The existence of quantum uncertainty relations is the essential reason that some classically unrealizable cryptographic primitives become realizable when quantum communication is allowed. One operational manifestation of these uncertainty relations is a purely quantum effect referred to as information locking [ 2004]. A locking scheme can be viewed as a cryptographic protocol in which a uniformly random n-bit message is encoded in a quantum system using a classical key of size much smaller than n. Without the key, no measurement of this quantum state can extract more than a negligible amount of information about the message, in which case the message is said to be “locked”. Furthermore, knowing the key, it is possible to recover, that is “unlock”, the message. In this article, we make the following contributions by exploiting a connection between uncertainty relations and low-distortion embeddings of Euclidean spaces into slightly larger spaces endowed with the e1 norm. We introduce the notion of a metric uncertainty relation and connect it to low-distortion embeddings of e2 into e1. A metric uncertainty relation also implies an entropic uncertainty relation. We prove that random bases satisfy uncertainty relations with a stronger definition and better parameters than previously known. Our proof is also considerably simpler than earlier proofs. We then apply this result to show the existence of locking schemes with key size independent of the message length. Moreover, we give efficient constructions of bases satisfying metric uncertainty relations. The bases defining these metric uncertainty relations are computable by quantum circuits of almost linear size. This leads to the first explicit construction of a strong information locking scheme. These constructions are obtained by adapting an explicit norm embedding due to Indyk [2007] and an extractor construction of [2009]. We apply our metric uncertainty relations to exhibit communication protocols that perform equality testing of n-qubit states. We prove that this task can be performed by a single message protocol using O(log2 n) qubits and n bits of communication, where the computation of the sender is efficient.
The goal of this note is to show that Hastings’s counterexample to the additivity of minimal output von Neumann entropy can be readily deduced from a sharp version of Dvoretzky’s theorem. For all p > 1, we demonstrate the existence of quantum channels with non-multiplicative maximal output p-norms. Equivalently, for all p > 1, the minimum output Renyi entropy of order p of a quantum channel is not additive. The violations found are large; in all cases, the minimum output Renyi entropy of order p for a product channel need not be significantly greater than the minimum output entropy of its individual factors. Since p = 1 corresponds to the von Neumann entropy, these counterexamples demonstrate that if the additivity conjecture of quantum information theory is true, it cannot be proved as a consequence of any channel-independent guarantee of maximal p-norm multiplicativity. We also show that a class of channels previously studied in the context of approximate encryption lead to counterexamples for all p > 2.  The additivity conjecture of quantum information theory implies that entanglement cannot, even in principle, help to funnel more classical information through a quantum-communication channel. A counterexample shows that this conjecture is false. The goal of this note is to show that the analysis of the minimum output p-Renyi entropy of a typical quantum channel essentially amounts to applying Milman’s version of Dvoretzky’s theorem about almost Euclidean sections of high-dimensional convex bodies. This conceptually simplifies the (nonconstructive) argument by Hayden–Winter, disproving the additivity conjecture for the minimal output p-Renyi entropy (for p>1).