chondrosarcomas ( cs ) is a locally aggressive condition resulting in the formation of cartilage rather than bone from the mesenchymal tumor cells .
this condition mostly affects femur , humerus , pelvis , and the sacrum accounting for 10 - 12% of all malignant bone tumors . in the maxillofacial region , maxilla is more commonly affected than the mandible , comprising less than 2% of all jaw tumors .
most cs of facial structures occurs after 30 years of age and the frequency increases with advancing age .
cs usually begins with a slow growing mass , with or without pain , associated with displaced and mobile teeth .
the areas of occurrence are related to the position of embryonic remnants of cartilaginous tissue such as nasal septal cartilage in the anterior region of the maxilla and meckel 's cartilage in the posterior region of mandible .
approximately 90% of cs are slow growing , low grade , non - metastasizing tumors .
a 55-year - old female patient reported to us in march 2009 with complaints of a slowly enlarging mass involving the lower jaw for the last 5 years .
she had the history of a small swelling in the anterior region of the lower jaw that had been curetted 5 years back .
then she had noticed the slowly enlarging mass , which involved the whole of the lower jaw over time . on examination a firm multilobular mass
was found with both buccal and lingual cortical expansion , more on the right side than the left side of mandible [ figure 1 ] .
intraoral examination showed diffuse swelling obliterating the buccal vestibule with multiple displaced and mobile teeth [ figure 2 ] .
preoperative photograph shows diffuse multilobular swelling over the bilateral lower face intraoral examination shows diffuse swelling obliterating the mandibular buccal vestibule with multiple displaced and mobile teeth radiographic study revealed an ill - defined , multilocular radiolucent lesion with massive cortical expansion and multiple displaced teeth (  floating teeth  appearance ) [ figure 3a and b ] . computerized tomography ( ct )
scan showed a large ill - defined homogenous mass measuring 124  77 mm involving the whole of the mandible and extending into the infratemporal fossa region , with no intracranial extension [ figure 4 ] .
( a and b ) orthopantomogram and posteroanterior view showing an ill - defined , multilocular radiolucent lesion with massive cortical expansion and multiple displaced teeth (  floating teeth
 appearance ) computed tomographic scan shows a large ill - defined homogeneous - mass involving the whole of the mandible and extending into the infratemporal fossa region , with no intracranial extension on incisional biopsy , hematoxylin and eosin ( h and e ) stained sections revealed multiple islands of cartilage arranged in a lobular pattern , with cells that contained large , plump nuclei and were often binucleated or multinucleated .
there was an increase in the number of cells , and each lacuna often contained two or more cells .
areas of hemorrhage and sheets of pleomorphic , hyperchromatic spindle cells were present [ figures 5 and 6 ] . a diagnosis of dedifferentiated cs was concluded .
photomicrograph ( h and e ; 10 ) reveals island of cartilage with cells containing large , plump nuclei and sheet of spindle cells photomicrograph ( h and e ; 40 ) shows increased number of spindle cells with pleomorphism and hyperchromatism , and cartilaginous area having lacunae often containing two or more cells each complete resection of the mandible was planned for the patient . under general anesthesia , tracheostomy was done to prevent postoperative upper airway obstruction , and the tumor was exposed via apron incision over the bilateral submandibular region .
complete resection of the mandible was done and a few parts of the overlying adherent skin was removed [ figures 79 ] .
after complete removal of the tumor , hemostasis was achieved , drains were fixed , and wound was closed in three layers .
she was regular to follow - up till 18 months post - surgery [ figure 10 ] .
after 5 years , she reported to us with massive recurrence over the bilateral face .
the firm , diffuse , nontender swelling involving the malar , preauricular , and temporal regions led to a very horrific facial appearance [ figure 11 ] .
a ct scan showed a normal brain , an intensely enhanced soft tissue mass in the masticator space , and infratemporal space on both sides with extension to temporoparietal convexity ( extra calvarial ) of the left side [ figure 12a and b ] .
she was terminally ill , with difficulty in taking food , and not interested in further treatment .
intraoperative picture shows incision planning the tumor exposed with apron incision over bilateral submandibular region the resected specimen of the involved whole of the mandible after 2.5 years , massive recurrence over the bilateral face ( a and b ) computed tomographic scan with axial and coronal view shows normal brain , intensely enhanced soft tissue mass in the masticator space , and infratemporal space on both sides with extension to temporoparietal convexity ( extracalvarial ) of the left side
cs arises from mesenchymal stem cells and undergoes a partial differentiation to form chondroblastic differentiation and even definable cartilage . in 1942 ,
lichtenstein and jaffe described cs as a lesion that develops directly from a sarcomatous stroma , developing from full - fledged cartilage and not showing neoplastic osteoid tissue and bone .
the mass will emanate from bone as an irregular lytic lesion that will palpate as a firm to hard lobulated soft tissue mass .
most cs will be seen either in the anterior part of the maxilla or in the posterior body region of the mandible .
punctate radiopacities may be present because of dystrophic calcifications or focal ossifications of cartilage . in the tooth
bearing areas , a widening of the periodontal ligament space ( garrington 's sign ) may be seen as an early sign of cs , just as it is an early sign of osteosarcoma . because cartilage itself and cartilaginous tumors are well demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging ( mri )
, this modality may provide a better delineation of tumor extent than a ct scan .
although metastasis of cs is less frequent than with an osteosarcoma or other sarcomas , a chest radiograph is required to rule out this most likely place for a metastatic focus .
microscopically it is characterized by the formation of malignant cartilage without deposition of osteoids from a sarcomatous stroma .
there is an increase in the number of cells , and lacunae often contain two or more cells .
classified cs into three grades i , ii , and iii based on cellularity , nuclear size , and mitotic rate .
grade i tumors tend to have a lobular pattern and two or more cells within a lacuna .
grade ii tumors show an increase in cellularity , with retention of lobules and ossification , while grade iii tumors are markedly cellular , with a proliferation of spindle cells . the lobular pattern is lost . in the jaws ,
various subtypes were also introduced such as conventional cs , clear cell cs , myxoid cs , mesenchymal cs , and de - differentiated cs .
differential diagnosis based on clinical and radiological features initially suggest a benign odontogenic tumor or a benign tumor of the bone .
if the lesion is entirely radiolucent , the clinician may consider an ameloblastoma or odontogenic myxoma .
if some punctate radiopacities are identifiable , the lesion will resemble a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor , an ossifying fibroma , an immature osteoblastoma , or a cavernous hemangioma of bone . the more obviously aggressive presentations with irregular radiolucencies and
perhaps neurosensory loss would be consistent with an intraosseous carcinoma , an osteosarcoma , and a malignant fibrous histiocytoma .
such entities are actually osteosarcomas , which are especially important , since many osteosarcomas of the jaws and facial bones have significant chondroblastic portions within them . however
, if tumorous bone arises from the cartilage rather than from the malignant stroma , it remains a true cs .
cs are slow growing tumors with a tendency toward local recurrence after surgery . however , with recurrence they exhibit rapid and aggressive growth . because of their slow growth and their tendency to undergo neural invasion only later in their course , they are often mistaken for  benign chondromas  or  cartilaginous rests  .
several have presented with previous biopsies identifying  cartilage  where the patient was informed that it merely represented  ectopic cartilage  .
this false impression of a cartilage hamartoma or a benign cartilage forming tumor is often supported by histopathologic features that will appear to be benign because of mature cartilage with little stroma and mostly a single nucleus in each lacuna .
the common low grade cs ( grades i and ii ) of the jaws and facial skeleton are best treated with a local resection using 1.5 cm margins for bone and soft tissue . neither
these lesions may be invasive but they typically grow slowly ; lymph node metastasis is therefore rare , and elective neck dissection is not necessarily required .
the uncommon high - grade cs ( grade iii ) is treated with an initial aggressive resection of 3 cm in bone and 2 cm in soft tissue followed by chemotherapy .
. however , the less common , high grade ( grade iii ) cs is associated with a 29% 5 year survival rate .
high grade ( grade iii ) cs more often fail to be cure das distant metastasis ( 66% ) , most often to the lungs , sternum , and vertebrae have been reported .
however , lymph node metastasis also can develop if the initial therapy did not include a neck dissection .
cs was traditionally regarded as a radio resistant tumor , and radiotherapy was therefore generally reserved for high - grade lesions ( as a postoperative adjuvant therapy ) and for surgically unresectable lesions .
we must state that the appropriate modality in managing cs , whether surgery alone ( with or without neck dissection ) or adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy , is unclear .
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has / have given his / her / their consent for his / her / their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal .
the patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity , but anonymity can not be guaranteed .
the authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms . in the form the patient(s )
has / have given his / her / their consent for his / her / their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal .
the patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity , but anonymity can not be guaranteed .
 chondrosarcomas ( cs ) are slow - growing , malignant mesenchymal tumors characterized by the formation of cartilage by the tumor cells . 
 benign cartilage - producing tumors within the jaws are extremely uncommon , but most ultimately prove to represent low - grade cs . in the maxillofacial region , 
 the maxilla is more commonly affected than the mandible , it comprises less than 2% of all jaw tumors . 
 clinically , the tumor presents as a swelling that may be painful and cause loosening of the involved teeth , with widening of the periodontal ligament space . 
 the treatment of such lesions is wide surgical excision with regular follow up . 
 the present report discusses the case of a 55-year - old female patient with massive multiple recurring dedifferentiated cs of mandible . 