In this paper we present a non-invasive ambient intelligence framework for the semi-automatic analysis of non-verbal communication applied to the restorative justice field. In particular, we propose the use of computer vision and social signal processing technologies in real scenarios of Victim-Offender Mediations, applying feature extraction techniques to multi-modal audio-RGB-depth data. We compute a set of behavioral indicators that define communicative cues from the fields of psychology and observational methodology. We test our methodology on data captured in real world Victim-Offender Mediation sessions in Catalonia in collaboration with the regional government. We define the ground truth based on expert opinions when annotating the observed social responses. Using different state-of-the-art binary classification approaches, our system achieves recognition accuracies of 86 when predicting satisfaction, and 79 when predicting both agreement and receptivity. Applying a regression strategy, we obtain a mean deviation for the predictions between 0.5 and 0.7 in the range [1-5] for the computed social signals.
Preface. Part I: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION. 1. Nonverbal Communication: Basic Perspectives. 2. The Roots of Nonverbal Behavior. 3. The Ability to Receive and Send Nonverbal Signals. Part II: THE COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT. 4. The Effects of the Environment on Human Communication. 5. The Effects of Territory and Personal Space on Human Communication. Part III: THE COMMUNICATORS. 6. The Effects of Physical Characteristics on Human Communication. Part IV: The Communicators' Behavior. 7. The Effects of Gesture and Posture on Human Communication. 8. The Effects of Touch on Human Communication. 9. The Effects of the Face on Human Communication. 10. The Effects of Eye Behavior on Human Communication. 11. The Effects of Vocal Cues That Accompany Spoken Words. Part V: COMMUNICATING IMPORTANT MESSAGES. 12. Using Nonverbal Behavior in Daily Interaction. 13. Nonverbal Messages in Special Contexts. Foreword by Marlene Young. Introduction: Restorative Justice Through Victim Offender Mediation. PHILOSOPHY, PRACTICE, AND CONTEXT. Humanistic Mediation: A Transformative Journey of Peacemaking. Guidelines for Victim-Sensitive Mediation and Dialogue with Offenders. The Mediation Process: Phases and Tasks. Multicultural Implications of Victim Offender Mediation. Case Studies. National Survey of Victim Offender Mediation Programs. Program Development Issues. WHAT WE ARE LEARNING FROM RESEARCH. The Impact of Victim Offender Mediation: Two Decades of Research. Cross-National Assessment of Victim Offender Mediation. Victim Offender Mediation in the United States: A Multisite Assessment. Victim Offender Mediation in Canada: A Multisite Assessment. Victim Offender Mediation in England: A Multisite Assessment. EMERGING ISSUES. Advanced Mediation and Dialogue in Crimes of Severe Violence. Potential Hazards and Opportunities. Appendix A. Resources: Organizations, Publications, Videotapes. Appendix B. Directory of VOM Programs in the United States. Appendix C. Program Profiles. Appendix D. Promising Practices and Innovations. Appendix E. Summary of Forty VOM Empirical Studies. Appendix F. Assessing Participant Satisfaction with VOM. References. Index.