( 3 ) negative control paper ( coated with gelatin , in the absence of sakacina ) .
the listeria population and total aerobic count ( tac ) were determined in samples of 
carpaccio ( thin meat slices meant for consumption as raw meat within 24 h after purchasing ) purposely contaminated with l. innocua ( 3.46 log cfu g ) and then stored at 4 c for 48 h ( table 2 ) .
a surrogate is a bacterium that has physiological characteristics nearly identical to a pathogenic bacterium of interest , and is used to give a margin of safety to researchers and prevent unnecessary exposure to pathogens.14 
 
 listeria population and total aerobic count in samples of thincut veal slices as such or inoculated with listeria innocua and then stored for 48 h at 4  1 c in active paper sheets coated with sakacina ( active package ) or paper sheets without sakacina coating ( negative control ) means in the same column with different letters are significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) . after 48 h
, the listeria population of carpaccio slices stored in contact with the active paper sheets was found to be lower than that used for the initial inoculum ( from 3.46 to 3.05 log cfu g ) . on the contrary , in negative controls ( carpaccio slices stored in contact with paper coated with gelatin in the absence of sakacina ) , the listeria population increased by about 1 log unit ( from 3.46 to 4.46 log cfu g ) .
meat slices stored in presence of sakacina active paper sheets also evidenced a slight decrease in aerobic populations ( 0.3 log unit ) after 48 h storage at refrigerated temperature . on the contrary , slices packed without sakacina coating evidenced a 0.35 log unit increase with respect to the initial value .
these experiments demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of the sakacina active paper sheets and their effectiveness against l. innocua in storage trials .
antimicrobial activity of the sakacina solutions used for paper coating and of sakacina active paper was demonstrated by a clear zone of growth inhibition on listeria tsa plates ( fig .
no activity against the indicator strain was noticed in negative controls , demonstrating that neither the paper itself nor the gelatin coating had antimicrobial activity in the absence of sakacina .
antimicrobial activity against listeria innocua of ( 1 ) sakacina / gelatin solution used for paper coating , ( 2 ) active paper ( coated with sakacina ) and ( 3 ) negative control paper ( coated with gelatin , in the absence of sakacina ) .
sakacinacoated paper sheets were evaluated for their antilisterial effectiveness on food samples . the listeria population and total aerobic count ( tac ) were determined in samples of  carpaccio ( thin meat slices meant for consumption as raw meat within 24 h after purchasing ) purposely contaminated with l. innocua ( 3.46 log cfu g ) and then stored at 4 c for 48 h ( table 2 ) .
a surrogate is a bacterium that has physiological characteristics nearly identical to a pathogenic bacterium of interest , and is used to give a margin of safety to researchers and prevent unnecessary exposure to pathogens.14 
 
 listeria population and total aerobic count in samples of thincut veal slices as such or inoculated with listeria innocua and then stored for 48 h at 4  1 c in active paper sheets coated with sakacina ( active package ) or paper sheets without sakacina coating ( negative control ) means in the same column with different letters are significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) . after 48 h , the listeria population of carpaccio slices stored in contact with the active paper sheets was found to be lower than that used for the initial inoculum ( from 3.46 to 3.05 log cfu g ) . on the contrary , in negative controls ( carpaccio slices stored in contact with paper coated with gelatin in the absence of sakacina ) , the listeria population increased by about 1 log unit ( from 3.46 to 4.46 log cfu g ) .
meat slices stored in presence of sakacina active paper sheets also evidenced a slight decrease in aerobic populations ( 0.3 log unit ) after 48 h storage at refrigerated temperature . on the contrary , slices packed without sakacina coating evidenced a 0.35 log unit increase with respect to the initial value .
these experiments demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of the sakacina active paper sheets and their effectiveness against l. innocua in storage trials .
sdspage was used to characterize the presence of enriched sakacina on the active paper ( fig .
4 , lanes 1 and 2 ) as well as its release from the coating in storage trials ( fig .
, proteins present in the coating were completely extracted from the paper by solubilization under denaturing conditions ( i.e. upon heating at 100 c in sdspage denaturing buffer ) .
nupage sdspage analysis of active paper and negative control : proteins extracted from active paper ( with sakacina ) and negative control ( without sakacina ) before ( lanes 1 and 2 respectively ) and 48 h after ( lanes 3 and 4 respectively ) being placed in contact with food . protein extracted from the negative control ( paper sheets without sakacina ) showed a broad distribution of proteins of medium  high molecular weight that can be assigned to the gelatin used for the preparation of the coating ( fig .
no proteins are visible around 3.5 kda , i.e. in the sakacina region . as clearly shown in fig .
4 ( lane 1 ) , a band corresponding to sakacina is evident , in addition to the gelatin bands , in samples from the paper coated with sakacina .
the intensity of this band was compared with the intensity of bands obtained with known amounts of the enriched sakacina preparation,15 allowing us to estimate the concentration of sakacina in coated paper sheets at 0.63 mg cm .
this estimated concentration is in good agreement with the amount of enriched sakacina used for the preparation of the coating and with the volume of the coating solution spread on the paper sheets . as for sakacina release in storage trials with food , active packaging containing nonvolatile antimicrobial agents
is assumed to work through contact with wet food.15 the contact between food and packaging lead to the migration of the active compound from the packaging to the food surface and vice versa .
the release of sakacina was studied through sdspage by extracting proteins from paper that had been in contact with meat slices . in both samples ( negative control and active paper , lanes 3 and 4 in fig .
the absence of both sakacina and gelatin in paper that had been in contact with food is indirect evidence that the antimicrobial agent must be transferred , together with gelatin , onto the food . in this contest ,
bioactive content was triggered by the swelling of gelatin upon taking up water from the wet food . otherwise , in the sdspage traces of the above samples , new distinct bands are visible .
these bands could be attributed to soluble meat proteins dissolved in the liquid phase and migrated from food to the paper .
the present research was aimed at developing a novel antimicrobial food packaging system employing a foodgrade preparation of sakacina .
the bacteriocin was produced in liquid cultures employing a medium formulated with lowcost ingredients , suitable for largescale industrial processes.11 
  purification is usually an essential step in the characterization of unknown bacteriocins , but it represents a timeconsuming and lowyield step in such studies . indeed , owing to the high number of steps in current protocols , protein yields are very often low.16 in practical terms
, purification to homogeneity is redundant and sometimes not suitable for foodgrade application.17 
  in the present work , sakacina was concentrated from a foodgrade medium by onestep diafiltration , giving a freezedried enriched sakacina free from contaminant proteins and with an antimicrobial titer of 1.36 au mg .
total activity yield was nearly 20% better than other methods of rapid purification ( 10% in guyonnet et al . 

16 ) , although lower than vastly timeconsuming methods ( 83% in holck et al . 
 9 ) .
incorporation of bacteriocins into food packaging materials to control the growth of spoilage and pathogenic organisms has been much researched in the last decades.4 paper and paperboard for food packaging provide mechanical strength , are biodegradable and have good printability , but display poor barrier properties to liquids , gases and vapors . to overcome these drawbacks , coatings with polymeric matrices or waxes
in addition , coatings can also be added with antimicrobials , to obtain an active food package.18 , 19 
  two methods are commonly used to prepare antimicrobial paperbased food package materials for meats and/or meat products .
one is to incorporate them directly into polymers , i.e. heatpress and casting.4 ming et al . 

20 incorporated nisin and pediocin in cellulose casings to reduce l. monocytogenes in meats and poultry .
pediocincoated bags completely inhibited the growth of inoculated l. monocytogenes during 12 weeks of storage at 4 c . in a previous paper , we reported on the incorporation of lysozyme and lactoferrin as antimicrobials in a cellulosebased food package .
those studies indicated that these proteins were simultaneously released in a biologically active form , and the synergism between the two antimicrobials was evident in tests against common food contaminants.15 
  another method to incorporate bacteriocins is to coat or adsorb them onto polymer surfaces .
21 investigated the interaction between three bacteriocins ( nisin and bateriocins produced by lactobacillus curvatus and lactobacillus plantarum ) and five different pe films used for food packaging .
the results indicated that each film  bacteriocin pair showed different antimicrobial activity owing to the establishment of chemical and surface interactions .
22 produced threelayer films of ethylcellulose , hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and ethylcellulose ( ec / hpmc / ec ) including either nisaplin or nisin .
these multilayer films showed significant antimicrobial activity against kocuria rhizophila atcc 9341 ( formerly micrococcus luteus ) .
23 produced sakacinacontaining ( 1 mg cm ) pullulan films by incorporation and tested them on turkey breast experimentally inoculated with l. monocytogenes .
the results showed reductions of up to 3 log cfu g after 3 weeks under refrigerated storage and demonstrated the efficacy of this bacteriocin against different epidemic clones of the pathogenic bacterium . in our preliminary assessment employing simple packaging conditions ,
the application of a sakacina / cellulosecoated material on meat samples gave positive results at a concentration of sakacina in the packaging material of 0.63 mg cm . in storage trials with veal  carpaccio ,
all components of the active surface layer in the active paper appear to have migrated to the food after 48 h at 4 c .
thus an antilisteria active packaging solution , not to be regarded as a way to 
clean a contaminated food product , can contribute significantly to reducing the l. monocytogenes population in food items and lowering the risk of foodrelated diseases .
this work , which should be considered as a preliminary investigation into the potential applicability of sakacina in an antilisteria active package , provides an example in which the bacteriocin was coated onto the surface of a pecoated paper commonly used for primary food packaging .
coating was efficient ( no peptide loss was observed ) and the bacterocin was released in a biologically active form .
future work will indicate whether the antimicrobialloaded paper sheets used here may find other practical uses ( e.g. paper liners or wraps ) and whether they will be effective to improve the safety and extend the shelflife of other meat products .
 abstractbackgroundminimally processed readytoeat products are considered a highrisk food because of the possibility of contamination with pathogenic bacteria , including listeria monocytogenes from the animal reservoir , and the minimal processing they undergo . in this study , 
 a sakacina antilisteria active package was developed and tested on thincut veal meat slices ( carpaccio).resultsenriched foodgrade sakacina was obtained from a cellfree supernatant of a lactobacillus sakei culture and applied ( 0.63 mg cm2 ) onto the surface of polyethylenecoated paper sheets to obtain an active antimicrobial package . 
 the coating retained antimicrobial features , indicating that the process did not affect sakacina functionality , as evidenced in tests carried out in vitro . 
 thincut veal meat slices inoculated with listeria innocua ( a surrogate of pathogenic l. monocytogenes ) were laid on active paper sheets . 
 after 48 h incubation at 4 c , the listeria population was found to be 1.5 log units lower with respect to controls ( 3.05 vs 4.46 log colonyforming units ( cfu ) g1).conclusionthis study demonstrates the possibility of using an antimicrobial coating containing sakacina to inhibit or decrease the listeria population in readytoeat products , thus lowering the risk of foodrelated diseases . 
  2016 the authors . 
 journal of the science of food and agriculture published by john wiley & sons ltd on behalf of society of chemical industry . 