after filling , the absence of infection in the root canal system is a fundamental factor for the prognosis of endodontic treatment . to achieve this goal ,
the filling material should allow sealing of the root canal at both the tooth apex and the crown .
in the constant search for an ideal material , root canal obturation has been performed with gutta - percha points and endodontic sealers , which act as an agent to bond the points to each other and to the root canal walls .
thus , the endodontic sealer should present properties that render the root canal system impermeable .
grossman9 ( 1958 ) described eleven requirements that an endodontic sealer should meet , highlighting that it should provide hermetic sealing and be insoluble in the oral fluids .
a frequent concern of dentists is the possibility of exposure of the filling materials to the oral environment .
though undesirable , this clinical situation may occur and can dissolve the endodontic sealer , making the root canal obturation permeable to saliva favoring the communication between irritating agents from the oral cavity and the periradicular tissues , via the apical foramen or lateral canals .
the required period of exposure to the oral environment to occur such failure has been studied in vitro using different methodologies by swanson and madison24 ( 1987 ) , torabinejad , et al.26 ( 1990 ) , magura , et al.17 ( 1991 ) , khayat , et al.11 ( 1993 ) , gish , et al.8 ( 1994 ) , trope , et al.27 ( 1995 ) , barrieshi , et al.3 ( 1997 ) , alves , et al.1 ( 1998 ) , siqueira junior , et al.21 ( 1999 ) , timpawat , et al.25 ( 2001 ) and zucco30 ( 2001 ) .
one aspect that may influence the time required to occur communication of irritating agents between the oral cavity and the periapical tissues is the type of endodontic sealer employed for obturation .
this property of different endodontic sealers has been evaluated using several methodologies by leal , et al.14 ( 1987 ) , madison , et al.15 ( 1987 ) , madison and wilcox16 ( 1988 ) , kuga , et al.13 ( 1990 ) , siqueira junior , et al.19 ( 1995 ) , hakel , et al.10 ( 1999 ) , de almeida , et al.5 ( 2000 ) , valera , et al.28 ( 2000 ) , timpawat , et al.25 ( 2001 ) , zucco30 ( 2001 ) , obankara , et al.4 ( 2002 ) , barbosa , et al.2 ( 2003 ) , genoglu , et al.7 ( 2003 ) , kopper , et al.12 ( 2003 ) . yet , there are few studies in the literature evaluating the relationship between the sealing ability of endodontic sealers and the time during which the material is left in contact with the oral fluids .
siqueira junior , et al.21 ( 1999 ) , timpawat , et al.25 ( 2001 ) and zucco30 ( 2001 ) , employing different endodontic sealers , achieved results that allow this correlation .
most aforementioned studies were in vitro investigations , in which the experimental conditions impair reproduction of the biocharacteristics of the oral cavity .
the masticatory activity , thermal cycling , oral microbiota , variations in the salivary flow and food impaction , which may occur if the root canal is left unsealed , constitute situations in the oral environment that are hardly reproduced in the laboratory . in an attempt to complement the existing literature and minimize the limitations of in vitro investigations , the present study comprised an in vivo evaluation of the sealing ability of a resin - based sealer ( ah plus ) and a zinc oxide - eugenol sealer ( endofill ) in dogs ' teeth exposed to the oral environment for either 45 or 90 days , testing the hypothesis that the resin - based sealer result in lower leakage than the zinc oxide - eugenol sealer after 90 days .
the present study was approved by the research ethics committee of the dental school of the university of passo fundo ( cep n. 290/2004 ) .
dogs have three lower incisors at each hemiarch ( central , intermediate and lateral incisor ) , with only one canal each .
thus , the total study sample was 48 root canals . initially , treatment was performed in the lower right incisors , which were left exposed to the oral environment for 90 days .
forty - five days later , the same dogs had their lower left incisors treated and these root canals were left exposed for 45 days .
the two afore mentioned experimental procedures , the dogs were submitted to general anesthesia , receiving , initially , an intra - muscular injection of 15ml / kg of ketamine ( francotar - virbac do brasil indstria e comrcio ltda . ,
roseira , brazil ) , 1ml / kg of xylazine hydrochloride ( virbaxyl 2% - virbac do brasil indstria e comrcio ltda . , so paulo , brazil ) and 0.044ml / kg of atropine sulfate ( atropina 1% fraga - farmagrcola s.a .
following , the dogs received 0.9% sodium chloride ( nacl ) intravenously ( laboratrio jp . - indstria farmacutica s.a .
anesthesia was maintained by intravenous application of 5ml / kg of ketamine and 0.33ml / kg of xylazine hydrochloride , at 30-min intervals 12 . before onset of the clinical procedures , antisepsis of the soft tissue and teeth
was performed with a gauze soaked in iodine alcohol ( farmcia escola ulbra , canoas , brazil ) , and the lower incisors were radiographed . to access the root canal ,
a coronal opening was performed on the buccal side of teeth using a round diamond bur n. 1012 ( metalrgica fava indstria e comrcio ltda .
, francisco da rocha , brazil ) at high - speed and under water cooling .
odontometry was conducted by the radiographic technique , establishing the real working length ( rwl ) at 1 mm short of the radiographic apex .
the reference point in all cases was the incisal edge of the tooth being treated .
root canal instrumentation was performed with 1 series flexofile files ( maillefer instruments sa , ballaigues , switzerland ) .
instrumentation initiated with the file that tightly penetrated to the rwl , finishing up using file n. 40 .
root canal irrigation was performed alternating between 1% sodium hypochlorite ( farmcia escola - ulbra , canoas , brazil ) and 17% trisodium edta ( farmcia escola - ulbra , canoas , brazil ) at ph 7.3 , using 1.8 ml of solution per change of instrument .
the irrigation procedure always initiated and finished using 1% sodium hypochlorite solution 22 . finishing the chemical - mechanical preparation ,
the root canals were dried using absorbent paper points n. 40 ( dentsply indstria e comrcio ltda . ,
root canal obturation was performed by the lateral condensation technique , using primary gutta - percha points ( dentsply indstria e comrcio ltda . ,
petrpolis , brazil ) and b7 accessory gutta - percha points ( tanari - tanariman industrial ltda . ,
manacapuru , brazil ) and one of the following endodontic sealers : endofill ( dentsply , indstria e comrcio ltda . ,
petrpolis , brazil ) or ah plus ( dentsply detrey gmbh , konstanz , germany ) .
a stratified randomization determined , previously , the endodontic sealer to be used in each canal .
eight charts , one for each unknown dog , were set before the experimental procedures .
once the chemical - mechanical preparation of the root canals of one dog was completed , a chart was randomly assigned to that dog .
this random assignment was followed until there was only one chart , which was assigned to the last dog submitted to treatment .
the experimental period , teeth and endodontic sealer employed in each canal were recorded in the charts .
the randomization method contemplated a uniform distribution of the sealers between the groups of teeth ( central , intermediate and lateral incisors ) at each study period . yet , none of the dogs had all root canals filled with same sealer .
therefore , the 4 study groups used 12 root canals ( n = 12 ) , summarized as follows : a45- root canal sealed with ah plus and exposed to the oral environment for 45 days ; a90- root canal sealed with ah plus exposed for 90 days ; e45- root canal sealed with endofill exposed for 45 days ; and e90- root canal sealed with endofill exposed for 90 days .
after completion of lateral condensation , a periapical radiograph was taken to check if the root canal filling was radiographically adequate .
the gutta - percha points were sectioned with aid of a plugger ( duflex - ss white artigos dentrios ltda .
, rio de janeiro , brazil ) heated over a flame ( standar evang indstria e comrcio ltda , so paulo , brazil ) , removing the excess material from the interior of the pulp chamber .
mild pressure was then applied in apical direction ( vertical condensation ) with a paiva plugger n. 2 ( golgran indstria e comrcio de instrumentos odontolgicos ltda . , pirituba , brazil ) .
paiva pluggers n. 1 and n. 2 , heated over a flame , were used to section the remaining obturation material at the cervical level leaving a 10-mm long obturation material inside the root canal . to achieve this length of remaining material , the bidigital spacer a ( maillefer instruments sa , ballaigues , switzerland ) was calibrated , with silicone stops , to the dimension of the rwl minus 10 mm .
sectioning of the filling material was done when the stop of the bidigital spacer a touched the reference point .
a cotton pellet was placed into the pulp chamber , over the root canal treatment , and a temporary seal with glass ionomer cement ( vidrion r - ss white artigos dentrios ltda .
, rio de janeiro , brazil ) was applied over it for 24 h. this material was prepared according to the manufacturer 's instructions and was placed using a centrix mark iii syringe ( centrix incorporated , usa ) to fill the entire coronal cavity .
after 24 h , the dogs were once again anesthetized with a single intramuscular injection of 15ml / kg of ketamine and 1ml / kg of xylazine hydrochloride , and the coronal sealing was removed with a diamond bur n. 1012 at high - speed , under cooling .
after the experimental period , the dogs were submitted to surgical procedures conducted by students of the discipline of experimental anatomy of the medical school of upf , the dogs received an excessive dose of 3% sodium pentobarbital ( hypnol , cristalia , produtos qumicos e farmacuticos ltda .
important to mention that eight dogs were previously assigned to the surgical procedures in the medical school then the authors got permission from the ethics committee to assign these dogs to this research project . with a handle n. 4 ( j.o.n .
, so paulo , brazil ) and blade n. 22 ( becton dickinson indstrias cirrgicas ltda . , juiz de fora , brazil ) , the soft tissues in the mandible were dissected until the periosteum was reached .
the mandible was sectioned bilaterally using a saw ( tdv dental ltda . , pomerode , brazil ) between the canine and the first premolar , making three jaw blocks , being one anteriorly , used in this study , and two posteriorly , used in other studies , following the same line of investigation .
the lower incisors were extracted using , initially , a carbide bur n. 8 ( kg sorensen ind .
ltda . , barueri , brazil ) , at high - speed under cooling , to remove the buccal bone plate until close the teeth roots .
then , a le cron instrument ( duflex - ss white artigos dentrios ltda . , rio de janeiro , brazil ) was employed to completely remove the buccal bone plate .
, rio de janeiro , brazil ) was placed at the proximal aspects of the tooth and , with levering movements , the tooth was displaced from its socket . after extraction
the pulp chamber of each tooth was thoroughly irrigated with distilled water ( farmcia escola - ulbra , canoas , brazil ) using a 5-ml disposable plastic syringe ( becton dickinson indstrias cirrgicas ltda .
, juiz de fora , brazil ) and a hypodermic needle 25/4 ( ibras indstrias cirrgicas s.a , campinas , brazil ) . simultaneously to the irrigation procedure , aspiration was performed with a suction canula n. 20 ( becton dickinson indstrias cirrgicas ltda , juiz de fora , brazil ) . when the distilled water flowed back clear from the pulp chamber the irrigation was interrupted and suction was kept for nearly 10 s. the roots were coated with two layers of clear nail varnish ( risqu  niasi s / a , so paulo , brazil ) , including the apical foramen , and allowed to dry .
indstria de preciso , itapu , brazil ) at neutral ph for 96 h and washed under tap water for 1 h. the specimens were rendered transparent using the diaphanization technique described by garberoglio and bassa6 ( 1983 ) .
the transparent teeth were analyzed under stereomicroscopy ( gsz , zeiss , germany ) with 10x magnification and a measuring ocular .
the india ink leakage was measured ( in mm ) , considering each root as a whole .
however , only the largest value , divided by the magnification ( 10 ) , was considered for each specimen .
results were statistically analyzed using two - way analysis of variance ( anova ) and mean differences were analyzed by tukey test for multiple comparisons ( sas software version 8.0 ) at 5% significance level ( a=0.05 ) .
two teeth , one from group a45 and another from group e90 , fractured during the extraction procedure .
mean and standard deviation values ( mm ) of dye penetration for the experimental groups , and the statistical groupings are presented in table 1 .
mean values followed by different letters are significantly different at the significant level of 5% .
two - way anova revealed significant interaction between time and sealer , meaning that there is a combined effect of these two factors in leakage .
tukey test for multiple comparisons showed that the mean leakage value of group e90 is significantly higher than the mean values of all other groups .
preventing contamination or recontamination of the root canal system after completion of endodontic therapy is still a challenge for the dental professional . in the absence of impermeable sealing of the root canal system ,
evidences indicate that the endodontic failure is closely related to the constant presence of microorganisms in the root canal and periapical tissues after obturation18,23 .
such contamination may occur because of the ability of these microscopic organisms to permeate the obturation mass , inducing or maintaining a periapical lesion .
the microbial leakage occurs both in apical - cervical and cervical - apical directions ; the following situation may occur when there is absence of coronal sealing with consequent exposure of the root canal to the oral fluids , allowing communication of the components of the oral microbiota with the obturation material .
the time of exposure to the oral environment , associated to the type of endodontic sealer employed for root canal obturation , are important factors that may interfere with the success of endodontic therapy when the afore mentioned clinical condition occurs .
the present study attempted to correlate these two factors ( time and type of sealer ) at two study periods ( 45 and 90 days ) and two endodontic sealers : a grossman sealer ( endofill ) , which acted as control , since it is the most widely investigated sealer in the history of endodontics , and a resin - based sealer ( ah plus ) , which has demonstrated good outcomes as to its sealing ability5,10,12,30 .
as in the present investigation , previous in vitro studies also associated the afore mentioned factors21,25,30 . despite allowing the control of important variables that may interfere with the outcomes , such studies conducted in laboratory
present some limitations , as the fact that they do not allow association of all situations occurring in the oral cavity , such as : chewing activity , thermal cycling , oral microbiota , variations in salivary flow , and food impaction .
the present study aimed to minimize the limitations of such studies , simulating the conditions of the oral environment , using dogs as an experimental model . a similar model was used by barbosa , et al.2(2003 ) and kopper , et al.12(2003 ) .
barbosa , et al.2(2003 ) used histological sections from dog 's teeth and evaluated the healing process .
this method provides good understanding of the impact of contamination on the tissue surrounding the periapical area of the tooth .
however , it does not give a three - dimensional view of the sealing ability , as given by kopper , et al.12(2003 ) .
it should be highlighted that , before onset of the clinical procedures , the dogs received atropine sulfate and were intubated .
these conditions allowed accomplishment of endodontic therapy without utilization of rubber dam , since the tube prevented interference from breathing and the atropine inhibited the salivary flow .
as in the studies of swanson and madison24 ( 1987 ) , madison , et al.15 ( 1987 ) , madison and wilcox16 ( 1988 ) , magura , et al.17 ( 1991 ) and kopper , et al.12 ( 2003 ) , the teeth were rendered transparent via diaphanization to allow for the observation of dye leakage , providing a three - dimensional image of the root canals .
this procedure allowed for the quantification of the highest degree of leakage in each root canal .
the results of this study confirm the inability of the root canal filling to keep an impermeable sealing after the exposure to the oral environment as soon as 45 days .
the two endodontic sealers used in this study were unable to prevent dye leakage , indicating that there was room in the obturation mass for possible microbial leakage to some extent .
as shown in table 1 , there is no significant differences in mean leakage values between the sealers at 45 days ( groups a45 and e45 ) .
this finding disagree with those of kopper , et al.12 ( 2003 ) , who employed a similar experimental model as the present study and observed that ah plus presented a lower mean leakage value compared to the mean value of endofill at 45 days .
however , in the kopper , et al.12 ( 2003 ) study , the root canals were additional prepared for post , which is not the case of the present study . specimens in group e90 showed the highest mean leakage value .
this finding suggests that the oral environment exposure time and the type of endodontic sealer are important factors that , in combination , may interfere with the success of endodontic therapy .
analysis of the data reveals that the chances of failure in root canals obturated with gutta - percha and endofill , exposed to the oral environment for 90 days ( group e90 ) are higher than in root canals obturated with gutta - percha and ah plus , submitted to the same clinical conditions ( group a90 ) .
this observation is in accordance with the findings of zucco30 ( 2001 ) , who observed , in vitro , a higher sealing ability for the ah plus compared to the endofill , at an experimental period of 90 days .
based on the present and previous studies , the endodontic filling materials investigated can not provide an impermeable obturation , as recommended by grossman9 ( 1958 ) , who described the characteristics of an ideal endodontic sealer . yet
, several experimental models have been employed to evaluate the sealing ability of these materials , yielding different resuts29 .
the experimental model employed provided an adequate insight on the effect of oral conditions on endodontically treated teeth left without coronal sealing for 45 and 90 days .
future studies on the periapical tissue response along with the information achieved in this study may contribute for an understanding of the phenomena interfering with the success of endodontic therapy .
based on the research protocol and results of the present study , it can be stated that : after 45 days of exposure to the oral environment , the endodontic sealers tested were not able to keep the root canal impermeable and prevent coronal dye leakage .
the endodontic sealer , endofill , after 90 days of exposure to the oral environment , presented lower sealing ability compared to the 45-day period and with ah plus at both periods .
 this in vivo study evaluated the sealing ability of a resin - based sealer ( ah plus ) and a zinc oxide - eugenol sealer ( endofill ) in dogs ' teeth , exposed to the oral environment for 45 and 90 days . 
 forty eight lower incisors from 8 dogs were endodonticaly treated . 
 a stratified randomization determined the sealer use in each root canal . 
 all canals were filled using the lateral condensation technique . 
 the excess filling material at the cervical portion of the root canal was sectioned , leaving a 10-mm obturation length inside the canal . 
 teeth were provisionally sealed with glass ionomer cement for 24 h and the canals were exposed to the oral environment for either 45 or 90 days . 
 therefore , the experimental groups were as follows : a45- ah plus for 45 days ; a90- ah plus for 90 days ; e45- endofill for 45 days ; and e90- endofill for 90 days ( n=12 ) . after the experimental period , the dogs were killed and the lower jaw was removed . 
 the incisors were extracted and the roots were covered with two coats of nail varnish . 
 the teeth were immersed in india ink for 96 h and submitted to diaphanization . 
 dye leakage ( in mm ) was measured using stereomicroscopy ( 10x magnification ) . 
 the results were statistically analyzed using two - way anova and tukey test for multiple comparisons (  = 0.05 ) . 
 group e90 ( 2.030.94 ) showed significantly higher mean leakage value than all other groups ( p<0.001 ) . 
 none of the sealers , in both study conditions , were able to prevent dye leakage . 