feat_summary_path: finished_summaries/gradesaver/Tess of the D'Urbervilles/section_4_part_1.txt
feat_book_id: Tess of the D'Urbervilles.chapter 35
feat_summary_id: chapter 35
feat_summary: {"name": "Chapter 35", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210410060617/https://www.gradesaver.com/tess-of-the-durbervilles/study-guide/summary-phase-5-chapters-35-44", "summary": "Tess finishes her story, which she had given in a monotone and without any displays of emotion. She watches the flame in the fireplace flicker, as everything around her seems to mock her situation with its lack of response. Angel stirs the fire, having not yet comprehended the events. His face withers as he cries out that this cannot be true. She begs for forgiveness, for she has forgiven him the same. Angel claims that forgiveness is irrelevant, for she was one person before and now is another. He calls her another woman in her shape. She bursts into tears as she asks whether or not she still belongs to him anymore. Tess vows not to do anything unless he orders her, and vows to behave as a wretched slave and die if he so desires. He tells her that there is a discordance between her present mood of self-sacrifice and her past mood of self-preservation. Angel leaves the room for a walk. Tess follows him, but the two say nothing. Finally she asks what she has done, saying that it is his mind that has changed and that she is not the deceitful woman that he thinks she is. She claims that she was a child when it happened and knew nothing of men. He claims he forgives her, but forgiveness is not all. Tess says that her mother has told her of many cases in which similar situations occur, in which the husband survives and still loves the wife. Angel claims that his situation is one for satirical laughter rather than tragedy, and asks Tess to return to the house to go to bed. Angel returns later to find her sleeping soundly. He turns to leave and sees a portrait of a d'Urberville lady that appears sinister.", "analysis": "There is little surprising in Angel's reaction to the news about Tess's imperfect history, yet Hardy finds irony in the external circumstances surrounding this event. For both Tess and Angel, the revelation that Tess had a child is a momentous event that inalterably changes Angel's perception of his new wife and brings the possibility for Tess to have a happy marriage to an essential end. However, as Tess notices, the actual external conditions around Tess do not change; while both characters believe to a great extent that their world has ended, essentially nothing differs from before. The character traits that Hardy has previously elucidated concerning Angel Clare become manifest in this chapter and his reaction to the news aligns completely with these traits. Angel exhibits a dogmatic inflexibility concerning his belief in Tess's moral infallibility. He cannot comprehend his own self-delusion toward Tess, for he cannot conceive of Tess as anything less than the perfect person whom he has envisioned. This recalls Angel's intellectualized ideas concerning his wife. Perhaps more than the actual person of Tess, Angel loves the theoretical conception of Tess. The news that she is not the chaste woman he assumed too greatly conflicts with this vision of Tess. The intellectual character of the love that Angel feels for Tess becomes apparent in Angel's reaction. He speaks calmly and rationally rather than resorting to a burst of anger at the news. His behavior is cold and clinical, and his words cautious and precise. This contrasts sharply with Tess's emotional behavior, as she vows that she would die for Angel if he were to so demand. This lends a particularly chilling quality to Angel's newfound contempt for Tess: he grounds his objections to Tess in such solid and inarguable ground, as when he contrasts her current self-sacrifice with past self-preservation, that he leaves no room for his own personal flexibility. Angel's principles doom him to forsake the woman that he previously loved"}
text: 
  
  Her narrative ended; even its re-assertions and secondary
  explanations were done.  Tess's voice throughout had hardly risen
  higher than its opening tone; there had been no exculpatory phrase of
  any kind, and she had not wept.
  
  But the complexion even of external things seemed to suffer
  transmutation as her announcement progressed.  The fire in the grate
  looked impish--demoniacally funny, as if it did not care in the least
  about her strait.  The fender grinned idly, as if it too did not
  care.  The light from the water-bottle was merely engaged in a
  chromatic problem.  All material objects around announced their
  irresponsibility with terrible iteration.  And yet nothing had
  changed since the moments when he had been kissing her; or rather,
  nothing in the substance of things.  But the essence of things had
  changed.
  
  When she ceased, the auricular impressions from their previous
  endearments seemed to hustle away into the corner of their brains,
  repeating themselves as echoes from a time of supremely purblind
  foolishness.
  
  Clare performed the irrelevant act of stirring the fire; the
  intelligence had not even yet got to the bottom of him.  After
  stirring the embers he rose to his feet; all the force of her
  disclosure had imparted itself now.  His face had withered.  In the
  strenuousness of his concentration he treadled fitfully on the floor.
  He could not, by any contrivance, think closely enough; that was the
  meaning of his vague movement.  When he spoke it was in the most
  inadequate, commonplace voice of the many varied tones she had heard
  from him.
  
  "Tess!"
  
  "Yes, dearest."
  
  "Am I to believe this?  From your manner I am to take it as true.
  O you cannot be out of your mind!  You ought to be!  Yet you are
  not...  My wife, my Tess--nothing in you warrants such a supposition
  as that?"
  
  "I am not out of my mind," she said.
  
  "And yet--"  He looked vacantly at her, to resume with dazed senses:
  "Why didn't you tell me before? Ah, yes, you would have told me, in a
  way--but I hindered you, I remember!"
  
  These and other of his words were nothing but the perfunctory babble
  of the surface while the depths remained paralyzed.  He turned away,
  and bent over a chair.  Tess followed him to the middle of the room,
  where he was, and stood there staring at him with eyes that did not
  weep.  Presently she slid down upon her knees beside his foot, and
  from this position she crouched in a heap.
  
  "In the name of our love, forgive me!" she whispered with a dry
  mouth.  "I have forgiven you for the same!"
  
  And, as he did not answer, she said again--
  
  "Forgive me as you are forgiven!  _I_ forgive YOU, Angel."
  
  "You--yes, you do."
  
  "But you do not forgive me?"
  
  "O Tess, forgiveness does not apply to the case!  You were one
  person; now you are another.  My God--how can forgiveness meet such
  a grotesque--prestidigitation as that!"
  
  He paused, contemplating this definition; then suddenly broke into
  horrible laughter--as unnatural and ghastly as a laugh in hell.
  
  "Don't--don't!  It kills me quite, that!" she shrieked.  "O have
  mercy upon me--have mercy!"
  
  He did not answer; and, sickly white, she jumped up.
  
  "Angel, Angel! what do you mean by that laugh?" she cried out.  "Do
  you know what this is to me?"
  
  He shook his head.
  
  "I have been hoping, longing, praying, to make you happy!  I have
  thought what joy it will be to do it, what an unworthy wife I shall
  be if I do not!  That's what I have felt, Angel!"
  
  "I know that."
  
  "I thought, Angel, that you loved me--me, my very self!  If it is
  I you do love, O how can it be that you look and speak so?  It
  frightens me!  Having begun to love you, I love you for ever--in all
  changes, in all disgraces, because you are yourself.  I ask no more.
  Then how can you, O my own husband, stop loving me?"
  
  "I repeat, the woman I have been loving is not you."
  
  "But who?"
  
  "Another woman in your shape."
  
  She perceived in his words the realization of her own apprehensive
  foreboding in former times.  He looked upon her as a species of
  imposter; a guilty woman in the guise of an innocent one.  Terror was
  upon her white face as she saw it; her cheek was flaccid, and her
  mouth had almost the aspect of a round little hole. The horrible
  sense of his view of her so deadened her that she staggered, and he
  stepped forward, thinking she was going to fall.
  
  "Sit down, sit down," he said gently.  "You are ill; and it is
  natural that you should be."
  
  She did sit down, without knowing where she was, that strained look
  still upon her face, and her eyes such as to make his flesh creep.
  
  "I don't belong to you any more, then; do I, Angel?" she asked
  helplessly.  "It is not me, but another woman like me that he loved,
  he says."
  
  The image raised caused her to take pity upon herself as one who was
  ill-used.  Her eyes filled as she regarded her position further; she
  turned round and burst into a flood of self-sympathetic tears.
  
  Clare was relieved at this change, for the effect on her of what had
  happened was beginning to be a trouble to him only less than the
  woe of the disclosure itself.  He waited patiently, apathetically,
  till the violence of her grief had worn itself out, and her rush of
  weeping had lessened to a catching gasp at intervals.
  
  "Angel," she said suddenly, in her natural tones, the insane, dry
  voice of terror having left her now.  "Angel, am I too wicked for
  you and me to live together?"
  
  "I have not been able to think what we can do."
  
  "I shan't ask you to let me live with you, Angel, because I have
  no right to!  I shall not write to mother and sisters to say we be
  married, as I said I would do; and I shan't finish the good-hussif'
  I cut out and meant to make while we were in lodgings."
  
  "Shan't you?"
  
  "No, I shan't do anything, unless you order me to; and if you go away
  from me I shall not follow 'ee; and if you never speak to me any more
  I shall not ask why, unless you tell me I may."
  
  "And if I order you to do anything?"
  
  "I will obey you like your wretched slave, even if it is to lie down
  and die."
  
  "You are very good.  But it strikes me that there is a want of
  harmony between your present mood of self-sacrifice and your past
  mood of self-preservation."
  
  These were the first words of antagonism.  To fling elaborate
  sarcasms at Tess, however, was much like flinging them at a dog or
  cat.  The charms of their subtlety passed by her unappreciated, and
  she only received them as inimical sounds which meant that anger
  ruled.  She remained mute, not knowing that he was smothering his
  affection for her.  She hardly observed that a tear descended slowly
  upon his cheek, a tear so large that it magnified the pores of the
  skin over which it rolled, like the object lens of a microscope.
  Meanwhile reillumination as to the terrible and total change that her
  confession had wrought in his life, in his universe, returned to him,
  and he tried desperately to advance among the new conditions in which
  he stood.  Some consequent action was necessary; yet what?
  
  "Tess," he said, as gently as he could speak, "I cannot stay--in this
  room--just now. I will walk out a little way."
  
  He quietly left the room, and the two glasses of wine that he had
  poured out for their supper--one for her, one for him--remained on
  the table untasted.  This was what their _agape_ had come to.  At
  tea, two or three hours earlier, they had, in the freakishness of
  affection, drunk from one cup.
  
  The closing of the door behind him, gently as it had been pulled
  to, roused Tess from her stupor.  He was gone; she could not stay.
  Hastily flinging her cloak around her she opened the door and
  followed, putting out the candles as if she were never coming back.
  The rain was over and the night was now clear.
  
  She was soon close at his heels, for Clare walked slowly and without
  purpose.  His form beside her light gray figure looked black,
  sinister, and forbidding, and she felt as sarcasm the touch of the
  jewels of which she had been momentarily so proud.  Clare turned at
  hearing her footsteps, but his recognition of her presence seemed
  to make no difference to him, and he went on over the five yawning
  arches of the great bridge in front of the house.
  
  The cow and horse tracks in the road were full of water, the rain
  having been enough to charge them, but not enough to wash them away.
  Across these minute pools the reflected stars flitted in a quick
  transit as she passed; she would not have known they were shining
  overhead if she had not seen them there--the vastest things of the
  universe imaged in objects so mean.
  
  The place to which they had travelled to-day was in the same
  valley as Talbothays, but some miles lower down the river; and the
  surroundings being open, she kept easily in sight of him.  Away from
  the house the road wound through the meads, and along these she
  followed Clare without any attempt to come up with him or to attract
  him, but with dumb and vacant fidelity.
  
  At last, however, her listless walk brought her up alongside him, and
  still he said nothing.  The cruelty of fooled honesty is often great
  after enlightenment, and it was mighty in Clare now.  The outdoor air
  had apparently taken away from him all tendency to act on impulse;
  she knew that he saw her without irradiation--in all her bareness;
  that Time was chanting his satiric psalm at her then--
  
  
     Behold, when thy face is made bare, he that loved thee
        shall hate;
     Thy face shall be no more fair at the fall of thy fate.
     For thy life shall fall as a leaf and be shed as the rain;
     And the veil of thine head shall be grief, and the crown
        shall be pain.
  
  
  He was still intently thinking, and her companionship had now
  insufficient power to break or divert the strain of thought.  What a
  weak thing her presence must have become to him!  She could not help
  addressing Clare.
  
  "What have I done--what HAVE I done!  I have not told of anything
  that interferes with or belies my love for you.  You don't think I
  planned it, do you?  It is in your own mind what you are angry at,
  Angel; it is not in me.  O, it is not in me, and I am not that
  deceitful woman you think me!"
  
  "H'm--well.  Not deceitful, my wife; but not the same.  No, not the
  same.  But do not make me reproach you.  I have sworn that I will
  not; and I will do everything to avoid it."
  
  But she went on pleading in her distraction; and perhaps said things
  that would have been better left to silence.
  
  "Angel!--Angel!  I was a child--a child when it happened!  I knew
  nothing of men."
  
  "You were more sinned against than sinning, that I admit."
  
  "Then will you not forgive me?"
  
  "I do forgive you, but forgiveness is not all."
  
  "And love me?"
  
  To this question he did not answer.
  
  "O Angel--my mother says that it sometimes happens so!--she knows
  several cases where they were worse than I, and the husband has not
  minded it much--has got over it at least.  And yet the woman had not
  loved him as I do you!"
  
  "Don't, Tess; don't argue.  Different societies, different manners.
  You almost make me say you are an unapprehending peasant woman, who
  have never been initiated into the proportions of social things.
  You don't know what you say."
  
  "I am only a peasant by position, not by nature!"
  
  She spoke with an impulse to anger, but it went as it came.
  
  "So much the worse for you.  I think that parson who unearthed your
  pedigree would have done better if he had held his tongue.  I cannot
  help associating your decline as a family with this other fact--of
  your want of firmness.  Decrepit families imply decrepit wills,
  decrepit conduct.  Heaven, why did you give me a handle for despising
  you more by informing me of your descent!  Here was I thinking you a
  new-sprung child of nature; there were you, the belated seedling of
  an effete aristocracy!"
  
  "Lots of families are as bad as mine in that!  Retty's family were
  once large landowners, and so were Dairyman Billett's.  And the
  Debbyhouses, who now are carters, were once the De Bayeux family.
  You find such as I everywhere; 'tis a feature of our county, and I
  can't help it."
  
  "So much the worse for the county."
  
  She took these reproaches in their bulk simply, not in their
  particulars; he did not love her as he had loved her hitherto, and
  to all else she was indifferent.
  
  They wandered on again in silence.  It was said afterwards that a
  cottager of Wellbridge, who went out late that night for a doctor,
  met two lovers in the pastures, walking very slowly, without
  converse, one behind the other, as in a funeral procession, and the
  glimpse that he obtained of their faces seemed to denote that they
  were anxious and sad.  Returning later, he passed them again in the
  same field, progressing just as slowly, and as regardless of the hour
  and of the cheerless night as before.  It was only on account of his
  preoccupation with his own affairs, and the illness in his house,
  that he did not bear in mind the curious incident, which, however, he
  recalled a long while after.
  
  During the interval of the cottager's going and coming, she had said
  to her husband--
  
  "I don't see how I can help being the cause of much misery to you all
  your life.  The river is down there.  I can put an end to myself in
  it.  I am not afraid."
  
  "I don't wish to add murder to my other follies," he said.
  
  "I will leave something to show that I did it myself--on account of
  my shame.  They will not blame you then."
  
  "Don't speak so absurdly--I wish not to hear it.  It is nonsense
  to have such thoughts in this kind of case, which is rather one
  for satirical laughter than for tragedy.  You don't in the least
  understand the quality of the mishap.  It would be viewed in the
  light of a joke by nine-tenths of the world if it were known. Please
  oblige me by returning to the house, and going to bed."
  
  "I will," said she dutifully.
  
  They had rambled round by a road which led to the well-known ruins of
  the Cistercian abbey behind the mill, the latter having, in centuries
  past, been attached to the monastic establishment.  The mill still
  worked on, food being a perennial necessity; the abbey had perished,
  creeds being transient.  One continually sees the ministration of the
  temporary outlasting the ministration of the eternal.  Their walk
  having been circuitous, they were still not far from the house, and
  in obeying his direction she only had to reach the large stone bridge
  across the main river and follow the road for a few yards.  When she
  got back, everything remained as she had left it, the fire being
  still burning.  She did not stay downstairs for more than a minute,
  but proceeded to her chamber, whither the luggage had been taken.
  Here she sat down on the edge of the bed, looking blankly around,
  and presently began to undress.  In removing the light towards the
  bedstead its rays fell upon the tester of white dimity; something was
  hanging beneath it, and she lifted the candle to see what it was.
  A bough of mistletoe.  Angel had put it there; she knew that in an
  instant. This was the explanation of that mysterious parcel which it
  had been so difficult to pack and bring; whose contents he would not
  explain to her, saying that time would soon show her the purpose
  thereof.  In his zest and his gaiety he had hung it there.  How
  foolish and inopportune that mistletoe looked now.
  
  Having nothing more to fear, having scarce anything to hope, for that
  he would relent there seemed no promise whatever, she lay down dully.
  When sorrow ceases to be speculative, sleep sees her opportunity.
  Among so many happier moods which forbid repose this was a mood which
  welcomed it, and in a few minutes the lonely Tess forgot existence,
  surrounded by the aromatic stillness of the chamber that had once,
  possibly, been the bride-chamber of her own ancestry.
  
  Later on that night Clare also retraced his steps to the house.
  Entering softly to the sitting-room he obtained a light, and with the
  manner of one who had considered his course he spread his rugs upon
  the old horse-hair sofa which stood there, and roughly shaped it to
  a sleeping-couch.  Before lying down he crept shoeless upstairs, and
  listened at the door of her apartment.  Her measured breathing told
  that she was sleeping profoundly.
  
  "Thank God!" murmured Clare; and yet he was conscious of a pang of
  bitterness at the thought--approximately true, though not wholly
  so--that having shifted the burden of her life to his shoulders, she
  was now reposing without care.
  
  He turned away to descend; then, irresolute, faced round to her
  door again.  In the act he caught sight of one of the d'Urberville
  dames, whose portrait was immediately over the entrance to Tess's
  bedchamber.  In the candlelight the painting was more than
  unpleasant.  Sinister design lurked in the woman's features, a
  concentrated purpose of revenge on the other sex--so it seemed to
  him then.  The Caroline bodice of the portrait was low--precisely as
  Tess's had been when he tucked it in to show the necklace; and again
  he experienced the distressing sensation of a resemblance between
  them.
  
  The check was sufficient.  He resumed his retreat and descended.
  
  His air remained calm and cold, his small compressed mouth indexing
  his powers of self-control; his face wearing still that terrible
  sterile expression which had spread thereon since her disclosure.
  It was the face of a man who was no longer passion's slave, yet who
  found no advantage in his enfranchisement.  He was simply regarding
  the harrowing contingencies of human experience, the unexpectedness
  of things.  Nothing so pure, so sweet, so virginal as Tess had seemed
  possible all the long while that he had adored her, up to an hour
  ago; but
  
  
         The little less, and what worlds away!
  
  
  He argued erroneously when he said to himself that her heart was not
  indexed in the honest freshness of her face; but Tess had no advocate
  to set him right.  Could it be possible, he continued, that eyes
  which as they gazed never expressed any divergence from what the
  tongue was telling, were yet ever seeing another world behind her
  ostensible one, discordant and contrasting?
  
  He reclined on his couch in the sitting-room, and extinguished the
  light.  The night came in, and took up its place there, unconcerned
  and indifferent; the night which had already swallowed up his
  happiness, and was now digesting it listlessly; and was ready to
  swallow up the happiness of a thousand other people with as little
  disturbance or change of mien.
  
  
  
feat_summary_name: Chapter 35
target: Tess finishes her story, which she had given in a monotone and without any displays of emotion. She watches the flame in the fireplace flicker, as everything around her seems to mock her situation with its lack of response. Angel stirs the fire, having not yet comprehended the events. His face withers as he cries out that this cannot be true. She begs for forgiveness, for she has forgiven him the same. Angel claims that forgiveness is irrelevant, for she was one person before and now is another. He calls her another woman in her shape. She bursts into tears as she asks whether or not she still belongs to him anymore. Tess vows not to do anything unless he orders her, and vows to behave as a wretched slave and die if he so desires. He tells her that there is a discordance between her present mood of self-sacrifice and her past mood of self-preservation. Angel leaves the room for a walk. Tess follows him, but the two say nothing. Finally she asks what she has done, saying that it is his mind that has changed and that she is not the deceitful woman that he thinks she is. She claims that she was a child when it happened and knew nothing of men. He claims he forgives her, but forgiveness is not all. Tess says that her mother has told her of many cases in which similar situations occur, in which the husband survives and still loves the wife. Angel claims that his situation is one for satirical laughter rather than tragedy, and asks Tess to return to the house to go to bed. Angel returns later to find her sleeping soundly. He turns to leave and sees a portrait of a d'Urberville lady that appears sinister.
feat_summary_analysis: There is little surprising in Angel's reaction to the news about Tess's imperfect history, yet Hardy finds irony in the external circumstances surrounding this event. For both Tess and Angel, the revelation that Tess had a child is a momentous event that inalterably changes Angel's perception of his new wife and brings the possibility for Tess to have a happy marriage to an essential end. However, as Tess notices, the actual external conditions around Tess do not change; while both characters believe to a great extent that their world has ended, essentially nothing differs from before. The character traits that Hardy has previously elucidated concerning Angel Clare become manifest in this chapter and his reaction to the news aligns completely with these traits. Angel exhibits a dogmatic inflexibility concerning his belief in Tess's moral infallibility. He cannot comprehend his own self-delusion toward Tess, for he cannot conceive of Tess as anything less than the perfect person whom he has envisioned. This recalls Angel's intellectualized ideas concerning his wife. Perhaps more than the actual person of Tess, Angel loves the theoretical conception of Tess. The news that she is not the chaste woman he assumed too greatly conflicts with this vision of Tess. The intellectual character of the love that Angel feels for Tess becomes apparent in Angel's reaction. He speaks calmly and rationally rather than resorting to a burst of anger at the news. His behavior is cold and clinical, and his words cautious and precise. This contrasts sharply with Tess's emotional behavior, as she vows that she would die for Angel if he were to so demand. This lends a particularly chilling quality to Angel's newfound contempt for Tess: he grounds his objections to Tess in such solid and inarguable ground, as when he contrasts her current self-sacrifice with past self-preservation, that he leaves no room for his own personal flexibility. Angel's principles doom him to forsake the woman that he previously loved