We study local search algorithms for metric instances of facility location problems: the uncapacitated facility location problem (UFL), as well as uncapacitated versions of the @math -median, @math -center and @math -means problems. All these problems admit natural local search heuristics: for example, in the UFL problem the natural moves are to open a new facility, close an existing facility, and to swap a closed facility for an open one; in @math -medians, we are allowed only swap moves. The local-search algorithm for @math -median was analyzed by (SIAM J. Comput. 33(3):544-562, 2004), who used a clever coupling'' argument to show that local optima had cost at most constant times the global optimum. They also used this argument to show that the local search algorithm for UFL was 3-approximation; their techniques have since been applied to other facility location problems. In this paper, we give a proof of the @math -median result which avoids this coupling argument. These arguments can be used in other settings where the arguments have been used. We also show that for the problem of opening @math facilities @math to minimize the objective function @math , the natural swap-based local-search algorithm is a @math -approximation. This implies constant-factor approximations for @math -medians (when @math ), and @math -means (when @math ), and an @math -approximation algorithm for the @math -center problem (which is essentially @math ).
We describe in this paper polynomial heuristics for three important hard problems--the discrete fixed cost median problem (the plant location problem), the continuous fixed cost median problem in a Euclidean space, and the network fixed cost median problem with convex costs. The heuristics for all the three problems guarantee error ratios no worse than the logarithm of the number of customer points. The derivation of the heuristics is based on the presentation of all types of median problems discussed as a set covering problem.