The rise of artificial intelligence (A.I.) based systems has the potential to benefit adopters and society as a whole. However, these systems may also enclose potential conflicts and unintended consequences. Notably, people will only adopt an A.I. system if it confers them an advantage, at which point non-adopters might push for a strong regulation if that advantage for adopters is at a cost for them. Here we propose a stochastic game theoretical model for these conflicts. We frame our results under the current discussion on ethical A.I. and the conflict between individual and societ al gains, the societ al value alignment problem. We test the arising equilibria in the adoption of A.I. technology under different norms followed by artificial agents, their ensuing benefits, and the emergent levels of wealth inequality. We show that without any regulation, purely selfish A.I. systems will have the strongest advantage, even when a utilitarian A.I. provides a more significant benefit for the individual and the society. Nevertheless, we show that it is possible to develop human conscious A.I. systems that reach an equilibrium where the gains for the adopters are not at a cost for non-adopters while increasing the overall fitness and lowering inequality. However, as shown, a self-organized adoption of such policies would require external regulation.
 This article reports the findings of AI4People, an Atomium—EISMD initiative designed to lay the foundations for a “Good AI Society”. We introduce the core opportunities and risks of AI for society; present a synthesis of five ethical principles that should undergird its development and adoption; and offer 20 concrete recommendations—to assess, to develop, to incentivise, and to support good AI—which in some cases may be undertaken directly by national or supranational policy makers, while in others may be led by other stakeholders. If adopted, these recommendations would serve as a firm foundation for the establishment of a Good AI Society. Les principes de l'ethique biomedicale constituent, par leur influence, l’ouvrage majeur de l’ethique medicale contemporaine. Au-dela de son contexte nord-americain d’elaboration, de la deontologie medicale traditionnelle et des theories morales classiques, la reflexion proposee a reconfigure l’analyse des questions ethiques liees a la relation de soin et au monde de la sante. Depuis la premiere edition de ce texte (1979), les auteurs n’ont eu de cesse de le remanier et d’en presenter des versions integrant toujours davantage leurs reponses aux objections et critiques qu’ils recevaient ou se formulaient eux-memes. C’est la 5e edition (dans l’attente de la 6e), datant de 2001, qui est ici traduite pour la premiere fois. Livre en debat, ne lui-meme des discussions engagees aux Etats-Unis dans les annees 1970, notamment sur l’ethique des essais cliniques, il vise a determiner des principes-reperes susceptibles d’eclairer les pratiques medicales et les argumentations qui les accompagnent des lors qu’elles engagent un rapport aux normes et aux valeurs : le principe d’autonomie, le principe de non-malfaisance, le principe de bienfaisance et le principe de justice. Le statut de la theorie dans la vie morale, les rapports entre les principes et les elements factuels, les rapports des differents principes entre eux sont les problemes qui structurent continument la reflexion des auteurs. Ainsi s’edifie une approche se voulant fine, souple et rigoureuse de ce qui peut justifier et guider le raisonnement ethique dans les prestations de sante et les relations de soin.