# Time:  O(logn)
# Space: O(1)

# Given a sorted array consisting of only integers
# where every element appears twice except for one element
# which appears once. Find this single element that appears only once.
#
# Example 1:
# Input: [1,1,2,3,3,4,4,8,8]
# Output: 2
# Example 2:
# Input: [3,3,7,7,10,11,11]
# Output: 10
# Note: Your solution should run in O(log n) time and O(1) space.
    
class Solution(object):
    def singleNonDuplicate(self, nums):
        """
        :type nums: List[int]
        :rtype: int
        """
        left, right = 0, len(nums)-1
        while left <= right:
            mid = left + (right - left) / 2
            if not (mid%2 == 0 and mid+1 < len(nums) and \
                    nums[mid] == nums[mid+1]) and \
               not (mid%2 == 1 and nums[mid] == nums[mid-1]):
                right = mid-1
            else:
                left = mid+1
        return nums[left]

Create single-element-in-a-sorted-array.py